"ID","Order","Suborder","Infraorder","Superfamily","Family","Subfamily","Tribe","Genus","Subgenus","Species","Subspecies","TaxonLevel","Extinct?","OriginalName","ValidName","Author","Date","ActualDate","CitationName","CitationVolume","CitationIssue","CitationPages","CitationType","TypeSpecies","CommonName","TypeLocality","Distribution","Status","Synonyms","Comments","File","SortOrder","DisplayOrder"
"10300001","MONOTREMATA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1837","","","","","","","","","","","","","Reviewed by Griffiths (1978). The order is the sole extant representative of the Subclass Prototheria (all other living mammals belong to subclass Theria). McKenna and Bell (1997) divided the order into two (Platypoda and Tachyglossa); the date of divergence of the two living families is unknown, and conservatively they are retained here in a single order.","03","03-00001","03-0001"
"10300002","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gill","1872","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","11","","27","","","","","","","","","03","03-00002","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"10300003","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Tachyglossus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mammal. Avium.","","","114","","<i>Echidna novaehollandiae</i> Lacépède, 1799 (= <i>Myrmecophaga aculeatus</i> Shaw, 1792).","","","","","<i>Acanthonotus</i>  Goldfuss, 1809; <i>Echidna</i> G. Cuvier, 1797; <i>Echinopus</i> G. Fischer, 1814; <i>Syphonia</i> Rafinesque, 1815.","","03","03-00003","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"10300004","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Tachyglossus","","aculeatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Shaw)","1792","","Nat. Misc.","3","","pl. 109","","","Short-beaked Echidna","Australia, New South Wales, New Holland (= Sydney).","S and E New Guinea; Australia, including Kangaroo Isl (off South Australia) and Tasmania.","IUCN ­– Lower Risk (nt) as <i>T. a.</i> <i>multiaculeatus</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc). Abundant throughout its range.","<i>australiensis</i> (Lesson, 1827);<i> australis<b> </b></i>(Lesson, 1836);<i> corealis </i>(Krefft, 1872);<i> eracinius </i>(Mudie, 1829);<i> hystrix </i>(Home, 1802);<i> longiaculeata </i>(Tiedemann, 1808);<i> myrmecophagus </i>(Goldfuss, 1809);<i> novaehollandiae </i>(Lacépède, 1799);<i> orientalis </i>(Krefft, 1872);<i> sydneiensis</i> (Kowarzik, 1909); <i>typica</i> (Thomas, 1885);<b><i> acanthion</i></b><i> </i>(Collett, 1884);<i> ineptus<b> </b></i>Thomas, 1906;<i> <b>lawesii </b></i>Ramsay, 1877; <b><i>multiaculeatus </i></b>(W. Rothschild, 1905);<i> <b>setosus</b> </i>(E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1803);<i> breviaculeata </i>(Tiedemann, 1808);<i> hobartensis </i>(Kowarzik, 1909); <i>longirostrus </i>(Perry, 1810).","Includes <i>lawesii</i> and <i>setosus, </i>see Ride (1970:231). Subspecies are unclear, and revision is needed. Species name commonly attributed to Shaw and Nodder, but Nodder was the publisher, not an author.","03","03-00004","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"10300005","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Tachyglossus","","aculeatus","aculeatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Shaw)","1792","","Nat. Misc.","3","","pl. 109","","","","Australia, New South Wales, New Holland (= Sydney).","","","","","03","03-00005","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0005"
"10300006","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Tachyglossus","","aculeatus","acanthion","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Collett)","1884","","","","","","","","","","","","","","03","03-00006","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0006"
"10300007","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Tachyglossus","","aculeatus","lawesii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1877","","","","","","","","","","","","","","03","03-00007","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0007"
"10300008","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Tachyglossus","","aculeatus","multiaculeatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(W. Rothschild)","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","03","03-00008","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0008"
"10300009","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Tachyglossus","","aculeatus","setosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire)","1803","","","","","","","","","","","","","","03","03-00009","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0009"
"10300010","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Zaglossus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gill","1877","","Ann. Rec. Sci. Indus.","May","","171","","<i>Tachyglossus bruijni</i> Peters and Doria, 1876.","","","","","<i>Acanthoglossus</i> Gervais, 1877;<i> Bruynia </i>Dubois, 1882; <i>Proechidna </i>Dubois, 1884; <i>Prozaglossus</i> Kerbert, 1913.","Revised by Flannery and Groves (1998).","03","03-00010","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010"
"10300011","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Zaglossus","","attenboroughi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery and Groves","1998","","Mammalia","62","","387","","","Sir David’s Long-beaked Echidna.","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Cyclops Mtns, ""Oost-top, Berg Rara, 1600 m"".","Known only from type locality.","CITES - Appendix II.","","","03","03-00011","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0011"
"10300012","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Zaglossus","","bartoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Thomas)","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.","20","","294","","","Eastern Long-beaked Echidna","Papua New Guinea, Albert Edward Range, Mount Victoria, 8,000 ft (2438 m).","Interior New Guinea, east of Paniai Lakes, 600 to 3200 m.","CITES - Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>Z. bruijni </i>(part).","<i>bubuensis</i> Laurie, 1952;<i> <b>clunius </b></i>Thomas and W. Rothschild, 1922;<b><i> diamondi</i></b><i> </i>Flannery and Groves, 1998; <b><i>smeenki </i></b>Flannery and Groves, 1998.","The subspecies are all highly distinctive, and may represent distinct species.","03","03-00012","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0012"
"10300013","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Zaglossus","","bartoni","bartoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Thomas)","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.","20","","294","","","","Papua New Guinea, Albert Edward Range, Mount Victoria, 8,000 ft (2438 m).","","","","","03","03-00013","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0012-0013"
"10300014","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Zaglossus","","bartoni","clunius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and W. Rothschild","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","03","03-00014","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0012-0014"
"10300015","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Zaglossus","","bartoni","diamondi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery and Groves","1998","","","","","","","","","","","","","","03","03-00015","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0012-0015"
"10300016","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Zaglossus","","bartoni","smeenki","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery and Groves","1998","","","","","","","","","","","","","","03","03-00016","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0012-0016"
"10300017","MONOTREMATA","","","","Tachyglossidae","","","Zaglossus","","bruijni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Peters and Doria)","1876","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","9","","183","","","Western Long-beaked Echidna.","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Arfak Mtns.","Western New Guinea, west of Paniai Lakes; Salawati Isl (Indonesia).","CITES - Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>goodfellowi</i> (Thomas, 1907); <i>gularis </i>W. Rothschild, 1922;<i> nigro-aculeatus </i>(W. Rothschild, 1892); <i>pallidus</i> W. Rothschild, 1922; <i>tridactyla </i>(Dubois, 1882);<i> villosissima </i>(Dubois, 1884).","Does not include <i>bartoni</i> and <i>bubuensis</i>; see Flannery and Groves (1998).","03","03-00017","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0017"
"10300018","MONOTREMATA","","","","Ornithorhynchidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","343","","","","","","","","","03","03-00018","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0018"
"10300019","MONOTREMATA","","","","Ornithorhynchidae","","","Ornithorhynchus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blumenbach","1800","","Gotting. Gelehrt. Anz.","1","","609","","<i>Ornithorhynchus paradoxus</i> Blumenbach, 1800 (= <i>Platypus anatinus</i> Shaw, 1799).","","","","","<i>Dermipus</i> Wiedermann, 1800; <i>Platypus </i>Shaw, 1799 [not of Herbst, 1793].","<i>Platypus</i> Shaw, 1799 was preoccupied by <i>Platypus</i> Herbst, 1793, a genus of Coleoptera. <i>Ornithorynchus</i> is the next available name.","03","03-00019","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0018-0000-0000-0019"
"10300020","MONOTREMATA","","","","Ornithorhynchidae","","","Ornithorhynchus","","anatinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Shaw)","1799","","Nat. Misc.","10","","pl. 385-386","","","Platypus.","Australia, New South Wales, New Holland (= Sydney).","Queensland, New South Wales, SE South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); common but vulnerable to local extinction.","<i>brevirostris</i> Ogilby, 1832; <i>crispus, </i>Macgillivray, 1827; <i>fuscus </i>Péron, 1807; <i>laevis </i>Macgillivray, 1827; <i>novaehollandiae </i>Lacépède, 1800; <i>paradoxus </i>Blumenbach, 1800;<i> phoxinus </i>Thomas, 1923; <i>rufus </i>Péron, 1807; <i>triton</i> Thomas, 1923.","Whether there are any valid subspecies is unclear; revision is needed. Species name is commonly attributed to Shaw and Nodder, but Nodder was the publisher, not an author.","03","03-00020","03-0001-0000-0000-0000-0018-0000-0000-0019-0000-0020"
"10400001","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Gill","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","Didelphidia (<i>sensu</i>  Hershkovitz, 1992<i>a</i>)","Traditionally included in Marsupialia; included in Ameridelphia (see Aplin and Archer, 1987; Marshall et al., 1990; and Szalay, 1982); but not Microbiotheriidae (Marshall et al., 1990; <i>contra</i> Reig et al., 1987).","04","04-00001","04-0001"
"10400002","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","308","","","","","","","","Placed in the order Polyprotodontia by Kirsch (1977); also see Aplin and Archer (1987). Does not include <i>Dromiciops</i>; see Kirsch and Calaby (1977). Includes Caluromyidae, Glironiidae, and Marmosidae <i>sensu</i> Hershkovitz (1992<i>a</i>).","04","04-00002","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"10400003","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Kirsch","1977","","Aust. J. Zool., Suppl. ser.","52","","111","","","","","","","","Included in Caluromyidae along with Caluromyopsinae by Hershkovitz (1992<i>a</i>); also includes Glironiidae.","04","04-00003","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003"
"10400004","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1900","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","13","","189","","<i>Didelphis philander</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by original designation.","","","","","<i>Didelphis</i> Linnaeus, 1758 [part];<i> Gamba</i> Liais, 1872 [part]; <i>Mallodelphys</i> Thomas, 1920 [type species <i>Didelphis laniger</i> Desmarest, 1820, by original designation; valid as a subgenus]; <i>Philander</i> Burmeister, 1856 [preoccupied by <i>Philander</i> Brisson, 1762, and <i>Philander</i> Tiedemann, 1808]; <i>Sarigua</i> Muirhead, 1819 [part].","<i>Calurosymys</i> Avila-Pires, 1964, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>Caluromys</i> J. A. Allen. Comparatively uncommon to rare in collections, perhaps due to nocturnal and arboreal habits; but probably common in suitable habitat. Vulnerable to loss of tropical forest habitat.","04","04-00004","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004"
"10400005","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Caluromys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1900","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","13","","189","","<i>Didelphis philander</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by original designation.","","","","","","","04","04-00005","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0005"
"10400006","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","","","","","","[type species <i>Didelphis laniger</i> Desmarest, 1820, by original designation, valid as a subgenus]","","","","","","","04","04-00006","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006"
"10400007","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","derbianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Waterhouse)","1841","","Jardine's Natur. Libr.","11","","97","","","Derby’s Woolly Opossum","None given; restricted to Colombia, Cauca, Cauca Valley (Cabrera, 1958:2).","Mexico, Central America, W Colombia, and W Ecuador.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>antioquiae</i>  (Matschie, 1917); <i>guayanus</i> (Thomas, 1899); <i>pictus</i> (Thomas, 1913); <i>pyrrhus</i> Thomas, 1901; <i>senex</i> (Thomas, 1913); <b><i>aztecus</i></b> (Thomas, 1913); <b><i>centralis</i></b> (Hollister, 1914); <i>canus</i> (Matschie, 1917);<i> <b>fervidus</b></i> (Thomas, 1913); <b><i>nauticus</i></b> (Thomas, 1913); <b><i>pallidus</i></b> (Thomas, 1899); <b>unassigned:</b> <i>pulcher</i> (Matschie, 1917).","Subgenus <i>Mallodelphys</i>. Reviewed by Bucher and Hoffmann (1980, Mammalian Species, 140). The name <i>pulcher</i> Matschie is based on a zoo specimen of unknown origin.","04","04-00007","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006-0007"
"10400008","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","derbianus","derbianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Waterhouse)","1841","","Jardine's Natur. Libr.","11","","97","","","","None given; restricted to Colombia, Cauca, Cauca Valley (Cabrera, 1958:2).","","","","","04","04-00008","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006-0007-0008"
"10400009","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","derbianus","aztecus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00009","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006-0007-0009"
"10400010","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","derbianus","centralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00010","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006-0007-0010"
"10400011","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","derbianus","fervidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00011","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006-0007-0011"
"10400012","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","derbianus","nauticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00012","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006-0007-0012"
"10400013","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","derbianus","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00013","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006-0007-0013"
"10400014","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","lanatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Olfers)","1818","","<i>In</i> W. L. Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek. Reisen.","15","","206","","","Brown-eared Woolly Opossum","""Paraguay;"" restricted to Caazapá, Caazapá (Cabrera, 1916).","N and C Colombia, NW and S Venezuela, E Ecuador, E Perú, E Bolivia, E and S Paraguay, N Argentina (Provincia Misiones), and W and S Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>cahyensis</i>  (Matschie, 1917); <i>lanigera</i> (Desmarest, 1820); <b><i>cicur</i></b> (Bangs, 1898); <i>meridensis</i> (Matschie, 1917); <b><i>nattereri</i></b> (Matschie, 1917); <i>modesta</i> (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936); <b><i>ochropus</i></b> (Wagner, 1842); <b><i>ornatu</i></b><i>s</i> (Tschudi, 1845);<i> bartletti</i> (Matschie, 1917);<i> jivaro</i> (Thomas, 1913); <i>juninensis</i> (Matschie, 1917); <b><i>vitalinus</i></b> (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936); <u>not allocated to subspecies:</u> <i>hemiurus</i> (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936).","Subgenus <i>Mallodelphys.</i> The type locality of <i>hemiurus</i> (Miranda-Ribeiro) is Brazil, specific locality unknown. The name <i>calmensis</i> Vieira, 1955, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>cahyensis</i> Matschie.","04","04-00014","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006-0014"
"10400015","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","lanatus","lanatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Olfers)","1818","","<i>In</i> W. L. Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek. Reisen.","15","","206","","","","""Paraguay;"" restricted to Caazapá, Caazapá (Cabrera, 1916).","","","","","04","04-00015","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006-0014-0015"
"10400016","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","lanatus","cicur","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00016","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006-0014-0016"
"10400017","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","lanatus","nattereri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00017","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006-0014-0017"
"10400018","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","lanatus","ochropus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00018","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006-0014-0018"
"10400019","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","lanatus","ornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00019","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006-0014-0019"
"10400020","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Mallodelphys","lanatus","vitalinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miranda-Ribeiro","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00020","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0006-0014-0020"
"10400021","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Caluromys","philander","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Linnaeus)","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","54","","","Bare-tailed Woolly Opossum","""America;"" restricted to Surinam (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>).","Venezuela (including Margarita Isl), Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil, and E Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>cajopolin</i>  (Müller, 1776); <i>cayopollin</i> (Schreber, 1777); <i>leucurus</i> Thomas, 1904; <b><i>affinis</i></b> (Wagner, 1842); <b><i>dichurus</i></b> (Wagner, 1842); <b><i>trinitatis</i></b> (Thomas, 1894); <i>venezuelae</i> Thomas, 1903.","Subgenus<i> Caluromys. Didelphys longicaudata</i> Pelzeln, 1883, and <i>D</i>. <i>macrura</i> Pelzeln, 1883 (not <i>D</i>. <i>macrura</i> Olfers, 1818 [= <i>Thylamy</i> <i>macrura</i>]) are <i>nomina nuda</i>; <i>dichrura</i> Schinz, 1844, <i>dichrura</i> Cabrera, 1919, and <i>dichrurus</i> Vieira, 1953, are incorrect subsequent spellings of <i>dichura</i> Wagner.","04","04-00021","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0005-0021"
"10400022","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Caluromys","philander","philander","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Linnaeus)","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","54","","","","""America;"" restricted to Surinam (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>).","","","","","04","04-00022","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0005-0021-0022"
"10400023","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Caluromys","philander","affinis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00023","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0005-0021-0023"
"10400024","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Caluromys","philander","dichurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00024","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0005-0021-0024"
"10400025","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromys","Caluromys","philander","trinitatis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00025","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0005-0021-0025"
"10400026","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromysiops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Sanborn","1951","","Fieldiana Zool.","31","","474","","<i>Caluromysiops irrupta</i> Sanborn, 1951.","","","","","","Monotypic.","04","04-00026","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0026"
"10400027","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Caluromysiops","","irrupta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1951","","Fieldiana Zool.","31","","474","","","Black-shouldered Opossum","Perú, Cuzco, ""Quincemil, Province of Quispicanchis.""","SE Colombia, SE Perú, and W Brazil.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Uncommon to rare; see review by Izor and Pine (1987).","04","04-00027","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0026-0000-0027"
"10400028","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Glironia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","9","","239","","<i>Glironia venusta</i> Thomas, 1912, by original designation.","","","","","","","04","04-00028","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0028"
"10400029","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Caluromyinae","","Glironia","","venusta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","9","","240","","","Bushy-tailed Opossum","Perú, Pasco, ""Pozuzo.""","Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador, Perú, and Bolivia.","IUCN – Vulnerable; rare.","<i>aequatorialis</i>  Anthony, 1926; <i>criniger</i> Anthony, 1926.","Reviewed by Marshall (1978<i>c</i>, Mammalian Species, 107).","04","04-00029","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0028-0000-0029"
"10400030","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","308","","","","","","","Chironectinae, Lestodephyinae, Lutreolininae, Marmosidae, Marmosinae, Metachirinae, Monodelphinae, Thylamyinae.","Hershkovitz (1992<i>a</i>) restricted the Didelphinae to the genera <i>Chironectes</i>, <i>Didelphis</i>, <i>Philander</i>, and <i>Lutreolina</i>. Hershkovitz (1997) further restricted the Didelphinae by establishing Chironectinae and Lutreolininae for <i>Chironectes</i> and <i>Lutreolina</i>, respectively.","04","04-00030","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030"
"10400031","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Chironectes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mammal. Avium.","","","76","","<i>Lutra minima</i> Zimmermann, 1780, by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Gamba</i>  Liais, 1872 [part]; <i>Memina</i> G. Fischer, 1814; <i>Sarigua</i> Muirhead, 1819 [part].","<i>Memina</i> G. Fischer, 1813, is a <i>nomen nudum</i>. <i>Cheronectes</i> Fleming, 1822, <i>Cheironectes</i> Gray, 1827, <i>Cheironectes</i> Jentink, 1888, and <i>Chironeytes</i> Goeldi and Hagmann, 1904, are incorrect subsequent spellings of <i>Chironectes</i> Illiger.","04","04-00031","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0031"
"10400032","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Chironectes","","minimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Zimmermann)","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","317","","","Water Opossum","""Gujana;"" restricted to Cayenne, French Guiana (Cabrera, 1958:44).","Oaxaca and Tabasco, México, south through Central America to Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Perú, Venezuela, the Guianas, Paraguay, and NE Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt)","<i>cayennensis</i>  Turton, 1800; <i>guianensis</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>gujanensis</i> Link, 1795; <i>palmata</i> Daudin <i>in</i> Lacépède, 1802; <i>paraguensis</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>sarcovienna</i> Shaw, 1800; <i>variegatus</i> Olfers, 1818; <i>yapock</i> Desmarest, 1820<b><i>; argyrodytes</i></b> Dickey, 1928; <b><i>langsdorffi</i></b> Boitard, 1845; <i>bresslaui</i> Pohle, 1927; <b><i>panamensis</i></b> Goldman, 1914.","Reviewed by Marshall (1978<i>d</i>, Mammalian Species, 109). The spelling <i>variegatus</i> Illiger, 1815, is a <i>nomen nudum</i>. The spellings <i>memia</i> Desmarest, 1803, <i>memina</i> Boddaert, 1784, <i>memina</i> F. Cuvier, 1825, <i>memmina</i> Desmarest, 1804, and <i>memmina</i> Muirhead, 1819, are incorrect subsequent spellings of <i>minimus</i> Zimmermann.","04","04-00032","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0031-0000-0032"
"10400033","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Chironectes","","minimus","minimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Zimmermann)","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","317","","","","""Gujana;"" restricted to Cayenne, French Guiana (Cabrera, 1958:44).","","","","","04","04-00033","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0031-0000-0032-0033"
"10400034","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Chironectes","","minimus","argyrodytes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dickey","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00034","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0031-0000-0032-0034"
"10400035","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Chironectes","","minimus","langsdorffi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Boitard","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00035","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0031-0000-0032-0035"
"10400036","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Chironectes","","minimus","panamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00036","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0031-0000-0032-0036"
"10400037","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Didelphis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","54","","<i>Didelphis marsupialis</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent selection (Thomas, 1888).","","","","","<i>Dasyurotherium</i>  Liais, 1872 [replacement name for <i>Thylacotherium</i> Lund]; <i>Dimerodon</i> Ameghino, 1889; <i>Gamba</i> Liais, 1872 [part]; <i>Gambatherium</i> Liais, 1872 [replacement name for <i>Thylacotherium</i> Lund]; <i>Leucodidelphis</i> Ihering, 1914; <i>Opossum</i> Schmid, 1818 [part]; <i>Sarigua</i> Muirhead, 1819 [part]; <i>Thylacotherium</i> Lund, 1839 [preoccupied].","<i>Didelphys</i> Schreber, 1778, is an invalid emendation of <i>Didelphis</i> Linnaeus, and <i>Leucodidelphys</i> Krumbiegel, 1941, is an invalid emendation of <i>Leucodidelphis</i> Ihering, 1914. <i>Didelphus</i> Lapham, 1853, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>Didelphis</i> Linnaeus.","04","04-00037","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0037"
"10400038","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Didelphis","","albiventris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1840","","K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Afhandl. [preprint of Lund, 1841]","","","20","","","White-eared Opossum","Brazil, Minas Gerais, ""Rio das Velhas,"" Lagoa Santa.","Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and the northern half of Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>antigua</i>  Ameghino, 1889; <i>bonariensis</i> (Marelli, 1930); <i>brasiliensis</i> (Liais, 1872) (part); <i>dennleri</i> (Marelli, 1930); <i>lechei</i> (Ihering, 1892); <i>leucotis</i> (Wagner, 1847); <i>paraguayensis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1902) [not available from Oken, 1816]; <i>poecilonota</i> (Schinz, 1844); <i>poecilotis</i> Wagner, 1842.","Formerly known as <i>D</i>. <i>azarae</i>; see Hershkovitz (1969). <i>Didelphis paraguayensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1902, ex Oken, 1816 (= <i>Didelphis albiventris</i> Lund) is the type species of <i>Leucodidelphis</i> Ihering, 1914.","04","04-00038","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0037-0000-0038"
"10400039","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Didelphis","","aurita","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Wied-Neuwied)","1826","","Beitr. Naturgesch. Brasil.","2","","395","","","Big-eared Opossum","Brazil, Bahia, ""Villa Viçosa am Flusse Paruhype.""","E Brazil, SE Paraguay, and NE Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>azarae</i>  Temminck, 1824 [see comments]; <i>brasiliensis</i> (Liais, 1872) [part]; <i>koseritzi</i> Ihering, 1892; <i>longipilis</i> Miranda-Ribeiro, 1935; <i>melanoidis</i> Miranda-Ribeiro, 1935; <i>typica</i> (Thomas, 1888) [part].","Previously considered a disjunct population of <i>D</i>. <i>marsupialis</i> (see Cerqueira, 1985). The senior synonym is <i>D</i>. <i>azarae</i> Temminck, 1824 (see Hershkovitz, 1969); however, the name had been misapplied to <i>D</i>. <i>albiventris</i> for over 160 years. The name <i>leucoprymnus</i> Matschie, 1916, is a <i>nomen nudum</i>; <i>longigilis</i> Ávila-Pires, 1968, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>longipilis</i> Miranda-Ribeiro.","04","04-00039","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0037-0000-0039"
"10400040","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Didelphis","","imperfecta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mondolfi and Pérez-Hernández","1984","","Acta Cient. Venezolana","35","","407","","","Guianan White-eared Opossum","Venezuela, Bolívar, ""km 125, Carretera El Dorado-Santa Elena.""","Venezuela (south of the Orinoco), SW Suriname, French Guiana, and N Brazil.","","","Previously included in <i>D. albiventris</i> (see Gardner, 1993); revised by Lemos and Cerqueira (2002).","04","04-00040","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0037-0000-0040"
"10400041","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Didelphis","","marsupialis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","54","","","Common Opossum","""America;"" restricted to Surinam (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>).","Tamaulipas, México, south throughout Central and South America to Perú, Bolivia, and Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>austroamericana</i>  J. A. Allen, 1902 [not available from Oken, 1816]; <i>brasiliensis</i> (Liais, 1872) [part]; <i>cancrivora</i> Gmelin, 1788; <i>karkinophaga</i> Zimmermann, 1780; <i>typica</i> (Thomas, 1888); <b><i>caucae</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1900; <i>battyi</i> J. A. Allen, 1902; <i>colombica</i> J. A. Allen, 1900; <i>etensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1902; <i>insularis</i> J. A. Allen, 1902; <i>mesamericana</i> J. A. Allen, 1902 [part; not available from Oken, 1816]; <i>particeps</i> Goldman, 1917; <i>richmondi</i> J. A. Allen, 1901; <i>tabascensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1901.","Middle American populations were revised by Gardner (1973); Cerqueira (1985) treated the species as monotypic; <i>carcinophaga</i> Boddaert, 1784, is an invalid emendation of <i>karkinophaga</i> Zimmermann.","04","04-00041","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0037-0000-0041"
"10400042","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Didelphis","","marsupialis","marsupialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","54","","","","""America;"" restricted to Surinam (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>).","","","","","04","04-00042","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0037-0000-0041-0042"
"10400043","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Didelphis","","marsupialis","caucae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00043","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0037-0000-0041-0043"
"10400044","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Didelphis","","pernigra","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1900","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist","13","","191","","","Andean White-eared Opossum","Perú, Puno, ""Juliaca;"" corrected to ""Inca Mines"" (= Santo Domingo) by J. A. Allen (1901).","Andes of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Perú, and Bolivia.","","<i>andina</i>  J. A. Allen, 1902; <i>meridensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1902.","Previously in <i>albiventris</i> (see Gardner, 1993); revised by Lemos and Cerqueira (2002).","04","04-00044","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0037-0000-0044"
"10400045","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Didelphis","","virginiana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","193","","","Virginia Opossum","""Virginia, Louisiana, Mexico, Brasil, and Peru;"" restricted to Virginia (J. A. Allen, 1901:160<i>c</i>).","S Canada; E and C United States (with introduced populations in Pacific states); México; and in Central America south into N Costa Rica.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>boreoamericana</i>  J. A. Allen, 1902 [not available from Oken, 1816]; <i>illinensium</i> Link, 1795; <i>pilosissima</i> Link, 1795; <i>pruinosa</i> Wagner, 1843; <i>typica</i> (Thomas, 1888) [part]; <i>woapink</i> Barton, 1806; <b><i>californica</i></b> Bennett, 1833; <i>breviceps</i> Bennett, 1833; <i>mesamericana</i> J. A. Allen, 1902 [part; not available from Oken, 1816]; <b><i>pigra</i></b> Bangs, 1898; <i>texensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1901; <b><i>yucatanensis</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1901; <i>cozumelae</i> Merriam, 1901.","Revised by Gardner (1973, 1982); reviewed by McManus (1974, Mammalian Species, 40).","04","04-00045","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0037-0000-0045"
"10400046","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Didelphis","","virginiana","virginiana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","193","","","","""Virginia, Louisiana, Mexico, Brasil, and Peru;"" restricted to Virginia (J. A. Allen, 1901:160<i>c</i>).","","","","","04","04-00046","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0037-0000-0045-0046"
"10400047","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Didelphis","","virginiana","californica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00047","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0037-0000-0045-0047"
"10400048","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Didelphis","","virginiana","pigra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00048","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0037-0000-0045-0048"
"10400049","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Didelphis","","virginiana","yucatanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00049","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0037-0000-0045-0049"
"10400050","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Gracilinanus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gardner and Creighton","1989","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","102","","4","","<i>Didelphys microtarsus</i> Wagner, 1842, by original designation.","","","","","<i>Didelphis</i> Linnaeus, 1758 [part];<i> Grymaeomys</i> Burmeister, 1854 [part].","Previously in <i>Marmosa</i> (<i>sensu lato</i>; see Gardner and Creighton, 1989).","04","04-00050","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0050"
"10400051","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Gracilinanus","","aceramarcae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Tate)","1931","","Am. Mus. Novit.","493","","12","","","Aceramarca Gracile Opossum","Bolivia, La Paz, ""Rio Aceramarca, tributary of Rio Unduavi, Yungas.""","Bolivia (type locality) and SE Perú.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Included under <i>Thylamys</i> by Reig et al. (1987).","04","04-00051","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0050-0000-0051"
"10400052","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Gracilinanus","","agilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Burmeister)","1854","","Syst. Uebers. Thiere Bras.","1","","139","","","Agile Gracile Opossum","Brazil, Minas Gerais, ""Lagoa Santa.""","Brazil, E Perú, E Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and adjacent Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>beatrix</i>  (Thomas, 1910); <i>blaseri</i> (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936); <i>buenavistae</i> (Tate, 1931); <i>chacoensis</i> (Tate, 1931); <i>peruana</i> (Tate, 1931); <i>rondoni</i> (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936); <i>unduaviensis</i> (Tate, 1931).","Anderson (1997) recognized three subspecies in Bolivia, and Flores et al. (2000) recognized <i>G. a. chacoensis</i> in Argentina; however, limits between subspecies are unclear and the species is treated here as monotypic pending revision. Costa et al. (2003) detailed differences between <i>G. agilis</i> and <i>G. microtarsus</i>, two taxa that Gardner (1993) suggested could prove conspecific.","04","04-00052","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0050-0000-0052"
"10400053","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Gracilinanus","","agricolai","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Moojen)","1943","","Bol. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, Nova Sér., Zool.","5","","2","","","Agricola’s Gracile Opossum","Brazil, Ceará, ""Crato.""","Known only from the type locality.","","","Included in <i>emiliae</i> (Thomas) by Gardner (1993; see review of <i>emiliae</i> by Voss et al., 2001); placement in <i>Gracilinanus</i> tentative and problematic.","04","04-00053","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0050-0000-0053"
"10400054","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Gracilinanus","","dryas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","456","","","Wood Sprite Gracile Opossum","Venezuela, Mérida, ""Culata.""","Andes of W Venezuela.","IUCN –Vulnerable.","","","04","04-00054","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0050-0000-0054"
"10400055","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Gracilinanus","","emiliae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","3","","379","","","Emilia’s Gracile Opossum","Brazil, ""Para.""","Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, NE Brazil.","IUCN – Vulnerable; Listed as Data Deficient as <i>G. longicaudis</i>, but <i>G. longicaudis</i> represents a misidentification by Hershkovitz and has no standing as a species or as a population.","<i>longicaudis</i>  Hershkovitz, 1992.","See review by Voss et al., (2001).","04","04-00055","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0050-0000-0055"
"10400056","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Gracilinanus","","formosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shamel","1930","","J. Mammal.","11","","311","","","Pygmy Opossum","Argentina, Formosa, ""Riacho Pilago, 10 miles [16 km] northwest of Kilometro 182.","Known only from the type locality in Formosa Province, Argentina.","","<i>Marmosa muscula</i>  Shamel, 1930 [preoccupied].","Included in <i>agilis</i> (Burmeister) by Gardner (1993); placement in <i>Gracilinanus</i> tentative and problematic.","04","04-00056","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0050-0000-0056"
"10400057","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Gracilinanus","","ignitus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Díaz, Flores, and Barquez","2002","","J. Mammal.","83","","825","","","Red-bellied Gracile Opossum","Argentina, Jujuy, ""Yuto.""","Known only from type locality.","","","","04","04-00057","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0050-0000-0057"
"10400058","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Gracilinanus","","marica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","455","","","Northern Gracile Opossum","Venezuela, Mérida, ""R. Albarregas.""","N Colombia and Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt); Data Deficient as <i>G. perijae</i>.","<i>perijae</i>  Hershkovitz, 1992.","","04","04-00058","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0050-0000-0058"
"10400059","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Gracilinanus","","microtarsus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturgesch.","8","1","359","","","Brazilian Gracile Opossum","Brazil, São Paulo, ""Ypanema.""","SE Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>guahybae</i> </b> (Tate, 1931); <i>herhardti</i> Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936.","Costa et al. (2003) detailed differences between <i>G. agilis</i> and <i>G. microtarsus</i>, two taxa that Gardner (1993) suggested could prove conspecific.","04","04-00059","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0050-0000-0059"
"10400060","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Gracilinanus","","microtarsus","microtarsus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturgesch.","8","1","359","","","","Brazil, São Paulo, ""Ypanema.""","","","","","04","04-00060","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0050-0000-0059-0060"
"10400061","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Gracilinanus","","microtarsus","guahybae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00061","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0050-0000-0059-0061"
"10400062","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Hyladelphys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Voss, Lunde, and Simmons","2001","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","263","","30","","<i>Gracilinanus kalinowskii</i> Hershkovitz, 1992, by original designation.","","","","","","Monotypic.","04","04-00062","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0062"
"10400063","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Hyladelphys","","kalinowskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1992","","Fieldiana Zool., n.s.","70","","37","","","Kalinowski’s Mouse Opossum","Perú, Cuzco, ""Hacienda Cadena, Marcapata.""","S Guyana, N French Guiana, west to E Perú.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Gracilinanus kalinowskii.</i>","","Described as <i>Gracilinanus kalinowskii</i>; see Voss et al. (2001).","04","04-00063","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0062-0000-0063"
"10400064","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Lestodelphys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Tate","1934","","J. Mammal.","15","","154","","<i>Notodelphys halli</i> Thomas, 1921, by original designation.","","","","","<i>Notodelphys</i>  Thomas, 1921 [preoccupied].","Monotypic.","04","04-00064","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0064"
"10400065","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Lestodelphys","","halli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","137","","","Patagonian Opossum","Argentina, Santa Cruz, ""Cabo Tres Puntas;"" subsequently emended to ""Estancia Madujada [= Estancia La Madrugada], not far from Puerto Deseado"" (Thomas, 1929:45).","Provincia Mendoza south to Provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by L. G. Marshall (1977, Mammalian Species, 81).","04","04-00065","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0064-0000-0065"
"10400066","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Lutreolina","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","247","","<i>Didelphis crassicaudata</i> Desmarest, 1804, by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Didelphis</i> Linnaeus, 1758 [part];<i> Sarigua</i> Muirhead, 1819 [part].","","04","04-00066","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0066"
"10400067","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Lutreolina","","crassicaudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Méth. Hist. Nat., <i>in</i> Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","19","","","Lutrine Opossum","Paraguay, Asunción, by subsequent restriction (Cabrera, 1958:39).","South America in two populations: E Colombia, Venezuela, and W Guyana; E Bolivia, SE Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina south to Provincia de Buenos Aires.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bonaria</i>  Thomas, 1923; <i>crassicaudis</i> (Olfers, 1818); <i>ferruginea</i> Larrañaga, 1923; <i>lutrilla</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>paranalis</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>travassosi</i> Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936; <b><i>turneri</i></b> (Günther, 1879).","Reviewed by Marshall (1978<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species, 91). The names<i> crassicaudis</i> Olfers, 1815, and <i>mustelina</i> Waterhouse, 1846, are <i>nomina nuda</i>.","04","04-00067","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0066-0000-0067"
"10400068","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Lutreolina","","crassicaudata","crassicaudata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Méth. Hist. Nat., <i>in</i> Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","19","","","","Paraguay, Asunción, by subsequent restriction (Cabrera, 1958:39).","","","","","04","04-00068","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0066-0000-0067-0068"
"10400069","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Lutreolina","","crassicaudata","turneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1879","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00069","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0066-0000-0067-0069"
"10400070","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","308","","<i>Didelphis marina</i> Gray, 1821, by monotypy (incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>Didelphis murina</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Asagis</i>  Gloger, 1841; <i>Cuica</i> Liais, 1872; <i>Didelphis </i>Linnaeus, 1758 [part];<i> Grayium</i> Kretzoi and Kretzoi, 2000; <i>Grymaeomys</i> Burmeister, 1854; <i>Notagogus</i> Gloger, 1841; <i>Opossum</i> Schmid, 1818 [part]; <i>Sarigua</i> Muirhead, 1819 [part]; <i>Stegomarmosa</i> Pine, 1972.","<i>Ouica</i> Cabrera, 1958, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>Cuica</i> Liais.","04","04-00070","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070"
"10400071","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","andersoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pine","1972","","J. Mammal.","53","","279","","","Heavy-browed Mouse Opossum","Perú, Cuzco, ""Hda. Villa Carmen, Cosñipata.""","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Type species of <i>Stegomarmosa</i> Pine.","04","04-00071","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0071"
"10400072","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","lepida","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","1","","158","","","Rufous Mouse Opossum","""Peruvian Amazons;"" identified as Perú, Loreto, Santa Cruz, Huallaga River, by Thomas (1888<i>a</i>:348).","Surinam and E Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Brazil, and Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>grandis</i>  Tate, 1931.","","04","04-00072","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0072"
"10400073","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","mexicana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","44","","","Mexican Mouse Opossum","México, Oaxaca, ""Juquila.""","Tamaulipas, México to W Panamá.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>mayensis</i> </b> Osgood, 1913; <b><i>savannarum</i></b> Goldman, 1917; <i>zeledoni</i> Goldman, 1917.","","04","04-00073","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0073"
"10400074","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","mexicana","mexicana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","44","","","","México, Oaxaca, ""Juquila.""","","","","","04","04-00074","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0073-0074"
"10400075","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","mexicana","mayensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00075","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0073-0075"
"10400076","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","mexicana","savannarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00076","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0073-0076"
"10400077","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","murina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","55","","","Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossum","""Asia, America;"" restricted to Surinam by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>).","Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil, E Ecuador, E Perú, and Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bombascarae</i>  Anthony, 1922; <i>chloe</i> Thomas, 1907; <i>dorsigera</i> (Linnaeus, 1758); <i>duidae</i> Tate, 1931; <i>guianensis</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>klagesi</i> J. A. Allen, 1900; <i>macrotarsus</i> (Wagner, 1842); <i>madeirensis</i> Cabrera, 1913; <i>maranii</i> Thomas, 1924; <i>meridionalis</i> Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936; <i>moreirae</i> Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936; <i>muscula</i> (Cabanis, 1848); <i>parata</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>roraimae</i> Tate, 1931; <i>tobagi</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>waterhousii</i> (Tomes, 1860).","Tate (1933) recognized 8 subspecies and Cabrera (1959) recognized 7; however, limits between subspecies are unclear and the species is treated here as monotypic pending revision. Work by Patton and Costa (2003) suggests that, as currently understood, <i>murina</i> is composite. The names <i>marina</i> E. Geoffroy, 1803, and<i> marina</i> Gray, 1821, are incorrect subsequent spellings of <i>murina</i> Linnaeus; <i>waterhausi</i> Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>waterhousii</i> (Tomes). <i>Didelphis murina</i> Linnaeus, 1758, is the type species of <i>Asagis</i> Gloger, 1841; N<i>otagogus</i> Gloger, 1841; <i>Grymaeomys</i> Burmeister, 1854; and <i>Cuica</i> Liais, 1872.","04","04-00077","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0077"
"10400078","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","quichua","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","3","","43","","","Quechuan Mouse Opossum","""Ocabamba"" identified as Valle de Occobamba by Ceballos Bendezu (1981), Cuzco, Perú.","E Perú.","","<i>musicola</i>  Osgood, 1913.","Included in <i>murina</i> by Gardner (1993); see Voss et al. (2001:41).","04","04-00078","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0078"
"10400079","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","robinsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","95","","","Robinson’s Mouse Opossum","Venezuela, Nueva Esparta, ""Margarita Island.""","Belize, Honduras (Isla Ruatán), Panamá, Colombia, W Ecuador, NW Perú, N Venezuela, and Grenada (Lesser Antilles).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>casta</i>  Thomas, 1911; <i>mitis</i> Bangs, 1898; <i>pallidiventris</i> Osgood, 1912; <b><i>chapmani</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1900; <i>nesaea</i> Thomas, 1911; <b><i>fulviventer</i></b> Bangs, 1901; <b><i>grenadae</i></b> Thomas, 1911; <b><i>isthmica</i></b> Goldman, 1912; <b><i>luridavolta</i></b> Goodwin, 1961; <b><i>ruatanica</i></b> Goldman, 1911; <b><i>simonsi</i></b> Thomas, 1899; <i>mimetra</i> Thomas, 1921.","Reviewed by O'Connell (1983, Mammalian Species, 203).","04","04-00079","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0079"
"10400080","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","robinsoni","robinsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","95","","","","Venezuela, Nueva Esparta, ""Margarita Island.""","","","","","04","04-00080","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0079-0080"
"10400081","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","robinsoni","chapmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00081","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0079-0081"
"10400082","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","robinsoni","fulviventer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00082","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0079-0082"
"10400083","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","robinsoni","grenadae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00083","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0079-0083"
"10400084","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","robinsoni","isthmica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00084","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0079-0084"
"10400085","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","robinsoni","luridavolta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1961","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00085","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0079-0085"
"10400086","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","robinsoni","ruatanica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00086","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0079-0086"
"10400087","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","robinsoni","simonsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00087","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0079-0087"
"10400088","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","rubra","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1931","","Am. Mus. Novit.","493","","6","","","Red Mouse Opossum","Perú, Loreto, ""mouth of Rio Curaray.""","E Ecuador and Perú.","IUCN –Lower Risk (lc).","","","04","04-00088","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0088"
"10400089","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","tyleriana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1931","","Am. Mus. Novit.","493","","6","","","Tyleria Mouse Opossum","Venezuela, Amazonas, ""Central Camp, Mt. Duida Plateau, Upper Rio Orinoco.""","Guayanan Highland tepuis of Venezuela.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>phelpsi</i>  Tate, 1939.","","04","04-00089","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0089"
"10400090","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosa","","xerophila","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley and Gordon","1979","","<i>In</i> J. F. Eisenberg (ed.), Vertebrate ecology in the northern Neotropics, Smithson. Inst. Press","","","68","","","Guajira Mouse Opossum","Colombia, Guajira, ""La Isla, 15 m, near Cajoro, 37 km NNE Paraguaipoa.""","NE Colombia and NW Venezuela.","IUCN – Endangered.","","","04","04-00090","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0070-0000-0090"
"10400091","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1916","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr., Berlin","1916","1","267","","<i>Didelphis incana</i> Lund, 1840, by original designation.","","","","","<i>Didelphis</i> Linnaeus, 1758 [part]; <i>Grymaeomys</i> Burmeister, 1854 [part]; <i>Thylamys</i> Gray, 1821 [part].","Previously in <i>Marmosa</i> (<i>sensu lato</i>; see Gardner and Creighton, 1989).","04","04-00091","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091"
"10400092","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","bishopi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Pine)","1981","","Mammalia","45","","63","","","Bishop’s Slender Opossum","""264 km N (by road) Xavantina (locality is at 12°51'S, 51°46'W), Serra do Roncador, Mato Grosso, Brazil.""","Brasil, Perú, and Bolivia.","","","Described as a subspecies of <i>M.</i> <i>parvidens</i>; treated as a species by Voss et al. (2001:48).","04","04-00092","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0092"
"10400093","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","cracens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Handley and Gordon)","1979","","<i>In</i> J. F. Eisenberg (ed.), Vertebrate ecology in the northern Neotropics, Smithson. Inst. Press.","","","66","","","Narrow-headed Slender Opossum","Venezuela, Falcón, ""near La Pastora (11°12'N, 68°37'W), 150 m, 14 km ENE Mirimire.""","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Endangered.","","","04","04-00093","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0093"
"10400094","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","dorothea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Thomas)","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","7","","516","","","Dorothys’ Slender opossum","Bolivia, La Paz, ""Rio Solocame, 67°W., 16°S.""","NE Bolivia.","IUCN – Vulnerable (B1+2c).","<i>yungasensis</i>  (Tate, 1931).","","04","04-00094","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0094"
"10400095","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","fuscatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","313","","","Dusky Slender Opossum","Venezuela, Mérida, ""Rio Abbarregas [= Río Alvarregas].""","E Andes of Colombia, N Venezuela, and Isl of Trinidad.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>carri</i> </b> (J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1897); <b><i>perfuscus</i></b> (Thomas, 1924).","","04","04-00095","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0095"
"10400096","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","fuscatus","fuscatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","313","","","","Venezuela, Mérida, ""Rio Abbarregas [= Río Alvarregas].""","","","","","04","04-00096","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0095-0096"
"10400097","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","fuscatus","carri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen and Chapman","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00097","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0095-0097"
"10400098","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","fuscatus","perfuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00098","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0095-0098"
"10400099","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","handleyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pine","1981","","Mammalia","45","","67","","","Handley’s Slender Opossum","Colombia, Antioquia, ""9 km S Valdivia.""","Known from the vicinity of the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Known from only two specimens.","04","04-00099","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0099"
"10400100","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","impavidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Tschudi)","1845","","Fauna Peruana","1","","149","","","Tschudi’s Slender Opossum","""Der mittleren und tiefen Waldregion;"" interpreted by Cabrera (1958:16) as Perú, Junín, ""Montaña de Vitoc, cerca de Chanchamayo.""","Darién of Panamá to Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, W Brazil, and E Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>albiventris</i>  (Tate, 1931); <i>caucae</i> (Thomas, 1900); <i>celicae</i> (Anthony, 1922); <i>madescens</i> (Osgood, 1913); <i>ocellata</i> (Tate, 1931); <i>oroensis</i> (Anthony, 1922); <i>purui</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>sobrina</i> (Thomas, 1913); <i>ucayaliensis</i> (Tate, 1931).","This taxon is too poorly known to assign names to subspecies with confidence.","04","04-00100","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0100"
"10400101","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","incanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1840","","K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Afhandl. [preprint of Lund, 1841]","","","21","","","Gray Slender Opossum","Brazil, Minas Gerais, ""Rio das Velhas,"" Lagoa Santa.","E Brazil from the states of Bahia south to São Paulo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>bahiensis</i>  (Tate, 1931); <i>scapulatus</i> (Burmeister, 1856).","Reviewed by Mustrangi and Patton (1997).","04","04-00101","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0101"
"10400102","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","invictus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1912","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","60","2","3","","","Panama Slender Opossum","Panamá, Darien, ""Cana.""","Panamá.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Reviewed by Pine (1981).","04","04-00102","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0102"
"10400103","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","juninensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1931","","Am. Mus. Novit.","493","","13","","","Junin Slender Opossum","""Utcuyacu. Between Tarma and Chanchamayo,"" Junín, Perú.","Chanchamayo Valley of Perú.","","","Included under <i>parvidens</i> by Gardner (1993); considered a species by Voss et al. (2001:47).","04","04-00103","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0103"
"10400104","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","neblina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gardner","1990","","<i>In</i> K. H. Redford and J. F. Eisenberg, eds., Advances in Neotropical Mammalogy, The Sandhill Crane Press, Inc.","","","414","","","Neblina Slender Opossum","Venezuela, Amazonas, ""Camp VII (00°50'40""N, 65°58'10""W), 1800 m, Cerro de la Neblina.""","S Venezuela, E Ecuador, E Perú, and W Brazil (Patton et al., 2000).","","","Described as a subspecies of <i>M. impavidus</i>; reviewed by Mustrangi and Patton (1997) and Patton et al. (2000). The spelling <i>neblinae</i> Linares, 1998, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>neblina</i> (Gardner). One of the several names grouped under <i>M</i>. <i>impavidus</i> may prove to be a senior synonym for <i>neblina</i>.","04","04-00104","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0104"
"10400105","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","noctivagus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1844","","Fauna Peruana","1","","148","","","White-bellied Slender Opossum","""Der mittleren und tiefen Waldregion""; restricted by Tate (1933) to Perú, Junín, Montaña de Vitoc, near Chanchamayo, Río Perené drainage.","Amazonian Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, and adjacent Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>collega</i>  (Thomas, 1920); <i>keaysi</i> (J. A. Allen, 1900); <i>leucastra</i> (Thomas, 1927); <i>lugenda</i> (Thomas, 1927); <i>neglecta</i> (Osgood, 1915); <i>polita</i> (Cabrera, 1913); <i>stollei</i> (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936).","Anderson (1997) recognized <i>M. noctivagus keaysi</i> in Bolivia. Nevertheless, <i>noctivagus</i> is too poorly known to assign names to subspecies with confidence.","04","04-00105","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0105"
"10400106","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","parvidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1931","","Am. Mus. Novit.","493","","13","","","Delicate Slender Opossum","Guyana, East Demerara-West Coast Berbice, ""Hyde Park, 30 miles [48 km] up the Demerara River.""","E Colombia, N Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana and N Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Voss et al. (2001) considered Pine’s (1981) five subspecies to represent four species. The name <i>parvidentata</i> Tate, 1933, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>parvidens</i> (Tate).","04","04-00106","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0106"
"10400107","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","paulensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1931","","Am. Mus. Novit.","493","","8","","","Brazilian Slender Opossum","Brazil, ""Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo [sic].""","SE Brazil in states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Paraná.","","","Reviewed by Mustrangi and Patton (1997).","04","04-00107","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0107"
"10400108","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Marmosops","","pinheiroi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pine","1981","","Mammalia","45","","61","","","Pinheiro’s Slender Opossum","Brazil, Amapá, ""Rio Amapari, Serra do Navio (0°59'N, 52°03'W).""","Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazil.","","<i>woodalli</i>  (Pine, 1981).","Not a subspecies of <i>M.</i> <i>parvidens</i>; see Voss et al. (2001).","04","04-00108","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0091-0000-0108"
"10400109","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Metachirus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Burmeister","1854","","Syst. Uebers. Thiere Bras.","1","","135","","<i>Didelphis myosuros</i> Temminck, 1824, by subsequent designation (Thomas, 1888).","","","","","<i>Cuica</i>  Liais, 1872 (part).","Hall (1981) followed Pine (1973) in using the name <i>Philander</i>; see Hershkovitz (1976, 1981) who reaffirmed the use of <i>Philander</i> for the gray four-eyed opossums. <i>Metacherius</i> Sanderson, 1949, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>Metachirus</i> Burmeister.","04","04-00109","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0109"
"10400110","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Metachirus","","nudicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","É. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mam. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Paris","","","142","","","Brown Four-eyed Opossum","French Guiana, ""Cayenne.""","Nicaragua to Paraguay and N Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>colombianus</i> </b> J. A. Allen, 1900;<i> antioquiae</i> J. A. Allen, 1916; <i>dentaneus</i> Goldman, 1912; <i>imbutus</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>phaeurus</i> Thomas, 1901; <b><i>modestus</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>myosuros</i></b> (Temminck, 1824); <i>personatus</i> Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936;<i> <b>tschudii</b></i> J. A. Allen, 1900; <i>bolivianus</i> J. A. Allen, 1901; <i>infuscus</i> Thomas, 1923.","É. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire's (1803) catalog of the mammals in the Paris Museum was previously considered an unpublished work (Wilson and Reeder, 1993); therefore, Gardner (1993) dated <i>nudicaudatus</i> from Desmarest, 1817. Geoffroy’s catalog was subsequently placed on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature (Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2002). The names <i>nudicauda</i> Lesson, 1827, and <i>nudicaudus</i> Gray, 1843, are incorrect subsequent spellings of <i>nudicaudatus</i> (É. Geoffroy). The name <i>colombica</i> J. A. Allen, 1901, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>colombianus</i> J. A. Allen.","04","04-00110","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0109-0000-0110"
"10400111","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Metachirus","","nudicaudatus","nudicaudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","É. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mam. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Paris","","","142","","","","French Guiana, ""Cayenne.""","","","","","04","04-00111","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0109-0000-0110-0111"
"10400112","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Metachirus","","nudicaudatus","colombianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00112","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0109-0000-0110-0112"
"10400113","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Metachirus","","nudicaudatus","modestus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00113","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0109-0000-0110-0113"
"10400114","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Metachirus","","nudicaudatus","myosuros","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1824","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00114","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0109-0000-0110-0114"
"10400115","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Metachirus","","nudicaudatus","tschudii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00115","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0109-0000-0110-0115"
"10400116","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1842","","Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim. Mammifères","","","186","","<i>Didelphis cinerea</i> Temminck, 1824, by subsequent designation (Thomas, 1888<i>a</i>).","","","","","<i>Grymaeomys</i> Burmeister, 1854 [part].","Previously in <i>Marmosa</i> (<i>sensu lato</i>; see Gardner and Creighton, 1989). <i>Micoures</i> Reig et al. (1985) and <i>Micoures</i> Massoia, 1988, are incorrect subsequent spellings of <i>Micoureus</i> Lesson.","04","04-00116","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116"
"10400117","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","alstoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1900","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","13","","189","","","Alston’s Mouse Opossum","Costa Rica, Cartago, ""Tres Rios.""","E Central America from Belize to Panamá and adjacent Caribbean islands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>nicaraguae</i>  Thomas, 1905.","The species also may occur in Colombia.","04","04-00117","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0117"
"10400118","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","constantiae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","1904","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1903[1904]","2","243","","","White-bellied Woolly Mouse Opossum","Brazil, Mato Grosso, ""Chapada.""","E Bolivia and adjacent Brazil south into N Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>budini</i>  (Thomas, 1920).","Anderson recognized <i>M. c. constantiae</i> and <i>M. c. budini</i> in Bolivia.","04","04-00118","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0118"
"10400119","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","demerarae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","16","","313","","","Woolly Mouse Opossum","Guyana, East Demerara-West Coast Berbice, ""Comaccka, 80 miles [129 km] up Demerara River.""","Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, Brazil, E Perú, and E Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>areniticola</i> </b> (Tate, 1931); <b><i>dominus</i></b> (Thomas, 1920); <i>limae</i> (Thomas, 1920); <b><i>esmeraldae</i></b> (Tate, 1931); <b><i>meridae</i></b> (Tate, 1931).","Previously included under <i>Marmosa cinerea</i> (Temminck, 1824).","04","04-00119","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0119"
"10400120","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","demerarae","demerarae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","16","","313","","","","Guyana, East Demerara-West Coast Berbice, ""Comaccka, 80 miles [129 km] up Demerara River.""","","","","","04","04-00120","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0119-0120"
"10400121","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","demerarae","areniticola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00121","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0119-0121"
"10400122","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","demerarae","dominus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00122","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0119-0122"
"10400123","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","demerarae","esmeraldae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00123","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0119-0123"
"10400124","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","demerarae","meridae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00124","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0119-0124"
"10400125","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","paraguayanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1931","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","493","","1","","","Tate’s Woolly Mouse Opossum","Paraguay, Guairá, ""Villa Rica."""," E Brazil from Minas Gerais and S Bahia south to Rio Grande do Sul and E Paraguay.","","<b><i>travassosi</i> </b> (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936); <i>cinerea</i> (Temminck, 1824) [preoccupied]; <i>pfrimeri</i> (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936).","Previously included under <i>Marmosa cinerea</i>; original name <i>Didelphis cinerea</i> Temminck, 1824, preoccupied by <i>D. cinerea</i> Goldfuss, 1812. Included in <i>M. demerarae</i> by Gardner (1993); see review by Patton and Costa (2003).","04","04-00125","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0125"
"10400126","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","paraguayanus","paraguayanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1931","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","493","","1","","","","Paraguay, Guairá, ""Villa Rica.""","","","","","04","04-00126","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0125-0126"
"10400127","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","paraguayanus","travassosi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miranda-Ribeiro","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00127","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0125-0127"
"10400128","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","phaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Thomas)","1899","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","3","","44","","","Little Woolly Mouse Opossum","Colombia, Nariño, ""San Pablo.""","W slopes of the Andes from SW Colombia to SW Ecuador.","","<i>perplexa</i>  (Anthony, 1922).","<i>pahea</i> Ceballos Bendezu, 1981, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>phaea</i> (Thomas).","04","04-00128","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0128"
"10400129","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","regina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","274","","","Bare-tailed Woolly Mouse Opossum","Colombia, Cundinamarca, ""West Cundinamarca (Bogotá Region).""","Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Brazil, and Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>germana</i> </b> (Thomas, 1904); <i>parda</i> (Tate, 1931); <i>rutteri</i> (Thomas, 1924); <b><i>rapposa</i></b> (Thomas, 1899); <i>mapiriensis</i> (Tate, 1931).","","04","04-00129","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0129"
"10400130","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","regina","regina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","274","","","","Colombia, Cundinamarca, ""West Cundinamarca (Bogotá Region).""","","","","","04","04-00130","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0129-0130"
"10400131","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","regina","germana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00131","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0129-0131"
"10400132","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Micoureus","","regina","rapposa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00132","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0116-0000-0129-0132"
"10400133","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Burnett","1829","1830","Quart. J. Sci. Lit. Art.","1829[1830]","","351","","<i>Monodelphis brachyura</i> Burnett, 1830 (= <i>Didelphys brachyuros</i> Schreber, 1777, = <i>Didelphis brevicaudata</i> Erxleben, 1777) by subsequent designation (Matschie, 1916).","","","","","<i>Hemiurus</i>  Gervais, 1855; <i>Microdelphys</i> Burmeister, 1856; <i>Minuania</i> Cabrera, 1919; <i>Monodelphiops</i> Matschie, 1916; <i>Peramys</i> Lesson, 1842.","<i>Microdidelphys</i> Trouessart, 1898, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>Microdelphys</i> Burmeister.","04","04-00133","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133"
"10400134","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","adusta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","20","","219","","","Sepia Short-tailed Opossum","Colombia, ""W. Cundinamarca, in the low-lying hot regions.""","E Panamá, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, and Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>melanops</i>  (Goldman, 1912); <i>peruvianus</i> (Osgood, 1913).","Emmons (1990) recognized <i>peruvianus</i> as a separate species.","04","04-00134","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0134"
"10400135","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","americana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1776","","Linné's Vollständ. Natursyst., Suppl.","","","36","","","Northern Three-striped Opossum","""Brasilien,"" restricted to Brazil, Pernambuco, Pernambuco, by Cabrera (1958:7).","E Brazil from the states of Pará south to Santa Catarina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>brasiliensis</i>  (Erxleben, 1777); <i>brasiliensis</i> (Daudin <i>in</i> Lacépède, 1802); <i>trilineata</i> (Lund, 1840); <i>tristriata</i> (Olfers, 1818).","The name <i>tristriata </i>Illiger, 1815, is a <i>nomen nudum</i>. <i>Microdelphys tristriatus</i> as used by Burmeister, 1856 (= <i>Didelphys tristriata</i> Olfers, 1818 = <i>Sorex americanus</i> Muller, 1776), is the type species of <i>Microdelphys</i> Burmeister, 1856.","04","04-00135","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0135"
"10400136","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","brevicaudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","80","","","Northern Red-sided Opossum","""In Americae australis silvis;"" restricted to Surinam by Matschie (1916).","Venezuela, the Guianas, and adjacent Brasil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brachyuros</i>  (Schreber, 1777); <i>dorsalis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1904); <i>hunteri</i> (Waterhouse, 1841); <i>orinoci</i> (Thomas, 1899); <i>sebae</i> (Gray, 1827); <i>surinamensis</i> (Zimmermann, 1780); <i>touan</i> (Bechstein, 1800); <i>touan</i> (Shaw, 1800); <i>touan</i> (Daudin <i>in</i> Lacépède, 1802); <i>tricolor</i> (E. Geoffroy, 1803).","Reviewed by Voss et al. (2001), who restricted the name to populations in the Guiana Region of northern South America. The name <i>orinoci</i> (Thomas) has been applied to populations in the Venezuelan Llanos north and west of the Orinoco by several authors (e.g., Reig et al., 1977; Linares, 1998). Apparently, that population lacks a name. The name <i>brachyura</i> Burnett, 1830, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of b<i>rachyuros</i> (Schreber).","04","04-00136","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0136"
"10400137","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","dimidiata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1847","","Abh. Akad. Wiss., München","5","1","151, footnote","","","Yellow-sided Opossum","Uruguay, Maldonado, ""Maldonado am la Plata.""","Uruguay, SE Brazil, and NE Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>fosteri</i>  Thomas, 1924.","See Pine et al. (1985). <i>Peramys brachyurus</i> as used by Lesson, 1842 (= <i>Didelphys dimidiata</i> Wagner, 1847), is the type species of <i>Peramys</i> Lesson, 1842. <i>Didelphys dimidiata</i> Wagner is the type species of <i>Minuania</i> Cabrera, 1919; therefore <i>Minuania</i> Cabrera is a junior objective synonym of <i>Peramys</i> Lesson.","04","04-00137","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0137"
"10400138","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","domestica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturgesh.","8","","359","","","Gray Short-tailed Opossum","Brazil, Mato Grosso, ""Cuyaba.""","Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and N Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>concolor</i>  Gervais, 1856.","","04","04-00138","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0138"
"10400139","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","emiliae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","9","","89","","","Emilia’s Short-tailed Opossum","Brazil, Pará, ""Boim, R. Tapajoz.""","Amazon Basin of Perú, Brazil, and N Bolivia.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Previously treated as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>touan</i>. Reviewed by Pine and Handley (1984).","04","04-00139","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0139"
"10400140","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","glirina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturgesch.","8","1","359","","","Amazonian Red-sided Opossum","Brazil, Rondônia, ""Mamoré.""","Central Brazil to N Bolivia.","","","Considered a species by Voss et al. (2001).","04","04-00140","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0140"
"10400141","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","iheringi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","1","","159","","","Ihering’s Three-striped Opossum","""Rio Grande do Sul;"" identified as Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Taquara, by Thomas (1888<i>a</i>).","SE Brazil (Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Previously considered a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>americana</i>. Reviewed by Pine (1977).","04","04-00141","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0141"
"10400142","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","kunsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pine","1975","","Mammalia","39","","321","","","Pygmy Short-tailed Opossum","Bolivia, Beni, ""La Granja, W bank of Río Itonamas, 4 k N Magdalena.""","Known from only four localities, two in Bolivia and two in Brazil.","IUCN – Endangered.","","See Anderson (1982, Mammalian Species, 190). To be expected in N Argentina.","04","04-00142","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0142"
"10400143","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","maraxina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","12","","157","","","Marajó Short-tailed Opossum","Brazil, Pará, ""Caldeirão.""","Brazil, Pará, Marajó Isl.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Eight specimens known. See Pine (1980<i>a</i>).","04","04-00143","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0143"
"10400144","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","osgoodi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Doutt","1938","","J. Mammal.","19","","100","","","Osgood’s Short-tailed Opossum","Bolivia, Cochabamba, ""Incachaca.""","E Perú and C Bolivia.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Previously included in <i>M</i>. <i>adusta</i> by Gardner (1993).","04","04-00144","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0144"
"10400145","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","palliolata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1914","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool Ser.","10","","135","","","Hooded Red-sided Opossum","""San Juan de Colon, State of Tachira, Venezuela.""","NE Colombia and W Venezuela.","","","Previously included in <i>M. brevicaudata</i> by Gardner (1993).","04","04-00145","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0145"
"10400146","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","rubida","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","4","","155","","","Chestnut-striped Opossum","Brazil, ""Bahia.""","E Brazil from Goiás south to São Paulo.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","04","04-00146","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0146"
"10400147","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","scalops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","1","","158","","","Long-nosed Short-tailed Opossum","""Brazil;"" restricted to Rio de Janeiro, Therezôpolis, by Vieira (1949).","From Espírito Santo, SE Brazil, south Alto Paraguay, Paraguay (Contreras and Silvera Avalos, 1995).","IUCN – Vulnerable","","Reviewed by Pine and Abravaya (1978).","04","04-00147","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0147"
"10400148","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","sorex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hensel","1872","","Abh. König. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1872","","122","","","Southern Red-sided Opossum","""Provinz Rio Grande do Sul;"" restricted to Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Taquara, by Cabrera (1958).","SE Brazil, S Paraguay, and NE Argentina.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>henseli</i> (Thomas, 1888); <i>itatiayae</i> (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936); <i>lundi</i> (Matschie, 1916); <i>paulensis</i> Vieira, 1950.","See Pine et al. (1985). <i>Monodelphis sorex</i> may be the animal Azara (1801) described as ""micouré cinquième, ou micouré à queue corte,"" in which case <i>brevicaudis</i> Olfers, 1818, and its objective synonym <i>wagneri</i> (Matschie, 1916) would be synonyms and the name <i>sorex</i> (Hensel, 1872) would be replaced by <i>brevicaudis</i> Olfers, 1818, which has 52 years priority over <i>sorex</i>. However, the true identity of Azara’s animal cannot be determined with reasonable certainty. Lacking any compelling evidence to the contrary, the names <i>brevicaudis</i> Olfers, and <i>wagneri</i> Matschie are best treated as <i>nomina oblita</i> and do not affect the validity of <i>sorex</i> Hensel or any other <i>Monodelphis </i>sp. that may be found in the region. <i>Microdelphys sorex</i> Hensel, 1872, is the type species of <i>Monodelphiops</i> Matschie, 1916.","04","04-00148","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0148"
"10400149","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","theresa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","441","","","Southern Three-striped Opossum","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, ""Theresopolis, Organ Mtns.""","E Brazil.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","The Peruvian distribution given by Gardner (1993) was based on a similar, but undescribed species from Departamento Huánaco.","04","04-00149","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0149"
"10400150","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","umbristriata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miranda-Ribeiro","1936","","Rev. Mus. Paulista, São Paulo","20","","422","","","Red Three-striped Opossum","Brazil, Goiás, Veadeiros (Ávila Pires, 1968).","Known from the Brazilian states of Goiás and Minas Gerais.","","<i>goyana</i>  (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936).","Previously included under <i>M. rubida</i>; see Pine (1976<i>a</i>); reviewed by Lemos et al. (2000).","04","04-00150","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0150"
"10400151","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Monodelphis","","unistriata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturgesch.","8","1","360","","","One-striped Opossum","Brazil, São Paulo, ""Ytarare"" (= Itararé).","State of São Paulo, Brazil, and Provincía Misiones, Argentina.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Apparently known from only two specimens.","04","04-00151","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0133-0000-0151"
"10400152","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Philander","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brisson","1762","","Regnum animale","","","13","","<i>Didelphis opossum</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by plenary action (Opinion 1894 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1998).","","","","","<i>Gamba</i>  Liais, 1872 [part]; <i>Hylothylax</i> Cabrera, 1919; <i>Metachirops</i> Matschie, 1916; <i>Philander</i> Tiedemann, 1808; <i>Sarigua</i> Muirhead, 1919 [part].","Pine (1973) used <i>Metachirops</i> for this genus, as did Hall (1981), Husson (1978), and Corbet and Hill (1980; but not 1991 when they used <i>Philander</i>).","04","04-00152","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0152"
"10400153","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Philander","","andersoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1913","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool Ser.","10","","95","","","Anderson’s Four-eyed Opossum","Perú, Loreto, ""Yurimaguas.""","S Venezuela, E Colombia, Ecuador, and Andean foothills of Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nigratus</i>  Thomas, 1923.","Reviewed by Patton and Silva (1997).","04","04-00153","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0152-0000-0153"
"10400154","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Philander","","frenatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Olfers","1818","","<i>In</i> W. L. Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek. Reisen.","15","","204","","","Southeastern Four-eyed Opossum","""Südamerica;"" restricted to Bahia, Brasil, by J. A. Wagner (1843).","E Brasil southward to Paraguay and adjacent Argentina.","","<i>azaricus</i>  (Thomas, 1923); <i>quica</i> Temminck, 1824; <i>superciliaris</i> (Olfers, 1818).","Previously included in <i>P</i>. <i>opossum</i>; reviewed by Patton and Silva (1997); <i>frenata</i> Illiger, 1815, and <i>superciliaris</i> Illiger, 1815, are <i>nomina nuda</i>. The spelling <i>quichua</i> Krumbiegel, 1941, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>quica</i> Temminck. <i>Didelphis quica</i> Temminck, 1924 (= <i>P. frenatus</i>) is the type species of <i>Metachirops</i> Matschie, 1916.","04","04-00154","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0152-0000-0154"
"10400155","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Philander","","mcilhennyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gardner and Patton","1972","","Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Louisiana State Univ.","43","","2","","","McIlhenny’s Four-eyed Opossum","Perú, Ucayali, ""Balta (10°08'S, 17°13'W), Río Curanja, <u>ca</u>. 300 meters.""","Amazon Basin of C Perú and W Brazil.","","","Previously included in <i>P. andersoni</i>; reviewed by Patton and Silva (1997). The spelling <i>mcilhenyi</i> Pérez-Hernández, 1990, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>mcilhennyi</i> Gardner and Patton.","04","04-00155","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0152-0000-0155"
"10400156","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Philander","","opossum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","55","","","Gray Four-eyed Opossum","""America;"" restricted to Surinam by J. A. Allen (1900) and further restricted to Paramaribo, Surinam, by Matschie (1916).","Tamaulipas, México, through Central and South America to Bolivia and SC Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>austroamericana</i>  O. Thomas, 1923; <i>virginianus</i> Tiedemann, 1808;<i> <b>canus</b></i> (Osgood, 1913); <i>crucialis</i> (Thomas, 1923); <b><i>fuscogriseus</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1900); <i>grisescens</i> (J. A. Allen, 1901); <i>melantho</i> (Thomas, 1923); <i>pallidus</i> (J. A. Allen, 1901); <b><i>melanurus</i></b> (Thomas, 1899).","Corbet and Hill (1980), Hall (1981), Husson (1978), and Pine (1973) used <i>Metachirops opossum</i> for this species. Reviewed by Castro-Arellano et al. (2000, Mammalian Species, 638). The name <i>D</i>. <i>larvata</i> Jentink, 1888, is a <i>nomen nudum</i>. <i>Didelphis opossum</i> Linnaeus, 1758, is the type species for <i>Holothylax</i> Cabrera, 1919.","04","04-00156","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0152-0000-0156"
"10400157","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Philander","","opossum","opossum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","55","","","","""America;"" restricted to Surinam by J. A. Allen (1900) and further restricted to Paramaribo, Surinam, by Matschie (1916).","","","","","04","04-00157","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0152-0000-0156-0157"
"10400158","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Philander","","opossum","canus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00158","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0152-0000-0156-0158"
"10400159","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Philander","","opossum","fuscogriseus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00159","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0152-0000-0156-0159"
"10400160","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Philander","","opossum","melanurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00160","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0152-0000-0156-0160"
"10400161","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Thylamys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","List Specimens Mamm. Coll. Brit. Mus.","","","101","","<i>Didelphis elegans</i> Waterhouse, 1839, by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Grymaeomys</i>  Burmeister, 1854 [part]; <i>Microdelphys</i> Burmeister, 1856 [part]; <i>Sarigua</i> Muirhead, 1819 [part].","Previously a subgenus under <i>Marmosa</i>. <i>Thulamys</i> Reig et al. (1985) is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>Thylamys</i> Gray.","04","04-00161","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0161"
"10400162","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Thylamys","","cinderella","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","10","","159","","","Cinderella Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum","Argentina, ""Tucuman.""","N Argentina and probably S Bolivia.","","","Reviewed by Flores et al. (2000). Previously included under <i>T. elegans </i>by Gardner (1993).","04","04-00162","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0161-0000-0162"
"10400163","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Thylamys","","elegans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1839","","Zool. H.M.S. ""Beagle,"" Mammalia","","","95","","","Elegant Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum","Chile, Coquimbo, ""Valparaiso.""","Chile, on Pacific side of Andes between 32° and 38° S.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>coquimbensis</i>  (Tate, 1931); <i>soricinus</i> (Philippi, 1894).","Reviewed by Palma (1997, Mammalian Species 572; Palma’s concept of the species further restricted by Solari (2003). The name <i>hortenis</i> Reid, 1837, is a <i>nomen nudum</i>.","04","04-00163","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0161-0000-0163"
"10400164","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Thylamys","","karimii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Petter","1968","","Mammalia","32","","313","","","Karimi’s Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum","Brazil, Pernambuco, ""région d'Exu.""","Known only from type locality.","","","Previously included under <i>T. pusillus</i> by Gardner (1993).","04","04-00164","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0161-0000-0164"
"10400165","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Thylamys","","macrurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Olfers","1818","","<i>In</i> W. L. Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek. Reisen","15","","205","","","Paraguayan Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum","""Sudamerica;"" restricted to Paraguay, Presidente Hayes, ""Tapoua"" (= Tapua); see comments.","Paraguay and S Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>grisea</i>  (Desmarest, 1827).","Based on Azara's (1801:290) ""Micouré à queue longue;"" therefore, the type locality is Tapua. Previously called <i>T</i>. <i>griseus</i>. The name <i>macroura</i> Illiger, 1815, is a <i>nomen nudum</i>.","04","04-00165","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0161-0000-0165"
"10400166","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Thylamys","","pallidior","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","10","","161","","","White-bellied Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum","Bolivia, Oruro, ""Challapata.""","W and S Peru, N Chile, and S Bolivia as far south as Peninsula Valdéz, Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bruchi</i>  (Thomas, 1921); <i>fenestrae</i> (Marelli, 1932); <i>pulchella</i> (Cabrera, 1934).","Identification of Peruvian and Chilean populations based on Solari (2003). Subspecies are not recognized here; needs revision.","04","04-00166","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0161-0000-0166"
"10400167","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Thylamys","","pusillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Méth. Hist. Nat., <i>in</i> Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","19","","","Common Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum","Not stated; restricted to Paraguay, Misiones, ""San Ignacio,"" by Tate (1933).","Paraguay, SE Bolivia, and N Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>citella</i>  (Thomas, 1912); <i>marmota</i> (Thomas, 1902); <i>nana</i> (Olfers, 1818); <i>verax</i> (Thomas, 1921).","The name <i>nana</i> Illiger, 1815, is a <i>nomen nudum</i> and was not validated by Oken, 1816. The name <i>marmota</i> Oken, 1816, is not available; however its usage by Thomas (1902) is valid.","04","04-00167","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0161-0000-0167"
"10400168","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Thylamys","","sponsorius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","186","","","Argentine Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum","Argentina, Jujuy, ""Sunchal, 1200 m.""","N Argentina and S Bolivia.","","","Reviewed by Flores et al. (2000). Previously included under <i>T. elegans</i> by Gardner (1993).","04","04-00168","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0161-0000-0168"
"10400169","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Thylamys","","tatei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1956","1957","J. Washington Acad. Sci.","1956[1957]","46","402","","","Tate’s Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum","""Chasquitambo 9710 m, lat. 10°18'48"" S., long. 77°37'20"" W.), Ancash, Peru.""","Departments of Ancash and Lima, Peru.","","","Reviewed by Solari (2003). Previously included under <i>T. elegans</i> by Gardner (1993).","04","04-00169","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0161-0000-0169"
"10400170","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Thylamys","","velutinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Archiv Naturgesch.","8","1","360","","","Dwarf Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum","Brazil, São Paulo, ""Ypanema.""","SE Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pimelura</i>  (Reinhardt, 1851).","","04","04-00170","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0161-0000-0170"
"10400171","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Thylamys","","venustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","10","","159","","","Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum","Bolivia, Cochabamba, ""Paratani, W. of Cochabamba.""","S Perú and Bolivia, south to Provincia Neuquén, Argentina.","","<i>janetta</i>  (Thomas, 1926).","Previously included under <i>T. elegans</i> by Gardner (1993).","04","04-00171","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0161-0000-0171"
"10400172","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Tlacuatzin","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Voss and Jansa","2003","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","276","","61","","<i>Didelphis (Micoureus) canescens</i> J. A. Allen, 1893, by original designation.","","","","","","Monotypic; previously included under <i>Marmosa</i>.","04","04-00172","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0172"
"10400173","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Tlacuatzin","","canescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1893","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","5","","235","","","Gray Mouse Opossum","México, Oaxaca, ""Santo Domingo de Guzman, Isthmus of Tehuantepec.""","México from S Sonora to Oaxaca, Yucatán, and Tres Marías Isls.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Marmosa canescens</i>.","<i>insularis</i>  (Merriam, 1908); <i>oaxacae</i> (Merriam, 1897); <i>sinaloae</i> (J. A. Allen, 1898); <b><i>gaumeri</i></b> (Osgood, 1913).","Previously known as <i>Marmosa canescens</i>. A mandible recovered from an owl pellet suggests <i>T. canescens</i> also occurs in Baja California Sur (López-Forment and Urbano, 1977).","04","04-00173","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0172-0000-0173"
"10400174","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Tlacuatzin","","canescens","canescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1893","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","5","","235","","","","México, Oaxaca, ""Santo Domingo de Guzman, Isthmus of Tehuantepec.""","","","","","04","04-00174","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0172-0000-0173-0174"
"10400175","DIDELPHIMORPHIA","","","","Didelphidae","Didelphinae","","Tlacuatzin","","canescens","gaumeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","04","04-00175","04-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0030-0000-0172-0000-0173-0175"
"10500001","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Ameghino","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","Formerly included in Marsupialia.","05","05-00001","05-0001"
"10500002","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Trouessart","1898","","Cat. Mamm. Viv. Foss.","2","5","1205","","","","","","","","Reviewed by Marshall (1980) and Bublitz (1987).","05","05-00002","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"10500003","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Caenolestes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","367","","<i>Hyracodon fuliginosus</i> Tomes, 1863, by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Hyracodon</i>  Tomes, 1863 [preoccupied].","<i>Coenolestes</i> Thomas, 1917, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>Caenolestes</i> Thomas.","05","05-00003","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"10500004","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Caenolestes","","caniventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1921","","Am. Mus. Novit.","20","","6","","","Gray-bellied Caenolestid","Ecuador, El Oro, ""El Chiral.""","SW Ecuador and NW Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","05","05-00004","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"10500005","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Caenolestes","","condorensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Albuja and Patterson","1996","","J. Mammal.","77","","42","","","Andean Caenolestid","Ecuador, Morona-Santiago, ""Achupallas.""","Cordillera del Cóndor of SE Ecuador.","","","","05","05-00005","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0005"
"10500006","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Caenolestes","","convelatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1924","","Am. Mus. Novit.","120","","1","","","Northern Caenolestid","Ecuador, Pichincha, ""Las Maquinas, Western Andes 7000 feet [2134 m] altitude, on trail from Aloag to Santo Domingo de los Colorados.""","W Colombia and NW Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>barbarensis</i> </b> Bublitz, 1987.","","05","05-00006","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0006"
"10500007","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Caenolestes","","convelatus","convelatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1924","","Am. Mus. Novit.","120","","1","","","","Ecuador, Pichincha, ""Las Maquinas, Western Andes 7000 feet [2134 m] altitude, on trail from Aloag to Santo Domingo de los Colorados.""","","","","","05","05-00007","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0006-0007"
"10500008","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Caenolestes","","convelatus","barbarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bublitz","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","05","05-00008","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0006-0008"
"10500009","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Caenolestes","","fuliginosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","51","","","Dusky Caenolestid","""Ecuador.""","Colombia, Ecuador, and NW Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>tatei</i>  Anthony, 1923; <b><i>centralis</i></b> Bublitz, 1987; <b><i>obscurus</i></b> Thomas, 1895.","","05","05-00009","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0009"
"10500010","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Caenolestes","","fuliginosus","fuliginosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","51","","","","""Ecuador.""","","","","","05","05-00010","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0009-0010"
"10500011","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Caenolestes","","fuliginosus","centralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bublitz","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","05","05-00011","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0009-0011"
"10500012","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Caenolestes","","fuliginosus","obscurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","05","05-00012","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0009-0012"
"10500013","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Lestoros","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Oehser","1934","","J. Mammal.","15","","240","","<i>Orolestes inca</i> Thomas, 1917, by original designation.","","","","","<i>Cryptolestes</i>  Tate, 1934 [preoccupied]; <i>Orolestes</i> Thomas, 1917 [preoccupied].","<i>Lestoros</i> Oehser is a replacement name for <i>Cryptolestes</i> Tate, which in turn was a replacement name for <i>Orolestes</i> Thomas, and automatically takes the same type species as that designated by Thomas for <i>Orolestes</i>.","05","05-00013","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0013"
"10500014","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Lestoros","","inca","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","68","4","3","","","Incan Caenolestid","Perú, Cuzco, ""Torontoy.""","S Andean Perú and adjacent Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gracilis</i>  (Bublitz, 1987).","","05","05-00014","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0013-0000-0014"
"10500015","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Rhyncholestes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Osgood","1924","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","14","","170","","<i>Rhyncholestes raphanurus</i> Osgood, 1924, by original designation.","","","","","","","05","05-00015","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0015"
"10500016","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Rhyncholestes","","raphanurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1924","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","14","","170","","","Long-nosed Caenolestid","Chile, Biobio, ""mouth of Rio Inio, south end of Chiloé Island.""","SC Chile including Chiloé Isl and adjacent Argentina.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>continentalis</i> </b> Bublitz, 1987.","See Patterson and Gallardo (1987, Mammalian Species, 286).","05","05-00016","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0015-0000-0016"
"10500017","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Rhyncholestes","","raphanurus","raphanurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1924","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","14","","170","","","","Chile, Biobio, ""mouth of Rio Inio, south end of Chiloé Island.""","","","","","05","05-00017","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0015-0000-0016-0017"
"10500018","PAUCITUBERCULATA","","","","Caenolestidae","","","Rhyncholestes","","raphanurus","continentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bublitz","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","05","05-00018","05-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0015-0000-0016-0018"
"10600001","MICROBIOTHERIA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Ameghino","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","Gondawanadelphia [part]; Dromiciopsia.","Traditionally included in Marsupialia. Included in order Polyprotodonta by Reig et al. (1987); considered a separate order by Aplin and Archer (1987) and Marshall et al. (1990). Phylogenetically allied with australidelphian marsupials (e.g., Spotorno et al., 1997; Burk et al., 1999).","06","06-00001","06-0001"
"10600002","MICROBIOTHERIA","","","","Microbiotheriidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Ameghino","1887","","Bol. Mus. la Plata","1","","6","","","","","","","","Previously considered a subfamily of the Didelphidae.","06","06-00002","06-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"10600003","MICROBIOTHERIA","","","","Microbiotheriidae","","","Dromiciops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","186","","<i>Dromiciops gliroides</i> Thomas, 1894, by monotypy.","","","","","","","06","06-00003","06-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"10600004","MICROBIOTHERIA","","","","Microbiotheriidae","","","Dromiciops","","gliroides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","187","","","Monito del Monte","Chile, Biobio, ""Huite, N.E. Chiloe Island.""","Chile and adjacent Argentina from about 36°S to near 43°S.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>australis</i>  F. Philippi, 1893 [preoccupied by <i>Didelphys australis</i> Goldfuss, 1812]","Reviewed by Marshall (1978<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species, 99, as <i>D. australis</i>); also see review by Hershkovitz (1999).","06","06-00004","06-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"10700001","NOTORYCTEMORPHIA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Kirsch, <i>in </i>Hunsaker","1977","","","","","","","","","","","","Syndactyliformes","Recognized as an order by Aplin and Archer (1987) who proposed a new syncretic classification of the marsupials.","07","07-00001","07-0001"
"10700002","NOTORYCTEMORPHIA","","","","Notoryctidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Ogilby","1892","","Cat. Aust. Mammalia","","","5","","","","","","","","Relationships unknown. Support for a relationship with dasyuromorphs suggested by Springer et al. (1998).","07","07-00002","07-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"10700003","NOTORYCTEMORPHIA","","","","Notoryctidae","","","Notoryctes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Stirling","1891","","Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust.","14","","154","","<i>Psammoryctes typhlops</i> Stirling, 1889","","","","","<i>Neoryctes</i>  Stirling, 1891; <i>Psammoryctes </i>Stirling, 1889","","07","07-00003","07-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"10700004","NOTORYCTEMORPHIA","","","","Notoryctidae","","","Notoryctes","","caurinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","111","","","Northern Marsupial Mole","Australia, Western Australia, Wollal (= Wallal), Ninety Mile Beach.","NW Western Australia.","IUCN – Endangered, Unknown.","","Separated from <i>N. typhlops</i> by Walton (1988:47).","07","07-00004","07-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"10700005","NOTORYCTEMORPHIA","","","","Notoryctidae","","","Notoryctes","","typhlops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Stirling","1889","","Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust.","12","","158","","","Southern Marsupial Mole","Australia, Northern Territory, Indracowrie, 100 mi. (161 km) from Charlotte Waters.","Western deserts from Ooldea (South Australia) to Charlotte Waters and NW Western Australia, Northern Territory.","IUCN – Endangered. Thought to be rare, but no real data exist.","","","07","07-00005","07-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0005"
"10800001","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Gill","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","Dasyuroidea, Dasyuriformes, Creatophaga.","Recognized as an order by Aplin and Archer (1987) who proposed a new syncretic classification of the marsupials. Includes the Australian component of Marsupicarnivora (see Ride, 1964<i>b</i>). Some authors include Thylacinidae and Myrmecobiidae in the Dasyuridae (Vaughan, 1978:39); but Ride (1964<i>b</i>), Archer and Kirsch (1977), Kirsch and Calaby (1977:15), and<b> </b>Archer (1982) retained three families; their monophyly is supported by DNA sequence studies (Krajewski et al., 2000).","08","08-00001","08-0001"
