For homework or ARO make-up work, complete any four of the following five problems.

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Russian Phonological Variation. Examine (a) the vowels [o] and [a]) and (b) the consonants at the end of the words in the following data. Both involve regular alternations. Write the rules for both. (The accent mark over some vowels mark the accented syllable. [ª] is a mid high unrounded vowel irrelevant to the exercise.)

Spelling	Pronunciation	Variant
dom	[dým] 'house'	[damú] 'houses'
god	[gýt] 'year'	[gýda] 'of-a-year'
gorod	[gýrat] 'city'	[garadú] 'cities'
sad	[sút] 'garden'	[f sadá] 'in the-garden'
zub	[záp] 'tooth'	[zábª ] 'teeth'
mog	[mýk] '(he) could'	[maglú] '(she) could'
guba	[gubú] 'lip'	[gáp] 'of-lips'
mu—	[máŒ] 'husband'	[má—a] 'husband's'
moloko	[malaký] 'milk'	[malý“-nªj] 'milk (Adj.)'
korova	[karýva] 'cow'	[karýf] 'of cows'
klub	[kláp] 'club'	[klábª] 'clubs'
krov'	[krýf'] 'blood'	[f krav'-þ] 'in blood'

1. The Rule for [o] and [a]
   

2. The Rule for Word-Final Consonants
   



Veps is a Finno-Ugric language related to Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian, spoken by peoples living in Norther Russia and Karelia. It possesses a series of palatalized consonants parallelling the non-palatalized ones. Examine the stops in the following data ([p] : [p'], [t] : [t'], [d] : [d'], [k] : [k'] and [g] : [g'] and determine if the palatalized consonants are phonemic or not. If not, what are the conditions on their variation? Remember:

• [à] = rounded [e]
• [y] = rounded [i]

[pada] 'pot'	[pordaz] 'ladder'	[toda] 'bring'	[p'eza] 'nest'
[p'ijo] 'handful'	[panda] 'put'	[tomi“ine] 'wild cherry'	[t'yp'Àk] 'dull'
[darom] 'let'	[upota] 'sink'	[redukaz] 'dirty'	[kod'i] 'house'
[t'ed'i] 'he knew'	[k'ida] 'scream'	[sokaz] 'swampy'	[g'àgut] 'creek'
[pugad] 'geese'	[kata] 'cut'	[g'Àtab] 'leave'	[s'àtan] 'I will feed'
[rogo] 'stone'	[g'À] 'ice'	[d'eügad] 'money'	[t'àp'àtada] 'inherit'

Separate Phonemes because

Allophones and the rule is:





Maxakali nasals. The words below come from Maxakali, an Indian language spoken in Brazil. Examine them closely, then answer the questions below them. ([ò] is a palatal nasal.)

[mbep] 'fox'

[da“] 'pot'

[ügahap] 'bottle'

[bep] 'fox'

[gahap] 'bottle'

[ò”okoma] 'below'

[nda“ ] 'pot'

[”okama] 'below'

 

(1) Are any of [m], [n], [ò], [ü] (a) phoneme(s)?


[m]	[n]
[ò]	[ü]
None


If so, state the phoneme(s) and write the minimal pairs.


(2) Are [m], [n], [ò], [ü] allophones of some phoneme?


[m]	[n]
[ò]	[ü]
None




If so, state the phoneme of which the others are variant and write out the phonological rule(s) explaining their distribution.

(3) There is some other explanation of their behavior:




Using the following data samples from Southern Kongo, a Bantu language spoken in Angola, demonstrate whether there are three, four or five phonemes [t, s, z, “, Œ, —].

[tobola] 'to bore a hole'	[“ina] 'to cut'
[tanu] 'five'	[“iba] 'banana'
[kesoka] 'to be cut'	[nkoŒi] 'lion'
[kasu] 'emaciation'	[nselele] 'termite'
[kunezulu] 'heaven'	[a—imola] 'alms'
[nzwetu] 'our'	[lolon—i] 'to wash a house'
[zevo] 'then'	[zenga] 'to cut'
[—ima] 'to stretch'


(a) 3 separate phonemes and the allophonic rule is:


(b) 4 phonemes and the allophonic rule is:


(c) 5 phonemes because and the allophonic rule is:


(d) What is this type of phonological variation called?




5. German. In German /t/ and /d/ are phonemes but one never occurs in one context. Write a phonological rule defining the allophonic relationship of these two phonemes and the context in which the rule operates.

Singular	Plural	Gloss
[rat] (Rad)	[redr] (Rôder)	'wheel'
[vek] (Weck)	[vekê] (Wecke)	'bread' (dial.)
[tak] (Tag)	[tagê] (Tage)	'day'
[rat] (Rat)	[retê] (Rôte)	'advice'
[kint] (Kind)	[kindr] (Kinder)	'child'
[bêt] (Bett)	[bêtn] (Betten)	'bed'
[vek] (Weg)	[vegê] (Wege)	'way'
(blind) [blint]	[blindê] (blinde)	'blind'