The charter establishing the University at Lewisburg was signed February 5, 1846, but the first wing of the college building was not completed until 1850. Before that time, collegiate classes for males were held in the Academy Building. On August 20, 1851, the University held its first commencement. Professor Stephen W. Taylor conferred degrees upon seven graduates: J. Merrill Linn and John H. Castle of Lewisburg; Washington Barnhurst and George O. Ide of Philadelphia; Reeder M Fish of Beaver; John M. Lyons of Chester County; and Henry Pomerene of Pittsburgh. These students had completed most of their collegiate studies in the Academy Building. All except Linn and Pomerene became ministers. One of these graduates, Rev. John Morris Lyons, described the first commencement in the 1907 L'Agenda:

Commencement Hall was the large room of the Academy, We had a beautiful green arch sprung over the platform and the Latin verb "Ducimus" festooned above us for we said "We lead the way." That is a day I shall never forget. The tender farewell remarks of Dr. Taylor-- his last official act at Lewisburg-- drew tears from every eye. The thought of parting from each other after such long and pleasant association moved us. The little band of seven never all met again.

After the commencement ceremony, Professor Taylor left Lewisburg to assume the presidency of Madison University in Hamilton, New York, and Dr. Howard Malcolm was formally installed as President of the University at Lewisburg.

Thomas U. Walter and the Construction of the West Wing in 1850

Construction began on the Main Building, as it was first called, in 1849. Thomas Ustick Walter (1804-1887), the Architect of the University at Lewisburg, designed the building. Walter agreed to construct the building in stages beginning with the west wing (to the right), which was completed at the opening of the 1850-51 academic year and rooms were available for men. This image shows the front of the building, which faced the Susquehanna River.

The building was situated on the top of "The Hill", the highest elevation in Lewisburg. In 1833, a crosscut canal had been completed to Lewisburg from the branch of the Pennsylvania Canal located on the east side of the Susquehanna River. The Main Building was clearly visible from the canal, which supplemented by horse, stagecoach and sleigh was a major means of travel to Lewisburg until the Lewisburg, Centre and Spruce Creek Railroad, which later became the Lewisburg &Tyrone Railroad, was built from Montandon to Lewisburg in 1869 across the new bridge that had been erected over the Susquehanna the previous year. The L & T passenger depot and freight terminal were located on St. John Street between North Second and Third Streets. The canal was abandoned in 1865 although parts continued to be used throughout the remainder of the century, and the railroad became the major means of transportation to Lewisburg.

Completion of the Main Building in 1858

In 1858, the entire building was completed when the central part and the east wing were completed by the contractor, Lewis Palmer of Lewisburg, "according to the drawings and specifications" provided by Walter, but the University still owed $ 8,000.00 of the $ 34,000.00 contract price. There were some problems with the initial construction. In 1862, the roof was leaking and had to be repaired, and in 1864 a new roof had to be put on the dome and the outer rim of the dome had to be tinned.

The Main Building was an imposing edifice in the Classical Greek style of architecture with a facade of 320 feet. The eighty-feet-square center part of the building contained recitation rooms, a chapel, a library that in 1865 contained 3,500 volumes, meeting rooms for the two literary societies, and a Commencement Hall on the third floor, which was the site of early commencements. The wings contained study rooms and dormitories. As time passed, the Main Building was referred to as Old Main. Old Main also housed the Museum.

Water and Heat

Initially, a water ram and well supplied water for the building, but the "Hydrolic Ram and pipe", which supplied water from a spring, never worked efficiently and was "out of repair" by 1858. In 1860, a large cistern "for the reception of rainwater" was constructed to the west of the center of the Main Building at the back of the western end of the west wing. This supplied water for the University buildings.

A number of hot air furnaces of different sizes located in both wings and the central part of the building supplied heat. Hot air was carried through flues to registers located in the rooms. Separate furnaces supplied different areas of the building so that specific charges were made for fuel for public and private rooms. In 1865, the annual charge for fuel for private rooms was $10.00 and that for public rooms was $4.00. The cost of an unfurnished room was $6.00 per year. There was also a $1.50 annual charge for "care of public rooms" and a $3.00 annual charge for "general repairs." Gas had not yet been introduced into the Main Building.