"10800002","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Thylacinidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1838","","Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat.","2","1","112","","","","","","","","Some authors include this family in the Dasyuridae, see Vaughan (1978:39), but also see Ride (1964<i>b</i>), Archer and Kirsch (1977), and Kirsch and Calaby (1977:15) who retained this family.","08","08-00002","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"10800003","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Thylacinidae","","","Thylacinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Temminck","1824","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","23","","<i>Didelphis cynocephala</i> Harris, 1808.","","","","","<i>Lycaon</i>  Wagler, 1830 [preoccupied by <i>Lycaon</i> Brooks, 1827, a canid]; <i>Paracyon </i>Gray, 1843; <i>Peralopex </i>Gloger, 1841.","","08","08-00003","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"10800004","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Thylacinidae","","","Thylacinus","","cynocephalus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Harris","1808","","Trans. Linn. Soc. London","9","","174","","","Thylacine","Australia, Tasmania.","Tasmania.","CITES – Appendix I [Possibly Extinct]; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct.","<i>breviceps</i> Krefft, 1868; <i>communis </i>Anon., 1859; <i>harrisii </i>Temminck, 1824; <i>lucocephalus </i>(Grant, 1831);<i> striatus </i>Warlow, 1833.","Probably extinct; but tracks and sightings continue to be reported; see Ride (1970:201) and Rounsvell and Smith (1982). Species reviewed by Guiler (1986) and Paddle (2000).","08","08-00004","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"10800005","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Myrmecobiidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1841","","Nat. Hist. Marsup. or Pouched Animals (Naturalist's Libr.)","10","","60","","","","","","","","This citation is usually listed as ""Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc., 1838"" but Myrmecobiidae is not used in this catalogue; see Palmer (1904). Some authors (including McKenna and Bell, 1997) include this family in the Dasyuridae; see Vaughan (1978:39); but also see Ride (1964<i>b</i>), Archer and Kirsch (1977), and Kirsch and Calaby (1977:15), who retained this family.","08","08-00005","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0005"
"10800006","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Myrmecobiidae","","","Myrmecobius","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1836","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","69","","<i>Myrmecobius fasciatus</i> Waterhouse, 1836.","","","","","","","08","08-00006","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0005-0000-0000-0006"
"10800007","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Myrmecobiidae","","","Myrmecobius","","fasciatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1836","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","69","","","Numbat","Australia, Western Australia, Mt. Kokeby, south of Beverley.","SW Western Australia; formerly in NW South Australia and SW New South Wales.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>rufus</i> </b> Wood Jones, 1923.","","08","08-00007","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0005-0000-0000-0006-0000-0007"
"10800008","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Myrmecobiidae","","","Myrmecobius","","fasciatus","fasciatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1836","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","69","","","","Australia, Western Australia, Mt. Kokeby, south of Beverley.","","","","","08","08-00008","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0005-0000-0000-0006-0000-0007-0008"
"10800009","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Myrmecobiidae","","","Myrmecobius","","fasciatus","rufus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wood Jones","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","08","08-00009","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0005-0000-0000-0006-0000-0007-0009"
"10800010","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Goldfuss","1820","","Handb. Zool.","II","","447","","","","","","","","Kirsch et al. (1997) and Krajewski et al. (2000) confirmed the division of the Dasyuridae into two subfamilies, Dasyurinae (with two tribes, Dasyurini and Phascogalini) and Sminthopsinae (with two tribes, Sminthopsini and Planigalini).","08","08-00010","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010"
"10800011","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Goldfuss","1820","","Handb. Zool.","II","","447","","","","","","","","","08","08-00011","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011"
"10800012","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Goldfuss","1820","","Handb. Zool.","II","","447","","","","","","","","","08","08-00012","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012"
"10800013","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Dasycercus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1875","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","1875","","73","","<i>Chaetocercus cristicauda</i> Krefft, 1867.","","","","","<i>Amperta</i> Cabrera, 1919; <i>Chaetocercus </i>Krefft, 1867 [preoccupied by Gray, 1855].","Combined with <i>Dasyuroides</i> by Mack (1961) and Mahoney and Ride (<i>in</i> Walton, 1988:18).","08","08-00013","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0013"
"10800014","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Dasycercus","","cristicauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Krefft","1866","1867","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1866","","435","","","Mulgara","Australia, South Australia, probably Lake Alexandrina.","Arid Australia from NW Western Australia to SW Queensland, N South Australia.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>D. cristicauda</i>, Endangered as <i>D. hillieri</i>. Rare or indeterminate.","<i>blighi</i> (Woodward, 1902); <i>blythi </i>(Waite, 1904);<i> hillieri</i> (Thomas, 1905).","","08","08-00014","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0013-0000-0014"
"10800015","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Dasykaluta","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Archer","1982","","<i>In</i> M. Archer, Carnivorous Marsupials","2","","434","","<i>Antechinus rosamondae</i> Ride, 1964.","","","","","","Formerly included in <i>Antechinus</i>, and this allocation was continued by McKenna and Bell (1997), but Archer (1982) and Krajewski et al","08","08-00015","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0015"
"10800016","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Dasykaluta","","rosamondae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ride","1964","","W. Aust. Nat.","9","","58","","","Little Red Kaluta","Australia, Western Australia, Woodstock Station (via Marble Bar), 21°35'S, 119°E.","NW Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Rare.","","Formerly included in <i>Antechinus</i>; separated by Archer (1982). Its closest affinities are to <i>Parantechinus apicalis </i>(Krajewski et al., 1997<i>a</i>).","08","08-00016","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0015-0000-0016"
"10800017","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Dasyuroides","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Spencer","1896","","Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, N. S.","VIII","","5","","<i>Dasyuroides byrnei</i> Spencer, 1896.","","","","","","Included in <i>Dasycercus</i> by Mack (1961), Mahoney and Ride (<i>in</i> Walton, 1988) and Groves (1993), but Kirsch et al. (1997) considered this ""premature""; see also Cooper et al. (2000), who also favoured making them congeneric.","08","08-00017","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0017"
"10800018","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Dasyuroides","","byrnei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Spencer","1896","","Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, N. S.","VIII","","6","","","Kowari","Australia, Northern Territory, Charlotte Waters.","Junction of Northern Territory, South Australia, and Queensland (C Australia).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Dasycercus byrnei</i>","","<p>Rare.</p><p><i>pallidior</i>Thomas, 1906.</p>","08","08-00018","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0017-0000-0018"
"10800019","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Dasyurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","É. Geoffroy","1796","","Mag. Encyclop., ser. 2","3","","469","","<i>Didelphis maculata</i> Anon., 1791 (=<i> Didelphis viverrina</i> Shaw, 1800).","","","","","<i>Dasyurinus</i> Matschie, 1916;<i> Dasyurops </i>Matschie, 1916;<i> Nasira </i>Harvey, 1841; <i>Notoctonus </i>Pocock, 1926;<i> Satanellus </i>Pocock, 1926;<i> Stictophonus</i> Pocock, 1926.","See Haltenorth (1958:20). Archer (1982) revived <i>Satanellus</i> (for <i>albopunctatus </i>and <i>hallucatus</i>), as he considered that the remaining species might belong in a clade with <i>Sarcophilus</i>; but Krajewski et al. (1997<i>a</i>), using molecular data, confirmed that <i>Dasyurus </i>is monophyletic.","08","08-00019","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0019"
"10800020","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Dasyurus","","albopunctatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schlegel","1880","","Notes Leyden Mus.","2","","51","","","New Guinean Quoll","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Arfak Mtns, Sapoea.","New Guinea, sea level to 3500 m, possibly Yapen Isl: see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>daemonellus</i> Thomas, 1904;<i> fuscus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1880.","","08","08-00020","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0019-0000-0020"
"10800021","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Dasyurus","","geoffroii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1840","1841","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1840","","151","","","Western Quoll","Australia, New South Wales, Liverpool Plains.","Western Australia; formerly in South Australia, Northern Territory, S Queensland, W New South Wales, and NW Victoria (Archer, <i>in</i> Tyler, 1979; Waithman, 1979).","IUCN – Vulnerable. Rare.","<i>fortis</i>  Thomas, 1906.","Formerly included in <i>Dasyurinus</i>. The New Guinea records of this species actually refer to <i>D. spartacus</i>.","08","08-00021","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0019-0000-0021"
"10800022","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Dasyurus","","hallucatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1842","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1842","","41","","","Northern Quoll","Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington.","Australia: N Northern Territory, N and NE Queensland, and N Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt). Common.","<i>exilis</i> Thomas, 1909;<i> nesaeus </i>Thomas, 1926;<i> predator</i> Thomas, 1926; <i>quoll </i>(Zimmermann, 1783).","Sometimes assigned to <i>Satanellus</i>. The original name <i>Mustela quoll</i> Zimmermann, 1783, was suppressed under Article 80 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999), now correctly <i>Dasyurus hallucatus</i>.","08","08-00022","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0019-0000-0022"
"10800023","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Dasyurus","","maculatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","170","","","Tiger Quoll","Australia, New South Wales, Port Jackson.","Australia: E Queensland, E New South Wales, E and S Victoria, SE South Australia, Tasmania. Formerly occurred in South Australia.","IUCN – Endangered as <i>D. m.gracilis</i>, Vulnerable as <i>D. maculatus </i>and <i>D. m. maculatus. </i>Widespread but rare; locally common in Tasmania.","<i>gracilis</i>  Ramsay, 1888; <i>macrourus </i>E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1803;<i> novaehollandiae </i>(Meyer, 1793); <i>ursinus </i>Giebel, 1874.","Formerly included in <i>Dasyurops</i>; see Haltenorth (1958). See Firestone et al. (1999) for possible subspecies boundaries; the Tasmanian form is rather distinctive.","08","08-00023","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0019-0000-0023"
"10800024","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Dasyurus","","spartacus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van Dyck","1987","","Aust. Mamm.","11","","145","","","Bronze Quoll","Papua New Guinea, Trans-fly Plains, Marehead, 8°41'S, 141°39'E.","Fly Plains, Papua New Guinea.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Formerly included in <i>D. geoffroii</i>.","08","08-00024","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0019-0000-0024"
"10800025","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Dasyurus","","viverrinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1800","","Gen. Zool. Syst. Nat. Hist.","1","2, Mammalia","491","","","Eastern Quoll","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","Probably survives only in Tasmania; formerly South Australia, New South Wales, and Victoria (Archer, <i>in</i> Tyler, 1979).","U.S ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>alboguttata</i> (Burmeister, 1854); <i>guttatus</i> Desmarest, 1804; <i>maculata </i>(Anon, 1791);<i> maugei </i>E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1803; <i>quoll </i>Zimmermann, 1777.","<i>Dasyurus quoll</i> Zimmermann, 1777 (not <i>Mustela quoll</i> Zimmermann, 1783), is invalid: this work was rejected by Opinion 257 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1954<i>a</i>). Also the name <i>Dasyurus maculata</i> Anon., 1791, was suppressed under Article 80 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). ""Original"" name is now <i>Didelphis viverrina</i> Shaw, 1800.","08","08-00025","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0019-0000-0025"
"10800026","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Myoictis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1858","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1858","","112","","<i>Myoictis wallacii</i> Gray, 1858.","","","","","","","08","08-00026","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0026"
"10800027","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Myoictis","","melas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Ges. Ned. Overz. Bezitt., Land-en Volkenkunde","","","20[1840], see comments","","","Three-striped Dasyure","""Nieuw-Guinea, in de triton's baai (op 3°39'Z. breedte)"" = Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Fakfak Div., Lobo Dist., near Triton Bay, Mt. Lamantsjieri.","Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) and NE Papua New Guinea; Salawati Isl. Also Waigeo, Yapen, possibly Batanta.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Secure.","<i>bruijni</i> (Peters, 1875);<i> buergersi </i>(Stein, 1932); <i>senex</i> (Stein, 1932);<i> thorbeckiana</i> (Schlegel, 1866); <i>wavicus</i> Tate, 1947.","This species was further described by Müller and Schlegel, <i>in</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, p. 149[1845], pl. 25[1843].","08","08-00027","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0026-0000-0027"
"10800028","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Myoictis","","wallacii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1858","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1858","","112","","","Wallace’s Dasyure","Aru Isl.","Southern New Guinea and Aru Isls (Indonesia).","Unknown, but rare.","<i>pilicauda</i>  (Peters and Doria, 1881).","Usually considered a subspecies of <i>M. melas</i>, but separated as a species by Archer (1982:417), and molecular data suggest that they may have separated several million years ago (Krajewski et al., 1997<i>a</i>).","08","08-00028","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0026-0000-0028"
"10800029","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Neophascogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Stein","1933","","Z. Säugetierk.","8","","87","","<i>Phascogale venusta</i> Thomas, 1921 (= <i>Phascogale lorentzi </i>Jentink, 1911).","","","","","","","08","08-00029","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0029"
"10800030","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Neophascogale","","lorentzi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1911","","Notes Leyden Mus.","33","","234","","","Speckled Dasyure","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Djajawidjaja (= Jayawijaya) Division, Helwig Mtns, south of Mt. Wilhelmina, 2600 m.","C New Guinea (highlands).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Uncommon.","<i>rubrata</i> (Thomas, 1922);<i> venusta</i> (Thomas, 1921).","Previously included <i>Phascogale nouhuysi </i>Jentink, 1911, but<i> </i>Husson (1955) showed that it is based on a specimen of <i>Phascolosorex doriae</i>.","08","08-00030","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0029-0000-0030"
"10800031","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Parantechinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Tate","1947","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","88","","137","","<i>Phascogale apicalis</i> Gray, 1842.","","","","","","Formerly included in <i>Antechinus</i>, and this allocation was continued by McKenna and Bell (1997), but Archer (1982) and Krajewski et al. (2000) showed that they are not sister-groups. Kitchener and Caputi (1988) restricted this genus to <i>P. apicalis</i>, which according to Krajewski et al. (1997<i>a</i>) is closely related to <i>Dasykaluta</i>.","08","08-00031","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0031"
"10800032","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Parantechinus","","apicalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","9","","518","","","Southern Dibbler","Australia, SW Western Australia.","Inland periphery of SW Western Australia.","U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","","","08","08-00032","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0031-0000-0032"
"10800033","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Phascolosorex","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1916","","Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin","8","","263","","<i>Phascogale</i> <i>dorsalis</i> Peters and Doria, 1876.","","","","","","","08","08-00033","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0033"
"10800034","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Phascolosorex","","doriae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1886","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","4","","208","","","Red-bellied Marsupial Shrew","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Arfak Mtns, Mori.","W interior New Guinea, 100-2000 m.","IUCN – Data Deficient. Uncommon.","<i>nouhuysii</i> (Jentink, 1911);<i> pan </i>(Stein, 1932);<i> umbrosa</i> (Dollman, 1930).","<i>Phascogale nouhuysi</i> Jentink, 1911 is usually placed in synonymy of <i>Neophascogale lorentzii</i>, but<i> </i>Husson (1955) showed that it is based on a specimen of <i>P. doriae</i>.","08","08-00034","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0033-0000-0034"
"10800035","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Phascolosorex","","dorsalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters and Doria","1876","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","8","","335","","","Narrow-striped Marsupial Shrew","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Arfak Mtns, Hatam.","W and E interior New Guinea (not known from central region).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<b><i>brevicaudata</i> </b><i> </i>(Rothschild and Dollman, 1932);<i> <b>whartoni</b></i> (Tate and Archbold, 1936).","","08","08-00035","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0033-0000-0035"
"10800036","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Phascolosorex","","dorsalis","dorsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters and Doria","1876","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","8","","335","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Arfak Mtns, Hatam.","","","","","08","08-00036","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0033-0000-0035-0036"
"10800037","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Phascolosorex","","dorsalis","brevicaudata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rothschild and Dollman","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","08","08-00037","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0033-0000-0035-0037"
"10800038","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Phascolosorex","","dorsalis","whartoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","08","08-00038","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0033-0000-0035-0038"
"10800039","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Pseudantechinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Tate","1947","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","88","","139","","<i>Phascogale macdonnellensis</i> Spencer, 1896.","","","","","","Separated from <i>Antechinus</i> by Archer (1982:434), but retained in it by McKenna and Bell (1997). According to molecular evidence, it is not even closely related to <i>Antechinus</i>, but forms a distinctive genus of the Dasyurini (Krajewski et al., 1997<i>a</i>).","08","08-00039","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0039"
"10800040","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Pseudantechinus","","bilarni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Johnson","1954","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","67","","77","","","Sandstone Dibbler","Australia, Northern Territory, Oenpelli (12°20'S, 133°3'E).","Northern Territory (Australia), known from region of type locality.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Rare.","","Included in <i>Antechinus</i> (= <i>Pseudantechinus</i>) <i>macdonnellensis</i> by Ride (1970:116), but see Kirsch and Calaby (1977:15). Archer (1982) placed it in <i>Parantechinus</i>. Kitchener and Caputi (1988) suggested that this species should be transferred to <i>Pseudantechinus</i>; Krajewski et al. (1997<i>a</i>) agreed that it is not close to <i>P. apicalis</i> and placed it on a clade by itself. Cooper et al. (2000) definitively removed it from <i>Parantechinus </i>but admitted that its inclusion (and that of <i>P. woolleyae</i>)<i> </i>in <i>Pseudantechinus </i>might make the genus paraphyletic.","08","08-00040","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0039-0000-0040"
"10800041","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Pseudantechinus","","macdonnellensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Spencer","1896","","Rept. Horn Sci. Exped. Cent. Aust., Zool.","2","","27","","","Fat-tailed False Antechinus","Australia, Northern Territory, south of Alice Springs.","Uplands of Western Australia, about 24-28°S, 124-130°E, and southern desert region of Northern Territory, from type locality north to about 19°S (see Cooper et al., 2000<i>b</i>:Fig. 12).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Does not include <i>mimulus</i> (Kitchener, 1991).","08","08-00041","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0039-0000-0041"
"10800042","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Pseudantechinus","","mimulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","2","540","","","Alexandria False Antechinus","Australia, Northern Territory, near Alexandria (19°03'S, 136°42'E).","Northern Territory: known only from type locality and North Isl, Sir Edward Pellew Group.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Not a synonym of <i>P. macdonnellensis</i> (Kitchener, 1991).","08","08-00042","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0039-0000-0042"
"10800043","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Pseudantechinus","","ningbing","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1988","","Rec. W. Aust. Mus.","14","","62","","","Ningbing False Antechinus","Australia, Western Australia, Kimberley region, Mitchell Plateau, <i>ca.</i> 220 m, 14°53'40""S, 125°45'20""E.","Kimberley region, Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","08","08-00043","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0039-0000-0043"
"10800044","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Pseudantechinus","","roryi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cooper, Aplin and Adams","2000","","Rec. W. Aust. Mus.","20","","125","","","Rory Cooper’s False Antechinus","Australia, Western Australia, Woodstock Station, 500 m north of the homestead, 21°36'42""S, 117°57'20""E.","Western Australia: Northern Pilbara, north of the Hamersley Range, into Great Sandy Desert as far east as Clutterbuck Hills; Cape Range Peninsula; probably Barrow Isl (Cooper et al., 2000<i>b</i>).","","","","08","08-00044","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0039-0000-0044"
"10800045","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Pseudantechinus","","woolleyae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener and Caputi","1988","","Rec. W. Aust. Mus.","14","","39","","","Woolley's False Antechinus","Australia, Western Australia, near Newligunn bore, 10 km from Errabiddy Homestead, 25°33'00""S, 117°08'00""E.","Western Australia: Pilbara region and further south - between <i>ca. </i>20° and 30°S, 115° and 123°E (see Cooper et al., 2000<i>b</i>:Fig. 12).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Cooper et al. (2000) admitted that the inclusion of this species (and that of <i>P. bilarni</i>)<i> </i>in <i>Pseudantechinus </i>might make the genus paraphyletic.","08","08-00045","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0039-0000-0045"
"10800046","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Sarcophilus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1837","","In E. Geoffroy and F. G. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 4","7","70","1-6, ""Sarcophile oursin""","","<i>Didelphis ursina</i> Harris, 1808 (= <i>Ursinus harrisii</i> Boitard, 1841).","","","","","<i>Diabolus</i> Gray, 1841;<i> Ursinus</i> Boitard, 1841.","","08","08-00046","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0046"
"10800047","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Sarcophilus","","harrisii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Boitard","1841","","<i>Le Jardin des Plantes</i>","","","290","","","Tasmanian Devil","Tasmania.","Australia: Tasmania; known as a subfossil in S Victoria (Mt. Hamilton and Lake Corangamite).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>satanicus</i> Thomas, 1903;<i> ursina</i> (Harris, 1808) [not of Shaw, 1800]; <b><i>dixonae </i></b>Werdelin, 1987.","Groves (1993) called this species <i>S. laniarius </i>Owen, 1838, which was based on Pleistocene specimens from Wellington Caves, New South Wales. Werdelin (1987:9) argued that the Pleistocene and recent <i>Sarcophilus </i>were only subspecifically distinct, and as Owen’s name antedates Boitard’s (a replacement name for <i>Didelphis ursina </i>Harris, 1808 [preoccupied by <i>Didelphis ursina </i>Shaw, 1800]) by three years, <i>laniarius </i>must take precedence. Inspection of Werdelin (1987, Tables 1 and 2) shows, however, that recent and fossil ranges do not overlap in many variables, so they may be retained as different species. The Victorian subfossil <i>dixonae </i>remains as a subspecies of <i>S. harrisii</i>; though it is distinctive its measurements overlap with those of the living Tasmanian form.","08","08-00047","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0046-0000-0047"
"10800048","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Sarcophilus","","harrisii","harrisii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Boitard","1841","","<i>Le Jardin des Plantes</i>","","","290","","","","Tasmania.","","","","","08","08-00048","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0046-0000-0047-0048"
"10800049","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Dasyurini","Sarcophilus","","harrisii","dixonae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Werdelin","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","08","08-00049","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0012-0046-0000-0047-0049"
"10800050","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Gill","1872","","Smithson. Misc. Collect.","11","","26","","","","","","","","Treated as a distinct subfamily by Krajewski et al. (1996).","08","08-00050","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050"
"10800051","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Antechinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Macleay","1841","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","8","","242","","<i>Antechinus stuartii</i> Macleay, 1841.","","","","","","For the exclusion of <i>Parantechinus</i> and <i>Pseudantechinus</i> see Haltenorth (1958:18) and Ride (1964<i>a</i>); and of <i>Dasykaluta</i> see Archer (1982:434). Formerly included <i>habbema</i>, <i>melanura</i>, <i>naso</i>, and <i>wilhelmina</i>, which were transferred to <i>Murexia</i> by Armstrong et al. (1998), and have been transferred to a series of new genera (<i>Micromurexia, Murexechinus, </i>and <i>Phascomurexia</i>) by Van Dyck (2002).","08","08-00051","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0051"
"10800052","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Antechinus","","adustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.9","11","","175","","","Tropical Antechinus","Australia, Queensland, Dinner Creek, now Charmillan Creek (17°42’S, 145°31’E), 885 m, near Ravenshoe.","Australia: Dense tropical vine forests from Paluma (19°00’S, 146°12’E) to Mt. Spurgeon (16°25' S, 145°12'E).","Unknown.","","Van Dyck (1982) stated that what was then known as <i>Antechinus stuartii adustus</i> is probably a valid species. Van Dyck and Crowther (2000) definitively raised it<i> </i>to species rank.","08","08-00052","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0051-0000-0052"
"10800053","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Antechinus","","agilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dickman, Parnaby, Crowther and King","1998","","Aust. J. Zool.","46","","5","","","Agile Antechinus","Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Brindabella Range, on the south side of Warks Road and Blundells Creek Road, near Lees Creek (35°21’45""S, 148°50’17""E), 740 m.","Australia: Victoria (SW, and C, E and NE districts), and SE New South Wales north on the coast to Kioloa (35°32'S, 150°23'E), and inland north to Mt. Canobolas (33°10'S, 149°00'E).","Common.","","Dickman et al. (1988) first showed that <i>A. stuartii</i> in E New South Wales is actually divided into two quite distinct species: <i>A. stuartii</i> north of about 35°S, and an undescribed species mainly south of this latitude. The new species was not described for another ten years (Dickman et al., 1998). The two species are sympatric at Kioloa, New South Wales, and other places.","08","08-00053","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0051-0000-0053"
"10800054","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Antechinus","","bellus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Nov. Zool.","11","","229","","","Fawn Antechinus","Australia, Northern Territory, South Alligator River.","N Northern Territory (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","08","08-00054","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0051-0000-0054"
"10800055","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Antechinus","","flavipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","75","","","Yellow-footed Antechinus","Australia, New South Wales, north of Hunter River.","Cape York Peninsula (Queensland); Victoria and SE South Australia; SW Western Australia. In SE Australia, bioclimatic modeling predicts its range as (somewhat discontinuously) from about 23°N to S Victoria, and west to about 136°E on the South Australian coast. Inland, it may reach as far as about 145°E in S New South Wales (Sumner and Dickman, 1998).","Lower Risk (lc).","<i>leucogaster</i> (Gray, 1841);<i> rufogaster<b> </b></i>(Gray, 1841);<b><i> rubeculus</i></b> Van Dyck, 1982.","No direct comparisons between Western Australian and eastern forms of the species have been made. The Cape York Peninsula form appears to be only subspecifically distinct.","08","08-00055","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0051-0000-0055"
"10800056","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Antechinus","","flavipes","flavipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","75","","","","Australia, New South Wales, north of Hunter River.","","","","","08","08-00056","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0051-0000-0055-0056"
"10800057","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Antechinus","","flavipes","rubeculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Van Dyck","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","08","08-00057","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0051-0000-0055-0057"
"10800058","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Antechinus","","godmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","11","","174","","","Atherton Antechinus","Australia, Queensland, Ravenshoe, Dinner Creek, 2900 ft. (884 m), 17°40'S, 145°30'E.","NE Queensland (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Included in <i>flavipes</i> by Haltenorth (1958:18); but see Kirsch and Calaby (1977:15).","08","08-00058","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0051-0000-0058"
"10800059","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Antechinus","","leo","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van Dyck","1980","","Aust. Mamm.","3","","1","","","Cinnamon Antechinus","Australia, Queensland, Cape York Penninsula, Nesbit River, Buthen Buthen (13°21'S, 143°28'E).","Cape York Peninsula from the Iron Range to the southern limit of the McIlwraith Range.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","","08","08-00059","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0051-0000-0059"
"10800060","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Antechinus","","minimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","É. Geoffroy","1803","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","81","","159","","","Swamp Antechinus","Australia, Tasmania; probably Waterhouse Isl, Bass Strait (see Wakefield and Warneke, 1963:209-210).","Coastal SE South Australia to Tasmania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>A. minimus</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>A. m. maritimus</i>.","<i>affinis</i> (Gray, 1841);<i> concinnus </i>Higgins and Petterd, 1884;<i> maritima</i> (Finlayson, 1958);<i> rolandensis </i>Higgins and Petterd, 1883.","","08","08-00060","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0051-0000-0060"
"10800061","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Antechinus","","stuartii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Macleay","1841","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","8","","242","","","Brown Antechinus","Australia, New South Wales, Manly (Spring Cove, Sydney Harbour); neotype from Waterfall, Royal National Park.","SE Queensland, E New South Wales south to Kioloa (35°32'S, 150°23'E). Bioclimatic modeling predicts an almost entirely coastal distribution, north to about 26°S (Sumner and Dickman, 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>adusta</i> (Thomas, 1923);<i> burrelli</i> (Le Souef and Burrel, 1926);<i> unicolor</i> Gould, 1854.","Dickman et al. (1988) showed that what had been thought to be the single species <i>A. stuartii</i> in E New South Wales is actually divided into a northern and a southern species: <i>A. stuartii</i> and what is now (Dickman et al., 1998) named <i>A. agilis</i>; the two have been found together at Kioloa, in S New South Wales.","08","08-00061","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0051-0000-0061"
"10800062","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Antechinus","","subtropicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van Dyck and Crowther","2000","","Mem. Qld. Mus.","45","","613","","","Subtropical Antechinus","Australia, Queensland, Emu Creek, 38 km E of Warwick (23°13’03""S, 152°24’54""E).","SE Queensland, south from Gympie (26°11’S, 152°40’E) into NE NSW, in subtropical vine forests.","Unknown.","","Related to <i>A. stuartii</i>, with which it is sympatric in SE Queensland at Wallangarra (28°55’S, 151°55’E) and Pyramid Creek, Wyberba (28°50S, 151°57’E).","08","08-00062","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0051-0000-0062"
"10800063","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Antechinus","","swainsonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1840","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","4","","299","","","Dusky Antechinus","Australia, Tasmania.","SE Queensland, E New South Wales, E and SE Victoria, coastal SE Australia, and Tasmania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>assimilis</i> Higgins and Petterd, 1884;<i> mimetes</i> (Thomas, 1924);<i> moorei </i>Higgins and Petterd, 1884; <i>niger </i>Higgins and Petterd, 1883.","","08","08-00063","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0051-0000-0063"
"10800064","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Micromurexia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Van Dyck","2002","","Mem. Queensl. Mus.","48","","246","","<i>Antechinus habbema </i>Tate and Archbold, 1941.","","","","","","Separated from <i>Murexia </i>by Van Dyck, 2002.","08","08-00064","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0064"
"10800065","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Micromurexia","","habbema","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1941","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","1101","","8","","","Habbema Dasyure","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), 9 km N of Lake Habbema, north slope of Mt. Wilhelmina, 2800 m.","Central Cordillera of New Guinea, 4°05’-8°03’S, 138°50’-146°53’E, at 1600-3660 m (Van Dyck, 2002).","IUCN – Data Deficient at <i>Antechinus habbema</i>.","<i>hageni</i> (Laurie, 1952).","Formerly considered a synonym of <i>Antechinus naso </i>(here reallocated as <i>Phascomurexia naso</i>),<i> </i>but shown to be distinct by Woolley (1989) and Flannery (1995<i>a</i>); it is actually the most distinct species of the <i>Murexia </i>clade according to Krajewski et al. (1996) and was referred to a new genus by Van Dyck (2002).","08","08-00065","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0064-0000-0065"
"10800066","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Murexechinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Van Dyck","2002","","Mem. Queensl. Mus.","48","","300","","<i>Phascogale melanura </i>Thomas, 1899.","","","","","","Separated from <i>Murexia </i>by Van Dyck, 2002.","08","08-00066","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0066"
"10800067","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Murexechinus","","melanurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","20","","191","","","Black-tailed Dasyure","Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., Astrolabe Range, Moroka, 9°24’S, 147°32’E, 1300 m.","New Guinea, from 134°00’E to 151°01’E (Normanby Isl), sea level to 2800 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Antechinus melanurus</i>, Data Deficient as <i>A. wilhelmina</i>.","<i>mayeri</i> (Dollman, 1930); <i>modesta</i> (Thomas, 1912); <i>wilhelmina</i> Tate, 1947.","Usually included in <i>Antechinus</i>, but reassigned to <i>Murexia </i>by Armstrong et al. (1998) and to a new genus by Van Dyck (2002). Synonymy after Van Dyck (2000).","08","08-00067","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0066-0000-0067"
"10800068","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Murexia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1937","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","73","","335 (footnote), 339","","<i>Phascogale murex</i> Thomas, 1913 (= <i>Phascogale longicaudata</i> Schlegel, 1866).","","","","","","Some of these species have traditionally been assigned to <i>Antechinus</i>, but so-called ""New Guinea <i>Antechinus</i>"" were transferred to <i>Murexia </i>by Armstrong et al. (1998). The undescribed species from Normanby Isl in the D’Entrecasteaux group, Papua New Guinea (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>) is actually <i>Murexechinus melanurus </i>according to Van Dyck (2002).","08","08-00068","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0068"
"10800069","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Murexia","","longicaudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schlegel","1866","","Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk.","3","","356","","","Short-furred Dasyure","Indonesia, Aru Islands, Wonumbai.","New Guinea, sea level to 1800 m; Aru Isls;<b> </b>Yapen.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aspera</i> (Thomas, 1913);<i> maxima </i>(Stein, 1932); <i>murex</i> (Thomas, 1913).","","08","08-00069","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0068-0000-0069"
"10800070","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Paramurexia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Van Dyck","2002","","Mem. Queensl. Mus.","48","","293","","<i>Phascogale (Murexia) rothschildi </i>Tate, 1938.","","","","","","Separated from <i>Murexia </i>by Van Dyck (2002).","08","08-00070","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0070"
"10800071","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Paramurexia","","rothschildi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1938","","Nov. Zool.","41","","58","","","Broad-striped Dasyure","Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., head of Aroa River, 8°50’S, 147°06’E, about 1220 m.","SE New Guinea, between 9°56’-10°02’S and 147°00’-149°43’E, 600 to 1400 m (Van Dyck, 2002).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Murexia rothschildi</i>. Vulnerable.","","","08","08-00071","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0070-0000-0071"
"10800072","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Phascomurexia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Van Dyck","2002","","Mem. Queensl. Mus.","48","","257","","<i>Phascogale naso </i>Jentink, 1911.","","","","","","Separated from <i>Murexia </i>by Van Dyck, 2002.","08","08-00072","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0072"
"10800073","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Phascomurexia","","naso","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1911","","Notes Leyden Mus.","33","","236","","","Long-nosed Dasyure","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Jayawijaya Div., Helwig Mtns, south of Mt. Wilhelmina, about 2000 m, 4°32’S, 138°41’E.","Interior New Guinea, 3°32’S, 139°10’E to 8°35’S, 147°09’E, 1400-2800 m (Van Dyck, 2002).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Antechinus naso</i>.","<i>centralis</i>  (Tate and Archbold, 1941); <i>misim </i>(Tate, 1947); <i>parva</i> Laurie, 1952; <i>tafa </i>(Tate and Archbold, 1936).","Usually included in <i>Antechinus</i>, but reassigned to <i>Murexia </i>by Armstrong et al. (1998) and awarded a separate genus by Van Dyck (2002), who recognised no subspecies.","08","08-00073","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0072-0000-0073"
"10800074","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Phascogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Temminck","1824","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","23, 56","","<i>Didelphis penicillata</i> Shaw, 1800 (= <i>Vivera tapoatafa</i> Meyer, 1793).","","","","","<i>Ascogale</i> Gloger, 1841;<i> Phascologale </i>Lenz, 1831;<i> Phascoloictis </i>Matschie, 1916;<i> Tapoa </i>Lesson, 1842<i>.</i>","","08","08-00074","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0074"
"10800075","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Phascogale","","calura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1844","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1844","","104","","","Red-tailed Phascogale","Australia, Western Australia, Williams River, Military Station.","Inland SW Western Australia, formerly in Northern Territory, South Australia, NW Victoria, SW New South Wales, but probably extinct in all places except the Western Australian wheat belt.","IUCN – Endangered.","","","08","08-00075","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0074-0000-0075"
"10800076","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Dasyurinae","Phascogalini","Phascogale","","tapoatafa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Meyer","1793","","Zool. Entdeck.","","","28","","","Brush-tailed Phascogale","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","SW Western Australia, SE South Australia, S Victoria, E New South Wales, SE and N Queensland, Northern Territory.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>penicillata</i>  (Shaw, 1800); <i>pirata</i> (Thomas, 1904); <i>tafa </i>(White, 1803).","","08","08-00076","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0011-0050-0074-0000-0076"
"10800077","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Archer","1982","","Carnivorous Marsupials","2","","439","","","","","","","","Kirsch et al. (1997) divided the subfamily into two tribes, and Krajewski et al. (1997<i>b</i>) concured in finding a deep division between <i>Planigale </i>and others.","08","08-00077","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077"
"10800078","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Archer","1982","","Carnivorous Marsupials","2","","439","","","","","","","","","08","08-00078","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078"
"10800079","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Antechinomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Krefft","1866","1867","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1866","","434","","<i>Phascogale lanigera</i> Gould, 1856.","","","","","","Included in <i>Sminthopsis </i>by Archer (1979:329, 1981:187) and by McKenna and Bell (1997); but Lidicker (1983:1317) considered <i>Antechinomys</i> a distinct genus, and Krajewski et al. (1997<i>b</i>) and Blacket et al. (1999) separated it from <i>Sminthopsis </i>on the basis of their molecular findings.","08","08-00079","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0079"
"10800080","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Antechinomys","","laniger","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1856","","Mamm. Aust.","1","","pl. 33","","","Kultarr","Australia, interior New South Wales.","Western Australia, S Northern Territory, N Victoria, W New South Wales, SW Queensland, N South Australia.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>spenceri</i>  Thomas, 1906.","Includes <i>spenceri</i>; see Archer (1977:19).","08","08-00080","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0079-0000-0080"
"10800081","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Ningaui","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Archer","1975","","Mem. Queensl. Mus.","17","2","239","","<i>Ningaui timealeyi</i> Archer, 1975.","","","","","","An undescribed species of <i>Ningaui</i> occurs in Northern Territory (Australia); see Johnson and Roff (1980). According to Blacket et al. (1999), <i>Ningaui </i>clusters within <i>Sminthopsis</i>.","08","08-00081","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0081"
"10800082","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Ningaui","","ridei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Archer","1975","","Mem. Queensl. Mus.","17","2","246","","","Wongai Ningaui","Australia, Western Australia, 38.6 km ENE Laverton (28°30'S, 122°47'E).","Northern Territory, South Australia, and Western Australia (deserts).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","","","08","08-00082","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0081-0000-0082"
"10800083","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Ningaui","","timealeyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Archer","1975","","Mem. Queensl. Mus.","17","2","244","","","Pilbara Ningaui","Australia, Western Australia, 32.2 km SE Mt. Robinson.","NW Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","","","08","08-00083","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0081-0000-0083"
"10800084","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Ningaui","","yvonnae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, Stoddart, and Henry","1983","","Aus. J. Zool.","31","","366","","","Southern Ningaui","""Mt. Manning Area, Western Australia Goldfields, 29°58'S, 119°32'E"".","Australia: Western Australia to New South Wales, Victoria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","","","08","08-00084","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0081-0000-0084"
"10800085","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2","4","","503","","<i>Phascogale crassicaudata</i> Gould, 1844.","","","","","<i>Podabrus</i>  Gould, 1845 [not of Westwood, 1840].","Original name <i>Podabrus</i>, Gould, 1845, is preoccupied","08","08-00085","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085"
"10800086","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","aitkeni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, Stoddart and Henry","1984","","Rec. W. Aust. Mus.","11","","204","","","Kangaroo Island Dunnart","Australia, South Australia, Kangaroo Isl, Section 46, Cassini.","Kangaroo Isl (South Australia).","IUCN - Endangered.","","<i>S. griseoventer </i>species-group. Separated from <i>S. murina</i> by Kitchener et al. (1984<i>b</i>:204).","08","08-00086","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0086"
"10800087","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","archeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van Dyck","1986","","Aust. Mamm.","9","","112","","","Chestnut Dunnart","Papua New Guinea, Trans-Fly Plains, Morehead (8°04'S, 141°39'E).","Lowland S Papua New Guinea; Northern Gulf, Queensland (Australia).","IUCN – Data Deficient. Common?","","<i>S. murina </i>species-group.","08","08-00087","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0087"
"10800088","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","bindi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van Dyck, Woinarski and Press","1994","","Mem. Qld. Mus.","37","","312","","","Kakadu Dunnart","Australia, Northern Territory, Eva Valley Station, Stage 3, Kakadu National Park (14°30’S, 132°45’E).","Known from Stuart Highway (12°51’S, 131°08’E) southeast to Roper Valley (14°55’S, 133°54’E), but predicted from bioclimatic records to occur in much of C and S Arnhem Land (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>S. macroura </i>species-group. Formerly misidentified as <i>S. macroura</i>.","08","08-00088","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0088"
"10800089","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","boullangerensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Crowther, Dickman and Lynam","1999","","Aust. J. Zool.","47","","220","","","Boullanger Island Dunnart","Australia, Western Australia, Boullanger Isl (30°18’S, 115°02’E), Jurien Bay.","Boullanger Isl, and on the mainland at Lesueur, near Jurien; subfossil material near Hastings Cave may belong to this species according to the describers.","Threatened.","","Described as a subspecies of <i>S. griseoventer</i>, but Crowther et al. (1999) described fixed differences in both morphology and allozymes<b> </b>from what they provisionally referred to as <i>S. g. griseoventer</i>, and considered their placement of <i>boullangerensis </i>as ""conservative"".","08","08-00089","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0089"
"10800090","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","butleri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Archer","1979","","Aust. Zool.","20","2","329","","","Carpentarian Dunnart","Australia, Western Australia, Kalumburu (14°15'S, 126°40'E).","In Australia known only from the type locality; also in Papua New Guinea.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Name first mentioned by Kirsch (1977:47), but first made available was by Archer (1979). Not studied by Krajewski et al. (1999, 2000), but Archer (1981) noted that its affinities are probably with <i>S. macroura</i>.","08","08-00090","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0090"
"10800091","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","crassicaudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1844","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1844","","105","","","Fat-tailed Dunnart","Australia, Western Australia, Williams River.","South Australia, SW Queensland, SE Northern Territory, S Western Australia, W New South Wales, W Victoria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>centralis</i> Thomas, 1902;<i> ferruginea</i> Finlayson, 1933.","Forms a species-group by itself. See Archer (1979:329, 1981:176). See Cooper et al. (2000<i>a</i>) for possible subspecies boundaries.","08","08-00091","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0091"
"10800092","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","dolichura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, Stoddart and Henry","1984","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","11","","204","","","Little Long-tailed Dunnart","Western Australia, 6 km SSE of Buningonia Spring, 32°28'S, 123°36'E.","Western Australia, South Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>S. murina </i>species-group.","08","08-00092","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0092"
"10800093","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","douglasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Archer","1979","","Aust. Zool.","20","2","337","","","Julia Creek Dunnart","Australia, Queensland, Cloncurry River Watershed, Julia Creek (20°40'S, 141°40'E).","Known from 19-25°30’S, 141-143°E, in the ""downs country"" of NW Queensland; and possibly Mitchell Plateau, Western Australia.","IUCN – Endangered.","","<i>S. macroura </i>species-group. For additions to range see Woolley (1992).","08","08-00093","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0093"
"10800094","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","fuliginosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1852","","Mamm. Aust.","1","","pl. 41","","","Sooty Dunnart","Western Australia, King George Sound.","SW Western Australia.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","<i>S. murina </i>species-group. Separated from <i>S. murina</i> by Kitchener et al. (1984<i>b</i>). A little-known species; comparative notes given by Crowther et al. (1999).","08","08-00094","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0094"
"10800095","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","gilberti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, Stoddart, and Henry","1984","","Rec. W. Aust. Mus.","11","","204","","","Gilbert's Dunnart","Western Australia, Mt. Saddleback, 32°58'S, 116°20'E.","SW Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>S. murina </i>species-group.","08","08-00095","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0095"
"10800096","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","granulipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1932","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","18","","350","","","White-tailed Dunnart","Australia, Western Australia, King George Sound (Albany).","SW Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Forms a species-group by itself.","08","08-00096","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0096"
"10800097","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","griseoventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, Stoddart, and Henry","1984","","Rec. W. Aust. Mus.","11","","204","","","Gray-bellied Dunnart","Western Australia, Bindoon, 31°18'S, 116°01'E.","SW Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caniventer</i>  Baverstock, Adams, and Archer, 1984.","<i>S. griseoventer </i>species-group.","08","08-00097","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0097"
"10800098","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","hirtipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Nov. Zool.","5","","3","","","Hairy-footed Dunnart","Australia, Northern Territory, Charlotte Waters.","Central deserts in Northern Territory and Western Australia; also coastal scrub 500 km N of Perth.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>S. psammophila </i>species-group.","08","08-00098","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0098"
"10800099","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","leucopus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","261","","","White-footed Dunnart","Australia, Tasmania.","S and SE Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales, and Queensland (Australia).","IUCN – Data Deficient. Common?","<i>ferruginifrons</i> (Gould, 1854); <i>leucogenys</i> Higgins and Petterd, 1883;<i> mitchelli </i>(Krefft, 1867).","<i>S. murina </i>species-group. See Archer (1979:329, 1981:102).","08","08-00099","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0099"
"10800100","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","longicaudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Spencer","1909","","Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, n.s.","21","","449","","","Long-tailed Dunnart","Australia, Western Australia.","Western Australia.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Forms a species-group by itself. Known from only four specimens; see Ride (1970:201).","08","08-00100","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0100"
"10800101","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","macroura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1845","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1845","","79","","","Stripe-faced Dunnart","Australia, Queensland, Darling Downs.","Australia: NW New South Wales, W Queensland, S Northern Territory, N South Australia, N Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>froggatti</i> Ramsay, 1887;<i> larapinta </i>Spencer, 1896;<i> monticola</i> Troughton, 1965;<i> stalkeri </i>Thomas, 1906.","<i>S. macroura </i>species-group. See Archer (1979:329, 1981:148). According to Blacket et al. (2001), this is probably a species complex rather than a single species, including <i>froggatti </i>and <i>stalkeri</i>.","08","08-00101","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0101"
"10800102","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","murina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","76","","","Slender-tailed Dunnart","Australia, New South Wales, N of Hunter River.","SW Western Australia, SE South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, E Queensland.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>S. m. tatei</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>albipes</i> (Waterhouse, 1842);<i> tatei</i> Troughton, 1965.","<i>S. murina </i>species-group. See Archer (1979:329, 1981:94-99).","08","08-00102","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0102"
"10800103","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","ooldea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1964","1965","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","1964","89","316","","","Ooldea Dunnart","Australia, South Australia, Ooldea.","Edge of Nullarbor Plain (South Australia), Western Australia, S Northern Territory.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>S. psammophila </i>species-group. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>murina</i>, but considered a distinct species by Archer (1975:243) and Kirsch and Calaby (1977:15).","08","08-00103","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0103"
"10800104","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","psammophila","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Spencer","1895","","Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, n.s.","7","","223","","","Sandhill Dunnart","Australia, Northern Territory, Lake Amadeus.","Australia: SW Northern Territory (vicinity of Ayers Rock) and Eyre Peninsula (South Australia).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","","<i>S. psammophila </i>species-group. Known only from five specimens; see Archer (1981:215).","08","08-00104","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0104"
"10800105","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","virginiae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Tarragon","1847","","Rev. Zool. Paris","","","177","","","Red-cheeked Dunnart","None given; Archer (1981:132) designated Australia, Queensland, Herbert Vale.","N Queensland, N Northern Territory (Australia); Aru Isls (Indonesia); lowlands of S New Guinea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>nitela</i> </b><i> </i>Collett, 1897; <i>lumholtzi </i>Iredale and Troughton, 1934;<i> <b>rufigenis</b> </i>Thomas, 1922;<i> rona </i>(Tate and Archbold, 1936).","<i>S. macroura </i>species-group. See Archer (1979:329, 1981:132) and Kirsch and Calaby (1977:15). De Tarragon's 1847 description of <i>S. virginiae</i> did not specify a type locality and his type specimen, now lost, had no known locality. Collett (1886[1887]:548) named <i>S. nitela</i> from Herbert Vale and it was subsequently renamed <i>S. lumholtzi</i>, both being referable to <i>virginiae</i> according to Archer (1981:136); but <i>nitela </i>and probably <i>rufigenis</i> may be distinct species according to Blacket et al. (2001).","08","08-00105","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0105"
"10800106","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","virginiae","virginiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Tarragon","1847","","Rev. Zool. Paris","","","177","","","","None given; Archer (1981:132) designated Australia, Queensland, Herbert Vale.","","","","","08","08-00106","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0105-0106"
"10800107","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","virginiae","nitela","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Collett","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","08","08-00107","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0105-0107"
"10800108","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","virginiae","rufigenis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","08","08-00108","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0105-0108"
"10800109","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Sminthopsini","Sminthopsis","","youngsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","McKenzie and Archer","1982","","Austr. Mamm.","5","","267","","","Lesser Hairy-footed Dunnart","Western Australia, Edgar Ranges, 18°50'S, 123°05'E.","Western Australia, Northern Territory.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>S. psammophila </i>species-group.","08","08-00109","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0078-0085-0000-0109"
"10800110","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Planigalini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Archer","1982","","Carnivorous Marsupials","2","","439","","","","","","","","","08","08-00110","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0110"
"10800111","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Planigalini","Planigale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Troughton","1928","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","16","","282","","<i>Planigale brunneus</i> Troughton, 1928 (= <i>Phascogale ingrami</i> Thomas, 1906).","","","","","","Revised by Archer (1976) on the basis of morphology and by Painter et al. (1995) on the basis of mitochondrial cytochrome <i>b</i> sequencing.","08","08-00111","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0110-0111"
"10800112","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Planigalini","Planigale","","gilesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Aitken","1972","","Rec. S. Aust. Mus.","16","10","1","","","Paucident Planigale","Australia, South Australia, Ann Creek Station (No. 3 bore) (28°18'S, 136°29'40""E).","NE South Australia, NW New South Wales, and SW Queensland (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","08","08-00112","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0110-0111-0000-0112"
"10800113","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Planigalini","Planigale","","ingrami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","32","6","","","Long-tailed Planigale","Australia, Northern Territory, Alexandria.","Australia: N and E Queensland, NE Northern Territory, NE Western Australia.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>P</i>. <i>i. subtilissima</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc)..","<b><i>brunnea</i> </b>Troughton, 1928;<b><i> subtilissima</i></b> Lönnberg, 1913.","See Archer (1976:351). Woolley (1974) suggested that Western Australian <i>P. i. subtilissima </i>may be specifically distinct. A related but distinct species, referred to simply as <i>Planigale </i>2 by Painter at al. (1995), is known from the Pilbara, Western Australia.","08","08-00113","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0110-0111-0000-0113"
"10800114","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Planigalini","Planigale","","ingrami","ingrami","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","32","6","","","","Australia, Northern Territory, Alexandria.","","","","See Archer (1976:351). Woolley (1974) suggested that Western Australian <i>P. i. subtilissima </i>may be specifically distinct. A related but distinct species, referred to simply as <i>Planigale </i>2 by Painter at al. (1995), is known from the Pilbara, Western Australia.","08","08-00114","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0110-0111-0000-0113-0114"
"10800115","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Planigalini","Planigale","","ingrami","brunnea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","08","08-00115","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0110-0111-0000-0113-0115"
"10800116","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Planigalini","Planigale","","ingrami","subtilissima","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","08","08-00116","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0110-0111-0000-0113-0116"
"10800117","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Planigalini","Planigale","","maculata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1851","","Mamm. Aust.","1","","pl. 44","","","Pygmy Planigale","Australia, New South Wales, Clarence River.","E Queensland, NE New South Wales, and N Northern Territory (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>minutissimus<b> </b></i> (Gould, 1852);<b><i> sinualis</i></b> (Thomas, 1926).","Transferred to <i>Planigale</i> from <i>Antechinus</i> by Archer (1976:346). According to Painter et al. (1995), it is the most distinctive species in the genus, and may be closer to <i>Sminthopsis</i>. The subspecies <i>P. m. sinualis </i>(Arnhem Land and Groote Eylandt) is widely divergent in mitochondrial cytochrome <i>b </i>sequences, as well as morphologically, and may be specifically distinct (Painter et al., 1995). A related but distinct species, referred to simply as <i>Planigale </i>1 by Painter et al. (1995), is known from the Pilbara, Western Australia.","08","08-00117","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0110-0111-0000-0117"
"10800118","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Planigalini","Planigale","","maculata","maculata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1851","","Mamm. Aust.","1","","pl. 44","","","","Australia, New South Wales, Clarence River.","","","","","08","08-00118","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0110-0111-0000-0117-0118"
"10800119","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Planigalini","Planigale","","maculata","sinualis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","08","08-00119","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0110-0111-0000-0117-0119"
"10800120","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Planigalini","Planigale","","novaeguineae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1941","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1101","","7","","","New Guinean Planigale","Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., Rona Falls, Laloki River (vicinity of Port Moresby), 250 m.","Lowlands of S New Guinea.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","08","08-00120","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0110-0111-0000-0120"
"10800121","DASYUROMORPHIA","","","","Dasyuridae","Sminthopsinae","Planigalini","Planigale","","tenuirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1928","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","16","","285","","","Narrow-nosed Planigale","Australia, ""collected at Bourke or Wilcannia, New South Wales"".","NW New South Wales, and SC Queensland (Australia).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","08","08-00121","08-0001-0000-0000-0000-0010-0077-0110-0111-0000-0121"
"10900001","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Ameghino","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","Peramelia, Perameliformes, Perameloidea","Recognized as an order by Aplin and Archer (1987) who proposed a new syncretic classification of the marsupials. McKenna and Bell (1997) used the name Peramelia.","09","09-00001","09-0001"
"10900002","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Thylacomyidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Bensley","1903","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.), ser.2","9","","110","","","","","","","","Included in the family Peramelidae by Vaughan (1978:39) and Groves and Flannery (1990); but more distinct than Peroryctidae according to Kirsch et al. (1997). McKenna and Bell (1997) included it in family Peramelidae, subfamily Chaeropodinae, with <i>Chaeropus</i>.","09","09-00002","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"10900003","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Thylacomyidae","","","Macrotis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Reid","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","131","","<i>Perameles lagotis</i> Reid, 1837.","","","","","<i>Paragalia</i> Gray, 1841;<i> Peragale </i>Lydekker, 1887; <i>Phalacomys</i> Anon., 1854; <i>Thalaconus </i>Richardson, Dallas, Cobbold, Baird and White, 1862;<i> Thylacomys </i>Blyth, 1840.","Not preoccupied by <i>Macrotis</i> Dejean, 1833, a <i>nomen</i> <i>nudum</i> (Troughton, 1932<i>b</i>). Archer and Kirsch (1977) placed <i>Macrotis</i> (including its junior synonym <i>Thylacomys</i>) in a separate family (the name available being Thylacomyidae), rather than in Peramelidae. Groves and Flannery (1990) placed <i>Macrotis</i> back in Peramelidae.","09","09-00003","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"10900004","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Thylacomyidae","","","Macrotis","","lagotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Reid","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","129","","","Greater Bilby","Australia, Western Australia, Swan River.","Formerly in Western Australia, South Australia, Northern Territory, W New South Wales, SW Queensland. Survives only in SW Queensland, Northern Territory/Western Australia border region and Kimberleys.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>cambrica</i> Troughton, 1932;<i> grandis</i> Troughton, 1932; <i>interjecta </i>Troughton, 1932; <i>nigripes </i>(Wood Jones, 1923);<i> sagitta </i>(Thomas, 1905).","","09","09-00004","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"10900005","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Thylacomyidae","","","Macrotis","","leucura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","19","","397","","","Lesser Bilby","Undesignated; as the specimen was sent by the South Australian Museum's taxidermist to London, Thomas (1887<i>a</i>) thought it might have originated near Adelaide or in the northern part of South Australia, whence others in the same collection had come.","C Australia.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct.","<i>minor</i> (Spencer, 1897); <i>miseliae </i>Tate, 1948; <i>miselius</i> (Finlayson, 1932).","Probably extinct; see Ride (1970:200).","09","09-00005","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0005"
"10900006","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Chaeropodidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gill","1872","","Smithson. Misc. Collect.","11","","26","","","","","","","Chaeropini Szalay, 1994.","A subfamily of Peramelidae according to McKenna and Bell (1997), who included Thylacomyidae as a synonym. Molecular data (Westerman et al., 1999, 2001) do not support this arrangement, but indicate that <i>Chaeropus </i>is the sister-group of all other Peramelemorphia, so it is given family rank here.","09","09-00006","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0006"
"10900007","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Chaeropodidae","","","Chaeropus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ogilby","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","26","","<i>Perameles ecaudatus</i> Ogilby, 1838.","","","","","<i>Choeropus</i>  Waterhouse, 1841.","Molecular data indicate that <i>Chaeropus</i> is the sister group to all other bandicoots (Westerman et al., 1999, 2001).","09","09-00007","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0006-0000-0000-0007"
"10900008","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Chaeropodidae","","","Chaeropus","","ecaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","25","","","Pig-footed Bandicoot","Australia, New South Wales, banks of Murray River, south of the junction with Murrumbridge River.","Australia: SW New South Wales, Victoria, S Northern Territory, N South Australia, Western Australia.","CITES – Appendix I [Possibly Extinct]; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct.","<i>castanotis</i> Gray, 1842;<i> occidentalis</i> Gould, 1845.","Probably extinct, last taken in 1907; see Ride (1970:200).","09","09-00008","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0006-0000-0000-0007-0000-0008"
"10900009","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","336","","","","","","","Peroryctidae, Echymiperinae.","Formerly considered to include the family Thylacomyidae; see Vaughan (1978:39) and Groves and Flannery (1990); but also see Archer and Kirsch (1977). Revised by Tate (1948<i>b</i>). Divided by McKenna and Bell (1997) into two families: Peramelidae, with two subfamilies, Chaeropodinae (for <i>Chaeropus </i>and <i>Macrotis</i>) and Peramelinae; and Peroryctidae, with two subfamilies, Peroryctinae and Echymiperinae. Molecular data (Westerman et al., 1999, 2001) do not support the monophyly of Chaeropodinae in the sense of McKenna and Bell (1997), show that <i>Chaeropus </i>is very distinct from other bandicoots, and do not support the monophyly of Peroryctidae.","09","09-00009","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009"
"10900010","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","336","","","","","","","","","09","09-00010","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010"
"10900011","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Isoodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","16","","409","","<i>Didelphis obesula</i> Shaw, 1797.","","","","","<i>Thylacis</i>  Haltenorth, 1958 [not of Illiger, 1811 (=<i>Perameles</i>)].","Includes <i>Thylacis</i> of Haltenorth, 1958, which was an incorrect usage; see Van Deusen and Jones (1967:74) and Lidicker and Follett (1968). Revised by Lyne and Mort (1981).","09","09-00011","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0011"
"10900012","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Isoodon","","auratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1887","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., ser. 2","2","","551","","","Golden Bandicoot","Australia, Western Australia, Derby.","Australia: Formerly Northern Territory and N Western Australia, survives in NW of Western Australia and on Barrow Isl.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>I. auratus, I. a. auratus, </i>and <i>I. a. barrowensis. </i>Rare.","<b><i>arnhemensis</i> </b><i> </i>Lyne and Mort, 1981;<i> <b>barrowensis</b></i><b> </b>(Thomas, 1901).","See Ride (1970:96) and Lyne and Mort (1981), who recognized <i>arnhemensis</i> and <i>barrowensis</i> as distinct species. A revision based on wider material is needed.","09","09-00012","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0011-0000-0012"
"10900013","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Isoodon","","auratus","auratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1887","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., ser. 2","2","","551","","","","Australia, Western Australia, Derby.","","","","","09","09-00013","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0011-0000-0012-0013"
"10900014","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Isoodon","","auratus","arnhemensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyne and Mort","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","","09","09-00014","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0011-0000-0012-0014"
"10900015","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Isoodon","","auratus","barrowensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","09","09-00015","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0011-0000-0012-0015"
"10900016","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Isoodon","","macrourus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1842","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1842","","41","","","Northern Brown Bandicoot","Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington.","NE Western Australia, N Northern Territory, E Queensland, and NE New South Wales (Australia); S and E New Guinea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>macrura</i> (Wagner, 1853);<i> <b>moresbyensis</b> </i>(Ramsay, 1877);<i> torosa</i> (Ramsay, 1877).","","09","09-00016","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0011-0000-0016"
"10900017","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Isoodon","","macrourus","macrourus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1842","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1842","","41","","","","Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington.","","","","","09","09-00017","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0011-0000-0016-0017"
"10900018","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Isoodon","","macrourus","moresbyensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1877","","","","","","","","","","","","","","09","09-00018","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0011-0000-0016-0018"
"10900019","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Isoodon","","obesulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1797","","Nat. Misc.","8","","298","","","Southern Brown Bandicoot","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney, Ku-ring-gai Chase Natl. Park, 33°36'S, 151°16'E, see Dixon (1981).","SE New South Wales, S Victoria, SE South Australia, N Queensland, SW Western Australia, Nuyts Arch. (Great Australian Bight, S Australian coast), and Tasmania.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>I. o. nauticus</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>I. o. fusciventer, I. o. obesulus, </i>and <i>I. o. peninsulae</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc). Locally common.","<i>affinis</i> (Waterhouse, 1846); <i>fusciventer </i>(Gray, 1841);<i> peninsulae</i> Thomas, 1922;<i> <b>nauticus</b> </i>Thomas, 1922.","","09","09-00019","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0011-0000-0019"
"10900020","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Isoodon","","obesulus","obesulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1797","","Nat. Misc.","8","","298","","","","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney, Ku-ring-gai Chase Natl. Park, 33°36'S, 151°16'E, see Dixon (1981).","","","","","09","09-00020","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0011-0000-0019-0020"
"10900021","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Isoodon","","obesulus","nauticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","09","09-00021","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0011-0000-0019-0021"
"10900022","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Perameles","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","É. Geoffroy","1804","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","4","","56","","<i>Perameles nasuta</i> É. Geoffroy, 1804.","","","","","<i>Thylacis</i>  Illiger, 1811.","<i>Perameles</i> was also used by Geoffroy, 1804, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, 3(80):249, which may take priority (dates uncertain). Molecular data (Westerman et al., 2001) suggest that this genus may be paraphyletic with respect to <i>Isoodon</i>. Species boundaries in the genus are confused and a revision is needed.","09","09-00022","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0022"
"10900023","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Perameles","","bougainville","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Quoy and Gaimard","1824","","<i>In</i> de Freycinet, Voy. autour du monde...l'Uranie et al Physicienne, Zool.","","","56","","","Western Barred Bandicoot","Australia, Western Australia, Shark Bay, Peron Peninsula.","Formerly in S South Australia, NW Victoria, W New South Wales, S Western Australia, Bernier and Dorre Isls, survives only on Bernier and Dorre Isls (off Western Australia).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct as <i>P. b. fasciata</i>, Endangered as <i>P. b. bougainville. </i>Rare.","<i>arenaria</i> Gould, 1844;<i> fasciata </i>Gray, 1841;<i> myosuros </i>Wagner, 1841;<i> notina</i> Thomas, 1922.","See Ride (1970:100).","09","09-00023","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0022-0000-0023"
"10900024","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Perameles","","eremiana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Spencer","1897","","Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, n.s.","9","","9","","","Desert Bandicoot","Australia, Northern Territory, Burt Plain (N of Alice Springs).","N South Australia, S Northern Territory, Great Victoria Desert (Western Australia).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct.","","Possibly extinct; see Ride (1970:200).","09","09-00024","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0022-0000-0024"
"10900025","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Perameles","","gunnii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Ann. Nat. Hist.","1","","107","","","Eastern Barred Bandicoot","Australia, Tasmania.","Australia: S Victoria, where restricted to Hamilton, and Tasmania.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>P. g. gunnii</i>. Common in Tasmania, Endangered in Victoria.","","","09","09-00025","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0022-0000-0025"
"10900026","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peramelinae","","Perameles","","nasuta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","É. Geoffroy","1804","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","4","","62","","","Long-nosed Bandicoot","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","Australia: E Queensland, E New South Wales, E Victoria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>lawson</i> Quoy and Gaimard, 1824;<i> major </i>Schinz, 1825;<i> musei </i>(Boitard, 1841);<i> pallescens</i> Thomas, 1923.","","09","09-00026","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0010-0000-0022-0000-0026"
"10900027","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peroryctinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Groves and Flannery","1990","","<i>In</i> Seebeck et al. (eds.), Bandicoots and Bilbies","","","2","","","","","","","","McKenna and Bell (1997) attributed this name to a publication of Archer et al. (1989), but this is a <i>nomen nudum,</i> referring to a manuscript name of Groves and Flannery. Kirsch et al. (1997) reduced this to a subfamily under Peramelidae. Westerman et al. (1999) considered the family, <i>sensu </i>Groves and Flannery, probably polyphyletic, and that <i>Echymipera </i>and <i>Microperoryctes </i>form a sister clade to genera of the Peramelidae; further material confirms this, and add <i>Peroryctes </i>as a third, probably sister clade to the rest (Westerman et al, 2001). A peroryctid, probably <i>Echymipera </i>sp., occurred on Halmahera until 1870 B. P. (Flannery et al., 1995<i>a</i>).","09","09-00027","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0027"
"10900028","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peroryctinae","","Peroryctes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","","476","","<i>Perameles raffrayana</i> Milne-Edwards, 1878.","","","","","","May not be close to the other genera of this family (Westerman et al., 1999).","09","09-00028","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0027-0000-0028"
"10900029","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peroryctinae","","Peroryctes","","broadbenti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1879","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","3","","402, pl. 27","","","Giant Bandicoot","Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., banks of Goldie River (a tributary of the Laloki River) inland from Port Moresby.","SE New Guinea, probably lowlands.","IUCN – Data Deficient. Rare.","","Included in <i>raffrayana</i> by Laurie and Hill (1954:10), but considered a distinct species by Van Deusen and Jones (1967:74).","09","09-00029","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0027-0000-0028-0000-0029"
"10900030","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peroryctinae","","Peroryctes","","raffrayana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1878","","Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris)","7","11","1","","","Raffray’s Bandicoot","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Amberbaki.","New Guinea, sea level to 4000 m; Yapen Isl.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Secure.","<b><i>rothschildi</i> </b>(Förster, 1913); <i>mainois </i>(Förster, 1913).","Laurie and Hill (1954:10) included <i>broadbenti</i> in this species; but see Van Deusen and Jones (1967:74).","09","09-00030","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0027-0000-0028-0000-0030"
"10900031","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peroryctinae","","Peroryctes","","raffrayana","raffrayana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1878","","Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris)","7","11","1","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Amberbaki.","","","","","09","09-00031","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0027-0000-0028-0000-0030-0031"
"10900032","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Peroryctinae","","Peroryctes","","raffrayana","rothschildi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Förster","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","09","09-00032","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0027-0000-0028-0000-0030-0032"
"10900033","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","McKenna and Bell","1997","","Class. Mamm. Above Species Level","","","57","","","","","","","","","09","09-00033","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033"
"10900034","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Echymipera","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1842","","Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim. Mammifères","","","192","","<i>Perameles kalubu</i> Fischer, 1829.","","","","","<i>Peramelopsis</i> Heude<i>, </i>1896; <i>Suillomeles </i>Allen and Barbour, 1909.","See Groves and Flannery (1990).","09","09-00034","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0034"
"10900035","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Echymipera","","clara","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Stein","1932","","Z. Säugetierk.","7","","256","","","Clara’s Echymipera","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Tjenderawasih Div., Japen (=Yapen) Isl.","NC New Guinea, 300-1700 m; Yapen Isl (Indonesia).","IUCN – Data Deficient. Rare.","","See Flannery (1990<i>a</i>) for an assessment of its affinities.","09","09-00035","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0034-0000-0035"
"10900036","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Echymipera","","davidi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1990","","<i>In</i> Seebeck et al. (eds.), Bandicoots and Bilbies","","","29","","","David’s Echymipera","Papua New Guinea, Trobriand Isls, Kiriwina Isl (08°30'S, 151°00'E).","Kiriwina Isl (Papua New Guinea).","IUCN – Data Deficient. Unknown.","","Not closely related to any other species of <i>Echymipera</i> (Flannery, 1990<i>a</i>).","09","09-00036","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0034-0000-0036"
"10900037","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Echymipera","","echinista","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Menzies","1990","","Science in New Guinea","16","","92","","","Menzies’ Echymipera","Papua New Guinea, Western (Fly River) Province, Wipim, near Iamega (08°51'S, 142°58'E).","Known only from Western (Fly River) Province, Papua New Guinea.","IUCN – Data Deficient. Rare.","","","09","09-00037","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0034-0000-0037"
"10900038","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Echymipera","","kalubu","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fischer","1829","","Synopsis Mammal.","","","274","","","Common Echymipera","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Sorong Div., Waigeo Isl.","New Guinea and adjacent small islands including Bismarck Arch., Yapen, Biak-Supiori, Waigeo, Misool and Salawati Isls.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>alticeps</i> (Cohn, 1910);<i> breviceps </i>(Cohn, 1910);<i> doreyanus </i>(Quoy and Gaimard, 1830);<i> garagassi </i>(Miklouho-Maclay, 1884);<i> hispida </i>(Allen and Barbour, 1909);<i> rufiventris </i>(Heller, 1897);<i> <b>cockerelli</b></i> (Ramsay, 1877); <i>myoides </i>(Günther, 1883);<b><i> oriomo </i></b>Tate and Archbold, 1936;<i> <b>philipi</b></i> Troughton, 1954.","The name <i>kalubu</i> has been attributed to Lesson, 1828, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., 13:200; but see Husson (1955:290). According to Westerman et al. (2001), the molecular relationships of <i>E. k. cockerelli</i> (from New Britain and Duke of York Isl) are with <i>E. rufescens </i>rather than with other <i>E. kalubu</i>, but it is morphologically similar to <i>kalubu</i>.","09","09-00038","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0034-0000-0038"
"10900039","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Echymipera","","kalubu","kalubu","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Fischer","1829","","Synopsis Mammal.","","","274","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Sorong Div., Waigeo Isl.","","","","","09","09-00039","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0034-0000-0038-0039"
"10900040","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Echymipera","","kalubu","cockerelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1877","","","","","","","","","","","","","","09","09-00040","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0034-0000-0038-0040"
"10900041","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Echymipera","","kalubu","oriomo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","09","09-00041","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0034-0000-0038-0041"
"10900042","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Echymipera","","kalubu","philipi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","09","09-00042","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0034-0000-0038-0042"
"10900043","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Echymipera","","rufescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters and Doria","1875","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","7","","541","","","Long-nosed Echymipera","Indonesia, Kai Isls.","Cape York Peninsula (Queensland, Australia); New Guinea and D’Entrecasteaux Isls; Kai and Aru Isls, Yapen Isl, and Misool Isl (Indonesia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Uncommon.","<i>aruensis</i> (Peters and Doria, 1875);<i> gargantua </i>Thomas, 1914; <i>keiensis </i>(Cohn, 1910);<i> welsianus</i> (Heude, 1896);<i> <b>australis</b></i> Tate, 1948.","","09","09-00043","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0034-0000-0043"
"10900044","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Echymipera","","rufescens","rufescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters and Doria","1875","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","7","","541","","","","Indonesia, Kai Isls.","","","","","09","09-00044","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0034-0000-0043-0044"
"10900045","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Echymipera","","rufescens","australis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1948","","","","","","","","","","","","","","09","09-00045","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0034-0000-0043-0045"
"10900046","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Microperoryctes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Stein","1932","","Z. Säugetierk.","7","","256","","<i>Microperoryctes murina</i> Stein, 1932.","","","","","<i>Ornoryctes</i>  Tate and Archbold, 1937.","For synonymy of <i>Ornoryctes</i> with <i>Microperoryctes</i> instead of with <i>Peroryctes</i>, see Groves and Flannery (1990).","09","09-00046","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0046"
"10900047","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Microperoryctes","","longicauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters and Doria","1876","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","8","","335","","","Striped Bandicoot","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Arfak Mtns, Hatam, 1520 m.","Interior New Guinea, 1000-4000 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<b><i>dorsalis</i> </b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1922);<i> <b>ornatus</b> </i>(Thomas, 1904);<i> magnus </i>Laurie, 1952.","Formerly included in <i>Peroryctes</i>, but see Groves and Flannery (1990).","09","09-00047","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0046-0000-0047"
"10900048","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Microperoryctes","","longicauda","longicauda","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters and Doria","1876","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","8","","335","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Arfak Mtns, Hatam, 1520 m.","","","","","09","09-00048","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0046-0000-0047-0048"
"10900049","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Microperoryctes","","longicauda","dorsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","09","09-00049","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0046-0000-0047-0049"
"10900050","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Microperoryctes","","longicauda","ornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","09","09-00050","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0046-0000-0047-0050"
"10900051","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Microperoryctes","","murina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Stein","1932","","Z. Säugetierk.","7","","257","","","Mouse Bandicoot","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Paniai Div., Weyland Mtns, Sumuri Mtn, 2500 m.","W interior New Guinea., Vogelkop and Weyland Range, around 2000 m.","IUCN – Data Deficient. Rare.","","The two isolates of this species are actually distinct species (Helgen and Flannery, work in progress).","09","09-00051","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0046-0000-0051"
"10900052","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Microperoryctes","","papuensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Laurie","1952","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Zool.","1","","291","","","Papuan Bandicoot","Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Prov., Mt. Mura, (30 mi [48 km] NW Mt. Simpson), Boneno, 1220-1525 m.","SE interior New Guinea, 1200-2650 m.","IUCN – Data Deficient. Rare.","","Formerly included in <i>Peroryctes</i>, but see Groves and Flannery (1990).","09","09-00052","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0046-0000-0052"
"10900053","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Rhynchomeles","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","429-430","","<i>Rhynchomeles prattorum</i> Thomas, 1920.","","","","","","","09","09-00053","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0053"
"10900054","PERAMELEMORPHIA","","","","Peramelidae","Echymiperinae","","Rhynchomeles","","prattorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","429-430","","","Seram Bandicoot","Indonesia, Ceram (= Seram) Isl, Mt. Manusela, 1800 m.","Seram Isl (Indonesia), restricted to high elevations.","IUCN – Data Deficient. Rare.","","See Groves and Flannery (1990), Kittchener et al. (1993).","09","09-00054","09-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0033-0000-0053-0000-0054"
"11000001","DIPROTODONTIA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Owen","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","Phalangeriformes","Recognized as an order by Aplin and Archer (1987) who proposed a new syncretic classification of the marsupials. Divided into three suborders by Kirsch et al. (1997); their arrangement is followed here.","10","10-00001","10-0001"
"11000002","DIPROTODONTIA","VOMBATIFORMES","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Burnett","1830","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00002","10-0001-0002"
"11000003","DIPROTODONTIA","VOMBATIFORMES","","","Phascolarctidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Owen","1839","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1839","","19","","","","","","","","Formerly included in the Phalangeridae; see Ride (1970:225).","10","10-00003","10-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"11000004","DIPROTODONTIA","VOMBATIFORMES","","","Phascolarctidae","","","Phascolarctos","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","de Blainville","1816","","Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. (Paris)","","","108","","<i>Lipurus cinereus</i> Goldfuss, 1817 (seen by de Blainville in ms., published 1817).","","","","","<i>Draximenus</i> Lay, 1825;<i> Koala </i>Schinz, 1821; <i>Lipurus </i>Goldfuss, 1817; <i>Liscurus</i> McMurtie, 1834;<i> Morodactylus </i>Goldfuss, 1820.","","10","10-00004","10-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004"
"11000005","DIPROTODONTIA","VOMBATIFORMES","","","Phascolarctidae","","","Phascolarctos","","cinereus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldfuss","1817","","Die Säugethiere","pt. 65","","pl. 155, Aa, Ac","","","Koala","Australia, New South Wales.","Australia: SE Queensland, E New South Wales, SE South Australia, and Victoria. Introduced on Kangaroo Isl, South Australia and at Yanchep, Western Australia.","U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt). Vulnerable.","<i>adustus</i> Thomas, 1923;<i> flindersii </i>Lesson, 1827;<i> fuscus </i>Desmarest, 1820;<i> koala </i>Gray, 1827; <i>subiens </i>(Burnett, 1830); <i>victor</i> Troughton, 1935.","Subspecies are uncertain.","10","10-00005","10-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0005"
"11000006","DIPROTODONTIA","VOMBATIFORMES","","","Vombatidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Burnett","1829","1830","Quart. J. Lit. Sci. Art.","1829","","351","","","","","","","Phascolomyidae Goldfuss, 1820.","Phascolomyidae Goldfuss, 1820, is based on <i>Phascolomis</i>, a junior synonym (Haltenorth, 1958:32). Because Phascolomyidae was replaced with Vombatidae before 1961, and because Vombatidae has won general acceptance, it is to be maintained (Art. 40.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).","10","10-00006","10-0001-0002-0000-0000-0006"
"11000007","DIPROTODONTIA","VOMBATIFORMES","","","Vombatidae","","","Lasiorhinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1863","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","11","","458","","<i>Lasiorhinus mcoyi</i> Gray, 1863 (= <i>Phascolomys latifrons</i> Owen, 1845).","","","","","<i>Wombatula</i>  Iredale and Troughton, 1934.","This genus needs revision; <i>krefftii </i>may be better restricted to a Pleistocene species, and neither <i>barnardi </i>nor <i>gillespiei </i>may belong to it.","10","10-00007","10-0001-0002-0000-0000-0006-0000-0000-0007"
"11000008","DIPROTODONTIA","VOMBATIFORMES","","","Vombatidae","","","Lasiorhinus","","krefftii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Owen","1873","","Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London","162","","178, pl. 17, 20","","","Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat","Australia, New South Wales, Wellington Caves, Breccia Cavern.","Australia: SE and E Queensland, Deniliquin (New South Wales).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<b><i>gillespiei</i> </b><b> </b>(DeVis, 1900); <b><i>barnardi</i></b><i> </i>Longman, 1939.","Includes <i>gillespiei</i> and <i>barnardi</i> according to Kirsch and Calaby (1977:23), who stated that only a single remnant population of <i>krefftii</i> remained at the type locality of <i>barnardi</i>. However, populations historically known as <i>barnardi</i> may not be referable to <i>krefftii</i>.","10","10-00008","10-0001-0002-0000-0000-0006-0000-0000-0007-0000-0008"
"11000009","DIPROTODONTIA","VOMBATIFORMES","","","Vombatidae","","","Lasiorhinus","","krefftii","krefftii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Owen","1873","","Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London","162","","178, pl. 17, 20","","","","Australia, New South Wales, Wellington Caves, Breccia Cavern.","","","","","10","10-00009","10-0001-0002-0000-0000-0006-0000-0000-0007-0000-0008-0009"
"11000010","DIPROTODONTIA","VOMBATIFORMES","","","Vombatidae","","","Lasiorhinus","","krefftii","gillespiei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","DeVis","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00010","10-0001-0002-0000-0000-0006-0000-0000-0007-0000-0008-0010"
"11000011","DIPROTODONTIA","VOMBATIFORMES","","","Vombatidae","","","Lasiorhinus","","krefftii","barnardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Longman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00011","10-0001-0002-0000-0000-0006-0000-0000-0007-0000-0008-0011"
"11000012","DIPROTODONTIA","VOMBATIFORMES","","","Vombatidae","","","Lasiorhinus","","latifrons","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Owen","1845","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1845","","82","","","Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat","Australia, South Australia.","S South Australia, SE Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Locally common.","<i>lasiorhinus</i> (Gould, 1863);<i> mcoyi</i> Gray, 1863.","","10","10-00012","10-0001-0002-0000-0000-0006-0000-0000-0007-0000-0012"
"11000013","DIPROTODONTIA","VOMBATIFORMES","","","Vombatidae","","","Vombatus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","É. Geoffroy","1803","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","72","","185","","<i>Didelphis ursina</i> Shaw, 1800.","","","","","<i>Amblotis</i> Illiger, 1811; <i>Opossum </i>Perry, 1810;<i> Phascolomis</i> É. Geoffroy, 1803;<i> Phascolomus </i>Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Phascolomys </i>Duméril, 1806; <i>Wombatus </i>Desmarest, 1804.","","10","10-00013","10-0001-0002-0000-0000-0006-0000-0000-0013"
"11000014","DIPROTODONTIA","VOMBATIFORMES","","","Vombatidae","","","Vombatus","","ursinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1800","","Gen. Zool. Syst. Nat. Hist.","1","2, Mammalia","504","","","Common Wombat","Australia, Tasmania, Bass Strait, Cape Barren Isl.","E New South Wales, S Victoria, SE South Australia, Tasmania, islands in the Bass Strait, and extreme SE Queensland (Australia).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>V. u. ursinus</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>V. usrinus. </i>Common.","<i>angasii</i> (Gray, 1863);<i> assimilis </i>(Krefft, 1872); <i>bassii </i>(Lesson, 1827);<i> fossor </i>(Desmarest, 1804);<i> fuscus </i>(Tiedemann, 1808); <i>hirsutum </i>(Perry, 1810);<i> mitchelli </i>(Owen, 1838); <i>niger </i>(Gould, 1863);<i> platyrhinus </i>(Owen, 1853); <i>setosus </i>(Gray, 1863); <i>tasmaniensis </i>(Spencer and Kershaw, 1910);<i> vombatus </i>(Leach, 1815);<i> wombat </i>(Voigt, 1802).","Subspecies uncertain; marked differences in size exist between insular and mainland wombats, but there are wide overlaps.","10","10-00014","10-0001-0002-0000-0000-0006-0000-0000-0013-0000-0014"
"11000015","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Szalay, <i>in</i> Archer (ed.)","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00015","10-0001-0015"
"11000016","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","","","","","","","","SUPERFAMILY","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Cat. Marsup. Monotr. Brit. Mus.","","","126","","","","","","","","","10","10-00016","10-0001-0015-0000-0016"
"11000017","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Burramyidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Broom","1898","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","10","","564","","","","","","","","","10","10-00017","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0017"
"11000018","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Burramyidae","","","Burramys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Broom","1896","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","10","","564","","<i>Burramys parvus</i> Broom, 1896.","","","","","","","10","10-00018","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0017-0000-0000-0018"
"11000019","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Burramyidae","","","Burramys","","parvus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Broom","1896","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","10","","564 [fig. in pl. 25, p. 273]","","","Mountain Pygmy Possum","Australia, New South Wales, Taralga (fossil).","Mountains of NE Victoria and S New South Wales (Australia).","U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","","","10","10-00019","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0017-0000-0000-0018-0000-0019"
"11000020","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Burramyidae","","","Cercartetus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gloger","1841","","Gemein Hand.-Hilfsbuch. Nat.","1","","85","","<i>Phalangista nana</i> Desmarest, 1818.","","","","","<i>Dromicia</i> Gray<i>,</i>1841;<i> Dromiciella </i>Matschie, 1916;<i> Dromiciola </i>Matschie, 1916;<i> Eudromicia </i>Mjöberg, 1916.","Includes <i>Eudromicia</i> (see Kirsch and Calaby, 1977:16).","10","10-00020","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0017-0000-0000-0020"
"11000021","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Burramyidae","","","Cercartetus","","caudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1877","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","85","","1079","","","Long-tailed Pygmy Possum","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Arfak Mtns.","Interior New Guinea, above 1500 m; Fergusson Isl (Papua New Guinea); NE Queensland (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>C. c. macrurus</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>C. c. caudatus. </i>Common.","<b><i>macrura</i> </b> (Mjöberg, 1916).","Includes <i>macrura</i> (see Ride, 1970:224). Formerly included in <i>Eudromicia</i>; see comment under genus.","10","10-00021","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0017-0000-0000-0020-0000-0021"
"11000022","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Burramyidae","","","Cercartetus","","caudatus","caudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1877","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","85","","1079","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Arfak Mtns.","","","","","10","10-00022","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0017-0000-0000-0020-0000-0021-0022"
"11000023","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Burramyidae","","","Cercartetus","","caudatus","macrura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mjöberg","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00023","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0017-0000-0000-0020-0000-0021-0023"
"11000024","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Burramyidae","","","Cercartetus","","concinnus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1845","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1845","","2","","","Southwestern Pygmy Possum","Australia, Western Australia, Swan River.","SW Western Australia, S and SE South Australia including Kangaroo Isl, W Victoria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>neillii</i> (Waterhouse, 1846);<b><i> minor</i></b> Wakefield, 1963.","","10","10-00024","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0017-0000-0000-0020-0000-0024"
"11000025","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Burramyidae","","","Cercartetus","","concinnus","concinnus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1845","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1845","","2","","","","Australia, Western Australia, Swan River.","","","","","10","10-00025","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0017-0000-0000-0020-0000-0024-0025"
"11000026","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Burramyidae","","","Cercartetus","","concinnus","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wakefield","1963","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00026","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0017-0000-0000-0020-0000-0024-0026"
"11000027","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Burramyidae","","","Cercartetus","","lepidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Cat. Marsup. Monotr. Brit. Mus.","","","142","","","Tasmanian Pygmy Possum","Australia, Tasmania.","Australia: Tasmania, NW Victoria/South Australia border, and Kangaroo Isl (South Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","","Formerly included in <i>Eudromicia</i>; see comment under genus.","10","10-00027","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0017-0000-0000-0020-0000-0027"
"11000028","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Burramyidae","","","Cercartetus","","nanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1818","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","25","","477","","","Eastern Pygmy Possum","Australia, Tasmania, Ile Maria.","Australia: SE South Australia, E New South Wales to SE Queensland, Victoria, and Tasmania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>gliriformis</i> (Bell, 1828); <b><i>unicolor </i></b>(Krefft, 1863);<i> britta </i>(Wood Jones, 1925).","","10","10-00028","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0017-0000-0000-0020-0000-0028"
"11000029","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Burramyidae","","","Cercartetus","","nanus","nanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1818","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","25","","477","","","","Australia, Tasmania, Ile Maria.","","","","","10","10-00029","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0017-0000-0000-0020-0000-0028-0029"
"11000030","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Burramyidae","","","Cercartetus","","nanus","unicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Krefft","1863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00030","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0017-0000-0000-0020-0000-0028-0030"
"11000031","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Cat. Marsup. Monotr. Brit. Mus.","","","126","","","","","","","","Distinct from Phascolarctidae (see Ride, 1970:22) and does not include Pseudocheiridae, Petauridae, Burramyidae, or Acrobatidae (see Aplin and Archer, 1987). A provisional classification was given by Flannery et al. (1987), and this was modified by Norris (1994).","10","10-00031","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031"
"11000032","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Ailuropinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Flannery, Archer and Maynes","1987","","In M. Archer (ed.), Possums and Opossums: Studies in Evolution","2","","482","","","","","","","","","10","10-00032","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0032"
"11000033","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Ailuropinae","","Ailurops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wagler","1830","","Naturliches Syst. Amphibien","","","26","","<i>Phalangista ursina</i> Temminck, 1824.","","","","","<i>Ceonix</i> Temminck, 1827;<i> Eucuscus </i>Gray, 1862.","McKenna and Bell (1997) did not separate this genus from <i>Phalanger</i>, but<i> </i>Flannery et al. (1987) had placed it in its own subfamily, Ailuropinae, citing evidence that it is the sister-group of the rest of the Phalangeridae.","10","10-00033","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0032-0000-0033"
"11000034","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Ailuropinae","","Ailurops","","melanotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Novit. Zool.","5","","2","","","Talaud Bear Cuscus","Indonesia, Talaud Isls, Salebabu Isl, Lirung.","Only found on Salebabu Isl in the Talaud Isls (Indonesia).","Unknown.","","Formerly included in <i>A. ursinus</i>; but measurements of the type (and only known preserved) specimen given by Feiler (1977) fall strongly outside those from Sulawesi and offshore islands, and the distinctive colouration and patterning of the type is seen in a second (living) specimen, whose photograph I examined, courtesy of R. Wirth.","10","10-00034","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0032-0000-0033-0000-0034"
