1. Phonology
1. [r] if not followed by a vowel
2. [o] ¡ [Ïw] know, so, though, blow,
3. [a] ¡ [Ø] not, what, got
4. accent: library,
2. Morphology
1. have is a modal auxiliary:
• It is raised: have you a quid?
• It is cliticized: I've five quid
2. Collectives:
• the parliament are in session
• the team are fit
• the group are out playing
3. Syntax
1. Discontinuous verbal particles: catch you up, ring you up
2. Default pro-verb: Did you get the paper? I would have done, but I didn't have tuppence.
3. phrases
• come a cropper
• bangers and mash
4. Lexicon

knock up	ring up	catch you up
bonnet	wind screen	boot
chips	crisps	bangers
rubber	lorry	dust bin
napkin	knickers	petrol

1. Phonology
1. drop [h]
• high, hope, he, her
• I got high hopes he won't hit her
2. [l] ¡ [w] pill, call, tall
3. [t] ¡ [´] little [løšu], bottle, what ya got vere mate
4. [ej] ¡ [aj] mate, gain,
5. [aj] ¡ [Øj] high, flighty, might,
6. [au] ¡ [a] mouse, house, come round
7. [u] ¡ [eu] who, new, blue
8. [À] ¡ [ê] cab, cat, rat
9. Interdentals become labiodentals
• right nice little thing
• [rØjt nØjs løšw føü]
• Wot's wif yu?
• me muvvuh
2. Morphology
1. Me for my
• me mum
• at's me book you got 'ere
2. Past tense BE: were
3. Syntax
4. Lexicon

bloody	lolly	bugger off!
bloomin'	bangers	knickers
Fancy that!	guv'na	knackered

1. [r] is trilled
2. [u] : [y] Look at the school!
3. [À] : [ê]
4. intonation: talking 'up'
5. 'Canadian' raising [aj] ¡ [Ïj] :  light, right, kite

1. Articles: t for the
2. Contraction: dunna, dinna

• bairn
• wee
• loch
• kirk
• lad, lassie

1. [l] ¡ [w] except before vowels (fill, belt, told)
2. [ej] ¡ [aj] (gate, mate, gray, say, fail)
3. [ê] ¡ [ø] (bed, Fred, let, tell, spell)
4. [À] ¡ [ê] (bad, cat, bat)
5. [h] ¡ ¤ (high, hug, hate, hover)
6. [r] ¡ [¤] (part, car, fear, pear))

DON'T SAY: My daughter had an accident with her boy-friend last week and got banged-up.