The Department of Theology

The charter of the university permitted the establishment of any professional school. A School of Theology had been established in 1855. In 1865, the Department of Theology was reorganized and consisted of three professors: Rev. Lemuel Moss , Professor of Systemic Theology; Rev. Lucius E. Smith, Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral Theology; and Rev. George R. Bliss D.D., Professor of Biblical Literature. In 1868, the Theology Department was "removed" to Upland, PA, and reorganized as the Crozer Theological Seminary. During its thirteen years of existence in Lewisburg, the Theological Department produced thirty-seven alumni.

Courses of Study, Academic Calendar and Costs

Young men enrolled in the college in either the four-year Classical Program leading to the Bachelor of Arts degree or in the three-year Scientific Program leading to the Bachelor of Philosophy degree. The requirements for admission to these two programs were quite different.

To enter the Classical Course; the Student must prove himself conversant with English Grammar, Arithmetic, Algebra as far as Quadratic Equations, Geography, the Latin and Greek Grammars, the prose part of the Greek Reader, two books of Caesar's Commentaries, and four books of Virgil's AEneid.

To enter the Scientific Course, the Student must prove himself conversant with the above English studies and some elementary History of the United States.

In addition, boys had to be fifteen years old for admission to the College and were required to "...furnish to the President satisfactory testimonials of good moral character." If they transferred from another college, they had to "...present certificates of honorable dismission."

For the 1864-1865 Academic Year, students enrolled in the Classical Course of study had to take a prescribed course of subjects to complete the Bachelor of Arts degree program. A specific text was prescribed for most of the subjects. The College year consisted of three terms.

Freshman Year

I

Xenophon’s Anabasis
Greek Grammar Reviewed
Livy
Latin Grammar
Exercises in Greek and Latin Composition, through the year
Geometry

II

Xenophon’s Anabasis
Livy
Greek and Roman Antiquities
Geometry completed

III

Homers’ Odyssey
Rhetoric
Algebra

Sophomore Year

I

Cicero de Senectute et de Amicitia
Fisk’s Classical Manual, through the year
Chemistry
Algebra completed
Trigonometry and Mensuration

II

Homer’s Iliad
Chemistry completed
Analytical Geometry

III

Horace
Surveying, with Practice, and Navigation
Geology and Mineralogy
Electricity and Magnetism

Junior Year

I

Tragedies of Sophocles
Zoology, Physiology and Hygiene
Natural Philosophy, - Mechanics, Hydrostatics and Hydraulics

II

Tacitus
Natural Philosophy, - Pneumatics, Acoustics and Optics
Rhetoric

III

Plato, - Gorgias or Apology and Crito
Astronomy
Vegetable Physiology
Constitution of the United States

Senior Year

I

Cicero de Officiis
Intellectual Philosophy
Political Economy
Natural Theology

II

Demosthenes’ Orations
Intellectual Philosophy completed
Moral Philosophy
Logic
Evidences of Christianity

III

Juvenal
Moral Philosophy completed
Butler

The courses for the Classical Course were the same for the 1865-1866 Academic Year but some courses had been moved from one year to another or from one term to another. For instance, “Constitution of the United States” was moved from the Junior Year to the Sophomore year and “Electricity and Magnetism” was moved from the Sophomore Year to the Junior, while Logic and Political Economy changed places in the Senior Year and Zoology, Physiology and Hygiene and Rhetoric changed places in the Junior Year.

For the 1864-1865 Academic Year, students enrolled in the Scientific Course of study had to take the following courses to complete the Bachelor of Philosophy degree program.

First Year

I

Geometry
Elementary Algebra
Chemistry

II

Geometry completed
Higher Arithmetic
Chemistry completed

III

Algebra
Rhetoric
Geology and Mineralogy
Electricity and Magnetism

Second Year

Term I

Algebra completed
Trigonometry and Mensuration
Natural Philosophy
Physiology and Zoology

Term II

Analytical Geometry
Natural Philosophy completed
Rhetoric

Term III

Astronomy
Surveying
Vegetable Physiology
Constitution of the United States

Third Year

I

Intellectual Philosophy
Logic
Civil Engineering

II

Intellectual and Moral Philosophy
Political Economy
Agricultural Chemistry

III

Chemical Physics
Moral Philosophy
Butler’s Analogy

The courses for the Scientific Course were the same for the 1865-1866 Academic Year but some courses had been moved from one year to another or from one term to another. For instance, “Constitution of the United States” was moved from the Second Year to the First year and “Electricity and Magnetism” was moved from the First Year to the Second Year, while Physiology and Zoology and Rhetoric changed places in the Second Year and Logic and Political Economy changed places in the Third Year. In 1866, those who completed the Scientific Course were granted the Bachelor of Science degree.