"11000035","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Ailuropinae","","Ailurops","","ursinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1824","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","10","","","Sulawesi Bear Cuscus","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Minahasa, Manado.","Sulawesi, Peleng Isl, Muna and Butung Isls, Togian Isls.","IUCN – Date Deficient. Common.","<b><i>flavissimus</i> </b>(Feiler, 1977);<b><i> furvus </i></b>(Miller and Hollister, 1922); <i>intermedius</i> (Hooijer, 1952);<b><i> togianus</i></b> (Tate, 1945).","Formerly included in <i>Phalanger</i>. May be a species complex.","10","10-00035","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0032-0000-0033-0000-0035"
"11000036","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Ailuropinae","","Ailurops","","ursinus","ursinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1824","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","10","","","","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Minahasa, Manado.","","","","","10","10-00036","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0032-0000-0033-0000-0035-0036"
"11000037","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Ailuropinae","","Ailurops","","ursinus","flavissimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Feiler","1977","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00037","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0032-0000-0033-0000-0035-0037"
"11000038","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Ailuropinae","","Ailurops","","ursinus","furvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Hollister","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00038","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0032-0000-0033-0000-0035-0038"
"11000039","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Ailuropinae","","Ailurops","","ursinus","togianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00039","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0032-0000-0033-0000-0035-0039"
"11000040","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Cat. Marsup. Monotr. Brit. Mus.","","","126","","","","","","","","Norris (1994), studying the anatomy of the periotic, and Kirsch et al. (1997), on molecular grounds, divided this subfamily into two tribes, Phalangerini and Trichosurini.","10","10-00040","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040"
"11000041","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Cat. Marsup. Monotr. Brit. Mus.","","","126","","","","","","","","","10","10-00041","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041"
"11000042","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Storr","1780","","Prodr. Meth. Mammal.","","","38","","<i>Didelphis orientalis</i> Pallas, 1766.","","","","","<i>Balantia</i> Illiger, 1811;<i> Coescoes </i>Lacépède, 1799;<i> Cuscus </i>Lesson, 1826;<i> Phalangista </i>E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire and G. Cuvier, 1795; <i>Sipalus </i>G. Fischer, 1813.","Does not include <i>Spilocuscus</i> (see Ride, 1970:248). Revised by Tate (1945), Feiler (1978<i>a</i>i>c</i>), and G. G. George (1979).","10","10-00042","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042"
"11000043","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","alexandrae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery and Boeadi","1995","","Aust. Mammal.","18","","42","","","Gebe Cuscus","Indonesia, North Moluccas, Gebe Isl, near the airport (0°05’S, 129°25’E).","Pulau (Isl) Gebe.","IUCN – Data Deficient. Very restricted distribution.","","Related to <i>P. ornatus </i>and <i>P. rothschildi</i>.","10","10-00043","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0043"
"11000044","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","carmelitae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","19","","5","","","Mountain Cuscus","Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., upper Vanapa River.","Interior New Guinea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<b><i>coccygis</i> </b> Thomas, 1922.","Formerly included in <i>vestitus</i> (see G. G. George, 1979:94).","10","10-00044","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0044"
"11000045","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","carmelitae","carmelitae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","19","","5","","","","Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., upper Vanapa River.","","","","","10","10-00045","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0044-0045"
"11000046","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","carmelitae","coccygis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00046","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0044-0046"
"11000047","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","gymnotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters and Doria","1875","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","7","","543","","","Ground Cuscus","Indonesia, Aru Isls, Gialnhegen Isl (restricted by Van der Feen, 1962:40).","New Guinea; Aru Isls and other small Indonesian islands.","IUCN – Data Deficient. Common.","<b><i>leucippus</i> </b> Thomas, 1898.","Distribution poorly known. Included in <i>Strigocuscus</i> by Flannery et al. (1987), but Norris (1994) and Kirsch et al. (1997) found that it is part of the <i>Phalanger </i>clade.","10","10-00047","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0047"
"11000048","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","gymnotis","gymnotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters and Doria","1875","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","7","","543","","","","Indonesia, Aru Isls, Gialnhegen Isl (restricted by Van der Feen, 1962:40).","","","","","10","10-00048","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0047-0048"
"11000049","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","gymnotis","leucippus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00049","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0047-0049"
"11000050","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","intercastellanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Novit. Zool.","2","","165","","","Eastern Common Cuscus","Papua New Guinea, D’Entrecasteaux group, Fergusson Isl.","SE Papua New Guinea, east of Markham valley; Sariba, Itoh, Goodenough, Fergusson, Normanby, Kiriwina, Misima, Sudest and Rossel Isl.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as Queensland subpopulation, otherwise Lower Risk (lc). CITES – Appendix II as <i>P. orientalis</i>.","<i>brevinasus</i>  Thomas, 1895;<i> kiriwinae </i>Thomas, 1896;<i> matsika </i>Tate and Archbold<i>, </i>1935;<i> meeki</i> Thomas, 1898<i>.</i>","Flannery et al. (1987) suggested that what were hitherto regarded as the southern races of <i>P. orientalis </i>may prove to be specifically, even generically distinct, as <i>Strigocuscus mimicus</i>, and Flannery (1994<i>a</i>) definitively separated them but used the earlier name <i>intercastellanus</i>. Norris and Musser (2001) returned this species to <i>Phalanger</i>, and separated <i>P. mimicus</i> from it (see below). The species needs revision; at present no subspecies are recognized.","10","10-00050","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0050"
"11000051","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","lullulae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Novit. Zool.","3","","528","","","Woodlark Cuscus","Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Prov., Woodlark Isl.","Woodlark Isl (Papua New Guinea).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Rare.","","Formerly included in <i>orientalis</i> (see G. G. George, 1979:97). Reviewed by Norris (1999).","10","10-00051","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0051"
"11000052","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","matabiru","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery and Boeadi","1995","","Aust. Mammal.","18","","40","","","Blue-eyed Cuscus","Indonesia, North Moluccas, Ternate, Tege Tege (0°50’N, 127°20’E), 400 m.","Ternate and Tidore Isls (Indonesia).","Restricted distribution.","","Described as a subspecies of <i>P. ornatus</i> by Flannery and Boeadi (1995), but differs absolutely (diagnostically), and so raised to specific rank here.","10","10-00052","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0052"
"11000053","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","matanim","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1987","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","39","","183","","","Telefomin Cuscus","Papua New Guinea, West Sepik Prov., Telefomin area, Upper Sol River, 5°06'S, 141°42'E, 2600 m.","Telefomin area, W Papua New Guinea.","IUCN – Endangered. Rare.","","","10","10-00053","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0053"
"11000054","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","mimicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","679","","","Southern Common Cuscus","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Mimika River, Parimau, 4°31’S, 136°36’E, 250 ft (76 m).","S New Guinea, from Mimika River (Prov. of Papua) east to Mt. Bosavi and Oriomo River; perhaps Aru Isls; Cape York Peninsula (Australia).","CITES – Appendix II as <i>P. orientalis</i>.","<i>microdon</i>  Tate and Archbold, 1935;<i> <b>peninsulae</b></i> Tate, 1945.","Separated from <i>P. intercastellanus </i>by Norris and Musser (2001). It is unclear whether this is the species on the Aru Isls.","10","10-00054","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0054"
"11000055","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","mimicus","mimicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","679","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Mimika River, Parimau, 4°31’S, 136°36’E, 250 ft (76 m).","","","","","10","10-00055","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0054-0055"
"11000056","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","mimicus","peninsulae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00056","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0054-0056"
"11000057","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","orientalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","61","","","Northern Common Cuscus","Indonesia, Amboina (= Ambon) Isl, Maluku.","Timor, Sanana (Sulu Isls), Buru, Halmahera and Seram Isls (Indonesia) to northern New Guinea, Karkar Isl, Schouten group, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls; Sanana (Sula Isls), Buru, and Halmahera.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); CITES – Appendix II.","<i>alba</i> (E. Geoffroy, 1803);<i> amboinensis </i>(Lacépède, 1799);<i> cavifrons</i> Temminck, 1824;<i> fusca </i>(Oken, 1816) [unavailable]; <i>indica</i> (Müller, 1776);<i> kori </i>Menzies and Pernetta, 1986;<i> minor</i> (Oken, 1816) [unavailable];<i> molucca</i> (Gmelin, 1789);<i> moluccensis </i>(Oken, 1816) [unavailable];<i> rufa </i>(E. Geoffroy, 1803);<i> timoriensis </i>Menzies and Pernetta, 1986;<i> vulpecula </i>(Förster, 1913);<b><i> breviceps </i></b>Thomas, 1888; <i>albidus</i> Feiler, 1978;<i> ducatoris</i> Thomas, 1922.","Formerly included <i>intercastellanus</i>,<b> </b><i>interpositus</i> (= <i>vestitus</i>)<i> </i>and <i>lullulae</i> (see G. G. George, 1979). Flannery et al. (1987) first suggested that the southern races may prove to be specifically distinct; Flannery (1990) did not adopt this course, but Flannery (1994<i>a</i>) separated them. Two undescribed species, related to <i>P. orientalis</i>, occur on Mt. Karimui. The species needs revision; Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) provisionally recognized only Solomons/Bismarcks <i>breviceps </i>as a subspecies.","10","10-00057","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0057"
"11000058","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","orientalis","orientalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","61","","","","Indonesia, Amboina (= Ambon) Isl, Maluku.","","","","","10","10-00058","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0057-0058"
"11000059","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","orientalis","breviceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00059","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0057-0059"
"11000060","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","ornatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1860","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1860","","374","","","Ornate Cuscus","Indonesia: Bachian (= Bacan or Batjan) Isl.","Halmahera, Bacan, possibly Morotai Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Apparently common.","","For status see Groves (1987). Provisionally allotted to <i>Strigocuscus</i> by Flannery et al. (1987) although they did not examine specimens.","10","10-00060","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0060"
"11000061","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","rothschildi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Novit. Zool.","5","","433","","","Rothschild’s Cuscus","Moluccas, Pulau Obi, Loiwuj.","Pulau (Isl) Obi, and Bisa.","IUCN – Vulnerable. Common.","","Commonly included in <i>Strigocuscus celebensis</i>, but see Groves (1987).","10","10-00061","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0061"
"11000062","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","sericeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","74","","","Silky Cuscus","Papua New Guinea, Angabunga Range, Owgarra, 6,000 ft (= 1829 m).","C and E New Guinea, higher elevations, above 1500 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<b><i>occidentalis</i> </b> Menzies and Pernetta, 1986.","Called <i>P. vestitus</i> by most authors, but see Menzies and Pernetta (1986:594).","10","10-00062","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0062"
"11000063","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","sericeus","sericeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","74","","","","Papua New Guinea, Angabunga Range, Owgarra, 6,000 ft (= 1829 m).","","","","","10","10-00063","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0062-0063"
"11000064","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","sericeus","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Menzies and Pernetta","1986","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00064","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0062-0064"
"11000065","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Phalanger","","vestitus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1877","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","85","","1080","","","Stein’s Cuscus","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Sorong Div., Tamrau Range, Karons Mtns.","Interior New Guinea, 1200-1500 m. (in western range, up to 2200 m.).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>interpositus</i>  Stein, 1933;<i> permixtio</i> Menzies and Pernetta, 1986.","Formerly known as <i>P. interpositus</i> (see Flannery, 1990).","10","10-00065","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0042-0000-0065"
"11000066","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Spilocuscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1861","1862","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1861","","316","","<i>Phalangista maculata</i> Desmarest, 1818.","","","","","","Separated from <i>Phalanger</i> by G. G. George (1979), and recognized by subsequent workers, though the separation was not mentioned by McKenna and Bell (1997).","10","10-00066","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0066"
"11000067","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Spilocuscus","","kraemeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1910","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","406","","","Admiralty Island Cuscus","Papua New Guinea, Admiralty Isls, Manus Isl.","Manus and Lou Isls.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>minor</i>  Cohn, 1914.","Separated as a species by Flannery (1994<i>a</i>), who noted that it is very distinctive, but that it does not occur in archaeological deposits, so may possibly be derived from introductions.","10","10-00067","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0066-0000-0067"
"11000068","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Spilocuscus","","maculatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris.","","","149","","","Common Spotted Cuscus","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Manokwari.","New Guinea and adjacent small islands; Aru and Kei Isls, Seram, Ambon and Selayar Isls (Indonesia); Cape York Peninsula (Queensland, Australia). On New Guinea, found mainly above 1200 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); CITES – Appendix II; but ""common"" in New Guinea (Flannery, 1990).","<i>variegata</i> (Oken, 1816) [unavailable]; <b><i>chrysorrhous </i></b>(Temminck, 1824);<b><i> goldiei </i></b>(Ramsay, 1876);<b><i> nudicaudatus</i></b> (Gould, 1850);<i> brevicaudatus </i>(Gray, 1858);<i> ochropus</i> (Gray, 1866).","Feiler (1978<i>a</i>) included <i>atrimaculatus</i> in this species, but G. G. George (1979:98) placed it in <i>rufoniger</i>. Usually includes <i>papuensis </i>and <i>kraemeri</i>, but these were separated by Flannery (1994<i>a</i>).","10","10-00068","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0066-0000-0068"
"11000069","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Spilocuscus","","maculatus","maculatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris.","","","149","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Manokwari.","","","","","10","10-00069","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0066-0000-0068-0069"
"11000070","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Spilocuscus","","maculatus","chrysorrhous","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1824","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00070","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0066-0000-0068-0070"
"11000071","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Spilocuscus","","maculatus","goldiei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1876","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00071","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0066-0000-0068-0071"
"11000072","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Spilocuscus","","maculatus","nudicaudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1850","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00072","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0066-0000-0068-0072"
"11000073","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Spilocuscus","","papuensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Encycl. Méth. Mamm. Suppl.","","","541","","","Waigeou Cuscus","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Waigeou Isl.","Waigeou.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>quoy</i> (Gaimard, 1824);<i> macrourus</i> (Lesson and Garnot, 1826).","Separated as a species by Flannery (1994<i>a</i>).","10","10-00073","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0066-0000-0073"
"11000074","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Phalangerini","Spilocuscus","","rufoniger","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimara","1937","","Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien","74","","35","","","Black-spotted Cuscus","Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Sattelberg.","N New Guinea, above 1200 m.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>atrimaculatus</i>  (Tate, 1945).","Includes <i>atrimaculatus</i> (see G. G. George, 1979:98), but also see Feiler (1978<i>a</i>), who placed it in <i>maculatus</i>.","10","10-00074","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0041-0066-0000-0074"
"11000075","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Flynn","1911","","Papers and Proceedings Roy. Soc. Tasmania","1911","","120","","","","","","","","","10","10-00075","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075"
"11000076","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Strigocuscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1861","1862","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1861","","319","","<i>Cuscus celebensis</i> Gray, 1858.","","","","","","Not distinguished from <i>Phalanger </i>by McKenna and Bell (1997), but when Flannery et al. (1987) resurrected this genus for <i>S. celebensis</i>, and provisionally for <i>S. gymnotis</i>, they gave evidence that it is sister-group to <i>Trichosurus</i>. Norris (1994) retained <i>gymnotis </i>in <i>Phalanger</i> and thus showed that it belongs in Phalangerini.","10","10-00076","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0076"
"11000077","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Strigocuscus","","celebensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1858","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1858","","105","","","Sulawesi Dwarf Cuscus","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Ujung Pandang (= Macassar).","Sulawesi, Peleng Isl, Sanghir Isls. Records from Taliabu and Obi Isl (Indonesia) may be erroneous (T. F. Flannery, pers. comm.).","IUCN – Data Deficient. Common.","<i>callenfelsi</i> (Hooijer, 1950); <b><i>feileri </i></b>(Groves, 1987);<b><i> sangirensis</i></b> Meyer, 1896.","","10","10-00077","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0076-0000-0077"
"11000078","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Strigocuscus","","celebensis","celebensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1858","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1858","","105","","","","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Ujung Pandang (= Macassar).","","","","","10","10-00078","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0076-0000-0077-0078"
"11000079","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Strigocuscus","","celebensis","feileri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00079","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0076-0000-0077-0079"
"11000080","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Strigocuscus","","celebensis","sangirensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Meyer","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00080","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0076-0000-0077-0080"
"11000081","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Strigocuscus","","pelengensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1945","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1283","","3","","","Banggai Cuscus","Indonesia: Peleng Isl.","Peleng and Sula Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Unknown.","<b><i>mendeni</i> </b> (Feiler, 1978).","For status see Groves (1987). Flannery et al. (1987) doubted that <i>pelengensis</i> really belongs to <i>Phalanger</i>, and Flannery (1994<i>a</i>) placed it in <i>Strigocuscus</i>.","10","10-00081","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0076-0000-0081"
"11000082","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Strigocuscus","","pelengensis","pelengensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1945","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1283","","3","","","","Indonesia: Peleng Isl.","","","","","10","10-00082","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0076-0000-0081-0082"
"11000083","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Strigocuscus","","pelengensis","mendeni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Feiler","1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00083","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0076-0000-0081-0083"
"11000084","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Trichosurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1828","","<i>In</i> Bory de Saint-Vincent (ed.), Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. Paris","13","","333","","<i>Didelphis vulpecula</i> Kerr, 1792.","","","","","<i>Cercaertus</i> Burmeister, 1837;<i> Psilogrammurus </i>Gloger, 1841;<i> Tapoa </i>Owen, 1839;<i> Trichurus</i> Wagner, 1843.","","10","10-00084","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0084"
"11000085","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Trichosurus","","arnhemensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Collett","1897","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1897","","328","","","Northern Brushtail","Australia, Northern Territory, Daly River.","N Northern Territory, NE Western Australia, Barrow Isl (Australia).","Common.","","","10","10-00085","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0084-0000-0085"
"11000086","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Trichosurus","","caninus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1835","1836","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1835","","191","","","Short-eared Possum","Australia, New South Wales, Hunter River.","Australia: C Queensland (near Gladstone) south to C New South Wales, and possibly to the Victorian border (Lindenmayer et al., 2002).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>nigrans</i>  Le Souef, 1916.","What were previously thought to be populations of this species in Victoria have been shown to be a separate species, <i>T. cunninghami</i> (Lindemayer et al., 2002). The species and <i>T. cunninghami </i>are together sometimes known as Bobuck; Lindemayer et al. (2002) suggested new vernacular names to distinguish them.","10","10-00086","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0084-0000-0086"
"11000087","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Trichosurus","","cunninghami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lindemayer, Dubach and Viggers","2002","","Aust. J. Zool.","50","","17","","","Mountain Brushtail Possum","Australia, C Victoria, Cambarville region.","Australia: C to NE Victoria, and possibly into S New South Wales (Lindenmayer et al., 2002).","Common.","","Formerly thought to be the southern populations of <i>T. caninus</i>, but distinguished as a new species by Lindenmayer et al. (2002).","10","10-00087","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0084-0000-0087"
"11000088","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Trichosurus","","johnstonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1888","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., ser. 2","8","","1297","","","Coppery Brushtail","Australia, Queensland, Atherton Tableland.","Australia: rainforests of NE Queensland.","Common.","","Separated as a species by Flannery (1994<i>a</i>).","10","10-00088","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0084-0000-0088"
"11000089","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Trichosurus","","vulpecula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","198","","","Common Brushtail","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","Australia: E Queensland, E New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, SE and N South Australia, SW Western Australia; introduced to New Zealand (Wodzicki, 1950).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>T. v. hypoleuca</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc). Common, in many cities, lives commensally.","<i>bougainvillei</i> (J. B. Fischer, 1829);<i> cookii </i>(G. Cuvier, 1824);<i> cuvieri </i>(Waterhouse, 1841); <i>eburacensis </i>Lönnberg, 1916 [status <i>fide </i>Flannery, 1994<i>a</i>]; <i>felina </i>(Wagner, 1842);<i> fuliginosa </i>(Ogilby, 1831);<i> grisea </i>(Gray, 1841);<i> hypoleucus</i> (Wagner, 1855);<i> lemurina </i>(Shaw, 1800); <i>melanura</i> (Wagner, 1842);<i> mesurus </i>Thomas, 1926;<i> novaehollandiae </i>(Bechstein, 1800);<i> raui</i> Finlayson, 1963;<i> ruficollis </i>Schwarz, 1909;<i> selma </i>(Gervais, 1847); <i>tapouaru </i>(F. Meyer, 1793);<i> vulpina </i>(F. Meyer, 1793);<i> xanthopus </i>(Ogilby, 1831).","","10","10-00089","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0084-0000-0089"
"11000090","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Wyulda","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Alexander","1918","","J. R. Soc. West. Aust.","(1917-1918), 4","","31","","<i>Wyulda squamicaudata</i> Alexander, 1918.","","","","","","Provisionally combined with <i>Trichosurus</i> by Flannery et al. (1987). Norris (1994) confirmed, on examination of the type of <i>W. squamicaudata</i>, that the two genera are closely related.","10","10-00090","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0090"
"11000091","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Phalangeroidea","Phalangeridae","Phalangerinae","Trichosurini","Wyulda","","squamicaudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Alexander","1918","","J. R. Soc. West. Aust.","(1917-1918), 4","","31","","","Scaly-tailed Possum","Australia, Western Australia, Wyndham.","NE Western Australia, Kimberleys.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Provisionally placed in <i>Trichosurus</i> by Flannery et al. (1987).","10","10-00091","10-0001-0015-0000-0016-0031-0040-0075-0090-0000-0091"
"11000092","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","","","","","","","","SUPERFAMILY","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1838","","Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat.","2","1","112","","","","","","","","","10","10-00092","10-0001-0015-0000-0092"
"11000093","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Winge","1893","","Med. Udsigt over Pungdyrenes Slaegtskab. E. Mus. Lundii","11","2","89","","","","","","","","Separated from Petauridae by Archer (1984); not recognized as a family by McKenna and Bell (1997), though retained by molecular workers (Kirsch et al., 1997), but Osborne and Christidis (2001) again questioned the separation. McKenna and Bell (1997) retained an old scheme whereby <i>Hemibelideus</i>, <i>Pseudochirops</i>, <i>Pseudochirulus </i>and <i>Petropseudes </i>are included in <i>Pseudocheirus</i>, and recognized only one other genus (<i>Schoinobates</i> [sic], which correctly should be <i>Petauroides</i>); but Kirsch et al. (1997) showed that this does not reflect the true pattern of relationships, and is greatly over-lumped.","10","10-00093","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093"
"11000094","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Hemibelideinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Kirsch, Lapointe and Springer","1997","","Aust. J. Zool.","45","","245","","","","","","","","","10","10-00094","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0094"
"11000095","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Hemibelideinae","","Hemibelideus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Collett","1884","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1884","","385","","<i>Phalangista</i> (<i>Hemibelideus</i>) <i>lemuroides</i> Collett, 1884.","","","","","","Formerly included in <i>Pseudocheirus</i>, and retained in that genus by McKenna and Bell (1997), but it was shown by Kirsch et al. (1997) that the two are very distinct, and <i>Hemibelideus </i>is sister-group to <i>Petauroides</i>.","10","10-00095","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0094-0000-0095"
"11000096","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Hemibelideinae","","Hemibelideus","","lemuroides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Collett","1884","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1884","","385","","","Lemur-like Ringtail","Australia, North Queensland.","NE Queensland (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt). Localized but not endangered where it occurs.","<i>cervinus</i>  (Longman, 1915).","","10","10-00096","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0094-0000-0095-0000-0096"
"11000097","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Hemibelideinae","","Petauroides","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Cat. Marsup. Monotr. Brit. Mus.","","","163","","<i>Didelphis volans</i> Kerr, 1792.","","","","","<i>Petaurista</i> Desmarest, 1820;<i> Schoinobates </i>Iredale and Troughton, 1934; <i>Volucella</i> Bechstein, 1800.","Formerly known as <i>Schoinobates</i> Lesson, 1842. This name was used by Lesson only for <i>Petaurista</i> <i>leucogenys</i> Temminck, 1823, a giant flying squirrel (McKay, 1982); its use for this genus dates only from Iredale and Troughton (1934), though McKenna and Bell (1997) continue to use <i>Schoinobates </i>for it without citing McKay’s (1982) paper. The names <i>Volucella</i> and <i>Petaurista</i> were both preoccupied.","10","10-00097","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0094-0000-0097"
"11000098","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Hemibelideinae","","Petauroides","","volans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","199","","","Greater Glider","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","E Australia, from Dandenong Ranges (Victoria) to Rockhampton (Queensland).","Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>didelphoides</i> (G. Cuvier, 1825);<i> incanus </i>Thomas, 1923;<i> macroura </i>(Shaw, 1794);<i> maximus<b> </b></i>(Partington, 1837);<i> peronii </i>(Desmarest, 1818);<i> taguanoides </i>(Desmarest, 1818);<i> voluccella </i>(F. Meyer, 1793);<b><i> minor</i></b> (Collett, 1887); <i>cinereus </i>Ramsay, 1890;<i> armillatus </i>Thomas, 1923.","","10","10-00098","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0094-0000-0097-0000-0098"
"11000099","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Hemibelideinae","","Petauroides","","volans","volans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","199","","","","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","","","","","10","10-00099","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0094-0000-0097-0000-0098-0099"
"11000100","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Hemibelideinae","","Petauroides","","volans","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Collett","1887","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00100","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0094-0000-0097-0000-0098-0100"
"11000101","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Winge","1893","","Med. Udsigt over Pungdyrenes Slaegtskab. E. Mus. Lundii","11","2","89","","","","","","","","","10","10-00101","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101"
"11000102","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Petropseudes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","11","","250","","<i>Pseudochirus dahli</i> Collett, 1895.","","","","","","Separated from <i>Pseudocheirus</i> by McKay (1988:94).","10","10-00102","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0102"
"11000103","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Petropseudes","","dahli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Collett","1895","","Zool. Anz.","18","490","464","","","Rock-haunting ringtail","Australia, Northern Territory, Mary River.","N Northern Territory, NW Western Australia.","Lower Risk (lc). Localized.","","","10","10-00103","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0102-0000-0103"
"11000104","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudocheirus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ogilby","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. (Charlesworth)","1","","457","","<i>Phalangista cookii</i> Desmarest, 1818 (= <i>Didelphis peregrinus</i> Boddaert, 1785), see Thomas (1888).","","","","","<i>Hepoona</i> Gray, 1841;<i> Pseudochirus </i>Ogilby, 1836;<i> Ptenos</i> Gray, 1843.","<i>Pseudochirus</i> Ogilby, 1836. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836:26 is a <i>nomen nudum</i>, see Palmer (1904). Does not include<i> Pseudochirulus</i> Matschie, 1915, see Flannery (1994<i>a</i>).","10","10-00104","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0104"
"11000105","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudocheirus","","peregrinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Boddaert","1785","","Elench. Anim.","","","78","","","Common Ringtail","Australia, Queensland, Endeavour River.","Australia: Cape York Peninsula (Queensland) to SE South Australia and SW Western Australia, Tasmania, islands of the Bass Straits.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>P. occidentalis, </i>Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P. peregrinus</i>. Common.","<i>banksii</i> (Gray, 1838); <i>caudivolvula</i> (Kerr, 1792);<i> cookii </i>(Desmarest, 1818);<i> incanens</i> (Thomas, 1923);<i> laniginosa </i>(Gould, 1858);<i> modestus </i>(Thomas, 1926); <i>notialis </i>(Thomas, 1923);<i> novaehollanidiae</i> (Bechstein, 1800);<i> oralis </i>(Thomas, 1926);<i> victoriae</i> (Matschie, 1915);<b><i> occidentalis</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1888);<i> <b>pulcher</b> </i>(Matschie, 1915);<i> rubidus</i> (Troughton and Le Souef, 1929);<i> <b>convolutor</b> </i>Schinz, 1821; <i>bassianus </i>(Le Souef, 1929); <i>incana </i>(Schinz, 1844);<i> viverrina</i> Ogilby, 1838.","Probably a species complex rather than a single species (see Flannery, 1994<i>a</i>).","10","10-00105","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0104-0000-0105"
"11000106","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudocheirus","","peregrinus","peregrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Boddaert","1785","","Elench. Anim.","","","78","","","","Australia, Queensland, Endeavour River.","","","","","10","10-00106","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0104-0000-0105-0106"
"11000107","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudocheirus","","peregrinus","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00107","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0104-0000-0105-0107"
"11000108","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudocheirus","","peregrinus","pulcher","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00108","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0104-0000-0105-0108"
"11000109","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudocheirus","","peregrinus","convolutor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1821","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00109","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0104-0000-0105-0109"
"11000110","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1915","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","91","","<i>Phalangista (Pseudocheirus) canescens</i> Waterhouse, 1845.","","","","","","Separated from <i>Pseudocheirus </i>by Flannery (1994<i>a</i>).","10","10-00110","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110"
"11000111","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","canescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1846","","Nat. Hist. Mamm.","1","","306","","","Lowland Ringtail","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Fakfak Div., Triton Bay.","New Guinea and Salawati Isl, below 1300 m; Yapen Isl.","IUCN – Data Deficient. Uncommon.","<i>grisescenti</i> (Peters, 1874);<b><i> avarus </i></b>Thomas, 1906);<b><i> bernsteini </i></b>(Schlegel, 1866);<i> <b>dammermani </b></i>(Thomas, 1922); <b><i>gyrator</i></b> (Thomas, 1904).","","10","10-00111","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0111"
"11000112","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","canescens","canescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1846","","Nat. Hist. Mamm.","1","","306","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Fakfak Div., Triton Bay.","","","","","10","10-00112","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0111-0112"
"11000113","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","canescens","avarus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00113","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0111-0113"
"11000114","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","canescens","bernsteini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schlegel","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00114","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0111-0114"
"11000115","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","canescens","dammermani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00115","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0111-0115"
"11000116","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","canescens","gyrator","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00116","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0111-0116"
"11000117","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","caroli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","357","","","Weyland Ringtail","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Paniai Div., Weyland Range, Menoo Valley, Mt. Kunupi, 1830 m.","WC New Guinea.","IUCN – Data Deficient. Rare.","<b><i>versteegi</i> </b> (Thomas, 1922).","","10","10-00117","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0117"
"11000118","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","caroli","caroli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","357","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Paniai Div., Weyland Range, Menoo Valley, Mt. Kunupi, 1830 m.","","","","","10","10-00118","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0117-0118"
"11000119","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","caroli","versteegi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00119","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0117-0119"
"11000120","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","cinereus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1945","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","1287","","17","","","Cinereous Ringtail","Australia, Queensland, Mt. Spurgeon.","North Queensland, tablelands from Mt. Carbine north to Thornton Peak.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt). Localized but not uncommon.","","Separated from <i>P. herbertensis</i>, and perhaps not even a sister species, by Kirsch et al. (1997).","10","10-00120","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0120"
"11000121","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","forbesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","19","","146","","","Painted Ringtail","Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., Astrolabe Range, near Port Moresby, Sogeri, 458 m.","SE New Guinea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>longipilis</i> (Tate and Archbold, 1935).","Does not include <i>larvatus </i>(see below).","10","10-00121","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0121"
"11000122","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","herbertensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Collett","1884","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1884","","383","","","Herbert River Ringtail","Australia, Queensland, Herbert Vale.","NE Queensland (Australia), Ingham north to Atherton Tablelands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt). Localized but not uncommon.","<i>colletti<b> </b></i> (Waite, 1899);<i> mongan </i>(De Vis, 1887).","","10","10-00122","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0122"
"11000123","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","larvatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Förster and Rothschild","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","7","","337","","","Masked Ringtail","Papua New Guinea, Huon Peninsula, Rawlinson Mtns.","NE New Guinea (Huon Peninsula and eastern part of Central Cordillera).","Common.","<i>barbatus</i> Matschie, 1915;<i> capistratus </i>Matschie, 1915.","Diagnostically distinct from SE <i>forbesi</i>,<i> </i>and separated by a sharp boundary<i> </i>between Wau and the Kratke Mtns (Flannery, 1994<i>a</i>; Musser and Sommer, 1992), which strongly suggests that <i>larvatus </i>is specifically distinct.","10","10-00123","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0123"
"11000124","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","mayeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rothschild and Dollman","1932","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1932","353","15","","","Pygmy Ringtail","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Paniai Div., Weyland Range, Gebroeders Mtns, 1830 m.","C interior New Guinea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>pygmaeus</i>  Stein, 1932","See Laurie and Hill (1954: 21).","10","10-00124","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0124"
"11000125","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudocheirinae","","Pseudochirulus","","schlegeli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1884","","Notes Leyden Mus.","6","","110","","","Vogelkop Ringtail","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Arfak Mtns.","Extreme NW New Guinea.","IUCN – Data Deficient. Rare.","<i>lewisi<b> </b></i> (Dollman, 1930).","The putative taxon <i>P. forbesi lewisi</i> is actually a colour variant of this species<i> </i>(Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>).","10","10-00125","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0101-0000-0110-0000-0125"
"11000126","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudochiropsinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Kirsch, Lapointe and Springer","1997","","Aust. J. Zool.","45","","245","","","","","","","","","10","10-00126","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0126"
"11000127","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudochiropsinae","","Pseudochirops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1915","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","4","","86","","<i>Phalangista</i> (<i>Pseudochirus</i>) <i>albertisii</i> Peters, 1874.","","","","","","Separated from <i>Pseudocheirus</i> by McKay (1988). According to Kirsch et al. (1997), it is at least as distinct cladistically as are <i>Petauroides</i> and <i>Hemibelideus</i>.","10","10-00127","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0126-0000-0127"
"11000128","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudochiropsinae","","Pseudochirops","","albertisii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1874","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","6","","303","","","D’Albertis’ Ringtail","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Arfak Mtns, Hatam, 1520 m.","N and W New Guinea, including Yapen Isl (Indonesia).","IUCN – Vulnerable. Uncommon.","<b><i>insularis</i> </b>Stein, 1933;<i> <b>schultzei</b></i> Matschie, 1915","","10","10-00128","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0126-0000-0127-0000-0128"
"11000129","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudochiropsinae","","Pseudochirops","","albertisii","albertisii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1874","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","6","","303","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Arfak Mtns, Hatam, 1520 m.","","","","","10","10-00129","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0126-0000-0127-0000-0128-0129"
"11000130","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudochiropsinae","","Pseudochirops","","albertisii","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Stein","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00130","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0126-0000-0127-0000-0128-0130"
"11000131","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudochiropsinae","","Pseudochirops","","albertisii","schultzei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00131","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0126-0000-0127-0000-0128-0131"
"11000132","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudochiropsinae","","Pseudochirops","","archeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Collett","1884","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1884","","381","","","Green Ringtail","Australia, N Queensland, Herbert River District.","NE Queensland (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt). Locally common, but restricted.","","","10","10-00132","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0126-0000-0127-0000-0132"
"11000133","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudochiropsinae","","Pseudochirops","","corinnae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","18","","142","","","Plush-coated Ringtail","Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., upper Vanapa River.","Interior New Guinea.","IUCN – Vulnerable. Common.","<i>buergersi</i> Matchie, 1915;<i> caecias </i>(Thomas, 1922);<b><i> argenteus </i></b>(Förster, 1913); <b><i>fuscus</i></b> (Laurie, 1952).","","10","10-00133","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0126-0000-0127-0000-0133"
"11000134","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudochiropsinae","","Pseudochirops","","corinnae","corinnae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","18","","142","","","","Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., upper Vanapa River.","","","","","10","10-00134","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0126-0000-0127-0000-0133-0134"
"11000135","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudochiropsinae","","Pseudochirops","","corinnae","argenteus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Förster","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00135","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0126-0000-0127-0000-0133-0135"
"11000136","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudochiropsinae","","Pseudochirops","","corinnae","fuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Laurie","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00136","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0126-0000-0127-0000-0133-0136"
"11000137","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudochiropsinae","","Pseudochirops","","coronatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","18","","144","","","Reclusive Ringtail","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Arfak Mtns, 2000 m.","Arfak Mtns (Prov. of Papua = Irian Jaya, Indonesia), above 1000 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Unknown.","<i>paradoxus</i> (Dollman, 1930)","Separated from <i>P. albertisii</i>, with which it is sympatric, by Flannery (1994<i>a</i>).","10","10-00137","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0126-0000-0127-0000-0137"
"11000138","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Pseudocheiridae","Pseudochiropsinae","","Pseudochirops","","cupreus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","18","","145","","","Coppery Ringtail","Papua New Guinea, Owen Stanley Range.","Interior New Guinea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>beauforti</i>  (Thomas, 1922);<i> obscurior</i> Tate and Archbold, 1935.","","10","10-00138","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0093-0126-0000-0127-0000-0138"
"11000139","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1838","","Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat.","2","1","112","","","","","","","","May not be monophyletic (Osborne and Christidis, 2001).","10","10-00139","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139"
"11000140","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Dactylopsila","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1858","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1858","","109","","<i>Dactylopsila trivirgata</i> Gray, 1858.","","","","","<i>Dactylonax</i>  Thomas, 1910.","See Haltenorth (1958:28).","10","10-00140","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0140"
"11000141","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Dactylopsila","","megalura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rothschild and Dollman","1932","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1932","353","14","","","Great-tailed Triok","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Paniai Div., Weyland Range, Gebroeders Mtns.","Interior New Guinea.","IUCN – Vulnerable. Rare.","","Considered a subspecies of <i>trivirgata</i> by Ziegler (<i>in</i> Stonehouse and Gilmore, 1977:131).","10","10-00141","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0140-0000-0141"
"11000142","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Dactylopsila","","palpator","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1888","","Mem. Cent. Soc. Philom. Paris","","","174","","","Long-fingered Triok","""South coast of New Guinea"".","Interior New Guinea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>ernstmayri</i> (Stein, 1932)<i>.</i>","Formerly included in <i>Dactylonax</i> (see Haltenorth, 1958).","10","10-00142","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0140-0000-0142"
"11000143","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Dactylopsila","","tatei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Laurie","1952","","Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Zool.","1","","278","","","Tate’s Triok","Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Prov., Fergusson Isl, Faralulu Dist., mountains above Taibutu Village, 610-915 m.","Fergusson Isl; Papua New Guinea.","IUCN – Endangered. Rare.","","Considered a subspecies of <i>trivirgata</i> by Ziegler (<i>in</i> Stonehouse and Gilmore, 1977:131); considered a distinct species by G. G. George (1979:94).","10","10-00143","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0140-0000-0143"
"11000144","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Dactylopsila","","trivirgata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1858","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1858","","111","","","Striped Possum","Indonesia, Aru Isls.","New Guinea, Yapen and Waigeo; Aru Isls; NE Queensland (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>albertisii</i>  Peters and Doria, 1875;<i> angustivittis</i> (Peters and Doria, 1880);<i> arfakensis </i>Matschie, 1916;<i> hindenburgi </i>Ramme, 1914;<i> occidentalis </i>Matschie, 1916;<i> <b>kataui </b></i>Matschie, 1916;<b><i> melampus </i></b>Thomas, 1908;<i> biedermanni </i>Matschie, 1916;<i> <b>picata </b></i>Thomas, 1908; <i>infumata </i>Tate, 1945<b><i>.</i></b>","","10","10-00144","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0140-0000-0144"
"11000145","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Dactylopsila","","trivirgata","trivirgata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1858","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1858","","111","","","","Indonesia, Aru Isls.","","","","","10","10-00145","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0140-0000-0144-0145"
"11000146","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Dactylopsila","","trivirgata","kataui","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00146","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0140-0000-0144-0146"
"11000147","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Dactylopsila","","trivirgata","melampus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00147","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0140-0000-0144-0147"
"11000148","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Dactylopsila","","trivirgata","picata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00148","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0140-0000-0144-0148"
"11000149","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Gymnobelideus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","McCoy","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","287","","<i>Gymnobelideus leadbeateri</i> McCoy, 1867.","","","","","","","10","10-00149","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0149"
"11000150","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Gymnobelideus","","leadbeateri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","McCoy","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","287","","","Leadebeater’s Possum","Australia, Victoria, Bass River.","NE Victoria (Australia).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","","","10","10-00150","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0149-0000-0150"
"11000151","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Petaurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Shaw","1791","","Nat. Misc.","2","","pl. 60","","<i>Petaurus australis</i> Shaw, 1791.","","","","","<i>Belideus<b> </b></i> Waterhouse, 1839;<i> Petaurella </i>Matschie, 1916;<i> Petaurula</i> Matschie, 1916;<i> Ptilotus</i> G. Fischer, 1814;<i> Xenochirus</i> Gloger, 1841.","","10","10-00151","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0151"
"11000152","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Petaurus","","abidi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ziegler","1981","","Austr. Mamm.","4","","81","","","Northern Glider","Papua New Guinea, West Sepik Prov., Mt. Somoro, 3°25'S, 142°05'E.","NC New Guinea.","IUCN – Vulnerable. Rare.","","","10","10-00152","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0151-0000-0152"
"11000153","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Petaurus","","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1791","","Nat. Misc.","2","","pl. 6","","","Yellow-bellied Glider","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","Coastal Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>P. a. australis </i>and as <i>P. australis. </i>Common locally.","<i>cunninghami</i>  Gray, 1843;<i> flaviventer</i> Desmarest, 1818;<i> petaurus </i>(Shaw, 1800); <b><i>reginae</i></b> Thomas, 1923.","","10","10-00153","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0151-0000-0153"
"11000154","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Petaurus","","australis","australis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1791","","Nat. Misc.","2","","pl. 6","","","","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","","","","","10","10-00154","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0151-0000-0153-0154"
"11000155","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Petaurus","","australis","reginae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00155","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0151-0000-0153-0155"
"11000156","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Petaurus","","biacensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ulmer","1940","","Notul. Nat. Philad.","52","","1","","","Biak Glider","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Biak Isl, Korrido.","Biak, Supiori and Owi Isls.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Unknown.","<i>kohlsi</i>  Troughton, 1945.","Regarded as a species by Flannery (1994<i>a</i>).","10","10-00156","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0151-0000-0156"
"11000157","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Petaurus","","breviceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1838","1839","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","152","","","Sugar Glider","Australia, New South Wales.","SE South Australia to Cape York Peninsula (Queensland), Tasmania (introduction), N Northern Territory, NE Western Australia; New Guinea and adjacent small islands, including Bismarck Arch.; Aru Isls and N Moluccas (Indonesia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>notatus</i> Peters, 1859;<b><i> ariel</i></b> (Gould, 1842); <i>arul </i>(Gervais, 1869);<i> <b>longicaudatus </b></i>Longman, 1924;<i> <b>papuanus </b></i>Thomas, 1888;<i> flavidus </i>Tate and Archbold, 1935;<i> tafa </i>Tate and Archbold, 1935.","See Smith (1973, Mammalian Species, 30). McAllan and Bruce (1989) argued that the original publication of this name was in The Athenaeum, 580:880 [8 Dec 1838]. An undescribed form from Tifalmin, west of the Sepik, is very distinct (Colgan and Flannery, 1992). Gliders from Goodenough, Fergusson and Normanby Isls (D’Entrecasteaux group), Papua New Guinea, usually identified as belonging to this species, are very distinct morphologically, if not electrophoretically (Flannery, 1994<i>a</i>).","10","10-00157","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0151-0000-0157"
"11000158","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Petaurus","","breviceps","breviceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1838","1839","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","152","","","","Australia, New South Wales.","","","","","10","10-00158","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0151-0000-0157-0158"
"11000159","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Petaurus","","breviceps","ariel","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00159","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0151-0000-0157-0159"
"11000160","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Petaurus","","breviceps","longicaudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Longman","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00160","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0151-0000-0157-0160"
"11000161","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Petaurus","","breviceps","papuanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00161","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0151-0000-0157-0161"
"11000162","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Petaurus","","gracilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Vis","1883","","Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","20 Dec. 1882","","ii","","","Ebony Glider","Australia, Queensland, Cardwell region.","From Wharps Holding (18°41’18""S, 146°04’25""E) to Hall River (17°58’29""S, 146°02’02""E), NE Queensland.","IUCN – Endangered.","","History of description given by Van Dyck (1990). Species resurrected from synonymy with <i>P. norfolcensis</i> by Van Dyck (1991). Full description given by Van Dyck (1993), who also gave results of field surveys to determine its distribution.","10","10-00162","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0151-0000-0162"
"11000163","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Petauridae","","","Petaurus","","norfolcensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","270","","","Squirrel Glider","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","Australia: E Queensland, E New South Wales, E Victoria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt). Common.","<i>sciurea</i>  (Shaw, 1794).","","10","10-00163","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0139-0000-0000-0151-0000-0163"
"11000164","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Tarsipedidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gervais and Verreaux","1842","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1842","","1","","","","","","","","","10","10-00164","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0164"
"11000165","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Tarsipedidae","","","Tarsipes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gervais and Verreaux","1842","","L'Institut, l'ere Section, Sci., Math, Phys., Nat.","427","","75","","<i>Tarsipes rostratus</i> Gervais and Verreaux, 1842.","","","","","","For correct authorship see Mahoney (1981).","10","10-00165","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0164-0000-0000-0165"
"11000166","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Tarsipedidae","","","Tarsipes","","rostratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gervais and Verreaux","1842","","L'Institut, l'ere Section, Sci., Math, Phys., Nat.","427","","75","","","Honey possum","Australia, Western Australia, King George Sound (Albany), see Gray (1842).","SW Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Rare.","<i>spencerae</i> Ride, 1970; <i>spenserae</i> Gray, 1842.","The name <i>T</i>. <i>spenserae</i> is considered a misspelling because it was presented as a patronym for Spencer (Gray, 1842:40). Ride (1970) emended the name to <i>spencerae</i>; see Mahoney (1981) for details. Mahoney (1981) presented evidence that <i>Tarsipes rostratus</i> Gervais and Verreaux, 1842 predates <i>T. spenserae</i> Gray, 1842.","10","10-00166","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0164-0000-0000-0165-0000-0166"
"11000167","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Acrobatidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Aplin","1987","","<i>In</i> M. Archer (ed.), Possums and Opossums","","","xxii","","","","","","","","Separated from Burramyidae by Aplin (<i>in</i> Aplin and Archer, 1987).","10","10-00167","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0167"
"11000168","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Acrobatidae","","","Acrobates","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Desmarest","1818","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","25","","405","","<i>Didelphis pygmaea</i> Shaw, 1793.","","","","","","<i>Ascobates</i>Anon., 1839;<i> Cercoptenus</i> Gloger, 1841.","10","10-00168","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0167-0000-0000-0168"
"11000169","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Acrobatidae","","","Acrobates","","pygmaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1793","","Zool. New Holland","1","","5","","","Feather-tailed Glider","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","Australia: E Queensland to SE South Australia, inland to Deniliquin (New South Wales).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>frontalis</i>  De Vis, 1887; <i>pulchellus</i> W. Rothschild, 1892.","Tate (1938:60) believed the single specimen (of <i>A</i>. <i>pulchellus</i>; which is considered a synonym of <i>pygmaeus</i>) obtained in NW New Guinea was probably an introduction as a pet.","10","10-00169","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0167-0000-0000-0168-0000-0169"
"11000170","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Acrobatidae","","","Distoechurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1874","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","6","","303","","<i>Phalangista</i> (<i>Distoechurus</i>) <i>pennata</i> Peters, 1874.","","","","","","","10","10-00170","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0167-0000-0000-0170"
"11000171","DIPROTODONTIA","PHALANGERIFORMES","","Petauroidea","Acrobatidae","","","Distoechurus","","pennatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1874","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","6","","303","","","Feather-tailed Possum","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., ""Andai"" (Probably = Arfak Mtns, Hatam, 1520 m). See Van der Feen (1962:52).","New Guinea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Abundant.","<i>amoenus</i> Thomas, 1920;<i> dryas </i>Thomas, 1920;<i> neuhassi</i> Matschie, 1916.","","10","10-00171","10-0001-0015-0000-0092-0167-0000-0000-0170-0000-0171"
"11000172","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Ameghino","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00172","10-0001-0172"
"11000173","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Hypsiprymnodontidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Collett","1877","","Zool. Jb.","2","","906","","","","","","","","Retained in Potoroinae [sic] by McKenna and Bell (1997); considered a family distinct from Potoroidae by Burk et al. (1998) and Burk and Springer (2000), on the ground that it diverged from Potoroidae and Macropodidae long before they diverged from each other.","10","10-00173","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0173"
"11000174","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Hypsiprymnodontidae","","","Hypsiprymnodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ramsay","1876","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","1","","33","","<i>Hypsiprymnodon moschatus</i> Ramsay, 1876.","","","","","<i>Pleopus</i>  Owen, 1877.","Formerly included in Macropodidae.","10","10-00174","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0173-0000-0000-0174"
"11000175","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Hypsiprymnodontidae","","","Hypsiprymnodon","","moschatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1876","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","1","","34","","","Musky Rat-kangaroo","Australia, Queensland, Rockingham Bay.","NE Queensland (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Rare, localized.","<i>nudicaudatus</i>  (Owen, 1877).","","10","10-00175","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0173-0000-0000-0174-0000-0175"
"11000176","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","308","","","","","","","","Separated from Macropodidae by Archer and Bartholamai (1978), but Burk et al. (1998) proposed to reunite them on the basis that they form a clade relative to <i>Hypsiprymnodon</i>. Burk and Springer (2000) found that <i>Potorous </i>is strongly distinct from the other genera and separated from them little, if at all, later than the divergence of the Macropodidae; consequently, they considered the monophyly of the Potoroidae in doubt.","10","10-00176","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176"
"11000177","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Aepyprymnus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Garrod","1875","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","59","","<i>Bettongia rufescens</i> Gray, 1837.","","","","","","","10","10-00177","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0177"
"11000178","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Aepyprymnus","","rufescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","584","","","Rufous Rat-kangaroo","Australia, New South Wales.","Australia: NE Victoria, E New South Wales, E Queensland.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Rare, localized.","<i>melanotis</i>  (Ogilby, 1838).","","10","10-00178","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0177-0000-0178"
"11000179","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Bettongia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","584","","<i>Bettongia setosa</i> Gray, 1837 (= <i>Kangurus gaimardi</i> Desmarest, 1822).","","","","","<i>Bettongiops</i>  Matschie, 1916.","Formerly included in Macropodidae.","10","10-00179","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0179"
"11000180","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Bettongia","","gaimardi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie. <i>In</i> Encycl. Méth.","2(Suppl.)","","542","","","Eastern Bettong","Australia, New South Wales, Port Jackson.","Formerly coastal SE Queensland and N New South Wales, south to SW Victoria; now extinct on mainland Australia; survives in Tasmania.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct as <i>B. g. gaimardi, </i>otherwise Lower Risk (nt).","<i>cuniculus</i> (Ogilby, 1838);<i> formosus </i>(Ogilby, 1838);<i> hunteri </i>(Owen, 1841);<i> lepturus</i> (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824);<i> minimus</i> (Boitard, 1841); <i>phillippi </i>(Ogilby, 1838);<i> setosa </i>Gray, 1837; <i>white </i>(Quoy and Gaimard, 1824);<i> whitei </i>Gray, 1841.","See Corbet and Hill (1980:16).","10","10-00180","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0179-0000-0180"
"11000181","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Bettongia","","lesueur","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Quoy and Gaimard","1824","","<i>In</i> de Freycinet, Voy. autour du monde...Uranie et al Physicienne, Zool.","","","64","","","Boodie","Australia, Western Australia, Dirk Hartog Isl (Shark Bay).","Formerly in Dampier Land (Western Australia), South Australia, Dirk Hartog Isl, Barrow Isl, Bernier and Dorre Isls, Northern Territory, and SW New South Wales (Australia); now extinct except on W Australian Isls.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct as <i>B. l. graii</i>, otherwise Vulnerable. Rare.","<i>anhydra</i>  Finlayson, 1957; <i>graii </i>(Gould, 1841);<i> harveyi </i>(Waterhouse, 1842).","Commonly misspelt ""<i>lesueuri</i>"", but the original spelling is <i>lesueur</i>, with no indication that it is an error.","10","10-00181","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0179-0000-0181"
"11000182","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Bettongia","","penicillata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","584","","","Woylie","Australia, New South Wales.","SW Western Australia, S South Australia including St. Francis Isl, NW Victoria, C New South Wales.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct as <i>B. p. penicillata, </i>otherwise Lower Risk (conservation dependent).","<i>ogilbyi</i> (Waterhouse, 1841); <i>francisca </i>Finlayson, 1957;<i> gouldii </i>Waterhouse, 1845.","Does not include <i>tropica</i>, contra Sharman et al. (1980).","10","10-00182","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0179-0000-0182"
"11000183","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Bettongia","","tropica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wakefield","1967","","Victorian Nat.","84","","15","","","Northern Bettong","Australia, Queensland, Mt. Spurgeon.","E Queensland: Windsor and Carbine Tablelands, Lamb Range, and Paluma.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","","Sharman et al. (1980) believed that <i>tropica </i>is not a distinct species but rather that it barely differs from <i>B. penicillata</i>. However, it differs in several reproductive parameters (Smith, 1998), and is now always treated as a distinct species.&nbsp;Its distribution, habitat parameters and phylogeography are given by Pope et al. (2000).","10","10-00183","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0179-0000-0183"
"11000184","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Caloprymnus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Cat. Marsup. Monotr. Brit. Mus.","","","114","","<i>Bettongia campestris</i> Gould, 1843.","","","","","","","10","10-00184","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0184"
"11000185","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Caloprymnus","","campestris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1843","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1843","","81","","","Desert Rat-kangaroo","Australia, South Australia.","South Australia/Queensland border country.","CITES – Appendix I pe [Possibly Extinct]; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct, see Ride (1970:198); not recorded or sighted since 1935.","","","10","10-00185","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0184-0000-0185"
"11000186","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Potorous","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Méth Hist. Nat., <i>in</i> Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","20","","<i>Didelphis murina</i> Cuvier, 1798 (= <i>Didelphis tridactyla</i> Kerr, 1792).","","","","","<i>Hypsiprymnus</i> Illiger, 1811;<i> Patoroo</i> Partington, 1839;<i> Potoroiis </i>Rafinseque, 1815;<i> Potoroo </i>Berthold, 1827; <i>Potoroops</i> Matschie, 1916.","Formerly included in Macropodidae.","10","10-00186","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0186"
"11000187","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Potorous","","gilbertii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1841","","Monograph of Macropodidae","1","","[unnumbered plate]","","","Gilbert’s Potoroo","Australia, Western Australia, King George Sound.","Southern tip of Western Australia.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Considered a species separate from <i>P. tridactylus </i>by Sinclair and Westerman (1997).","10","10-00187","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0186-0000-0187"
"11000188","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Potorous","","longipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Seebeck and Johnston","1980","","Aust. J. Zool.","28","","121","","","Long-footed Potoroo","Australia, Victoria, Bellbird Creek, 32 km E Orbost.","NE Victoria (Australia).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Known from very few specimens; first collected in 1968.","10","10-00188","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0186-0000-0188"
"11000189","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Potorous","","platyops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1844","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1844","","103","","","Broad-faced Potoroo","Australia, Western Australia, Swan River, L. Walyormouring.","Formerly SW Western Australia and Kangaroo Isl, South Australia.","IUCN – Extinct.","<i>morgani</i>  Finlayson, 1938.","Probably extinct (Ride, 1970:199); there are no records after 1875.","10","10-00189","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0186-0000-0189"
"11000190","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Potorous","","tridactylus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","198","","","Long-nosed Potoroo","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","SE Queensland, coastal New South Wales, NE Victoria, SE South Australia, SW Western Australia, Tasmania, and King Isl (Australia).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>P. t. tridactylus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc). Endangered on mainland Australia, common in Tasmania.","<i>micropus</i> (Waterhouse, 1841);<i> minor </i>(Shaw, 1800);<i> murina </i>(G. Cuvier, 1798); <i>muscola </i>(Perry, 1810);<i> myosurus </i>(Ogilby, 1838); <i>peron </i>(Quoy and Gaimard, 1824);<i> potoru </i>(F. Meyer, 1793); <i>setosus</i> (Ogilby, 1832); <i>trisulcatus </i>(McCoy, 1865); <i>tuckeri</i> (Gray, 1840);<i> <b>apicalis</b> </i>(Gould, 1851); <i>benormi </i>Courtney, 1963;<i> rufus </i>Higgins and Petterd, 1884.","See Kirsch and Calaby (1977:21).","10","10-00190","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0186-0000-0190"
"11000191","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Potorous","","tridactylus","tridactylus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","198","","","","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","","","","","10","10-00191","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0186-0000-0190-0191"
"11000192","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Potoroidae","","","Potorous","","tridactylus","apicalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1851","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00192","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0176-0000-0000-0186-0000-0190-0192"
"11000193","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","308","","","","","","","","Revised by Tate (1948<i>a</i>).","10","10-00193","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193"
"11000194","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Sthenurinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Glauert","1926","","Geol. Survey W. A. Bull.","88","","36-71","","","","","","","","","10","10-00194","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0194"
"11000195","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Sthenurinae","","Lagostrophus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1886","1887","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1886","","544","","<i>Kangurus fasciatus</i> Peron and Lesueur, 1807.","","","","","","McKenna and Bell (1997) placed this in Macropodinae, but it was convincingly argued to be a member of subfamily Sthenurinae by Flannery (1983). The other Sthenurinae are giant fossil kangaroos.","10","10-00195","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0194-0000-0195"
"11000196","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Sthenurinae","","Lagostrophus","","fasciatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peron and Lesueur","1807","","<i>In</i> Péron, Voy. Decouv. Terres. Austral., Atlas","1","","pl. 27, p. 114","","","Banded Hare-wallaby","Australia, Western Australia, Bernier Isl (Shark Bay).","Survives only on Bernier and Dorre Isls (Western Australia); formerly in SW Western Australia and South Australia.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct as <i>L. f. albipilis,</i> otherwise Vulnerable.","<i>albipilis</i> (Gould, 1842);<i> elegans </i>(G. Cuvier, 1816); <i>striatus</i> (Lesson, 1842); <b><i>baudinettei</i> </b>Helgen and Flannery, 2003.","","10","10-00196","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0194-0000-0195-0000-0196"
"11000197","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Sthenurinae","","Lagostrophus","","fasciatus","fasciatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peron and Lesueur","1807","","<i>In</i> Péron, Voy. Decouv. Terres. Austral., Atlas","1","","pl. 27, p. 114","","","","Australia, Western Australia, Bernier Isl (Shark Bay).","","","","","10","10-00197","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0194-0000-0195-0000-0196-0197"
"11000198","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Sthenurinae","","Lagostrophus","","fasciatus","baudinettei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Helgen and Flannery","2003","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00198","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0194-0000-0195-0000-0196-0198"
"11000199","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","308","","","","","","","","","10","10-00199","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199"
"11000200","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland Overz. Bezitt., Land-en Volkenkunde","","","20, footnote [1840]","","<i>Dendrolagus ursinus</i> Müller, 1840 (recte Hypsiprymnus ursinus Temminck, 1836; designated by Thomas, 1888).","","","","","","Groves (1982) and Flannery et al. (1995<i>b</i>) divided the genus into a plesiomorphic group (<i>D. lumholtzi, D. inustus</i>) and a derived group, among which <i>D. dorianus</i> and <i>D. scottae</i>, and perhaps <i>D. mbaiso</i>,<i> </i>are the most strongly derived. <i>D. bennettianus </i>occupies an isolated position in the genus.","10","10-00200","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200"
"11000201","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","bennettianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","De Vis","1886","1887","Proc. R. Soc. Queensl.","3(1886)","","11","","","Bennett’s Tree-kangaroo","Australia, Queensland, Daintree River.","NE Queensland (Australia): north of Daintree River as far as Mt. Amos.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Considered a subspecies of <i>dorianus</i> by Haltenorth (1958); but see Ride (1970:223) and Kirsch and Calaby (1977:17); occupies an isolated position in the genus (Groves, 1982; Flannery et al., 1995<i>b</i>).","10","10-00201","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0201"
"11000202","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","dorianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1883","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","8","","17","","","Doria’s Tree-kangaroo","Papua New Guinea, ""ranges behind Mt. Astrolabe.""","Interior New Guinea: Wondiwoi Peninsula, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya); Papua New Guinea/Indonesian border to extreme SE of mainland Papua New Guinea, 600 to 3650 m.","IUCN – Vulnerable; uncommon.","<i>aureus</i>  Rothschild and Dollman, 1936;<i> palliceps </i>Troughton and Le Souef, 1936;<i> profugus </i>Troughton and Le Souef, 1936;<i> <b>mayri </b></i>Rothschild and Dollman, 1933;<b><i> notatus</i></b> Matschie, 1916.","Does not include <i>bennettianus</i> (see Ride, 1970:223, Kirsch and Calaby, 1977:17), or <i>stellarum </i>(see below); <i>mayri</i> may also be a distinct species, but is known by only one specimen.","10","10-00202","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0202"
"11000203","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","dorianus","dorianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1883","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","8","","17","","","","Papua New Guinea, ""ranges behind Mt. Astrolabe.""","","","","","10","10-00203","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0202-0203"
"11000204","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","dorianus","mayri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rothschild and Dollman","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00204","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0202-0204"
"11000205","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","dorianus","notatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00205","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0202-0205"
"11000206","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","goodfellowi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","452","","","Goodfellow’s Tree-kangaroo","Papua New Guinea, Owen Stanley Range, vic. Mt. Obree, 8000 ft. (2438 m).","Mainland of Papua New Guinea, sea level to 2860 m.","IUCN – Endangered; uncommon.","<b><i>buergersi</i> </b><i> </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> shawmayeri</i> Rothschild and Dollman, 1936.","Does not include <i>spadix</i>. Groves (1982<i>d</i>) regarded this species as a subspecies of the earlier named <i>matschiei</i>; but see Flannery (1990:100-104), also Ganslosser (1980). Does not include <i>pulcherrimus</i> (see below).","10","10-00206","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0206"
"11000207","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","goodfellowi","goodfellowi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","452","","","","Papua New Guinea, Owen Stanley Range, vic. Mt. Obree, 8000 ft. (2438 m).","","","","","10","10-00207","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0206-0207"
"11000208","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","goodfellowi","buergersi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00208","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0206-0208"
"11000209","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","inustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland Overz. Bezitt., Land-en Volkenkunde","","","20, footnote [1840], see comments","","","Grizzled Tree-kangaroo","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Fakfak Div., Lobo Dist., near Triton Bay, Mt. Lamantsjieri.","New Guinea: Vogelkop and Fakfak peninsulas, along north coast as far east as Wewak; Yapen Isl; possibly present on Salawati and Waigeou (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>maximus</i> Rothschild and Rothschild, 1898;<i> sorongensis </i>Matschie, 1916; <b><i>finschi </i></b>Matschie, 1916;<i> keiensis </i>Matschie, 1916;<i> schoedei</i> Matschie, 1916.","This species was further described by Schlegel and Müller, <i>in</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, p. 131, 143[1845], pl. 20, 22, 23[1841]. Considered a subspecies of <i>ursinus</i> by Haltenorth (1958); but see Kirsch and Calaby (1977:17) and Groves (1982<i>d</i>).","10","10-00209","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0209"
"11000210","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","inustus","inustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland Overz. Bezitt., Land-en Volkenkunde","","","20, footnote [1840], see comments","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Fakfak Div., Lobo Dist., near Triton Bay, Mt. Lamantsjieri.","","","","","10","10-00210","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0209-0210"
"11000211","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","inustus","finschi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00211","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0209-0211"
"11000212","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","lumholtzi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Collett","1884","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1884","","387","","","Lumholtz’s Tree-kangaroo","Australia, Queensland, Herbert Vale.","NE Queensland (Australia), Kirrima north to Mt. Spurgeon, 300 to 1622 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>fulvus</i>  De Vis, 1888.","","10","10-00212","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0212"
"11000213","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","matschiei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Forster and Rothschild","1907","","Nov. Zool.","14","","506","","","Huon Tree-kangaroo","Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Rawlinson Mtns.","Extreme NE interior New Guinea (Huon Peninsula), 1000 to 3300 m; Umboi Isl and Mt. Agulupella in W New Britain (introduced).","IUCN – Endangered. Uncommon.","<i>deltae</i> Troughton and Le Souef, 1936; <i>flavidior </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> xanthotis</i> Rothschild and Dollman, 1936.","See Kirsch and Calaby (1977:21) and Lidicker and Ziegler (1968). See also comments under <i>goodfellowi</i>.","10","10-00213","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0213"
"11000214","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","mbaiso","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery. Boeadi and Szalay","1995","","Mammalia","59","","66","","","Dingiso","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Tembagapura area, 3250-3500 m on the south slopes of Gunung (=Mt.) Ki (04°S05’S, 137°06’E).","Southern and western slopes of Sudirman Range, from Paniai Lakes region in west to Baliem Gorge in east, 136°30’ to 139°10’E, at 3250 to 4200 m, but perhaps down to 2700 m in suitable low mossy forest or scrub; Prov. of Papua, Indonesia.","IUCN – Vulnerable. Locally common but restricted in distribution.","","Some communities hold this species sacred, and its hunting is forbidden; so, in some parts of its range, said to be remarkably tame.","10","10-00214","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0214"
"11000215","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","pulcherrimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1993","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","45","","38","","","Golden-mantled Tree-kangaroo","Papua New Guinea, West Sepik Prov., near Sibilanga, Kukumbau area on Mt. Sapau, 1120 m (3°32'S, 142°31'E).","Sibilanga district, Toricelli Mtns only, 680-1120 m (Papua New Guinea).","Endangered.","","Described as a subspecies of <i>D. goodfellowi</i>, but differs absolutely (diagnostically) from that species.","10","10-00215","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0215"
"11000216","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","scottae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery and Seri","1990","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","42","","237","","","Tenkile","Papua New Guinea, West Sepik Prov., Torricelli Mtns, Sweipini, 1400 m (3°23'S, 142°06'E).","Torricelli Mtns and Mt. Menawa, 900-2000 m (Papua New Guinea).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Closely related to <i>D. dorianus</i>.","10","10-00216","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0216"
"11000217","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","spadix","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton and Le Souef","1936","","Aust. Zool.","8","","194","","","Lowlands Tree-kangaroo","Papua New Guinea, Western Division, between Bamu, upper Awarra and Strickland Rivers.","S New Guinea, Gulf of Papua east of Fly River, sea level to 800 m.","IUCN – Data Deficient. Rare.","","A subspecies of <i>D. matschiei</i> according to Groves (1982<i>d</i>), but raised to a full species by Flannery (1990).","10","10-00217","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0217"
"11000218","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","stellarum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery and Seri","1990","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","42","","180","","","Seri’s Tree-kangaroo","Papua New Guinea, Western Prov., western end of Dokfuma basin, Star Mtns, 3000 m (5°01'S, 141°07'E).","New Guinea, from Paniai Lakes east to Hak-Om region, northeast of Telefomin, 2600-3200 m (Papua New Guinea).","Unknown.","","Described as a subspecies of <i>D. goodfellowi</i>, but differs absolutely (diagnostically) from that species.","10","10-00218","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0218"
"11000219","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dendrolagus","","ursinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1836","","Discours preliminaire destine a servir d'introduction al faune du Japon","","","6 (footnote 2)","","","Ursine Tree-kangaroo","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Fakfak Div., Lobo Dist., near Triton Bay, Mt. Lamantsjieri.","Volgelkop and Fakfak peninsulas, extreme NW New Guinea, sea level to 2500 m.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>leucogenys</i>  Matschie, 1916.","Does not include <i>inustus</i> (see Kirsch and Calaby, 1977:17). Correct original citation presented by Husson (1955).","10","10-00219","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0200-0000-0219"
"11000220","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dorcopsis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Schlegel and Müller","1845","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland Overz. Bezitt., Zool.","","","130[1845]","","<i>Didelphis brunii</i> Quoy and Gaimard, 1830 (= <i>Macropus muelleri</i> Lesson, 1827).","","","","","","Does not include <i>Dorcopsulus</i> (see Flannery, 1990:89-92). The name <i>Conoyces</i> Lesson, 1842 was used for this genus by Troughton (1937), but Tate (1948<i>a</i>) showed that the type species of <i>Conoyces</i> is <i>Didelphis brunii</i> Gmelin, 1788 [= <i>Thylogale brunii</i> (Schreber, 1778)]; see under <i>Thylogale</i>.","10","10-00220","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0220"
"11000221","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dorcopsis","","atrata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van Deusen","1957","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1826","","5","","","Black Dorcopsis","Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Prov., Goodenough Isl, E slopes, near ""Top Camp"", about 1600 m.","Goodenough Isl (Papua New Guinea).","IUCN – Endangered. Very rare, localized.","","","10","10-00221","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0220-0000-0221"
"11000222","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dorcopsis","","hageni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1897","","Abh. Zool. Anthrop.-Ethnology Mus. Dresden","6","8","7","","","White-striped Dorcopsis","Papua New Guinea, Madang Prov., near Astrolabe Bay, Stefansort.","NC New Guinea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>caurina</i>  Thomas, 1922;<i> eitape</i> (Troughton, 1937)","","10","10-00222","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0220-0000-0222"
"11000223","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dorcopsis","","luctuosa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","D'Albertis","1874","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1874","","110","","","Grey Dorcopsis","""Southeast of New Guinea"".","S New Guinea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>beccarii</i>  Mikouho-Maclay, 1885;<b><i> </i></b><i>chalmersi </i>Milkouho-Maclay, 1884; <b><i>phyllis</i></b> Groves and Flannery, 1989.","Usually included in <i>D. veterum</i> (= <i>D. muelleri</i>), but see Groves and Flannery (1989). The subspecies <i>phyllis </i>(Fly River district)<i> </i>is highly distinctive; it appears to fall outside the range of variation of nominotypical <i>luctuosa </i>(Port Moresby district), and is probably a distinct species.","10","10-00223","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0220-0000-0223"
"11000224","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dorcopsis","","luctuosa","luctuosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","D'Albertis","1874","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1874","","110","","","","""Southeast of New Guinea"".","","","","","10","10-00224","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0220-0000-0223-0224"
"11000225","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dorcopsis","","luctuosa","phyllis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves and Flannery","1989","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00225","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0220-0000-0223-0225"
"11000226","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dorcopsis","","muelleri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1827","","<i>In</i> Duperry (Lesson and Garnot, eds.), Voy. autour du Monde...la Coquille, Zool.","1","","164","","","Brown Dorcopsis","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Dorei (= Manokwari), Lobo Bay.","W New Guinea; Misool and Salawati Isls, Aru Isls, and Yapen Isl (Indonesia); occurred on Gebe until about 2000 ybp and on Halmahera until about 1870 ybp (Flannery et al., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>brunii</i> (Quoy and Gaimard, 1830);<i> rufolateralis </i>Rothschild and Rothschild, 1908;<i> veterum </i>of sundry authors but not <i>Kangurus veterum </i>Lesson and Garnot (see below);<i> <b>lorentzii</b> </i>Jentink, 1908;<i> <b>mysoliae</b> </i>Thomas, 1913;<i> <b>yapeni</b></i><b> </b>Groves and Flannery, 1989.","<i>D</i>. <i>muelleri</i> was regarded as a junior synonym of <i>D. veterum</i> by Kirsch and Calaby (1977:21) and Husson (1955:299). George and Schuerer (1978) rejected <i>veterum</i> as based on a <i>Dendrolagus</i> (probably <i>inustus</i>), and employed <i>muelleri</i>; Groves and Flannery (1989) agreed. The original name <i>Didelphis brunii</i> Quoy and Gaimard, was preoccupied and is now <i>Macropus muelleri</i>. The Yapen Isl form (<i>yapeni</i>) is strongly distinct, apparently outside the range of those from other parts of the range, though samples are small; it may be a distinct species.","10","10-00226","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0220-0000-0226"
"11000227","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dorcopsis","","muelleri","muelleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1827","","<i>In</i> Duperry (Lesson and Garnot, eds.), Voy. autour du Monde...la Coquille, Zool.","1","","164","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Manokwari Div., Dorei (= Manokwari), Lobo Bay.","","","","","10","10-00227","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0220-0000-0226-0227"
"11000228","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dorcopsis","","muelleri","lorentzii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00228","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0220-0000-0226-0228"
"11000229","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dorcopsis","","muelleri","mysoliae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00229","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0220-0000-0226-0229"
"11000230","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dorcopsis","","muelleri","yapeni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves and Flannery","1989","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00230","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0220-0000-0226-0230"
"11000231","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dorcopsulus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1916","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr., Berlin","","","57","","<i>Dorcopsis macleayi</i> Miklouho-Maclay, 1885.","","","","","","Formerly included in <i>Dorcopsis</i> but revived as a full genus by Flannery (1990).","10","10-00231","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0231"
"11000232","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dorcopsulus","","macleayi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miklouho-Maclay","1885","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","10","","145, 149","","","Macleay’s Dorcopsis","Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., ""inland from Port Moresby"".","Extreme SE New Guinea.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","10","10-00232","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0231-0000-0232"
"11000233","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Dorcopsulus","","vanheurni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","264","","","Small Dorcopsis","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Djajawidjaja Div., Doormanpad-bivak (3°30'S, 138°30'E), 1410 m.","Interior New Guinea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>rothschildi</i>  Thomas, 1922.","Regarded as conspecific with <i>macleayi</i> by Kirsch and Calaby (1977:21).","10","10-00233","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0231-0000-0233"
"11000234","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Lagorchestes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gould","1841","","Monogr. Macropodidae","pt. 1","","pl. 12 (text)","","<i>Macropus leporides</i> Gould, 1841.","","","","","<i>Lagocheles</i>  Owen, 1842 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","This genus is probably polyphyletic.","10","10-00234","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0234"
"11000235","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Lagorchestes","","asomatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Finlayson","1943","","Trans. R. Soc. South Aust.","67","","319","","","Lake Mackay Hare-wallaby","Australia, Northern Territory, between Mt. Farewell and Lake Mackay.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Extinct. Probably extinct.","","Known from a single unsexed skull (Kirsch and Calaby, 1977:22).","10","10-00235","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0234-0000-0235"
"11000236","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Lagorchestes","","conspicillatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1841","1842","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1841","","82","","","Spectacled Hare-wallaby","Australia, Western Australia, Barrow Isl.","N Western Australia and adjacent islands, N Northern Territory, N and W Queensland (Australia).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>L. c. conspicillatus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (nt). Common locally.","<i>leichardti</i> Gould, 1853;<i> pallidior</i> Thomas and Dollman, 1909.","May consist of two or three distinct species.","10","10-00236","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0234-0000-0236"
"11000237","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Lagorchestes","","hirsutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1844","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1844","","32","","","Rufous Hare-wallaby","Australia, Western Australia, York district.","C Western Australia, C Australia, Dorre Isl and Bernier Isl (Western Australia). Survives only on Bernier and Dorre Isls, and a tiny area NW of Alice Springs (Northern Territory, Australia).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct as <i>L. h. hirsutus, </i>otherwise Vulnerable. Rare.","<i>bernieri</i> Thomas, 1907;<i> dorreae</i> Thomas, 1907.","","10","10-00237","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0234-0000-0237"
"11000238","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Lagorchestes","","leporides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1840","1841","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1840","","93","","","Eastern Hare-wallaby","Australia, interior New South Wales.","Formerly W New South Wales, E South Australia, NW Victoria.","IUCN – Extinct.","","Almost certainly extinct; not recorded for more than a century (Kirsch and Calaby, 1977:22).","10","10-00238","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0234-0000-0238"
"11000239","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Shaw","1790","","Nat. Misc.","1","","pl. 23 (text)","","<i>Macropus giganteus</i> Shaw, 1790.","","","","","<i>Boriogale</i>  Owen<i>, </i>1874; <i>Dendrodorcopsis </i>W. Rothschild, 1903;<i> Gerboides </i>Gervais<i>,</i> 1855;<i> Gigantomys </i>Link, 1794; <i>Halmatopus </i>Wagner<i>, </i>1841 [error];<i> Halmaturus </i>Illiger, 1811; <i>Kalmaturus </i>Gervais<i>, </i>1835 [error];<i> Kanguroo </i>Lacépède, 1799; <i>Kangurus </i>E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire and G. Cuvier, 1795;<i> Megaleia </i>Gistel, 1848; <i>Notamacropus </i>Dawson and Flannery, 1985; <i>Osphranter </i>Gould<i>,</i> 1842;<i> Phascolagus </i>Owen<i>, </i>1874; <i>Prionotemmus </i>Stirton, 1955.","Includes <i>Megaleia</i> and <i>Protemnodon</i> (<i>sensu</i> Haltenorth, 1958); see Kirsch and Calaby (1977:17). Rationale for present usage of <i>Macropus</i> given by Calaby (1966). Ride (1962) discussed generic nomenclature for all Macropodinae. Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>) included <i>Thylogale</i> and <i>Wallabia</i> in this genus, but see Kirsch and Calaby (1977:17) and Corbet and Hill (1980:17-18). Dawson and Flannery (1985) divided this genus into three subgenera: <i>Macropus, Notamacropus</i> and <i>Osphranter</i>; almost certainly <i>Notamacropus </i>is paraphyletic.","10","10-00239","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239"
"11000240","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Macropus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Shaw","1790","","Nat. Misc.","1","","pl. 23 (text)","","<i>Macropus giganteus</i> Shaw, 1790.","","","","","","","10","10-00240","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0240"
"11000241","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Dawson and Flannery","1985","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00241","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241"
"11000242","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Osphranter","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gould","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00242","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0242"
"11000243","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","agilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1841","1842","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1841","","81","","","Agile Wallaby","Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington.","NE Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland; S New Guinea; Kiriwina and D’Entrecasteaux Isls.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>aurescens</i> Schwarz<i>, </i>1910;<i> binoe </i>(Gould,<b><i> </i></b>1842);<b><i> jardinii</i></b><i> </i>(De Vis, 1884);<b><i> nigrescens </i></b>Lönnber, 1913;<b><i> papuanus</i></b> Peters and Doria, 1875;<i> aurantiacus </i>Rothschild and Rothschild, 1898; <i>crassipes </i>(Ramsay, 1876);<i> papuensis </i>Sclater, 1875.","Subgenus <i>Notamacropus</i>.","10","10-00243","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0243"
"11000244","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","agilis","agilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1841","1842","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1841","","81","","","","Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington.","","","","","10","10-00244","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0243-0244"
"11000245","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","agilis","jardinii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","De Vis","1884","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00245","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0243-0245"
"11000246","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","agilis","nigrescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnber","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00246","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0243-0246"
"11000247","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","agilis","papuanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters and Doria","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00247","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0243-0247"
"11000248","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Osphranter","antilopinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1841","1842","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1841","","80","","","Antilopine Kangaroo","Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington.","N Queensland, Northern Territory, NE Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","","Subgenus <i>Osphranter</i>.","10","10-00248","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0242-0248"
"11000249","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Osphranter","bernardus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","W. Rothschild","1904","","Nov. Zool.","10","","543","","","Woodward’s Wallaroo","Australia, Northern Territory, head of South Alligator River.","Interior of N Northern Territory.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt). Rare.","<i>woodwardi</i>  (W. Rothschild, 1903).","Subgenus <i>Osphranter.</i> The original name <i>Dendrodorcopsis woodwardi</i> was preoccupied.","10","10-00249","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0242-0249"
"11000250","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","dorsalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","583","","","Black-striped Wallaby","Australia, New South Wales, probably interior (Namoi Hills), according to Iredale and Troughton (1934).","Australia: E Queensland, E New South Wales.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","","Subgenus <i>Notamacropus</i>.","10","10-00250","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0250"
"11000251","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","eugenii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","17","","38","","","Tammar Wallaby","Australia, South Australia, Nuyt's Arch., St. Peter's Isl.","SW Western Australia, South Australia, Kangaroo Isl, Wallaby Isl and other islands.","IUCN – Extinct in the Wild as <i>M. e. eugenii</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (nt).","<i>bedfordi</i> (Thomas, 1900);<i> dama </i>(Gould, 1844);<i> decres </i>(Troughton, 1841); <i>derbianus </i>(Gray, 1837); <i>emiliae </i>(Gray, 1843);<i> flindersi </i>(Wood Jones, 1924);<i> gracilis </i>Gould<i>, </i>1844; <i>houtmanni</i> (Gould, 1844); <i>obscurior</i> (Gray, 1841).","Subgenus <i>Notamacropus</i>.","10","10-00251","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0251"
"11000252","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Macropus","fuliginosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","17","","35","","","Western Grey Kangaroo","Australia, South Australia, Kangaroo Isl.","SW New South Wales, NW Victoria, South Australia, SW Western Australia, Tasmania, King Isl, and Kangaroo Isl (Australia).","U.S. ESA – Delisted Taxa (recovered); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>M. f. fuliginosus, </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc). Abundant.","<b><i>melanops</i> </b><i> </i>Gould<i>, </i>1842;<i> <b>ocydromus</b></i> Gould, 1842.","Subgenus <i>Macropus</i>; see Kirsch and Poole (1972) for discussion of specific limits and subspecies included in this taxon and in <i>giganteus</i>.","10","10-00252","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0240-0252"
"11000253","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Macropus","fuliginosus","fuliginosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","17","","35","","","","Australia, South Australia, Kangaroo Isl.","","","","","10","10-00253","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0240-0252-0253"
"11000254","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Macropus","fuliginosus","melanops","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00254","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0240-0252-0254"
"11000255","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Macropus","fuliginosus","ocydromus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00255","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0240-0252-0255"
"11000256","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Macropus","giganteus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1790","","Nat. Misc.","1","","pl. 33 (text)","","","Eastern Grey Kangaroo","Australia, Queensland, Cooktown (= ""New Holland""), King's Plains.","E and C Queensland, Victoria, New South Wales, SE South Australia, and Tasmania (Australia).","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>M</i>. <i>g</i>. <i>tasmaniensis</i>; otherwise Delisted Taxa (recovered); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>M. g. tasmaniensis, </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc). Abundant throughout E Australia.","<i>griseofuscus</i>  (Goldfuss, 1819);<i> labiatus </i>(Desmarest, 1817);<i> major </i>Shaw<i>,</i> 1800;<i> tridactylus </i>(Perry, 1810);<i> <b>tasmaniensis </b></i>Le Souef, 1923.","Subgenus <i>Macropus</i>. Opinion 760 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1966) placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, see Calaby et al. (1963) for discussion. Revised by Kirsch and Poole (1972) who discussed specific limits and the subspecies included in this taxon. See Poole (1982, Mammalian Species, 187).","10","10-00256","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0240-0256"
"11000257","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Macropus","giganteus","giganteus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1790","","Nat. Misc.","1","","pl. 33 (text)","","","","Australia, Queensland, Cooktown (= ""New Holland""), King's Plains.","","","","","10","10-00257","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0240-0256-0257"
"11000258","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Macropus","giganteus","tasmaniensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Le Souef","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00258","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0240-0256-0258"
"11000259","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","greyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1846","","Nat. Hist. Mamm.","1","","122","","","Toolache Wallaby","Australia, South Australia, Coorong.","Formerly SE South Australia and adjacent Victoria.","IUCN – Extinct.","","Subgenus <i>Notamacropus</i>. Almost certainly extinct (Kirsch and Calaby, 1977:22; Ride, 1970:47).","10","10-00259","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0259"
"11000260","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","irma","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jourdan","1837","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","5","","523","","","Western Brush Wallaby","Australia, Western Australia, Swan River.","SW Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt). Rare.","<i>manicatus</i> Gould, 1841.","Subgenus <i>Notamacropus</i>.","10","10-00260","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0260"
"11000261","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","parma","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1846","","Nat. Hist. Mamm.","1","","149","","","Parma Wallaby","Australia, New South Wales.","E New South Wales; introduced to Kawau Isl (New Zealand), see Wodzicki and Flux (1967).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Notamacropus</i> (Dawson and Flannery, 1985).","10","10-00261","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0261"
"11000262","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","parryi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1834","1835","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1834","","151","","","Pretty-faced Wallaby","Australia, New South Wales, Stroud (near Port Stephens).","Australia: E Queensland, NE New South Wales.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>pallida</i>  (Gray, 1837).","Subgenus <i>Notamacropus</i> (Dawson and Flannery, 1985). Formerly included in <i>Protemnodon</i>, see Haltenorth (1958:39); but also see Kirsch and Calaby (1977).","10","10-00262","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0262"
"11000263","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Osphranter","robustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1840","1841","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1840","","92","","","Wallaroo","Australia, New South Wales, interior (summit of mountains).","Australia: Western Australia, South Australia, S Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, Barrow Isl.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>M. r. isabellinus,</i> otherwise Lower Risk (lc). Abundant.","<i>reginae</i>  Schwarz<i>,</i> 1910;<i> <b>erubescens</b></i> Sclater, 1870;<i> alexandriae </i>Schwarz, 1910;<i> argentatus</i> Rothschild, 1905;<i> cervinus </i>Thomas, 1900;<i> hagenbecki </i>W. Rothschild, 1907;<i> magnus </i>W. Rothschild, 1905 [preoccupied by Owen, 1874]; <i>rubens </i>Schwarz, 1910;<i> <b>isabellinus </b></i>(Gould, 1842); <b><i>woodwardi</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1901;<i> alligatoris </i>Thomas, 1904; <i>bracteator </i>Thomas, 1904.","Subgenus <i>Osphranter</i>. See Richardson and Sharman (1976). McAllan and Bruce (1989) would date <i>robustus</i> from: The Athenaeum, 670:685 [29 August 1840].","10","10-00263","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0242-0263"
"11000264","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Osphranter","robustus","robustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1840","1841","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1840","","92","","","","Australia, New South Wales, interior (summit of mountains).","","","","","10","10-00264","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0242-0263-0264"
"11000265","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Osphranter","robustus","erubescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sclater","1870","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00265","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0242-0263-0265"
"11000266","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Osphranter","robustus","isabellinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00266","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0242-0263-0266"
"11000267","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Osphranter","robustus","woodwardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00267","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0242-0263-0267"
"11000268","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","rufogriseus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","17","","36","","","Red-necked Wallaby","Australia, Tasmania, King Isl.","SE South Australia, Victoria, SE Queensland, E New South Wales, Tasmania, King Isl and adjacent islands (Australia); introduced in England (Corbet and Hill, 1980:18).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>griseorufus</i> (Goldfuss, 1819);<i> griseus </i>(Gray, 1827);<i> kingii </i>(Illiger, 1815) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>rutilans </i>(Illiger, 1815) [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> rutilus </i>(Lichtenstein, 1818) [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> vinosus </i>(Boitard, 1841);<i> <b>banksianus </b></i>(Quoy and Gaimard, 1825);<i> <b>fruticus </b></i>Ogilby, 1838;<i> bennetti </i>Waterhouse<i>,</i> 1838;<i> </i><u>not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>leptonyx </i>(Wagner, 1842).","Subgenus <i>Notamacropus</i>.","10","10-00268","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0268"
"11000269","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","rufogriseus","rufogriseus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","17","","36","","","","Australia, Tasmania, King Isl.","","","","","10","10-00269","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0268-0269"
"11000270","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","rufogriseus","banksianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Quoy and Gaimard","1825","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00270","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0268-0270"
"11000271","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Notamacropus","rufogriseus","fruticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1838","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00271","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0241-0268-0271"
"11000272","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Macropus","Osphranter","rufus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogis. <i>In</i> Encycl. Méth.","2(Suppl.)","","541","","","Red Kangaroo","Australia, New South Wales, Blue Mtns.","Mainland, mid-latitude Australia.","U.S. ESA – Delisted Taxa (recovered); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Very abundant.","<i>dissimulatus</i> W. Rothschild<i>, </i>1905;<i> griseolanosus </i>(Quoy and Gaimard, 1825);<i> laniger</i> (Gaimard, 1823);<i> lanigerus </i>Gray, 1825;<i> lanosus </i>(Gray, 1827) [error];<i> occidentalis </i>Cahn<i>, </i>1906;<i> pallidus </i>Schwarz, 1910; <i>pictus </i>Gould, 1861 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> ruber </i>Crisp, 1862 [error].","Maintained in a monotypic genus <i>Megaleia </i>by McKenna and Bell (1997), but Dawson and Flannery (1985) showed that it belongs in genus <i>Macropus</i>, subgenus <i>Osphranter</i>.","10","10-00272","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0239-0242-0272"
"11000273","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Onychogalea","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1841","","Appendix C. <i>In</i> J. Two Exped. Aust.","2","","402","","<i>Macropus unguifer</i> Gould, 1841.","","","","","","","10","10-00273","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0273"
"11000274","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Onychogalea","","fraenata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1840","1841","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1840","","92","","","Bridled Nail-tail Wallaby","Australia, New South Wales, interior.","Formerly in S Queensland, interior New South Wales; survives only near Taunton, Queensland (Australia).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","","McAllan and Bruce (1989) argued that the original publication of this name was in The Athenaeum, 670:685 [29 August 1840], as [<i>Macropus</i>] <i>frenatus</i>.","10","10-00274","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0273-0000-0274"
"11000275","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Onychogalea","","lunata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1840","1841","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1840","","93","","","Crescent Nail-tail Wallaby","Australia, Western Australia, coast.","SC and SW Western Australia, S Northern Territory.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct; probably extinct.","","Extinct throughout most or all of its former range. McAllan and Bruce (1989) argued that the original publication of this name was in The Athenaeum, 670:685 [29 August 1840].","10","10-00275","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0273-0000-0275"
"11000276","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Onychogalea","","unguifera","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1840","1841","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1840","","93","","","Northern Nail-tail Wallaby","Australia, Western Australia, Derby (King Sound).","N Australia: Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Secure.","<i>annulicauda</i>  De Vis, 1884.","McAllan and Bruce (1989) argued that the original description of this name was in The Athenaeum, 670:685 [29 August 1840].","10","10-00276","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0273-0000-0276"
"11000277","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","583","","<i>Kangurus penicillatus</i> Gray, 1827.","","","","","<i>Heteropus</i> Jourdan, 1837 [not of Fitzinger, 1826];<i> Peradorcas</i> Tomas, 1904.","Revision of this genus is needed; see Poole (1979) and Briscoe et al. (1982). Kitchener and Sanson (1978) considered this genus as probably congeneric with <i>Peradorcas</i>, though McKenna and Bell (1997) continued to recognize <i>Peradorcas </i>as a genus. Species-groups (Briscoe et al., 1982; Eldredge and Close, 1997) are: <i>P. brachyotis</i> group (<i>brachyotis, burbidgei</i> and <i>concinna</i>), <i>P. xanthopus</i> group (<i>xanthopus, rothschildi</i> and <i>persephone</i>), and <i>P. lateralis/penicillata </i>group, containing the remainder.","10","10-00277","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277"
"11000278","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","assimilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1877","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","1","","360","","","Allied Rock-wallaby","Australia, Queensland, Palm Isl.","C Queensland, from Townsville southward to lower Burdekin-Bowen Rivers, northwest to Croydon, southwest to Hughenden and Mt. Hope; Palm Isl, Magnetic Isl.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Locally common.","<i>puella</i>  Thomas, 1926.","<i>P. lateralis/penicillata </i>species-group.","10","10-00278","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0278"
"11000279","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","brachyotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1840","1841","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1840","","128","","","Short-eared Rock-wallaby","Australia, Western Australia, Hanover Bay.","Coast of NW Australia, N Northern Territory.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>longmani</i> Thomas, 1926; <i>signata </i>Thomas, 1926; <i>venustula </i>Thomas, 1926;<i> wilkinsi</i> Thomas, 1926.","<i>P. brachyotis</i> species-group.","10","10-00279","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0279"
"11000280","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","burbidgei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener and Sanson","1978","","Rec. W. Aust. Mus.","6","","269","","","Monjon","Australia, Western Australia, Mitchell Plateau, Crystal Creek (14°30'S, 125°47'20""E).","Kimberleys (Western Australia), Bonaparte Arch., and adjacent islands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt). Rare.","","<i>P. brachyotis</i> species-group.","10","10-00280","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0280"
"11000281","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","coenensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eldredge and Close","1992","","Aust. J. Zool.","40","","621","","","Cape York Rock-wallaby","Australia, Queensland, ""Twin Humps"", 13°47’S, 143°04’E, north of Coen.","Musgrave north to Pascoe River, N Queensland (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt). Localized.","","<i>P. lateralis/ penicillata </i>species-group.","10","10-00281","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0281"
"11000282","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","concinna","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1842","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1842","","57","","","Nabarlek","Australia, Western Australia, Wyndham.","Australia: NE and NW Northern Territory, NE Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>canescens</i> (Thomas, 1909);<i> monastria</i> (Thomas, 1926).","<i>P. brachyotis</i> species-group. Formerly included in a separate genus <i>Peradorcas</i>, and this is retained by McKenna and Bell (1997), but see Kitchener and Samson (1978).","10","10-00282","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0282"
"11000283","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","godmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1923","235","13","","","Godman’s Rock-wallaby","Australia, Queensland, Cooktown (Black Mtn).","Near Mt. Carbine and Mitchell River, north to Bathurst Head, west to ""Pinnacles"" (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Threatened by genetic introgression from <i>P. assimilis</i>.","","<i>P. lateralis/penicillata </i>species-group. Included in <i>penicillata</i> in a preliminary account by Poole (1979:21). Separated as a full species by Eldredge and Close (1992).","10","10-00283","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0283"
"11000284","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","herberti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","17","","626","","","Herbert’s Rock-wallaby","Australia, Queensland, Eidsvold, Burnett River.","S Queensland, from Nanango, 100 km NW of Brisbane, north to Fitzroy River and northwest to Mt. Ball, near Rubyvale, and Mt. Donneybrook, near Clermont (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","","<i>P. lateralis/penicillata </i>species-group. Considered a species separate from <i>P. penicillata </i>by Eldridge and Close (1992).","10","10-00284","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0284"
"11000285","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","inornata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1842","","Monogr. Macropodidae","pt. 2","","pl. 25","","","Unadorned Rock-wallaby","Australia, Queensland, Cape Upstart.","Coastal C Queensland, from Fitzroy River north to lower Burdekin-Bowen Rivers; Whitsunday Isl (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Localized.","","<i>P. lateralis/penicillata </i>species-group.","10","10-00285","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0285"
"11000286","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","lateralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1842","","Monogr. Macropodidae","pt. 2","","pl. 24","","","Black-flanked Rock-wallaby","Australia, Western Australia, Swan River.","Australia: Western Australia (Barrow Isl, Northwest Cape, West Kimberley, Recherche Arch.), South Australia (Pearson Isl, Mann, Musgrave, Everard and Davenport Ranges), Northern Territory (Uluru and Macdonnell Ranges), W Queensland (Dajarra and Selwyn Range).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>P. l. hacketti, P. l. lateralis, </i>and <i>P. l. pearsoni</i>. Common.","<b><i>hacketti</i> </b> Thomas, 1905;<i> <b>pearsoni</b></i> Thomas, 1922.","<i>P. lateralis/penicillata </i>species-group. McAllan and Bruce (1989) argued that the original publication of this name is in The Athenaeum, 670:685 [29 August 1840]. Eldridge and Close (1995) noted the existence of two undescribed races from Central Australia and West Kimberley.","10","10-00286","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0286"
"11000287","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","lateralis","lateralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1842","","Monogr. Macropodidae","pt. 2","","pl. 24","","","","Australia, Western Australia, Swan River.","","","","","10","10-00287","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0286-0287"
"11000288","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","lateralis","hacketti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00288","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0286-0288"
"11000289","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","lateralis","pearsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00289","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0286-0289"
"11000290","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","mareeba","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eldredge and Close","1992","","Aust. J. Zool.","40","","619","","","Mareeba Rock-wallaby","Australia, Queensland, Mungana Trucking Yards, 16 km west of Chillagoe, 17°06’S, 144°23’E.","Mareeba north to Mitchell River and near Mt. Carbine, west to Mungana and south to Burdekin River, N Queensland (Australia).","Localized.","","<i>P. lateralis/penicillata </i>species-group.","10","10-00290","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0290"
"11000291","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","penicillata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Anim. Kingdom, Mamm.","3","","plate only","","","Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","SE Australia, from East Gippsland (Victoria) to 100 km NW of Bisbane (Queensland).","IUCN – Vulnerable. Locally common but declining.","<i>albogularis</i>  (Jourdan, 1837); <i>longicauda </i>Krefft, 1865.","<i>P. lateralis/penicillata </i>species-group. Does not include <i>herberti</i> (Eldridge and Close, 1992).","10","10-00291","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0291"
"11000292","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","persephone","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Maynes","1982","","Aust. Mamm.","5","","47","","","Proserpine Rock-wallaby","Australia, Queensland, 9.6 km north of Proserpine, base of Mt. Dryander, 20°19'S, 148°33'E.","Restricted to district around Proserpine.","IUCN – Endangered.","","<i>P. xanthopus</i> species-group.","10","10-00292","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0292"
"11000293","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","purpureicollis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Le Souef","1924","","Aust. Zool.","3","","274","","","Purple-necked Rock-wallaby","Australia, NW Queensland, Dajarra.","Australia: Dajarra district, NW Queensland.","Uncertain.","","<i>P. lateralis/penicillata </i>species-group. Considered probably a species distinct from <i>P. lateralis </i>by Eldridge et al. (1991).","10","10-00293","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0293"
"11000294","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","rothschildi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Nov. Zool.","11","","166","","","Rothschild’s Rock-wallaby","Australia, Western Australia, Cossack.","NW Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Vulnerable.","","<i>P. xanthopus</i> species-group.","10","10-00294","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0294"
"11000295","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","sharmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eldredge and Close","1992","","Aust. J. Zool.","40","","618","","","Mt. Claro Rock-wallaby","Australia, Queensland, Mt. Claro, 18°52’S, 145°44’S.","Seaview and Coane Ranges, west of Ingham, N Queensland (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>P. lateralis/penicillata </i>species-group.","10","10-00295","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0295"
"11000296","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","xanthopus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1854","1855","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1854","","259","","","Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby","Australia, South Australia, Flinders Range.","Australia: SW Queensland, South Australia, NW New South Wales.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerabler as <i>P. x. xanthopus,</i> Lower Risk (nt) as <i>P. x. celeris</i>.","<i>xanthopygus</i>  (Giebel, 1874) [error]; <b><i>celeris</i></b> Le Souef, 1924.","<i>P. xanthopus</i> species-group.","10","10-00296","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0296"
"11000297","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","xanthopus","xanthopus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1854","1855","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1854","","259","","","","Australia, South Australia, Flinders Range.","","","","","10","10-00297","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0296-0297"
"11000298","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Petrogale","","xanthopus","celeris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Le Souef","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00298","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0277-0000-0296-0298"
"11000299","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Setonix","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1842","","Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim. Mammifères","","","194","","<i>Kangurus brachyurus</i> Quoy and Gaimard, 1830.","","","","","","","10","10-00299","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0299"
"11000300","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Setonix","","brachyurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Quoy and Gaimard","1830","","<i>In</i> Dumont d'Urville, Voy...de Astrolabe, Zool.","1(L'Homme, Mamm. Oiseaux)","","114","","","Quokka","Australia, Western Australia, King George Sound (Albany).","SW Western Australia, Rottnest Isl, and Bald Isl (Australia).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>brevicaudatus</i>  (Gray, 1838).","","10","10-00300","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0299-0000-0300"
"11000301","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Thylogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","583","","<i>Halmaturus</i> (<i>Thylogale</i>) <i>eugenii</i> Gray, 1837 (= <i>Halmaturus thetis</i> Lesson, 1828).","","","","","","Included in <i>Macropus</i> by Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>), but see Kirsch and Calaby (1977:17). See comments under <i>Dorcopsis</i>.","10","10-00301","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0301"
"11000302","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Thylogale","","billardierii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, In Encycl. Méth.","2(Suppl.)","","542","","","Tasmanian Pademelon","Australia, Tasmania.","Australia: SE South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, islands in Bass Strait; probably survives only in Tasmania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brachytarsus</i> (Wagner, 1842); <i>rufiventer </i>Ogilby, 1838; <i>tasmanei </i>(Gray, 1838).","","10","10-00302","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0301-0000-0302"
"11000303","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Thylogale","","browni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1887","","Die Säugethiere","3","","551","","","Brown’s Pademelon","Papua New Guinea, New Ireland.","E New Guinea and adjacent small islands, sea level to 2000 m; Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>keysseri</i>  (Förster and Rothschild, 1914);<b><i> </i></b><i>lauterbachi</i> Matschie, 1916;<i> lugens</i> (Alston, 1877);<i> tibol</i> (Miklouho-Maclay, 1885)<i>.</i>","Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>brunii</i>, but see Flannery (1992).","10","10-00303","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0301-0000-0303"
"11000304","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Thylogale","","brunii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1778","","Die Säugethiere","3","","551","","","Dusky Pademelon","Indonesia, Aru Isls.","Southern New Guinea (Trans-Fly Plains and Port Moresby district); Aru Isls; Palau (= Isl) Kei Besar<b>.</b>","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>gracilis</i> Miklouho-Maclay, 1884; <i>jukesii</i> (Miklouho-Maclay, 1884).","<i>T</i>. <i>bruijni</i> is a later spelling (Haltenorth, 1958:38).","10","10-00304","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0301-0000-0304"
"11000305","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Thylogale","","calabyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1992","","Aust. Mammal.","15","","18","","","Calaby’s Pademelon","Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Mt. Albert Edward, 3000 m on south side of Neon Basin.","Known from Mt. Albert Edward and Mt. Giluwe, Eastern highlands of Papua New Guinea, about 3000 m.","IUCN – Endangered.","","","10","10-00305","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0301-0000-0305"
"11000306","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Thylogale","","lanatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","670","","","Mountain Pademelon","Papua New Guinea, Saruwaged Mtns, 3600 m.","Subalpine grasslands of Huon Peninsula.","Vulnerable.","","Close to <i>T. browni</i>, and considered a subspecies of it, with some misgivings, by Flannery (1992), who however noted some consistent differences, so considered a full species here.","10","10-00306","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0301-0000-0306"
"11000307","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Thylogale","","stigmatica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1860","","Mamm. Aust.","2","pt. 12","pl. 33-34","","","Red-legged Pademelon","Australia, Queensland, Point Cooper (N of Rockingham Bay).","E Queensland, E New South Wales (Australia); SC lowland New Guinea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Uncommon.","<b><i>coxenii</i> </b><i> </i>(Gray, 1866);<i> gazella </i>(De Vis, 1884);<i> <b>oriomo</b> </i>(Tate and Archbold, 1935);<i> temporalis </i>(De Vis, 1884);<i> <b>wilcoxi</b></i><b> </b>(McCoy, 1866)","Citation for original description given as Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860:375, by some authors, but this is dated Nov. 13, while Mammal. Aust., Part 12 was published Nov. 1.","10","10-00307","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0301-0000-0307"
"11000308","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Thylogale","","stigmatica","stigmatica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1860","","Mamm. Aust.","2","pt. 12","pl. 33-34","","","","Australia, Queensland, Point Cooper (N of Rockingham Bay).","","","","","10","10-00308","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0301-0000-0307-0308"
"11000309","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Thylogale","","stigmatica","coxenii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00309","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0301-0000-0307-0309"
"11000310","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Thylogale","","stigmatica","oriomo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00310","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0301-0000-0307-0310"
"11000311","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Thylogale","","stigmatica","wilcoxi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","McCoy","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","10","10-00311","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0301-0000-0307-0311"
"11000312","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Thylogale","","thetis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1828","","Monogr. Mamm.","","","229","","","Red-necked Pademelon","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","E Queensland, E New South Wales (Australia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Uncommon.","<i>eugenii</i> (Gray, 1837);<i> nuchalis</i> (Wagner, 1842).","","10","10-00312","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0301-0000-0312"
"11000313","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Wallabia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Trouessart","1905","","Cat. Mamm. Viv. Foss.","Suppl. fasc.","4","834","","<i>Kangurus ualabatus</i> Lesson and Garnot, 1826 (= <i>Kangurus bicolor</i> Desmarest, 1804).","","","","","","Included in <i>Macropus</i> by Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>), but see Kirsch and Calaby (1977:17).","10","10-00313","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0313"
"11000314","DIPROTODONTIA","MACROPODIFORMES","","","Macropodidae","Macropodinae","","Wallabia","","bicolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Méth. Hist. Nat., <i>in</i> Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","357","","","Swamp Wallaby","Unknown.","Australia: E Queensland, E New South Wales, Victoria, SE South Australia, Stradbroke Isl, Fraser Isl.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>apicalis</i> (Gunther, 1874);<i> ingrami </i>(Thomas and Dollman, 1909);<i> lessonii </i>(Gray, 1837); <i>mastersii </i>(Krefft, 1867) [<i>nomen nudum</i>, made available in Krefft, 1871]; <i>nemoralis </i>(Wagner, 1842);<i> ualabatus </i>(Lesson and Garnot, 1826); <i>welsbyi</i> Longman, 1922.","","10","10-00314","10-0001-0172-0000-0000-0193-0199-0000-0313-0000-0314"
"11100001","AFROSORICIDA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Stanhope","1998","","","","","","","","","","","","","<p>Traditionally included in the Lipotyphla (= Insectivora <i>sensu stricto</i>). Various molecular studies (Madsen et al., 2001; Murphy et al., 2001<i>a, b</i>; Springer et al., 1999) and syntheses of morphological and molecular data (Asher et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2001) support a clade containing tenrecs and golden moles, which Stanhope et al. (1998) named Afrosoricida. This name is inappropriate since this clade does not include soricids, and could lead to confusion with the soricid subgenus <i>Afrosorex </i>Hutterer, 1986. Noting that Tenrecomorpha Butler, 1972 may be a prior, and more explicit name for this clade following Simpson’s (1945) guidelines for naming superfamial taxa, Bronner et al. (2003) nevertheless accepted Afrosoricida because this name is entrenched in the recent literature.</p><p>While Afrosoricida is widely used as a name for a tenrec-golden mole clade (e.g., Cao et al., 2000; de Jong et al., 2003; Douady et al., 2002<i>a,b</i>; Hedges, 2001; Helgen, 2003<i>a</... [truncated]","11","11-00001","11-0001"
"11100002","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Butler","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","Included in suborder Soricomorpha of the Lipotyphla by Butler (1988) and by MacPhee and Novacek (1993). McKenna and Bell (1997:293) use the name Tenrecoidea (attributing it incorrectly to Gray, 1821:301) as a superfamily with the note ‘Proposed as suborder of Lipotyphla, coordinate with Erinaceomorpha, Soricomorpha, and Chrysochlorida’; however, usage of this name is undesirable (see above).","11","11-00002","11-0001-0002"
"11100003","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos. Rec.","15","","301","","","","","","","","Includes Potamogalinae (see Corbet, 1974).","11","11-00003","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"11100004","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Geogalinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Trouessart","1881","","Revue. Mag. Zool., ser. 3","7","","275","","","","","","","","","11","11-00004","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004"
"11100005","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Geogalinae","","Geogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards and A. Grandidier","1872","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.","15","(art. 19)","2","","<i>Geogale aurita</i> Milne-Edwards and A. Grandidier, 1872.","","","","","<i>Cryptogale</i>  G. Grandidier, 1928 (see Genest and Petter, 1975).","","11","11-00005","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0005"
"11100006","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Geogalinae","","Geogale","","aurita","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards and A. Grandidier","1872","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.","15","(art. 19)","2","","","Large-eared Tenrec","Madagascar, Mouroundava [Morondava].","Western deciduous forest and spiny bush of S and W Madagascar and Fénérive, NE Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>australis</i>  G. Grandidier, 1928; <b><i>orientalis</i></b> G. Grandidier and Petit, 1930.","The subspecific status of <i>G. a. orientalis</i> is uncertain. This species was not found during a recent survey of the environs of Fénérive (Rakotondravony et al., 1998). The easternmost occurrence of this species was recorded recently in SE Madagascar (Goodman et al., 1999<i>a</i>).","11","11-00006","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0005-0000-0006"
"11100007","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Geogalinae","","Geogale","","aurita","aurita","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards and A. Grandidier","1872","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.","15","(art. 19)","2","","","","Madagascar, Mouroundava [Morondava].","","","","","11","11-00007","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0005-0000-0006-0007"
"11100008","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Geogalinae","","Geogale","","aurita","orientalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. Grandidier and Petit","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00008","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0005-0000-0006-0008"
"11100009","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Dobson","1882","","Monograph of the Insectivora","1","","71","","","","","","","","","11","11-00009","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009"
"11100010","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Limnogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Major","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","318","","<i>Limnogale mergulus</i> Major, 1896.","","","","","","","11","11-00010","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0010"
"11100011","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Limnogale","","mergulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Major","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","319","","","Web-footed Tenrec","Madagascar, Imasindrary, NE Betsileo.","Freshwater streams of eastern humid forest and central highlands of E Madagascar.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Morphological evidence suggests that <i>Limnogale</i> and the African Potamogalinae are sister taxa (Asher, 1999).","11","11-00011","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0010-0000-0011"
"11100012","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1882","","J. Linn. Soc., Zool.","16","","319","","<i>Microgale longicaudata</i> Thomas, 1882.","","","","","<i>Leptogale</i>  Thomas, 1918; <i>Nesogale</i> Thomas, 1918; <i>Paramicrogale</i> G. Grandidier and Petit, 1931.","Revised by MacPhee (1987<i>a</i>); reviewed in part by Jenkins et al. (1996, 1997).","11","11-00012","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012"
"11100013","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","brevicaudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Grandidier","1899","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","5","","349","","","Short-tailed Shrew Tenrec","""Environs de Mahanara, à 75 km environ au sud de Vohémar, sur la côte nord-est de Madagascar"" [Maharana River, 78 km S of Iharana [Vohimarina], Antsiranana, Antalaha, Madagascar (MacPhee, 1987)].","Northern highlands, sambirano, western deciduous forest and eastern humid forest of N and NW Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>breviceps</i>  Kaudern, 1918; <i>occidentalis</i> (G. Grandidier and Petit, 1931).","There are only two records from the eastern humid forest, the type locality and Parc National de Marojejy (Goodman and Jenkins, 2000); similarly there is a single report of this species from the sambirano of Réserve Speciale de Manongarivo (Raxworthy and Rakotondraparany, 1988).","11","11-00013","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0013"
"11100014","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","cowani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1882","","J. Linn. Soc., Zool.","16","","320","","","Cowan's Shrew Tenrec","Ankáfana forest, E Betsileo [Ankafina, Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa Province, 21°12’S 47°12’E (Carleton and Schmidt, 1990; MacPhee, 1987)].","Eastern humid forest and central highlands of N, E and SE Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>crassipes</i>  Milne-Edwards, 1893; <i>longirostris</i> Major, 1896; <i>nigrescens</i> Elliot, 1905.","","11","11-00014","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0014"
"11100015","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","dobsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1884","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","14","","337","","","Dobson's Shrew Tenrec","Nandésen forest, C Betsileo. [Nandihizana, c. 20 miles (30 km) SSW of Ambositra, see MacPhee, 1987; c. 20°50’S 47°10’E, see Jenkins et al., 1996.]","Eastern humid forest of N, E and SE, and central highlands, Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included in <i>Nesogale</i>, see Thomas (1918), Genest and Petter (1975).","11","11-00015","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0015"
"11100016","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","drouhardi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Grandidier","1934","","Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2","6","","474","","","Drouhard’s Shrew Tenrec","""Environs de Diego-Suarez, extrême-nord de Madagascar"". [Antsiranana, c. 12°16’S 49°18’E (MacPhee, 1987)].","Eastern humid forest of N and E Madagascar.","","<i>melanorrhachis</i>  Morrison-Scott, 1948.","Considered a synonym of <i>M. cowani</i> by MacPhee (1987), specific status recognised by Jenkins et al. (1997).","11","11-00016","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0016"
"11100017","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","dryas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jenkins","1992","","Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.)","58","","53","","","Dryad Shrew Tenrec","Site 1, Ambatovaky Special Reserve, NE Madagascar, in primary rainforest, between 600-750 m, 16°51'S, 49°08'E.","Known only from the type locality and from an owl pellet collected at Réserve Spéciale d’Anjanharibe-Sud, NE Madagascar.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","","11","11-00017","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0017"
"11100018","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","fotsifotsy","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jenkins, Raxworthy and Nussbaum","1997","","Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.)","63","","2","","","Pale Shrew Tenrec","Camp 2, Antomboka River Fitsahana, Parc National de la Montagne d’Ambre, Antsiranana Fivondronana, Antsiranana Province 12°29’S 49°10’E, altitude 650 m, Madagascar.","Eastern humid rainforests of N, E and SE Madagascar.","","","","11","11-00018","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0018"
"11100019","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","gracilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Major","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","321","","","Gracile Shrew Tenrec","Ambohimitombo forest, Madagascar [Ambohimitombo town, 43 km by road SE of Ambositra, 10 km into eastern forest, Fianarantsoa, 20°43’S 47°26’E (MacPhee, 1987)].","Eastern humid forest and central highlands of N, E and SE Madagascar.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Formerly included in <i>Oryzorictes</i> (see Major, 1896) and <i>Leptogale</i> (see Thomas, 1918<i>a</i>).","11","11-00019","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0019"
"11100020","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","gymnorhyncha","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jenkins, Goodman and Raxworthy","1996","","Fieldiana Zool. n.s.","85","","211","","","Naked-nosed Shrew Tenrec","E Madagascar, 38 km S [of] Ambalavao, Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andringitra, on ridge E of Volotsangana River, Fianarantsoa Province, 22°11’39""S 46°58’16""E, altitude 1625 m.","Eastern humid forest of N, E and SE and central highlands, Madagascar.","","","","11","11-00020","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0020"
"11100021","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","longicaudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1882","","J. Linn. Soc., Zool.","16","","320","","","Lesser Long-tailed Shrew Tenrec","Ankáfana forest, E Betsileo, Madagascar [Ankafina, Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa Province, 21°12’S 47°12’E (see MacPhee, 1987; Carleton and Schmidt, 1990)].","Eastern humid forest and central highlands of N, E and SE, and western deciduous forest of W Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>majori</i>  Thomas, 1918; <i>prolixacaudata</i> G. Grandidier, 1937.","","11","11-00021","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0021"
"11100022","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","monticola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodman and Jenkins","1998","","Fieldiana Zool. n.s.","90","","149","","","Montane Shrew Tenrec","Madagascar, 11 km WSW of Befingitra, Réserve Spéciale d’Anjanaharibe-Sud, 14°44’S, 49°26’E, 1550 m.","Northern highlands of N Madagascar.","","","Recorded to date only at high altitudes in the mountains surrounding the Andapa Basin (see Goodman and Jenkins, 2000).","11","11-00022","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0022"
"11100023","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","nasoloi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jenkins and Goodman","1999","","Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Zool.)","65","","156","","","Nasolo’s Shrew Tenrec","Vohibasia Forest [Forêt de Vohibasia], 59 km northeast of Sakaraha, Province de Toliara, SW Madagascar, 22°27.5’S 44°50.5’E, 780 m.","Known only from transitional dry deciduous forest at the type locality and Analavelona Forest, SW Madagascar.","","","","11","11-00023","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0023"
"11100024","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","parvula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Grandidier","1934","","Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2","6","","476","","","Pygmy Shrew Tenrec","""Environs de Diego Suarez, extrême-nord de Madagascar."" [Antsiranana, c. 12°16’S 49°18’E (MacPhee, 1987)].","Eastern humid forest and central highlands of N, E and SE Madagascar.","Revised by Jenkins et al. (1997). Although recorded as Endangered as <i>M. parvula </i>and Vulnerable as <i>M. pulla </i>in the IUCN Red List 2003, this species is currently common over a wide distributional range (Goodman and Jenkins, 1998, 2000; Goodman et al., 1999<i>a</i>; Jenkins et al., 1996, 1997).","<i>pulla</i>  Jenkins, 1988.","","11","11-00024","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0024"
"11100025","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","principula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","17","","251","","","Greater Long-tailed Shrew Tenrec","""Midongy-du-Sud, South-east Madagascar"" [Midongy Atsimo, Fianarantsoa, Farafangana, 23°35’S 47°01’E (MacPhee, 1987)].","Eastern humid forest of N, E and SE Madagascar.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>decaryi</i>  G. Grandidier, 1928; <i>sorella</i> Thomas, 1926.","Distribution may be disjunct.","11","11-00025","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0025"
"11100026","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","pusilla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Major","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","462","","","Least Shrew Tenrec","Forest of the Independent Tanala of Ikongo, in the neighbourhood of Vinanitelo [50 km SE of Fianarantsoa town and 10 km SSE of Vohitrafeno town, W margin of E forest, Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa Province, Madagascar, 21°45’S 47°17’E (MacPhee, 1987)].","Eastern humid forest of E and SE, and central highlands, Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","11","11-00026","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0026"
"11100027","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","soricoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jenkins","1993","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3067","","2","","","Shrew-toothed Shrew Tenrec","Mantady National Park, c. 15 km north of Perinet, Madagascar, 18°51’S 48°27’E, in primary rainforest, between 1100 and 1150 m elevation.","Northern highlands, eastern humid forest and central highlands of N, E and SE Madagascar.","","","","11","11-00027","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0027"
"11100028","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","taiva","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Major","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","461","","","Taiva Shrew Tenrec","Ambohimitombo forest, Tanala Country, Madagascar [Ambohimitombo town, 43 km by road SE of Ambositra, 10 km into eastern forest, Fianarantsoa, 20°43’S 47°26’E (MacPhee, 1987)].","Southern regions of eastern humid forest of Madagascar.","","","Synonymised with <i>M. cowani</i> by MacPhee (1987), specific status recognised by Jenkins et al. (1996).","11","11-00028","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0028"
"11100029","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","talazaci","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Major","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","320","","","Talazac's Shrew Tenrec","""Forest of the Independent Tanala of Ikongo, in the neighbourhood of Vinanitelo, one day’s journey south of Fianarantsoa"" [50 km SE of Fianarantsoa town and 10 km SSE of Vohitrafeno town, W margin of E forest, Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa Province, Madagascar, 21°45’S 47°17’E (MacPhee, 1987)].","Northern highlands, eastern humid forest and central highlands of N, E and SE Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included in <i>Nesogale</i>, see Thomas (1918), Genest and Petter (1975).","11","11-00029","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0029"
"11100030","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Microgale","","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Major","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","320","","","Thomas's Shrew Tenrec","Ampitambè forest (NE Betsileo, Madagascar) [Locality uncertain, discussed by MacPhee (1987) and Carleton and Schmidt (1990); c. 20°22’S 47°46’E, see Carleton and Schmidt (1990)].","Eastern humid forest, and central highlands, E and SE Madagascar.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","11","11-00030","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0012-0000-0030"
"11100031","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Oryzorictes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","A. Grandidier","1870","","Revue Mag. Zool.","22","","50","","<i>Oryzorictes hova</i> A. Grandidier, 1870.","","","","","<i>Oryzoryctes</i>  Trouessart, 1879 [invalid emendation]; <i>Nesoryctes</i> Thomas, 1918.","","11","11-00031","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0031"
"11100032","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Oryzorictes","","hova","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Grandidier","1870","","Revue Mag. Zool.","22","","50","","","Mole-like Rice Tenrec","""Ankaye et Antsianak"" [Ankay, along the Mangoro River, near Lac Alaotra and Antsianaka, region E of Lac Alaotra, Madagascar (Viette, 1991)].","Northern highlands, eastern humid forest and central highlands of N, NW, E and S Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>talpoides</i>  G. Grandidier and Petit, 1930.","Subgenus <i>Oryzorictes. </i>Includes <i>talpoides </i>(see Goodman et al., 1999<i>a</i>).","11","11-00032","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0031-0000-0032"
"11100033","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Oryzorictinae","","Oryzorictes","","tetradactylus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards and A. Grandidier","1882","","Le Naturaliste","4","","55","","","Four-toed Rice Tenrec","""Du plateau d’Emirne"" [Imerina, Madagascar (Viette, 1991)].","Eastern humid forest and central highlands of C and E Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>niger</i>  Major, 1896.","Subgenus <i>Nesoryctes</i> (see Heim de Balsac [1972] and Genest and Petter [1975]). <i>O. niger</i> is considered a melanistic form of <i>tetradactylus</i>, see Thomas (1918<i>a</i>).","11","11-00033","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0009-0000-0031-0000-0033"
"11100034","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Potamogalinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Allman","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","467","","","","","","","","","11","11-00034","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0034"
"11100035","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Potamogalinae","","Micropotamogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Heim de Balsac","1954","","C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris","239","","102","","<i>Micropotamogale lamottei</i> Heim de Balsac, 1954.","","","","","<i>Kivugale</i>  Kretzoi, 1961;<i> Mesopotamogale</i> Heim de Balsac, 1956 [see Corbet, 1974].","","11","11-00035","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0034-0000-0035"
"11100036","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Potamogalinae","","Micropotamogale","","lamottei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heim de Balsac","1954","","C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris","239","","103","","","Nimba Otter Shrew","""Ziéla, dans une savane au pied du Nimba, altitude 550 m."" [Ziéla, Mount Nimba, Guinea].","Environs of Mt. Nimba in Guinea, Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire.","IUCN – Endangered.","","For a survey of the distribution and ecology, see Vogel (1983).","11","11-00036","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0034-0000-0035-0000-0036"
"11100037","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Potamogalinae","","Micropotamogale","","ruwenzorii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Witte and Frechkop","1955","","Bull. Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg.","31","84","9","","","Ruwenzori Otter Shrew","""Rivière Talya, à Mutsora (station du Parc National Albert), contreforts occidentaux du massif Ruwenzori, altitudes 1100 – 1200 m."" [Mutsora, Talya River, W slopes of Mt. Ruwenzori, Dem. Rep. Congo].","Ruwenzori region (Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo), and W of Lake Edward and Lake Kivu (Dem. Rep. Congo).","IUCN – Endangered.","","","11","11-00037","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0034-0000-0035-0000-0037"
"11100038","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Potamogalinae","","Potamogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Du Chaillu","1860","","Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.","7","","363","","<i>Cynogale velox</i> Du Chaillu, 1860.","","","","","<i>Bayonia</i>  Bocage, 1865; <i>Mystomys</i> Gray, 1861; <i>Mythomys</i> Gray, 1862.","","11","11-00038","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0034-0000-0038"
"11100039","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Potamogalinae","","Potamogale","","velox","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Du Chaillu","1860","","Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.","7","","361","","","Giant Otter Shrew","""Mountains of the interior, or in the hilly country … north and south of the equator, Equatorial Africa"" [Gabon].","Tropical Africa: Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>allmani</i>  Jentink, 1895; <i>argens</i> Thomas, 1915.","","11","11-00039","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0034-0000-0038-0000-0039"
"11100040","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Tenrecinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos. Rec.","15","","301","","","","","","","","","11","11-00040","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0040"
"11100041","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Tenrecinae","","Echinops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Martin","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","17","","<i>Echinops telfairi</i> Martin, 1838.","","","","","<i>Echinogale</i>  Wagner, 1841.","","11","11-00041","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0040-0000-0041"
"11100042","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Tenrecinae","","Echinops","","telfairi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Martin","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","17","","","Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec","Madagascar.","Western deciduous forest and spiny bush of S Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>miwarti</i>  A. Grandidier, 1869; <i>nigrescens</i> Petit, 1931; <i>pallescens</i> Thomas, 1892.","The easternmost occurrence of this species was recorded recently in SE Madagascar (Goodman et al., 1999<i>a</i>).","11","11-00042","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0040-0000-0041-0000-0042"
"11100043","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Tenrecinae","","Hemicentetes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Mivart","1871","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1871","","58, 72","","<i>Ericulus</i> <i>semispinosus</i> G. Cuvier, 1798.","","","","","<i>Centetes</i>  Schinz and Brodtmann, 1827 [not Illiger, 1811]; <i>Echinodes</i> Pomel, 1848 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Ericius</i> Giebel, 1871 [not Tilesius, 1813; not Sundevall, 1814]; <i>Ericus</i> Bergroth, 1902; <i>Eteocles</i> Gray, 1821.","","11","11-00043","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0040-0000-0043"
"11100044","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Tenrecinae","","Hemicentetes","","nigriceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1875","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","16","","125","","","Highland Streaked Tenrec","Fienerentova [? = Fianarantsoa, Madagascar].","Eastern edge of central highlands, E Madagascar.","","<i>buffoni</i>  Jentink, 1879.","Distinguished from <i>H. semispinosus</i> by craniodental features (Butler, 1941; Dobson, 1882<i>a</i>) and treated as a distinct species by Eisenberg and Gould (1970). Considered to be a subspecies of <i>H. semispinosus</i> (Genest and Petter, 1975; Hutterer, 1993). Recorded sympatrically with <i>H. semispinosus</i> (Goodman et al., 2000).","11","11-00044","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0040-0000-0043-0000-0044"
"11100045","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Tenrecinae","","Hemicentetes","","semispinosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1798","","Tableau élémentaire de l’histoire naturelle des animaux","","","108","","","Lowland Streaked Tenrec","Madagascar.","Eastern humid forest, central highlands of E Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc)","<i>madagascariensis</i>  Shaw, 1800 [not Zimmermann]; <i>variegatus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1803.","","11","11-00045","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0040-0000-0043-0000-0045"
"11100046","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Tenrecinae","","Setifer","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Froriep","1806","","In Dumeril, Analytische Zoologie .…. mit Zusatzen","","","15","","<i>Erinaceus setosus</i> Schreber, 1778.","","","","","<i>Dasogale</i>  G. Grandidier, 1930; <i>Ericulus</i> I. Geoffroy, 1837; <i>Hericulus</i> Gloger, 1841.","Includes <i>Ericulus</i>, see Eisenberg and Gould (1970:49); and <i>Dasogale</i>, see Poduschka and Poduschka (1982:253).","11","11-00046","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0040-0000-0046"
"11100047","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Tenrecinae","","Setifer","","setosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1778","","Die Säugethiere ….. mit Beschreibungen","3","","590, pl. 164","","","Greater Hedgehog Tenrec","Madagascar.","All latitudes and phytographic zones: eastern humid forest, central highlands, northern highlands, sambirano, western deciduous forest, spiny bush, Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acanthurus</i>  Boddaert, 1785; <i>fontoynonti</i> G. Grandidier, 1930; <i>nigrescens</i> I. Geoffroy, 1839; <i>nigricans</i> Bartlett, 1875 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>spinosus</i> Desmarest, 1820; <i>melantho</i> Thomas, 1926.","<i>Dasogale fontoynonti</i> was based on a juvenile <i>Setifer setosus</i>, see Poduschka and Poduschka (1982:253) and MacPhee (1987<i>b</i>:133).","11","11-00047","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0040-0000-0046-0000-0047"
"11100048","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Tenrecinae","","Tenrec","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lacépède","1799","","Tableau des divisions, ….. Mammifères","","","7","","<i>Erinaceus ecaudatus</i> Schreber, 1778.","","","","","<i>Tenrecus</i>  Desmarest, 1820.","","11","11-00048","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0040-0000-0048"
"11100049","AFROSORICIDA","TENRECOMORPHA","","","Tenrecidae","Tenrecinae","","Tenrec","","ecaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1778","","Die Säugethiere….. mit Beschreibungen","3","","590, pl. 165","","","Tail-less Tenrec","Madagascar.","All latitudes and phytographic zones: eastern humid forest, central highlands, northern highlands, sambirano, western deciduous forest, spiny bush, Madagascar; Comoro Isls. Introduced on Reunion, Mauritius, and the Seychelle Isls.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>armatus</i>  I. Geoffroy, 1837; <i>tanrec</i> Boddaert, 1785.","","11","11-00049","11-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0040-0000-0048-0000-0049"
"11100050","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Broom","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","MacPhee and Novacek (1993) erected the suborder Chrysochloromorpha for golden moles, but following Simpson’s (1945:32-33) nomenclatural principles for categories above superfamilies, Chrysochloridea is the senior synonym.","11","11-00050","11-0001-0050"
"11100051","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","335","","","","","","","","For widely divergent treatments see Simonetta (1968), Meester (1974), Meester et al. (1986) and Petter (1981<i>a</i>). The treatment below follows Bronner (1995<i>a</i>, 1996).","11","11-00051","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051"
"11100052","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","335","","","","","","","","","11","11-00052","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052"
"11100053","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Carpitalpa","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lundholm","1955","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","22","","285","","<i>Chlorotalpa</i>(<i>Carpitalpa</i>)<i> arendsi</i> Lundholm, 1955.","","","","","","Lundholm (1955<i>a</i>:285) described <i>Carpitalpa</i> and <i>Kilimatalpa</i> (here included in <i>Chrysochloris</i>) as subgenera within <i>Chlorotalpa</i>. Simonetta (1968) afforded <i>Carpitalpa</i> generic rank. Included in <i>Amblysomus</i> by Petter (1981<i>a</i>:50) and in <i>Chlorotalpa</i> by Meester (1974) and Meester et al. (1986:20).","11","11-00053","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0053"
"11100054","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Carpitalpa","","arendsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lundholm","1955","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","22","","285","","","Arend’s Golden Mole","E escarpment of Zimbabwe, Inyanga, Pungwe Falls.","E Zimbabwe and adjacent Mozambique.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","11","11-00054","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0053-0000-0054"
"11100055","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chlorotalpa","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","10","","64","","<i>Chrysochloris</i> <i>duthieae</i> Broom, 1907.","","","","","","Included in <i>Amblysomus</i> by Ellerman et al. (1953) and by Petter (1981<i>a</i>). Meester (1974) and Meester et al. (1986) included <i>leucorhina </i>(here referred to <i>Calcochloris</i>) and <i>arendsi</i> (here treated as <i>Carpitalpa</i>) in this genus. Revised by Bronner (1995<i>a</i>).","11","11-00055","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0055"
"11100056","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chlorotalpa","","duthieae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Broom","1907","","Trans. S. Afr. Philos. Soc.","18","","292","","","Duthie’s Golden Mole","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Knysna.","Coastal belt of Western and Eastern Cape Prov., South Africa.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","11","11-00056","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0055-0000-0056"
"11100057","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chlorotalpa","","sclateri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Broom","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","263","","","Sclater’s Golden Mole","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Beaufort West.","Western Cape Prov., E Free State, and S Mpumalanga (South Africa); Lesotho.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>guillarmodi</i> </b><i> </i>Roberts, 1936; <b><i>montana</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1924; <b><i>shortridgei</i></b><i> </i>Broom, 1950.","Included in <i>Amblysomus</i> by Petter (1981<i>a</i>).","11","11-00057","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0055-0000-0057"
"11100058","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chlorotalpa","","sclateri","sclateri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Broom","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","263","","","","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Beaufort West.","","","","","11","11-00058","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0055-0000-0057-0058"
"11100059","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chlorotalpa","","sclateri","guillarmodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00059","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0055-0000-0057-0059"
"11100060","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chlorotalpa","","sclateri","montana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00060","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0055-0000-0057-0060"
"11100061","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chlorotalpa","","sclateri","shortridgei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Broom","1950","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00061","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0055-0000-0057-0061"
"11100062","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysochloris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lacépède","1799","","Tabl. Mamm.","","","7","","<i>Chrysochloris</i> <i>capensis</i> Lacépède, 1799 (= <i>Talpa</i> <i>asiatica</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Kilimatalpa</i>  Lundholm, 1955.","Includes <i>Kilimatalpa </i>as a subgenus, see comments under <i>C. stuhlmanni</i> below.","11","11-00062","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0062"
"11100063","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysochloris","Chrysochloris","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Lacépède","1799","","Tabl. Mamm.","","","7","","<i>Chrysochloris</i> <i>capensis</i> Lacépède, 1799 (= <i>Talpa</i> <i>asiatica</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","","","11","11-00063","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0062-0063"
"11100064","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysochloris","Kilimatalpa","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Lundholm","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00064","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0062-0064"
"11100065","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysochloris","Chrysochloris","asiatica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","53","","","Cape Golden Mole","""In Sibiria""; usually taken as Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. See Ellerman et al. (1953).","Western Cape Prov. and Robben Isl northwards along coastal plain to Orange River (South Africa).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>auratus</i> (Vosmaer, 1787);<i> aurea </i>(Pallas, 1778);<i> bayoni </i>De Beaux, 1921; <i>capensis </i>Lacépède 1799; <i>calviniae </i>Shortridge, 1942;<i> concolor</i> Shortridge and Carter, 1938; <i>damarensis </i>Ogilby, 1838; <i>dixoni </i>Broom, 1946;<i> elegans </i>Broom, 1946;<i> inaurata </i>(Pallas, 1777);<i> minor </i>Roberts, 1919; <i>namaquensis </i>Broom, 1907; <i>rubra </i>Lacépède<i>, </i>1799; <i>shortridgei </i>Broom, 1946;<i> taylori </i>Broom, 1950; <i>tenuis </i>Broom, 1907;<i> visserae</i> Broom, 1950.","Subgenus <i>Chrysochloris. </i>Geographic variation in size and colour appears to be clinal, hence no subspecies are recognized (see Meester et al., 1986), but further study may reveal some valid taxa. The only known specimen of <i>damarensis</i> may have been incorrectly labelled as no <i>Chrysochloris</i> have subsequently been collected in Damaraland, Namibia (Meester 1974).","11","11-00065","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0062-0063-0065"
"11100066","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysochloris","Kilimatalpa","stuhlmanni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1894","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","123","","","Stuhlmann’s Golden Mole","Uganda, Ruwenzori region, ""Ukondjo und Kinyawanga"".","Burundi, Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>balsaci</i> </b><i> </i>Lamotte and Petter (1981); <b><i>stuhlmanni</i></b> (Matschie, 1894);<i> fosteri </i>(St. Leger, 1931); <i>tropicalis </i>(Allen and Loveridge, 1927); <i>vermiculus </i>Thomas, 1910.","Subgenus <i>Kilimatalpa, </i>which Lundholm (1955<i>a</i>) included in <i>Chlorotalpa</i>. Simonetta (1968:31) treated it as a subgenus of <i>Carpitalpa</i> (including <i>stuhlmanni</i> and <i>fosteri</i>) but referred <i>tropicalis</i> to <i>Chlorotalpa</i>. Meester (1974) placed <i>stuhlmanni</i> in <i>Chrysochloris </i>based on malleus morphology, a treatment followed by Bronner (1995) who argued that subgeneric distinction from <i>Chrysochloris</i> is warranted by anagenetic divergence in cranial shape. Validity and limits of subspecies are uncertain owing to the few specimens available. Lamotte and Petter (1981) described <i>balsaci</i> from Mt. Oku, Cameroon, an allopatric form that may deserve full specific status. In addition, the isolated <i>tropicalis</i> should be re-studied.","11","11-00066","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0062-0064-0066"
"11100067","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysochloris","Kilimatalpa","stuhlmanni","stuhlmanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1894","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","123","","","","Uganda, Ruwenzori region, ""Ukondjo und Kinyawanga"".","","","","","11","11-00067","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0062-0064-0066-0067"
"11100068","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysochloris","Kilimatalpa","stuhlmanni","balsaci","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lamotte and Petter","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00068","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0062-0064-0066-0068"
"11100069","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysochloris","Kilimatalpa","stuhlmanni","stuhlmanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00069","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0062-0064-0066-0069"
"11100070","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysochloris","Chrysochloris","visagiei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Broom","1950","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","21","","238","","","Visagie’s Golden Mole","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Gouna (54 mi. [87 km] E Calvinia).","Known only from the holotype.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Chrysochloris</i>. Possibly an aberrant <i>asiatica</i>; see Meester (1974). Simonetta (1968:31) listed it as a subspecies of <i>asiatica</i>.","11","11-00070","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0062-0063-0070"
"11100071","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysospalax","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gill","1883","","Standard Nat. Hist.","5 (Mamm.)","","137","","<i>Chrysochloris</i> <i>trevelyani</i> Günther, 1875.","","","","","<i>Bematiscus</i>  Cope, 1892 (see Ellerman et al., 1953).","","11","11-00071","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0071"
"11100072","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysospalax","","trevelyani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1875","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","311","","","Giant Golden Mole","South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Pirie Forest, near King William's Town.","Eastern Cape Prov. (South Africa).","IUCN – Endangered.","","","11","11-00072","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0071-0000-0072"
"11100073","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysospalax","","villosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1833","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","81","","","Rough-haired Golden Mole","""Towards Natal"", near Durban, South Africa; see Roberts (1951:121).","Eastern Cape Prov., KwaZulu-Natal, Gauteng and S Mpumalanga (South Africa).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>dobsoni</i> </b><i> </i>(Broom, 1918); <b><i>leschae</i></b><i> </i>(Broom, 1918);<i> <b>rufopallidus</b> </i>(Roberts, 1924); <b><i>rufus</i></b><i> </i>(Meester, 1953); <b><i>transvaalensis</i></b><i> </i>(Broom, 1913);<i> pratensis </i>Roberts, 1913.","Validity of subspecies unclear, treatment here follows Meester et al. (1986:16)","11","11-00073","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0071-0000-0073"
"11100074","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysospalax","","villosus","villosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1833","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","81","","","","""Towards Natal"", near Durban, South Africa; see Roberts (1951:121).","","","","","11","11-00074","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0071-0000-0073-0074"
"11100075","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysospalax","","villosus","dobsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Broom","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00075","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0071-0000-0073-0075"
"11100076","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysospalax","","villosus","leschae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Broom","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00076","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0071-0000-0073-0076"
"11100077","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysospalax","","villosus","rufopallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00077","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0071-0000-0073-0077"
"11100078","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysospalax","","villosus","rufus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Meester","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00078","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0071-0000-0073-0078"
"11100079","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Chrysospalax","","villosus","transvaalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Broom","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00079","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0071-0000-0073-0079"
"11100080","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Cryptochloris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Shortridge and Carter","1938","","Ann. S. Afr. Mus.","32","","284","","<i>Cryptochloris</i> <i>zyli </i>Shortridge and Carter, 1938.","","","","","","Simonetta (1968:31) considered <i>Cryptochloris</i> a synonym of <i>Chrysochloris</i>.","11","11-00080","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0080"
"11100081","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Cryptochloris","","wintoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Broom","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","264","","","De Winton’s Golden Mole","South Africa, Northern Cape Prov., Little Namaqualand, Port Nolloth.","Little Namaqualand, Northern Cape Prov., South Africa.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","11","11-00081","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0080-0000-0081"
"11100082","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Cryptochloris","","zyli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shortridge and Carter","1938","","Ann. S. Afr. Mus.","32","","284","","","Van Zyl’s Golden Mole","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Compagnies Drift, 16 km inland from Lamberts Bay.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Considered a subspecies of <i>wintoni</i> by Ellerman et al. (1953); however, Meester et al. (1986:18) and Helgen and Wilson (2001) argued for specific status.","11","11-00082","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0080-0000-0082"
"11100083","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Eremitalpa","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","10","","63","","<i>Chrysochloris</i> <i>granti</i> Broom, 1907.","","","","","","","11","11-00083","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0083"
"11100084","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Eremitalpa","","granti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Broom","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","265","","","Grant’s Golden Mole","South Africa: Garies, south of Kamiesberg, Little Namaqualand, Northern Cape Prov.","Coastal dunes from Western and Northern Cape Prov., South Africa, to Namib Desert, Namibia.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>cana</i> Broom, 1950; <b><i>namibensis </i></b>Bauer and Niethammer, 1959.","Revised by Meester (1964).","11","11-00084","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0083-0000-0084"
"11100085","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Eremitalpa","","granti","granti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Broom","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","265","","","","South Africa: Garies, south of Kamiesberg, Little Namaqualand, Northern Cape Prov.","","","","","11","11-00085","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0083-0000-0084-0085"
"11100086","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Chrysochlorinae","","Eremitalpa","","granti","namibensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bauer and Niethammer","1959","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00086","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0052-0000-0083-0000-0084-0086"
"11100087","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Simonetta","1957","","Arch. Ital. Anat. Embriol.","62","","77","","","","","","","","","11","11-00087","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087"
"11100088","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Amblysomus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Pomel","1848","","Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. Geneve","9","","247","","<i>Chrysochloris</i> <i>hottentotus</i> A. Smith, 1829.","","","","","","Revised by Bronner (1995<i>a</i>, 1996).","11","11-00088","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0088"
"11100089","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Amblysomus","","corriae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","20","5","see also: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 2:57","","Fynbos Golden Mole","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Knysna.","Western Cape Prov. from Stellenbosch/Paarl eastwards to Knysna and George (South Africa).","","<b><i>devilliersi</i> </b>Roberts, 1946; <i>swellendamensis</i> Roberts, 1946.","<i>A. corriae</i> was previously treated as a subspecies of <i>A. iris</i>, and <i>devilliersi</i> as a subspecies of <i>A. hottentotus</i>, see Meester et al. (1986:23). Bronner (1996) showed that <i>iris</i> represents only a subspecies of <i>A. hottentotus</i>, and elevated <i>corriae</i> to species rank to include <i>devilliersi</i>.","11","11-00089","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0088-0000-0089"
"11100090","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Amblysomus","","corriae","corriae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","20","5","see also: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 2:57","","","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Knysna.","","","","","11","11-00090","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0088-0000-0089-0090"
"11100091","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Amblysomus","","corriae","devilliersi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00091","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0088-0000-0089-0091"
"11100092","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Amblysomus","","hottentotus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1829","","Zool. J.","4","","436","","","Hottentot Golden Mole","""Interior parts of South Africa"", Grahamstown, Eastern Cape Prov., South Africa.","Eastern Cape Prov., KwaZulu-Natal, NE Free State and Mpumalanga (South Africa); Lesotho; possibly Swaziland.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) for <i>A. hottentotus </i>and <i>A. iris</i>.","<i>affinis</i>  (Wagner, 1841); <i>albirostris </i>(Wagner, 1841) [<i>nomen dubium</i>]<i>;</i> <i>holosericea</i> (Lichtenstein, 1981); <i>rutilans</i> (Wagner, 1841); <b><i>iris</i></b> Thomas and Schwann, 1905; <i>littoralis</i> Roberts, 1946; <b><i>longiceps</i></b><i> </i>(Broom, 1907); <i>albifrons </i>(Broom, 1907); <b><i>pondoliae</i> </b>Thomas and Schwann, 1905;<i> albirostris </i>(Broom, 1908) [<i>nomen dubium</i>]; <i>natalensis</i> Roberts, 1946; <b><i>meesteri</i></b> Bronner, 2000.","Bronner (1995<i>b</i>, 1996, 2000) demonstrated the existence of three cryptic species (<i>marleyi</i>, <i>septentrionalis</i> and <i>robustus</i>) in this species, as traditionally constituted (Meester 1974).","11","11-00092","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0088-0000-0092"
"11100093","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Amblysomus","","hottentotus","hottentotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1829","","Zool. J.","4","","436","","","","""Interior parts of South Africa"", Grahamstown, Eastern Cape Prov., South Africa.","","","","","11","11-00093","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0088-0000-0092-0093"
"11100094","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Amblysomus","","hottentotus","iris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00094","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0088-0000-0092-0094"
"11100095","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Amblysomus","","hottentotus","longiceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Broom","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00095","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0088-0000-0092-0095"
"11100096","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Amblysomus","","hottentotus","pondoliae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00096","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0088-0000-0092-0096"
"11100097","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Amblysomus","","hottentotus","meesteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bronner","2000","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00097","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0088-0000-0092-0097"
"11100098","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Amblysomus","","marleyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1931","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","14","","225","","","Marley’s Golden Mole","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Zululand, Ubombo.","Ubombo to Ingwavuma, KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa).","","","Separated from <i>hottentotus </i>by Bronner (1995<i>b</i>, 1996, 2000).","11","11-00098","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0088-0000-0098"
"11100099","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Amblysomus","","robustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bronner","2000","","Mammalia","64","1","42","","","Robust Golden Mole","South Africa, Mpumalanga, Dullstroom, Verloren-Vallei Nat. Res.","Belfast to Dullstroom (Mpumalanga, South Africa).","","","Separated from <i>hottentotus </i>by Bronner (1995<i>b</i>, 1996, 2000).","11","11-00099","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0088-0000-0099"
"11100100","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Amblysomus","","septentrionalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1913","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","4","","73","","","Highveld Golden Mole","South Africa, Mpumalanga, Wakkerstroom.","Helibron and Parys (NE Free State) to Wakkerstroom and Ermelo (Mpumalanga, South Africa); possibly also Swaziland.","","<i>drakensbergensis</i>  Roberts, 1946;<i> garneri </i>Roberts, 1917; <i>orangensis</i> Roberts, 1946.","Separated from <i>hottentotus </i>by Bronner (1995<i>b</i>, 1996, 2000).","11","11-00100","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0088-0000-0100"
"11100101","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Calcochloris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Mivart","1867","","J. Anat. Physiol., London","2","","133","","<i>Chrysochloris</i> <i>obtusirostris</i> Peters, 1851.","","","","","<i>Chrysotricha</i> Broom, 1907;<i> Huetia</i> Forcart, 1942.","Includes <i>Chrysotricha</i>, see Meester et al. (1986:23). Ellerman et al. (1953) included <i>Calcochloris</i> in <i>Amblysomus</i>. Bronner (1995<i>a</i>) included <i>leucorhinus </i>and <i>tytonis</i> in this genus.","11","11-00101","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0101"
"11100102","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Calcochloris","Calcochloris","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Mivart","1867","","J. Anat. Physiol., London","2","","133","","<i>Chrysochloris</i> <i>obtusirostris</i> Peters, 1851.","","","","","","","11","11-00102","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0101-0102"
"11100103","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Calcochloris","Huetia","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Forcart","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00103","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0101-0103"
"11100104","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Calcochloris","Huetia","leucorhinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Huet","1885","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","8","","8","","","Congo Golden Mole","""Gulf of Guinea Coast, Congo.""","N Angola, Dem. Rep. Congo, Cameroon, Central African Republic.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Chlorotalpa leucorhina</i>.","<i>congicus</i> (Thomas, 1910); <i>luluanus </i>(Forcart, 1942);<i> <b>cahni</b> </i>(Schwarz and Mertens, 1922).","Subgenus <i>Huetia</i> (see Bronner 1995<i>a</i>). Included in <i>Chrysochloris</i> by Allen (1939); included in <i>Amblysomus</i> by Simonetta (1968) and Petter (1981<i>a</i>).","11","11-00104","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0101-0103-0104"
"11100105","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Calcochloris","Huetia","leucorhinus","leucorhinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huet","1885","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","8","","8","","","","""Gulf of Guinea Coast, Congo.""","","","","","11","11-00105","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0101-0103-0104-0105"
"11100106","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Calcochloris","Huetia","leucorhinus","cahni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz and Mertens","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00106","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0101-0103-0104-0106"
"11100107","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Calcochloris","Calcochloris","obtusirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1851","","Bericht. Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","16","","467","","","Yellow Golden Mole","Coastal Mozambique, Inhambane, 24°S.","Maputaland (KwaZulu-Natal) and Kruger Nat. Park (Northern Prov., South Africa); S Zimbabwe and S Mozambique.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>chrysillus</i> </b><i> </i>(Thomas and Schwann, 1905); <b><i>limpopoensis</i></b><i> </i>(Roberts, 1946).","Subgenus <i>Calcochloris</i>.","11","11-00107","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0101-0102-0107"
"11100108","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Calcochloris","Calcochloris","obtusirostris","obtusirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1851","","Bericht. Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","16","","467","","","","Coastal Mozambique, Inhambane, 24°S.","","","","","11","11-00108","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0101-0102-0107-0108"
"11100109","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Calcochloris","Calcochloris","obtusirostris","chrysillus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00109","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0101-0102-0107-0109"
"11100110","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Calcochloris","Calcochloris","obtusirostris","limpopoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","11","11-00110","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0101-0102-0107-0110"
"11100111","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Calcochloris","[incertae sedis]","tytonis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Simonetta","1968","","Monitore Zool. Ital., n.s.","2(suppl.)","","31","","","Somali Golden Mole","Somalia, Giohar (= Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi).","Known only from the type specimen.","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>Chlorotalpa tytonis</i>.","","Subgenus <i>incertae sedis</i> (Bronner 1995<i>a</i>). Assigned to <i>Amblysomus</i> by Simonetta (1968:31) and Petter (1981<i>a</i>); Meester (1974) placed this species in <i>Chlorotalpa</i>.","11","11-00111","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0101-0000-0111"
"11100112","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Neamblysomus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","10","","64","","<i>Chrysochloris</i> <i>gunningi</i> Broom, 1908.","","","","","","Included in <i>Amblysomus</i> by Simonetta (1968), Meester (1974), Petter (1981<i>a</i>) and Meester et al. (1986). Bronner (1995<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>) elevated it to generic rank on the basis of cytogenetic and cranial divergence from <i>Amblysomus</i> species.","11","11-00112","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0112"
"11100113","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Neamblysomus","","gunningi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Broom","1908","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","1","","14","","","Gunning’s Golden Mole","South Africa, Limpopo Province, Woodbush Hill.","Woodbush Forest and New Agatha Forest Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Amblysomus gunningi</i>.","","","11","11-00113","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0112-0000-0113"
"11100114","AFROSORICIDA","CHRYSOCHLORIDEA","","","Chrysochloridae","Amblysominae","","Neamblysomus","","julianae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Meester","1972","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","28","4","35","","","Juliana’s Golden Mole","South Africa, Gauteng, Pretoria, The Willows.","Pretoria (Gauteng), Nylstroom (Limpopo Prov.) and Kruger Nat. Park (Mpumalanga, South Africa).","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>Amblysomus julianae</i>.","","Consistent dental and fur differences between the western (Pretoria and Nylstroom) and eastern (Kruger Nat. Park) populations allude to distinct subspecies (Meester, 1972; Bronner 1990), but study of more specimens is needed to confirm this.","11","11-00114","11-0001-0050-0000-0000-0051-0087-0000-0112-0000-0114"
"11200001","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Butler","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00001","12-0001"
"11200002","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1838","","Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat.","2","","111","","","","","","","","Revised by Corbet and Hanks (1968).","12","12-00002","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"11200003","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1906","","Abst. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","33","10","","<i>Macroscelides</i> <i>rupestris</i> A. Smith, 1831.","","","","","<i>Elephantomys</i>  Broom, 1937;<i> Nasilio</i> Thomas and Schwann, 1906.","Includes <i>Nasilio</i>; see Corbet and Hanks (1968), and <i>Elephantomys</i>; see Meester et al. (1986). A key to the species was presented in Koontz and Roeper (1983) and another to southern African species in Meester et al. (1986).","12","12-00003","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"11200004","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","brachyrhynchus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","1836","Rept. Exped. Exploring Central Africa","1834","","42","","","Short-snouted Elephant Shrew","""The country between Lake Latakoo and the Tropic"" (= South Africa, Northern Cape Province, Kuruman, to S Botswana).","N South Africa; NE Namibia; E and N Botswana; Angola; Zimbabwe; Malawi; Zambia; S Dem. Rep. Congo; Mozambique; Tanzania; Kenya and Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albiventer</i>  (Osgood, 1910); <i>brachyura</i> (Bocage, 1882);<i> brevirostris</i> (Schinz, 1844); <i>delamerei</i> (Thomas, 1901); <i>langi</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>luluae</i> (Matschie, 1926); <i>mababiensis</i> (Roberts, 1932); <i>selindensis</i> (Roberts, 1937); <i>shortridgei</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>tzaneenensis</i> (Roberts, 1929).","Corbet (1974:5) and Meester et al. (1986:311) regarded variation as clinal and did not recognize any subspecies.","12","12-00004","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"11200005","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","edwardii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1839","","Illustr. Zool. S. Afr. Mamm.","","","pl. 14","","","Cape Elephant Shrew","South Africa, Western Cape Province, Oliphants River.","W and SC South Africa.","IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>capensis</i>  Roberts, 1924; <i>edwardsii</i> (Sclater, 1901); <i>karoensis</i> Roberts, 1938.","Corbet and Hanks (1968:97) suggested there might be a western and eastern subspecies.","12","12-00005","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0005"
"11200006","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","fuscipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","13","","68","","","Dusky-footed Elephant Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, Niam-Niam country, N'doruma.","Uganda; NE Dem. Rep. Congo; S Sudan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","12","12-00006","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0006"
"11200007","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","fuscus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Reise nach Mossambique, Säugethiere","","","87","","","Dusky Elephant Shrew","Mozambique, near Quelimane, Boror.","Mozambique; S Malawi; SE Zambia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>malosae</i>  (Thomas, 1898).","Regarded as distinct by Corbet (1974:5).","12","12-00007","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0007"
"11200008","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","intufi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","1836","Rept. Exped. Exploring Central Africa","1834","","42","","","Bushveld Elephant Shrew","South Africa, North West Province, Marico District, flats beyond Kurrichaine.","SW Angola; Namibia; Botswana; N South Africa.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alexandri</i>  (Ogilby, 1838); <i>campbelli</i> Roberts, 1938; <i>canescens</i> Lundholm, 1955; <i>kalaharicus</i> Roberts, 1932; <i>mchughi</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>mossamedensis</i> Hill and Carter, 1937; <i>namibensis</i> Roberts, 1938; <i>omahekensis</i> Lehmann, 1955;<i> schinzi</i> (Noack, 1889).","Corbet (1974:5) and Meester et al. (1986:313) declined to recognize subspecies although Corbet and Hanks (1968:90) considered that two might be recognized with <i>alexandri</i> applicable to all but the eastern nominate population.","12","12-00008","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0008"
"11200009","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","myurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1906","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","","586","","","Eastern Rock Elephant Shrew","South Africa, Limpopo Province, Woodbush.","Zimbabwe; E Botswana; N, C and E South Africa; Lesotho; W Mozambique.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>centralis</i>  Roberts, 1946; <i>fitzsimonsi</i> Lundholm, 1955; <i>jamesoni</i> Chubb, 1909; <i>mapogonensis</i> Roberts, 1917.","Corbet (1974:6) and Meester et al. (1986:314) did not recognize any subspecies.","12","12-00009","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0009"
"11200010","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","revoili","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Huet","1881","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7","5","","96","","","Somali Elephant Shrew","Somalia, Medjourtine.","N Somalia.","IUCN – Endangered.","","","12","12-00010","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0010"
"11200011","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","rozeti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Duvernoy","1833","","Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg","1","2, art. M","18","","","North African Elephant Shrew","Algeria, near Oran.","Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; W Libya.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>atlantis</i>  Thomas, 1913; <i>moratus</i> Thomas, 1913; <b><i>deserti</i></b> (Thomas, 1901); <i>clivorum</i> Thomas, 1913.","Corbet and Hanks (1968:81) and Corbet (1974:6) recognized two subspecies but Kawalski and Rzebik-Kawalska (1991:299) did not recognize any subspecies based on Algerian material.","12","12-00011","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0011"
"11200012","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","rozeti","rozeti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Duvernoy","1833","","Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg","1","2, art. M","18","","","","Algeria, near Oran.","","","","","12","12-00012","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0011-0012"
"11200013","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","rozeti","deserti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00013","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0011-0013"
"11200014","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","rufescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1878","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","1878","","198","","","Rufous Elephant Shrew","Kenya, Taita, Ndi.","S and E Ethiopia; Kenya; E Uganda; S Sudan; N, C and W Tanzania; N and S Somalia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>mariakanae</i>  Heller, 1912; <b><i>boranus</i></b> (Thomas, 1901); <b><i>dundasi</i></b> Dollman, 1910; <i>delicatus</i> Dollman, 1911; <i>hoogstraali</i> Setzer, 1956; <i>phaeus</i> Heller, 1910; <i>rendilis</i> Lönnberg, 1912; <b><i>peasei</i></b> (Thomas, 1901); <b><i>pulcher</i></b> (Thomas, 1894); <i>ocularis</i> Kershaw, 1921; <i>renatus</i> Kershaw, 1923; <b><i>somalicus</i></b> (Thomas, 1901).","Corbet (1974:5) provisionally recognized six subspecies based on considerable but discontinuous variation. See Koontz and Roeper (1983, Mammalian Species, 204).","12","12-00014","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0014"
"11200015","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","rufescens","rufescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1878","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","1878","","198","","","","Kenya, Taita, Ndi.","","","","","12","12-00015","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0014-0015"
"11200016","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","rufescens","boranus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00016","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0014-0016"
"11200017","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","rufescens","dundasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00017","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0014-0017"
"11200018","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","rufescens","peasei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00018","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0014-0018"
"11200019","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","rufescens","pulcher","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00019","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0014-0019"
"11200020","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","rufescens","somalicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00020","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0014-0020"
"11200021","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Elephantulus","","rupestris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1831","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1831","","11","","","Western Rock Elephant Shrew","South Africa or Namibia, mountains near mouth of Orange River.","W Namibia; SW and SC South Africa.","IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>barlowi</i>  Roberts, 1938; <i>gordoniensis</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>kobosensis</i> Roberts, 1938; <i>montanus</i> Lundholm, 1955; <i>okombahensis</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>tarri</i> Roberts, 1938; <i>typus</i> (Lesson, 1830); <i>vandami</i> Roberts, 1924.","No subspecies are recognized.","12","12-00021","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0021"
"11200022","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Macroscelides","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","A. Smith","1829","","Zool. J. Lond.","4","","435","","<i>Macroscelides typus</i> A. Smith, 1829 (= <i>Sorex proboscideus</i> Shaw, 1800).","","","","","<i>Eumerus</i>  I. Geoffroy, 1829; <i>Macroscelis</i> Fisher, 1830; <i>Rhinomys</i> Lichtenstein, 1831.","","12","12-00022","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0022"
"11200023","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Macroscelides","","proboscideus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1800","","Gen. Zool. Syst. Nat. Hist.","1","2, Mammalia","536","","","Short-eared Elephant Shrew","South Africa, Western Cape Province, Oudtshoorn Div., Roodeval.","W, NW and SC South Africa; S Namibia.","IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>ausensis</i>  Roberts, 1938; <i>brandvleiensis</i> Roberts, 1938; <i>calviniensis</i> Roberts, 1938; <i>chiversi</i> Roberts, 1933; <i>harei</i> Roberts, 1938; <i>hewitti</i> Roberts, 1929; <i>isabellinus</i> Shortridge and Carter, 1938; <i>jaculus</i> (Lichtenstein, 1831); <i>langi</i> Roberts, 1933; <i>melanotis</i> Ogilby, 1838; <i>typicus</i> A. Smith, 1839;<i> typus</i> A. Smith, 1829; <b><i>flavicaudatus</i></b> Lundholm, 1955.","Meester et al. (1986:310) listed two subspecies.","12","12-00023","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0022-0000-0023"
"11200024","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Macroscelides","","proboscideus","proboscideus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1800","","Gen. Zool. Syst. Nat. Hist.","1","2, Mammalia","536","","","","South Africa, Western Cape Province, Oudtshoorn Div., Roodeval.","","","","","12","12-00024","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0022-0000-0023-0024"
"11200025","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Macroscelides","","proboscideus","flavicaudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lundholm","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00025","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0022-0000-0023-0025"
"11200026","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Petrodromus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1846","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","11","","258","","<i>Petrodromus</i> <i>tetradactylus</i> Peters, 1846.","","","","","<i>Cercoctenus</i>  Hollister, 1916; <i>Mesoctenus</i> Thomas, 1918.","","12","12-00026","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0026"
"11200027","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Petrodromus","","tetradactylus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1846","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","11","","258","","","Four-toed Elephant Shrew","Mozambique, Tette.","Mozambique; Tanzania (including Mafia and Zanzibar); SE Kenya; S Uganda; Zambia; Malawi; SE Zimbabwe; Dem. Rep. Congo; E Republic of Congo; NE Angola; E South Africa.","IUCN – Not Evaluated as <i>P. t. sangi</i>; otherwise IUCN – Not listed.","<i>matschiei</i>  Neumann 1900; <i>occidentalis</i> Roberts, 1913; <i>robustus</i> Thomas, 1918; <i>venustus</i> Thomas, 1903; <b><i>beirae</i></b> Roberts, 1913; <b><i>rovumae</i></b> Thomas, 1897;<i> mossambicus</i> Thomas, 1918; <i>nigriseta</i> Neumann, 1900;<b><i> schwanni</i></b> Thomas and Wroughton, 1907;<i> <b>sultani</b></i> Thomas, 1897;<i> sangi</i> Heller, 1912;<i> <b>swynnertoni</b></i> Thomas, 1918;<i> <b>tordayi</b></i> Thomas, 1910; <i>tumbanus</i> Kershaw, 1923; <b><i>warreni</i></b> Thomas, 1918; <b><i>zanzibaricus</i></b> Corbet and Neal, 1965.","Corbet (1974:2) and Meester et al. (1986:309) recognized nine subspecies. Corbet (1974:3) suggested that <i>matschiei</i> and <i>robustus</i> might be distinct subspecies. It is possible that <i>schwanni</i> and <i>tordayi</i> are separate species.","12","12-00027","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0026-0000-0027"
"11200028","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Petrodromus","","tetradactylus","tetradactylus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1846","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","11","","258","","","","Mozambique, Tette.","","","","","12","12-00028","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0026-0000-0027-0028"
"11200029","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Petrodromus","","tetradactylus","beirae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00029","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0026-0000-0027-0029"
"11200030","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Petrodromus","","tetradactylus","rovumae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00030","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0026-0000-0027-0030"
"11200031","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Petrodromus","","tetradactylus","schwanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00031","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0026-0000-0027-0031"
"11200032","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Petrodromus","","tetradactylus","sultani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00032","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0026-0000-0027-0032"
"11200033","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Petrodromus","","tetradactylus","swynnertoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00033","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0026-0000-0027-0033"
"11200034","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Petrodromus","","tetradactylus","tordayi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00034","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0026-0000-0027-0034"
"11200035","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Petrodromus","","tetradactylus","warreni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00035","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0026-0000-0027-0035"
"11200036","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Petrodromus","","tetradactylus","zanzibaricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Corbet and Neal","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00036","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0026-0000-0027-0036"
"11200037","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Rhynchocyon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1847","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","12","","36","","<i>Rhynchocyon</i> <i>cirnei</i> Peters, 1847.","","","","","<i>Rhinonax</i>  Thomas, 1918.","A key to the species was presented in Rathbun (1979).","12","12-00037","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0037"
"11200038","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Rhynchocyon","","chrysopygus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1881","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1881","","164","","","Golden-rumped Elephant Shrew","Kenya, Mombasa.","E Kenya.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Kingdon (1974<i>a</i>:41) considered <i>chrysopygus</i> as a subspecies of <i>cirnei</i>. See Rathbun (1979, Mammalian Species, 117).","12","12-00038","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0037-0000-0038"
"11200039","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Rhynchocyon","","cirnei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1847","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","12","","37","","","Checkered Elephant Shrew","Mozambique, Bororo Dist., Quelimane.","N Mozambique; Malawi, S and SW Tanzania, NE Zambia, N and E Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda.","IUCN – Not Evaluated as <i>R. c. cirnei </i>and <i>R. c. hendersoni</i>; otherwise Vulnerable.","<b><i>hendersoni</i> </b> Thomas, 1902; <b><i>macrurus</i></b> Günther, 1881; <i>melanurus</i> Neumann, 1900; <b><i>reichardi</i></b> Reichenow, 1886; <i>swynnertoni</i> Kershaw, 1923; <b><i>shirensis</i></b> Corbet and Hanks, 1968; <b><i>stuhlmanni</i></b> Matschie, 1893; <i>claudi</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1907; <i>nudicaudata</i> Lydekker, 1906.","Six isolated forest-inhabiting subspecies are recognized by Corbet and Hanks (1968:57) and Corbet (1974:2). Includes <i>stuhlmanni</i>, which could be a distinct species according to Corbet and Hanks (1968:63).","12","12-00039","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0037-0000-0039"
"11200040","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Rhynchocyon","","cirnei","cirnei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1847","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","12","","37","","","","Mozambique, Bororo Dist., Quelimane.","","","","","12","12-00040","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0037-0000-0039-0040"
"11200041","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Rhynchocyon","","cirnei","hendersoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00041","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0037-0000-0039-0041"
"11200042","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Rhynchocyon","","cirnei","macrurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1881","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00042","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0037-0000-0039-0042"
"11200043","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Rhynchocyon","","cirnei","reichardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Reichenow","1886","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00043","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0037-0000-0039-0043"
"11200044","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Rhynchocyon","","cirnei","shirensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Corbet and Hanks","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00044","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0037-0000-0039-0044"
"11200045","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Rhynchocyon","","cirnei","stuhlmanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00045","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0037-0000-0039-0045"
"11200046","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Rhynchocyon","","petersi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1880","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 1","7","","159","","","Black and Rufous Elephant Shrew","Tanzania, mainland opposite Zanzibar.","E Tanzania (including Mafia and Zanzibar); SE Kenya.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>fischeri</i>  Neumann, 1900; <i>usambarae</i> Neumann, 1900; <b><i>adersi</i></b> Dollman, 1912.","Two subspecies are listed by Corbet and Hanks (1968:64) and Corbet (1974:2). Kingdon (1974<i>a</i>:41) considered <i>petersi</i> a subspecies of <i>cirnei</i>.","12","12-00046","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0037-0000-0046"
"11200047","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Rhynchocyon","","petersi","petersi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1880","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 1","7","","159","","","","Tanzania, mainland opposite Zanzibar.","","","","","12","12-00047","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0037-0000-0046-0047"
"11200048","MACROSCELIDEA","","","","Macroscelididae","","","Rhynchocyon","","petersi","adersi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","12","12-00048","12-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0037-0000-0046-0048"
"11300001","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","yes","Huxley","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00001","13-0001"
"11300002","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","305","","","","","","","","","13","13-00002","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"11300003","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","G. Cuvier","1798","","Tabl. Elem. Hist. Nat. Anim.","1798","","144","","<i>Myrmecophaga capensis</i> Gmelin, 1788 (= <i>Myrmecophaga afra</i> Pallas, 1766).","","","","","","Sherborn (1902:701) and Allen (1939:270) gave <i>Orycteropus</i> ""Geoffroy, Decad. Phil. et Litt. XXVIII. 1795"", but it is untraceable. Meester et al. (1986:182) reviewed and assigned the correct generic name.","13","13-00003","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"11300004","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","64","","","Aardvark","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope.","Savannah zones of West Africa to E Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea; Kenya; Somalia; N and W Uganda to Tanzania; Rwanda; N, E, and C Dem. Rep. Congo; W Angola; Namibia; Botswana; Zimbabwe; Zambia; Mozambique; South Africa.","IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>albicaudus</i> Rothschild, 1907;<i> capensis</i> (Gmelin, 1788); <b><i>adametzi</i></b><i> </i>Grote, 1921;<i> <b>aethiopicus</b> </i>Sundevall, 1843;<i> <b>angolensis</b> </i>Zukowsky and Haltenorth, 1957;<i> <b>erikssoni</b> </i>Lönnberg, 1906;<i> <b>faradjius</b></i> Hatt, 1932;<i> <b>haussanus</b></i> Matschie, 1900;<i> <b>kordofanicus</b></i> Rothschild, 1927;<i> <b>lademanni</b> </i>Grote, 1911;<i> <b>leptodon</b></i> Hirst, 1906;<i> <b>matschiei</b></i> Grote, 1921;<i> <b>observandus</b></i> Grote, 1921;<i> <b>ruvanensis</b></i> Grote, 1921;<i> <b>senegalensis</b></i> Lesson, 1840;<i> senegalensis,</i> Schinz, 1845;<i> <b>somalicus</b></i> Lydekker, 1908;<i> <b>wardi</b></i> Lydekker, 1908;<i> <b>wertheri</b></i> Matschie, 1898.","Reviewed by Melton (1976), Pocock (1924), and Shoshani et al. (1988, Mammalian Species, 300). Seventeen poorly defined subspecies are recognized (Meester, 1972<i>b</i>; Meester et al., 1986).","13","13-00004","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"11300005","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","afer","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","64","","","","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope.","","","","","13","13-00005","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0005"