All the students took the same courses in the Bachelor of Arts degree program and there were no electives. Although students were evaluated weekly by the faculty on their performance in classes, students had to pass the required examinations in order to receive the degree. William Gundy Owens, Class of 1880, has provided a description of academic life in the mid-1870’s, which is probably a fairly accurate description of the situation in the mid-1860’s.

Students in those days had no opportunity to choose subjects. There were just 36 subjects in the four years course. Every year students took three the first term, three the second, three the third, and that finished their education. The first optional course was offered in 1879…..The object of an education in the seventies was to give a man an all around view of life, and to specialize in nothing in particular. The student had no chance to choose what he would take. He took everything, or left college. He might not succeed in passing all of his examinations, but it was possible in those early days to put off an examination until almost commencement time. One applicant is credited with having gone into the President a week before commencement with an armful of books and saying, “These are subjects which I have failed, but I am ready for the examinations if you will kindly give them to me now”. The President accepted the proposition and the young man was so bright that he is said to have passed everything and received his diploma.

The academic year was divided into three terms. For the 1864-1865 Academic Year, the first term began Thursday, September 22 and ended Friday evening, December 23. The second term began Tuesday January 3, 1865, and ended Wednesday evening, March 29. The third term began Thursday, April 20 "...and continue[d] fourteen weeks till Commencement." Commencement Day was Thursday, July 27, 1865. The charge for tuition was $12.00 per term for a yearly total of $36.00. An additional fee of $1.50 per annum was assessed for the Library.

College Life in 1865

An "Abstract of College Laws" in the Catalogue provided a succinct description of the daily life of the student in 1865 as prescribed College..

Every student is required to be present at the daily devotional exercises in the College Chapel, and to attend public worship on Sunday morning.

Every student shall engage in such a number of studies as shall, in the judgment of the President, be sufficient to occupy his whole time.

The recitations of the several classes occupy one hour each, and begin at 7 ½ and 11 o"clock in the forenoon, and at 4 in the afternoon. The study hours are from 9 to 11 o'clock in the forenoon, and in the afternoon from 2 to 4 and from 7 to 9 o'clock. The morning recitation is the only one on Saturday.

William Gundy Owens has provided a description of the daily life of college students in the mid-1870’s that is probably fairly descriptive of what it had been in 1865.

Most of the students got up at six o’clock in the morning and went down town to breakfast, which consisted of sausages and buckwheat cakes with coffee and perhaps milk. Chapel met at 7:15. The roll was called every day. The answer was “Here”, except on Monday. Since church attendance was required, on Monday you answered “Yes Sir!” if you had been to church; otherwise you simply yelled “Here”. The first class met at 7:30. On Monday the Seniors practiced orations, and the Juniors read essays. Sophomores and Freshmen delivered delcamations [sic]. On Thursdays lectures were delivered to the Seniors by the President. Other Professors talked on different subjects to the different classes. There was no recitation on Mondays because there was no study time to prepare the lessons the day before. Wednesday nights the students were supposed to attend Prayer Meeting. On other days recitations began at 7:30 and lasted until 8:00. Students then had half an hour to fix up their rooms, make their beds or go down town to the Post Office on Market Street to see if the girl from home had remembered them

*****

…….At 9:00 the study hour began and lasted until 11:00. Everyone was supposed to be in his room and not to call out the window to his classmate living in the room below, “How far does the lesson go to-day?” and drop a basin of water on the fellow below when he put out his head.

*****

Every student had a class five days a week from 11:00 to 12:00. Then they had two hours to go to the Post Office and dinner….At 2:00 P.M. study hour began and the President, in coming to his office, sometimes walked around to the back of the building to see if anyone was playing ball, pitching horseshoes, swinging on the rings, or just walking around and smoking. Students were not allowed to smoke on the campus outside their rooms. Study hour lasted until 4:00 P.M. All students were in recitation from 4:00 until 5:00. This means, of course, that there were three recitations a day, all three occurring at the same hour and ending at 5:00 P.M. Then came supper and recreation until 7:00 P.M. All students were now supposed to be in their rooms to study until 9:00 P.M. To be certain of this professors were supposed to visit the rooms on unscheduled occasions…. ………

Quiet hour ended at 10:00 and then the students were supposed to go to bed, just as the soldiers in the army camps are supposed to retire today….