"11300006","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","adametzi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grote","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00006","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0006"
"11300007","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","aethiopicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Sundevall","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00007","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0007"
"11300008","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","angolensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Zukowsky and Haltenorth","1957","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00008","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0008"
"11300009","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","erikssoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00009","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0009"
"11300010","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","faradjius","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hatt","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00010","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0010"
"11300011","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","haussanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00011","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0011"
"11300012","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","kordofanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Rothschild","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00012","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0012"
"11300013","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","lademanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grote","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00013","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0013"
"11300014","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","leptodon","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hirst","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00014","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0014"
"11300015","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","matschiei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grote","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00015","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0015"
"11300016","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","observandus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grote","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00016","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0016"
"11300017","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","ruvanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grote","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00017","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0017"
"11300018","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","senegalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lesson","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00018","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0018"
"11300019","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","somalicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lydekker","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00019","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0019"
"11300020","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","wardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lydekker","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00020","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0020"
"11300021","TUBULIDENTATA","","","","Orycteropodidae","","","Orycteropus","","afer","wertheri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","13","13-00021","13-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0021"
"11400001","HYRACOIDEA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Huxley","1869","","","","","","","","","","","","Hyracea Haeckel, 1895; Hyraciformes Kinman, 1994; Laminungula Gray, 1869; Lamnungia Van der Hoeven, 1858; Lamnunguia Illiger, 1811 [<i>nomen oblitum</i> ]; Procaviata Imamura, 1961.","Traditionally (since Huxley, 1869) the category or rank of ""Order"" has been used for Hyracoidea. In 1997, McKenna and Bell, following cladistic classification, proposed a new category – ""Suborder"" for Hyracoidea, in the ""Order"" Uranotheria McKenna and Bell (1997). For stability I retain the ordinal category, recognizing the cladistic message implied by the McKenna and Bell arrangement.","14","14-00001","14-0001"
"11400002","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1892","","51","","","","","","","Hyracida Haeckel, 1866; Hyracidae Gray, 1821; Procaviinae Whitworth, 1954; Procavioidea Kalandadze and Rautian, 1992.","Hyracidae Gray, 1821, is a group name based on <i>Hyrax</i> Hermann, 1783. Revised by Hahn (1934:207). Roche (1972) retained only <i>Procavia</i> and <i>Dendrohyrax</i> but Hoeck (1978) and Meester et al. (1986:178) retained <i>Procavia</i>, <i>Heterohyrax</i>, and <i>Dendrohyrax</i> as separate genera. A modern key to the genera was developed by Meester et al. (1986).","14","14-00002","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"11400003","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Dendrohyrax","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1868","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","1","","48","","<i>Hyrax</i> <i>arboreus</i> A. Smith, 1827.","","","","","","A key to species was provided by Jones (1978). Schlitter (1993) followed previous workers in recognizing three species of Tree Hyraxes. The validity of <i>D. validus</i> as a species distinct from <i>D. arboreus</i> was questioned by Bothma (1971, see comments in Schlitter, 1993:373). I briefly examined skeletal and skin specimens of <i>D. arboreus, D. dorsalis, </i>and<i> D. validus</i> at the National Museum of Natural History (Washington D.C.) and at the American Museum of Natural History (New York). Until a detailed study is conducted to evaluate the validity of <i>Dendrohyrax</i> species, I believe that <i>D. arboreus </i>and<i> D. dorsalis</i> may be valid separate species, but <i>D. validus</i> is not.","14","14-00003","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"11400004","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Dendrohyrax","","arboreus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1827","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","15","","468","","","Southern Tree Hyrax.","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., forests of Cape of Good Hope.","Western Cape Prov., Eastern Cape Prov., and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa); Mozambique; Zambia; Malawi; Dem. Rep. Congo; Tanzania to Kenya and Sudan.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>D. validus </i>and as <i>D. arboreus </i>South African subpopulation only, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>adersi</i> Kershaw, 1924; <i>adolfi-friederici </i>(Brauer, 1913); <i>bettoni </i>(Thomas and Schwann, 1904); <i>braueri </i>Hahn, 1933;<i> crawshayi </i>(Thomas, 1900); <i>helgei </i>(Lönnberg and Gyldenstolpe, 1925); <i>laikipia</i> Dollman, 1911; <i>mimus </i>(Thomas, 1900); <i>neumanni </i>(Matschie, 1893); <i>ruwenzorii </i>(Neumann, 1902);<i> scheelei </i>(Matschie), 1895; <i>scheffleri </i>(Brauer, 1913); <i>schubotzi </i>(Brauer, 1913); <i>schusteri </i>Brauer, 1917;<i> stuhlmanni </i>(Matschie, 1892); <i>terricola </i>Mollison, 1905;<i> validus </i>True, 1890; <i>vilhelmi</i> (Lönnberg, 1916); <i>vosseleri</i> Brauer, 1917.","Includes <i>validus</i>; no subspecies are recognized until detailed study is conducted.","14","14-00004","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"11400005","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Dendrohyrax","","dorsalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fraser","1854","1855","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1854","","99","","","Western Tree Hyrax.","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","West and Central Africa from Senegal, Gambia to N Angola; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea); C and NE Dem. Rep. Congo; N Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>emini</i> </b><i> </i>Thomas, 1887;<i> beniensis </i>Brauer, 1917; <i>brevimaculatus </i>Brauer, 1917; <i>congoensis </i>Brauer, 1917;<i> rubriventer </i>Brauer, 1917; <b><i>latrator</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1910); <b><i>marmota</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1901); <b><i>nigricans</i></b><i> </i>(Peters, 1879); <i>adametzi </i>(Brauer, 1912); <i>tessmanni </i>(Brauer, 1912); <i>zenkeri</i> Brauer, 1914; <b><i>sylvestris</i></b><i> </i>(Temminek, 1853); <i>aschantiensis </i>(Brauer, 1914); <i>stampflii </i>(Jentink, 1886).","See Jones (1978, Mammalian Species, 113).","14","14-00005","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0005"
"11400006","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Dendrohyrax","","dorsalis","dorsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Fraser","1854","1855","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1854","","99","","","","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","","","","","14","14-00006","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0005-0006"
"11400007","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Dendrohyrax","","dorsalis","emini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00007","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0005-0007"
"11400008","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Dendrohyrax","","dorsalis","latrator","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00008","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0005-0008"
"11400009","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Dendrohyrax","","dorsalis","marmota","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00009","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0005-0009"
"11400010","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Dendrohyrax","","dorsalis","nigricans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1879","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00010","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0005-0010"
"11400011","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Dendrohyrax","","dorsalis","sylvestris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminek","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00011","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0005-0011"
"11400012","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1868","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","1","","50","","<i>Dendrohyrax</i> <i>blainvillii</i> Gray, 1868 (= <i>Hyrax brucei</i> Gray, 1868).","","","","","","Included as a subgenus of <i>Dendrohyrax</i> by Roche (1972).","14","14-00012","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012"
"11400013","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1868","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","1","","44","","","Yellow-spotted Rock Hyrax.","Ethiopia (= Abyssinia).","Egypt to Somalia to southern Africa to WC Angola, with ‘pockets’ in C Sahara.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>H</i>","<i>blainvillii</i> (Gray, 1868); <i>irroratus </i>(Gray, 1869); <b><i>albipes</i></b><i> </i>Hollister, 1922; <b><i>antineae</i></b><i> </i>Heim de Balsac and Bégouen, 1932; <b><i>bakeri</i></b><i> </i>(Gray, 1874); <b><i>bocagei</i></b><i> </i>(Gray, 1869); <i>grayi </i>(Bocage, 1889); <b><i>chapini</i></b><i> </i>(Hatt, 1933); <b><i>dieseneri</i></b><i> </i>Brauer, 1917; <b><i>frommi</i></b><i> </i>(Brauer, 1913); <b><i>granti</i></b><i> </i>(Wroughton, 1910); <b><i>hindei</i></b><i> </i>(Wroughton, 1910); <i>maculata </i>(Osgood, 1910); <b><i>hoogstraali</i></b><i> </i>Setzer, 1956; <b><i>kempi</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1910); <b><i>lademanni</i></b><i> </i>Brauer, 1917; <b><i>manningi</i></b><i> </i>(Wroughton, 1910); <b><i>mossambicus</i></b><i> </i>(Peters, 1870); <b><i>muenzneri</i></b><i> </i>(Brauer, 1913); <i>ruckwaensis </i>Brauer, 1917; <b><i>princeps</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1910); <i>arboricola </i>Brauer, 1917; <b><i>prittwitzi</i></b><i> </i>Brauer, 1917; <b><i>pumilus</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1910); <b><i>ruddi</i></b><i> </i>(Wroughton, 1910); <i>rhodesiae </i>Roberts, 1946; <b><i>rudolfi</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1910); <i>borana</i> (Lönnberg, 1912); <b><i>somalicus</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1892); <i>hararensis </i>Brauer, 1917; <i>webensis</i> Brauer, 1917; <b><i>ssongeae</i></b><i> </i>Brauer, 1917; <b><i>thomasi</i></b><i> </i>(Neumann, 1901); <b><i>victorianjansae</i></b><i> </i>Brauer, 1917.","See Barry and Shoshani (2000, Mammalian Species, 645).","14","14-00013","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013"
"11400014","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","brucei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1868","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","1","","44","","","","Ethiopia (= Abyssinia).","","","","","14","14-00014","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0014"
"11400015","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","albipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00015","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0015"
"11400016","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","antineae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heim de Balsac and Bégouen","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00016","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0016"
"11400017","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","bakeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00017","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0017"
"11400018","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","bocagei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1869","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00018","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0018"
"11400019","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","chapini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hatt","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00019","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0019"
"11400020","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","dieseneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brauer","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00020","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0020"
"11400021","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","frommi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brauer","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00021","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0021"
"11400022","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","granti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00022","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0022"
"11400023","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","hindei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00023","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0023"
"11400024","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","hoogstraali","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Setzer","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00024","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0024"
"11400025","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","kempi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00025","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0025"
"11400026","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","lademanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brauer","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00026","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0026"
"11400027","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","manningi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00027","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0027"
"11400028","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","mossambicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1870","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00028","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0028"
"11400029","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","muenzneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brauer","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00029","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0029"
"11400030","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","princeps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00030","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0030"
"11400031","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","prittwitzi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brauer","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00031","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0031"
"11400032","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","pumilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00032","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0032"
"11400033","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","ruddi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00033","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0033"
"11400034","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","rudolfi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00034","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0034"
"11400035","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","somalicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00035","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0035"
"11400036","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","ssongeae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brauer","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00036","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0036"
"11400037","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","thomasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00037","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0037"
"11400038","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Heterohyrax","","brucei","victorianjansae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brauer","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00038","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0012-0000-0013-0038"
"11400039","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Storr","1780","","Prodr. Meth. Mamm.","","","40","","<i>Cavia</i> <i>capensis</i> Pallas, 1766.","","","","","<i>Euhyrax</i> Gray, 1868;<i> Hyrax </i>Hermann, 1783; <i>Procauia</i> Storr, 1780.","See Bothma (1971), McKenna and Bell (1997).","14","14-00039","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039"
"11400040","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","30","","","Rock Hyrax.","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope.","Sub-Saharan and NE Africa (a line from Senegal through S Algeria and Libya, Egypt to southern most tip of Africa), portion of the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel), and the Arabian peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Yemen); isolated mountains in Algeria and Libya.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albaniensis</i>  Roberts, 1946; <i>chiversi </i>Roberts, 1937; <i>coombsi </i>Roberts, 1924; <i>griquae</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>klaverensis</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>letabae </i>Roberts, 1937; <i>marlothi </i>Brauer 1914; <i>natalensis </i>Roberts, 1924; <i>orangiae </i>Roberts, 1937; <i>reuningi </i>Brauer 1914; <i>schultzei </i>Brauer 1914; <i>semicircularis</i> (Gray, 1869); <i>vanderhorsti</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>waterbergensis </i>Brauer 1914; <i>windhuki </i>Brauer 1914; <b><i>bamendae</i></b><i> </i>Brauer, 1913; <b><i>capillosa</i></b><i> </i>Brauer, 1917; <b><i>erlangeri</i></b><i> </i>Neumann, 1901; <i>comata </i>Brauer, 1917; <b><i>habessinicus</i></b> (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832); <i>abyssinicus </i>(Gray, 1868);<i> alpini </i>(Gray, 1868);<i> ferrugineus</i> (Gray, 1869); <i>luteogaster </i>(Gray, 1869); <i>meneliki </i>Neumann, 1902; <b><i>jacksoni</i></b> Thomas, 1900; <i>varians </i>Granvik, 1925;<i> daemon </i>Thomas, 1910; <b><i>jayakari</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1892; <b><i>johnstoni</i></b> Thomas, 1894<i>; <b>kerstingi</b> </i>Matschie, 1899; <i>elberti </i>Brauer, 1917; <i>goslingi </i>Thomas, 1905;<i> ituriensis </i>Brauer, 1917; <i>kamerunensis </i>Brauer, 1913;<i> lopesi </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1907; <i>naumanni </i>Brauer, 1917; <i>oweni </i>Thomas, 1911; <b><i>mackinderi</i></b> Thomas, 1900;<i> zelotes</i> Osgood, 1910; <b><i>matschiei</i></b><i> </i>Neumann, 1900; <b><i>pallida</i></b> Thomas, 1891; <i>minor </i>Thomas, 1892; <b><i>ruficeps</i></b> (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832); <i>bounhioli </i>Kollman, 1912;<i> buchanani </i>Thomas and Hinton, 1921; <i>burtonii</i> (Gray, 1868);<i> dongolanus </i>(Blanford, 1870); <i>ebneri </i>Wettstein, 1916; <i>latastei</i> Thomas, 1892; <i>marrensis </i>Thomas and Hinton, 1923;<i> slatini </i>Sassi, 1906; <b><i>scioanus</i></b><i> </i>(Giglioli, 1888); <i>butleri</i> Wroughton, 1911; <i>shoana</i> Thomas 1892; <b><i>sharica</i></b><i> </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1907; <i>melfica </i>Mertens, 1929; <b><i>syriacus</i></b><i> </i>(Schreber, 1784); <i>ehrenbergi </i>Brauer, 1917; <i>schmitzi </i>Brauer 1917; <i>sinaiticus </i>(Gray, 1868); <b><i>welwitschii</i></b> (Gray, 1868); <i>flavimaculata </i>Brauer, 1917;<i> otjiwarongensis</i> (Roberts, 1946); <i>tsumebensis </i>(Roberts, 1946); <i>volkmanni </i>Brauer, 1914.","See Allen (1939), Meester et al. (1986), Olds and Shoshani (1982, Mammalian Species, 171).","14","14-00040","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040"
"11400041","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","capensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","30","","","","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope.","","","","","14","14-00041","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0041"
"11400042","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","bamendae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brauer","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00042","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0042"
"11400043","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","capillosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brauer","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00043","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0043"
"11400044","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","erlangeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00044","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0044"
"11400045","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","habessinicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1832","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00045","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0045"
"11400046","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","jacksoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00046","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0046"
"11400047","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","jayakari","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00047","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0047"
"11400048","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","johnstoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00048","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0048"
"11400049","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","kerstingi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00049","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0049"
"11400050","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","mackinderi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00050","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0050"
"11400051","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","matschiei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00051","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0051"
"11400052","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","pallida","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00052","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0052"
"11400053","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","ruficeps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1832","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00053","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0053"
"11400054","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","scioanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Giglioli","1888","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00054","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0054"
"11400055","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","sharica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00055","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0055"
"11400056","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","syriacus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1784","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00056","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0056"
"11400057","HYRACOIDEA","","","","Procaviidae","","","Procavia","","capensis","welwitschii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1868","","","","","","","","","","","","","","14","14-00057","14-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0057"
"11500001","PROBOSCIDEA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","","","","","","","","","","","Proboscidiae Gray, 1821; Probosciformes Kinman, 1994.","Traditionally (since Illiger, 1811) the category or rank of ""Order"" has been used for Proboscidea. In 1997 McKenna, Bell et al., following cladistic classification, proposed a new category – ""Parvorder"" for PROBOSCIDEA. For ‘stability’ I retained the ordinal category, even though the category parvorder conveys a cladistic message.","15","15-00001","15-0001"
"11500002","PROBOSCIDEA","","","","Elephantidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","305","","","","","","","Elephantida Haeckel, 1866.","Revised by Maglio (1973).","15","15-00002","15-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"11500003","PROBOSCIDEA","","","","Elephantidae","","","Elephas","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","33","","<i>Elephas maximus</i> Linnaeus, 1758","","","","","<i>Elephantus</i>  É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Cuvier, 1795 [not<i> </i>Cuvier<i> </i>and<i> </i>Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire].","","15","15-00003","15-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"11500004","PROBOSCIDEA","","","","Elephantidae","","","Elephas","","maximus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","33","","","Asian Elephant","""Zeylonae"" [Sri Lanka].","Thirteen countries in SE Asia from India in the west to Borneo in the east.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>asiaticus</i> Blumenbach, 1797; <i>ceylanicus </i>de Blainville, 1845; <i>zeylanicus </i>Lydekker 1907; <i>vilaliya </i>Deraniyagala, 1939; <b><i>indicus</i></b><i> </i>Cuvier, 1798; <i>asurus </i>Deraniyagala, 1950; <i>bengalensis </i>de Blainville, 1845; <i>birmanicus </i>Deraniyagala, 1951; <i>borneensis </i>Deraniyagala, 1950; <i>dakhunensis </i>Deraniyagala, 1950; <i>dauntela </i>Falconer and Cautley 1847; <i>gigas </i>Perry, 1811; <i>heterodactylus </i>Hodgson, 1841 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>hirsutus </i>Lydekker 1914; <i>isodactylus </i>Hodgson, 1841 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>mukna </i>Falconer and Cautley, 1847; <i>persicus </i>Deraniyagala, 1950; <i>ruber</i> Deraniyagala, 1951; <i>rubridens </i>Deraniyagala 1950; <i>sichiaoshanensis </i>Wang J-k, 1978;<i> sondaicus </i>Deraniyagala, 1953; <b><i>sumatranus</i></b><i> </i>Temminck, 1847.","See Shoshani and Eisenberg (1982, Mammalian Species, 182), who identified three subspecies of the Asian elephant: <i>E. m. sumatranus</i> from the island of Sumatra, <i>E. m. indicus</i> from mainland Asia, and <i>E. m. maximus</i> from the island of Sri Lanka. See also Deraniyagala (1955). Colin Groves (pers. comm., 2002) suggested that based on small measurements and restricted ear depigmentation, the Malay elephant (<i>hirsutus </i>Lydekker 1914) and the Borneo elephant (<i>borneensis </i>Deraniyagala, 1950) should be synonyms of <i>sumatranus </i>Temminck, 1847. Similarly, based on geographic grounds, the Javan elephant (<i>sondaicus </i>Deraniyagala, 1953) should be a synonym of <i>sumatranus </i>Temminck, 1847. This is not followed because the Sumatran elephant is distinguished from other Asian subspecies by its 20 instead of 19 pairs of ribs. In addition, the elephants of Borneo are believed to be feral descendants introduced in the 1750’s (details in Shoshani and Eisenberg, 198... [truncated]","15","15-00004","15-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"11500005","PROBOSCIDEA","","","","Elephantidae","","","Elephas","","maximus","maximus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","33","","","","""Zeylonae"" [Sri Lanka].","","","","","15","15-00005","15-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0005"
"11500006","PROBOSCIDEA","","","","Elephantidae","","","Elephas","","maximus","indicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cuvier","1798","","","","","","","","","","","","","","15","15-00006","15-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0006"
"11500007","PROBOSCIDEA","","","","Elephantidae","","","Elephas","","maximus","sumatranus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1847","","","","","","","","","","","","","","15","15-00007","15-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0007"
"11500008","PROBOSCIDEA","","","","Elephantidae","","","Loxodonta","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Anonymous","1827","","Zoology J.","3","","140","","<i>Elephas africanus</i> Blumenbach, 1797.","","","","","<i>Loxodon</i> Falconer, 1857.","The spelling in the original publication was ""Loxodonte"" [F. Cuvier, 1825, <i>in</i> E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, 3(52):2]. ""Loxodonte"" was latinized in 1827 (author unknown) to read <i>Loxodonta,</i> and has been accepted in his form. Following Article 11 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999), the format of ""<i>Loxodonta</i> Anonymous, 1827"" is accepted. See Laursen and Bekoff (1978, Mammalian Species, 92) and Deraniyagala (1955).","15","15-00008","15-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0008"
"11500009","PROBOSCIDEA","","","","Elephantidae","","","Loxodonta","","africana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blumenbach","1797","","Handb. Naturgesch., 5th ed.","","","125","","","African Bush Elephant","Restricted to the Orange River, South Africa by Pohle (1926; see Allen, 1939).","Sub-Saharan, except C and W coast of Africa, including 30 countries from Senegal in the west to Somalia in the east.","CITES – Appendix II for Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe, Appendix I for other African countries; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>angolensis</i> Frade, 1928; <i>berbericus</i> Seurat, 1930 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>capensis </i>(G.<i> </i>Cuvier, 1798); <i>cavendishi </i>(Lydekker, 1907); <i>cornaliae </i>(Aradas, 1870); <i>hannibali </i>Deraniyagala, 1953 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>knochenhaueri</i> (Matschie, 1900); <i>mocambicus </i>(Frade, 1924); <i>orleansi</i> (Lydekker, 1907); <i>oxyotis </i>Matschie, 1900; <i>peeli </i>(Lydekker, 1907); <i>pharaohensis </i>Deraniyagala, 1948; <i>rothschildi </i>(Lydekker, 1907);<i> selousi </i>(Lydekker, 1907); <i>toxotis </i>(Lydekker, 1907); <i>typicus </i>Blumenbach<i>, </i>1797;<i> zukowskyi </i>Strand, 1924.","See Laursen and Bekoff (1978, Mammalian Species, 92) and Deraniyagala (1955). The name <i>cornaliae </i>(Aradas, 1870) is based on a <i>Loxodonta</i> molar from Catania, Sicily, and inferentially was a Carthaginian import (C. Groves, pers comm., 2002). The North African names (<i>berbericus, hannibali, pharaohensis</i>) were placed in this synonymy instead<i> </i>of<i> </i>under<i> L. cyclotis</i> per suggestion of Colin Groves (pers. comm., 2002).","15","15-00009","15-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0008-0000-0009"
"11500010","PROBOSCIDEA","","","","Elephantidae","","","Loxodonta","","cyclotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1900","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","194","","","African Forest Elephant","Yaunde, S Cameroon.","C and W coast of Africa, including 21 countries from Senegal in the west to Uganda in the east.","CITES – Appendix I (as included in <i>L. africana</i>); U.S. ESA – Threatened (as included in <i>L. africana</i>); IUCN – Endangered (as included in <i>L. africana</i>).","<i>albertensis</i> (Lydekker, 1907); <i>cottoni </i>(Lydekker, 1908); <i>fransseni </i>(Schouteden, 1914);<i> pumilio </i>(Noack, 1906).","See Laursen and Bekoff (1978, Mammalian Species, 92), where <i>cyclotis </i>was<i> </i>treated as a subspecies of <i>L. africana</i>. Grubb et al. (2000) presented morphological and some molecular data in support of upgrading <i>cyclotis </i>to a species category, separate species from <i>africana</i>, corroborating earlier hypothesis that <i>Loxodonta cyclotis </i>and<i> L. africana </i>are distinct species. Further, Grubb et al. (2000) supported the hypothesis that <i>L. cyclotis</i> is<i> </i>morphologically<i> </i>more primitive than <i>L. africana. </i>Roca et al. (2001) provided genetic evidence for two species in Africa. Evidence provided by Debruyne (2003), however, suggests that the African Forest Elephant and the African Bush Elephant are only subspecifically distinct – this taxonomic question has not yet been resolved.","15","15-00010","15-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0008-0000-0010"
"11600001","SIRENIA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","","","","","","","","","","","Halobioidea Ameghino, 1889; Herbivorae Gray, 1821; Phycoceta Haeckel, 1866; Sirenoidea van Beneden, 1855; Sireniformes Kinman, 1994; Trichechiformes Hay, 1923.","Traditionally (since Illiger, 1811) the category or rank of ""Order"" has been used for Sirenia. In 1997 McKenna and Bell, following cladistic classification, proposed a new category – ""Infraorder"" for Sirenia, in the ""Suborder"" Tethytheria McKenna, 1975, ""Order"" Uranotheria McKenna and Bell, 1997. For ‘stability’ I retained the ordinal category, even though infraorder category conveys a cladistic message. For thorough index, complete synonymy, and bibliography of Sirenia, see Domning (1996).","16","16-00001","16-0001"
"11600002","SIRENIA","","","","Dugongidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","309","","","","","","","Halicoridae Gray, 1825. See McKenna and Bell (1997).","","16","16-00002","16-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"11600003","SIRENIA","","","","Dugongidae","Dugonginae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","309","","","","","","","","","16","16-00003","16-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003"
"11600004","SIRENIA","","","","Dugongidae","Dugonginae","","Dugong","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lacépède","1799","","Tab. Div. Subd. Orders Genres Mammiféres","14","","17","","<i>Dugong indicus</i> Lacépède, 1799 (= <i>Trichechus dugon</i> Müller, 1776).","","","","","<i>Amblychilus</i>  Fischer von Waldheim, 1814; <i>Dugongidus </i>Gray, 1821; <i>Dugungus </i>Tiedemann, 1808; <i>Halicore </i>Illiger, 1811; <i>Platystomus</i> G. Fischer, 1803.","See Husar (1978,<i> </i>Mammalian Species, 88), McKenna and Bell (1997). <i>Halicora</i> Fleming, 1822 is an incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>Halicore</i> Illiger.","16","16-00004","16-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004"
"11600005","SIRENIA","","","","Dugongidae","Dugonginae","","Dugong","","dugon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1776","","Linne's Vollstand. Natursyst. Suppl.","","","21","","","Dugong","Cape of Good Hope to the Philippines.","Tropical coastal waters of Indian and W Pacific Oceans.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered except in Palau, where it is Proposed Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>australis</i> (Retzius, 1794); <i>cetacea </i>(Illiger, 1815); <i>dugong </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>dugung </i>(Erxleben, 1777); <i>hemprichii </i>(Ehrenberg, 1832); <i>indicus </i>(Boddaert, 1785); <i>lottum </i>(Ehrenberg, 1832); <i>malayana </i>(Owen, 1875) [<i>nomen nudum</i>; <i>lapsus</i>?, see Domming, 1996]; <i>syren </i>(Brookes, 1828); <i>tabernaculi</i> (Rüppell, 1834).","Reviewed by Husar (1978,<i> </i>Mammalian Species, 88).","16","16-00005","16-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0005"
"11600006","SIRENIA","","","","Dugongidae","Hydrodamalinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Palmer","1895","","Science, n.s.","2","40","450","","","","","","","","","16","16-00006","16-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0006"
"11600007","SIRENIA","","","","Dugongidae","Hydrodamalinae","","Hydrodamalis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Retzius","1794","","K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockholm","15","","292","","<i>Hydrodamalis Stelleri</i> Retzius, 1794 (= <i>Manati gigas</i> Zimmermann, 1780).","","","","","<i>Haligyna</i>  Billberg, 1827 [see Doming, 1996]; <i>Manati</i> Zimmermann, 1780; <i>Nepus </i>Fischer von Waldheim, 1814;<i> Rytina </i>Illiger, 1811; <i>Sirene</i> Link, 1794;<i> Stellera </i>Bowdich, 1821;<i> Stellerus</i> Desmarest, 1822.","See Domning (1978, 1996), McKenna and Bell (1997). <i>Rhytina</i> Berthold, 1827 is an unjustified emendation of <i>Rytina</i> Illiger, and <i>Rhytine</i> Burmeister, 1837 is an emendation of <i>Rhytina</i>.","16","16-00007","16-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0006-0000-0007"
"11600008","SIRENIA","","","","Dugongidae","Hydrodamalinae","","Hydrodamalis","","gigas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","426","","","Steller's Sea Cow","Bering Sea, Commander Isls, Bering Isl.","Known only from the Commander Isls, Bering Sea.","IUCN – Extinct.","<i>balaenurus</i> (Boddaert, 1785); <i>borealis </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>cetacea </i>(Illiger, 1815); <i>stelleri </i>Retzius, 1794.","See Forsten and Youngman (1982, Mammalian Species, 165), Domning (1978, 1996).","16","16-00008","16-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0006-0000-0007-0000-0008"
"11600009","SIRENIA","","","","Trichechidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gill","1872","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","11","1","14","","","","","","","Manatida, Haeckel, 1866; Manatidae Gray, 1821; Manatina C. L. Bonaparte, 1837; Manatoidea Gill, 1872; Trichechoidea, Giebel, 1847; Trichecida, Haeckel, 1866.","See Domning (1996). McKenna and Bell (1997:496)<b> </b>listed ""Giebel, 1847"" as the author and year for Trichechidae; Susan Bell (pers. comm., 2002) confirmed that Gill, 1872 is the correct entry.","16","16-00009","16-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009"
"11600010","SIRENIA","","","","Trichechidae","","","Trichechus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","34","","<i>Trichechus manatus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Halipaedisca</i> Gistel, 1848;<i> Manatus </i>Brünnich, 1771; <i>Oxystomus</i> G. Fischer von Waldheim, 1803; <i>Trichecus</i> Owken, 1816.","Revised by Hatt (1934<i>a</i>); evolutionary history summarized by Domning (1982). See McKenna and Bell (1997); Susan Bell (pers. comm., 2002) confirmed that Brünnich, 1771 is the correct authority for <i>Manatus.</i>","16","16-00010","16-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0000-0000-0010"
"11600011","SIRENIA","","","","Trichechidae","","","Trichechus","","inunguis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Natterer","1883","","<i>In</i> Pelzeln, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien","33","","89","","","Amazonian Manatee","Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Madeira, Borba.","Amazon basin of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, and Peru.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by Husar (1977, Mammalian Species, 72).","16","16-00011","16-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0000-0000-0010-0000-0011"
"11600012","SIRENIA","","","","Trichechidae","","","Trichechus","","manatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","34","","","West Indian Manatee","""Mari Americano""; restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""West Indies.""","Caribbean coastal areas and river systems from Virginia, USA to Espírito Santo, Brazil.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>amazonius</i> Shaw, 1800; <i>americanus </i>Link, 1795; <i>antillarum </i>Link, 1795; <i>clusii </i>(Pennant, 1793); <i>fluviatilis </i>(Olfers, 1818); <i>guyannensis </i>(Bechstein, 1800); <i>koellikeri </i>(Kükenthal, 1887); <i>latirostris </i>(Harlan, 1824); <i>minor </i>(Daudin, 1802); <i>oronocensis </i>(Bechstein, 1800).","See Domning (1981, 1996); reviewed by Husar (1978, Mammalian Species, 93).","16","16-00012","16-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0000-0000-0010-0000-0012"
"11600013","SIRENIA","","","","Trichechidae","","","Trichechus","","senegalensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Link","1795","","Beitr. Naturgesch.","1","2","209","","","African Manatee","Senegal","Coastal W Africa including river systems from Angola to Senegal.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>australis</i> Gmelin, 1788;<i> nasutus </i>(Wyman, 1848);<i> oweni </i>(Du Chaillu, 1861);<i> sphaerurus </i>(Illiger, 1815); <i>stroggylonurus </i>(Bechstein, 1800);<i> vogelii</i> (Owen, 1856).","Reviewed by Husar (1978, Mammalian Species, 89). <i>Trichechus Manatus australis</i> Gmelin, 1788 is a partial synonym, that was restricted to the African manatee by Shaw (1800) and Hatt (1934<i>a</i>); see Domning (1996).","16","16-00013","16-0001-0000-0000-0000-0009-0000-0000-0010-0000-0013"
"11700001","CINGULATA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","","","","","","","","","","","","Included in Xenarthra by Gardner (1993); reviewed as part of Xenarthra by Kraft (1995).","17","17-00001","17-0001"
"11700002","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","305","","","","","","","","Wetzel (1985<i>b</i>) divided the Dasypodidae into two subfamilies: Chlamyphorinae (monotypic) and Dasypodinae (with four tribes: Dasypodini, Euphractini, Priodontini, and Tolypeutini). McKenna and Bell (1997) divided Wetzel’s Dasypodidae into three subfamilies: Dasypodinae (monotypic), Euphractinae (with tribes Chlamyphorini and Euphractini), and Tolypeutinae (with tribes Tolypeutini and Priodontini).","17","17-00002","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"11700003","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","305","","","","","","","","","17","17-00003","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003"
"11700004","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","50","","<i>Dasypus novemcinctus</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by Linnaean tautonomy.","","","","","<i>Cachicamus</i>  McMurtrie, 1831; <i>Cataphractus</i> Storr, 1780; <i>Cryptophractus</i> Fitzinger, 1856; <i>Hyperoambon</i> Peters, 1864; <i>Loricatus</i> Desmarest, 1804; <i>Muletia</i> Gray, 1874; <i>Praopus</i> Burmeister, 1854; <i>Tatu</i> Blumenbach, 1779; <i>Tatusia</i> Lesson, 1827; <i>Zonoplites</i> Gloger, 1841.","Reviewed by Wetzel (1985<i>b</i>) and Wetzel and Mondolfi (1979).","17","17-00004","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004"
"11700005","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","hybridus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Meth. Hist. Nat., <i>in</i> Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","28","","","Southern Long-nosed Armadillo","Paraguay, Misiones, San Ignacio (as restricted by Cabrera, 1958).","Argentina, Paraguay, and S Brazil south to Río Negro, Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>auritus</i>  (Olfers, 1818); <i>brevicaudus</i> Larrañaga, 1923.","Wetzel and Mondolfi (1979) included the Paraguayan paratype of <i>mazzai</i> Yepes, 1933; however, Vizcaíno (1995) included this specimen as a paratype of <i>D. yepesi</i>. Tamayo (1968) said <i>Dasypus undecimcinctus</i> Molina, 1782, was based on a composite of an animal known as ""mulita’ and <i>Cabassous unicinctus</i>. The name <i>undecimcintus</i> Molina is best considered a <i>nomen oblitum</i>.","17","17-00005","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0005"
"11700006","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","kappleri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Krauss","1862","","Archiv Naturgesch.","28","1","20","","","Greater Long-nosed Armadillo","""Den Urwäldern des Marowiniflusse in Surinam;"" restricted to the neighborhood of Albina near the mouth of the Marowijne River by Husson (1978).","Colombia (east of the Andes), Venezuela (south of the Orinoco), Guyana, Surinam, and south through the Amazon Basin of Brazil, Ecuador and Perú to NE Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pentadactylus</i>  Peters, 1864; <b><i>pastasae</i></b> (Thomas, 1901); <i>beniensis</i> Lönnberg, 1942; <i>peruvianus</i> Lönnberg, 1928.","","17","17-00006","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0006"
"11700007","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","kappleri","kappleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Krauss","1862","","Archiv Naturgesch.","28","1","20","","","","""Den Urwäldern des Marowiniflusse in Surinam;"" restricted to the neighborhood of Albina near the mouth of the Marowijne River by Husson (1978).","","","","","17","17-00007","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0006-0007"
"11700008","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","kappleri","pastasae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","17","17-00008","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0006-0008"
"11700009","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","novemcinctus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","51","","","Nine-banded Armadillo","""America Meridionali;"" restricted to Pernambuco, Brazil, by Cabrera (1958).","S USA, México, Central and South America to N Argentina, the Lesser Antilles (Grenada), and Trinidad and Tobago.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>boliviensis</i>  Gray, 1873; <i>brevirostris</i> (Gray, 1873); <i>leptocephalus</i> (Gray, 1873); <i>longicaudatus</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>longicaudatus</i> Daudin, 1799; <i>longicaudus</i> Wied, 1826; <i>longicaudus</i> Larrañaga, 1923; <i>lundii</i> Fitzinger, 1871; <i>mazzai</i> Yepes, 1933; <i>niger</i> (Desmarest, 1804); <i>niger</i> (Olfers, 1818) [preoccupied]; <i>niger</i> Lichtenstein, 1818 [preoccupied]; <i>octocintus</i> Schreber, 1774; <i>peba</i> Desmarest, 1822; <i>Platycercus</i> (Hensel, 1872); <i>serratus</i> G. Fischer, 1814; <i>uroceras</i> Lund, 1839;<i> <b>aequatorialis</b></i> Lönnberg, 1913; <b><i>fenestratus</i></b> Peters, 1864; <i>granadiana</i> (Gray, 1873); <b><i>hoplites</i></b> G. M. Allen, 1911; <b><i>mexianae</i></b> (Hagmann, 1908); <b><i>mexicanus</i></b> Peters, 1864; <i>davisi</i> Russell, 1953; <i>leptorhynchus</i> Gray, 1873;<i> texanum</i> (Bailey, 1905).","Reviewed by McBee and Baker (1982, Mammalian Species, 162).","17","17-00009","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0009"
"11700010","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","novemcinctus","novemcinctus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","51","","","","""America Meridionali;"" restricted to Pernambuco, Brazil, by Cabrera (1958).","","","","","17","17-00010","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0009-0010"
"11700011","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","novemcinctus","aequatorialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","17","17-00011","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0009-0011"
"11700012","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","novemcinctus","fenestratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","17","17-00012","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0009-0012"
"11700013","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","novemcinctus","hoplites","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","17","17-00013","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0009-0013"
"11700014","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","novemcinctus","mexianae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hagmann","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","17","17-00014","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0009-0014"
"11700015","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","novemcinctus","mexicanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","17","17-00015","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0009-0015"
"11700016","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","pilosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1856","","Versamml. Deutsch. Nat. Arzte, Wien, Tageblatt","32","","123","","","Hairy Long-nosed Armadillo","""Peru;"" restricted to montane Perú by Wetzel and Mondolfi (1979).","Known only from the Peruvian Andes in the departments of San Martín, La Libertad, Huánuco, and Junín.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>hirsutus</i>  (Burmeister, 1862).","","17","17-00016","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0016"
"11700017","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","sabanicola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mondolfi","1968","","Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle","27","","151","","","Llanos Long-nosed Armadillo","Venezuela, Apure, ""Hato Macanillal.""","Llanos of Venezuela and Colombia.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","","17","17-00017","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0017"
"11700018","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","septemcinctus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","51","","","Seven-banded Armadillo","""Indiis;"" restricted to Pernambuco, Brazil, by Hamlett (1939).","Lower Amazon Basin of Brazil to the Gran Chaco of Bolivia, Paraguay, and N Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>megalolepis</i>  (Cope, 1889); <i>propalatum</i> (Rhoads, 1894).","","17","17-00018","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0018"
"11700019","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Dasypodinae","","Dasypus","","yepesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vizcaíno","1995","","Mastozool. Trop.","2","","7","","","Yepes’s Mulita","Argentina, Salta, San Andrés.","Gran Chaco of Paraguay, and N Argentina.","","","Known from few specimens (Vizcaíno and Giallombardo, 2001), including the paratype of <i>Dasypus mazzai</i> Yepes that Wetzel and Mondolfi (1979) mistakenly said was from Puerto Guaraní, Alto Paraguay, Paraguay.","17","17-00019","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0019"
"11700020","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Winge","1923","","Pattedyr-Slægter","1","","304","","","","","","","","","17","17-00020","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020"
"11700021","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Calyptophractus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1871","","Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien","64","","388","","<i>Chlamyphorus retusus</i> Burmeister, 1863, by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Burmeisteria</i>  Gray, 1865 [preoccupied].","Recognized by Cabrera (1958) as the genus <i>Burmeisteria</i> Gray, which is preoccupied. The next available name is <i>Calyptophractus</i>, as pointed out by Wetzel (1985<i>b</i>); included under <i>Chlamyphorus</i> by Gardner (1993).","17","17-00021","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0021"
"11700022","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Calyptophractus","","retusus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burmeister","1863","","Abhandl. Gesd. Naturf. Halle","7","","167","","","Greater Fairy Armadillo","Bolivia, Santa Cruz, ""Sta. Cruz de la Sierra.""","Gran Chaco of N Argentina, W Paraguay, and SE Bolivia.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Chlamyphorus retusus</i>.","<i>clorindae</i>  (Yepes, 1939).","Commonly listed under <i>Burmeisteria retusa</i>; listed under <i>Chlamyphorus retusus</i> in Wetzel’s (1985<i>b</i>) review and by Gardner (1993).","17","17-00022","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0021-0000-0022"
"11700023","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Chaetophractus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1871","","Sitzb. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wein","64","1","268","","<i>Dasypus villosus</i> (Desmarest, 1804) by subsequent designation (Yepes, 1928).","","","","","<i>Dasyphractus</i>  Fitzinger, 1871.","Formerly included in <i>Euphractus</i> (see Wetzel, 1985<i>b</i>).","17","17-00023","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0023"
"11700024","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Chaetophractus","","nationi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","13","","70","","","Andean Hairy Armadillo","Bolivia, Oruro, ""Orujo.""","Bolivian departments of La Paz, Oruro, and Potosí.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Distribution and status uncertain, may be a subspecies of <i>vellerosus</i> (see Wetzel, 1985<i>b</i>).","17","17-00024","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0023-0000-0024"
"11700025","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Chaetophractus","","vellerosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","376","","","Screaming Hairy Armadillo","Bolivia, Santa Cruz, ""Santa Cruz de la Sierra.""","Chaco Boreal of Bolivia and Paraguay south to C Argentina and west to the Puna de Tarapacá of Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>boliviensis</i>  (Grandidier and Neveu-Lemaire, 1908); <i>brevirostris</i> (Fitzinger, 1871); <b><i>pannosus</i></b> (Thomas, 1902); <i>desertorum</i> (Krumbiegel, 1940).","","17","17-00025","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0023-0000-0025"
"11700026","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Chaetophractus","","vellerosus","vellerosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","376","","","","Bolivia, Santa Cruz, ""Santa Cruz de la Sierra.""","","","","","17","17-00026","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0023-0000-0025-0026"
"11700027","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Chaetophractus","","vellerosus","pannosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","17","17-00027","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0023-0000-0025-0027"
"11700028","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Chaetophractus","","villosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Meth. Hist. Nat., <i>in</i> Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","28","","","Big Hairy Armadillo","Argentina, Buenos Aires, ""Les Pampas"" south of Río de la Plata between 35° and 36° south (Azara, 1801:164).","Gran Chaco of Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina south to Santa Cruz, Argentina, and Magallanes, Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>octocinctus</i>  (Molina, 1782) [preoccupied]; <i>pilosus</i> (Larrañaga, 1923) [preoccupied].","","17","17-00028","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0023-0000-0028"
"11700029","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Chlamyphorus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Harlan","1825","","Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.","1","","235","","<i>Chlamyphorus truncatus</i> Harlan, 1825, by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Chlamydophorus</i>  Wagler, 1830, is an unjustified emendation of <i>Chlamyphorus</i> Harlan; the names <i>Chlamiphorus</i> Contreras, 1973, <i>Chlamydephorus</i> Lenz, 1831, and <i>Chlamydiphorus</i> Bonaparte, 1831, are incorrect subsequent spellings of <i>Chlamyphorus</i> Harlan.","","17","17-00029","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0029"
"11700030","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Chlamyphorus","","truncatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Harlan","1825","","Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.","1","","235","","","Pink Fairy Armadillo","""Mendoza . . . interior of Chili, on the east of the Cordilleras, in lat. 33°25' and long. 69°47', in the province of Cuyo;"" restricted to Río Tunuyán, 33°25'S, 69°45'W, Mendoza, Argentina, by Cabrera (1958).","Argentina.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>minor</i>  (Lahille, 1895); <i>ornatus</i> (Lahille, 1895); <i>patquiensis</i> Yepes, 1931; <i>typicus</i> (Lahille, 1895).","","17","17-00030","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0029-0000-0030"
"11700031","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Euphractus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wagler","1830","","Naturliches Syst. Amphibien","","","36","","<i>Dasypus sexcinctus</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Palmer, 1904).","","","","","<i>Encoubertus</i>  McMurtrie, 1831; <i>Pseudotroctes</i> Gloger, 1841; <i>Scleropleura</i> Milne-Edwards, 1871.","Moeller (1968) included <i>Chaetophractus</i> and <i>Zaedyus</i> in this genus, <i>contra</i> Wetzel (1985<i>b</i>) whose usage is followed here.","17","17-00031","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0031"
"11700032","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Euphractus","","sexcinctus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","51","","","Six-banded Armadillo","""America meridionale;"" restricted to Pará, Brazil, by Thomas (1907<i>b</i>).","S Surinam and adjacent Brazil as a northern isolated segment; E Brazil to Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and N Argentina as the main population.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>mustelinus</i>  Fitzinger, 1871;<b><i> boliviae</i></b> (Thomas, 1907); <b><i>flavimanus</i></b> (Desmarest, 1804);<i> encoubert</i> (Desmarest, 1822); <i>flavipes</i> (G. Fischer, 1814); <i>gilvipes</i> (Lichtenstein, 1818); <i>poyu</i> (Larrañaga, 1923); <b><i>setosus</i></b> (Wied, 1826); <i>bruneti</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1871); <b><i>tucumanus</i></b> (Thomas, 1907).","Reviewed by Wetzel (1985<i>b</i>) and Redford and Wetzel (1985, Mammalian Species, 252).","17","17-00032","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0031-0000-0032"
"11700033","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Euphractus","","sexcinctus","sexcinctus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","51","","","","""America meridionale;"" restricted to Pará, Brazil, by Thomas (1907<i>b</i>).","","","","","17","17-00033","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0031-0000-0032-0033"
"11700034","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Euphractus","","sexcinctus","boliviae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","17","17-00034","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0031-0000-0032-0034"
"11700035","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Euphractus","","sexcinctus","flavimanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","","","","","","","","","","","","","17","17-00035","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0031-0000-0032-0035"
"11700036","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Euphractus","","sexcinctus","setosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wied","1826","","","","","","","","","","","","","","17","17-00036","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0031-0000-0032-0036"
"11700037","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Euphractus","","sexcinctus","tucumanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","17","17-00037","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0031-0000-0032-0037"
"11700038","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Zaedyus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ameghino","1889","","Acta Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba","6","","867","","<i>Dasypus minutus</i> Desmarest, 1822 (= <i>Loricatus pichiy</i> Desmarest, 1804), by original designation.","","","","","","Sometimes considered a subgenus of <i>Euphractus</i>; reviewed by Wetzel (1985<i>b</i>).","17","17-00038","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0038"
"11700039","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Zaedyus","","pichiy","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Meth. Hist. Nat., <i>in</i> Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","28","","","Pichi","Argentina, Buenos Aires, Bahia Blanca, as restricted by Cabrera (1958).","Mendoza, San Luis, and Buenos Aires, Argentina, south through Argentina and E Chile to the Straits of Magellan.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>australis</i>  (Larrañaga, 1923); <i>ciliatus</i> (G. Fischer, 1814); <i>fimbriatus</i> (Olfers, 1818); <i>marginatus</i> (Wagler, 1830); <i>patagonicus</i> (Desmarest, 1819); <i>quadricinctus</i> (Molina, 1782) [preoccupied]; <b><i>caurinus</i></b> Thomas, 1928; <i>minutus</i> (Desmarest, 1822).","","17","17-00039","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0038-0000-0039"
"11700040","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Zaedyus","","pichiy","pichiy","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Meth. Hist. Nat., <i>in</i> Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","28","","","","Argentina, Buenos Aires, Bahia Blanca, as restricted by Cabrera (1958).","","","","","17","17-00040","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0038-0000-0039-0040"
"11700041","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Euphractinae","","Zaedyus","","pichiy","caurinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","17","17-00041","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0020-0000-0038-0000-0039-0041"
"11700042","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Tolypeutinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","365","","","","","","","","","17","17-00042","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0042"
"11700043","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Tolypeutinae","","Cabassous","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","McMurtrie","1831","","Anim. Kingdom","1","","164","","<i>Dasypus unicinctus</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Arizostus</i>  Gloger, 1841; <i>Lysiurus</i> Ameghino, 1891; <i>Tatoua</i> Gray, 1865; <i>Xenurus</i> Wagler, 1830 [preoccupied]; <i>Ziphila</i> Gray, 1873.","Revised by Wetzel (1980).","17","17-00043","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0042-0000-0043"
"11700044","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Tolypeutinae","","Cabassous","","centralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1899","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","13","","4","","","Northern Naked-tailed Armadillo","Honduras, Cortés, ""Chamelecon.""","México (Chiapas) to N Colombia and NW Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix III (Costa Rica); IUCN – Data Deficient.","","","17","17-00044","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0042-0000-0043-0000-0044"
"11700045","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Tolypeutinae","","Cabassous","","chacoensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wetzel","1980","","Ann. Carnegie Mus.","49","2","335","","","Chacoan Naked-tailed Armadillo","Paraguay, Presidente Hayes, ""5-7 km W Estancia Juan de Zalazar.""","Gran Chaco of W Paraguay and NW Argentina. Known from Mato Grosso, Brazil, based on one zoological park specimen (Wetzel, 1980).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","","17","17-00045","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0042-0000-0043-0000-0045"
"11700046","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Tolypeutinae","","Cabassous","","tatouay","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Meth. Hist. Nat., <i>in</i> Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","28","","","Greater Naked-tailed Armadillo","Paraguay, restricted to ""a 27° de lat. Sur"" by Cabrera (1958).","Uruguay, S Brazil, SE Paraguay, and NE Argentina.","CITES – Appendix III (Uruguay); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>dasycercus</i>  (G. Fischer, 1814); <i>gymnurus</i> (Olfers, 1818); <i>lugubris</i> (Gray, 1873) [part, see Wetzel, 1985<i>b</i>]; <i>nudicaudus</i> (Lund, 1839).","","17","17-00046","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0042-0000-0043-0000-0046"
"11700047","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Tolypeutinae","","Cabassous","","unicinctus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","50","","","Southern Naked-tailed Armadillo","""Africa;"" restricted to ""l'Amérique"" by Buffon (1763), and to Surinam by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>).","South America east of the Andes from Colombia to Bolivia and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>duodecimcinctus</i>  (Schreber, 1774); <i>multicinctus</i> (Thunberg, 1818); <i>octodecimcinctus</i> (Erxleben, 1777); verrucosus (Wagner, 1844); <b><i>squamicaudis</i></b> (Lund, 1845); <i>hispidus</i> (Burmeister, 1854); <i>latirostris</i> (Gray, 1873);<i> loricatus</i> (Wagner, 1855); <i>lugubris</i> (Gray, 1873) [part, see Wetzel, 1985<i>b</i>].","Tamayo (1968) said <i>Dasypus undecimcinctus</i> Molina, 1782, was based on a composite of an animal known as ""mulita"" and <i>Cabassous unicinctus</i>. It is doubtful that <i>unicinctus</i> occurred in NW Argentina (formerly part of Chile) and the name <i>undecimcinctus</i> Molina is best considered a <i>nomen oblitum</i>. The name <i>undecimcinctus</i> Illiger, 1815, is a <i>nomen nudum</i>.","17","17-00047","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0042-0000-0043-0000-0047"
"11700048","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Tolypeutinae","","Cabassous","","unicinctus","unicinctus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","50","","","","""Africa;"" restricted to ""l'Amérique"" by Buffon (1763), and to Surinam by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>).","","","","","17","17-00048","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0042-0000-0043-0000-0047-0048"
"11700049","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Tolypeutinae","","Cabassous","","unicinctus","squamicaudis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","17","17-00049","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0042-0000-0043-0000-0047-0049"
"11700050","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Tolypeutinae","","Priodontes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1825","","Dentes des Mamm.","","","257","","<i>Dasypus gigas</i> G. Cuvier, 1817 (= <i>Dasypus maximus</i> Kerr, 1792), by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Cheloniscus</i>  Wagler, 1830; <i>Polygomphius</i> Gloger, 1841; <i>Priodon</i> McMurtrie, 1831; <i>Prionodos</i> Gray, 1865.","Reviewed by Wetzel (1985<i>b</i>).","17","17-00050","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0042-0000-0050"
"11700051","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Tolypeutinae","","Priodontes","","maximus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","112","","","Giant Armadillo","French Guiana, ""Cayenne.""","South America east of the Andes from N Venezuela and the Guianas south to Bolivia, Paraguay, and N Argentina.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>giganteus</i>  (G. Fischer, 1814); <i>gigas</i> (G. Cuvier, 1817); <i>grandis</i> (Olfers, 1818).","","17","17-00051","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0042-0000-0050-0000-0051"
"11700052","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Tolypeutinae","","Tolypeutes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium.","","","111","","<i>Dasypus tricinctus</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Yepes, 1928).","","","","","<i>Apara</i>  McMurtrie, 1831; <i>Cheloniscus</i> Gray, 1873 [preoccupied]; <i>Sphaerocormus</i> Fitzinger, 1871; <i>Tolypoides</i> Grandidier and Neveu-Lemaire, 1905.","Reviewed by Wetzel (1985<i>b</i>).","17","17-00052","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0042-0000-0052"
"11700053","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Tolypeutinae","","Tolypeutes","","matacus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Meth. Hist. Nat., <i>in</i> Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","28","","","Southern Three-banded Armadillo","No locality mentioned; restricted to Argentina, Tucumán, Tucumán, by Sanborn (1930).","E Bolivia and SW Brazil south through the Gran Chaco of Paraguay to Argentina (Buenos Aires).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>apar</i>  (Desmarest, 1822); <i>bicinctus</i> (Grandidier and Neveu-Lemaire, 1905); <i>brachyurus</i> (G. Fischer, 1814); <i>conurus</i> I. Geoffroy, 1847; <i>muriei</i> Garrod, 1878; <i>octodecimcinctus</i> (Molina, 1782) [preoccupied].","","17","17-00053","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0042-0000-0052-0000-0053"
"11700054","CINGULATA","","","","Dasypodidae","Tolypeutinae","","Tolypeutes","","tricinctus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","56","","","Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo","""In India orientali;"" redefined as Pernambuco, Brazil, by Sanborn (1930).","Brazilian states of Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Piauí, and Pernambuco; and expected in Goiás (Santos et al., 1994; Olmos, 1995; Oliveira, 1995; Marinho-Filho et al., 1997).","IUCN – Vulnerable; extremely rare (see Silva and Oren, 1993; Santos et al., 1994).","<i>globulus</i>  (Olfers, 1818); <i>quadricinctus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758); <i>quadricinctus</i> Olfers, 1818 [preoccupied].","","17","17-00054","17-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0042-0000-0052-0000-0054"
"11800001","PILOSA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Flower","1883","","","","","","","","","","","","Edentata Vicq-d'Azyr, 1792 [part].","Reviewed by Wetzel (1985<i>a</i>) and by Kraft (1995) as part of Xenarthra; formerly included in Xenarthra, which was elevated to magnorder rank by McKenna and Bell (1997).","18","18-00001","18-0001"
"11800002","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Delsuc, Catzeflis, Stanhope, and Douzery","2001","","","","","","","","","","","","","Use of Folivora follows recommendation by Delsuc et al. (2001:1606). McKenna and Bell (1997) used Phyllophaga Owen, 1842, for this suborder.","18","18-00002","18-0001-0002"
"11800003","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Bradypodidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","304","","","","","","","","","18","18-00003","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"11800004","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Bradypodidae","","","Bradypus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","34","","<i>Bradypus tridactylus</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Miller and Rehn, 1901).","","","","","<i>Acheus</i>  F. Cuvier, 1825; <i>Arctopithecus</i> Gray, 1850 [preoccupied]; <i>Eubradypus</i> Lönnberg, 1942; <i>Hemibradypus</i> Anthony, 1906; <i>Ignavus</i> Blumenbach, 1779; <i>Scaeopus</i> Peters, 1864.","Avila-Pires (<i>in</i> Wetzel and Avila-Pires, 1980) considered <i>Scaeopus</i> a separate genus.","18","18-00004","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004"
"11800005","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Bradypodidae","","","Bradypus","","pygmaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson and Handley","2001","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","114","","17","","","Pygmy Three-toed Sloth","Panamá, Bocas del Toro, ""Isla Escudo de Veraguas, West Point.""","Known only from Isla Escudo de Veraguas.","Vulnerable.","","","18","18-00005","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0005"
"11800006","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Bradypodidae","","","Bradypus","","torquatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium","","","109","","","Maned Sloth","""Brasilia;"" restricted to the Atlantic drainage of the Brazilian states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro, by Wetzel and Avila-Pires (1980).","Coastal forests of SE Brazil.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>affinis</i> Gray, 1850; <i>crinitus</i> Gray, 1850; <i>cristatus</i> Hamilton-Smith, 1827; <i>mareyi</i> (Anthony, 1907); <i>melanotis</i> Swainson, 1835.","Some authors believe erroneously that <i>B</i>. <i>torquatus</i> Illiger, 1811, is a <i>nomen nudum</i> and attribute the name to Desmarest (1816<i>a</i>).","18","18-00006","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0006"
"11800007","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Bradypodidae","","","Bradypus","","tridactylus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","34","","","Pale-throated Sloth","""Americæ meridionalis arboribus;"" restricted to Surinam by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>).","Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela south of the Orinoco, and N Brazil (south to the Amazonas/Solimões).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ai</i>  (Lesson, 1827); <i>blainvillii</i> (Gray, 1850); <i>cuculliger</i> Wagler, 1831; <i>cummunis</i> Lesson, 1841; <i>dysonii</i> (Gray, 1869); <i>flaccidus</i> (Gray, 1850); <i>guianensis</i> Blainville, 1840; <i>gularis</i> Rüppell, 1842; <i>smithii</i> (Gray, 1869).","","18","18-00007","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0007"
"11800008","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Bradypodidae","","","Bradypus","","variegatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1825","","Das Thierreich","4","","510","","","Brown-throated Sloth","""Sudamerika;"" restricted to Brazil by Mertens (1925) who suggested that the type may have come from Bahia.","Honduras to Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, W Venezuela, E Perú and Bolivia, Paraguay, and N Argentina.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dorsalis</i>  Fitzinger, 1871; <b><i>boliviensis</i></b> (Gray, 1871); <i>beniensis</i> Lönnberg, 1942; <b><i>brasiliensis</i></b> Blainville, 1840; <i>ai</i> Wagler, 1831 [preoccupied]; <i>ustus</i> Lesson, 1840; <i>pallidus</i> Wagner, 1844; <b><i>ephippiger</i></b> Philippi, 1870; <i>castaneiceps</i> (Gray, 1871); <i>ecuadorianus</i> Spillmann, 1927; <i>griseus</i> (Gray, 1871); <i>ignavus</i> Goldman, 1913; <i>nefandus</i> Spillmann, 1927; <i>violeta</i> Thomas, 1917; <b><i>gorgon</i></b> Thomas, 1926; <b><i>infuscatus</i></b> Wagler, 1831; <i>brachydactylus</i> Wagner, 1855;<i> codajazensis</i> Lönnberg, 1942; <i>macrodon</i> Thomas, 1917; <i>subjuruanus</i> Lönnberg, 1942; <b><i>trivittatus</i></b> Cornalia, 1849; <i>marmoratus</i> (Gray, 1850); <i>miritibae</i> Lönnberg, 1942; <i>problematicus</i> (Gray, 1850); <i>tocantinus</i> Lönnberg, 1942; <i>unicolor</i> Fitzinger, 1871.","The literature contains the following unavailable names: <i>braziliensis</i> Sanderson, 1949 [incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>brasiliensis</i> Blainville]; <i>infumatus</i> Tschudi, 1845 [incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>infuscatus</i> Wagler]; <i>rifuscatus</i> Cornelia, 1849 [incorrect subsequent spelling of <i>infuscatus</i> Wagler]; <i>speculiger</i> Fitzinger, 1871 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","18","18-00008","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0008"
"11800009","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Bradypodidae","","","Bradypus","","variegatus","variegatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1825","","Das Thierreich","4","","510","","","","""Sudamerika;"" restricted to Brazil by Mertens (1925) who suggested that the type may have come from Bahia.","","","","","18","18-00009","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0008-0009"
"11800010","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Bradypodidae","","","Bradypus","","variegatus","boliviensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00010","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0008-0010"
"11800011","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Bradypodidae","","","Bradypus","","variegatus","brasiliensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blainville","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00011","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0008-0011"
"11800012","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Bradypodidae","","","Bradypus","","variegatus","ephippiger","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1870","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00012","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0008-0012"
"11800013","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Bradypodidae","","","Bradypus","","variegatus","gorgon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00013","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0008-0013"
"11800014","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Bradypodidae","","","Bradypus","","variegatus","infuscatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagler","1831","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00014","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0008-0014"
"11800015","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Bradypodidae","","","Bradypus","","variegatus","trivittatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cornalia","1849","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00015","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0008-0015"
"11800016","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Megalonychidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Ameghino","1889","","Acta Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, Buenos Aires","6","","690","","","","","","","","Includes <i>Choloepus</i> and approximately 12 genera of extinct sloths, some of which survived to the Holocene on Caribbean islands. <i>Choloepus</i> was formerly included in Bradypodidae (see Hoffstetter, 1969; Patterson and Pascual, 1968<i>a</i>) or Choloepidae (see Honacki et al., 1982). Placed in Megalonychidae by Webb (1985) and Wetzel (1985<i>a</i>).","18","18-00016","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0016"
"11800017","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Megalonychidae","","","Choloepus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium.","","","108","","<i>Bradypus didactylus</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Gray, 1827).","","","","","<i>                                       </i>","Reviewed by Wetzel (1985<i>a</i>). The original spelling of <i>Unaues</i> Rafinesque was <i>Unaüs</i>, which required a substitution of <i>ue</i> for <i>ü</i>. The spellings <i>Cholaepus</i>, <i>Chaelopus</i>, and <i>Choelopus</i> of various authors are all incorrect subsequent spellings of <i>Choloepus</i> Illiger. <i>Cholopus</i> Agassiz, 1847, is an invalid emendation of <i>Choloepus</i> Illiger.","18","18-00017","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0016-0000-0000-0017"
"11800018","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Megalonychidae","","","Choloepus","","didactylus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","35","","","Linnaeus’s Two-toed Sloth","""Zeylona;"" corrected to Surinam by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>). Not British Guiana as stated by Tate (1939).","Guianas and Venezuela (delta and south of Río Orinoco) south into Brazil (Maranhão west along Rio Amazonas/Solimões) and west into upper Amazon Basin of Ecuador and Perú.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>brasiliensis</i>  Fitzinger, 1871; <i>columbianus</i> Gray, 1871; <i>curi</i> (Link, 1795); <i>florenciae</i> J. A. Allen, 1913; <i>guianensis</i> Fitzinger, 1871; <i>kouri</i> (Daudin, 1802); <i>napensis</i> Lönnberg, 1922; <i>unau</i> (Link, 1795).","Reviewed by Wetzel and Avila-Pires (1980). Treated here as monotypic; needs revision.","18","18-00018","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0016-0000-0000-0017-0000-0018"
"11800019","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Megalonychidae","","","Choloepus","","hoffmanni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1858","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1858","","128","","","Hoffmann’s Two-toed Sloth","""Costa Rica;"" restricted to Escazú, San José, by Goodwin (1946); corrected to Heredia, Volcán Barbara, by Wetzel and Avila-Pires (1980).","Central America (Nicaragua) into South America east to W Venezuela and south to Brazil (Mato Grosso) and E Bolivia.","CITES – Appendix III (Costa Rica); IUCN – Data Deficient.","<b><i>capitalis</i> </b> J. A. Allen, 1913; <b><i>florenciae</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1913;<i> andinus</i> J. A. Allen, 1913; <i>augustinus</i> J. A. Allen, 1913; <b><i>juruanus</i></b> Lönnberg, 1942; <b><i>pallescens</i></b> Lönnberg, 1928; <i>peruvianus</i> Menegaux, 1906.","","18","18-00019","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0016-0000-0000-0017-0000-0019"
"11800020","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Megalonychidae","","","Choloepus","","hoffmanni","hoffmanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1858","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1858","","128","","","","""Costa Rica;"" restricted to Escazú, San José, by Goodwin (1946); corrected to Heredia, Volcán Barbara, by Wetzel and Avila-Pires (1980).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","18","18-00020","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0016-0000-0000-0017-0000-0019-0020"
"11800021","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Megalonychidae","","","Choloepus","","hoffmanni","capitalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00021","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0016-0000-0000-0017-0000-0019-0021"
"11800022","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Megalonychidae","","","Choloepus","","hoffmanni","florenciae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00022","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0016-0000-0000-0017-0000-0019-0022"
"11800023","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Megalonychidae","","","Choloepus","","hoffmanni","juruanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00023","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0016-0000-0000-0017-0000-0019-0023"
"11800024","PILOSA","FOLIVORA","","","Megalonychidae","","","Choloepus","","hoffmanni","pallescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00024","18-0001-0002-0000-0000-0016-0000-0000-0017-0000-0019-0024"
"11800025","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00025","18-0001-0025"
"11800026","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Cyclopedidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Pocock","1924","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1924","","1030","","","","","","","","","18","18-00026","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0026"
"11800027","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Cyclopedidae","","","Cyclopes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","305","","<i>Myrmecophaga didactyla</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Cyclothurus</i>  Lesson, 1842; <i>Didactyla</i> Liais, 1872; <i>Didactyles</i> F. Cuvier, 1829; <i>Eurypterna</i> Gloger, 1841; <i>Myrmydon</i> Wagler, 1830.","","18","18-00027","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0026-0000-0000-0027"
"11800028","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Cyclopedidae","","","Cyclopes","","didactylus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","35","","","Silky Anteater","""America australi;"" restricted to Surinam by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>).","México (Veracruz and Oaxaca) to Colombia and west of Andes to S Ecuador, east of Andes to Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, and S Colombia and Venezuela, south to Bolivia (La Paz and Santa Cruz) and Brazil (Acre east to Alagoas).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>monodactyla</i>  (Kerr, 1792); <i>unicolor</i> (Desmarest, 1822);<i> <b>catellus</b></i> Thomas, 1928; <i>codajazensis</i> Lönnberg, 1942; <b><i>dorsalis</i></b> (Gray, 1865); <b><i>eva</i></b> Thomas, 1902; <b><i>ida</i></b> Thomas, 1900; <i>juruanus</i> Lönnberg, 1942; <b><i>melini</i></b> Lönnberg, 1928; <b><i>mexicanus</i></b> Hollister, 1914.","","18","18-00028","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0026-0000-0000-0027-0000-0028"
"11800029","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Cyclopedidae","","","Cyclopes","","didactylus","didactylus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","35","","","","""America australi;"" restricted to Surinam by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>).","","","","","18","18-00029","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0026-0000-0000-0027-0000-0028-0029"
"11800030","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Cyclopedidae","","","Cyclopes","","didactylus","catellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00030","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0026-0000-0000-0027-0000-0028-0030"
"11800031","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Cyclopedidae","","","Cyclopes","","didactylus","dorsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00031","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0026-0000-0000-0027-0000-0028-0031"
"11800032","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Cyclopedidae","","","Cyclopes","","didactylus","eva","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00032","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0026-0000-0000-0027-0000-0028-0032"
"11800033","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Cyclopedidae","","","Cyclopes","","didactylus","ida","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00033","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0026-0000-0000-0027-0000-0028-0033"
"11800034","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Cyclopedidae","","","Cyclopes","","didactylus","melini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00034","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0026-0000-0000-0027-0000-0028-0034"
"11800035","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Cyclopedidae","","","Cyclopes","","didactylus","mexicanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00035","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0026-0000-0000-0027-0000-0028-0035"
"11800036","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","343","","","","","","","","","18","18-00036","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036"
"11800037","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Myrmecophaga","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","35","","<i>Myrmecophaga tridactyla</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent selection (Thomas, 1901<i>a</i>).","","","","","<i>Falcifer</i>  Rehn, 1900.","","18","18-00037","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037"
"11800038","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Myrmecophaga","","tridactyla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","35","","","Giant Anteater","""America <i>meridionali</i>;"" restricted to Brazil, Pernambuco, Pernambuco, by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>).","Belize and Guatemala through South America to Uruguay and the Gran Chaco of Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>jubata</i>  Linnaeus, 1758; <b><i>artata</i></b> Osgood, 1912; <b><i>centralis</i></b> Lyon, 1906.","","18","18-00038","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037-0000-0038"
"11800039","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Myrmecophaga","","tridactyla","tridactyla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","35","","","","""America <i>meridionali</i>;"" restricted to Brazil, Pernambuco, Pernambuco, by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>).","","","","","18","18-00039","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037-0000-0038-0039"
"11800040","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Myrmecophaga","","tridactyla","artata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00040","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037-0000-0038-0040"
"11800041","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Myrmecophaga","","tridactyla","centralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00041","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037-0000-0038-0041"
"11800042","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Tamandua","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","343","","<i>Myrmecophaga tamandua</i> G. Cuvier, 1798 (= <i>Tamandua tetradactyla</i> Linnaeus, 1758), by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Dryoryx</i>  Gloger, 1841; <i>Tamanduas</i> F. Cuvier, 1829; <i>Uroleptes</i> Wagler, 1830.","Revised by Wetzel (1975).","18","18-00042","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0042"
"11800043","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Tamandua","","mexicana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","12","","9","","","Northern Tamandua","México, ""Tabasco.""","E México (Tamaulipas), Central America, South America to NW Perú and NW Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix III (Guatemala); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hesperia</i>  Davis, 1955; <i>tenuirostris</i> J. A. Allen, 1904; <b><i>instabilis</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1904; <b><i>opistholeuca</i></b> Gray, 1873; <i>chiriquensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>sellata</i> (Cope, 1889); <i>tambensis</i> Lönnberg, 1937; <b><i>punensis</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1916.","","18","18-00043","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0042-0000-0043"
"11800044","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Tamandua","","mexicana","mexicana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","12","","9","","","","México, ""Tabasco.""","","","","","18","18-00044","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0042-0000-0043-0044"
"11800045","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Tamandua","","mexicana","instabilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00045","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0042-0000-0043-0045"
"11800046","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Tamandua","","mexicana","opistholeuca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00046","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0042-0000-0043-0046"
"11800047","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Tamandua","","mexicana","punensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00047","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0042-0000-0043-0047"
"11800048","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Tamandua","","tetradactyla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","35","","","Southern Tamandua","""America meridionali;"" restricted to Brazil, Pernambuco, Pernambuco (= Recife), by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>).","South America east of the Andes from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas, south to Uruguay and N Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bivittata</i>  (Desmarest, 1817); <i>brasiliensis</i> Liais, 1872; <i>myosura</i> (Pallas, 1766); <b><i>nigra</i></b> (Geoffroy, 1803); <i>crispa</i> (Rüppell, 1842); <i>longicaudata</i> (Wagner, 1844); <b><i>quichua</i></b> Thomas, 1927; <b><i>straminea</i></b> (Cope, 1889);<i> chapadensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>kriegi</i> Krumbiegel, 1940; <u>not allocated to subspecies: </u><i>longicaudata</i> (Turner, 1853) [preoccupied]; <i>nigra</i> Beaux, 1908 [preoccupied]; <i>opisthomelas</i> Gray, 1873; <i>tamandua</i> (G. Cuvier, 1798).","The names <i>longicaudata</i>, <i>nigra</i>, <i>opisthomelas, </i>and <i>tamandua</i>, cannot be assigned to subspecies with certainty because their type localities are too general.","18","18-00048","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0042-0000-0048"
"11800049","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Tamandua","","tetradactyla","tetradactyla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","35","","","","""America meridionali;"" restricted to Brazil, Pernambuco, Pernambuco (= Recife), by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>).","","","","","18","18-00049","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0042-0000-0048-0049"
"11800050","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Tamandua","","tetradactyla","nigra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Geoffroy","1803","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00050","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0042-0000-0048-0050"
"11800051","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Tamandua","","tetradactyla","quichua","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00051","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0042-0000-0048-0051"
"11800052","PILOSA","VERMILINGUA","","","Myrmecophagidae","","","Tamandua","","tetradactyla","straminea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cope","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","18","18-00052","18-0001-0025-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0042-0000-0048-0052"
"11900001","SCANDENTIA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Wagner","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","Scandentiformes, Tupaii, Tupaioidea, Tupayae.","<p>In the past, treeshrews have commonly been considered basal members of the order Primates, or united with macroscelidids in the ""insectivoran"" clade Menotyphla. However, as a group they have no immediate living relatives and are best classified at ordinal rank (Butler, 1972, 1980; Dene et al., 1978; Luckett, 1980; McKenna and Bell, 1997). At a deeper phylogenetic level, scandentians apparently form a natural group with dermopterans and primates (Murphy et al., 2001<i>b</i>). Representatives of the order are confined to southern, eastern, and SE Asia both currently and in the fossil record, which extends back to the Middle Eocene in east Asia (McKenna and Bell, 1997). Most previous workers have arranged Scandentia as a monofamilial order, but recognition of two families (Tupaiidae and Ptilocercidae) more aptly conveys the anatomical disparity evident among the living treeshrews (see below).</p><p>Despite the attention paid to the higher-level phylogenetic relationships of treeshrews,... [truncated]","19","19-00001","19-0001"
"11900002","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","339","","","","","","","Cladobatae, Cladobatidina, Cladobatida, Cladobatina, Glisoricina, Glisoricinae, Tupaina, Tupaiadae, Tupajidae, Tupayae, Tupayidae.","See Elliott (1971), Luckett (1980), and Emmons and Greene (2000) for references pertaining to tree shrew biology. For more detailed data on the distribution of tupaiid species on small islands on the Sunda Shelf, see Corbet (in Corbet and Hill, 1992).","19","19-00002","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"11900003","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Anathana","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lyon","1913","","Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.","45","","120","","<i>Tupaia ellioti</i> Waterhouse, 1850.","","","","","","<i>Anathana</i>and <i>Tupaia </i>are closely allied.","19","19-00003","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"11900004","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Anathana","","ellioti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1849","1850","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1849","","107","","","Madras Treeshrew","India, Andhra Pradesh, ""hills between Cuddapah and Nellox"" (= Velikanda Range).","India south of the Ganges River.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>pallida</i>  Lyon, 1913; <i>wroughtoni </i>Lyon, 1913.","Museum material of <i>Anathana </i>is very limited. Lyon (1913) named <i>pallida </i>and <i>wroughtoni</i> as full species based on minor pelage differences; Corbet (in Corbet and Hill, 1992) is probably correct in his assumption that these three ""intergrade without definable boundaries.""","19","19-00004","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"11900005","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Dendrogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1848","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1848","","23","","<i>Hylogalea murina</i> Schlegel and Müller, 1843.","","","","","","","19","19-00005","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0005"
"11900006","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Dendrogale","","melanura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","251","","","Bornean Smooth-Tailed Treeshrew","Borneo, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit, 5,000 ft. (1,524 m).","Restricted to higher altitudes (above 900 m) in Malaysian N Borneo, including the mountains of NE Sarawak and Mts. Kinabalu and Trus Madi in Sabah.","CITES –Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>baluensis</i> </b><i> </i>Lyon, 1913.","Endemic to montane Borneo.","19","19-00006","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0005-0000-0006"
"11900007","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Dendrogale","","melanura","melanura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","251","","","","Borneo, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit, 5,000 ft. (1,524 m).","","","","","19","19-00007","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0005-0000-0006-0007"
"11900008","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Dendrogale","","melanura","baluensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00008","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0005-0000-0006-0008"
"11900009","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Dendrogale","","murina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schlegel and Müller","1843","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool.","","","p. 167[1845], pls. 26, 27[1843]","","","Northern Smooth-Tailed Treeshrew","Given as ""Pontianak"" (Kalimantan, Borneo); with little doubt actually collected by Diard at Cochin Chine, Vietnam (C. Smeenk, in litt.).","From E Thailand (Chatraburi and Trat Provinces) through Cambodia to S Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>frenata</i>  (Gray, 1860).","Lyon (1913) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) discussed the doubtful validity of the original type locality. Archival research at the Naturalis Museum, Leiden corroborates a Vietnamese origin for the holotype of <i>murina </i>(see type locality above).","19","19-00009","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0005-0000-0009"
"11900010","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","256","","<i>Tupaia ferruginea</i> Raffles, 1821 (= <i>Sorex glis</i> Diard, 1820).","","","","","<i>Chladobates</i> Schinz, 1824; <i>Cladobates </i>F. Cuvier, 1825; <i>Gladobates</i> Schinz, 1824; <i>Glipora </i>Jentink, 1888; <i>Glirisorex </i>Scudder, 1882; <i>Glisorex </i>Desmarest, 1822; <i>Glisosorex </i>Giebel, 1855; <i>Hylogale</i> Temminck, 1827; <i>Hylogalea </i>Schlegel and Mueller, 1843; <i>Lyonogale</i> Conisbee, 1953;<i> Palaeotupaia</i> Chopra and Vasishat, 1979; <i>Sorex-glis</i> É. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier, 1822; <i>Tana</i> Lyon, 1913; <i>Tapaia</i> Gray, 1860; <i>Tupaja</i> Haeckel, 1866; <i>Tupaya</i> É. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier, 1822.","","19","19-00010","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010"
"11900011","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","belangeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1841","","Schreber’s Die Säugethiere, Suppl.","2","","42","","","Northern Treeshrew","Burma, Pegu, Siriam (near Yangon).","S and SE Asia north of and including the Isthmus of Kra: Thailand, Burma, Bangladesh, far E India and Nepal, S China, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and associated coastal islands, including Hainan. Probably also Preparis Isl north of the Andaman Isls (Lyon, 1913:61).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brunetta</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>clarissa</i> Thomas, 1917;<i> peguanus </i>Lesson, 1842;<i> tenaster </i>Thomas, 1917; <b><i>chinensis</i></b><i> </i>Anderson, 1879;<i> annamensis</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1922;<i> assamensis</i> Wroughton, 1921;<i> cambodiana</i> Kloss, 1919;<i> cochinchinensis </i>Robinson and Kloss, 1922; <i>concolor </i>Bonhote, 1907;<i> dissimilis</i> (Ellis, 1860);<i> gaoligongensis</i> Wang, 1987;<i> gongshanensis </i>Wang, 1987;<i> kohtauensis</i> Shamel, 1930;<i> laotum</i> Thomas, 1914;<i> lepcha </i>Thomas, 1922;<i> modesta </i>J. A. Allen, 1906;<i> olivacea </i>Kloss, 1919;<i> operosa</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1914; <i>pingi</i> Ho, 1936;<i> siccata </i>Thomas, 1914; <i>sinus </i>Kloss, 1916;<i> tonquinia</i> Thomas, 1925;<i> ultima</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1914; <i>versurae </i>Thomas, 1922; <i>yaoshanensis</i> Wang, 1987;<i> yunalis</i> Thomas, 1914.","Often included in <i>T. glis</i>, but <i>belangeri</i> differs from <i>glis </i>in pelage coloration, mammae formula, and craniodental aspects. Toder et al (1992) and Hirai et al. (2002) discussed chromosomal differences between <i>belangeri </i>and <i>glis</i>, and Endo et al. (2000) reported their syntopic occurrence at Hat-Yai in S Thailand (south of the Isthmus of Kra). All forms north of this contact zone are referred here to <i>T. belangeri</i>. A careful revision of geographic variation within <i>T. belangeri</i> is needed; I have divided the named forms into <i>belangeri</i> and <i>chinensis</i> groups (which might be better recognized as closely-related parapatric species), but this simplistic arrangement no doubt masks a good deal of taxonomic complexity within these two groups. For additional discussion see Lyon (1913), Agrawal (1975), Lekagul and McNeely (1977), and Wang (1987).","19","19-00011","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0011"
"11900012","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","belangeri","belangeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1841","","Schreber’s Die Säugethiere, Suppl.","2","","42","","","","Burma, Pegu, Siriam (near Yangon).","","","","","19","19-00012","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0011-0012"
"11900013","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","belangeri","chinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1879","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00013","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0011-0013"
"11900014","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","chrysogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","45","","58","","","Golden-bellied Treeshrew","N Pagai Isl, Mentawai Isls.","N and S Pagai Isls, and Sipora (Mentawai Isls, Indonesia). Recorded erroneously from Nias by Lyon (1913:36, 39).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","A distinctive species readily distinguished from populations of <i>T. glis</i> by pelage coloration and mammae formula. Part of the distinctive endemic mammal fauna of the Mentawai Isls (see account of <i>Leopoldamys siporanus</i>). Does not include <i>siberu </i>and <i>tephrura</i> (from Siberut and the Batu Isls, respectively), synonyms of <i>T. glis.</i>","19","19-00014","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0014"
"11900015","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","dorsalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schlegel","1857","","Handl. Beoef. Dierk.","1","","59, 447, pl. 3","","","Striped Treeshrew","W Borneo, lower Kapuas River.","Borneo: Sabah, Sarawak (Malaysia), Brunei, and Kalimantan (Indonesia) except SE, at low to moderate elevations (below 1,000 m).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Endemic to Borneo. United with <i>T. tana</i> in the genus <i>Tana</i> by Lyon (1913), but this arrangement is probably not natural (see Dene et al., 1978).","19","19-00015","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0015"
"11900016","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","glis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Diard","1820","","Asiat. J. Mon. Reg.","10","","478","","","Common Treeshrew","Malaysia, Penang (= Pinang) Isl (fixed by Lyon, 1913:45).","SE Asia south of about 10° N latitude, from the vicinity of Hat-Yai, S Thailand through mainland Malaysia (and adjacent coastal isls) to Singapore; also Indonesia, including Siberut, Batu Isls, Sumatra, Java, Bangka, and the Riau, Lingga, and Anambas Isls.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anambae</i>  Lyon, 1913;<i> batamana</i> Lyon, 1907;<i> castanea</i> Miller, 1903;<i> chrysomalla</i> Miller, 1900;<i> cognata</i> Chasen, 1940;<i> demissa</i> Thomas, 1904;<i> discolor</i> Lyon, 1906;<i> ferruginea</i> Raffles, 1821; <i>hypochrysa </i>Thomas, 1895;<i> jacki</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1918;<i> lacernata </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1909; <i>longicanda </i>Lyon, 1913 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>longicauda</i> Kloss, 1911;<i> obscura</i> Kloss, 1911;<i> pemangilis</i> Lyon, 1911;<i> penangensis </i>Robinson and Kloss, 1911; <i>phaeura </i>Miller, 1902; <i>phoeniura<b> </b></i>Thomas, 1923; <i>press </i>É. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier, 1822; <i>pulonis </i>Miller, 1903;<i> raviana</i> Lyon, 1911;<i> redacta </i>Robinson, 1916;<i> siaca</i> Lyon, 1908;<i> siberu </i>Chasen and Kloss, 1928;<i> sordida</i> Miller, 1900;<i> tephrura </i>Miller, 1903;<i> umbratilis</i> Chasen, 1940;<i> wilkinsoni</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1911.","See comments under <i>T. belangeri</i>. In the past many additional taxa have been included in the synonymy of <i>T. glis</i> (e.g. see Chasen, 1940, and Corbet, in Corbet and Hill, 1992). Even with the separation of <i>belangeri, chrysogaster</i>,<i> longipes</i>, <i>palawanensis</i>, <i>moellendorffi</i>, and their synonyms, <i>T. glis</i> still retains many forms of uncertain rank and validity. Pending a detailed study, no subspecies are listed, but many if not most of the named insular forms are distinctive (see Lyon, 1913).","19","19-00016","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0016"
"11900017","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","gracilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","12","","53","","","Slender Treeshrew","Borneo, Sarawak, Baram Dist., Apoh River at base of Mt. Batu Song.","Borneo below 1,200 m, including Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia) and Kalimantan (Indonesia) except SE; west to islands of Karimata, Belitung, and Bangka, and north to Banggi Isl.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>edarata</i> </b> Lyon, 1913;<i> <b>inflata</b> </i>Lyon, 1906.","","19","19-00017","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0017"
"11900018","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","gracilis","gracilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","12","","53","","","","Borneo, Sarawak, Baram Dist., Apoh River at base of Mt. Batu Song.","","","","","19","19-00018","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0017-0018"
"11900019","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","gracilis","edarata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00019","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0017-0019"
"11900020","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","gracilis","inflata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00020","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0017-0020"
"11900021","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","javanica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1822","","Zool. Res. Java","pt. 3","","(pages unno.)","","","Horsfield’s Treeshrew","Java, probably near Banjuwangi (far eastern Java; see Lyon, 1913:106).","Indonesia: Bali, Java, W Sumatra, and Nias.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>balina</i>  Thomas, 1913;<i> bogoriensis</i> Sody, 1937;<i> occidentalis</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1918; <i>tjibruniensis </i>Sody, 1937.","Chasen (1940) and Hill (1960) offered opinions on subspecific taxonomy, but more study is needed. Known from Nias by a single specimen (Lyon, 1913:106).","19","19-00021","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0021"
"11900022","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","longipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","11","","343","","","Long-footed Treeshrew","Borneo, Sarawak.","Borneo, including Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia), Kalimantan (Indonesia), and Brunei.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered.","<b><i>salatana</i> </b> Lyon, 1913.","A distinctive but variable species endemic to Borneo.","19","19-00022","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0022"
"11900023","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","longipes","longipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","11","","343","","","","Borneo, Sarawak.","","","","","19","19-00023","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0022-0023"
"11900024","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","longipes","salatana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00024","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0022-0024"
"11900025","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","minor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1876","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1876","","426","","","Pygmy Treeshrew","Borneo, Sabah, mainland ""opposite the island of Labuan.""","S peninsular Thailand, Malaysia, (Malay Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak, and Laut), and Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra, Lingga Isls, Banggi and Balambangan).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caedis</i> Chasen and Kloss, 1932;<i> <b>humeralis</b></i> Robinson and Kloss, 1919;<i> <b>malaccana</b> </i>Anderson, 1879;<i> <b>sincipis</b></i> Lyon, 1911.","Arrangement of subspecies follows Corbet (in Corbet and Hill, 1992).","19","19-00025","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0025"
"11900026","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","minor","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1876","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1876","","426","","","","Borneo, Sabah, mainland ""opposite the island of Labuan.""","","","","","19","19-00026","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0025-0026"
"11900027","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","minor","humeralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00027","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0025-0027"
"11900028","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","minor","malaccana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1879","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00028","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0025-0028"
"11900029","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","minor","sincipis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00029","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0025-0029"
"11900030","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","moellendorffi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1898","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","39","","","Calamian Treeshrew","Philippines, Culion Isl.","Calamian Isls (Busuanga, Culion) and Cuyo in the Philippines.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable (as included in <i>T. palawanensis</i>).","<b><i>busuangae</i> </b><b> </b>Sanborn, 1952; <b><i>cuyonis</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1910.","The three named forms included here appear more closely-related to each another than any is to <i>T. palawanensis</i> (where they are usually arranged; e.g. Heaney et al., 1998) and I provisionally separate them here as a distinctive complex; see also comments by Lyon (1913). This arrangement is somewhat more consistent with species-boundaries traditionally recognized in squirrels from the Palawan region (see accounts of <i>Sundasciurus</i>).","19","19-00030","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0030"
"11900031","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","moellendorffi","moellendorffi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1898","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","39","","","","Philippines, Culion Isl.","","","","","19","19-00031","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0030-0031"