Many of the young men who attended the college were teenagers. For instance, Lieut. Andrew Gregg Tucker, Class of '62, was nineteen when he died at Gettysburg on July 5, 1863; his twentieth birthday would have been celebrated on October 4. Because of the young age of the students, a "CAUTION TO PARENTS" appeared in the Catalogue:

There is great hazard, in most cases, in allowing students to have in their possession any considerable sums of money, unless they have been accustomed to it at home. Some person in Lewisburg should be entrusted with the funds, expend it as required, and render exact accounts.

All students lived in rooms in Old Main, sharing a study and sleeping in a single dormitory that was furnished only with a bedstead. All other furnishing had to be supplied by the student. College life in the dormitories probably had not changed much by the mid-1870's when William Gundy Owens was a student at the University of Lewisburg. He described the accommodations:

All rooms in the college consisted of a study for two on the north side of the building and single sleeping rooms across the hall. The study rooms only were heated. Sometimes in the winter both students brought their iron bedsteads into the study. These, with two tables and two chairs, made quite close living quarters.

…The only furnishing in each room for men consisted of a single iron bedstead. If a college student desired other things he had to bring them from home by freight boat or he had to buy them after he arrived in Lewisburg. The men students usually took their bed ticks to a farm, filled them with clean wheat straw and carried them back to their rooms.

In addition to their bedroom each student shared a study with another person. At night kerosene lamps were used. Since there were no lights in the halls or on the campus, except one lamp in front of Old Main and one at the foot of the hill, many students carried folding wax candle lanterns in their coat pockets which they could use when necessary. There was no running water in the dormitories. Therefore water was forced to the top of the hill from a spring below ….until someone thought it would be a good joke to cut the pipe. The trustees’ reaction was, “Well, if you don’t want the water we will remove the hydraulic ram.” After that incident the boys had to carry the water up the hill in buckets.

In 1865, theUniversity provided boarding facilities for students in the Female Institute and the Academy, but there were no boarding facilities provided in the College. College students boarded "...in the village at private houses, and the cost [was] from $2.50 to $4.00 per week." The following description of boarding in the mid-1870's is probably reflective of the situation in the mid-1860's.

…Many students formed boarding groups. The boys furnished the supplies, and the boarding house keeper furnished dishes, fuel, and cooked meals for $2.00 per week. Potatoes were bought by the wagon load in the fall, pork by the whole hog, beef, a side at a time, so that food sometimes did not cost more than .80 a week, although it usually ran from $1.25 and up….

In the nineteenth century, literary societies played an important role in the extra-curriculum of the College. The two literary societies to which the students belonged were described in the Catalogue:

The Euepian and Theta Alpha Societies have meetings on Saturday forenoon of each week for orations, essays and debates. Each has a convenient hall; and by an arrangement of the Faculty, will always have about an equal number of members

The young men of the College, practiced many useful skills in the meetings of these societies, which would prepare them for life in society after college. William Gundy Owens has provided a description of the societies at the University of Lewisburg in the mid-1870’s.

On Saturday the two Literature Societies met…. Each society had a room in the main building with a library. The Society furnished the rooms, if they desired and had meetings every Saturday morning from 9:00 until 12:00. The exercises consisted of orations, essays, and debates. Some of the members were appointed as judges for the debates and the discussions were carried on as it was believed to be the manner of many public assemblies. The young men sometimes spent very much time in the preparation of these orations and essays, and in that way prepared themselves for what they would need if they went into public service. But there was no choosing of a calling, as in the case of many of the students of the present time, who use the college course as a preparation for what they think will be their life work. Only the foundations of an education were supposed to be laid in those olden days.

There was also a Society For Inquiry comprised of students from the Academy and the College, which "...receive[d] religious periodicals, and correspond{ed} with kindred societies, and with Missionaries in various parts of the world" and which had "...a valuable library of works connected with missions and a museum of ethnological articles.

Athletics

In the 1860’s, there were no intercollegiate athletic teams, but students in the College did participate in games and other athletic activities. William Cyrus Bartol, Class of 1872 and later Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, described early athletics:

The first athletic game, played by Bucknell, of which we have record, was the game of Barn-ball, so named by Dr. George R. Bliss, Bucknell’s first Professor. His story about the game makes us know that the game he tells us about was the game that we, today, call Hand-ball.

In the first issue of the College Herald, May, 1870, Dr. Bliss says: “By the beginning of the year 1850-1851, the West Wing of the University edifice was completed…..The new building, having for several years, an east-end wall blank, where the main building was to be joined on, gave an excellent opportunity for playing ‘Barn-ball’, in the rude period before our national game of Base-ball had been invented.

The retired situation with no window to watch it, perhaps offered some temptation to neglect the rule about ‘Study-hour,’ but as there was a single door in the lower hall, opening through that wall, it happened that if one of the Professors ever did show his face there, at an unlucky moment, the surprise to the ball player was complete.”

In those early days, Robert Lowry ’54, and numerous companions, had made, at the base of that east end of West Wing, an earthen surface as smooth as a tennis court; and here with closed hand they drove the rebounding ball with skillful repetitions.

Baseball “….came to [the] campus in the early sixties”, and in 1866, an “out-door gymnastic device” was constructed behind Old Main where it remained for approximately six years. In his diary, John Sexton James, Class of 1868 and son of Professor Charles Sexton James, described this device:

“January 18, 1866, I helped hoist a Gymnastic pole to rest on the tops of two trees, cut off eighteen feet from the ground. To this elevated pole were fastened five strong ropes which hung to within seven feet of the ground. At the lower ends of the ropes were fastened leather covered iron rings, heavy and abut eight inches in diameter. The ropes were about eight feet apart….

Dr. Loomis dispensed with recitation so that the work might be finished. I felt pretty tired toward night and went home and went to bed.”

Although students practiced gymnastic exercises and played both barn-ball and baseball, there were no intercollegiate contests and “….athletics consisted for the most part, of crude games without organization to back them.”

The University and the Civil War

Students and faculty participated in the Civil War on three occasions between 1862 and 1865. In September 1862 when the University was not is session, four students enrolled in the University as well as President Loomis and Professor Charles Sexton James served twelve days during the emergency provoked by the movement of the Army of Northern Virginia toward Pennsylvania, which ended with the battle at Antietam. In June 1863 as a consequence of Lee’s invasion of Pennsylvania, the impact of the war was quite different when thirty-three students from the College, six students from the Theological Department and four students from the Academy as well as Professor James enlisted in the army and served in Company A of the 28th Regiment, P.V., which did not see action. Both the College and the Theological Department were closed temporarily, but the Academy and Female Institute remained open. Most of the students returned to the University by July 30 when degrees were conferred at the conclusion of Commencement Week. The members of the senior class were excused from taking their examinations. The final service of University students in the war occurred in August 1864 when some students volunteered for service to protect Pennsylvania from a possible Confederate invasion. The University was not in session at the time.

Four alumni of the University at Lewisburg died during the Civil War. Two of them had graduated after the war began. First Lieut. Andrew Gregg Tucker, Class of ’62, was nineteen when he was wounded at Gettysburg on July 1, 1863. He died on July 5. His classmate 4th Sgt. Thomas Rishall Orwig was twenty-two when he died of illness in a Washington hospital on November 30, 1862 before ever engaging the enemy. Both Tucker and Orwig had mustered in Co. E, 142nd Regiment, P.V. at Camp Curtin outside of Harrisburg in late August, 1862, about a month after graduation. Company E was composed of volunteers recruited in Union County. Lieut. Col. Milton Opp, Class of ’58, 84th Regiment, P.V., was wounded in the Wilderness Campaign on May 6, 1864, and died on May 9 at the age of twenty-eight. Capt. James Potter Gregg, M.D., Class of ’55, Co. D, 45th Regiment, P.V., and a cousin of Andrew Gregg Tucker, was killed at Petersburg on September 30, 1864 at the age of thirty. In 1867, Lewisburg Civil War Veterans formed GAR Post 52, which they named in honor of Andrew Gregg Tucker. Sometime after the war a memorial tablet in honor of these four men was placed in the Commencement Hall.

The Class of 1865

Eight graduated in the Class of 1865. Five were residents of Pennsylvania and three were from New Jersey. Harrison B. Garner, Thomas A. Gill and Edward E. Jones came from Philadelphia, while Theophilus E. Clapp was from Bellefonte and Howard F. King came from Kingsville. Harry B. Fowler, Clement B. Lowe and John B. Probasco were from New Jersey. Five of the graduates became ministers, Lowe and Probasco became medical doctors, and Fowler became a C.E.