"11900032","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","moellendorffi","busuangae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00032","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0030-0032"
"11900033","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","moellendorffi","cuyonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00033","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0030-0033"
"11900034","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","montana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","252","","","Mountain Treeshrew","Borneo, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit, 5,000 ft. (1,524 m).","Mountains of Sarawak and W Sabah (Malaysia); probably N Kalimantan (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>baluensis</i> </b> Lyon, 1913.","A Bornean montane endemic with two well-marked subspecies.","19","19-00034","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0034"
"11900035","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","montana","montana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","252","","","","Borneo, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit, 5,000 ft. (1,524 m).","","","","","19","19-00035","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0034-0035"
"11900036","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","montana","baluensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00036","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0034-0036"
"11900037","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","nicobarica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zelebor","1869","","Reise Oesterr. Fregatte Nov. Zool.","1(Wirbelth.)","1(Säugeth.)","17, pl. 1","","","Nicobar Treeshrew","Nicobar Isls, Great Nicobar Isl.","Great and Little Nicobar Isls (India).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered.","<b><i>surda</i> </b> Miller, 1902.","A distinctive species with two slightly-differentiated subspecies. Part of the small assemblage of mammal species endemic to the Nicobar Isls that also includes <i>Pteropus faunulus, Rattus palmarum</i> and <i>Crocidura nicobarica</i>.","19","19-00037","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0037"
"11900038","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","nicobarica","nicobarica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zelebor","1869","","Reise Oesterr. Fregatte Nov. Zool.","1(Wirbelth.)","1(Säugeth.)","17, pl. 1","","","","Nicobar Isls, Great Nicobar Isl.","","","","","19","19-00038","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0037-0038"
"11900039","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","nicobarica","surda","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00039","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0037-0039"
"11900040","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","palawanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","251","","","Palawan Treeshrew","Philippines, Palawan Isl.","Palawan and Balabac in the Philippines.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Included in <i>T. glis </i>by Corbet (in Corbet and Hill, 1992) and many earlier authors, but specific separation is supported by pelage coloration differences, craniodental features (K. H. Han et al., 2000<i>a</i>), karyotypic data (Arrighi et al., 1969), and immunological distances (Dene et al., 1978). <i>T. moellendorffi</i> is provisionally separated from <i>palawanensis </i>here (see account above).","19","19-00040","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0040"
"11900041","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","picta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","251","","","Painted Treeshrew","Borneo, Sarawak, Baram Dist., Apoh.","Borneo: N Sarawak (Malaysia), E Kalimantan (Indonesia), and Brunei.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>fuscior</i> </b> Medway, 1965.","Endemic to Borneo. Medway (1977:25) recognized two subspecies.","19","19-00041","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0041"
"11900042","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","picta","picta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","251","","","","Borneo, Sarawak, Baram Dist., Apoh.","","","","","19","19-00042","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0041-0042"
"11900043","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","picta","fuscior","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Medway","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00043","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0041-0043"
"11900044","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","splendidula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","322, pl. 12","","","Ruddy Treeshrew","Borneo (no specific locality).","Malaysia and Indonesia, including S Borneo (<i>splendidula</i>) and Karimata Isl (<i>carimatae</i>), Bunguran (<i>natunae</i>) and Laut (<i>lucida</i>) in the N Natuna Isls, and Riabu (<i>riabus</i>) in the Anambas Isls.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>muelleri</i>  Kohlbrugge, 1896;<i> ruficaudata</i> Mivart, 1867; <b><i>carimatae</i> </b>Miller, 1906; <b><i>lucida</i> </b>Thomas and Hartert, 1895;<i> <b>natunae</b></i><b> </b>Lyon, 1911; <i>typica </i>Thomas and Hartert, 1895 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>riabus</i></b> Lyon, 1913.","<i>T. s. lucida </i>and <i>T. s. natunae </i>of the Natuna Isls are very distinctive forms; although traditionally included in <i>T. splendidula </i>they may be more closely allied to <i>T. glis</i>. Because of its probable affinity to Natuna treeshrews, <i>T.</i> <i>riabus </i>from Riabu (Anambas Isls) is provisionally placed here rather than with <i>T. glis</i>.","19","19-00044","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0044"
"11900045","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","splendidula","splendidula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","322, pl. 12","","","","Borneo (no specific locality).","","","","","19","19-00045","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0044-0045"
"11900046","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","splendidula","carimatae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00046","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0044-0046"
"11900047","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","splendidula","lucida","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hartert","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00047","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0044-0047"
"11900048","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","splendidula","natunae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00048","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0044-0048"
"11900049","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","splendidula","riabus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00049","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0044-0049"
"11900050","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","257","","","Large Treeshrew","Indonesia, Sumatra, Bencoolen (= Bengkulu).","Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak, Banggi) and Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra, Batu Isls, Lingga Isls, Bangka, Belitung, Tambelan, Serasan).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nainggolani</i>  (Sody, 1936);<i> <b>banguei</b></i><b> </b>Chasen and Kloss, 1932;<i> <b>besara</b></i> (Lyon, 1913);<i> <b>bunoae</b></i><b> </b>Miller, 1900;<i> <b>cervicalis</b></i> Miller, 1903;<i> <b>chrysura</b></i> Günther, 1876;<i> <b>kelabit</b></i><b> </b>Davies, 1958; <b><i>kretami</i></b> Davies, 1962;<i> <b>lingae</b></i> (Lyon, 1913); <b><i>masae</i></b><i> </i>(Lyon, 1913);<i> <b>nitida</b> </i>Chasen, 1933;<i> <b>paitana</b> </i>(Lyon, 1913);<i> griswoldi</i> (Coolidge, 1938); <b><i>speciosa</i></b><i> </i>(Wagner, 1841);<i> <b>sirhassenensis</b></i> Miller, 1901;<i> tuancus </i>(Lyon, 1913);<i> <b>utara</b></i> (Lyon, 1913).","Arrangement of subspecies is based on accounts by Chasen (1940), Lyon (1913), and Medway (1977), and on examination of specimens at USNM.","19","19-00050","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050"
"11900051","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","tana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","257","","","","Indonesia, Sumatra, Bencoolen (= Bengkulu).","","","","","19","19-00051","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0051"
"11900052","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","banguei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen and Kloss","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00052","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0052"
"11900053","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","besara","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00053","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0053"
"11900054","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","bunoae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00054","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0054"
"11900055","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","cervicalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00055","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0055"
"11900056","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","chrysura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1876","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00056","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0056"
"11900057","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","kelabit","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davies","1958","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00057","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0057"
"11900058","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","kretami","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davies","1962","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00058","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0058"
"11900059","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","lingae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00059","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0059"
"11900060","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","masae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00060","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0060"
"11900061","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","nitida","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00061","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0061"
"11900062","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","paitana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00062","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0062"
"11900063","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","speciosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00063","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0063"
"11900064","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","sirhassenensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00064","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0064"
"11900065","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Tupaia","","tana","utara","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00065","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0050-0065"
"11900066","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Urogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Mearns","1905","","Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.","28","","435","","<i>Urogale cylindrura</i> Mearns, 1905 (= <i>Tupaia everetti</i> Thomas, 1892).","","","","","","<i>Urogale</i>and <i>Tupaia </i>are closely allied.","19","19-00066","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0066"
"11900067","SCANDENTIA","","","","Tupaiidae","","","Urogale","","everetti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","250","","","Mindanao Treeshrew","Philippines, Mindanao Isl, Zamboanga.","Philippines: Mindanao, Siargao, and Dinagat.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>cylindrura</i> Mearns, 1905.","Variation in <i>U. everetti</i> was reviewed by Angst and Mann (1971). No subspecies are recognized here, but an undescribed subspecies occurs on Dinagat.","19","19-00067","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0066-0000-0067"
"11900068","SCANDENTIA","","","","Ptilocercidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Lyon","1913","","Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.","45","","4","","","","","","","","Given full familial rank here and by Shoshani and McKenna (1998), but not by McKenna and Bell (1997). <i>Ptilocercus </i>exhibits many plesiomorphic and autapomorphic external, craniodental, and postcranial traits unique among treeshrews (including a terminally distichous tail); see Lyon (1913:4), Le Gros Clark (1926) and Sargis (2001, 2002<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>).","19","19-00068","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0068"
"11900069","SCANDENTIA","","","","Ptilocercidae","","","Ptilocercus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1848","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1848","","23","","<i>Ptilocercus lowii</i> Gray, 1848.","","","","","<i>Ptilocerus</i>  Brehm, 1864.","For discussion regarding the date of publication, see McAllan and Bruce (1989).","19","19-00069","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0068-0000-0000-0069"
"11900070","SCANDENTIA","","","","Ptilocercidae","","","Ptilocercus","","lowii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1848","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1848","","24","","","Pen-tailed Treeshrew","Borneo, Sarawak, Kuching.","S Thailand, Malaysia (Malay Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak, Labuan), Singapore, Brunei, and Indonesia (Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Riau, Batu, Siberut, Bangka, and Serasan Isls).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>continentis</i> </b><i> </i>Thomas, 1910.","","19","19-00070","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0068-0000-0000-0069-0000-0070"
"11900071","SCANDENTIA","","","","Ptilocercidae","","","Ptilocercus","","lowii","lowii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1848","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1848","","24","","","","Borneo, Sarawak, Kuching.","","","","","19","19-00071","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0068-0000-0000-0069-0000-0070-0071"
"11900072","SCANDENTIA","","","","Ptilocercidae","","","Ptilocercus","","lowii","continentis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","19","19-00072","19-0001-0000-0000-0000-0068-0000-0000-0069-0000-0070-0072"
"12000001","DERMOPTERA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","","","","","","","","","","","","","20","20-00001","20-0001"
"12000002","DERMOPTERA","","","","Cynocephalidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Simpson","1945","","Bull. Am. Nat. Hist.","85","","54","","","","","","","Colugidae Miller, 1906; Galeopithecidae Gray, 1821; Galeopteridae Thomas, 1908","","20","20-00002","20-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"12000003","DERMOPTERA","","","","Cynocephalidae","","","Cynocephalus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Boddaert","1768","","Dierk. Meng.","2","","8","","<i>Lemur volans</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Colugo</i>  Gray, 1870; <i>Dermopterus</i> Burnett, 1829;<i> Galeolemur</i> Lesson, 1840; <i>Galeopithecus</i> Pallas 1783;<i> Galeopus</i> Rafinesque 1815;<i> Pleuropterus</i> Burnett, 1829.","See Corbet and Hill (1992), Melville (1977), Stafford and Szalay (2000), and Thomas (1908<i>a</i>).","20","20-00003","20-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"12000004","DERMOPTERA","","","","Cynocephalidae","","","Cynocephalus","","volans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10<sup>th</sup> ed.","1","","30","","","Philippine Flying Lemur","Philippine Isls","Philippine Isls: Dinagat, Mindanao, Basilan, Samar, Siargao, Leyte, and Bohol.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>philippinensis</i>  Waterhouse, 1838.","Corbet and Hill (1992) correctly noted that although Pampanga has been given as the type locality, this species has never been known to occur on Luzon Isl. Cabrera (1925) listed <i>C. philippensis</i> (Lesson, 1840) as a synonym. Unable to locate this description.","20","20-00004","20-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"12000005","DERMOPTERA","","","","Cynocephalidae","","","Galeopterus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","252","","<i>Galeopitiecus temminckii</i> Waterhouse, 1838","","","","","","See Thomas (1908<i>a</i>), Stafford and Szalay (2000).","20","20-00005","20-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0005"
"12000006","DERMOPTERA","","","","Cynocephalidae","","","Galeopterus","","variegates","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Audebert","1799","","Hist Nat. Singes Makis, sig. Rr. Java","","","","","","Sunda Flying Lemur","Indonesia, Java","Indochina to Java (Indonesia), Borneo, and most associated islands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Cynocephalus variegatus</i>.","<i>abbotti</i>  Lyon, 1911; <i>aoris</i> Miller, 1903;<i> borneanus</i> Lyon, 1911;<i> chombolis</i> Lyon, 1909;<i> gracilis</i> Miller, 1903;<i> hantu</i> Cabrera, 1924;<i> lautensis</i> Lyon, 1911;<i> lecheyi</i> Gyldenstolpe, 1919;<i> natunae</i> Miller, 1903;<i> peninsulae</i> Thomas, 1908;<i> perhentianus </i>Chasen and Kloss, 1929; <i>pumilis</i> Miller, 1903;<i> rufus </i>Desmarest, 1820; <i>saturatus</i> Miller, 1903;<i> taylori</i> Thomas, 1908;<i> tellonis</i> Lyon, 1908;<i> temminckii</i> Waterhouse, 1838;<i> ternatensis </i>Desmarest, 1817;<i> terutaus </i>Chasen and Kloss, 1929; <i> tuancus</i> Miller, 1903;<i> undatus</i> Wagner, 1839; <i>varius</i> Desmarest, 1817.","Cabrera (1925) gave Geoffroy (1796) as the author of this <i>nomen</i>. I was unable to locate this reference. However, reading Geoffroy (1803) suggests that he only used French common names for this species in 1796. Desmarest (1820) supported this interpretation. Also, Cabrera (1925) listed <i>G. marmoratus</i> (Temminck, 1829) as a synonym of <i>G. variegatus</i>. I was unable to locate this description. Not listed in Sherborn (1927, 1931), not contained in Temminck (1824-1841). Desmarest (1820) incorrectly gave the localities of <i>G. rufus</i> and <i>G. ternatensis </i>as Pelew Isl and Ternate respectively. Here, these <i>nomina</i> are synonomized with <i>G. variegatus</i> because the descriptions in Desmarest (1820) seem closer to this species, and because his plate 22, fig. 2, illustrates an animal with the characteristically narrow rostrum of <i>G. variegatus</i>. Chasen and Kloss (1929<i>a</i>) described <i>G. v. terutaus</i> and <i>G. v. perhentianus</i> as subspecies. See Ch... [truncated]","20","20-00006","20-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0005-0000-0006"
"12100001","PRIMATES","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","","","","","","","","","","","","Fully reviewed by Groves (2001<i>c</i>), whose arrangement is followed here, with the addition of some subsequently described species. McKenna and Bell (1997) placed all living Primates in a suborder Euprimates, and reduced Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini to infraorders; they regarded the Dermoptera as a second suborder of Primates. If Dermoptera are retained as a separate order, as in this volume, the need for Euprimates (in a classification of living taxa) disappears and Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini revert to suborders.","21","21-00001","21-0001"
"12100002","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1812","","","","","","","","","","","","","McKenna and Bell (1997) divide the Strepsirrhini into superfamilies Daubentonioidea, Lemuroidea, Loroidea (including Cheirogaleidae) and Indroidea. Evidence that Cheirogaleidae is not related to lorises, and that Indridae is sister-group to Lemuridae, is given by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00002","21-0001-0002"
"12100003","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","","","","","","","","","INFRAORDER","False","","yes","Gray","1821","","","","","","","","","","","","","All Malagasy lemur families, with the possible exception of Daubentoniidae, form a monophyletic clade (reviewed in Groves, 2001<i>c</i>). As the families within this clade themselves fall into two groups, it is convenient to recognize infraorders as well as superfamilies.","21","21-00003","21-0001-0002-0003"
"12100004","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","","","","","","","","SUPERFAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1872","1873","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1872","","849","","","","","","","","","21","21-00004","21-0001-0002-0003-0004"
"12100005","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1872","1873","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1872","","849","","","","","","","","Formerly included in Lemuridae. For status of this taxon, see Rumpler (1975) and Groves (2001<i>c</i>), who reviewed and rejected the hypothesis that they may be more closely related to (non-Malagasy) Loriformes than to (Malagasy) Lemuriformes.","21","21-00005","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005"
"12100006","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Allocebus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Petter-Rousseaux and Petter","1967","","Mammalia","31","","574","","<i>Cheirogaleus trichotis</i> Günther, 1875.","","","","","","Previously included in <i>Cheirogaleus</i>, but very distinct.","21","21-00006","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0006"
"12100007","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Allocebus","","trichotis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Günther","1875","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","78","","","Hairy-eared Dwarf Lemur","Madagascar, between Tamatave and Morondava.","E Madagascar, vicinity of Morondava Bay.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","","","21","21-00007","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0006-0000-0007"
"12100008","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Cheirogaleus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","172","","<i>Cheirogaleus major</i> É. Geoffroy, 1812; fixed by Elliot (1907<i>b</i>:548).","","","","","<i>Altililemur</i> Elliot, 1913; <i>Cebugale </i>Lesson, 1840; <i>Mioxocebus </i>Lesson, 1840; <i>Myspithecus </i>F. Cuvier, 1842; <i>Opolemur</i> Gray, 1873.","Revised by Groves (2000<i>a</i>).","21","21-00008","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0008"
"12100009","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Cheirogaleus","","adipicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Grandidier","1868","","Ann. Sci. Nat., 5<sup>th</sup> ser., Zool. Paléont.","10","","378","","","Spiny Desert Dwarf Lemur","Madagascar, Fort Dauphin.","W and S Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered.","<i>thomasi</i>  Forsyth Major, 1894.","","21","21-00009","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0008-0000-0009"
"12100010","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Cheirogaleus","","crossleyi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","A. Grandidier","1870","","Rev. Zool. pur et appliqué","22","","49","","","Crossley’s Dwarf Lemur","Madagascar, forests east of Antsianak.","E Madagascar: inland regions from Vohima south to Imerima.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered.","<i>melanotis</i> Forsyth Major, 1894.","","21","21-00010","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0008-0000-0010"
"12100011","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Cheirogaleus","","major","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","172","","","Greater Dwarf Lemur","Madagascar, Fort Dauphin.","E Madagascar: Antongil Bay south to nearly 23°S.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>commersonii</i> Wolf, 1822; <i>griseus </i>Lesson, 1840;<i> milii </i>É. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1828;<i> typicus </i>A. Smith, 1833;<i> typus</i> F. Cuvier, 1842.","","21","21-00011","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0008-0000-0011"
"12100012","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Cheirogaleus","","medius","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","172","","","Lesser Dwarf Lemur","Madagascar, supposedly from Fort Dauphin; fixed as Tsidsibon River by Groves (2000<i>a</i>).","W Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>minor</i> É. Geoffroy, 1812; <i>samati </i>Grandidier, 1867.","","21","21-00012","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0008-0000-0012"
"12100013","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Cheirogaleus","","minusculus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Groves","2000","","Int. J. Primatol.","21","","960","","","Small Iron-gray Dwarf Lemur","Madagascar, central plateau, Ambositra, ca. 20°S, 47°E.","Known only from type locality.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered.","","","21","21-00013","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0008-0000-0013"
"12100014","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Cheirogaleus","","ravus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Groves","2000","","Int. J. Primatol.","21","","960","","","Large Iron-gray Dwarf Lemur","Madagascar, Tamatave, ca. 18°S, 14°E.","E Madagascar, about 17°-18°S.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered.","","","21","21-00014","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0008-0000-0014"
"12100015","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Cheirogaleus","","sibreei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Forsyth Major","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","325","","","Sibree’s Dwarf Lemur","Madagascar, Ankeramadinika (""one day’s journey east of Antananarivo"").","E Madagascar: Ankeramadinika, Imerima and Pasandava.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered.","","","21","21-00015","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0008-0000-0015"
"12100016","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Microcebus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1834","","Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm.","lecon 11","1828","24","","<i>Lemur pusillus</i> É. Geoffroy, 1795 (= <i>Lemur murinus</i> J. F. Miller, 1777).","","","","","<i>Azema</i> Gray, 1870; <i>Gliscebus </i>Lesson, 1840; <i>Murilemur </i>Gray, 1870; <i>Myocebus</i> Wagner, 1841; <i>Myscebus </i>Lesson, 1840; <i>Scartes </i>Swainson, 1835","Revised by Rasoloarison et al. (2000).","21","21-00016","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0016"
"12100017","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Microcebus","","berthae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Rasoloarison, Goodman and Ganzhorn","2000","","Int. J. Primatol.","21","","1001","","","Berthe’s Mouse Lemur","Madagascar, Province of Toliara, Kirindy/CFPF Forest, 60 km NE of Morondava, 20°04’S, 44°39’E, about 40 m.","Madagascar: region surrounding Kirindy/CFPF Forest, perhaps south to RS d’Andranomena and north to region of Analabe.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered.","","","21","21-00017","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0016-0000-0017"
"12100018","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Microcebus","","griseorufus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kollman","1910","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","16","","304","","","Red-and-gray Mouse Lemur","Madagascar, Province of Toliara, north of RS Beza Mahafaly, Forest of Ihazoara, 23°41’S, 44°38’E, about 130 m.","Madagascar: region around RS Beza Mahafaly, north at least to Lamboharana.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered.","","","21","21-00018","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0016-0000-0018"
"12100019","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Microcebus","","murinus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","J. F. Miller","1777","","Cimelia Physica","","","25","","","Gray Mouse Lemur","Madagascar: Province of Toliara, S Andranomena, 20 km NNE of Morondava, 20°09’S, 44°33’E, 40 m (fixed by Rasoloarison et al., 2000).","W Madagascar, apparently from the far southwest to the Sambirano region.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gliroides</i> A. Grandidier, 1868; <i>madagascarensis </i>É. Geoffroy, 1812; <i>minima</i> Boddaert, 1785;<i> minor</i> Gray, 1842; <i>palmarum </i>Lesson, 1840; <i>prehensilis </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>pusillus</i> É. Geoffroy, 1795.","","21","21-00019","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0016-0000-0019"
"12100020","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Microcebus","","myoxinus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1852","","Reise nach Mozambique, Zool.","1","","14","","","Peters’ Mouse Lemur","Madagascar, between Tsiribihina River and Soalala Peninsula (restricted by Rasoloarison et al., 2000).","Madagascar: between Tsiribihna River and Soalala Peninsula.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","","","21","21-00020","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0016-0000-0020"
"12100021","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Microcebus","","ravelobensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Zimmermann, Ehresmann, Zietemann, Radespiel, Randrianambinina, and Rakotoarison","1997","","Primate Eye","63","","26","","","Ravelobe Mouse Lemur","Madagascar, Province of Mahajanga, RF Ankarafantsika, Station Forestière d’Ampijoroa, 16°35’S, 46°52’E, ca. 200 m.","Madagascar: Ankarafantsika region.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","","A full description appears in Zimmermann et al. (1998), but the briefer description in Zimmermann et al. (1997) satisfies the requirements of the Code.","21","21-00021","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0016-0000-0021"
"12100022","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Microcebus","","rufus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1828","1834","Cours Hist. Nat. Mamm.","lecon 11","1828","24","","","Eastern Rufous Mouse Lemur","Madagascar.","E and N Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>smithii</i>  Gray, 1842.","Separated from <i>murinus</i> by Petter et al. (1977:30).","21","21-00022","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0016-0000-0022"
"12100023","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Microcebus","","sambiranensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Rasoloarison, Goodman and Ganzhorn","2000","","Int. J. Primatol.","21","","982","","","Sambirano Mouse Lemur","Madagascar, Province of Mahajanga, RS Manongarivo, Bekolosy Forest, 14°02’S, 48°16’E, ca. 360 m.","Madagascar: Manongarivo Reserve.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered.","","","21","21-00023","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0016-0000-0023"
"12100024","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Microcebus","","tavaratra","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Rasoloarison, Goodman and Ganzhorn","2000","","Int. J. Primatol.","21","","977","","","Northern Rufous Mouse Lemur","Madagascar, Province of Antsiranana, RS Ankarana, Campement des Anglais, 13°05’S, 49°06’E, 180 m.","Madagascar: Ankarana Reserve.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered.","","","21","21-00024","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0016-0000-0024"
"12100025","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Mirza","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","131","","<i>Cheirogaleus coquereli </i>A. Grandidier, 1867.","","","","","","Recognised as a genus separate from <i>Microcebus </i>by Schwartz and Tattersall (1985); not recognized by McKenna and Bell (1997).","21","21-00025","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0025"
"12100026","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Mirza","","coquereli","","SPECIES","False","","yes","A. Grandidier","1867","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","19","","85","","","Giant Mouse Lemur","Madagascar, Morondava.","W Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","21","21-00026","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0025-0000-0026"
"12100027","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Phaner","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","135","","<i>Lemur furcifer</i> Blainville, 1839.","","","","","","Placed in a separate subfamily, Phanerinae, by Rumpler (1974) and by McKenna and Bell (1997); but the evidence that they are the sister clade to other Cheirogaleidae is incomplete. Groves and Tattersall (1991) described three new subspecies, which were raised to species rank by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00027","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0027"
"12100028","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Phaner","","electromontis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Groves and Tattersall","1991","","Folia Primatol.","56","","47","","","Mt. d’Ambre Fork-crowned Lemur","Madagascar, Mt. d’Ambre, 12°40’S, 49°10’E.","N Madagascar, Amber Mountain (Ambohitra).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>P. furcifer electromontis</i>.","","","21","21-00028","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0027-0000-0028"
"12100029","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Phaner","","furcifer","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Blainville","1839","","Osteogr. Mamm., Primates","","","35","","","Masoala Fork-crowned Lemur","Madagascar, Morondava.","Madagascar, Masoala Peninsula.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","","21","21-00029","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0027-0000-0029"
"12100030","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Phaner","","pallescens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Groves and Tattersall","1991","","Folia Primatol.","56","","47","","","Pale Fork-crowned Lemur","Madagascar, Tabika, 22°10’S, 44°15’E, ca. 20 km NW of Ankazoabo.","W Madagascar, discontinuously from Soalala to somewhat south of Fiherenana River.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>P. furcifer</i> <i>pallescens</i>.","","","21","21-00030","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0027-0000-0030"
"12100031","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Cheirogaleoidea","Cheirogaleidae","","","Phaner","","parienti","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Groves and Tattersall","1991","","Folia Primatol.","56","","47","","","Pariente’s Fork-crowned Lemur","NW Madagascar, Djangoa, 13°50’S, 48°20’E, ca. 20 km southwest of Ambanja.","NW Madagascar, Sambirano region.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>P. furcifer parienti</i>.","","","21","21-00031","21-0001-0002-0003-0004-0005-0000-0000-0027-0000-0031"
"12100032","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","","","","","","","","SUPERFAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","296","","","","","","","","Includes Indridae (Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00032","21-0001-0002-0003-0032"
"12100033","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","296","","","","","","","","Reviewed by Petter et al. (1977) and Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00033","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033"
"12100034","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Eulemur","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Simons and Rumpler","1988","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","III","307","547 (15 September)","","<i>Lemur mongoz</i> Linnaeus, 1766.","","","","","<i>Petterus</i>  Groves and Eaglen, 1988 (6 October).","","21","21-00034","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0034"
"12100035","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Eulemur","","albifrons","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1796","","Mag. Encyclop.","1","","20","","","White-headed Lemur","Madagascar.","N Madagascar, except extreme south; Mayotte (Comoro Isls).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>E. fulvus albifrons</i>.","<i>frederici</i> (Lesson, 1840).","Regarded as a distinct species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00035","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0034-0000-0035"
"12100036","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Eulemur","","albocollaris","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Rumpler","1975","","<i>In</i>Tattersall and Sussman (eds.), Lemur Biology","","","29","","","White-collared Lemur","Madagascar, Tsimbazaza.","Madagascar: restricted to forest between Manampatrana and Mananara Rivers.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>E. fulvus albocollaris</i>.","","Regarded as a distinct species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00036","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0034-0000-0036"
"12100037","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Eulemur","","cinereiceps","","SPECIES","False","","yes","A. Grandidier and Milne-Edwards","1890","","Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Mamm.","5","","147, pl. 140","","","Gray-headed Lemur","Madagascar, Frafafangana.","Known only from type locality.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered.","","Discussed by Groves (2001<i>c</i>), who recognized it with a query. The two known specimens (both females) are somewhat different, and both are unlike any known taxon, although females of some taxa, such as <i>E. albocollaris</i>, are poorly known and proper comparison is difficult.","21","21-00037","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0034-0000-0037"
"12100038","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Eulemur","","collaris","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","161","","","Red-collared Lemur","Madagascar.","Madagascar: from Mananara River south to near Tolagnaro.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>E. fulvus collaris</i>.","<i>melanocephala</i> (Gray, 1863); <i>xanthomystax</i> (Gray, 1863).","Regarded as a distinct species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00038","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0034-0000-0038"
"12100039","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Eulemur","","coronatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","257","","","Crowned Lemur","Madagascar.","Mt. Ambre (N Madagascar).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>chrysampyx</i>  (Scheuermans, 1846).","Separated from <i>mongoz</i> by Petter et al. (1977:151).","21","21-00039","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0034-0000-0039"
"12100040","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Eulemur","","fulvus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1796","","Mag. Encyclop.","1","","47","","","Brown Lemur","Madagascar.","W Madagascar from Akarafantsika north to the Sambirano, perhaps to the Tsaratanana; E Madagascar, some way northeast of Antananarivo; Mayotte (Comoro Isls).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>bruneus</i> (van der Hoeven, 1844);<i> mayottensis</i> (Schlegel, 1866).","Does not include <i>albifrons</i>,<i> albocollaris</i>,<i> collaris</i>,<i> rufus </i>or <i>sanfordi</i>; Groves (2001<i>c</i>) treated these forms, generally classed as subspecies, as distinct species.","21","21-00040","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0034-0000-0040"
"12100041","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Eulemur","","macaco","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","34","","","Black Lemur","Madagascar.","Nosi Be and NW Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>E. m. flavifrons</i>, otherwise Vulnerable.","<i>leucomystax</i>  (Bartlett, 1863);<i> niger </i>(Schreber, 1775); <b><i>flavifrons</i></b><i> </i>(Gray, 1867);<i> nigerrimus</i> (Sclater, 1880).","","21","21-00041","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0034-0000-0041"
"12100042","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Eulemur","","macaco","macaco","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","34","","","","Madagascar.","","","","","21","21-00042","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0034-0000-0041-0042"
"12100043","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Eulemur","","macaco","flavifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00043","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0034-0000-0041-0043"
"12100044","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Eulemur","","mongoz","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","44","","","Mongoose Lemur","Comoros, Anjouan Isl.","NW Madagascar, between Majunga and Betsiboka; Anjouan, Moheli (Comoro Isls).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>albimanus</i>  (É. Geoffroy, 1812);<i> anjuanensis </i>(É. Geoffroy, 1812);<i> brissonii </i>(Lesson, 1840);<i> bugi </i>(Lesson, 1840);<i> cuvieri </i>(Fitzinger, 1870);<i> dubius </i>(F. Cuvier, 1834);<i> johannae </i>(Trouessart, 1904);<i> macromongoz </i>(Lesson, 1840);<i> micromongoz </i>(Lesson, 1840);<i> nigrifrons </i>(É. Geoffroy, 1812); <i>noussardii </i>(Boitard, 1842); <i>ocularis </i>(Lesson, 1840).","","21","21-00044","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0034-0000-0044"
"12100045","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Eulemur","","rubriventer","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1850","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","31","","876","","","Red-bellied Lemur","Madagascar, Tamatave.","E Madagascar, from Tsaratanana Mtns to Ivohibé.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>flaviventer</i> (I. Geoffroy, 1850);<i> rufipes </i>(Gray, 1871);<i> rufiventer</i> (Gray, 1870).","","21","21-00045","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0034-0000-0045"
"12100046","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Eulemur","","rufus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Audebert","1799","","Hist. Nat. Singes et Makis","","","12","","","Red-fronted Lemur","Madagascar.","E Madagascar, probably from Mangoro River to Manampatrana River; W Madagascar, from Betsiboka River to south of Fiherenana River.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>E. fulvus rufus</i>.","<i>rufifrons</i> (Bennett, 1833).","Regarded as a distinct species, not a subspecies of <i>E. fulvus</i>,<i> </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00046","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0034-0000-0046"
"12100047","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Eulemur","","sanfordi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Archbold","1932","","Am. Mus. Novit.","518","","1","","","Sanford’s Lemur","Madagascar, Mt. d’Ambre.","N Madagascar, from Ampasindava peninsula south to Mahavavy and Manambato Rivers.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>E. fulvus sanfordi.</i>","","Regarded as a distinct species, not a subspecies of <i>E. fulvus</i>,<i> </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00047","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0034-0000-0047"
"12100048","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Hapalemur","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1851","","L'Inst. Paris","19","929","341","","<i>Lemur griseus</i> É. Geoffroy, 1812 (= <i>Lemur griseus</i> Link, 1795).","","","","","<i>Hapalolemur</i> Giebel, 1855; <i>Myoxicebus </i>Elliot, 1913.","Placed in Lepilemuridae (= Megaladapidae) by Tattersall (1982).","21","21-00048","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0048"
"12100049","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Hapalemur","","alaotrensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Rumpler","1975","","<i>In</i>Tattersall and Sussman (eds.), Lemur Biology","","","28","","","Bandro","Madagascar, Lake Alaotra.","Reed-beds around Lake Alaotra, E Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>H. griseus alaotrensis</i>.","","Groves (2001<i>c</i>) treated this as a full species.","21","21-00049","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0048-0000-0049"
"12100050","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Hapalemur","","aureus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Meier, Albignac, Peyriéras, Rumpler, and Wright","1987","","Folia Primatol.","48","","211","","","Golden Bamboo Lemur","Madagascar, 6.25 km from the village of Ronomafana, 21°16'38""S, 47°23'50""E.","Between Namorona River and Bevoahazo Village, SE Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","","21","21-00050","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0048-0000-0050"
"12100051","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Hapalemur","","griseus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Link","1795","","Beytr. Naturg.","1","","65","","","Gray Bamboo Lemur","Madagascar.","E Madagascar from Tsaratanana Massif south to Tolagnaro.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>H. g. griseus</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cinereus</i> (Desmarest, 1820);<i> olivaceus </i>I. Geoffroy, 1851; <i>schlegeli </i>Pocock, 1917; <b><i>meridionalis </i></b>Warter, Randrianosolo, Dutrillaux and Rumpler, 1987.","Groves (1989:87) suggested that <i>H. g. alaotrensis</i> may be a full species, and both <i>alaotrensis </i>and <i>occidentalis</i> were definitively separated as species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00051","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0048-0000-0051"
"12100052","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Hapalemur","","griseus","griseus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Link","1795","","Beytr. Naturg.","1","","65","","","","Madagascar.","","","","","21","21-00052","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0048-0000-0051-0052"
"12100053","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Hapalemur","","griseus","meridionalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Warter, Randrianosolo, Dutrillaux and Rumpler","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00053","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0048-0000-0051-0053"
"12100054","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Hapalemur","","occidentalis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Rumpler","1975","","<i>In</i>Tattersall and Sussman (eds.), Lemur Biology","","","28","","","Sambirano Bamboo Lemur","North and West of Madagascar.","Sambirano region and perhaps elsewhere in W Madagscar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>H. griseus occidentalis</i>.","","Groves (2001<i>c</i>) treated this as a full species.","21","21-00054","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0048-0000-0054"
"12100055","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Lemur","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","24","","<i>Lemur catta</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Catta</i> Link, 1806; <i>Maki</i> Muirhead, 1819; <i>Mococo</i> Lesson, 1878; <i>Odorlemur</i> Bolwig, 1961; <i>Procebus</i> Storr, 1780; <i>Prosimia</i> Boddaert, 1785.","Revised by Petter et al. (1977:128-213). Restricted to <i>L. catta</i> by Groves and Eaglen (1988:533) and Simons and Rumpler (1988:547).","21","21-00055","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0055"
"12100056","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Lemur","","catta","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","30","","","Ring-tailed Lemur","Madagascar.","S Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>mococo</i>  (Muirhead, 1819).","","21","21-00056","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0055-0000-0056"
"12100057","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Prolemur","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Gray","1870","1871","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1870","","828","","<i>Hapalemur</i>(<i>Prolemur</i>)<i> simus</i> Gray, 1871.","","","","","<i>Prohapalemur</i>  Lamberton, 1936.","A synonym of <i>Hapalemur </i>according to McKenna and Bell (1997); regarded as a full genus by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00057","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0057"
"12100058","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Prolemur","","simus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1871","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","133","","","Greater Bamboo Lemur","Madagascar.","Madagascar: confined to Ranomafana district; in historic times occurred around Bay of Antongil.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>Hapalemur simus</i>.","<i>gallieni</i>  (Standing, 1905).","Includes <i>H. gallieni</i> Standing, 1905 (see Vuillaume-Randriamanantena et al., 1985).","21","21-00058","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0057-0000-0058"
"12100059","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Varecia","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Gray","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","135","","<i>Lemur varius</i> É. Geoffroy (= <i>Lemur macaco variegatus</i> Kerr, 1792).","","","","","","Separated from <i>Lemur</i> by J.-J. Petter (1962).","21","21-00059","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0059"
"12100060","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Varecia","","rubra","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","159","","","Red Ruffed Lemur","Madagascar.","Madagascar: Masoala Peninsula.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>erythromela</i> (Lesson, 1840).","Recognized as a full species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00060","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0059-0000-0060"
"12100061","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Varecia","","variegata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","85","","","Black-and-white Ruffed Lemur","Madagascar.","East coast of Madagascar, to 19°S latitude.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>vari</i> (Muirhead, 1819);<i> varius</i> (I. Geoffroy, 1851); <b><i>editorum</i></b><i> </i>(Osman Hill, 1953);<i> <b>subcincta</b> </i>(A. Smith, 1833).","","21","21-00061","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0059-0000-0061"
"12100062","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Varecia","","variegata","variegata","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","85","","","","Madagascar.","","","","","21","21-00062","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0059-0000-0061-0062"
"12100063","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Varecia","","variegata","editorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Osman Hill","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00063","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0059-0000-0061-0063"
"12100064","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lemuridae","","","Varecia","","variegata","subcincta","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","A. Smith","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00064","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0033-0000-0000-0059-0000-0061-0064"
"12100065","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lepilemuridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","132","","","","","","","Megaladapidae Major, 1893.","Includes many extinct (subfossil) genera, as well as <i>Lepilemur</i>, according to Schwartz and Tattersall (1985:20) and Groves (1989:92). Called Megaladapidae by Groves (1993, 2001<i>c</i>), but Lepilemuridae takes precedence. Considered a subfamily (Lepilemurinae) of Lemuridae by McKenna and Bell (1997), but it is not clearly more related to Lemuridae than to Indridae.","21","21-00065","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0065"
"12100066","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lepilemuridae","","","Lepilemur","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1851","","Cat. Meth. Coll. Mamm. Ois. (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris), Primates","","","75","","<i>Lepilemur mustelinus</i> I. Geoffroy, 1851.","","","","","<i>Galeocebus</i> Wagner, 1855; <i>Lepidilemur </i>Giebel, 1859; <i>Mixocebus</i>, Peters, 1874.","Revised by Petter et al. (1977:274-318). Six of the seven species are known to be karyotypically distinct. Rumpler (1975) and Corbet and Hill (1980:83) placed this genus in a subfamily of Lemuridae. Petter and Petter (1977:6) placed it in its own family Lepilemuridae. Yoder et al. (1999) considered that <i>Lepilemur </i>is probably not, in fact, a member of the Megaladapidae, which is based on a subfossil genus.","21","21-00066","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0065-0000-0000-0066"
"12100067","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lepilemuridae","","","Lepilemur","","ankaranensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Rumpler and Albignac","1975","","Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.","42","","425","","","Ankarana Sportive Lemur","Madagascar, Ankarana Forest.","Montagne d’Ambre, Ankarana, Andrafiamena and Analamera regions, extreme N Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable as included in <i>L. septentrionalis</i>.","<i>andrafiamenensis</i> Rumpler and Albignac, 1975.","Shown by Rumpler et al. (2001) to be a distinct species, not a subspecies of <i>L. septentrionalis</i>; they used the name <i>L. andrafiamenensis</i> for it, but Groves (1989:95), who synonymised <i>andrafiamenensis</i> and <i>ankaranensis</i> as a subspecies of <i>L. septentrionalis</i>, selected <i>ankaranensis</i> to have priority.","21","21-00067","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0065-0000-0000-0066-0000-0067"
"12100068","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lepilemuridae","","","Lepilemur","","dorsalis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","135","","","Black-striped Sportive Lemur","NW Madagascar.","Nosi Bé, Nosy Komba, and Sambirano region (NW Madagascar).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>grandidieri</i>  (Forsyth Major, 1894).","","21","21-00068","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0065-0000-0000-0066-0000-0068"
"12100069","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lepilemuridae","","","Lepilemur","","edwardsi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Forbes","1894","","Handbook of Primates","1","","87","","","Milne-Edwards’s Sportive Lemur","Madagascar, Betsaka Bay, Bombetoka.","E Madagascar, from 15°15’S perhaps to the Tsiribihina River.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>rufescens</i>  (Lorenz, 1898).","Includes <i>rufescens</i>, which Petter and Petter (1977:7) considered a distinct species.","21","21-00069","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0065-0000-0000-0066-0000-0069"
"12100070","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lepilemuridae","","","Lepilemur","","leucopus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Major","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","13","","211","","","White-footed Sportive Lemur","Madagascar, Fort Dauphin (Bevilany).","Arid zone of S Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>globiceps</i> (Forsyth Major, 1894).","","21","21-00070","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0065-0000-0000-0066-0000-0070"
"12100071","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lepilemuridae","","","Lepilemur","","microdon","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Forsyth Major","1894","","<i>In</i> Forbes, Handbook of Primates","1","","88","","","Small-toothed Sportive Lemur","Madagascar, E Betsileo, Ankafana Forest.","E Madagascar, from 18°S to 24°50’S.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","","21","21-00071","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0065-0000-0000-0066-0000-0071"
"12100072","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lepilemuridae","","","Lepilemur","","mustelinus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1851","","Cat. Meth. Coll. Mamm. Ois. (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris), Primates","","","76","","","Weasel Lemur","Madagascar, Tamatave.","E Madagascar, from about 13°45’S to 20°S.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>caniceps</i>  (Peters, 1875).","","21","21-00072","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0065-0000-0000-0066-0000-0072"
"12100073","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lepilemuridae","","","Lepilemur","","ruficaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","A. Grandidier","1867","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","19","","256","","","Red-tailed Sportive Lemur","Madagascar, Morondava.","SW Madagascar, from about 19°45’S to 23°S, and along the Onilahy River.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>pallidicauda</i>  Gray, 1873.","","21","21-00073","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0065-0000-0000-0066-0000-0073"
"12100074","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Lepilemuridae","","","Lepilemur","","septentrionalis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Rumpler and Albignac","1975","","Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.","42","","425","","","Northern Sportive Lemur","Madagascar, Sahafary Forest.","Sahafary Forest, extreme NE Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>sahafarensis</i>  Rumpler and Albignac, 1975.","Does not include <i>L. andrafiamenensis</i> (= <i>L. ankaranensis</i>; Rumpler et al., 2001).","21","21-00074","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0065-0000-0000-0066-0000-0074"
"12100075","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Burnett","1828","","Quart. J. Lit. Sci. Arts Lond.","2","","306-307","","","","","","","","Reviewed by Groves (2001<i>c</i>). Properly Indridae (see Jenkins,1987:43), but Indriidae was conserved as the correct spelling by Opinion 1995 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002<i>a</i>). The Indrid clade includes two recently-extinct families or subfamilies, Archaeolemuridae and Palaeopropithecidae (McKenna and Bell, 1997).","21","21-00075","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075"
"12100076","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Avahi","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Jourdan","1834","","L'Institute, Paris","2","","231","","<i>Lemur laniger</i> Gmelin, 1788.","","","","","<i>Habrocebus</i> Wagner, 1839; <i>Iropocus </i>Gloger, 1841; <i>Microrhynchus </i>Jourdan, 1834 [not of Megerle, 1823 (Coleoptera)];<i> Semnocebus </i>Lesson, 1840.","<i>Lichanotus</i> has commonly been used for this genus, but see Jenkins (1987:55). Revised in part by Thalmann and Geissmann (2000).","21","21-00076","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0076"
"12100077","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Avahi","","laniger","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gmelin","1788","","Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","44","","","Eastern Woolly Lemur","Madagascar.","E coast and Ankarafantsika Dist. in NW Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>avahi</i> (van der Hoeven, 1844); <i>lanatus </i>(Wagner, 1840);<i> longicaudatus </i>(E. Geoffroy, 1796);<i> orientalis </i>(von Lorenz-Liburnau, 1898)<i> </i>.","Rumpler et al. (1990) suggested that <i>occidentalis</i> may be a distinct species.","21","21-00077","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0076-0000-0077"
"12100078","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Avahi","","occidentalis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","von Lorenz-Liburnau","1898","","Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges.","21","","452","","","Western Woolly Lemur","Madagascar, Ambondrobe, NE of Bombetoka Bay, ca. 15°38’S, 46°24’E (according to lectotype selection by Thalmann and Geissmann, 2000).","Madagascar: Betsiboka River north as far as Mahajamba or Sofia Rivers, perhaps to Maevarano River.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Rumpler et al. (1990) suggested that <i>occidentalis</i> may be a distinct species, and they were followed by Thalmann and Geissmann (2000), who drew attention to a population in the Bemaraha district at 18°59’S, 44°45’E, which they suggested is likely to represent a further, undescribed species.","21","21-00078","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0076-0000-0078"
"12100079","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Avahi","","unicolor","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thalmann and Geissmann","2000","","Int. J. Primatol.","21","","934","","","Sambirano Woolly Lemur","Madagascar, Cacamba (=Kakamba), Ampasindava peninsula, ca. 13°35’S, 47°57’E.","Madagascar: probably restricted to Sambirano region.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered.","","","21","21-00079","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0076-0000-0079"
"12100080","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Indri","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy and G. Cuvier","1796","","Mag. Encyclop.","1","","46","","<i>Lemur indri</i> Gmelin, 1788.","","","","","<i>Indris</i> G. Cuvier, 1805; <i>Lichanotus </i>Illiger, 1811; <i>Pithelemur</i> Lesson, 1840.","","21","21-00080","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0080"
"12100081","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Indri","","indri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gmelin","1788","","Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","42","","","Indri","Madagascar.","NE to EC Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>ater</i> (I. Geoffroy, 1825);<i> brevicaudatus </i>É. Geoffroy and G. Cuvier, 1796; <i>mitratus </i>(Peters, 1871);<i> niger</i> Lacépède, 1799;<b><i> variegatus</i></b> (Gray, 1872).","","21","21-00081","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0080-0000-0081"
"12100082","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Indri","","indri","indri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gmelin","1788","","Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","42","","","","Madagascar.","","","","","21","21-00082","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0080-0000-0081-0082"
"12100083","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Indri","","indri","variegatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00083","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0080-0000-0081-0083"
"12100084","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Propithecus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Bennett","1832","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1832","","20","","<i>Propithecus diadema</i> Bennett, 1832.","","","","","<i>Macromerus</i>  A. Smith, 1833.","Revised by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00084","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0084"
"12100085","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Propithecus","","coquereli","","SPECIES","False","","yes","A. Grandidier","1867","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","19","","314","","","Coquerel’s Sifaka","Madagascar, Morondava.","NW Madagascar, from Ambato-Boéni region to Antsohihy.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered as <i>P. verreauxi coquereli</i>.","<i>damonis</i> Gray, 1870.","Recognized as a full species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00085","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0084-0000-0085"
"12100086","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Propithecus","","deckenii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","A. Grandidier","1867","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","19","","84","","","Van der Decken’s Sifaka","Madagascar, Kanatsy.","NC to SW Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>P. verreauxi deckenii</i>, Critically Endangered as <i>P. v. coronatus</i>.","<b><i>coronatus</i> </b><i> </i>Milne-Edwards, 1871; <i>damanus </i>Pollen <i>in </i>Schlegel, 1876.","Recognized as a full species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00086","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0084-0000-0086"
"12100087","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Propithecus","","deckenii","deckenii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","A. Grandidier","1867","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","19","","84","","","","Madagascar, Kanatsy.","","","","","21","21-00087","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0084-0000-0086-0087"
"12100088","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Propithecus","","deckenii","coronatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00088","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0084-0000-0086-0088"
"12100089","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Propithecus","","diadema","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bennett","1832","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1832","","20","","","Diademed Sifaka","Madagascar.","N and E Madagascar, south to Mangoro River.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>P. diadema diadema </i>and <i>P. d. candidus</i>.","<i>albus</i> Vinson, 1862; <i>typicus</i> A. Smith, 1833;<i> <b>candidus</b> </i>Grandidier, 1871; <i>sericeus </i>Milne-Edwards and A. Grandidier, 1872.","","21","21-00089","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0084-0000-0089"
"12100090","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Propithecus","","diadema","diadema","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bennett","1832","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1832","","20","","","","Madagascar.","","","","","21","21-00090","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0084-0000-0089-0090"
"12100091","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Propithecus","","diadema","candidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grandidier","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00091","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0084-0000-0089-0091"
"12100092","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Propithecus","","edwardsi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Grandidier","1871","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","72","","232","","","Milne-Edwards’s Sifaka","Madagascar, west of Mananjary.","Between Mangoro and Mananara Rivers.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered as <i>P. diadema edwardsi</i>.","<i>bicolor</i> Gray, 1872; <i>holomelas </i>Günther, 1875.","Recognized as a full species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00092","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0084-0000-0092"
"12100093","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Propithecus","","perrieri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lavauden","1931","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","193","","77","","","Perrier’s Sifaka","Madagascar, Forest of Analamera, southeast of Diego Suarez.","E Madagascar, between Ankarana and the coast.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>P. diadema perrieri</i>.","","Recognized as a full species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00093","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0084-0000-0093"
"12100094","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Propithecus","","tattersalli","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Simons","1988","","Folia Primatol.","50","","146","","","Golden-crowned Sifaka","Madagascar, 6-7 km NE of Daraina, Antseranana Prov., 13°9'S, 49°41'E.","Ampandraha, Madirabe and Daraina districts, Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","","21","21-00094","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0084-0000-0094"
"12100095","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LEMURIFORMES","Lemuroidea","Indridae","","","Propithecus","","verreauxi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","A. Grandidier","1867","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","19","","84","","","Verreaux’s Sifaka","Madagascar, Tsifanihy (N of Cape Ste.-Marie).","Madagascar: xerophytic bush zone south of Tsiribihina River.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>majori</i>  Rothschild, 1894; <i>verreauxoides </i>Lamberton, 1936.","","21","21-00095","21-0001-0002-0003-0032-0075-0000-0000-0084-0000-0095"
"12100096","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","CHIROMYIFORMES","","","","","","","","","INFRAORDER","False","","yes","Anthony and Coupin","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","Retained as an infraorder (i.e. of equal status to Lemuriformes and Loriformes) by Groves (1989:65, 74-78; 2001<i>c</i>), because it does not certainly form a clade with other Malagasy taxa.","21","21-00096","21-0001-0002-0096"
"12100097","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","CHIROMYIFORMES","","Daubentoniidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","151","","","","","","","Cheiromyidae I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1851; Chiromyidae Bonaparte, 1850.","Groves (1989:65, 74-78) proposed separating this family to its own infraorder, Chiromyiformes.","21","21-00097","21-0001-0002-0096-0000-0097"
"12100098","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","CHIROMYIFORMES","","Daubentoniidae","","","Daubentonia","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1795","","Decad. Philos. Litt.","28","","195","","<i>Sciurus madagascariensis</i> Gmelin, 1788.","","","","","<i>Aye-aye</i> Lacépède, 1799; <i>Cheiromys</i> G. Cuvier, 1817; <i>Cheyromys </i>É. Geoffroy, 1803; <i>Chiromys</i> Illiger, 1811; <i>Myslemur </i>Anon. [?de Blainville], 1846; <i>Myspithecus </i>de Blainville, 1839; <i>Psilodactylus </i>Oken, 1816 [unavailable];<i> Scolecophagus</i> É. Geoffroy, 1795.","","21","21-00098","21-0001-0002-0096-0000-0097-0000-0000-0098"
"12100099","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","CHIROMYIFORMES","","Daubentoniidae","","","Daubentonia","","madagascariensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gmelin","1788","","Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","152","","","Aye-aye","NW Madagascar.","NE and NW Madagascar (discontinuous).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>daubentonii</i> (Shaw, 1800); <i>laniger </i>(G. Grandidier, 1930);<i> psilodactylus </i>(Schreber, 1800).","Type locality of <i>laniger</i> is ""forest of the east""; this seems to be a potentially available name for an eastern subspecies, if recognized. The name <i>D. robusta </i>Lamberton, 1934 was given to subfossil remains; it is not known whether these represent the living aye-aye or a separate, extinct species.","21","21-00099","21-0001-0002-0096-0000-0097-0000-0000-0098-0000-0099"
"12100100","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","","","","","","","","INFRAORDER","False","","yes","Gregory","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00100","21-0001-0002-0100"
"12100101","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","298","","","","","","","","The original form of the name was Loridae (see Jenkins [1987:1] and McKenna and Bell [1997], but the more commonly used form Lorisidae was conserved by Opinion 1995 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002<i>a</i>). Goodman et al. (1998) recognized two subfamilies, Lorinae and Perodicticinae, for the Asian and African genera respectively, and included Galagoninae as a third subfamily. McKenna and Bell (1997) included Galagoninae and Lorinae as subfamilies, with Lorini (<i>Arctocebus </i>and <i>Loris</i>)<i> </i>and Nycticebini (<i>Nycticebus </i>and <i>Perodicticus</i>)<i> </i>as tribes; but their tribes are not monophyletic (Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00101","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101"
"12100102","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Arctocebus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Gray","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","150","","<i>Perodicticus calabarensis</i> J. A. Smith, 1860.","","","","","","","21","21-00102","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0102"
"12100103","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Arctocebus","","aureus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","de Winton","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","48","","","Calabar Angwantibo","Equatorial Guinea, 50 mi. (80 km) up Benito River.","C Africa, south of Sanaga River, W and N of Congo/Oubangui River system.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>ruficeps</i>  Thomas, 1913.","Formerly classified as a subspecies of <i>Arctocebus calabarensis</i>, but considered a full species by Maier (1980:567) and Groves (1989:100-101; 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00103","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0102-0000-0103"
"12100104","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Arctocebus","","calabarensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","J. A. Smith","1860","","Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh","2","","177","","","Golden Angwantibo","Nigeria, Old Calabar.","C Africa, between Niger and Sanaga Rivers.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","","21","21-00104","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0102-0000-0104"
"12100105","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Loris","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1796","","Mag. Encyclop.","1","","48","","<i>Lemur tardigradus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Stenops</i> Illiger, 1811; <i>Tardigradus</i> Boddaert, 1785.","","21","21-00105","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0105"
"12100106","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Loris","","lydekkerianus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Cabrera","1908","","Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Madrid","1908","","139","","","Gray Slender Loris","India: Madras.","Dry and hill zones of Sri Lanka; S India.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>L. tardigradus grandis</i>,<i> L. t. nyctoceboides </i>(sic), and <i>L. t. nordicus</i>,<i> </i>Data Deficient as <i>L. t. lydekkerianus </i>and <i>L. t. malabaricus</i>.","<b><i>grandis</i> </b><i> </i>Hill and Phillips, 1932; <i>nordicus </i>Hill, 1933; <b><i>malabaricus </i></b>Wroughton, 1917; <b><i>nycticeboides</i></b><i> </i>Hill, 1942.","Separated as a species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>); but still more than one species may be concealed under this name.","21","21-00106","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0105-0000-0106"
"12100107","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Loris","","lydekkerianus","lydekkerianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Cabrera","1908","","Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Madrid","1908","","139","","","","India: Madras.","","","","","21","21-00107","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0105-0000-0106-0107"
"12100108","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Loris","","lydekkerianus","grandis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hill and Phillips","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00108","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0105-0000-0106-0108"
"12100109","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Loris","","lydekkerianus","malabaricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Wroughton","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00109","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0105-0000-0106-0109"
"12100110","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Loris","","lydekkerianus","nycticeboides","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hill","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00110","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0105-0000-0106-0110"
"12100111","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Loris","","tardigradus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","29","","","Red Slender Loris","Sri Lanka.","Rainforest zone of SW Sri Lanka.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>L. t. tardigradus</i>.","<i>ceylonicus</i> Fischer, 1804; <i>gracilis </i>É. Geoffroy, 1796; <i>zeylanicus</i> Lydekker, 1905.","","21","21-00111","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0105-0000-0111"
"12100112","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Nycticebus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","163","","<i>Tardigradus coucang</i> Boddaert, 1785.","","","","","","","21","21-00112","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0112"
"12100113","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Nycticebus","","bengalensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lacépède","1800","","Tabl. Mamm. Oiseaux","","","68","","","Bengal Slow Loris","India, Bengal.","Assam (India) to Vietnam and S Thailand (Isthmus of Kra); Yunnan, perhaps Kwangsi (China).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>cinereus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1867; <i>incanus </i>Thomas, 1921; <i>tenasserimensis</i> Elliot, 1913.","Recognized as a full species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00113","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0112-0000-0113"
"12100114","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Nycticebus","","coucang","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Boddaert","1785","","Elench. Anim.","","","67","","","Bengal Slow Loris","Malaysia, Malacca.","Sulu Arch. (S Philippines); Malay Peninsula, Tioman and offshore islands, Sumatra, Bangka, Java, Borneo, Natuna Isl.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN - Data Deficient as <i>N. c. menagensis </i>and <i>N. javanicus</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>N. c. coucang</i>.","<i>brachycephalus</i> Sody, 1949; <i>buku </i>Robinson, 1917; <i>hilleri </i>Stone and Rehn, 1902; <i>insularis </i>Robinson, 1917; <i>malaiana </i>Anderson, 1881; <i>natunae </i>Stone and Rehn, 1902; <i>sumatrensis </i>Ludeking, 1867; <i>tardigradus </i>(Raffles, 1821);<i> <b>menagensis</b></i> Trouessart, 1898; <i>bancanus </i>Lyon, 1906; <i>borneanus </i>Lyon, 1906; <i>philippinus </i>Cabrera, 1908;<i> <b>javanicus </b></i>É. Geoffroy, 1812; <i>ornatus </i>Thomas, 1921.","","21","21-00114","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0112-0000-0114"
"12100115","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Nycticebus","","coucang","coucang","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Boddaert","1785","","Elench. Anim.","","","67","","","","Malaysia, Malacca.","","","","","21","21-00115","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0112-0000-0114-0115"
"12100116","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Nycticebus","","coucang","menagensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Trouessart","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00116","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0112-0000-0114-0116"
"12100117","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Nycticebus","","coucang","javanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00117","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0112-0000-0114-0117"
"12100118","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Nycticebus","","pygmaeus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bonhote","1907","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","38","2","","","Pygmy Slow Loris","Vietnam, Nhatrang.","Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam, east of Mekong River; S Yunnan (China).","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>intermedius</i>  Dao Van Tien, 1960.","Includes <i>intermedius</i>; see Groves (1971<i>c</i>) and Lekagul and McNeely (1977:270).","21","21-00118","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0112-0000-0118"
"12100119","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Perodicticus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Bennett","1830","1831","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1830","","109","","<i>Lemur potto</i> Müller, 1766.","","","","","<i>Potto</i>  Lesson, 1840.","","21","21-00119","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0119"
"12100120","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Perodicticus","","potto","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Müller","1766","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Vollstand Natursyst. Suppl.","","","12","","","Potto","Ghana, Elmina.","Cameroon to Guinea; Republic of Congo; Gabon; Dem. Rep. Congo to W Kenya.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bosmannii</i> (Lesson, 1840);<i> geoffroyi</i> Bennett, 1831; <i>guineensis </i>(Desmarest, 1820);<i> ju-ju </i>Thomas, 1910;<i> <b>edwardsi</b> </i>Bouvier, 1879; <i>batesi </i>de Winton, 1902; <i>faustus </i>Thomas, 1910;<i> <b>ibeanus</b> </i>Thomas, 1910; <i>arrhenii </i>(Lönnberg, 1917);<i> nebulosus</i> (Lorenz, 1917).","","21","21-00120","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0119-0000-0120"
"12100121","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Perodicticus","","potto","potto","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Müller","1766","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Vollstand Natursyst. Suppl.","","","12","","","","Ghana, Elmina.","","","","","21","21-00121","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0119-0000-0120-0121"
"12100122","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Perodicticus","","potto","edwardsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bouvier","1879","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00122","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0119-0000-0120-0122"
"12100123","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Perodicticus","","potto","ibeanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00123","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0119-0000-0120-0123"
"12100124","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Pseudopotto","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Schwartz","1996","","Anthropol. Pap. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","78","","8","","<i>Pseudopotto martini</i> Schwartz, 1996.","","","","","","","21","21-00124","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0124"
"12100125","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Lorisidae","","","Pseudopotto","","martini","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Schwartz","1996","","Anthropol. Pap. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","78","","8","","","False Potto","""Equatorial Africa"".","unknown; one specimen is said to be from Cameroon.","CITES – Appendix II.","","A controversial taxon, based on only two specimens, both of uncertain provenance. Groves (1998, 2001<i>c</i>) argued that the coalescence of a number of unique features sets it apart from <i>Perodicticus</i>; but Sarmiento (1998) considered that it falls within the range of <i>Perodicticus</i>. McKenna and Bell (1997) recognized the genus, but did not assign it to either of their two subfamilies (Lorinae, Galagoninae).","21","21-00125","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0101-0000-0000-0124-0000-0125"
"12100126","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","338","","","","","","","","Formerly considered a subfamily of Lorisidae; see Hill and Meester (1977:2) and Jenkins (1987:85). The correct form of the name is Galagonidae (see Jenkins, 1987:1), but Galagidae was conserved by Opinion 1995 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002<i>a</i>).","21","21-00126","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126"
"12100127","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Euoticus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Gray","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","140","","<i>Otogale pallida</i> Gray, 1863.","","","","","","Recognized as a genus by Groves (1989:103; 2001<i>c</i>), and by McKenna and Bell (1997).","21","21-00127","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0127"
"12100128","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Euoticus","","elegantulus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Le Conte","1857","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.","9","","10","","","Southern Needle-clawed Bushbaby","Gabon, Ogooué River, Njola.","Gabon, Republic of Congo, Rio Muni, Cameroon south of Sanaga River.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>apicalis</i> (du Chaillu 1860);<i> tonsor</i> (Dollman, 1910).","","21","21-00128","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0127-0000-0128"
"12100129","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Euoticus","","pallidus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","140","","","Northern Needle-clawed Bushbaby","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","Bioko (Equatorial Guinea); Korup and Cross River region, on both sides of Nigeria-Cameroon border.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>E. p. pallidus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>talboti</i> </b> Dollman, 1910.","Accepted as a species by Groves (1989:104; 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00129","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0127-0000-0129"
"12100130","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Euoticus","","pallidus","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","140","","","","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","","","","","21","21-00130","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0127-0000-0129-0130"
"12100131","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Euoticus","","pallidus","talboti","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00131","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0127-0000-0129-0131"
"12100132","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1796","","Mag. Encyclop.","1","","49","","<i>Galago senegalensis</i> É. Geoffroy, 1796.","","","","","<i>Chirosciurus</i> Grevais, 1836; <i>Galagoides</i> A. Smith, 1833; <i>Hemigalago </i>Dahlbom, 1857; <i>Macropus </i>Fischer, 1811 [not of Shaw, 1790];<i> Otolicnus </i>Illiger, 1811; <i>Sciurocheirus</i> Gray, 1872.","McKenna and Bell (1997) included <i>Otolemur </i>as a synonym. Groves (2001<i>c</i>) accepted the following species groups: (1) <i>C.</i> <i>senegalensis </i>group (<i>senagalensis</i>,<i> moholi</i>,<i> gallarum</i>), (2) <i>G. matschiei</i> group (monotypic), (3) <i>G.</i> <i>alleni </i>group<i> </i>(<i>alleni</i>, <i>cameronensis</i>,<i> gabonensis</i>), (4) <i>G. zanzibaricus </i>group (<i>zanzibaricus</i>,<i> granti</i>,<i> nyasae</i>), (5) <i>G. orinus </i>group (<i>orinus</i>,<i> rondoensis</i>),<i> </i>and (6) <i>G. demidoff</i> group (<i>demidoff</i>,<i> thomasi</i>). DelPero et al. (2000) suggested that the <i>G. alleni </i>group should be reallocated to <i>Otolemur</i>.","21","21-00132","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132"
"12100133","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","alleni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Waterhouse","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","87","","","Bioko Allen’s Bushbaby","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","Bioko (Equatorial Guinea).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>G. a. alleni</i>.","","<i>G. alleni </i>species group. Divided into three species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>), so does not include <i>cameronensis</i>,<i> gabonensis</i>.","21","21-00133","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0133"
"12100134","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","cameronensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1876","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1876","","472","","","Cross River Bushbaby","Cameroon: Duala.","Cameroon northwest of the lower Sanaga River; SE Nigeria.","CITES – Appendix II.","","<i>G.</i> <i>alleni </i>species group.<i> </i>Separated from <i>G. alleni </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00134","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0134"
"12100135","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","demidoff","","SPECIES","False","","yes","G.<i> </i>Fischer","1806","","Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow","1","","24","","","Prince Demidoff’s Bushbaby","Senegal.","Senegal to E Dem. Rep. Congo; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anomurus</i> de Pousargues, 1893; <i>demidovii </i>Fischer, 1808; <i>medius </i>(Thomas, 1915);<i> murinus </i>Murray, 1859; <i>peli </i>(Temminck, 1853);<i> phasma </i>(Cabrera and Ruxton, 1926);<i> poensis </i>Thomas, 1904; <i>pusillus </i>(Peters, 1876).","<i>G. demidoff </i>species group. Bearder et al. (1995) placed this group in genus <i>Galagoides</i>, but Groves (2001<i>c</i>) and Delpero et al. (2000) considered this premature, as it is unclear how species should be assorted between <i>Galagoides</i> and <i>Galago</i>. Nash et al. (1989) recognized <i>G</i>. <i>thomasi</i>, Elliot, 1907, as a full species, partially sympatric with <i>demidoff</i>; followed by Groves (2001<i>c</i>), who considered that a number of other species would eventually be recognized in addition. For use of <i>demidoff</i> in place of <i>demidovii</i>, see Jenkins (1987:98).","21","21-00135","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0135"
"12100136","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","gabonensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","146","","","Gabon Bushbaby","Gabon.","Gabon, Cameroon south of the Sanaga River, Rio Muni, Republic of Congo.","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>batesi</i> Elliot, 1907.","<i>G. alleni </i>species group. Separated from <i>G. alleni </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00136","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0136"
"12100137","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","gallarum","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","27","","","Somali Bushbaby","Ethiopia, Webi Dau, Boran County.","Between Tana River (Kenya) and Webi Shebele River (Somalia), to Lake Turkana and Ethiopian rift lakes.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>G. senegalensis </i>species group. Recognized as a species by Nash et al. (1989) and by Groves (1989, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00137","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0137"
"12100138","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","granti","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","","286","","","Grant’s Bushbaby","Mozambique, Inhambane, Coguno.","Mozambique north to Ulugurus in S Tanzania.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>mertensi</i>  Frade, 1924.","<i>G. zanzibaricus </i>species group. Recognized as a species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00138","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0138"
"12100139","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","matschiei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lorenz","1917","","Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus, Wien","31","","237","","","Dusky Bushbaby","Dem. Rep. Congo: Moera, Ituri River.","E Dem. Rep. Congo; perhaps Uganda.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>inustus</i>  Schwarz, 1931.","<i>G. matschiei </i>species group. Placed in <i>Euoticus</i> by Petter and Petter-Rousseaux (1979). This name predates the more commonly used <i>inustus</i> (Groves, 1989:102; Nash et al., 1989:69-70).","21","21-00139","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0139"
"12100140","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","moholi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","A. Smith","1834","1836","Rept. Exped. Exploring Central Africa","1834","","42","","","Moholi Bushbaby","South Africa, Limpopo, Marico-Limpopo confluence.","KwaZulu-Natal and N Namibia north to Lake Victoria.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>australis</i> (Wagner, 1855); <i>bradfieldi </i>Roberts, 1931; <i>conspicillatus </i>I. Geoffroy, 1851; <i>intontoi </i>Monard, 1931; <i>mossambicus </i>(Peters, 1876),<i> tumbolensis</i> Monard, 1931.","<i>G. senegalensis </i>species group. Separated from <i>senegalensis</i> by Jenkins (1987), Nash et al. (1989), and Groves (1989).","21","21-00140","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0140"
"12100141","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","nyasae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","188","","","Malawi Bushbaby","Mozambique, mountains south of Lake Malawi.","S Malawi and neighbouring region of Mozambique.","CITES – Appendix II.","","<i>G. zanzibaricus </i>species group. An undescribed taxon occurs on Mt. Cholo, Malawi; vocalizations of the ""Kalwe small"" galago (Bearder et al., 1995) may pertain to either of these (Groves, 2001<i>c</i>:113).","21","21-00141","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0141"
"12100142","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","orinus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lawrence and Washburn","1936","","Occas. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.","8","","259","","","Uluguru Bushbaby","Tanzania, Uluguru Mtns, Bagilo.","High elevations in Uluguru and probably Usambara Mtns.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","<i>G. orinus </i>species group. Bearder et al. (1995) place this group in genus <i>Galagoides</i>, but Groves (2001<i>c</i>) and Delpero et al. (2000) considered this premature, as it is unclear how species should be assorted between <i>Galagoides </i>and <i>Galago</i>. Separated from <i>G. demidoff </i>by Bearder et al. (1995), and accepted as a distinct species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00142","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0142"
"12100143","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","rondoensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Honess","1997","","<i>In</i> Kingdon, Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals","","","106","","","Rondo Bushbaby","Tanzania, Lindi district, Rondo plateau, Rondo Forest Reserve, 10°07’S, 39°23’E.","Rondo, Litipo, Ziwani and Pugu Forests, SE Tanzania.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered.","","<i>G. zanzibaricus </i>species group. Recognised as a species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>). More fully described by Honess and Bearder (1996 [1997]).","21","21-00143","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0143"
"12100144","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","senegalensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1796","","Mag. Encyclop.","1","","38","","","Senegal Bushbaby","Senegal.","Senegal to Somalia, south to the Mwanza and Ankole districts on Lake Victoria.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acaciarum</i> Lesson, 1840; <i>albipes </i>Dollman, 1909; <i>calago </i>(Shaw, 1800); <i>camerounensis </i>Monard, 1951; <i>galago </i>(G. Cuvier, 1798);<i> geoffroyi </i>Fischer, 1806; <i>pupulus </i>Elliot, 1910; <i>sennariensis </i>Gray, 1863; <i>teng</i> (Sundevall, 1843); <b><i>braccatus </i></b>Elliot, 1907;<i> <b>dunni</b> </i>Dollman, 1910; <b><i>sotikae</i></b><i> </i>Hollister, 1920.","<i>G. senegalensis </i>species group. Hill and Meester (1977:2) included <i>granti</i> in this species; but see Smithers and Wilson (1979).","21","21-00144","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0144"
"12100145","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","senegalensis","senegalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1796","","Mag. Encyclop.","1","","38","","","","Senegal.","","","","","21","21-00145","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0144-0145"
"12100146","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","senegalensis","braccatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00146","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0144-0146"
"12100147","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","senegalensis","dunni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00147","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0144-0147"
"12100148","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","senegalensis","sotikae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hollister","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00148","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0144-0148"
"12100149","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","189","","","Thomas’s Bushbaby","Dem. Rep. Congo, Beni.","W Uganda and Kivu district of Dem. Rep. Congo.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>G. demidoff </i>species group. Nash et al. (1989) recognized <i>G</i>. <i>thomasi</i> as a full species, partially sympatric with <i>demidoff</i>; followed by Groves (2001<i>c</i>). Known only from specimens from W Uganda and Kivu district of Dem. Rep. Congo (including Idjwi Isl), but vocalizations ascribed to this species are recorded from all over the same range as <i>G. demidoff</i>.","21","21-00149","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0149"
"12100150","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Galago","","zanzibaricus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1893","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","111","","","Zanzibar Bushbaby","Tanzania, Zanzibar, Yambiani.","E African coast from Tana River, south to S Mozambique; Zanzibar.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>cocos</i>  Heller, 1912; <i>udzungwensis </i>Honess, 1997.","<i>G. zanzibaricus </i>species group. Separated from <i>senegalensis</i> by Kingdon (1971:309), Groves (1974<i>b</i>:463, 1989:103, 2001<i>c</i>), Jenkins (1987:118), and Nash et al. (1989). Bearder et al. (1995) placed this group in genus <i>Galagoides</i>, but Groves (2001<i>c</i>) considered this premature, as it is unclear how species should be assorted between <i>Galagoides </i>and <i>Galago</i>. For allocation of <i>udzungwensis </i>to this species, see Groves (2001<i>c</i>:116).","21","21-00150","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0132-0000-0150"
"12100151","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Otolemur","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Coquerel","1859","","Rev. Zool. Paris","11","","458","","<i>Otolemur agyisymbanus</i> Coquerel, 1859 (= <i>Otolicnus garnetti</i> Ogilby, 1838).","","","","","<i>Callotus</i> Gray, 1863; <i>Otogale</i> Gray, 1863.","Included in <i>Galago</i> by McKenna and Bell (1997), but recognized as a full genus by Groves (1974<i>b</i>:461-463, 1989) and Jenkins (1987:122). May include the <i>Galago alleni </i>species group (DelPero et al., 2000).","21","21-00151","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0151"
"12100152","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Otolemur","","crassicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","166","","","Brown Greater Galago","Mozambique, Quelimane (see Thomas, 1917<i>b</i>).","Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda to KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and Angola.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>zuluensis</i>  (Elliot, 1907); <b><i>kirkii</i></b><i> </i>(Gray, 1865); <i>badius </i>Matschie, 1905; <i>lonnbergi </i>(Schwarz, 1930);<i> umbrosus </i>(Thomas, 1917).","","21","21-00152","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0151-0000-0152"
"12100153","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Otolemur","","crassicaudatus","crassicaudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","166","","","","Mozambique, Quelimane (see Thomas, 1917<i>b</i>).","","","","","21","21-00153","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0151-0000-0152-0153"
"12100154","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Otolemur","","crassicaudatus","kirkii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1865","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00154","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0151-0000-0152-0154"
"12100155","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Otolemur","","garnettii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ogilby","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","6","","","Northern Greater Galago","Zanzibar (designated by Thomas, 1917<i>b</i>:48).","S Somalia to SE Tanzania (including Zanzibar, Pemba and Mafia Isls) and perhaps N Mozambique.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>agyisymbanus</i> Coquerel, 1859;<i> <b>lasiotis</b> </i>(Peters, 1876);<i> hindei </i>(Elliot, 1907);<i> hindsi </i>Elliot, 1913 [<i>lapsus</i>];<i> <b>kikuyuensis</b> </i>(Lönnberg, 1912); <b><i>panganiensis</i></b> Matschie, 1905.","Olson (1979, in litt.[Unpubl. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. London]) was the first to treat <i>garnettii</i> as a distinct species. It is partly sympatric with both <i>O.</i> <i>crassicaudatus</i> and <i>O. monteiri</i>.","21","21-00155","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0151-0000-0155"
"12100156","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Otolemur","","garnettii","garnettii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Ogilby","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","6","","","","Zanzibar (designated by Thomas, 1917<i>b</i>:48).","","","","","21","21-00156","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0151-0000-0155-0156"
"12100157","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Otolemur","","garnettii","lasiotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1876","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00157","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0151-0000-0155-0157"
"12100158","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Otolemur","","garnettii","kikuyuensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00158","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0151-0000-0155-0158"
"12100159","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Otolemur","","garnettii","panganiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00159","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0151-0000-0155-0159"
"12100160","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Otolemur","","monteiri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bartlett","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","145","","","Silvery Greater Galago","Angola: Cuvo Bay.","<i>Brachystegia</i>woodland, from Angola to Tanzania to W Kenya and Rwanda.","CITES – Appendix II.","<b><i>argentatus</i> </b><i> </i>(Lönnberg, 1913);<i> lestradei </i>(Schouteden, 1953).","Separated from <i>crassicaudatus</i> by Groves (2001<i>c</i>), with some misgivings. The zone of intermediacy with <i>O. crassicaudatus </i>is very wide, extending through S Malawi, N Mozambique, and part of Zimbabwe. Kingdon (1997) recognized <i>Otolemur argentatus</i> from the Lake Victoria region, while retaining southerly examples (here <i>Otolemur m. monteiri</i>) in <i>O. crassicaudatus</i>.","21","21-00160","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0151-0000-0160"
"12100161","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Otolemur","","monteiri","monteiri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bartlett","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","145","","","","Angola: Cuvo Bay.","","","","","21","21-00161","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0151-0000-0160-0161"
"12100162","PRIMATES","STREPSIRRHINI","LORISIFORMES","","Galagidae","","","Otolemur","","monteiri","argentatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00162","21-0001-0002-0100-0000-0126-0000-0000-0151-0000-0160-0162"
"12100163","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","yes","Pocock","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","Recognised as an infraorder by McKenna and Bell (1997; see comments above, under Strepsirrhini); Tarsiiformes and Anthropoidea were regarded as Parvorders.","21","21-00163","21-0001-0163"
"12100164","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","TARSIIFORMES","","","","","","","","","INFRAORDER","False","","yes","Gregory","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","Almost invariably placed in a group with Simiiformes (=Anthropoidea), but according to Murphy et al. (2001<i>c</i>), may be closer to Strepsirrhini.","21","21-00164","21-0001-0163-0164"
"12100165","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","TARSIIFORMES","","Tarsiidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","338","","","","","","","","","21","21-00165","21-0001-0163-0164-0000-0165"
"12100166","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","TARSIIFORMES","","Tarsiidae","","","Tarsius","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Storr","1780","","Prodr. Meth. Mamm.","","","33","","<i>Lemur tarsier</i> Erxleben, 1777.","","","","","<i>Cephalopachus</i> Swainson, 1835; <i>Hypsicebus </i>Lesson, 1840; <i>Macrotarsus </i>Link, 1795; <i>Rabienus </i>Gray, 1821.","This genus, according to Goodman et al. (2001<i>c</i>) and to work in progress by C. P. Groves and M. Shekelle, should probably be split into two or three separate genera (for Sulawesi, Philippine, and Western groups).","21","21-00166","21-0001-0163-0164-0000-0165-0000-0000-0166"
"12100167","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","TARSIIFORMES","","Tarsiidae","","","Tarsius","","bancanus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Horsfield","1821","","Zool. Res. Java","2","","pl","","","Horsfield’s Tarsier","Indonesia, SE Sumatra, Bangka Isl.","Indonesia: Bangka Isl, Sumatra, Karimata Isl, Billiton Isl, and Sirhassen Isl (South Natuna Isls); Borneo.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>T. b. borneanus</i>,<i> T. b. natunensis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>T. b. saltator</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>borneanus</i> </b><i> </i>Elliot, 1910; <i>natunensis </i>Chasen, 1940;<i> <b>saltator</b></i><b> </b>Elliot, 1910.","","21","21-00167","21-0001-0163-0164-0000-0165-0000-0000-0166-0000-0167"
"12100168","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","TARSIIFORMES","","Tarsiidae","","","Tarsius","","bancanus","bancanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Horsfield","1821","","Zool. Res. Java","2","","pl","","","","Indonesia, SE Sumatra, Bangka Isl.","","","","","21","21-00168","21-0001-0163-0164-0000-0165-0000-0000-0166-0000-0167-0168"
"12100169","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","TARSIIFORMES","","Tarsiidae","","","Tarsius","","bancanus","borneanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00169","21-0001-0163-0164-0000-0165-0000-0000-0166-0000-0167-0169"
"12100170","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","TARSIIFORMES","","Tarsiidae","","","Tarsius","","bancanus","saltator","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00170","21-0001-0163-0164-0000-0165-0000-0000-0166-0000-0167-0170"
"12100171","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","TARSIIFORMES","","Tarsiidae","","","Tarsius","","dentatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","103","","","Dian’s Tarsier","C Sulawesi, Labua Sore.","C Sulawesi (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (conservation dependent) as <i>T. dianae</i>. Status unknown.","<i>dianae</i> Niemitz, Nietsch, Water, and Rumpler, 1991.","Shekelle and Groves (in prep.) could find no difference between specimens from the type localities of <i>dentatus </i>(Labua Sore) and <i>dianae </i>(Kamarora) in either morphology or vocalizations; the two localities are very close.","21","21-00171","21-0001-0163-0164-0000-0165-0000-0000-0166-0000-0171"
"12100172","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","TARSIIFORMES","","Tarsiidae","","","Tarsius","","pelengensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Sody","1949","","Treubia","20","","143","","","Peleng Tarsier","Indonesia, Peleng Isl.","Peleng Isl (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Recognized as a species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00172","21-0001-0163-0164-0000-0165-0000-0000-0166-0000-0172"
"12100173","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","TARSIIFORMES","","Tarsiidae","","","Tarsius","","pumilus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","103","","","Pygmy Tarsier","C Sulawesi, Rano Rano.","Known only from type locality and Latimojong Mtns, C Sulawesi (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Separated from <i>T. tarsier</i> (<i>T</i>. <i>spectrum</i>) by Musser and Dagosto (1987); recognized as a full species by Groves (1989, 2001<i>c</i>) and others.","21","21-00173","21-0001-0163-0164-0000-0165-0000-0000-0166-0000-0173"
"12100174","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","TARSIIFORMES","","Tarsiidae","","","Tarsius","","sangirensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Meyer","1897","","Abh. Zool. Anthrop.-Ethnology. Mus. Dresden","6","6","9","","","Sangihe Tarsier","Indonesia, Sanghir (=Sangihe) Isls.","Restricted to Pulau (=Isl) Sangihe Besar (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Recognised as a species by Feiler (1990:85) and Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00174","21-0001-0163-0164-0000-0165-0000-0000-0166-0000-0174"
"12100175","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","TARSIIFORMES","","Tarsiidae","","","Tarsius","","syrichta","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","29","","","Philippine Tarsier","Philippine Isls, Samar Isl.","Mindanao, Bohol Isl, Samar Isl, Leyte Isl (Philippines).","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>carbonarius</i> Heude, 1898; <i>fraterculus </i>Miller, 1911; <i>philippinensis </i>Meyer, 1894.","","21","21-00175","21-0001-0163-0164-0000-0165-0000-0000-0166-0000-0175"
"12100176","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","TARSIIFORMES","","Tarsiidae","","","Tarsius","","tarsier","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim., I. Mammalia","","","71","","","Spectral Tarsier","Unknown. Based on the ""Tarsier or Woolly Jerboa"" of Buffon, 1749, <i>Histoire Naturelle</i>, 13, N°MCCXXXV. Shekelle and Groves (in prep.) restricted the type locality to Makassar (Sulawesi, Indonesia), following Hill’s (1953) previous restriction of the type locality of <i>spectrum </i>to that region.","Sulawesi lowlands and Selayar Isl (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>T. spectrum</i>.","<i>buffonii</i> (Link, 1795); <i>daubentonii </i>Fischer, 1804; <i>fischerii </i>Desmarest, 1804; <i>fuscomanus </i>Fischer, 1804; <i>fuscus </i>Fischer, 1804; <i>macrotarsos </i>Schreber, 1778; <i>pallassii </i>É. Geoffroy, 1796; <i>podje </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>spectrum </i>(Pallas, 1778).","The description and plate of Buffon’s (1849) ""Tarsier or Woolly Jerboa"" clearly indicates a Sulawesi tarsier; the name therefore takes precedence over <i>spectrum </i>Pallas; it is not a <i>nomen oblitum</i> because it was used by Chasen (1940). Niemitz et al. (1991) implied that this species, which they called <i>T. spectrum</i>, may be restricted to N Sulawesi; but the N Sulawesi tarsier may not be conspecific with that from Makassar. There are probably a number of undescribed species, sharply distinguished by their vocalizations (Shekelle et al., 1998) and by morphological features (Groves, in prep.), in different regions of Sulawesi, and the Selayar tarsier is also distinct.","21","21-00176","21-0001-0163-0164-0000-0165-0000-0000-0166-0000-0176"
"12100177","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","","","","","","","","INFRAORDER","False","","yes","Haeckel","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","Usually called Anthropoidea; for the potential confusion surrounding this name, and why it is best avoided, see Hoffstetter (1982). McKenna and Bell (1997) divided living members into two superfamilies, Callitrichoidea and Cercopithecoidea (including what are usually separated as Hominoidea), corresponding to parvorders Platyrrhini and Catarrhini recognized herein (where Platyrrhini includes New World taxa in families Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae; and Catarrhini includes Old World taxa in Superfamiliy Cercopithecoidea [including Family Cercopithecidae] and Superfamily Hominoidea [families Hylobatidae and Hominidae]). Goodman et al. (1998) also regarded the catarrhines as over-split.","21","21-00177","21-0001-0163-0177"
"12100178","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1831","","Saggio Dist. Metod. Anim. Vert.","","","6","","","","","","","","Groves (1993) divided Platyrrhini into two families, Callitrichidae and Cebidae, the traditional approach (see for example Martin, 1990; see also McKenna and Bell (1997), who used the earlier name Atelidae instead of Cebidae). But the evidence (reviewed by Groves, 2001<i>c</i>) is that the family Cebidae, in this traditional sense, is paraphyletic, and Nyctipithecidae, Pitheciidae and Atelidae must be extracted from it, while the marmoset group (here called Callitrichinae) is closer to the core Cebidae and should be united with them.","21","21-00178","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178"