Financial Difficulties and the Sale of Scholarships

In the early 1860's there were some financial difficulties and some unrest within the student body, and in 1862 the Trustees established a committee to determine why some students were considering leaving the university. The following year, the Trustees decided to sell Certificates of Scholarship, which would free the holders from paying tuition to attend the university. An unlimited number of Permanent Scholarships were authorized at $500.00 each, and 50 twenty-four year scholarships at $250.00 each and 100 eight-year scholarships at $100.00 were also authorized. By 1864, agents had "sold" 13 Permanent Scholarships, 24 twenty-four year scholarships and 94 eight-year scholarships. However, many of the purchasers did not pay cash and did not complete their payments on the notes that had been issued because by 1869 there were only 45 scholarships of all types outstanding.

The Faculty in 1865

In 1865, Rev. Justin R. Loomis was President of the University and Professor of Metaphysics and Moral Philosophy. Loomis and five other professors taught seventy-two men in the College. In addition to Loomis, the faculty in the Collegiate Department consisted of Rev. George R. Bliss, D.D., New Jersey Professor of Languages (Greek) as well as Librarian; Charles S. James, Ph.D., Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy; Rev. Francis W. Tustin, A.M., Professor of Natural Sciences; Rev. Lucius E. Smith, A.M., Crozer Professor of Rhetoric; and Rev. Lemuel Moss, A.M., Professor of Logic. Bliss, Smith and Moss also were faculty in the Theological Department. In addition to the professors, Owen Eaches, A.B. was a Tutor.

"Commencement Hall was..." 1907 L'Agenda, p. 200.

"according to the drawings..." BT '46-'82, p. 228 (3/27/1857)

"Hydrolic Ram and pipe..." BT '46-'82, p. 286 (7/27/1858)

"for the reception of rain water..." BT '46-'82, p.340 (7/29/1860)

"care of public rooms..." BT '46-'82, p. 451, p. (7/26/1865)

"To enter the Classical..." CAT '64-'65, p.19

"...furnish to the President..." ib.

"Students in those days..." Owens, Schedule, p.2

"and continue[d]..." ib., p. 21

"Every student is.." ib., p. 22

"Most of the students..."and the other quotations in this section, Owens, Schedule, pp.1-2

"There is great hazard..." ib., p. 23

"All of the rooms in the college..." Owens, Schedule, p. 1

"The only furnishing..." and the next paragraph, Owens, File 4-4-55, pp. 1-2

"...in the village at..." ib.

"...Many students formed boarding..." Owens, Schedule, p. 1

"The Eupian and..." ib., p. 22

"On Saturday the two..." Owens, Schedule, p.22

"...receive[d] religious periodicals..." ib.

"The first athletic game..." and the other quotations in this section, Bartol, Athletics, pp.1-2

"...came to [the] campus..." ib., p. 2

"out-door gymnastic device" ib., p. 3

"January 18, 1866..." and the other quotation in this section, ib. pp. 3-4

"...athletics consisted for the..." ib., p. 2

The major source for the information on this page is the Minutes of the Board of Trustees of Bucknell University, 1846-1882 (BT '46-'82). Additional sources are Oliphant, Rise of Bucknell; Oliphant, University at Lewisburg and the Civil War; Theiss, Centennial History; Mauser, Centennial History; Linn, Annals; Your College Friends; the 1907 L'Agenda; the 1916 LAgenda; William Gundy Owens, “Schedule for a Day At the University At Lewisburg in the Seventies, “ two pages typescript with no date, marked Williams G. Owens Folder, Alumni Office, Bucknell University Archives; William Gundy Owens, “From File of William Gundy Owens”, four pages typescript dated in pencil 4-4-55, which are reminiscences prepared for the editors of the Bucknell Alumni Monthly, Bucknell University Archives; Dr. William C. Bartol, "Development [of] Bucknell Athletics (Historic)" eleven pages typescript with no date, Bucknell University Archives; Dreese, "Backward Glance:The Saga of Andrew Gregg Tucker"; and the University At Lewisburg 1864-1865 15th Annual Catalogue (CAT '64-'65) and the University At Lewisburg 1865-1866 16th Annual Catalogue (CAT '65-'66).