"12100179","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","298","","","","","","","Callithricidae Thomas, 1903; Callitrichidae Napier and Napier, 1967; Hapalidae Wagner, 1840.","Retained as a full family by McKenna and Bell (1997) and Rylands et al. (2000). Goodman et al. (1998) divided the subfamily into subtribes Saguinina, Leontopithecina, Callimiconina and Callitrichina. Groves (2001<i>c</i>:126-7) argued that the correct name for the family/subfamily is Hapalidae/Hapalinae, but this was discussed by Brandon-Jones and Groves (2002), who found that the argument was insecure and re-established Callitrichidae.","21","21-00179","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179"
"12100180","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callimico","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Miranda-Ribeiro","1912","","Brasil. Rundsch.","","","21","","<i>Callimico snethlageri</i> Miranda-Ribeiro, 1912 (= <i>Hapale goeldii</i> Thomas, 1904).","","","","","","Placed in a separate family, Callimiconidae, by Hershkovitz (1977), but recognized as a member of the Callitrichidae (=Hapalidae) by Pocock (1920<i>a</i>), Napier (1976), and Groves (1989); McKenna and Bell (1997) placed it in a separate subfamily, Callimiconinae, of their family Callitrichidae.","21","21-00180","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0180"
"12100181","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callimico","","goeldii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","189","","","Goeldi’s Marmoset","Brazil, Acre, Rio Yaco.","W Brazil, N Bolivia, E Peru, Colombia: Upper Amazon Rainforests.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Near Threatened.","<i>snethlageri</i>  Miranda-Ribeiro, 1912.","","21","21-00181","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0180-0000-0181"
"12100182","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","","","55","","<i>Simia jacchus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","Listed for the four subgenera separately, because they are ranked as full genera by some: (1) Subgenus <i>Callithrix </i> Erxleben, 1777: <i>Anthopithecus </i>F. Cuvier, 1829; <i>Arctopithecus </i>G. Cuvier, 1819; <i>Hapale </i>Illiger, 1811; <i>Hapales </i>F. Cuvier, 1829; <i>Harpale </i>Gray, 1821; <i>Iacchus </i>Spix, 1823; <i>Jacchus </i>É. Geoffroy, 1812; <i>Midas É</i>. Geoffroy, 1828 [not of Latreille, 1796]; <i>Ouistitis</i> Burnett, 1826; <i>Sagoin </i>Desmarest, 1804; <i>Sagoinus </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>Sagouin </i>Lacépède, 1799; <i>Saguin </i>Fischer, 1803. (2) Subgenus <i>Mico </i>Lesson, 1840: <i>Liocephalus </i>Wagner, 1840; <i>Micoella </i>Gray, 1870. (3) Subgenus <i>Cebuella </i>Gray, 1866: no synonyms. (4) Subgenus <i>Calibella </i>van Roosmalen and van Roosmalen, 2003: no synonyms.","Includes <i>Mico </i>(see Cabrera, 1958:185), <i>Cebuella (</i>see Groves, 1989:110-115), and <i>Callithrix</i> as subgenera, which Rylands et al. (2000) regarded as full genera. McKenna and Bell (1997) recognized <i>Cebuella </i>as a separate genus, but it forms a clade with <i>Mico</i> (Groves, 2001<i>c</i>). The fourth subgenus, <i>Calibella</i>, was described by van Roosmalen and van Roosmalen (2003) as a full genus.","21","21-00182","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182"
"12100183","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Callithrix","","","SUBGENUS","False","","yes","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","","","55","","<i>Simia jacchus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","","","21","21-00183","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0183"
"12100184","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Mico","","","SUBGENUS","False","","yes","Lesson","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00184","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0184"
"12100185","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Cebuella","","","SUBGENUS","False","","yes","Gray","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00185","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0185"
"12100186","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Calibella","","","SUBGENUS","False","","yes","van Roosmalen and van Roosmalen","2003","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00186","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0186"
"12100187","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Mico","acariensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","M. van Roosmalen, T. van Roosmalen, Mittermeier and Rylands","2000","","Neotropical Primates","8","1","7","","","Rio Acari Marmoset","Brazil, Amazonas, ""a small settlement on the right bank of the lower Rio Acari close to the confluence with the Rios Sucunduri and Canuma"", 05°07’08""S, 60°01’14""W.","Presumed to be the entire interfluvium of the Rios Acari and Sucunduri (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern as <i>Mico acariensis.</i>","","Subgenus <i>Mico</i>.","21","21-00187","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0184-0187"
"12100188","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Mico","argentata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1771","","Mantissa Plantarum","2","Appendix","521","","","Silvery Marmoset","Brazil, Pará, Cametá, on banks of Rio Tocantins.","N and C Brazil, E Bolivia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern as <i>Mico argentata</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Mico</i>. Includes <i>emiliae</i>, <i>melanura</i> and <i>leucippe</i> according to Hershkovitz (1977:436), and <i>intermedius</i> (Ávila-Pires, 1985). De Vivo (1985) recognized <i>emiliae</i> (Thomas, 1920) as a full species; Coimbra-Filho (1990) recognized <i>emiliae</i> and <i>intermedius</i> as distinct species; Groves (2001<i>c</i>) recognized all these and others, subsequently described, as distinct species.","21","21-00188","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0184-0188"
"12100189","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Callithrix","aurita","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","119","","","Buffy-tufted Marmoset","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro.","SE Brazilian coast.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>chrysopyga</i> (Burmeister, 1854); <i>coelestis </i>(Miranda Ribeiro, 1924); <i>itatiayae </i>Avila-Pires, 1959; <i>petronius</i> (Miranda Ribeiro, 1924).","Subgenus <i>Callithrix</i>. Accepted as a species by Mittermeier et al. (1988) and Groves (1989).","21","21-00189","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0183-0189"
"12100190","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Mico","chrysoleuca","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturg.","8","1<sup>st</sup> part","357","","","Gold-and-white Marmoset","Brazil, Borba, lower Rio Madeira.","Between the Aripuanã-Madeira and Canuma-Uraria, south to about 8°S, north to the Amazon (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Mico chrysoleucus</i>.","<i>melanoleucus</i> (Miranda Ribeiro, 1955); <i>sericeus </i>(Gray, 1868).","Subgenus <i>Mico</i>. Recognized as a full species by Coimbra-Filho (1990).","21","21-00190","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0184-0190"
"12100191","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Mico","emiliae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","209","","","Emilia’s Marmoset","Brazil, Rio Curua, Maloca.","The interfluvium of the Rios Tapajos and Iriri, north to Maica, on the lower Tapajos, where perhaps sympatric with <i>C. argentata</i> (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern as <i>Mico emiliae</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Mico</i>. A different species, so far undescribed, from between the Rios Ji-Parana and Beni, in Rondonia, has been referred to as <i>C. emiliae</i> but is likely to be distinct (Rylands et al., 1993). Recognized as a full species by De Vivo (1985) and Coimbra-Filho (1990).","21","21-00191","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0184-0191"
"12100192","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Callithrix","flaviceps","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","240","","","Buffy-headed Marmoset","Brazil, Rive, Espírito Santo.","S Espírito Santo (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>flavescente</i>  Miranda Ribeiro, 1924.","Subgenus <i>Callithrix</i>. Accepted as a species by Mittermeier et al. (1988) and Groves (1989). Regarded as a subspecies of <i>aurita</i> by Coimbra-Filho (1990).","21","21-00192","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0183-0192"
"12100193","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Callithrix","geoffroyi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1812","","Rec. Obs. Zool. Anat. Comp.","","","360","","","White-headed Marmoset","Brazil, Victoria, between Rios Espirito Santo and Jucu.","EC Brazil (coast of Bahia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>albifrons</i> (Thunberg, 1819); <i>leucocephalus </i>(Humboldt, 1812); <i>leucogenys </i>(Gray, 1870) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>maximiliani</i> (Reichenbach, 1862); <i>melanotis </i>(Lesson, 1840) [part].","Subgenus <i>Callithrix</i>. Accepted as a species by Mittermeier et al. (1988) and Groves (1989).","21","21-00193","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0183-0193"
"12100194","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Mico","humeralifera","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","120","","","Santarem Marmoset","Brazil, left bank of Rio Tapajós, Paricatuba.","Brazil, south of the Amazon between the Maues-Açu and Tapajós Rivers.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern as <i>Mico humeralifer</i>.","<i>santaremensis</i> Matschie, 1893.","Subgenus <i>Mico</i>. Hershkovitz (1977:595-598), who called this species <i>C. humeralifer</i>, included <i>intermedia </i>and <i>chrysoleuca</i> in it; <i>intermedia</i> was transfered to <i>C</i>. <i>argentata</i> by Ávila-Pires (1985). Coimbra-Filho (1990), who pointed out that the correct name for this species is <i>humeralifera</i>, listed <i>chrysoleuca</i> and <i>intermedia</i> as distinct species.","21","21-00194","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0184-0194"
"12100195","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Calibella","humilis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","M. van Roosmalen, T. van Roosmalen, Mittermeier and de Fonseca","1998","","Goeldiana Zoologia","22","","8","","","Roosmalens’ Dwarf Marmoset","Brazil, Amazonas, west bank of lower Rio Aripuanã, 1 km south of Nova Olinda, 41 km southwest of Novo Aripuanã, 5°30’63""S, 60°24’61""W.","Between the Rios Aripuanã and Madeira, to about 6°S (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern as <i>Mico humilis</i>.","","Subgenus<i> Calibella.</i>","21","21-00195","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0186-0195"
"12100196","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Mico","intermedia","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1977","","Living New World Monkeys","","","1020","","","Hershkovitz’s Marmoset","Brazil, Amazonas, near mouth of Rio Guariba, left bank of Rio Aripuanã.","Interfluvium of the Rios Aripuanã and Roosevelt (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern as <i>Mico intermedius</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Mico</i>. Recognized as a full species by de Vivo (1991).","21","21-00196","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0184-0196"
"12100197","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Callithrix","jacchus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","27","","","Common Marmoset","Brazil, Pernambuco.","Brazilian coast: Piauí, Ceará, and Pernambuco Provinces.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>albicollis</i> Spix, 1823; <i>communis </i>(South, 1845); <i>hapale </i>(Gray, 1870); <i>leucotis</i> (Lesson, 1840); <i>moschatus </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>rufus </i>Fischer, 1829; <i>vulgaris</i> Humboldt, 1812.","Subgenus <i>Callithrix</i>. Includes <i>aurita</i>, <i>flaviceps</i>, <i>geoffroyi</i>, and <i>penicillata</i> according to Hershkovitz (1977:489-527), but refuted by Mittermeier et al. (1988) who recognized all of these species.","21","21-00197","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0183-0197"
"12100198","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Callithrix","kuhlii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Coimbra-Filho","1985","","Fundaçao Brasileira Conservaçao Natu. Bol. Inform.","9","","5","","","Wied’s Marmoset","Brazil, Bahia, north of Rio Belmonte.","Between Rio de Contas and Rio Jequitinhonha, SW Brazil.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","","Subgenus <i>Callithrix</i>. Accepted as a species by Mittermeier et al. (1988) and Groves (1989), but ascribed by these authors to Wied-Neuwied, 1826, who in fact was not describing a new taxon; the earliest available reference to the species is as above (see Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00198","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0183-0198"
"12100199","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Mico","leucippe","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","199","","","White Marmoset","Brazil, Pimental, near mouth of Rio Jamanxim, right bank of Rio Tapajos.","The interfluvium of the Rios Tapajos and Cupari (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Mico leucippe</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Mico</i>. Separated from <i>C. argentata </i>de Vivo (1991).","21","21-00199","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0184-0199"
"12100200","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Mico","manicorensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","M. van Roosmalen, T. van Roosmalen, Mittermeier and Rylands","2000","","Neotropical Primates","8","1","3","","","Manicore Marmoset","Brazil, Amazonas, near Manicoré, Seringal São Luis, 05°50’28""S, 61°18’19""W.","The interfluvium of the Rios Aripuanã and Manicoré, from the Rio Madeira south to the Rio Roosevelt (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern as <i>Mico manicorensis</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Mico</i>.","21","21-00200","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0184-0200"
"12100201","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Mico","marcai","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Alperin","1993","","Bol. Mus. Para. Emilio Goeldi, ser. Zool.","9","2","325","","","Marca’s Marmoset","Brazil, Amazonas, Foz do Rio Castanho.","Known only from region of type locality.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Mico marcai</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Mico</i>.","21","21-00201","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0184-0201"
"12100202","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Mico","mauesi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Mittermeier, M. Schwarz and Ayres","1992","","Goeldiana Zoologia","14","","6","","","Maués Marmoset","Brazil, Amazonas, west bank of Rio Maués-Açu, opposite Maués town, 3°23’S, 57°46’W.","Interfluvium of the Rios Uraria-Abacaxis and Maues-Açu (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Least Concern as <i>Mico mauesi</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Mico</i>.","21","21-00202","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0184-0202"
"12100203","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Mico","melanura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","361","","","Black-tailed Marmoset","Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cuiaba.","S Brazil, between the Rios Aripuanã and Juruena, southwest to the Rio Beni in Bolivia.","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>leucomerus</i>  (Gray, 1846); <i>leukeurin</i> (Natterer in Pelzeln, 1883).","Subgenus <i>Mico</i>. Separated from <i>C. argentata</i> by de Vivo (1991).","21","21-00203","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0184-0203"
"12100204","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Mico","nigriceps","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ferrari and Lopes","1992","","Goeldiana Zoologia","12","","4","","","Black-headed Marmoset","Brazil, Amazonas, Lago dos Reis, 7°31’S, 62°52’W.","Interfluvium of the Rios Marmelos and Madeira, north of the Ji-Paranã River (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Mico nigriceps</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Mico</i>.","21","21-00204","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0184-0204"
"12100205","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Callithrix","penicillata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","119","","","Black-tufted Marmoset","Brazil, Lamarão, Bahia.","Brazilian coast: Bahia to São Paulo, inland to Goiás.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>jordani</i> Thomas, 1904; <i>melanotis </i>(Lesson, 1840) [part]; <i>trigonifer</i> Reichenbach, 1862.","Subgenus <i>Callithrix</i>. Accepted as a species by Mittermeier et al. (1988) and Groves (1989, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00205","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0183-0205"
"12100206","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Cebuella","pygmaea","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","32","","","Pygmy Marmoset","Brazil, Amazonas, Solimões River, Tabatinga.","N and W Brazil, N Peru, Ecuador.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern as <i>Cebuella pygmaea</i>.","<i>nigra</i> (Schinz, 1844); <i>leoninus </i>(Bates, 1864);<i> <b>niveiventris</b></i> (Lönnberg, 1940).","Subgenus <i>Cebuella</i> (recognized by McKenna and Bell (1997) as a full genus; but it is not the most divergent clade of marmosets). Revised by Hershkovitz (1977:462-464), placed in <i>Callithrix</i> by Groves (1989, 2001<i>c</i>). Reviewed by Townsend (2001).","21","21-00206","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0185-0206"
"12100207","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Cebuella","pygmaea","pygmaea","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","32","","","","Brazil, Amazonas, Solimões River, Tabatinga.","","","","","21","21-00207","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0185-0206-0207"
"12100208","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Cebuella","pygmaea","niveiventris","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00208","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0185-0206-0208"
"12100209","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Callithrix","Mico","saterei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Silva and Noronha","1998","","Goeldiana Zoologia","21","","6","","","Satéré Marmoset","Brazil, Amazonas, Foz do Canuma, right bank of lower Rio Canumã, in front of its confluence with the Parana Uraria, 03°59’50.8""S, 59°05’36.7""W.","Presumed to be the interfluvium of the Rios Abacaxis and Canumã-Sucunduri (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Mico saterei</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Mico.</i>","21","21-00209","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0182-0184-0209"
"12100210","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Leontopithecus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Lesson","1844","1840","Spec. Mamm. Bim. Quadrum.","1844","","184, 200","","<i>Leontopithecus marikina</i> Lesson, 1840 (= <i>Simia rosalia</i> Linnaeus, 1766).","","","","","<i>Leontideus</i> Cabrera, 1956; <i>Leontocebus</i> Elliot, 1913.","For synonyms see Hershkovitz (1977:807-808).","21","21-00210","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0210"
"12100211","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Leontopithecus","","caissara","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lorini and Persson","1990","","Bol. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.s.","338","","2","","","Superagui Lion Tamarin","Brazil, Superagui Isl (south of São Paulo), Guaraquecaba, 25°18'S, 48°11'W.","Superagui Isl and a small region on the opposite mainland (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Considered a subspecies of <i>chrysopygus</i> by Coimbra-Filho (1990).","21","21-00211","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0210-0000-0211"
"12100212","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Leontopithecus","","chrysomelas","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kuhl","1820","","Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Aust.","","","51","","","Golden-headed Lion Tamarin","Brazil, Ribeirao das Minhocas, S Bahia.","Brazil, coastal Bahia.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>chrysurus</i> (I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1827).","Recognized as a full species by Rosenberger and Coimbra-Filho (1984).","21","21-00212","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0210-0000-0212"
"12100213","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Leontopithecus","","chrysopygus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Mikan","1823","","Delectus florae et faunae Brasiliensis, Vienna","3","","plate","","","Black Lion Tamarin","Brazil, Ipanema, São Paulo.","Brazil, São Paulo region.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>ater</i>  (Lesson, 1840).","Recognized as a full species by Rosenberger and Coimbra-Filho (1984).","21","21-00213","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0210-0000-0213"
"12100214","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Leontopithecus","","rosalia","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","41","","","Golden Lion Tamarin","Brazil, coast, Rio São João (right bank), between 22° and 23°S, see Wied-Neuwied (1826) and de Carcalho (1965).","SE Brazil: Rio Doce (Espírito Santo) south into Rio de Janeiro and Guanabara.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>aurora</i> Elliot, 1913;<i> brasiliensis </i>(Fischer, 1829); <i>guyannensis </i>(Fischer, 1829); <i>leoninus </i>(Pocock, 1914); <i>marikina </i>Lesson, 1840.","See Kleiman (1981, Mammalian Species, 148).","21","21-00214","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0210-0000-0214"
"12100215","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Hoffmannsegg","1807","","Mag. Ges. Naturf. Fr.","1","","101","","<i>Saguinus ursula</i> Hoffmannsegg, 1807 (= <i>Simia midas</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Hapanella</i> Gray, 1870; <i>Leontocebus </i>Wagner, 1840; <i>Marikina </i>Lesson, 1840; <i>Midas </i>E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1812; <i>Mystax </i>Gray, 1870; <i>Oedipomidus </i>Reichenbach, 1862; <i>Oedipus</i> Lesson, 1840; <i>Seniocebus </i>Gray, 1870; <i>Tamarin </i>Gray, 1870; <i>Tamarinus </i>Trouessart, 1904.","See Hershkovitz (1977:601-603). For a summary of interrelationships between species, using external, cranial, vocalization and DNA evidence, see Groves (2001<i>c</i>:137-8), who divided the genus into the following species groups: (1) <i>S. midas </i>group (<i>midas</i>,<i> niger</i>), (2) <i>S. nigricollis </i>group (<i>nigricollis</i>,<i> graellsi</i>,<i> fuscicollis</i>,<i> melanoleucus</i>,<i> tropartitus</i>), (3) <i>S. mystax </i>group (<i>mystax</i>,<i> pileatus</i>,<i> labiatus</i>,<i> imperator</i>), (4) <i>S. bicolor </i>group (<i>bicolor</i>,<i> martinsi</i>), (5) <i>S. oedipus </i>group (<i>oedipus</i>,<i> geoffroyi</i>,<i> leucopus</i>), (6) <i>S. inustus </i>group (<i>inustus</i> only).","21","21-00215","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215"
"12100216","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","bicolor","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","30","","","Pied Tamarin","Brazil, Manaus, Barra de Rio Negro.","N Brazil; perhaps NE Peru.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","<i>S. bicolor </i>species group. See Hershkovitz (1977:744).","21","21-00216","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0216"
"12100217","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","fuscicollis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","27","","","Brown-mantled Tamarin","Brazil, between Solimões River and Iça River, São Paulo de Olivença.","N and W Brazil, N Bolivia, E Peru, E Ecuador, SW Colombia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>S. f. cruzlimai</i>, otherwise Least Concern (including listing as <i>S. fuscus</i>).","<i>flavifrons</i> (I. Geoffroy and Deville, 1848);<i> <b>avilapiresi</b> </i>Hershkovitz, 1966;<i> <b>cruzlimai </b></i>Hershkovitz, 1966;<i> <b>fuscus </b></i>(Lesson, 1840); <i>leonina </i>(Humboldt, 1805) [not of Shaw, 1800]; <b><i>illigeri</i></b><i> </i>(Pucheran, 1845); <i>bluntschlii </i>(Matschie, 1915); <i>devillei </i>(I. Geoffroy, 1850); <i>mounseyi </i>(Thomas, 1920); <b><i>leucogenys</i></b><i> </i>(Gray, 1866); <i>micans </i>(Thomas, 1928); <i>pacator </i>(Thomas, 1914); <b><i>lagonotus </i></b>(Jiménez de la Espada, 1870); <i>apiculatus </i>(Thomas, 1904);<i> <b>nigrifrons</b> </i>(I. Geoffroy, 1851); <i>pebilis </i>(Thomas, 1928);<i> <b>primitivus </b></i>Hershkovitz, 1977;<i> <b>weddelli</b></i><b> </b>(Deville, 1849); <i>imberbis </i>(Lönnberg, 1940); <i>purillus </i>(Thomas, 1914).","<i>S. nigricollis </i>species group. See Hershkovitz (1977:640-642). Coimbra-Filho (1990) regarded <i>melanoleucus</i> as a distinct species, with subspecies of <i>acrensis</i> and <i>crandalli</i>, and this was followed by Groves (2001<i>c</i>) and is followed here.","21","21-00217","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0217"
"12100218","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","fuscicollis","fuscicollis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","27","","","","Brazil, between Solimões River and Iça River, São Paulo de Olivença.","","","","","21","21-00218","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0217-0218"
"12100219","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","fuscicollis","avilapiresi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00219","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0217-0219"
"12100220","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","fuscicollis","cruzlimai","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00220","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0217-0220"
"12100221","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","fuscicollis","fuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lesson","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00221","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0217-0221"
"12100222","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","fuscicollis","illigeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pucheran","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00222","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0217-0222"
"12100223","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","fuscicollis","leucogenys","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00223","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0217-0223"
"12100224","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","fuscicollis","lagonotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jiménez de la Espada","1870","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00224","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0217-0224"
"12100225","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","fuscicollis","nigrifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1851","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00225","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0217-0225"
"12100226","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","fuscicollis","primitivus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1977","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00226","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0217-0226"
"12100227","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","fuscicollis","weddelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Deville","1849","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00227","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0217-0227"
"12100228","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","geoffroyi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pucheran","1845","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris","8","","336","","","Geoffroy’s Tamarin","Panama, Canal Zone.","SE Costa Rica to NW Colombia.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>salaguiensis</i> (Elliot, 1912); <i>spixii</i> (Reichenbach, 1862).","<i>S. oedipus </i>species group. Distinct from <i>S</i>. <i>oedipus</i>; see Natori (1988).","21","21-00228","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0228"
"12100229","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","graellsi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jimenez de la Espada","1870","","Bol. Rev. Univers. Madrid","","","19","","","Graells’s Tamarin","Peru, Loreto, Tarapoto, opposite mouth of Rio Curaray, Rio Napo.","Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, west of Rio Napo, from Rio Putumayo south to Rio Marañon, west to Rio Santiago.","CITES – Appendix II.","","<i>S. nigricollis </i>species group. Raised to rank of full species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>), contra Hershkovitz (1977:628).","21","21-00229","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0229"
"12100230","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","imperator","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Goeldi","1907","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","","93","","","Emperor Tamarin","Brazil, Rio Acre.","W Brazil, E Peru, Bolivia (see Anderson, 1997).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>S. i. imperator</i>, otherwise Least Concern.","<b><i>subgrisescens</i> </b> (Lönnberg, 1940).","<i>S. mystax </i>species group.","21","21-00230","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0230"
"12100231","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","imperator","imperator","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Goeldi","1907","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","","93","","","","Brazil, Rio Acre.","","","","","21","21-00231","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0230-0231"
"12100232","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","imperator","subgrisescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00232","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0230-0232"
"12100233","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","inustus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Schwartz","1951","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1508","","1","","","Mottle-faced Tamarin","Brazil, Amazonas, Tabocal.","NW Brazil, SW Colombia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","","<i>S. inustus </i>species group.","21","21-00233","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0233"
"12100234","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","labiatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","361","","","White-lipped Tamarin","Brazil, Amazonas, Lake Joanacan.","W Brazil, E Peru, Bolivia (see Anderson, 1997).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","?<i>elegantulus </i> (Slack, 1862); ?<i>erythrogaster </i>(Reichenbach, 1862); <i>griseovertex </i>(Goeldi, 1907); <b><i>rufiventer</i></b><i> </i>(Gray, 1843);<i> <b>thomasi</b></i><b> </b>(Goeldi, 1907).","<i>S. mystax </i>species group.","21","21-00234","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0234"
"12100235","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","labiatus","labiatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","361","","","","Brazil, Amazonas, Lake Joanacan.","","","","","21","21-00235","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0234-0235"
"12100236","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","labiatus","rufiventer","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00236","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0234-0236"
"12100237","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","labiatus","thomasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Goeldi","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00237","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0234-0237"
"12100238","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","leucopus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Günther","1876","1877","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1876","","746","","","White-footed Tamarin","Colombia, Antioquia, Medellin.","N Colombia.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>pegasis</i>  (Elliot, 1913).","<i>S. oedipus </i>species group.","21","21-00238","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0238"
"12100239","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","martinsi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","85","","","Martins’ Tamarin","Brazil, Para, Faro.","N Brazil: a very small area north of the Amazon, on either side of the Rio Nhamunda.","CITES – Appendix I as included in <i>S. bicolor</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered (as included in <i>S. bicolor</i>) ; IUCN – Least Concern.","<b><i>ochraceus</i> </b><b> </b>Hershkovitz, 1966.","<i>S. bicolor </i>species group. See Hershkovitz (1977:744). Separated from bicolor by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00239","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0239"
"12100240","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","martinsi","martinsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","85","","","","Brazil, Para, Faro.","","","","","21","21-00240","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0239-0240"
"12100241","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","martinsi","ochraceus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00241","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0239-0241"
"12100242","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","melanoleucus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miranda Ribeiro","1912","","Brasil. Rundsch.","","","22","","","White-mantled Tamarin","Brazil, Amazonas, Santo Antonio, Rio Eiru, upper Rio Jurua.","Brazil, between Rios Jurua and Tarauca.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>S. fuscicolis crandalli</i>, otherwise not listed.","<i>acrensis</i> (Carvalho, 1957); <i>crandalli </i>Hershkovitz, 1966; <i>hololeucus </i>(Pinto, 1937).","<i>S. nigricollis </i>species group. Coimbra-Filho (1990) regarded <i>melanoleucus</i> as a species distinct from <i>S. fuscicollis</i>, and this was followed by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00242","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0242"
"12100243","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","midas","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","28","","","Red-handed Tamarin","Surinam.","Brazil, Guyana, Cayenne, Surinam, north of the Amazon, east of the Rio Negro.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>egens</i> (Thomas, 1912); <i>lacepedii</i> (Fischer, 1806); <i>rufimanus </i>(É. Geoffroy, 1812); <i>tamarin </i>(Link, 1795).","<i>S. midas </i>species group.","21","21-00243","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0243"
"12100244","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","mystax","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","29","","","Moustached Tamarin","Brazil, Amazonas, between Solimões River and Iça River.","W Brazil, Peru, south of Amazon-Solimoes-Marañon, between lower Rio Huallaga and Rio Madeira.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","<b><i>pluto</i> </b> (Lönnberg, 1926).","<i>S. mystax </i>species group. See Hershkovitz (1977:700); but does not include <i>pileatus </i>(see Groves, 2001<i>c</i>:143-4).","21","21-00244","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0244"
"12100245","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","mystax","mystax","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","29","","","","Brazil, Amazonas, between Solimões River and Iça River.","","","","","21","21-00245","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0244-0245"
"12100246","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","mystax","pluto","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00246","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0244-0246"
"12100247","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","niger","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris","","","13","","","Black Tamarin","Brazil: Belem.","Brazil, south of the Amazon, east of the Rio Xingu, including Marajo Isl.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>gracilis</i> (G. Fischer, 1813); <i>umbratus </i>(Thomas, 1922); <i>ursula </i>Hoffmannsegg, 1807.","<i>S. midas </i>species group. Formerly called <i>tamarin</i>, but this is a synonym of <i>S. midas</i>: see Hershkovitz (1977:711). Separated from <i>S. midas </i>by Natori and Hanihara (1988).","21","21-00247","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0247"
"12100248","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","nigricollis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","28","","","Black-mantled Tamarin","Brazil, Amazonas, São Paulo de Olivença.","W Brazil, E Peru, E Ecuador.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>rufoniger</i> <b> </b>(I. Geoffroy and Deville, 1848); <b><i>hernandezi</i> </b>Hershkovitz, 1982.","<i>S. nigricollis </i>species group. Does not include <i>graellsi</i>, contra Hershkovitz (1977:628).","21","21-00248","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0248"
"12100249","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","nigricollis","nigricollis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","28","","","","Brazil, Amazonas, São Paulo de Olivença.","","","","","21","21-00249","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0248-0249"
"12100250","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","nigricollis","hernandezi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00250","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0248-0250"
"12100251","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","oedipus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","28","","","Cottontop Tamarin","Colombia, Bolivar, lower Rio Sinu.","N Colombia, Panama.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>doguin</i> (Griffith, 1821); <i>meticulous </i>(Elliot, 1912); <i>titi </i>(Lesson, 1840).","<i>S. oedipus </i>species group. Does not include <i>geoffroyi</i>; see Natori (1988).","21","21-00251","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0251"
"12100252","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","pileatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy and Deville","1848","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","27","","490","","","Red-capped Tamarin","Brazil, eastern margin of Lago de Téfé (Hershkovitz, 1977; further refined by Groves, 2001<i>c</i>:143).","W Brazil, east of Rio Téfé, west of Rio Purus.","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>juruanus</i> Ihering, 1904.","<i>S. mystax </i>species group. See Hershkovitz (1977:700). Separated from <i>S. mystax by </i>Groves (2001<i>c</i>:143-4).","21","21-00252","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0252"
"12100253","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Callitrichinae","","Saguinus","","tripartitus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1878","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2","1","","161","","","Golden-mantled Tamarin","Equador, Rio Napo.","East of Rio Curaray, Brazil-Colombia border; sympatric with <i>S</i>. <i>fuscicollis</i> around Curaray-Napo Confluence.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","","<i>S. nigricollis </i>species group. Given specific rank by Thorington (1988) on the evidence of marginal sympatry with <i>S</i>. <i>fuscicollis</i>.","21","21-00253","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0179-0000-0215-0000-0253"
"12100254","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","Bonaparte","1831","","Saggio. Dist. Metod. Anim. Vert.","","","6","","","","","","","","","21","21-00254","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254"
"12100255","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","","","44","","<i>Simia capucina</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Agipan</i> Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Calyptrocebus </i>Reichenbach, 1862; <i>Eucebus </i>Reichenbach, 1862; <i>Otocebus </i>Reichenbach, 1862; <i>Pseudocebus </i>Reichenbach, 1862; <i>Sapajus</i> Kerr, 1792.","Species groups are (1) <i>C. capucinus </i>group (<i>capucinus</i>,<i> albifrons</i>,<i> olivaceus</i>,<i> kaapori</i>), (2) <i>C. apella </i>group (<i>apella</i>,<i> libidinosus</i>,<i> nigritus</i>,<i> xanthosternos</i>). The following specific names probably refer to this genus, but are regarded by Groves (2001<i>c</i>) as not certainly identifiable to species: <i>albulus </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>albus </i>É. Geoffroy, 1812; <i>barbatus </i>É. Geoffroy, 1812; <i>flavia </i>(Schreber, 1774); <i>flavus </i>(Goldfuss, 1809); <i>lugubris </i>Erxleben, 1777; <i>pucheranii </i>Dahlbom, 1856; <i>paraguayanus </i>Reichenbach, 1862.","21","21-00255","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255"
"12100256","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","albifrons","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","324","","","White-fronted Capuchin","Venezuela, Orinoco River.","Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru, NW Brazil, Trinidad, Bolivia (see Anderson, 1997).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>C. a. trinitatis</i>,<i> </i>Data Deficient as <i>C. a. adustus</i>,<i> C. a. aequatorialis</i>,<i> C. a. cesarae</i>,<i> C. a. cuscinus</i>,<i> C. a. leucocephalus</i>,<i> C. a. malitiosus</i>,<i> C. a. versicolor</i>,<i> </i>and <i>C. a. yuracus</i>, otherwise IUCN – Least Concern.","<b><i>aequatorialis</i> </b><i> </i>J. A. Allen, 1914;<i> <b>cuscinus</b> </i>Thomas, 1901; <i>yuracus</i> Hershkovitz, 1949;<i> <b>trinitatis</b> </i>Pusch, 1942; <b><i>unicolor</i></b> Spix, 1823; <i>chrysopus </i>Lesson, 1827; <i>flavescens </i>Gray, 1865; <i>gracilis </i>Spix, 1823; <b><i>versicolor</i></b><i> </i>Pucheran, 1845; <i>adustus </i>Hershkovitz, 1849; <i>cesarae </i>Hershkovitz, 1949; <i>leucocephalus </i>Gray, 1865; <i>malitiosus </i>Elliot, 1909; <i>pleei </i>Hershkovitz, 1949.","<i>C. capucinus </i>species group. Intermediates between this species and <i>C</i>. <i>capucinus</i> occur in Colombia (middle San Jorge Valley; Lower Cauca River), see Hernández-Camacho and Cooper (1976:58).","21","21-00256","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0256"
"12100257","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","albifrons","albifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","324","","","","Venezuela, Orinoco River.","","","","","21","21-00257","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0256-0257"
"12100258","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","albifrons","aequatorialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","J. A. Allen","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00258","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0256-0258"
"12100259","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","albifrons","cuscinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00259","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0256-0259"
"12100260","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","albifrons","trinitatis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pusch","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00260","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0256-0260"
"12100261","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","albifrons","unicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00261","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0256-0261"
"12100262","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","albifrons","versicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pucheran","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00262","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0256-0262"
"12100263","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","apella","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","28","","","Tufted Capuchin","French Guiana.","N and W South America, from Guyana, Venezuela (south from the Río Orinoco delta) and Colombia south across the Amazon in Brazil to about 5°S in the east and to the headwaters of the upper tributaries in the west, nearly to 10°S.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>C. a. margaritae</i>, otherwise Least Concern (including listing as <i>C. macrocephalus</i>).","<i>avus</i>  Pusch, 1840;<i> barbatus </i>Humboldt, 1812; <i>buffonii </i>Lesson, 1840; <i>fulvus </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>griseus </i>Desmarest, 1820; <i>trepida </i>(Linnaeus, 1766); <b><i>fatuellus</i> </b>(Linnaeus, 1766); <b><i>macrocephalus</i></b> Spix, 1823; <b><i>margaritae</i></b><i> </i>Hollister, 1914;<i> <b>peruanus</b> </i>Thomas, 1901; <i>magnus </i>Pusch, 1941; <i>maranonis </i>Pusch, 1941;<i> <b>tocantinus</b> </i>Lönnberg, 1939.<i> </i>The following names belong to this species or another species of the same species group, but seem impossible to allocate to a subspecies, according to Groves (2001<i>c</i>): <i>capillatus </i>Gray, 1865; <i>cirrifer </i>É. Geoffroy, 1812; <i>crassiceps </i>Pucheran, 1857; <i>cristatus </i>G. Cuvier, 1829; <i>fallax </i>Schlegel, 1876; <i>fistulator </i>Reichenbach, 1862; <i>frontatus </i>Kuhl, 1820; <i>hypomelas </i>(Pucheran, 1854); <i>leucogenys </i>Gray, 1866; <i>lunatus</i> Kuhl, 1820; <i>monachus </i>F. Cuvier, 1820; <i>niger</i> É. Geoffroy, 1812; <i>subcristatus </i>Gray, 1865; <i>variegata </i>(Humboldt, 1812).","<i>C. apella </i>species group. Mittermeier et al. (1988:13-75) suggested that <i>C. xanthosternos</i> is a distinct species; followed by Groves (2001<i>c</i>), who also separated <i>C. libidinosus </i>and <i>C. nigritus </i>as distinct species.","21","21-00263","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0263"
"12100264","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","apella","apella","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","28","","","","French Guiana.","","","","","21","21-00264","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0263-0264"
"12100265","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","apella","fatuellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00265","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0263-0265"
"12100266","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","apella","macrocephalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00266","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0263-0266"
"12100267","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","apella","margaritae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hollister","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00267","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0263-0267"
"12100268","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","apella","peruanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00268","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0263-0268"
"12100269","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","apella","tocantinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00269","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0263-0269"
"12100270","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","capucinus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","29","","","White-headed Capuchin","N Colombia.","W Ecuador to Honduras.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>C. c. curtus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albulus</i> Pusch, 1942; <i>curtus </i>Bangs, 1905; <i>hypoleucus </i>É. Geoffroy, 1812; <i>imitator</i> Thomas, 1903; <i>limitaneus </i>Hollister, 1914; <i>nigripectus</i> Elliot, 1909.","<i>C. capucinus </i>species group.","21","21-00270","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0270"
"12100271","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","kaapori","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Queiroz","1992","","Goeldiana Zoologia","15","","4","","","Kaapori Capuchin","Brazil, Maranhao, near right bank of Rio Gurupi, Quadrant 7, 10 km southwest of the Chaga-Tudo Prospection (0°30’S, 47°30’W).","Brazil, between Rios Gurupi and Pindaré, or may extend a few kms west of the Gurupi.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable <i>C. olivaceus kaapori</i>.","","<i>C. capucinus </i>species group.","21","21-00271","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0271"
"12100272","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","libidinosus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil","1823","","5","","","Black-striped Capuchin","Brazil, Rio Carinhanha, north of Minas Gerais.","Highland region of S Brazil, to Bolivia and Paraguay.","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>elegans</i> I. Geoffroy, 1850; <b><i>pallidus</i></b><i> </i>Gray, 1866; <i>sagitta </i>Pusch, 1941;<i> <b>paraguayanus </b></i>Fischer, 1829; <i>azarae </i>Rengger, 1830; <i>chacoensis </i>Pusch, 1941; <i>morrulus </i>Pusch, 1941; <i>versuta </i>Elliot, 1910; <b><i>juruanus</i></b> Lönnberg, 1939.","<i>C. apella </i>species group. Separated from <i>C. apella </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00272","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0272"
"12100273","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","libidinosus","libidinosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil","1823","","5","","","","Brazil, Rio Carinhanha, north of Minas Gerais.","","","","","21","21-00273","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0272-0273"
"12100274","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","libidinosus","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00274","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0272-0274"
"12100275","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","libidinosus","paraguayanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Fischer","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00275","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0272-0275"
"12100276","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","libidinosus","juruanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00276","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0272-0276"
"12100277","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","nigritus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Goldfuss","1809","","Vergl. Naturbeschr., Säug.","1","","74","","","Black Capuchin","Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Sierra dos Orgaos.","Brazilian coast, Atlantic forests, 16°-30°S.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>C. robustus</i>.","<i>xanthocephalus</i> Spix, 1823; <b><i>cucullatus</i></b><i> </i>Spix, 1823; <i>caliginosus </i>Elliot, 1910; <i>vellerosus </i>I. Geoffroy, 1851;<i> <b>robustus</b> </i>Kuhl, 1820.","<i>C. apella </i>species group. Separated from <i>C. apella </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00277","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0277"
"12100278","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","nigritus","nigritus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Goldfuss","1809","","Vergl. Naturbeschr., Säug.","1","","74","","","","Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Sierra dos Orgaos.","","","","","21","21-00278","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0277-0278"
"12100279","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","nigritus","cucullatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00279","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0277-0279"
"12100280","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","nigritus","robustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kuhl","1820","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00280","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0277-0280"
"12100281","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","olivaceus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Schomburgk","1848","","Reise Brit. Guiana","2","","247","","","Weeper Capuchin","Venezuela, Bolivar, southern base of Mt. Roraima, 930 m.","Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, N Brazil, Venezuela, perhaps N Colombia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>annellatus</i> Gray, 1865; <i>apiculatus </i>Elliot, 1907; <i>brunneus </i>J. A. Allen, 1914; <i>castaneus </i>I. Geoffroy, 1851; <i>leporinus </i>Pusch, 1941; <i>nigrivittatus </i>Wagner, 1848; <i>pucheranii </i>Dahlbom, 1856.","<i>C. capucinus </i>species group. Replaces <i>nigrivittatus</i>; see Husson (1978:223). Mittermeier and Coimbra-Filho (1981) queried the distinction of this species from <i>C. capucinus</i>.","21","21-00281","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0281"
"12100282","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Cebinae","","Cebus","","xanthosternos","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Wied-Neuwied","1826","","Reis. Brasil.","1","","371","","","Golden-bellied Capuchin","Brazil, Rio Belmonte.","Brazil, formerly between Rio São Francisco and Rio Jequitinhonha or even further south; now much reduced.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","<i>C. apella </i>species group. Mittermeier et al. (1988:13-75) suggested that <i>C. xanthosternos</i> is a species distinct from <i>C. apella</i>; this was followed by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00282","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0254-0000-0255-0000-0282"
"12100283","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","Miller","1812","","Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.","79","","380","","","","","","","Chrysotrichinae Cabrera, 1900.","Goodman et al. (1998) reduced the subfamily to a tribe of Cebinae. Groves (2001<i>c</i>) pointed out that the name is antedated by Chrysotrichinae Cabrera, 1900, and Brandon-Jones and Groves (2002) agreed, but considered that it would be preferable not to upset ""prevailing usage"" (Art. 40.2.1; International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).","21","21-00283","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283"
"12100284","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","Saimiri","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Voigt","1831","","<i>In</i> Cuvier, Das Thierreich","1","","95","","<i>Simia sciurea</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Chrysothrix</i> Kaup, 1835; <i>Pithesciurus</i> Lesson, 1840.","Placed in a separate subfamily Saimirinae by Hershkovitz (1970<i>a</i>) and Napier (1976); according to Groves (2001<i>c</i>), Chrysotrichinae Cabrera, 1900, has priority. The species fall into two groups, <i>S. boliviensis </i>species group (<i>boliviensis</i>, <i>vanzolinii</i>) and <i>S. sciureus </i>species group (<i>sciureus</i>,<i> ustus</i>,<i> oerstedti</i>).","21","21-00284","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283-0000-0284"
"12100285","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","Saimiri","","boliviensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy and Blainville","1834","","Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","3","","89","","","Black-capped Squirrel Monkey","Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Rio San Miguel, Guarayos Mission.","Upper Amazon in Peru; SW Brazil; Bolivia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>entomophagus</i> (d’Orbigny, 1835); <i>jaburuensis </i>Lönnberg, 1940; <i>nigriceps </i>Thomas, 1902; <i>pluvialis</i> Lönnberg, 1940;<i> <b>peruviensis </b></i>Hershkovitz, 1984.","<i>S. boliviensis </i>species group. Originally separated from <i>S. sciureus</i> by Hershkovitz (1984); not recognized as a species by Thorington (1985) or Costello et al. (1993), but belongs to a different species group according to Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00285","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283-0000-0284-0000-0285"
"12100286","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","Saimiri","","boliviensis","boliviensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy and Blainville","1834","","Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","3","","89","","","","Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Rio San Miguel, Guarayos Mission.","","","","","21","21-00286","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283-0000-0284-0000-0285-0286"
"12100287","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","Saimiri","","boliviensis","peruviensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1984","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00287","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283-0000-0284-0000-0285-0287"
"12100288","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","Saimiri","","oerstedii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Reinhardt","1872","","Vidensk. Medd. Nat. Hist. Kjobenhaven","","","157","","","Central American Squirrel Monkey","Panama, Chiriquí, vicinity of David.","Panama, Costa Rica.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>S. o. citrinellus</i>, Endangered as <i>Saimiri o. oerstedii</i>.","<b><i>citrinellus</i> </b> Thomas, 1904.","<i>S. sciureus </i>species group. Hershkovitz (1972<i>a</i>) considered <i>oerstedii</i> a subspecies of <i>sciureus</i>; but see Hershkovitz (1984).","21","21-00288","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283-0000-0284-0000-0288"
"12100289","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","Saimiri","","oerstedii","oerstedii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Reinhardt","1872","","Vidensk. Medd. Nat. Hist. Kjobenhaven","","","157","","","","Panama, Chiriquí, vicinity of David.","","","","","21","21-00289","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283-0000-0284-0000-0288-0289"
"12100290","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","Saimiri","","oerstedii","citrinellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00290","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283-0000-0284-0000-0288-0290"
"12100291","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","Saimiri","","sciureus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","29","","","Common Squirrel Monkey","Guyana, Kartabo.","N Brazil north of the Amazon-Jurua system, and south of the Amazon east of the Rio Xingu or the Rio Iriri; Marajo Isl (Brazil), Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela, Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>apedia</i> (Linnaeus, 1758); <i>collinsi </i>Osgood, 1916; <i>leucopsis </i>(Hermann, 1804); <i>morta </i>(Linnaeus, 1758); <i>nigrivittata </i>(Wagner, 1848); <i>saimiri </i>(Lacépède, 1803); <b><i>albigena</i></b><i> </i>Pusch, 1942; <b><i>cassiquiarensis</i></b><i> </i>(Lesson, 1840); <i>codajazensis </i>Lönnberg, 1940; <i>lunulatus </i>(I. Geoffroy, 1843); <b><i>macrodon</i></b><i> </i>Elliot, 1907; <i>caquetensis </i>J. A. Allen, 1916; ?<i>juruana </i>Lönnberg, 1940; ?<i>petrina </i>Thomas, 1927.","<i>S. sciureus </i>species group.","21","21-00291","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283-0000-0284-0000-0291"
"12100292","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","Saimiri","","sciureus","sciureus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","29","","","","Guyana, Kartabo.","","","","","21","21-00292","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283-0000-0284-0000-0291-0292"
"12100293","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","Saimiri","","sciureus","albigena","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pusch","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00293","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283-0000-0284-0000-0291-0293"
"12100294","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","Saimiri","","sciureus","cassiquiarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lesson","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00294","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283-0000-0284-0000-0291-0294"
"12100295","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","Saimiri","","sciureus","macrodon","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00295","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283-0000-0284-0000-0291-0295"
"12100296","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","Saimiri","","ustus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1843","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","16","21","1157","","","Bare-eared Squirrel Monkey","Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Madeira, Humaitu.","S Brazil: south of Rio Amazon, probably from Rio Xingu to Lage Tefé, approx. 61°30’W.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>madeirae</i>  Thomas, 1908.","<i>S. sciureus </i>species group. Thorington (1985) and Costello et al. (1993) argued that <i>ustus </i>is a synonym of <i>S. sciureus</i> (so that the correct name should be <i>madeirae</i>),<i> </i>but this is not the case (Groves, 2001<i>c</i>:159). Costello et al. (1993) regarded this species as not specifically distinct from <i>S. sciureus</i>.","21","21-00296","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283-0000-0284-0000-0296"
"12100297","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Cebidae","Saimiriinae","","Saimiri","","vanzolinii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ayres","1985","","Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, São Paulo","36","","148","","","Black Squirrel Monkey","Brazil, Amazonas, mouth of Rio Japura, left bank of Lago Mamirauá, 2°59’S, 64°55’W.","Between Rios Japura, Solimões and (probably) Paranado Jaraua (Brazil); Tarara and Capucho Isls (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>S. boliviensis </i>species group. A subspecies of <i>S. boliviensis</i> according to Hershkovitz (1987<i>c</i>:22, fn.).","21","21-00297","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0178-0283-0000-0284-0000-0297"
"12100298","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Elliot","1913","","Review of the Primates","1","","xxiv","","","","","","","","Groves (1989) first suggested that this is a full family and used the name Aotidae Poche, 1908; Groves (2001<i>c</i>) pointed out that Nyctipithecidae Gray, 1870 has precedence, but overlooked the fact that Simpson (1945) had already replaced Nyctipithecinae by Aotinae (Brandon-Jones and Groves, 2002). Goodman et al. (1998) placed it as a third subfamily of Cebidae (with Cebinae and Callitrichinae), and McKenna and Bell (1997) placed <i>Aotus</i>,<i> Cebus </i>and <i>Saimiri </i>as three equal genera in their tribe Cebini (of subfamily Cebinae which also included Callicebini).","21","21-00298","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298"
"12100299","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium.","","","71","","<i>Simia trivirgata</i> Humboldt, 1811.","","","","","<i>Nocthora</i> F. Cuvier, 1824; <i>Nyctipithecus</i> Spix, 1823.","Hershkovitz (1983) divided the species into two groups: Gray-necked and Red-necked.","21","21-00299","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299"
"12100300","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","azarae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1811","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","359","","","Azara’s Night Monkey","Argentina, right bank of Rio Paraguay.","Bolivia south of Amazon, between Rios Tocantins and Tapajos-Juruena, south to Paraguay and N Argentina.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>miriquouina</i>  (É. Geoffroy, 1812); <b><i>boliviensis</i> </b>Elliot, 1907; <i>bidentatus </i>Lönnberg, 1941; <b><i>infulatus </i></b>(Kuhl, 1820); <i>roberti </i>Dollman, 1909.","Red-necked species group. Pieczarka and Nagamuchi (1988) proposed that <i>infulatus </i>may be conspecific with <i>A</i>. <i>azarae</i>; followed by Ford (1994) and Groves (2001<i>c</i>). Groves (1993) changed the form of the name to <i>azarai </i>in accordance with Art. 31 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1985<i>d</i>), but D. Brandon-Jones (pers. comm.) pointed out that Art. 31.1.3 recommends that the original spelling be preserved.","21","21-00300","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0300"
"12100301","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","azarae","azarae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1811","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","359","","","","Argentina, right bank of Rio Paraguay.","","","","","21","21-00301","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0300-0301"
"12100302","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","azarae","boliviensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00302","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0300-0302"
"12100303","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","azarae","infulatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kuhl","1820","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00303","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0300-0303"
"12100304","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","hershkovitzi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ramirez-Cerquera","1983","","IX Cong. Latinoamer. Zool. [abstracts], Arequipa, Peru","","","148","","","Hershkovitz’s Night Monkey","Colombia, Dept. of Meta, east side of Cordillera Oriental.","Known from the type locality only.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Gray-necked species group. According to Defler et al. (2001), probably a synonym of <i>Aotus lemurinus lemurinus</i>, but more work (especially on karyotypes) needs to be done.","21","21-00304","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0304"
"12100305","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","lemurinus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1843","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","16","","1151","","","Gray-bellied Night Monkey","Colombia, Santa Fe de Bogotá (see Defler et al., 2001).","Panama, Equador and Colombia west of Cordillera Oriental.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>A. l. griseimembra</i>, Data Deficient as <i>A. l. zonalis</i>, otherwise Vulnerable as <i>A. l. brumbacki </i>and <i>A. l. lemurinus</i>.","<i>aversus</i> Elliot, 1913; <i>hirsutus </i>(Gray, 1847); <i>lanius </i>Dollman, 1909; <i>pervigilis </i>Elliot, 1913; <i>villosus </i>(Gray, 1847); <b><i>brumbacki</i></b> Hershkovitz, 1983; <b><i>griseimembra</i></b> Elliot, 1912;<i> bipunstatus </i>Bole, 1937; <b><i>zonalis</i></b> Goldman, 1914.","Gray-necked species group. Ford (1994) suggested that <i>brumbacki </i>is a subspecies of <i>A. lemurinus</i>; followed by Groves (2001<i>c</i>). Defler et al. (2001) argued that the described subspecies of <i>A. lemurinus </i>are probably full species, but more work (especially on karyotypes) needs to be done.","21","21-00305","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0305"
"12100306","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","lemurinus","lemurinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1843","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","16","","1151","","","","Colombia, Santa Fe de Bogotá (see Defler et al., 2001).","","","","","21","21-00306","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0305-0306"
"12100307","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","lemurinus","brumbacki","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1983","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00307","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0305-0307"
"12100308","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","lemurinus","griseimembra","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00308","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0305-0308"
"12100309","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","lemurinus","zonalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Goldman","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00309","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0305-0309"
"12100310","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","miconax","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1927","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","19","","365","","","Peruvian Night Monkey","Peru, Amazonas, San Nicolas, 4500 ft. (1372 m).","A small area in Peru between Rio Ucayali and the Andes, south of Rio Marañon.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Red-necked species group.","21","21-00310","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0310"
"12100311","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","nancymaae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1983","","Am. J. Primatol.","4","","223","","","Nancy Ma’s Night Monkey","Peru, Loreto, right bank of Rio Samiria, above Estacion Pithecia, 130 m.","Loreto Dept. (Peru) to Rio Jandiatuba, south of Rio Solimões (Brazil); and enclave between Rios Tigre and Pastaza (Peru).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Red-necked species group. The form of the name is changed in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Art. 31.1.2 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).","21","21-00311","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0311"
"12100312","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","nigriceps","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","200","","","Black-headed Night Monkey","type locality: Peru, Chanchamayo, 1000 m.","Brazil, south of Rio Solimões, west of Rio Tapajós Juruena, west into Peru; Bolivia (see Anderson, 1997).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>senex</i> Dollman, 1909.","Red-necked species group.","21","21-00312","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0312"
"12100313","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","trivirgatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1811","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","306","","","Three-striped Night Monkey","Venezuela, Duida Range, Rio Casiquiare.","Venezuela, south of Rio Orinoco, south to Brazil north of Rios Negro and Amazon.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>commersonii</i> (Vigors and Horsfield, 1829); <i>duruculi</i> (Lesson, 1840); <i>felinus</i> (Spix, 1823);<i> humboldti </i>Illiger <i>in</i> Humboldt, 1812; <i>rufus </i>(Lesson, 1840).","Gray-necked species group. Long the only species recognized in the genus; divided into 9 species by Hershkovitz (1983), revised further by Ford (1994) and Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00313","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0313"
"12100314","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Aotidae","","","Aotus","","vociferans","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","25","","","Spix’s Night Monkey","Brazil, upper Marañon, Tabatinga.","Colombia, east of Cordillera Oriental, west of Rio Negro, south to Brazil (north of Amazon-Solimões Rivers).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gularis</i>  Dollman, 1909; <i>microdon</i> Dollman, 1909; <i>oseryi </i>(I. Geoffroy and Deville, 1848); <i>rufipes </i>(Sclater, 1872); <i>spixi </i>(Pucheran, 1857).","Gray-necked species group.","21","21-00314","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0298-0000-0000-0299-0000-0314"
"12100315","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Mivart","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","547","","","","","","","","","21","21-00315","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315"
"12100316","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","Pocock","1925","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1925","","45","","","","","","","","Regarded as a full family by Groves (1989), but its affinities with Pitheciinae were emphasised by Horovitz et al. (1998). McKenna and Bell (1997) placed it as a tribe Callicebini in subfamily Cebinae, separating it from Pitheciinae.","21","21-00316","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316"
"12100317","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","456","","<i>Simia personatus</i> É. Geoffroy, 1812.","","","","","<i>Torquatus</i> Goodman et al., 1998.","Revised by Hershkovitz (1990<i>b</i>) and van Roosmalen et al. (2002). Affinities among the species are disputed; the <i>C. torquatus </i>group is very distinct, and provisionally two subgenera may be recognized: <i>Torquatus </i>for the <i>C. torquatus </i>group, and <i>Callicebus </i>for the rest, following Goodman et al. (1998). Apart from the <i>C. torquatus </i>group (here, subgenus <i>Torquatus</i>), van Roosmalen et al. (2002) divide the species into four species groups: the <i>C. donacophilus</i>,<i> C cupreus</i>,<i> C. moloch </i>and <i>C. personatus </i>groups.","21","21-00317","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317"
"12100318","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","yes","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","456","","<i>Simia personatus</i> É. Geoffroy, 1812.","","","","","","","21","21-00318","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318"
"12100319","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Torquatus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","yes","Goodman et al.","1998","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00319","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0319"
"12100320","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","baptista","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1939","","Ark. f. Zool.","31A","13","7","","","Baptista Lake Titi","Brazil, Amazona, Lago de Baptista.","C Brazil, north of the Parana do Uraria and Parana do Ramos and south of the Amazon and lowermost Rio Madeira; and a small wedge between the Rio Uira-Curupa and Rio Andira (van Roosmalen et al., 2002:23-24).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. moloch </i>species group. Hershkovitz (1990b) placed this as a subspecies of <i>C. hoffmannsi</i>;<i> </i>Groves (1992) suggested that both could be subspecies of <i>moloch</i>, but see Groves (2001<i>c</i>:170, 173) and van Roosmalen et al. (2002:23-24), who also separated it from <i>hoffmannsi.</i>","21","21-00320","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0320"
"12100321","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","barbarabrownae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1990","","Fieldiana Zool.,<i> </i>NS","55","","77","","","Barbara Brown’s Titi","Brazil, Bahia, Lamarao.","E Brazil, between Rio Paraguaçu and Rio Itapicuru, except where <i>C. coimbrai </i>is found.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. personatus </i>species group. Regarded as full species, separate from <i>C. personatus</i>, by Kobayashi and Langguth (1999).","21","21-00321","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0321"
"12100322","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","bernhardi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","van Roosmalen, van Roosmalen and Mittermeier","2002","","Neotropical Primates","10 (Suppl.)","","24","","","Prince Bernhard’s Titi","Brazil, Amazonas State, west bank of the lower Rio Aripuana, at the edge of Nova Olinda, 41km SW of Novo Aripuana.","Brazil, Amazonas and Rodonia states, between Rios Madeira-Ji-Parana and Rios Aripuana-Roosevelt.","CITES – Appendix II.","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus, C. moloch </i>species group.","21","21-00322","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0322"
"12100323","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","brunneus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturgesch.","8","","357","","","Brown Titi","Brazil, Rondônia, upper Rio Madeira, Cachoeira da Bananeira.","Middle to upper Madeira basin in Peru and Brazil, to upper Rio Purús (Brazil) and Ucayali (Peru); Bolivia (see van Roosmalen et al., 2002).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. moloch </i>species group. Not a subspecies of <i>moloch</i>, contra Groves (1992).","21","21-00323","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0323"
"12100324","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","caligatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturg","8","","257","","","Chestnut-bellied Titi","Brazil, Rio Madeira, Borba.","South of the Rio Solimões from Rio Purús to Rio Madeira, Brazil.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>castaneoventris</i> (Gray, 1866); <i>usto-fuscus</i> Elliot, 1907.","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. cupreus </i>species group. A synonym of <i>cupreus</i> according to Groves (2001<i>c</i>), who thought it was a colour morph, but shown to be a distinct, allopatric species by van Roosmalen et al. (2002).","21","21-00324","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0324"
"12100325","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","cinerascens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","20","","","Ashy Black Titi","""Río Putumayo or Iça, Peruvian border of Amazonas, Brazil""; Hershkovitz (1990<i>b</i>) doubted its accuracy., and van Roosmalen et al. (2002) postulated it was from the Rio Madeira basin south of the Amazon.","Rio Madeira basin (SW Brazil).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. moloch </i>species group.","21","21-00325","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0325"
"12100326","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","coimbrai","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kobayashi and Langguth","1999","","Rev. Bras. Zool.","16","","534","","","Coimbra Filho’s Titi","Brazil, Sergipe, Santansa dos Frades, about 11 km SW of Pacatuba, Aragao, 10°32’S, 36°41W, alt. 90 m.","NE Brazil, between Rio São Francisco and Rio Real.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. personatus </i>species group.","21","21-00326","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0326"
"12100327","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","cupreus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","23","","","Coppery Titi","Brazil, Rio Solimões, Tabatinga.","South of the Amazon from Rio Purús to Rio Ucayali, Brazil and Peru; probably Bolivia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acreanus</i> Vieira, 1952; <i>egeria </i>Thomas, 1908; <i>toppinii </i>Thomas, 1914.","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. cupreus </i>species group. Includes <i>caligata</i>, <i>discolor </i>and <i>dubius</i> according to Groves (1992, 2001<i>c</i>), who argued that, if the distributions are sympatric, as mapped by Hershkovitz (1990), then all these are likely to be colour morphs; but according to van Roosmalen et al. (2002), the distributions given by Hershkovitz are incorrect, and they are vicariant and hence represent differentiated taxa.","21","21-00327","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0327"
"12100328","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","discolor","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy and Deville","1848","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","27","","498","","","White-tailed titi","Brazil, Rio Solimões, Tabatinga.","Upper Amazonian region in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia, and possibly into Brazil, between the Rios Ucayali and Huallaga and north of Rio Marañon across the Rio Napo to the Rio Putumayo and Rio Guamés.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>leucometopa</i> (Cabrera, 1900); <i>napoleon </i>Lönnberg, 1922; <i>paenulatus </i>Elliot, 1909; <i>rutteri </i>Thomas, 1923; <i>subrufus </i>Elliot, 1907.","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. cupreus </i>species group. Separated as a species from <i>cupreus </i>by van Roosmalen et al. (2002).","21","21-00328","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0328"
"12100329","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","donacophilus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","d'Orbigny","1836","","Voy. Am. Merid., Atlas Zool.","","","pl. 5","","","White-eared Titi","Bolivia, Moxos Prov., Río Marmoré.","WC Bolivia, El Beni and Santa Cruz Provs., Upper Rios Marmoré-Grande and San Miguel basins.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. donacophilus </i>species group. Does not include <i>pallescens</i> (see Groves, 2001<i>c</i>:172, van Roosmalen et al., 2002:8).","21","21-00329","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0329"
"12100330","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","dubius","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1988","","Fieldiana Zool., n.s.","55","","66","","","Hershkovitz’ Titi","Brazil, east bank of R. Purus, opposite Lago Ayapua, ca.4°20' S, 62°00' W, according to Hershkovitz (1990).","Brazil, Ituxi River or the Mucuim River, east to the Madeira River south of Humaita, and west to the Purus River (van Roosmalen et al., 2002).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. cupreus </i>species group. A synonym of <i>cupreus</i> according to Groves (2001<i>c</i>), who thought it was a colour morph, but shown to be consistently different, with a distinct geographic distribution by van Roosmalen et al. (2002).","21","21-00330","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0330"
"12100331","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","hoffmannsi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","89","","","Hoffmanns’s Titi","Brazil, Pará, Urucurituba, Rio Tapajós.","C Brazil, south of Amazon, between Rios Canuma and Tapajós-Jurena, south to the Rio Sucunduri.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. moloch </i>species group. Groves (1992) suggested that this may be a subspecies of <i>moloch</i>, but see Groves (2001<i>c</i>:170). Does not include <i>baptista </i>(see Groves, 2001<i>c</i>:170, 173).","21","21-00331","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0331"
"12100332","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Torquatus","lucifer","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","13","","345","","","Lucifer Titi","Peru, Department of Loreto, Yahauas Territory, vicinity of Pebas.","Peru, Ecuador and Brazil, between Rios Caqueta-Japua and Rios Napo-Solimoes.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc)","<i>ignitus</i> Thomas, 1927.","Subgenus <i>Torquatus. </i>Separated as a species from <i>C. torquatus </i>by van Roosmalen et al. (2002).","21","21-00332","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0319-0332"
"12100333","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Torquatus","lugens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1811","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","","","319","","","Black Titi","Venezuela, Amazonas state, near San Fernando de Atabapo, at confluence of Rio Orinoco and Rio Guaviare.","Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela, west of Rio Branco and north of Rios Negro/Uaupes/Vaupes; then west of Rio Apaporis and north of Rio Caqueta, east of Andes north to Rio Tomo, possibly to Rio Orinoco but known to reach the Orinoco only between Rio Caura and Rio Caroni (van Roosmalen et al., 2002).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>duida</i> Allen, 1914; <i>vidua</i> (Lesson, 1840).","Subgenus <i>Torquatus. </i>Separated as a species from <i>C. torquatus </i>by van Roosmalen et al. (2002).","21","21-00333","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0319-0333"
"12100334","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Torquatus","medemi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1963","","Mammalia","27","","52","","","Colombian Black-handed Titi","Colombia, Putumayo, right bank of Rio Caqueta, Rio Mecaya.","Amazonian region of Colombia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Torquatus. </i>Separated as a species from <i>C. torquatus </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00334","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0319-0334"
"12100335","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","melanochir","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Wied-Neuwied","1820","","Reise nach Brasil.","1","","258, fn","","","Coastal Black-handed Titi","Brazil, Bahia, Morro d’Arara or Fazenda Arara.","E Brazil, between Rio Mucuri and Rio Itapicuru.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>canescens</i> (Kuhl, 1820); <i>gigot </i>Spix, 1823.","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. personatus </i>species group. Regarded as full species, separate from <i>C. personatus</i>, by Kobayashi and Langguth (1999).","21","21-00335","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0335"
"12100336","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","modestus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1939","","Ark. f. Zool.","31A","17","","","","Rio Beni Titi","Bolivia, Beni, El Consuelo.","Upper Río Beni basin (Bolivia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. donacophilus </i>species group.","21","21-00336","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0336"
"12100337","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","moloch","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hoffmannsegg","1807","","Magas. Ges. Nativf. Fr.","9","","97","","","Red-bellied Titi","Brazil, Pará; right bank of lower Rio Tapajós according to Hershkovitz (1963).","C Brazil, south of Amazon, between Rios Tapajós and Tocantins-Araguaia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>emiliae</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>geoffroyi </i>Miranda Ribeiro, 1914; <i>hypokantha </i>(Olfers, 1819); <i>remulus </i>Thomas, 1908; <i>sakir </i>(Giebel, 1855).","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. moloch </i>species group. See Jones and Anderson (1978, Mammalian Species, 112).","21","21-00337","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0337"
"12100338","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","nigrifrons","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","21","","","Black-fronted Titi","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Onças, Municipio Campos (see Hershkovitz, 1990:72-73).","SE Brazil, states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo (north of Rio Tietê), and S Minas Gerais.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>brunello</i> Thomas, 1913; <i>chlorocnemius </i>(Lund, 1840); <i>crinicaudus </i>(Lund, 1841); <i>grandis </i>(Lund, 1841); <i>melanops </i>(Vigors, 1829).","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. personatus </i>species group. Regarded as full species, separate from <i>C. personatus</i>, by Kobayashi and Langguth (1999).","21","21-00338","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0338"
"12100339","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","oenanthe","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1924","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","14","","286","","","Rio Mayo Titi","Peru, San Martín Dept., Moyobamba, 840 m.","Rio Mayo valley, 750-950 m (N Peru).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. donacophilus </i>species group.","21","21-00339","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0339"
"12100340","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","olallae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1939","","Ark. f. Zool.","31A","","16","","","Ollala Brothers’ Titi","Bolivia, El Beni Prov., La Laguna (5 km from Santa Rosa).","Known only from the type locality.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. donacophilus </i>species group.","21","21-00340","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0340"
"12100341","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","ornatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1866","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","17","","57","","","Ornate Titi","Colombia, Villavicencia, Rio Meta.","Colombia, headwaters of Rio Meta and Rio Guiviare.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. cupreus </i>species group. Separated from <i>C. cupreus </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>) and van Roosmalen et al. (2002).","21","21-00341","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0341"
"12100342","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","pallescens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","161","","","White-coated Titi","Paraguay, Chaco, 48 km north of Concepcion.","Paraguay, W of Rio Paraguay to about 23°S and 61°30’W in Gran Chaco; Mato Grosso do Sul, in the Pantanal (Brazil); probably Bolivia (see Anderson, 1997).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. donacophilus </i>species group. Separated from <i>C. donacophilus </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>:172) and van Roosmalen et al. (2002).","21","21-00342","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0342"
"12100343","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","personatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","<i>In</i> Humboldt, Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","357","","","Atlantic Titi","Brazil, Espírito Santo, Rio Doce (see Hershkovitz, 1990<i>b</i>).","SE Brazil, Espirito Santo, possibly into NW Minas Gerais.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>incanescens</i>  (Kuhl, 1820).","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. personatus </i>species group. Does not include <i>melanochir</i>,<i> nigrifrons </i>or <i>barbarbrownae</i> (see Kobayashi and Langguth, 1999).","21","21-00343","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0343"
"12100344","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Torquatus","purinus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1927","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","19","","510","","","Rio Purus Titi","Brazil, state of Amazonas, Lago Ayapua, left bank of lower Rio Purus.","Brazil south of the Rio Solimoes between the Rio Tapaua and Rio Jurua.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Torquatus. </i>Separated as a species from <i>C. torquatus </i>by van Roosmalen et al. (2002).","21","21-00344","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0319-0344"
"12100345","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Torquatus","regulus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1927","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","19","","510","","","Red-headed Titi","Brazil, state of Amazonas, Fonte Boa, right bank of upper Rio Solimoes.","Brazil, between Rios Javari/Solimoes and Rio Jurua.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Torquatus. </i>Separated as a species from <i>C. torquatus </i>by van Roosmalen et al. (2002).","21","21-00345","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0319-0345"
"12100346","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Callicebus","stephennashi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","van Roosmalen, van Roosmalen and Mittermeier","2002","","Neotropical Primates","10, suppl.","","15","","","Stephen Nash’s Titi","Brazil: somewhere along the middle to upper Rio Purus.","Brazil: probably along the right bank of the Rio Purus, in between the distributions of <i>C. caligatus</i> and <i>C. dubius </i>(van Roosmalen et al., 2002).","CITES – Appendix II.","","Subgenus <i>Callicebus. C. cupreus </i>species group.","21","21-00346","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0318-0346"
"12100347","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Callicebinae","","Callicebus","Torquatus","torquatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hoffmannsegg","1807","","Magas. Ges. Nativf. Fr.","10","","86","","","Collared Titi","Brazil, Codajás, north bank of Rio Solimões.","Brazil, between Rios Negro/Uaupes and Rios Solimoes/Japura/Apaporis.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amicta</i> (É. Geoffroy, 1812).","Subgenus <i>Torquatus. </i>Does not include<i> lucifer</i>,<i> lugens</i>,<i> purinus </i>or <i>regulus </i>according to van Roosmalen et al. (2002).","21","21-00347","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0316-0000-0317-0319-0347"
"12100348","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","Mivart","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","547","","","","","","","","","21","21-00348","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348"
"12100349","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Cacajao","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Lesson","1840","","Spec. Mamm. Bim. et Quadrum.","","","181","","<i>Simia melanocephalus</i> Humboldt, 1812.","","","","","<i>Brachyurus</i>  Spix, 1823; <i>Cercoptochus </i>Gloger, 1842; <i>Cothurus </i>Palmer, 1899 [not of Champion, 1891 (Coleoptera)]; <i>Neocothurus </i>Palmer, 1903; <i>Ouakaria </i>Gray, 1849.","Revised by Hershkovitz (1987<i>c</i>). Reduced to a subgenus of <i>Chiropotes </i>by Goodman et al. (1998).","21","21-00349","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0349"
"12100350","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Cacajao","","calvus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1847","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","24","","576","","","Bald Uacari","Brazil, Amazonas, Fonte Boa.","NW Brazil, E Peru.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. c. calvus</i>,<i> C. c. novaesi</i>,<i> </i>and <i>C. c. rubicundus</i>, Vulnerable as <i>C. c. ucayalii</i>.","<i>alba</i>  (Schlegel, 1876); <b><i>novaesi</i></b><i> </i>Hershkovitz, 1987;<i> <b>rubicundus </b></i>(I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire and Deville, 1848);<b><i> ucayalii</i></b> Thomas, 1928.","Includes <i>rubicundus</i>; see Hershkovitz (1972<i>a</i>), but also see Szalay and Delson (1979:290) who listed it as a distinct species.","21","21-00350","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0349-0000-0350"
"12100351","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Cacajao","","calvus","calvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1847","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","24","","576","","","","Brazil, Amazonas, Fonte Boa.","","","","","21","21-00351","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0349-0000-0350-0351"
"12100352","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Cacajao","","calvus","novaesi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00352","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0349-0000-0350-0352"
"12100353","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Cacajao","","calvus","rubicundus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire and Deville","1848","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00353","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0349-0000-0350-0353"
"12100354","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Cacajao","","calvus","ucayalii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00354","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0349-0000-0350-0354"
"12100355","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Cacajao","","melanocephalus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","317","","","Black-headed Uacari","Venezuela, Casiquiare Forests, Mision de San Francisco Solano.","SW Venezuela, NW Brazil.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ouakary</i> (Spix, 1823); <i>spixii</i> (Gray, 1849).","","21","21-00355","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0349-0000-0355"
"12100356","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Chiropotes","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Lesson","1840","","Spec. Mamm. Bim. et Quadrum.","","","178","","<i>Pithecia</i> (<i>Chiropotes</i>) <i>couxio</i> Lesson, 1840 (= <i>Cebus satanas</i> Hoffmannsegg, 1807).","","","","","<i>Cheiropotes</i> Reichenbach, 1862; <i>Saki</i> Schlegel, 1876.","Reviewed by Hershkovitz (1985) and Bonvicino et al. (2003<i>b</i>).","21","21-00356","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0356"
"12100357","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Chiropotes","","albinasus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy and Deville","1848","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","27","","498","","","White-nosed Saki","Brazil, Pará, Santarém.","NC Brazil.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>roosevelti</i>  J. A. Allen, 1914.","","21","21-00357","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0356-0000-0357"
"12100358","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Chiropotes","","chiropotes","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1811","","Rec. Obs. zool. Anat. Comp.","1","","311","","","Red-backed Bearded Saki","Reported to be Venezuela, Amazonas, upper Rio Orinoco south of the cataracts; but according to Bonvicino et al. (2003<i>b</i>) does not occur in Venezuela.","Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, Brazil east of the R.Branco.","CITES – Appendix II; status not known.","<i>couxio</i> (Lesson, 1840); <i>fulvo-fusca </i>(Trouessart, 1897); <i>sagulata </i>(Traill, 1821).","A distinct species, not a subspecies of <i>C. satanas</i>, and does not include <i>israelita </i>as a synonym, according to Bonvicino et al. (2003<i>b</i>).","21","21-00358","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0356-0000-0358"
"12100359","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Chiropotes","","israelita","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. et Vesp. Brasil.","","","11","","","Brown-backed Bearded Saki","Brazil, Rio Negro.","Brazil north of the Amazon and east of the Rio Branco, S Venezuela east of the Rio Orinoco.","CITES – Appendix II; status not known.","","Regarded as a distinct species, not a synonym of <i>chiropotes</i>, by Bonvicino et al. (2003<i>b</i>).","21","21-00359","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0356-0000-0359"
"12100360","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Chiropotes","","satanas","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hoffmannsegg","1807","","Mag. Ges. Naturf. Fr.","10","","93","","","Black Bearded Saki","Brazil, Pará, lower Rio Tocantins, Cametá.","Brazil south of Amazon estuary, between Rios Tocantins and Gurupi.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>C. s. satanas</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. s. satanas</i>.","<i>ater</i> Gray, 1870; <i>nigra </i>(Trouessart, 1897).","The subspecies assigned to this species by Hershkovitz (1985) were regarded as distinct species by Bonvicino et al. (2003<i>b</i>).","21","21-00360","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0356-0000-0360"
"12100361","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Chiropotes","","utahickae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1985","","Fieldiana Zool., n.s.,","27","","17","","","Uta Hick’s Bearded Saki","Brazil, Tapará, right (east) bank of Rio Xingu, near mouth.","N Brazil, south of Amazon, between Rios Xingu and Tocantins, south to Serra dos Carajás and Rio Itacaiuna.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>C. satanus utahickae.</i>","","Not a subspecies of <i>C. satanas </i>(Bonvicino et al., 2003<i>b</i>).","21","21-00361","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0356-0000-0361"
"12100362","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Pithecia","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Meth. Hist. Nat., <i>in</i> Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","8","","<i>Simia pithecia</i> Linnaeus, 1766.","","","","","<i>Calletrix</i>  Fleming, 1822 [<i>lapsus</i>]; <i>Yarkea</i> Lesson, 1840.","Revised by Hershkovitz (1987<i>d</i>).","21","21-00362","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0362"
"12100363","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Pithecia","","aequatorialis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1987","","Am. J. Primatol.","12","","429","","","Equatorial Saki","Peru, Loreto, lower Rio Nanay, Santa Luisa.","Napo (Ecuador) to Loreto (Peru).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Based upon specimens included by Hershkovitz (1979) in <i>P. monachus</i>.","21","21-00363","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0362-0000-0363"
"12100364","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Pithecia","","albicans","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1860","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1860","","231","","","White-footed Saki","Brazil, Amazonas, Tefé (south bank of Solimões River).","South bank of Amazon, between lower Jurua and lower Purús Rivers.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Separated from <i>monachus</i> by Hershkovitz (1979, 1987<i>d</i>).","21","21-00364","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0362-0000-0364"
"12100365","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Pithecia","","irrorata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","256","","","Rio Tapajos Saki","Brazil, Pará, West bank of Rio Tapajós, Parque Nacional de Amazônia.","South of the Amazon in SW Brazil; SW Peru; E Bolivia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>vanzolinii</i>  Hershkovitz, 1987.","Includes some specimens identified by Hershkovitz (1979) as <i>P. hirsuta</i>. May prove to be a subspecies of <i>P. monachus</i> (Hershkovitz, 1987<i>d</i>).","21","21-00365","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0362-0000-0365"
"12100366","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Pithecia","","monachus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","359","","","Monk Saki","Brazil, left bank of Rio Solimões between Tabatinga and Rio Tocantins.","West of Rio Jurua and Rio Japura-Caqueta (in Brazil), Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>P. m. milleri</i>,<i> </i>Data Deficient as <i>P. m. napensis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>guapo</i>  Schinz, 1844; <i>hirsuta</i> Spix, 1823; <i>inusta </i>Spix, 1823; <i>napensis</i> Lönnberg, 1938;<i> <b>milleri</b> </i>J. A. Allen, 1914.","Does not include <i>albicans</i>, see Hershkovitz (1979). Includes <i>hirsuta</i>, see Hershkovitz (1987<i>d</i>).","21","21-00366","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0362-0000-0366"
"12100367","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Pithecia","","monachus","monachus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","359","","","","Brazil, left bank of Rio Solimões between Tabatinga and Rio Tocantins.","","","","","21","21-00367","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0362-0000-0366-0367"
"12100368","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Pithecia","","monachus","milleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","J. A. Allen","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00368","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0362-0000-0366-0368"
"12100369","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Pithecia","","pithecia","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","40","","","White-faced Saki","French Guiana, Cayenne.","Guyana; French Guiana; Surinam; N Amazon, east of Río Negro and Rio Orinoco (N Brazil, S Venezuela).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>adusta</i> Olfers, 1818; <i>capillamentosa </i>Spix, 1823; <i>leucocephala </i>(Audebert, 1797); <i>ochrocephala </i>Kuhl, 1820; <i>pogonias </i>Gray, 1842; <i>rufibarbata </i>Kuhl, 1820; <i>rufiventer</i> (É. Geoffroy, 1812); <i>saki </i>Muirhead, 1819; <b><i>chrysocephala </i></b>I. Geoffroy, 1850; <i>lotichiusi </i>Mertens, 1925.","","21","21-00369","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0362-0000-0369"
"12100370","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Pithecia","","pithecia","pithecia","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","40","","","","French Guiana, Cayenne.","","","","","21","21-00370","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0362-0000-0369-0370"
"12100371","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Pitheciidae","Pitheciinae","","Pithecia","","pithecia","chrysocephala","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1850","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00371","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0315-0348-0000-0362-0000-0369-0371"
"12100372","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","338","","","","","","","","","21","21-00372","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372"
"12100373","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","Trouessart","1897","","Cat. Mamm. Viv. Foss.","","","32","","","","","","","Mycetinae Gray, 1825.","Groves (2001<i>c</i>) used Mycetinae, but had overlooked the fact that Simpson (1945) had replaced Mycetinae with Alouattinae: see Brandon-Jones and Groves (2003).","21","21-00373","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373"
"12100374","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Lacépède","1799","","Tabl. Div. Subd. Orders Genres Mammifères","","","4","","<i>Simia belzebul</i> Linnaeus, 1766.","","","","","<i>Mycetes</i>  Illiger, 1811; <i>Stentor</i> É. Geoffroy, 1812.","Includes the following species groups according to Groves (2001<i>c</i>): (1) <i>A. palliata </i>group (<i>palliata</i>,<i> pigra</i>,<i> coibensis</i>), (2) <i>A. seniculus </i>group (<i>seniculus</i>,<i> macconnelli</i>,<i> sara</i>,<i> belzebul</i>,<i> nigerrima</i>,<i> guariba</i>), and (3) <i>A. caraya </i>group (<i>caraya </i>only).","21","21-00374","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374"
"12100375","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","belzebul","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","37","","","Red-handed Howler","Brazil, Pará, Rio Capim.","N Brazil (mainly south of Lower Amazon, east of Rio Madeira); Mexiana Isl (Brazil); in Pará Prov. (Brazil), north of Amazon.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>A. b. ululata</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc) as <i>A. belezebul </i>(sic).","<i>beelzebub</i>  (Bechstein, 1800);<i>discolor</i> (Spix, 1823); <i>flavimanus </i>(Bates, 1863); <i>mexianae</i> (Hagmann, 1908); <i>rufimanus</i> (Kuhl, 1820); <i>tapojozensis </i>Lönnberg, 1941; <i>ululata </i>Elliot, 1912.","<i>A. seniculus </i>species group. Does not include <i>nigerrima </i>(Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00375","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0375"
"12100376","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","caraya","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","355","","","Black Howler","Paraguay.","N Argentina to Mato Grosso (Brazil), Bolivia (see Anderson, 1997).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>barbatus</i> (Spix, 1823); <i>niger </i>(É. Geoffroy, 1812); <i>straminea </i>(Humboldt, 1812).","<i>A. caraya </i>species group. For the inclusion of <i>straminea </i>in this species, not in <i>A. seniculus</i>, see Rylands and Brandon-Jones (1988).","21","21-00376","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0376"
"12100377","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","coibensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1902","","Novit. Zool.","9","","135","","","Coiba Island Howler","Panama, Coiba Isl.","Coiba Isl and Azuero Penninsula, Panama.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>A. c. trabeata</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Endangered.","<b><i>trabeata</i> </b> Lawrence, 1933.","<i>A. palliata </i>species group. Recognized as a full species by Froehlich and Froehlich (1987).","21","21-00377","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0377"
"12100378","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","coibensis","coibensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1902","","Novit. Zool.","9","","135","","","","Panama, Coiba Isl.","","","","","21","21-00378","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0377-0378"
"12100379","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","coibensis","trabeata","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lawrence","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00379","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0377-0379"
"12100380","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","guariba","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","pl. 30","","","Brown Howler","Brazil.","N Bolivia (?- <i>beniensis</i>); SE and EC Brazil, north to the Rio São Francisco.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>A. g. guariba</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Vulnerable.","?<i>beniensis</i>  Lönnberg, 1941; bicolor (Gray, 1845); <i>fusca </i>(É. Geoffroy, 1812); <i>ursinus</i> (É. Geoffroy, 1812: plate only, not text); <b><i>clamitans</i> </b>Cabrera, 1940; <i>iheringi </i>Lönnberg, 1941.","<i>A. seniculus </i>species group. <i>A</i>. <i>guariba</i> (Humboldt, 1812) is the correct name for this species, not <i>fusca</i> (Rylands and Brandon-Jones, 1988). <i>A. ""fusca"" beniensis</i> may actually be <i>A. seniculus</i> (Mittermeier et al., 1988:13-75).","21","21-00380","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0380"
"12100381","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","guariba","guariba","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","pl. 30","","","","Brazil.","","","","","21","21-00381","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0380-0381"
"12100382","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","guariba","clamitans","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Cabrera","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00382","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0380-0382"
"12100383","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","macconnelli","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","37","","","Guyanan Red Howler","Guyana: coast region.","Trinidad; Guyana, French Guiana, and Brazil north of the lower and Middle Amazon.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>A. seniculus insulanus</i>.","<i>insulanus</i> Elliot, 1910.","<i>A. seniculus </i>species group. Separated from <i>A. seniculus </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00383","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0383"
"12100384","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","nigerrima","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1941","","Ark. f. Zool., 33A","10","","33","","","Amazon Black Howler","Brazil, Amazonas, Patinga.","N Brazil, east of the Rio Trombetas to the Rio Tapajos, perhaps to the Rio Tocantins.","CITES – Appendix II.","","<i>A. seniculus </i>species group. Separated from <i>A. belzebul </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00384","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0384"
"12100385","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","palliata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1848","1849","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1848","","138","","","Mantled Howler","Nicaragua, Lake Nicaragua.","W Ecuador to Veracruz and Oaxaca (Mexico).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>A. p. mexicana</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aequatorialis</i> Festa, 1903; <i>inclamax </i>Thomas, 1913; <i>inconsonans </i>Goldman, 1913; <i>matagalpae </i>J. A. Allen, 1908; <i>mexicana </i>Merriam, 1902; <i>niger </i>(Thomas, 1880); <i>quichua </i>Thomas, 1913.","<i>A. palliata </i>species group. Subspecies are probably recognizable in this species, but further study is needed (Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00385","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0385"
"12100386","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","pigra","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lawrence","1933","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","75","","333","","","Guatemalan Black Howler","Guatemala, Petén, Uaxactun.","Yucatan and Chiapas (Mexico) to Belize and Guatemala.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>luctuosa</i> Lawrence, 1833.","<i>A. palliata </i>species group. The name <i>villosa</i> (Gray, 1845), has been applied to this species (see Napier, 1976:76) but Lawrence (1933) regarded it as a <i>nomen</i> <i>dubium</i>; see Smith (1970:366) and Hall (1981:260, 263).","21","21-00386","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0386"
"12100387","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","sara","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","283","","","Bolivian Red Howler","Bolivia, Sara Prov., Santa Cruz.","Bolivia (Sara Province), Peru, and Brazil to the Rio Negro and Rondônia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>A. seniculus </i>species group. Separated from <i>A</i>. <i>seniculus</i> by Minezawa et al. (1985).","21","21-00387","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0387"
"12100388","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","seniculus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","37","","","Venezuelan Red Howler","Colombia, Bolivar, Rio Magdalena, Cartagena.","Colombia to Venezuela and NW Brazil.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient at <i>A. s. amazonica</i>,<i> A. s. juara</i>,<i> </i>and <i>A. s. puruensis</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","?<i>auratus </i> (Gray, 1845); <i>bogotensis </i>J. A. Allen, 1914; <i>caquetensis </i>J. A. Allen, 1914; <i>caucensis </i>J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>chrysurus </i>(I. Geoffroy, 1829); ?<i>laniger </i>(Gray, 1845); <i>rubicunda </i>J. A. Allen, 1904; <b><i>arctoidea</i></b> Cabrera, 1940; <i>ursina</i> (Humboldt, 1815) [not of Kerr 1792]; <b><i>juara </i></b>Elliot, 1910; <i>amazonica </i>Lönnberg, 1941; <i>juruana </i>Lönnberg, 1941; <i>puruensis </i>Lönnberg, 1941.","<i>A. seniculus </i>species group. Does not include <i>sara </i>(Minezawa et al., 1985), <i>straminea </i>(Rylands and Brandon-Jones, 1998), or <i>macconnelli </i>(Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00388","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0388"
"12100389","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","seniculus","seniculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","37","","","","Colombia, Bolivar, Rio Magdalena, Cartagena.","","","","","21","21-00389","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0388-0389"
"12100390","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","seniculus","arctoidea","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Cabrera","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00390","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0388-0390"
"12100391","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Alouattinae","","Alouatta","","seniculus","juara","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00391","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0373-0000-0374-0000-0388-0391"
"12100392","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","338","","","","","","","","Combined with Alouattinae as family Atelidae by Rosenberger (1977). Divided into subtribes Atelina (<i>Ateles</i> only) and Brachytelina (<i>Lagothrix</i>,<i> Brachyteles</i>) by Goodman et al. (1998), who did not study <i>Oreonax</i>.","21","21-00392","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392"
"12100393","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1806","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","1","","262","","<i>Simia paniscus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Ameranthropoides</i>  Montandon, 1929; <i>Montaneia</i> Ameghino, 1911; <i>Paniscus </i>Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Sapajou </i>Lacépède, 1799.","All <i>Ateles</i> were considered conspecific by Hernández-Camacho and Cooper (1976:66).","21","21-00393","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393"
"12100394","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","belzebuth","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1806","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","7","","27","","","White-fronted Spider Monkey","Venezuela, Esmeralda.","Cordillera Oriental, Colombia to Venezuela and N Peru.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>bartlettii</i> Gray, 1867; <i>braccatus </i>Pelzeln, 1883; <i>brissonii </i>(Fischer, 1829); <i>chuva </i>Schlegel, 1876; <i>fuliginosus</i> Kuhl, 1820; <i>variegatus </i>Wagner, 1840","Does not include <i>hybridus </i>or <i>marginatus </i>(Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00394","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393-0000-0394"
"12100395","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","chamek","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","353","","","Peruvian Spider Monkey","Peru, Cuzco, Rio Comberciato.","NE Peru, E Bolivia to Brazil west of Rio Juruá and south of Rio Solimões.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>longimembris</i> J. A. Allen, 1914; <i>peruvianus</i> Lönnberg, 1940.","Separated from <i>paniscus</i> by Groves (1989).","21","21-00395","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393-0000-0395"
"12100396","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","fusciceps","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1865","1866","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","733","","","Black-headed Spider Monkey","NW Ecuador, Imbabura Prov., Hacienda Chinipamba, 1500 m.","SE Panama to Ecuador, Colombia to W Cordillera (Paraguay).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>A. geoffroyi fusciceps</i>,<i> </i>Vulnerable as <i>A. g. rufiventris</i>.","<b><i>rufiventris</i> </b>Sclater, 1872; <i>dariensis</i> Goldman, 1915; <i>robustus</i> J. A. Allen, 1914.","","21","21-00396","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393-0000-0396"
"12100397","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","fusciceps","fusciceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1865","1866","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","733","","","","NW Ecuador, Imbabura Prov., Hacienda Chinipamba, 1500 m.","","","","","21","21-00397","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393-0000-0396-0397"
"12100398","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","fusciceps","rufiventris","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Sclater","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00398","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393-0000-0396-0398"
"12100399","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","geoffroyi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kuhl","1820","","Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat.","1","","26","","","Geoffroy’s Spider Monkey","Nicaragua, San Juan del Norte.","S Mexico to Panama.","CITES – Appendix I and U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>A. g. frontatus</i> and <i>A. g. panamensis</i> only, otherwise CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>A. g. azuerensis</i>, Endangered as <i>A. g. grisescens </i>and <i>A. g. panamensis</i>, Vulnerable<i> </i>as <i>A. g. ornatus</i>, <i>A. g. yucatanensis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>A. g. frontatus</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>A. g. vellerosus.</i>","<i>frontatus</i> (Gray, 1842); <i>melanochir </i>Desmarest, 1820; <i>trianguligera </i>Weinland, 1862;<i> <b>grisescens </b></i>Gray, 1866; <i>cucullatus </i>Gray, 1866; <b><i>ornatus </i></b>Gray, 1870; <i>azuerensis </i>Bole, 1937; <i>panamensis </i>Kellogg and Golman, 1944;<i> <b>vellerosus</b> </i>Gray, 1866; <i>neglectus </i>Reinhardt, 1873; <i>pan </i>Schlegel, 1876; <i>tricolor </i>Hollister, 1914;<i> <b>yucatanensis</b></i> Kellogg and Goldman, 1944.","","21","21-00399","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393-0000-0399"
"12100400","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","geoffroyi","geoffroyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kuhl","1820","","Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat.","1","","26","","","","Nicaragua, San Juan del Norte.","","","","","21","21-00400","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393-0000-0399-0400"
"12100401","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","geoffroyi","grisescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00401","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393-0000-0399-0401"
"12100402","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","geoffroyi","ornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1870","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00402","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393-0000-0399-0402"
"12100403","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","geoffroyi","vellerosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00403","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393-0000-0399-0403"
"12100404","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","geoffroyi","yucatanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kellogg and Goldman","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00404","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393-0000-0399-0404"
"12100405","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","hybridus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1829","","Mem. Mus. Paris","17","","168","","","Brown Spider Monkey","Colombia, valley of Rio Magdalena, La Gloria.","N Colombia and NW Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>A. h. hybridus </i>and <i>A. h. brunneus</i>.","<i>albifrons</i> Gray, 1870; <i>brunneus </i>Gray, 1870; <i>loysi </i>(Montandon, 1929).","Separated from <i>belzebuth</i> by Froehlich et al. (1991). Rylands et al. (2000) recognized <i>brunneus </i>as a subspecies.","21","21-00405","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393-0000-0405"
"12100406","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","marginatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1809","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","13","","97","","","White-cheeked Spider Monkey","Brazil, Rio Tocantins, Cametá.","South of Lower Amazon, Rio Tapajós to Rio Tocantins (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>frontalis</i>  Bennett, 1831.","Separated from <i>belzebuth</i> by Groves (1989).","21","21-00406","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393-0000-0406"
"12100407","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Ateles","","paniscus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","26","","","Red-faced Spider Monkey","French Guiana.","Guianas and Brazil, north of the Amazon (east of Rio Negro).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ater</i>  F. Cuvier, 1823; <i>cayennensis </i>(Fischer, 1829); <i>pentadactylus </i>É. Geoffroy, 1806; <i>subpentadactylus </i>Desmarest, 1820; <i>surinamensis</i> (Fischer, 1829).","","21","21-00407","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0393-0000-0407"
"12100408","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Brachyteles","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","36","","<i>Brachyteles macrotarsus</i> Spix, 1823 (= <i>Ateles arachnoides</i> É. Geoffroy, 1806).","","","","","<i>Eriodes</i>  I. Geoffroy, 1829.","","21","21-00408","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0408"
"12100409","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Brachyteles","","arachnoides","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1806","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","7","","271","","","Southern Muriqui","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro.","SE Brazil: states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>eriodes</i> Brehm, 1876; <i>macrotarsus </i>Spix, 1823; <i>tuberifer </i>(I. Geoffroy, 1829).","","21","21-00409","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0408-0000-0409"
"12100410","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Brachyteles","","hypoxanthus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kuhl","1820","","Beitr. Zool.","1820","","25","","","Northern Muriqui","Brazil, Bahia.","E Brazil: Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espiritu Santo.","CITES – Appendix I as included in <i>B. arachnoides</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as included in <i>B. arachnoides</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>hemidactylus</i> (I. Geoffroy, 1829).","Separated from <i>B.</i> <i>arachnoides</i> by Rylands et al. (1995).","21","21-00410","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0408-0000-0410"
"12100411","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Lagothrix","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","<i>In</i> Humboldt, Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","356","","<i>Lagothrix humboldtii</i> É. Geoffroy, 1812 (= <i>Simia lagothricha</i> Humboldt, 1812).","","","","","<i>Gastrimargus</i>  Spix, 1823.","Does not include <i>flavicauda</i>; divided into four species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00411","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0411"
"12100412","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Lagothrix","","cana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","354","","","Gray Woolly Monkey","Brazil, S bank of Rio Solimoes near mouth of Rio Tefé.","Brazil, south of Amazon; southern highlands of Peru; an isolated population in northern Bolivia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>L. c. cana </i>and <i>L. c. tschudii</i>.","<i>olivaceus</i> (Spix, 1823); <i>puruensis </i>Lönnberg, 1940; <i>ubericola</i> Elliot, 1909; <b><i>tschudii</i></b> Pucheran, 1857; <i>nigra </i>J. A. Allen, 1900; <i>thomasi </i>Elliot, 1909.","Wallace and Painter (1999) recorded a southern range extension for this species in Madidi National Park, Bolivia; the description corresponds to <i>L. c. tschudii </i>according to Rylands et al. (2000).","21","21-00412","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0411-0000-0412"
"12100413","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Lagothrix","","cana","cana","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","354","","","","Brazil, S bank of Rio Solimoes near mouth of Rio Tefé.","","","","","21","21-00413","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0411-0000-0412-0413"
"12100414","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Lagothrix","","cana","tschudii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pucheran","1857","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00414","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0411-0000-0412-0414"
"12100415","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Lagothrix","","lagotricha","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","322","","","Brown Woolly Monkey","Colombia, Úapes, Rio Guaviare.","Brazil N of Rio Napo-Amazon system, SE Colombia, extreme N Peru and NE Ecuador.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>barrigo</i> Natterer, 1883; <i>caparro </i>Lesson, 1840;<i> caroarensis </i>Lönnberg, 1931; <i>geoffroyi </i>Pucheran, 1857; <i>humboldtii</i> É. Geoffroy, 1812; <i>infumatus </i>(Spix, 1823).","","21","21-00415","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0411-0000-0415"
"12100416","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Lagothrix","","lugens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","193","","","Colombian Woolly Monkey","Colombia, Upper Rio Magdalena valley, Tolima, 2°20’N, 1500-2100 m.","Colombia, headwaters of Orinoco tributaries; Venezuela, Sarare River drainage.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","21","21-00416","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0411-0000-0416"
"12100417","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Lagothrix","","poeppigii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Schinz","1844","","Syst. Verz. Säug.","1","","72","","","Silvery Woolly Monkey","Peru, Loreto, lower Rio Huallaga, north of Yurimaguas.","Highlands of E Ecuador and N Peru, to about 70°W, 5°S in Brazil.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>castelnaui</i> I. Geoffroy and Deville, 1848.","","21","21-00417","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0411-0000-0417"
"12100418","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Oreonax","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Thomas","1927","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","19","","156","","<i>Lagothrix (Oreonax) hendeei</i> Thomas, 1927 (= <i>Simia</i> <i>flavicauda</i> Humboldt, 1812).","","","","","","Separated from <i>Lagothrix </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00418","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0418"
"12100419","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","","Atelidae","Atelinae","","Oreonax","","flavicauda","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Humboldt","1812","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1","","363","","","Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey","Peru, San Martin, Puca Tambo, 5100 ft. (1555 m).","E Andes in San Martin (Peru) and Amazonas (Brazil).","CITES – Appendix I as <i>Lagothrix flavicauda</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>L. flavicauda</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>hendeei</i>  (Thomas, 1927).","","21","21-00419","21-0001-0163-0177-0000-0372-0392-0000-0418-0000-0419"
"12100420","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","","","","","","","","SUPERFAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","297","","","","","","","","","21","21-00420","21-0001-0163-0177-0420"
"12100421","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","297","","","","","","","","Hill (<i>in</i> Honacki et al., 1982:230) and Groves (1989) divided this family into the Colobidae and Cercopithecidae.","21","21-00421","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421"
"12100422","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","297","","","","","","","Cercocebini Jolly, 1966; Cynopithecinae Osman Hill, 1966; Macacidae Owen, 1843; Papinae Chiarelli, 1966; Papioninae Burnett, 1828; Theropithecini Jolly, 1966.","Divided by Groves (2001<i>c</i>) into two tribes: Cercopithecini (<i>Allenopithecus</i>,<i> Cercopithecus</i>,<i> Chlorocebus</i>,<i> Erythrocebus</i>,<i> Miopithecus</i>) and Papionini (<i>Cercocebus</i>,<i> Lophocebus</i>,<i> Macaca</i>,<i> Mandrillus</i>,<i> Papio</i>,<i> Theropithecus</i>).","21","21-00422","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422"
"12100423","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Allenopithecus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Lang","1923","","Am. Mus. Novit.","87","","1","","<i>Cercopithecus nigroviridis</i> Pocock, 1907.","","","","","","Separated from <i>Cercopithecus</i> by Thorington and Groves (1970:638), Szalay and Delson (1979), and Groves (1989, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00423","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0423"
"12100424","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Allenopithecus","","nigroviridis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pocock","1907","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","","739","","","Allen’s Swamp Monkey","Dem. Rep. Congo, upper Congo River.","NW Dem. Rep. Congo, NE Angola.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","","21","21-00424","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0423-0000-0424"
"12100425","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercocebus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","97","","<i>Cercocebus fuliginosus</i> É. Geoffroy, 1812 (= <i>Simia</i> (<i>Cercopithecus</i>) <i>aethiops torquatus</i> Kerr, 1792).","","","","","<i>Aethiops</i>  Martin, 1841; <i>Leptocebus </i>Trouessart, 1904.","Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>:8) and Groves (1978<i>b</i>) included <i>Cercocebus</i> in <i>Cercopithecus</i>. Goodman et al. (1998) included <i>Mandrillus </i>as a subgenus of <i>Cercocebus</i>. McKenna and Bell (1997) continued to include <i>Lophocebus </i>in <i>Cercocebus</i>, although the combined genus is clearly not monophyletc (Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00425","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0425"
"12100426","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercocebus","","agilis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1886","","Rev. Scient.","12","","15","","","Agile Mangabey","Dem. Rep. Congo, Republic Poste des Ouaddas (junction of Oubangui and Congo Rivers).","Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni), Cameroon, NE Gabon, Central African Republic, N Republic of Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo N of Congo River to Garamba and Semliki River.","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>fumosus</i>  Matschie, 1914; <i>hagenbecki</i> Lydekker, 1900; <i>oberlaenderi</i> Lorenz, 1915.","Does not include <i>chrysogaster</i>. Separated from <i>galeritus</i> by Groves (1978<i>b</i>).","21","21-00426","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0425-0000-0426"
"12100427","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercocebus","","atys","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Audebert","1797","","Hist. Nat. Singes Makis","4","2","13","","","Sooty Mangabey","West Africa.","Senegal to Ghana.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered as included in <i>C. torquatus</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>C. a. lunulatus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (nt).","<i>aethiopicus</i>  F. Cuvier, 1821; <i>aethiops </i>(Schreber, 1775) [not of Linnaeus, 1758]; <i>fuliginosus</i> É. Geoffroy, 1812; <b><i>lunulatus</i></b> (Temminick, 1853).","The subspecies <i>lunulatus </i>appears strongly distinct, and may be a separate species (Groves, 2001<i>c</i>:242-3). Separated from <i>torquatus</i> by Groves (2001<i>c</i>:242).","21","21-00427","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0425-0000-0427"
"12100428","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercocebus","","atys","atys","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Audebert","1797","","Hist. Nat. Singes Makis","4","2","13","","","","West Africa.","","","","","21","21-00428","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0425-0000-0427-0428"
"12100429","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercocebus","","atys","lunulatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Temminick","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00429","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0425-0000-0427-0429"
"12100430","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercocebus","","chrysogaster","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lydekker","1900","","Novit. Zool.","7","","279","","","Golden-bellied Mangabey","Dem. Rep. Congo: Upper Congo.","Dem. Rep. Congo, south of Congo River.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>C. galeritus chrysogaster.</i>","","Separated from <i>agilis </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>:243).","21","21-00430","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0425-0000-0430"
"12100431","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercocebus","","galeritus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1879","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1879","","830","","","Tana River Mangabey","Kenya, Tana River, Mitole (2°10'S, 40°10'E).","Lower Tana River (Kenya).","CITES – Appendix I as <i>C</i>. <i>g</i>. <i>galeritus</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>C. g. galeritus</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>C. g. galeritus</i>.","","Formerly included <i>agilis</i>; but see Groves (1978<i>b</i>).","21","21-00431","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0425-0000-0431"
"12100432","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercocebus","","sanjei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Mittermeier","1986","","<i>In</i>Else and Lee (eds.), Primate Ecology and Conservation","","","338","","","Sanje Mangabey","Tanzania, Mwanihana Forest, Sanje Waterfall.","Tanzania, Mwanihana Forest and eastern slopes of Uzungwa Mtns.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. galeritus sanjei</i>.","","","21","21-00432","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0425-0000-0432"
"12100433","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercocebus","","torquatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","67","","","Collared Mangabey","West Africa.","W Nigeria to Gabon.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>collaris</i>  Gray, 1843; <i>crossi</i> Gray, 1843.","Does not include <i>atys</i>, pace Dandelot (1974:12) and Groves (1978<i>b</i>): see Groves (2001<i>c</i>:242).","21","21-00433","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0425-0000-0433"
"12100434","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","26","","<i>Simia diana</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Allochrocebus</i>  Elliot, 1913; <i>Cercocephalus </i>Temminck, 1853; <i>Diademia </i>Reichenbach, 1862; <i>Diana </i>Trouessart, 1878 [not of Risso, 1826]; <i>Insignicebus</i> Elliot, 1913; <i>Lasiopyga</i> Illiger, 1811; <i>Melanocebus</i> Elliot, 1913; <i>Mona</i> Reichenbach, 1862; <i>Monichus</i> Oken, 1816 [unavailable]; <i>Neocebus </i>Elliot, 1913; <i>Otopithecus </i>Trouessart, 1897; <i>Petaurista </i>Reichenbach, 1862 [not of Link, 1795]; <i>Pogonocebus </i>Trouessart, 1904; <i>Rhinosticteus </i>Trouessart, 1897; <i>Rhinostigma</i> Elliot, 1913.","Dandelot (1974:14) included <i>Allenopithecus</i>, <i>Erythrocebus</i>, and <i>Miopithecus</i> in this genus; but see Groves (1978<i>b</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1980:89) who considered them to be distinct genera; Szalay and Delson (1979) and McKenna and Bell (1997) considered <i>Miopithecus</i> a subgenus of <i>Cercopithecus</i>. Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>:8) included <i>Cercocebus</i>,<i> Papio</i>, and <i>Theropithecus</i> in this genus, but see Groves (1978<i>b</i>), Ansell (1978:33), and Cronin and Meikle (1979:259). <i>Chlorocebus </i>was separated by Groves (1989). Designated as a subgroup of <i>Simia</i> by Linnaeus; type species <i>S. diana</i> designated by Stiles and Orleman (1926:52). <i>Simia</i> was suppressed by Opinion 114 of the International Commision on Zoological Nomenclature (1929<i>b</i>). The species groups are: (1) <i>C. dryas </i>group (monotypic), (2) <i>C. diana </i>group (<i>diana</i>,<i> roloway</i>), (3) <i>C. mitis </i>group (<i>nictitans</i>,<i> mitis</i>,<... [truncated]","21","21-00434","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434"
"12100435","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","albogularis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Sykes","1831","","Proc. Committee Sci. Correspondance Zool. Soc. Lond.","1","","106","","","Sykes’ Monkey","Angola.","Ethiopia to South Africa, S and E Dem. Rep. Congo, NW Angola.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. mitis labiatus</i>, Data Deficient as <i>C. m. albotorquatus</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>C. m. albogularis</i>, otherwise not listed.","<b><i>albotorquatus</i> </b><i> </i>Pousargues, 1896; <i>rufotinctus </i>Pocock, 1907;<i> <b>erythrarchus</b> </i>Peters, 1852; <i>beirensis </i>Pocock, 1907; <i>mossambicus </i>Pocock, 1907; <i>nyasae </i>Schwarz, 1928; <i>stairsi </i>Sclater, 1892; <i>stevensoni </i>Roberts, 1948;<i> <b>francescae </b></i>Thomas, 1902;<i> <b>kibonotensis </b></i>Lönnberg, 1908; <i>kima </i>(Heller, 1913); <i>maritima </i>(Heller, 1913);<i> <b>kolbi </b></i>Neumann, 1902; <i>hindei </i>Pocock, 1907; <i>nubilus </i>Dollman, 1910;<i> <b>labiatus</b> </i>I. Geoffroy, 1842; <i>chimango </i>Temminck, 1853; <i>samango </i>Wahlberg, 1845;<i> <b>moloneyi </b></i>Sclater, 1893;<i> <b>monoides </b></i>I. Geoffroy, 1841; <i>rufilatus </i>Pocock, 1907;<i> <b>phylax</b> </i>Schwarz, 1927;<i> <b>schwarzi</b> </i>Roberts, 1931;<i> <b>zammaranoi</b></i> de Beaux, 1924.","<i>C. mitis </i>species group. Separated from <i>C. mitis </i>by Dandelot (1974:19).","21","21-00435","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0435"
"12100436","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","albogularis","albogularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Sykes","1831","","Proc. Committee Sci. Correspondance Zool. Soc. Lond.","1","","106","","","","Angola.","","","","","21","21-00436","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0435-0436"
"12100437","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","albogularis","albotorquatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pousargues","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00437","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0435-0437"
"12100438","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","albogularis","erythrarchus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1852","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00438","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0435-0438"
"12100439","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","albogularis","francescae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00439","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0435-0439"
"12100440","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","albogularis","kibonotensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00440","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0435-0440"
"12100441","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","albogularis","kolbi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Neumann","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00441","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0435-0441"
"12100442","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","albogularis","labiatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00442","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0435-0442"
"12100443","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","albogularis","moloneyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Sclater","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00443","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0435-0443"
"12100444","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","albogularis","monoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00444","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0435-0444"
"12100445","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","albogularis","phylax","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Schwarz","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00445","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0435-0445"
"12100446","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","albogularis","schwarzi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Roberts","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00446","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0435-0446"
"12100447","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","albogularis","zammaranoi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","de Beaux","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00447","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0435-0447"
"12100448","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","ascanius","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Audebert","1799","","Hist. Nat. Singes Makis","4","2","13","","","Red-tailed Monkey","Angola (NW, by lower Congo River). See Machado (1969).","Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo, Zambia, Angola, marginally in Central African Republic; W Kenya.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>histrio</i> Reichenbach, 1863; <i>melanogenys </i>Gray, 1845; <i>picturatus </i>Santos, 1886;<i> <b>atrinasus</b> </i>Machado, 1965;<i> <b>katangae </b></i>Lönnberg, 1919;<i> <b>schmidti </b></i>Matschie, 1892; <i>enkamer </i>Matschie, 1913; <i>ituriensis </i>Lorenz, 1914; <i>kaimosae </i>(Heller, 1913); <i>montanus </i>Lorenz, 1914; <i>mpangae </i>Matschie, 1913; <i>orientalis </i>Lorenz, 1919; <i>rutschuricus</i> Lorenz, 1917; <i>sassae </i>Matschie, 1913;<i> <b>whitesidei</b></i> Thomas, 1909; <i>cirrhorhinus </i>Matschie, 1913; <i>kassaicus </i>Matschie, 1913; <i>omissus </i>Matschie, 1913; <i>pelorhinus </i>Matschie, 1913.","<i>C. cephus </i>species group.","21","21-00448","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0448"
"12100449","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","ascanius","ascanius","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Audebert","1799","","Hist. Nat. Singes Makis","4","2","13","","","","Angola (NW, by lower Congo River). See Machado (1969).","","","","","21","21-00449","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0448-0449"
"12100450","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","ascanius","atrinasus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Machado","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00450","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0448-0450"
"12100451","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","ascanius","katangae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00451","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0448-0451"
"12100452","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","ascanius","schmidti","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00452","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0448-0452"
"12100453","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","ascanius","whitesidei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00453","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0448-0453"
"12100454","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","campbelli","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Waterhouse","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","61","","","Campbell’s Mona Monkey","Sierra Leone.","Senegal to Cavally River (Liberia – Côte d’Ivoire border).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>burnettii</i> Gray, 1842; <i>monella </i>Gray, 1870; ?<i>temminickii</i> Ogilby, 1838.","<i>C. mona </i>species group. McAllan and Bruce (1989) argued that the original publication of this species should be: The Analyst, 24:298-299 [publ. 2 July 1838]. Does not include <i>lowei</i>: see Kingdon (1997).","21","21-00454","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0454"
"12100455","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","cephus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","27","","","Moustached Guenon","Africa.","Gabon, Republic of Congo, S Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, SW Central African Republic, NW Angola.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>C. c. ngottoensis</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>buccalis</i> Leconte, 1857; <i>inobservatus </i>Elliot, 1927; <i>pulcher</i> Lorenz, 1915;<i> <b>cephodes </b></i>Pocock, 1907; <i>gabonensis </i>Maclatchy and Malbrant, 1947; <b><i>ngottoensis</i></b><i> </i>Colyn, 1999.","<i>C. cephus </i>species group. Includes <i>erythrotis</i> according to Struhsaker (1970:374-376); but see Dandelot (1974:23).","21","21-00455","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0455"
"12100456","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","cephus","cephus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","27","","","","Africa.","","","","","21","21-00456","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0455-0456"
"12100457","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","cephus","cephodes","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pocock","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00457","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0455-0457"
"12100458","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","cephus","ngottoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Colyn","1999","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00458","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0455-0458"
"12100459","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","denti","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1907","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","38","1","","","Dent’s Mona Monkey","Dem. Rep. Congo, between Mawambi and Avakubi, Ituri Forest.","Dem. Rep. Congo north and east of Congo-Lualaba system, Rwanda, W Uganda, Central African Republic.","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>liebrechtsi</i> Dubois and Matschie, 1912.","<i>C. mona </i>species group. Included in <i>C. wolfi </i>by Dandelot (1974:25); provisionally separated by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00459","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0459"
"12100460","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","diana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","26","","","Diana Monkey","Liberia.","Sierra Leone to Sassandra River, Côte d’Ivoire.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>faunus</i>  (Linnaeus, 1766); <i>ignita </i>Gray, 1870.","<i>C. diana </i>species group. Type species; see comment under <i>Cercopithecus</i>. Does not include <i>roloway</i>, pace Dandelot (1974:25); see Groves (2001<i>c</i>:205).","21","21-00460","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0460"
"12100461","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","doggetti","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pocock","1907","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","","691","","","Silver Monkey","Uganda: SW Ankole.","Highlands of Dem. Rep. Congo west of Lake Albert and Lake Tanganyika, to S Burundi, NW Tanzania (Bukoba), Rwanda, S Uganda (Ankole, Busenya, Kaiso).","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>sibatoi</i> (Lorenz, 1913).","<i>C. mitis </i>species group. Separated from <i>C. mitis </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>:208).","21","21-00461","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0461"
"12100462","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","dryas","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Schwartz","1932","","Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr.","21","","251","","","Dryas Monkey","Dem. Rep. Congo, Ikela Zone, Yapatsi. (See Thys van den Audenaerde, 1977:1006).","Known only from a few localities in C Dem. Rep. Congo (Wamba Dist., 22°31'-33°E, and 0°01'N-0°01'S); see Kuroda et al. (1985, as <i>Cercopithecus salongo</i>).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>salongo</i>  Thys van den Audenaerde, 1977.","<i>C. dryas </i>species group. Not a subspecies of <i>diana</i>; possibly related to <i>Chlorocebus aethiops</i>; see Thys van den Audenaerde (1977:1007), Groves (2001<i>c</i>:204). <i>C. salongo</i> is an age-variant of this species, see Colyn et al. (1991).","21","21-00462","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0462"
"12100463","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","erythrogaster","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1866","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1866","","169","","","White-throated Guenon","""West Africa""; restricted by Groves (2001<i>c</i>:214) to Benin, Lama Forest.","S Nigeria, both west and east of the Niger in the delta region; Benin.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. e. erythrogaster </i>and <i>C. e. pococki</i>.","<b><i>pococki</i> </b><i> </i>Grubb, Lernould and Oates, 1999.","<i>C. cephus </i>species group.","21","21-00463","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0463"
"12100464","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","erythrogaster","erythrogaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1866","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1866","","169","","","","""West Africa""; restricted by Groves (2001<i>c</i>:214) to Benin, Lama Forest.","","","","","21","21-00464","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0463-0464"
"12100465","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","erythrogaster","pococki","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grubb, Lernould and Oates","1999","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00465","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0463-0465"
"12100466","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","erythrotis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Waterhouse","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","59","","","Red-eared Guenon","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","S and E Nigeria, Cameroon coast, Bioko.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. c. erythrotis</i>, otherwise Vulnerable.","<b><i>camerunensis</i> </b><i> </i>Hayman, 1940.","<i>C. cephus </i>species group. Considered a subspecies of <i>cephus</i> by Struhsaker (1970:374-376); but also see Dandelot (1974:23). McAllan and Bruce (1989) argued that the original publication of this species should be: The Analyst, 24:298-299 [publ. 2 July 1838].","21","21-00466","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0466"
"12100467","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","erythrotis","erythrotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Waterhouse","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","59","","","","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","","","","","21","21-00467","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0466-0467"
"12100468","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","erythrotis","camerunensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hayman","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00468","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0466-0468"
"12100469","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","hamlyni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pocock","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","521","","","Hamlyn’s Monkey","Dem. Rep. Congo, Ituri Forest.","E Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. h. kahuziensis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (nt).","<i>aurora</i>  Thomas and Wroughton, 1910; <b><i>kahuziensis</i></b> Colyn and Verheyen, 1988.","<i>C. hamlyni </i>species group.","21","21-00469","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0469"
"12100470","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","hamlyni","hamlyni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pocock","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","521","","","","Dem. Rep. Congo, Ituri Forest.","","","","","21","21-00470","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0469-0470"
"12100471","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","hamlyni","kahuziensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Colyn and Verheyen","1988","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00471","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0469-0471"
"12100472","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","kandti","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1905","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","264","","","Golden Monkey","Dem. Rep. Congo, Virunga Volcanoes.","Virunga Volcanoes on Dem. Rep. Congo – Uganda – Rwanda borders; Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. mitis kandti</i>.","<i>insignis</i> Elliot, 1909.","<i>C. mitis </i>species group. Separated from <i>C. mitis </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00472","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0472"
"12100473","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","lhoesti","","SPECIES","False","","yes","P. Sclater","1898","1899","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1898","","586","","","L’Hoest’s Monkey","Dem. Rep. Congo, Tschepo River, near Stanleyville.","E Dem. Rep. Congo, W Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>rutschuricus</i> Lorenz, 1915; <i>thomasi</i> Matschie, 1905.","<i>C. lhoesti </i>species group. Does not include <i>preussi</i>; see Harrison (1988:562).","21","21-00473","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0473"
"12100474","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","lowei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1923","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","11","","608","","","Lowe’s Mona Monkey","Côte d’Ivoire: Bandama.","Côte d’Ivoire (Cavally River) to Ghana (Volta River).","CITES – Appendix II.","","<i>C. mona </i>species group. Separated from <i>campbelli</i> by Kingdon (1997).","21","21-00474","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0474"
"12100475","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","mitis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Wolf","1822","","Abbild. Beschreib. Merkw. Naturgesch. Gegenstandes","2","","145","","","Blue Monkey","Angola.","Congo-Oubangui River system (probably Itimbiri River) to East African Rift Valley, N Angola and NW Zambia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>C. m. stuhlmanni </i>and as <i>C. mitis</i>.","<i>diadematus</i> I. Geoffroy, 1834; <i>dilophos </i>Ogilby, 1838; <i>leucampyx </i>(Fischer, 1829); <i>nigrigenis </i>Pocock, 1907; <i>pluto </i>Gray, 1848;<i> <b>boutourlinii</b> </i>Giglioli, 1887; <i>omensis </i>Thomas, 1901;<i> <b>elgonis </b></i>Lönnberg, 1919;<i> <b>heymansi </b></i>Colyn and Verheyen, 1987;<i> <b>opisthostictus</b> </i>Sclater, 1894;<i> <b>stuhlmanni </b></i>Matschie, 1893; <i>carruthersi </i>Pocock, 1907; <i>maesi </i>Lönnberg, 1919; <i>mauae </i>(Heller, 1913); <i>neumanni </i>Matschie, 1906; <i>otoleucus </i>Sclater, 1902; <i>princeps </i>Elliot, 1909; <i>schubotzi </i>Matschie, 1913.","<i>C. mitis </i>species group. Does not include <i>albogularis</i>; pace Booth (1968); see Dandelot (1974:19). Does not include <i>doggetti </i>or <i>kandti </i>(see Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00475","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0475"
"12100476","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","mitis","mitis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Wolf","1822","","Abbild. Beschreib. Merkw. Naturgesch. Gegenstandes","2","","145","","","","Angola.","","","","","21","21-00476","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0475-0476"
"12100477","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","mitis","boutourlinii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Giglioli","1887","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00477","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0475-0477"
"12100478","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","mitis","elgonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00478","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0475-0478"
"12100479","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","mitis","heymansi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Colyn and Verheyen","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00479","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0475-0479"
"12100480","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","mitis","opisthostictus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Sclater","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00480","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0475-0480"
"12100481","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","mitis","stuhlmanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00481","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0475-0481"
"12100482","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","mona","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","103","","","Mona Monkey","""Guinea"".","Ghana to Cameroon; introduced into Lesser Antilles (Caribbean).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>monacha</i>  (Schreber, 1804); <i>monella</i> (Schreber, 1804).","<i>C. mona </i>species group.","21","21-00482","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0482"
"12100483","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","neglectus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Schlegel","1876","","Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas. Simiae","","","70","","","De Brazza’s Monkey","Sudan, ""White Nile"".","SE Cameroon to Uganda and N Angola, W Kenya, SW Ethiopia, and S Sudan.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brazzae</i> Milne-Edwards, 1886; <i>brazziformis </i>Pocock, 1907; <i>ezrae </i>Pocock, 1908; <i>uellensis</i> Lönnberg, 1919.","<i>C. neglectus </i>species group.","21","21-00483","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0483"
"12100484","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","nictitans","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","40","","","Greater spot-nosed Monkey","Equatorial Guinea, Benito River.","Liberia; Côte d’Ivoire; Nigeria apparently to Itimbiri River in NW Dem. Rep. Congo, Central African Republic; Rio Muni and Bioko (Equatorial Guinea).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>C. n. stampflii</i>, Endangered as <i>C. n. martini</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>laglaizei</i> Pocock, 1907; <i>sticticeps </i>Elliot, 1909; <b><i>martini</i></b><i> </i>Waterhouse, 1838; <i>insolitus </i>Elliot, 1909; <i>ludio </i>Gray, 1849; <i>stampflii</i> Jentink, 1888.","<i>C. mitis </i>species group. <i>C. signatus </i>Jentink, 1886, probably represents a hybrid between this species and one of the <i>cephus </i>group (Oates, 1985).","21","21-00484","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0484"
"12100485","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","nictitans","nictitans","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","40","","","","Equatorial Guinea, Benito River.","","","","","21","21-00485","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0484-0485"
"12100486","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","nictitans","martini","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Waterhouse","1838","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00486","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0484-0486"
"12100487","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","petaurista","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","97, 185","","","Lesser Spot-nosed Monkey","""Guinea"".","Gambia to Togo.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albinasus</i> (Reichenbach, 1863); <i>fantiensis </i>Matschie, 1893; <i>pygrius</i> Thomas, 1923;<i> <b>buettikoferi </b></i>Jentink, 1886.","<i>C. cephus </i>species group.","21","21-00487","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0487"
"12100488","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","petaurista","petaurista","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","97, 185","","","","""Guinea"".","","","","","21","21-00488","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0487-0488"
"12100489","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","petaurista","buettikoferi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jentink","1886","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00489","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0487-0489"
"12100490","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","pogonias","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bennett","1833","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1833","","67","","","Crested Mona Monkey","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","SE Nigeria, Cameroon, Bioko and Rio Muni (Equatorial Guinea), N and W Gabon, W Dem. Rep. Congo, Republic of Congo.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. p. pogonias</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>grayi</i> </b>Fraser, 1850; <i>erxlebeni </i>Dallbet and Pucheran, 1856; <i>pallidus </i>Elliot, 1909; <i>petronellae</i> Büttikofer, 1911; <b><i>nigripes</i></b><i> </i>du Chaillu, 1860;<i> <b>schwarzianus </b></i>Schouteden, 1946; <i>schwarzi </i>Schouteden, 1944 [not of Roberts, 1931].","<i>C. mona </i>species group.","21","21-00490","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0490"
"12100491","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","pogonias","pogonias","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bennett","1833","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1833","","67","","","","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","","","","","21","21-00491","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0490-0491"
"12100492","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","pogonias","grayi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Fraser","1850","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00492","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0490-0492"
"12100493","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","pogonias","nigripes","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","du Chaillu","1860","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00493","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0490-0493"
"12100494","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","pogonias","schwarzianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Schouteden","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00494","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0490-0494"
"12100495","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","preussi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1898","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","76","","","Preuss’s Monkey","Cameroon, Victoria.","Region of Mt. Cameroon; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. p. preusii </i>and <i>C. p. insularis</i>.","<i>crossi</i> Forbes, 1905;<i> <b>insularis</b></i> Thomas, 1910.","<i>C. lhoesti </i>species group. Not a subspecies of <i>C. lhoesti</i>; see Harrison (1988:562).","21","21-00495","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0495"
"12100496","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","preussi","preussi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1898","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","76","","","","Cameroon, Victoria.","","","","","21","21-00496","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0495-0496"
"12100497","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","preussi","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00497","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0495-0497"
"12100498","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","roloway","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","186","","","Roloway Monkey","""Guinea"" (= West Africa in general).","Sassandra River (Côte d’Ivoire) to Pra River, Ghana.","CITES – Appendix I as included in <i>C. diana</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as included in <i>C. diana</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>C. diana roloway</i>.","<i>palatinus</i> (Wagner, 1855).","<i>C. diana </i>species group. Separated from <i>C. diana </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00498","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0498"
"12100499","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","sclateri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pocock","1904","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1904","5","18","","","Sclater’s Guenon","Nigeria, Benin City.","SE Nigeria, between Niger and Cross Rivers.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered.","","<i>C. cephus </i>species group. Recognized as a full species by Kingdon (1980:661).","21","21-00499","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0499"
"12100500","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","solatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","M. J. S. Harrison","1988","","J. Zool. Lond.","215","","562","","","Sun-tailed Monkey","C Gabon, SE of Booue, Forêt des Abeilles, River Bali, 0°14'S, 12°15'E.","C Gabon.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable. Endangered.","","<i>C. lhoesti </i>species group.","21","21-00500","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0500"
"12100501","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","wolfi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","A. Meyer","1891","","Notes Leyden Mus.","13","","63","","","Wolf’s Mona Monkey","""Central West Africa.""","Dem. Rep. Congo, NE Angola, south of the Congo River.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>C. pogonius wolfi</i>.","<b><i>elegans</i> </b><i> </i>Dubois and Matschie, 1912;<i> pyrogaster</i> Lönnberg, 1919.","<i>C. mona </i>species group. <i>C.</i> <i>denti</i> provisionally separated as a species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00501","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0501"
"12100502","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","wolfi","wolfi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","A. Meyer","1891","","Notes Leyden Mus.","13","","63","","","","""Central West Africa.""","","","","","21","21-00502","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0501-0502"
"12100503","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Cercopithecus","","wolfi","elegans","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Dubois and Matschie","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00503","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0434-0000-0501-0503"
"12100504","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","5","","<i>Simia sabaea</i> Linnaeus, 1766 (= <i>Simia aethiops</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Callithrix</i> Reichenbach, 1862 [not of Erxleben, 1777]; <i>Cynocebus</i> Gray, 1870.","Not recognized by McKenna and Bell (1997). Recognized as a full genus distinct from <i>Cercopithecus</i> by Groves (1989, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00504","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504"
"12100505","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","aethiops","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","28","","","Grivet","Sudan, Sennaar.","Sudan east of the White Nile, Eritrea, Ethiopia east to the Rift Valley.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Cercopithecus aethiops</i>.","<i>calliaudi</i> (Wettstein, 1918); <i>cano-viridis </i>(Gray, 1843); ?<i>cinereo-viridis </i>(Gray, 1843); <i>engytithia </i>(Hermann, 1804); <i>griseo-viridis </i>(Desmarest, 1820); <i>griseus </i>(F. Cuvier, 1819); <i>matschiei </i>(Neumann, 1902); <i>subviridis </i>(F. Cuvier, 1821); <i>toldti </i>(Wettstein, 1916); <i>weidholzi </i>(Lorenz, 1922); <i>zavattarii</i> (de Beaux, 1943).","Does not include <i>pygerythrus</i>, <i>sabaeus</i>, <i>djamdjamensis </i>or <i>tantalus</i> (Kingdon, 1997; Groves, 2001<i>c</i>) or <i>cynosuros </i>(Groves, 2001<i>c</i>). According to Napier (1981), <i>zavattarii </i>is based on a hybrid with <i>pygerythrus</i>.","21","21-00505","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504-0000-0505"
"12100506","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","cynosuros","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Scopoli","1786","","Del. Faun. Flor. Insub.","1","","44","","","Malbrouck","Dem. Rep. Congo, Lower Congo, Banana.","S Dem. Rep. Congo to N Namibia, Zambia west of Luangwa River.","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>helvescens</i> (Thomas, 1926); <i>katangensis </i>(Lönnberg, 1919); <i>lukonzolwae </i>(Matschie, 1912); <i>tephrops </i>(Bennett, 1833); <i>tholloni </i>(Matschie, 1912); <i>weynsi </i>(Dubois and Matschie, 1912).","Separated from <i>aethiops</i> by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00506","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504-0000-0506"
"12100507","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","djamdjamensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Neumann","1902","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","51","","","Bale Mountains Vervet","Ethiopia, bamboo forest near Abera, east of Lake Abaya, 3300 m.","Ethiopia, highlands east of Lakes Abiata, Shalla and Zway.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Cercopithecus aethiops djamdjamensis</i>.","","A distinctive species, first recognized (as a subspecies) as distinct from <i>aethiops</i> by Dandelot and Prévost (1972); raised to species rank by Kingdon (1977).","21","21-00507","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504-0000-0507"
"12100508","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","pygerythrus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","F. Cuvier","1821","","Hist. Nat. Mamm.","24","","2","","","Vervet Monkey","""Africa"".","Ethiopia (east of Rift Valley), Somalia, to Zambia east of the Luangwa, and South Africa.","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>cloetei</i> (Roberts, 1931); <i>erythropyga </i>(G. Cuvier, 1829); <i>glaucus </i>(Lichtenstein, 1811) [<i>nomen</i> <i>nudum</i>]; <i>lalandii </i>(I. Geoffroy, 1841); <i>marjoriae </i>(Bradfield, 1936); <i>ngamiensis </i>(Roberts, 1932); <i>pusillus </i>(Desmoulins, 1825); <b><i>excubutor </i></b>(Schwarz, 1926); <i>voeltzkowi </i>Matschie, 1923 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> <b>hilgerti </b></i>(Neumann, 1902); <i>arenaria </i>(Heller, 1913); <i>callida </i>(Heller, 1912); <i>contigua </i>(Heller, 1920); <i>ellenbecki </i>(Neumann, 1902); <i>johnstoni </i>(Pocock, 1907); <i>luteus </i>(Elliot, 1910); <i>rubellus </i>(Elliot, 1909); <i>tumbili </i>(Heller, 1913);<i> <b>nesiotes </b></i>(Schwarz, 1926); <i>pembae </i>Matschie, 1923 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>nifoviridis </i></b>(I. Geoffroy, 1843); <i>centralis </i>(Neumann, 1900); ?<i>circumcinctus </i>(Reichenbach, 1862); <i>flavidus </i>(Peters, 1852); <i>rufoniger </i>Gray, 1870; <i>whytei</i> (Pocock, 1907); <i>silaceus </i>(Elliot, 1909).","Separated from <i>aethiops </i>as a species by Dandelot (1959), Kingdon (1997) and Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00508","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504-0000-0508"
"12100509","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","pygerythrus","pygerythrus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","F. Cuvier","1821","","Hist. Nat. Mamm.","24","","2","","","","""Africa"".","","","","","21","21-00509","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504-0000-0508-0509"
"12100510","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","pygerythrus","excubutor","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Schwarz","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00510","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504-0000-0508-0510"
"12100511","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","pygerythrus","hilgerti","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Neumann","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00511","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504-0000-0508-0511"
"12100512","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","pygerythrus","nesiotes","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Schwarz","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00512","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504-0000-0508-0512"
"12100513","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","pygerythrus","nifoviridis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00513","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504-0000-0508-0513"
"12100514","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","sabaeus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","38","","","Green Monkey","Cape Verde Isls.","Senegal to the Volta River; introduced to Cape Verde Isls and to St. Kitts, Nevis, and Barbados (West Indies).","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>callitrichus</i> (I. Geoffroy, 1851); <i>chrysurus </i>(Blyth, 1845); <i>werneri </i>(I. Geoffroy, 1850)<i>.</i>","Separated from <i>aethiops </i>as a full species by Kingdon (1997) and Groves (2001<i>c</i>). Napier (1981) regarded <i>chrysurus </i>(usually placed in synonymy of <i>C. tantalus</i>) as a synonym of <i>sabaeus</i>.","21","21-00514","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504-0000-0514"
"12100515","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","tantalus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ogilby","1841","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1841","","33","","","Tantalus Monkey","No locality.","Volta River (Ghana) east to White Nile (Sudan) and Lake Turkana (Kenya).","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>alexandri</i> (Pocock, 1909); <i>graueri</i> (Lorenz, 1914); <i>passargei </i>(Matschie, 1897); <i>pousarguei </i>(Mitchell, 1905); <i>viridis </i>(Schultze, 1910);<i> <b>budgetti</b> </i>(Pocock, 1907); <i>beniana </i>(Lorenz, 1914); <i>griseistictus </i>(Elliot, 1909); <i>itimbiriensis </i>(Matschie and Dubois, 1912);<i> <b>marrensis </b></i>(Thomas and Hinton, 1923).","Separated from <i>aethiops </i>by Dandelot (1959), Kingdon (1997) and Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00515","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504-0000-0515"
"12100516","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","tantalus","tantalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Ogilby","1841","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1841","","33","","","","No locality.","","","","","21","21-00516","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504-0000-0515-0516"
"12100517","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","tantalus","budgetti","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pocock","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00517","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504-0000-0515-0517"
"12100518","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Chlorocebus","","tantalus","marrensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas and Hinton","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00518","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0504-0000-0515-0518"
"12100519","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Erythrocebus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Trouessart","1897","","Cat. Mamm. Viv. Foss.","1","","19","","<i>Simia patas</i> Schreber, 1775.","","","","","","Recognized as a distinct genus by Thorington and Groves (1970:638-639) and Szalay and Delson (1979).","21","21-00519","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0519"
"12100520","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Erythrocebus","","patas","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","1","","98","","","Patas Monkey","Senegal.","Savannahs, from W Africa to Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albigenus</i> Elliot, 1909; <i>albo-fasciatus </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>albosignatus </i>(Matschie, 1912); <i>baumstarki </i>Matschie, 1905; <i>circumcinctus </i>(Reichenbach, 1863); <i>formosus </i>Elliot, 1909; <i>kerstingi </i>(Matschie, 1906); <i>langheldi </i>Matschie, 1905; <i>nigro-fasciatus </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>poliomystax </i>(Matschie, 1912); <i>poliophaeus </i>(Heuglin, 1877); <i>pyrrhonotus </i>(Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1829); <i>rubra </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>rufa </i>(Wagner, 1839); <i>sannio </i>(Thomas, 1906); <i>villiersi</i> Dekeyser, 1950; <i>whitei </i>Hollister, 1910; <i>zechi</i> Matschie, 1905.","Subspecies may exist, but at least some of the features supposed to characterize them were based on changes to the female’s facial pattern during pregnancy (Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00520","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0519-0000-0520"
"12100521","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Lophocebus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Palmer","1903","","Science, n.s.","17","","873","","<i>Presbytis albigena</i> Gray, 1850.","","","","","<i>Cercolophocebus</i>  Matschie, 1914; <i>Semnocebus</i> Gray, 1870.","Formerly included in <i>Cercocebus</i> (for example, by McKenna and Bell [1997]); a subgenus of <i>Cercocebus</i>, according to Szalay and Delson (1979), but see Groves (1979, 1989, 2001<i>c</i>). Included in <i>Papio</i> as a subgenus by Goodman et al. (2001).","21","21-00521","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0521"
"12100522","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Lophocebus","","albigena","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1850","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1850","","77","","","Gray-cheeked Mangabey","Dem. Rep. Congo, Mayombe.","SE Nigeria (Cross River), Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, NE Angola, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo north and east of Congo-Lualaba system, W Uganda (to Busoga), Burundi.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>weynsi</i>  (Matschie, 1913); <i>zenkeri</i> (Schwarz, 1910); <b><i>johnstoni</i> </b>(Lydekker, 1900); <i>ituricus</i> (Matschie, 1913); <i>jamrachi</i> (Pocock, 1906); <i>mawambicus</i> (Lorenz, 1917); <i>ugandae</i> Matschie, 1913; <b><i>osmani</i></b> Groves, 1978.","Does not include <i>aterrimus </i>and <i>opdenboschi</i>; see Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00522","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0521-0000-0522"
"12100523","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Lophocebus","","albigena","albigena","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1850","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1850","","77","","","","Dem. Rep. Congo, Mayombe.","","","","","21","21-00523","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0521-0000-0522-0523"
"12100524","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Lophocebus","","albigena","johnstoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lydekker","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00524","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0521-0000-0522-0524"
"12100525","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Lophocebus","","albigena","osmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Groves","1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00525","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0521-0000-0522-0525"
"12100526","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Lophocebus","","aterrimus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Oudemans","1890","","Zool. Garten","31","","267","","","Black Crested Mangabey","Dem. Rep. Congo, Stanley Falls.","Dem. Rep. Congo, south of the Congo River, in rainforest.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>coelognathus</i>  Matschie, 1914; <i>congicus</i> Sclater, 1900; <i>hamlyni</i> Pocock, 1906; <i>rothschildi</i> Lydekker, 1900.","Does not include <i>opdenboschi</i>; see Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00526","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0521-0000-0526"
"12100527","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Lophocebus","","opdenboschi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Scouteden","1944","","Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr.","38","","192","","","Opdenbosch’s Mangabey","Dem. Rep. Congo, Mwiliambongo.","Dem. Rep. Congo, gallery forests along the Kwilu, Wamba and Kwango Rivers, into Angola.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>L. atterimus opdenboschi</i>.","","Separated from <i>aterrimus</i> by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00527","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0521-0000-0527"
"12100528","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Lacépède","1799","","Tabl. Div. Subd. Orders Genres Mammifères","","","4","","<i>Simia inuus</i> Linnaeus, 1766 (= <i>Simia sylvanus</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Aulaxinus</i> Cocchi, 1872; <i>Cynamolgus </i>Reichenbach, 1862; <i>Cynomacaca </i>Khajuria, 1953; <i>Cynopithecus </i>É. Geoffroy, 1835; <i>Gymnopyga </i>Gray, 1866; <i>Inuus </i>É. Geoffroy, 1812; <i>Lyssodes </i>Gistel, 1848; <i>Magotus </i>Ritgen, 1824; <i>Magus </i>Lesson, 1827; <i>Maimon </i>Wagner, 1839; <i>Nemestrinus </i>Reichenbach, 1862 [not of Latreille, 1802]; <i>Ouanderou </i>Lesson, 1840; <i>Pithes </i>Burnett, 1828; <i>Rhesus </i>Lesson, 1840; <i>Salmacis </i>Gloger, 1841; <i>Silenus </i>Goldfuss, 1820; <i>Sylvanus </i>Oken, 1816 [unavailable]; <i>Vetulus </i>Reichenbach, 1862; <i>Zati</i> Reichenbach, 1862.","Placed in a separate subtribe, Macacina, from other members of the Papionini, by McKenna and Bell (1997). Species groups are: (1) <i>M. sylvanus </i>group (monotypic), (2) <i>M. nemestrina </i>group (<i>silenus</i>,<i> leonina</i>,<i> nemestrina</i>,<i> pagensis</i>,<i> siberu</i>,<i> maura</i>,<i> ochreata</i>,<i> tonkeana</i>,<i> hecki</i>,<i> nigrescens</i>,<i> nigra</i>), (3) <i>M. fascicularis </i>group (<i>fascicularis</i>,<i> arctoides</i>), (4) <i>M. mulatta </i>group (<i>mulatta</i>,<i> cyclopis</i>,<i> fuscata</i>), (5) <i>M. sinica </i>group (<i>sinica</i>,<i> radiata</i>,<i> assamensis</i>,<i> thibetana</i>).","21","21-00528","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528"
"12100529","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","arctoides","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1831","","<i>In</i> Belanger (ed.), Voy. Indes Orient., Mamm.","3(Zool.)","","61","","","Stump-tailed Macaque","""Cochin-China"" (Indochina).","Assam (India) to S China and N Malay Peninsula.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>brunneus</i> (Anderson, 1871); <i>harmandi </i>(Trouessart, 1897); <i>melanotus </i>(Ogilby, 1839); <i>melli </i>(Matschie, 1912); <i>rufescens </i>(Anderson, 1872); <i>speciosus </i>(Murie, 1875) [not of I. Geoffroy, 1826 = <i>M. fuscata</i>]; <i>ursinus</i> (Gervais, 1854).","<i>M. fascicularis </i>species group according to Groves (2001<i>c</i>), but probably derived from an early Pleistocene hybridization between <i>M. fascicularis</i>, which it resembles in its mtDNA,<i> </i>and <i>M. assamensis/thibetana</i>, which it resembles in its Y chromosome. Reviewed by Fooden et al. (1985).","21","21-00529","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0529"
"12100530","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","assamensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","M'Clelland","1839","1840","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1839","","148","","","Assam Macaque","India, Assam.","Nepal to N Vietnam, S China.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>M. a. assamensia </i>and <i>M. a. pelops</i>.","<i>coolidgei</i> Osgood, 1932; <i>rhesosimilis</i> (Sclater, 1872); <b><i>pelops</i></b><i> </i>(Hodgson, 1840); <i>macclellandii </i>(Gray, 1846); <i>problematicus </i>(Gray, 1870); <i>sikimensis </i>(Hodgson, 1867).","<i>M. sinica </i>species group. Reviewed by Fooden (1982).","21","21-00530","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0530"
"12100531","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","assamensis","assamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","M'Clelland","1839","1840","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1839","","148","","","","India, Assam.","","","","","21","21-00531","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0530-0531"
"12100532","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","assamensis","pelops","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hodgson","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00532","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0530-0532"
"12100533","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","cyclopis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Swinhoe","1862","1863","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1862","","350","","","Formosan Rock Macaque","Taiwan, Jusan, Takao Pref.","Taiwan.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>affinis</i>  (Blyth, 1863).","<i>M. mulatta </i>species group.","21","21-00533","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0533"
"12100534","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","fascicularis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","246","","","Crab-eating Macaque","Indonesia, Sumatra, Bengkulen.","S Indochina and Burma to Borneo and Timor (Indonesia); Philippine Isls; Nicobar Isls (India).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>M. f. atriceps</i>,<i> M. f. condorensis</i>,<i> M. f. fusca</i>, <i>M. f. karimondjawae</i>, <i>M. f. lasiae</i>, <i>M. f. tua</i>, and <i>M. f. umbrosa</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>M. f. fascicularis</i>, <i>M. f. aurea</i>, and <i>M. f. philippensis</i>.","<i>agnatus</i> (Elliot, 1910); <i>alacer </i>(Elliot, 1909); <i>argentimembris </i>Kloss, 1911; <i>aygula </i>(Linnaeus, 1758) [suppressed by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1986), Opinion 1400]; <i>baweanus </i>(Elliot, 1910); <i>bintangensis </i>(Elliot, 1909); <i>buku </i>(Martin, 1838); <i>cagayanus </i>(Mearns, 1905); <i>capitalis </i>(Elliot, 1910); <i>carbonarius </i>(F. Cuvier, 1825); <i>carimatae </i>(Elliot, 1910); <i>cupidus </i>(Elliot, 1910); <i>cynocephalus </i>(Reichenbach, 1862) [not of Linnaeus, 1766]; <i>cynomolgus </i>(Schreber, 1775) [not of Linnaeus, 1758]; <i>dollmani </i>(Elliot, 1909); <i>impudens </i>(Elliot, 1910); <i>irus </i>I. Geoffroy, 1826; <i>karimoni </i>(Elliot, 1909); <i>kra </i>(Lesson, 1830); <i>laetus </i>(Elliot, 1909); <i>lapsus </i>(Elliot, 1910); <i>lautensis </i>(Elliot, 1910); <i>limitis </i>(Schwarz, 1913); <i>lingae </i>(Elliot, 1910); <i>lingungensis </i>(Elliot, 1910); <i>mandibularis </i>(Elliot, 1910); <i>mansalaris </i>(Lyon, 1916); <i>mordax </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1909; <i>phaeura </i>(Miller, 1903); <i>pumilus </i>(Miller, 1900); <i>resima </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1909; <i>sihassensis </i>(Elliot, 1910); <i>sublimitus </i>Sody, 1932; <i>submordax </i>Sody, 1949; <i>suluensis </i>(Mearns, 1905); <i>sumbae </i>Sody, 1933; <i>validus </i>(Elliot, 1909); <b><i>atriceps</i></b><i> </i>Kloss, 1919;<i> <b>aureus </b></i>(É. Geoffroy, 1831); <i>vitiis</i> (Elliot, 1910); <b><i>condorensis </i></b>Kloss, 1926; <b><i>fuscus </i></b>(Miller, 1903); <b><i>karimondjawae </i></b>Sody, 1949;<i> <b>lasiae </b></i>(Lyon, 1916); <b><i>philippensis</i></b><i> </i>(I. Geoffroy, 1843); <i>apoensis </i>(Mearns, 1905); <i>cumingii </i>(Gray, 1870); <i>fur </i>(Slack, 1867); <i>mindanensis </i>(Mearns, 1905); <i>mindorus </i>(Hollister, 1913); <i>palpebrosus </i>(I. Geoffroy, 1851);<i> <b>tua</b></i><b> </b>Kellogg, 1944; <b><i>umbrosus </i></b>(Miller, 1902).","<i>M. fascicularis </i>species group. Includes <i>irus</i>; see Medway (1977:70-71). Includes <i>cynomolgos</i>; see Osman Hill (1974:476-477). Revised by Fooden (1995).","21","21-00534","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0534"
"12100535","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","fascicularis","fascicularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","246","","","","Indonesia, Sumatra, Bengkulen.","","","","","21","21-00535","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0534-0535"
"12100536","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","fascicularis","atriceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kloss","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00536","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0534-0536"
"12100537","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","fascicularis","aureus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1831","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00537","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0534-0537"
"12100538","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","fascicularis","condorensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kloss","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00538","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0534-0538"
"12100539","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","fascicularis","fuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00539","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0534-0539"
"12100540","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","fascicularis","karimondjawae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Sody","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00540","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0534-0540"
"12100541","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","fascicularis","lasiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lyon","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00541","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0534-0541"
"12100542","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","fascicularis","philippensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00542","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0534-0542"
"12100543","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","fascicularis","tua","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kellogg","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00543","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0534-0543"
"12100544","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","fascicularis","umbrosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00544","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0534-0544"
"12100545","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","fuscata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Blyth","1875","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","44","","6","","","Japanese Macaque","Japan.","Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and adjacent small islands (Japan); Yaku Isl (Ryukyu Isls, Japan).","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Endangered as <i>M. f. yakui</i>, otherwise Data Deficient.","<i>japanensis</i>  (Schweyer, 1909); <i>speciosus </i>(F. Cuvier, 1825); <b><i>yakui</i></b> Kuroda, 1941.","<i>M. mulatta </i>species group. Includes <i>speciosus</i> F. Cuvier, 1825 (not <i>speciosa</i> Blyth, 1875) which was suppressed by Opinion 920 of the International Commision on Zoological Nomenclature (1970); see Fooden (1976).","21","21-00545","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0545"
"12100546","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","fuscata","fuscata","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Blyth","1875","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","44","","6","","","","Japan.","","","","","21","21-00546","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0545-0546"
"12100547","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","fuscata","yakui","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kuroda","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00547","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0545-0547"
"12100548","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","hecki","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1901","","Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges.","25","","257","","","Heck’s Macaque","Indonesia, Sulawesi Tengah, Buol.","N Sulawesi, from the base of the northern peninsula northeast to Gorontalo (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>M. nemestrina </i>species group. Separated from <i>tonkeana</i> by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00548","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0548"
"12100549","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","leonina","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Blyth","1863","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. As. Soc.","","","7","","","Northern Pig-tailed Macaque","Burma, N Arakan.","Burma, coast (including Mergui Arch.), Thailand north of about 8°N, S Yunnan (China), Laos, Bangladesh, India north to Brahmaputra River.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>adusta</i> Miller, 1906; <i>andamanensis </i>(Bartlett, 1869); <i>blythii </i>Pocock, 1931; <i>coininus </i>(Kloss, 1903) [<i>lapsus</i> for <i>leoninus</i>]; <i>insulana </i>Miller, 1906; <i>indochinensis </i>Kloss, 1919.","<i>M. nemestrina </i>species group. Considered a species separate from <i>nemestrina </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>:223).","21","21-00549","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0549"
"12100550","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","maura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","H. R. Schinz","1825","","<i>In</i> Cuvier, Das Thierreich","","","257","","","Moor Macaque","Indonesia, Sulawesi Selatan.","S Sulawesi, south of Tempe Depression (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>cuvieri</i> (Fischer, 1829); <i>fusco-ater </i>(Schinz, 1844); <i>hypomelas </i>(Matschie, 1901); <i>inornatus </i>(Gray, 1866); <i>majuscula</i> Hooijer, 1950.","<i>M. nemestrina </i>species group. Type species of <i>Gymnopyga</i>; see Fooden (1969:79). Included in <i>nigra</i> by Corbet and Hill (1980:87).","21","21-00550","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0550"
"12100551","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","mulatta","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","195","","","Rhesus Monkey","India, Nepal Terai.","Afghanistan and India to N Thailand, China, and Hainan Isl (China).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>brachyurus</i> (Elliot, 1909) [not of Hamilton Smith, 1842]; <i>brevicaudatus </i>(Elliot, 1913); <i>erythraea </i>(Shaw, 1800); <i>fulvus </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>lasiotus </i>(Gray, 1868); <i>littoralis </i>(Elliot, 1909); <i>mcmahoni </i>Pocock, 1932; <i>nipalensis </i>Hodgson, 1840; <i>oinops </i>Hodgson, 1840; <i>rhesus </i>(Audebert, 1798); <i>sancti-johannis </i>(Swinhoe, 1866); <i>siamica </i>Kloss, 1917; <i>tcheliensis </i>(Milne-Edwards, 1872); <i>vestita </i>(Milne-Edwards, 1892); <i>villosa</i> (True, 1894).","<i>M. mulatta </i>species group. Revised by Fooden (2000).","21","21-00551","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0551"
"12100552","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","nemestrina","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","35","","","Southern Pig-tailed Macaque","Indonesia, Sumatra.","Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra and Bangka Isl (Indonesia), Thailand north to about 7°30’N.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>brachyurus</i> (Hamilton Smith, 1842); <i>broca </i>Miller, 1906; <i>carpolegus </i>(Raffles, 1821); <i>fusca </i>(Shaw, 1800); <i>libidinosus </i>I. Geoffroy, 1826; <i>longicruris </i>(Link, 1795); <i>maimon </i>(de Blainville, 1839); <i>nucifera </i>Sody, 1936; <i>platypygos </i>(Schreber, 1774).","<i>M. nemestrina </i>species group. Includes <i>pagensis</i> according to Fooden (1975:67, 1980:7) and Szalay and Delson (1979); but Wilson and Wilson (1977:216) considered <i>pagensis</i> a distinct species, and this was followed by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00552","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0552"
"12100553","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","nigra","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encyclop. Meth.","2(Suppl.)","","534","","","Celebes Crested Macaque","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Maluku, Bacan Isl.","Sulawesi, east of Onggak Dumoga River, Lembeh Isl, Bacan Isl (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>lembicus</i>  (Miller, 1931); <i>malayanus </i>(Desmoulins, 1824).","<i>M. nemestrina </i>species group. Type species of <i>Cynopithecus</i>; see Fooden (1969). Includes <i>nigrescens</i> according to Groves (1980<i>c</i>, 1993), but separated again by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00553","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0553"
"12100554","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","nigrescens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Temminck","1849","","Coup d’Oeil Possess. Neerd.","3","","111","","","Gorontalo Macaque","Indonesia, Sulawesi (""Celebes"").","Sulawesi, east of Gorontalo, to Onggak Dumoga River (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (conservation dependent).","","<i>M. nemestrina </i>species group. Separated from <i>M. nigra </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00554","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0554"
"12100555","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","ochreata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ogilby","1841","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1841","","56","","","Booted Macaque","Unknown.","SE Sulawesi, Kabaena, Muna, and Butung (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>M. brunnescens</i>, otherwise Data Deficient.","<b><i>brunnescens</i> </b><i> </i>(Matschie, 1901).","<i>M. nemestrina </i>species group. Fooden (1969) recognized <i>brunnescens </i>as a species; but Groves (1980<i>c</i>:1-9) included it in <i>ochreata</i>.","21","21-00555","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0555"
"12100556","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","ochreata","ochreata","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Ogilby","1841","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1841","","56","","","","Unknown.","","","","","21","21-00556","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0555-0556"
"12100557","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","ochreata","brunnescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00557","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0555-0557"
"12100558","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","pagensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1903","","Smithson. Misc. Collect.","45","","61","","","Pagai Island Macaque","Indonesia, South Pagai Isl.","Mentawai group: Islands of Sipura, North Pagai and South Pagai (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>M. pagensis pagensis</i>.","<i>mentaveensis</i>  de Beaux, 1923.","<i>M. nemestrina </i>species group. Included in <i>nemestrina </i>by Fooden (1975:67, 1980:7) and Szalay and Delson (1979); but Wilson and Wilson (1977:216) and Groves (2001<i>c</i>:224) considered it a distinct species.","21","21-00558","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0558"
"12100559","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","radiata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","98","","","Bonnet Macaque","India; see Osman Hill (1974).","S India.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>diluta</i>  Pocock, 1931.","<i>M. sinica </i>species group. Revised by Fooden (1981).","21","21-00559","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0559"
"12100560","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","siberu","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Fuentes and Olson","1995","","Asian Primates","4","4","1","","","Siberut Macaque","Indonesia, Siberut Isl.","Siberut (Mentawai group).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>M. pagensis siberu</i>.","","<i>M. nemestrina </i>species group. Considered a distinct species by Kitchener and Groves (2002).","21","21-00560","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0560"
"12100561","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","silenus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","26","","","Lion-tailed Macaque","""Ceylon"" India, Western Ghats; see Osman Hill (1974:652).","SW India, Western Ghats.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>albibarbatus</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>ferox </i>(Shaw, 1792); <i>veter</i> (Audebert, 1798); <i>vetulus </i>(Erxleben, 1777).","<i>M. nemestrina </i>species group.","21","21-00561","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0561"
"12100562","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","sinica","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1771","","Mantissa Plantarum","2","Appendix","521","","","Toque Macaque","Probably Sri Lanka; see Fooden (1979).","Sri Lanka.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Endangered as <i>M. s. opisthomelas</i>, otherwise Vulnerable as <i>M. s. aurifrons </i>and <i>M. s. sinica</i>.","<i>audeberti</i> (Reichenbach, 1862); <i>inaurea </i>Pocock, 1931; <i>longicaudata </i>Deraniyagala, 1965; <i>opisthomelas </i>Osman Hill, 1942; <i>pileatus</i> (Ogilby, 1838); <b><i>aurifrons </i></b>Pocock, 1931.","<i>M. sinica </i>species group. See Fooden (1979).","21","21-00562","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0562"
"12100563","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","sinica","sinica","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1771","","Mantissa Plantarum","2","Appendix","521","","","","Probably Sri Lanka; see Fooden (1979).","","","","","21","21-00563","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0562-0563"
"12100564","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","sinica","aurifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pocock","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00564","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0562-0564"
"12100565","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","sylvanus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","25","","","Barbary Macaque","North Africa, ""Barbary coast"".","Morocco, Algeria, Gibraltar (introduced).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>ecaudatus</i>  (É. Geoffroy, 1812); <i>inuus</i> (Linnaeus, 1766); <i>pithecus </i>(Schreber, 1799); <i>pygmaeus</i> (Reichenbach, 1863).","<i>M. sylvanus </i>species group. See Fooden (1976:226) for the use of this name.","21","21-00565","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0565"
"12100566","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","thibetana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1870","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","70","","341","","","Milne-Edwards’ Macaque","China, Szechwan, Moupin.","E Tibet, Szechwan to Kwangtung (China).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (conservation dependent).","<b><i>esau</i> </b> (Matschie, 1912); <i>pullus </i>(Howell, 1928); <b><i>guiahouensis </i></b>Wang and Jiang, 1996; <b><i>huangshanensis </i></b>Jiang and Wang, 1996.","<i>M. sinica </i>species group. Reviewed by Fooden (1983) and Jiang et al. (1996).","21","21-00566","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0566"
"12100567","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","thibetana","thibetana","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1870","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","70","","341","","","","China, Szechwan, Moupin.","","","","","21","21-00567","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0566-0567"
"12100568","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","thibetana","esau","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00568","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0566-0568"
"12100569","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","thibetana","guiahouensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Wang and Jiang","1996","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00569","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0566-0569"
"12100570","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","thibetana","huangshanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jiang and Wang","1996","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00570","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0566-0570"
"12100571","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Macaca","","tonkeana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Meyer","1899","","Abh. Zool. Anthrop.-Ethnology. Mus. Dresden","7","7","3","","","Tonkean Macaque","Indonesia, Sulawesi Tengah, Tonkean.","C Sulawesi, south to Latimojong, north to the base of the northern peninsula, between Palu and Parigi (Indonesia); Togian Isls (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>hypomelanus</i> (Matschie, 1901); <i>tonsus </i>(Matschie, 1901); <i>togeanus</i> (Sody, 1949).","<i>M. nemestrina </i>species group. Formerly included in <i>Cynopithecus</i>; see Fooden (1969:106-115). According to Froehlich et al. (1998), the macaques of the Balantak Mtns on the E peninsula of Sulawesi constitute a separate species from those of the main part of the range; in this case, the name <i>tonkeana </i>would apply to the Balantak form. Whether one of the other synonyms applies to the better-known form from the western part of Central Sulawesi is unclear. Froehlich et al. (1998) said that <i>togeanus </i>(from the Togian Isl) is a hybrid swarm between the two. Does not include <i>hecki</i>; see Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00571","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0528-0000-0571"
"12100572","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Mandrillus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Ritgen","1824","","Natureichen Eintheilung der Säugethiere","","","33","","<i>Simia maimon</i> Linnaeus, 1766; <i>Simia mormon</i> Alstromer, 1766 (= <i>Simia sphinx</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Chaeropithecus</i> Gray, 1870 [not of de Blainville, 1839]; <i>Drill </i>Reichenbach, 1862; <i>Maimon </i>Trouessart, 1904; <i>Mandril </i>Voigt, 1831; <i>Mormon</i> Wagner, 1839 [not of Illiger, 1811]; <i>Papio </i>P.L.S. Müller, 1773 [Suppressed under Opinion 1199 of Int. Commission on Zool. Nomenclature].","Not a synonym of <i>Papio</i> (see Groves, 1989), pace McKenna and Bell (1997). Delson and Napier (1976:46) considered these two species in genus <i>Papio</i>, subgenus <i>Papio</i>; placed in subgenus <i>Mandrillus</i> by Dandelot (1974:9). <i>Mandrillus</i> considered a full genus by Groves (1989, 2001<i>c</i>); placed as a subgenus of <i>Cercocebus </i>by Goodman et al. (1998).","21","21-00572","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0572"
"12100573","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Mandrillus","","leucophaeus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","F. Cuvier","1807","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","9","","477","","","Drill","Africa.","SE Nigeria; Cameroon, north of the Sanaga River and just south of it; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea). See Grubb (1973) for details.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered as <i>M. l. leucophaeus </i>and <i>M. l. poensis</i>.","<i>cinerea</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>drill </i>(Lesson, 1838); <i>livea </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>mundamensis </i>(Hilzheimer, 1906); <i>sylvestris </i>(Link, 1795); <i>sylvicola</i> (Kerr, 1792); ?<i>variegata </i>(Kerr, 1792); <b><i>poensis </i></b>Zukowsky, 1922.","The names <i>sylvicola</i>,<i> variegata</i>,<i> cinerea</i>,<i> livea </i>and <i>sylvestris </i>were suppressed by Opinion 935 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1970).","21","21-00573","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0572-0000-0573"
"12100574","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Mandrillus","","leucophaeus","leucophaeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","F. Cuvier","1807","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","9","","477","","","","Africa.","","","","","21","21-00574","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0572-0000-0573-0574"
"12100575","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Mandrillus","","leucophaeus","poensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Zukowsky","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00575","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0572-0000-0573-0575"
"12100576","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Mandrillus","","sphinx","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","25","","","Mandrill","Cameroon, Ja River, Bitye.","Cameroon, south of the Sanaga River; Rio Muni (Equatorial Guinea); Gabon; Republic of Congo. See Grubb (1973) for details.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>burlacei</i> Rothschild, 1922; <i>ebolowae </i>Matschie and Zukowsky, 1917; <i>escherichi </i>Matschie and Zukowsky, 1917; <i>hagenbecki </i>Matschie and Zukowsky, 1917; <i>insularis </i>Zukowsky, 1922; <i>latidens </i>(Bechstein, 1799); <i>madarogaster</i> (Zimmermann, 1780); <i>maimon </i>(Linnaeus, 1766); <i>mormon </i>(Alströmer, 1766); <i>pennanti </i>(Griffith, 1827); <i>planirostris </i>(Elliot, 1909); <i>schreberi </i>Matschie, 1917; <i>suilla </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>tessmanni </i>Matschie and Zukowsky, 1917; <i>zenkeri</i> Matschie and Zukowsky, 1917.","","21","21-00576","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0572-0000-0576"
"12100577","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Miopithecus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1862","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","15","","720","","<i>Simia talapoin</i> Schreber, 1774.","","","","","","A subgenus of <i>Cercopithecus</i> according to Szalay and Delson (1979), but see Groves (1978<i>b</i>, 1989). See also van der Kuhl et al. (2001).","21","21-00577","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0577"
"12100578","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Miopithecus","","ogouensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kingdon","1997","","The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals","","","55","","","Gabon Talapoin","""Endemic to the equatorial coastal watersheds between Cabinda and the River Nyong"".","S Cameroon, Rio Muni, Gabon, Angola (Cabinda).","CITES – Appendix II.","","Named on the evidence of descriptions by Machado (1969). See also van der Kuhl et al. (2001).","21","21-00578","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0577-0000-0578"
"12100579","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Miopithecus","","talapoin","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","101, 186, pl. 17","","","Angolan Talapoin","Angola.","Angola, SW Dem. Rep. Congo.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ansorgei</i> (Pocock, 1907); <i>capillatus </i>I. Geoffroy, 1842; <i>melarhinus </i>(Schinz, 1844); <i>niger </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>pileatus </i>(É. Geoffroy, 1812); <i>pilettei</i> Lorenz, 1919; <i>vlesschouwersi </i>(Poll, 1940).","","21","21-00579","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0577-0000-0579"
"12100580","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Papio","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Erxleben","1777","","Systema Regni Animalis","1","Mammalia","xxx, 15","","<i>Cynocephalus papio</i> Desmarest, 1820 (= <i>Simia hamadryas</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Chaeropitheus</i>  Gervais, 1839; <i>Comopithecus</i> J. A. Allen, 1925; <i>Cynocephalus</i> G. Cuvier and É. Geoffroy, 1795; <i>Hamadryas</i> Lesson, 1840.","Opinion 1199 of the International Commision on Zoological Nomenclature (1982) fixed this as the first available name, and fixed the type species. Includes <i>Theropithecus </i>according to Goodman et al. (1998), and also <i>Lophocebus </i>according to Goodman et al. (2001). Includes <i>Mandrillus </i>according to McKenna and Bell (1997).","21","21-00580","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0580"
"12100581","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Papio","","anubis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lesson","1827","","Man. Mamm.","","","27","","","Olive Baboon","Upper Nile.","Mali to Ethiopia, Kenya, NW Tanzania.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>choras</i> (Ogilby, 1843); <i>doguera </i>(Pucheran and Schimper, 1836); <i>furax </i>Elliot, 1907; <i>graueri </i>Lorenz, 1915; <i>heuglini </i>Matschie, 1898; <i>lestes </i>Heller, 1913; <i>lydekkeri </i>Rothschild, 1902; <i>neumanni </i>Matschie, 1897; <i>nigeriae </i>Elliot, 1909; <i>niloticus</i> Roth, 1965 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>olivaceus </i>De Winton, 1902; <i>silvestris</i> Lorenz, 1915; <i>tesselatum </i>Elliot, 1909; <i>tibestianus </i>Dekeyser and Derivot, 1960; <i>vigilis </i>Heller, 1913; <i>werneri </i>Wettstein, 1916; <i>yokoensis </i>Matschie, 1900.","","21","21-00581","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0580-0000-0581"
"12100582","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Papio","","cynocephalus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","38","","","Yellow Baboon","Kenya, inland from Mombasa.","Somalia, coastal Kenya, Tanzania, to Zambezi River.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>antiquorum</i> (Schinz, 1821); <i>babouin </i>(Desmarest, 1820); <i>basiliscus </i>(Schreber, 1800); <i>flavidus </i>(Peters, 1852); <i>jubilaeus </i>Schwarz, 1928; <i>langheldi </i>(Matschie, 1892); <i>ochraceus </i>(Peters, 1852); <i>pruinosus </i>Thomas, 1897; ?<i>rhodesiae </i>(Hagner, 1918); <i>strepitus </i>Elliot, 1907; <i>sublutea </i>(Shaw, 1800); <i>thoth</i> (Ogilby, 1843); ?<i>variegata </i>(Kerr, 1792); <b><i>ibeanus </i></b>Thomas, 1893; <i>ruhei </i>Zukowsky, 1942; <b><i>kindae</i></b><i> </i>Lönnberg, 1919.","","21","21-00582","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0580-0000-0582"
"12100583","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Papio","","cynocephalus","cynocephalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","38","","","","Kenya, inland from Mombasa.","","","","","21","21-00583","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0580-0000-0582-0583"
"12100584","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Papio","","cynocephalus","ibeanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00584","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0580-0000-0582-0584"
"12100585","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Papio","","cynocephalus","kindae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00585","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0580-0000-0582-0585"
"12100586","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Papio","","hamadryas","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","27","","","Hamadryas Baboon","Egypt.","Arid zone of Red Sea coast of Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, N Somalia, Yemen, Saudi Arabia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>aegyptiaca</i> (Gray, 1870); <i>arabicus </i>Thomas, 1900; <i>brockmani </i>Elliot, 1909; <i>chaeropitheus </i>(Lesson, 1840); <i>cynamolgus </i>(Linnaeus, 1758); <i>nedjo </i>(Reichenbach, 1863); <i>wagleri </i>(Agassiz, 1828).","Includes <i>anubis</i>, <i>cynocephalus</i>, <i>papio</i>, and <i>ursinus</i> according to Szalay and Delson (1979:336), but see Jolly and Brett (1973:85), Dandelot (1974:9), Corbet and Hill (1980:88), Groves (2001<i>c</i>) and others who recognized these as distinct species.","21","21-00586","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0580-0000-0586"
"12100587","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Papio","","papio","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Desmarest","1820","","Encyclop. Méthodique, Mammalogie","1","","69","","","Guinea Baboon","""Coast of Guinea"".","Senegal, Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to Mauretania, Mali.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>olivaceus</i> (I. Geoffroy, 1851); <i>rubescens </i>Temminck, 1853;<i> sphinx</i> Erxleben, 1777 [not of Linnaeus, 1758].","","21","21-00587","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0580-0000-0587"
"12100588","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Papio","","ursinus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kerr","1792","","Anim. Kingd.","","","63","","","Chacma Baboon","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope.","South of Zambezi River, to S Angola, SW Zambia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>capensis</i> (A. Smith, 1826); <i>comatus </i>É. Geoffroy, 1812; <i>nigripes </i>Roberts, 1932; <i>occidentalis </i>Goldblatt, 1926; <i>orientalis </i>Goldblatt, 1926; <i>porcaria </i>(Boddaert, 1787) [not of Brünnich, 1782]; <i>sphingiola </i>(Hermann, 1804); <b><i>griseipes </i></b>Pocock, 1911; <i>chobiensis </i>Roberts, 1932; <i>ngamiensis </i>Roberts, 1932; <i>transvaalensis </i>(Zukowsky, 1927); <b><i>ruacana</i></b><i> </i>Shortridge, 1942; <i>chacamensis </i>Roth, 1965 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","","21","21-00588","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0580-0000-0588"
"12100589","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Papio","","ursinus","ursinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kerr","1792","","Anim. Kingd.","","","63","","","","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope.","","","","","21","21-00589","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0580-0000-0588-0589"
"12100590","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Papio","","ursinus","griseipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pocock","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00590","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0580-0000-0588-0590"
"12100591","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Papio","","ursinus","ruacana","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Shortridge","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00591","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0580-0000-0588-0591"
"12100592","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Theropithecus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1841","1843","Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","1841","2","576","","<i>Macacus gelada</i> Rüppell, 1835.","","","","","<i>Gelada</i>  Gray, 1843; <i>Simopithecus </i>Andrews, 1916.","Considered a distinct genus by Cronin and Meikle (1979:259), but Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>:8) included this genus in <i>Cercopithecus</i>; Goodman et al. (1998) included it in <i>Papio </i>as a subgenus. McKenna and Bell (1997) placed it in a subtribe, Theropithecina, separate from Macacina (<i>Macaca</i>) and Papionina (all other genera of Papionini).","21","21-00592","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0592"
"12100593","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Theropithecus","","gelada","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Rüppell","1835","","Neue Wirbelt. Fauna Abyssin. Gehörig. Säugeth.","","","5","","","Gelada","Ethiopia, Semyen (Simien).","N Ethiopia, highlands.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>T. g. obscurus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ruppelli</i> (Gray, 1843); <i>senex </i>Pucheran, 1857; <b><i>obscurus</i></b><i> </i>Heuglin, 1863.","","21","21-00593","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0592-0000-0593"
"12100594","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Theropithecus","","gelada","gelada","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Rüppell","1835","","Neue Wirbelt. Fauna Abyssin. Gehörig. Säugeth.","","","5","","","","Ethiopia, Semyen (Simien).","","","","","21","21-00594","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0592-0000-0593-0594"
"12100595","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Cercopithecinae","","Theropithecus","","gelada","obscurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Heuglin","1863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00595","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0422-0000-0592-0000-0593-0595"
"12100596","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","Jerdon","1867","","Mammals of India","","","3","","","","","","","Presbytinae Gray, 1825; Semnopithecinae Owen, 1843.","Separated provisionally as a full family (Colobidae) by Groves (1989); a subfamily of Cercopithecidae according to Groves (2001<i>c</i>). On the name of this subfamily, see Delson (1976), and Brandon-Jones (1978). Divided into two tribes, Colobini (African taxa) and Presbytini (Asian taxa) by McKenna and Bell (1997).","21","21-00596","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596"
"12100597","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium.","","","69","","<i>Simia polycomos</i> Schreber, 1800 (= <i>Cebus polykomos</i> Zimmerman, 1780).","","","","","<i>Colobolus</i> Gray, 1821; <i>Guereza </i>Gray, 1870; <i>Pterycolobus </i>Rochebrune, 1887; <i>Stachycolobus</i> Rochebrune, 1887.","Does not include <i>Procolobus</i> or <i>Pliocolobus</i>, pace McKenna and Bell (1997);<i> </i>see Groves (1989).","21","21-00597","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597"
"12100598","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","angolensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","P. Sclater","1860","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1860","","245","","","Angola Colobus","Angola, 300 mi. (483 km) inland from Bembe.","NE Angola, S and E Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, NE Zambia, SE Kenya, E Tanzania.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>C. a. palliatus </i>and <i>C. a. prigonginei</i>, Vulnerable as <i>C. a. ruwenzorii</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>benamakimae</i> Matschie, 1914; <i>maniemae </i>Matschie, 1914; <i>sandbergi </i>Lönnberg, 1908; <i>weynsi </i>Matschie, 1913; <b><i>cordieri </i></b>Rahm, 1959; <b><i>cottoni</i></b><i> </i>Lydekker, 1905; <i>mawambicus </i>Matschie, 1913; <i>nahani </i>Matschie, 1914;<i> <b>palliates </b></i>Peters, 1868; <i>langheldi </i>Matschie, 1914; <i>sharpie </i>Thomas, 1902;<i> <b>prigoginei </b></i>Verheyen, 1959; <b><i>ruwenzorii </i></b>Thomas, 1901; <i>adolfi-friederici </i>Matschie, 1914.","Thorington and Groves (1970:629-647), Dandelot (1974:37), and Corbet and Hill (1980:89) listed <i>angolensis</i> as a distinct species.","21","21-00598","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0598"
"12100599","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","angolensis","angolensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","P. Sclater","1860","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1860","","245","","","","Angola, 300 mi. (483 km) inland from Bembe.","","","","","21","21-00599","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0598-0599"
"12100600","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","angolensis","cordieri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Rahm","1959","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00600","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0598-0600"
"12100601","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","angolensis","cottoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lydekker","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00601","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0598-0601"
"12100602","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","angolensis","palliates","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1868","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00602","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0598-0602"
"12100603","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","angolensis","prigoginei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Verheyen","1959","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00603","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0598-0603"
"12100604","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","angolensis","ruwenzorii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00604","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0598-0604"
"12100605","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","guereza","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Rüppell","1835","","Neue Wirbelt. Fauna Abyssin. Gehörig. Säugeth.","","","1","","","Mantled Guereza","Ethiopia, Gojjam and Kulla.","Nigeria to Ethiopia; Kenya; Uganda; Tanzania.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. g. percivali</i>, Data Deficient as <i>C. g. gallarum</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abyssinicus</i>  (Oken, 1816) [unavailable]; <i>managaschae </i>Matschie, 1913; <i>poliurus </i>Thomas, 1901; <i>ruppelli </i>(Gray, 1870); <b><i>caudatus</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1885; <i>albocaudatus </i>Lydekker, 1906;<i> <b>dodingae </b></i>Matschie, 1913; <i>gallarum </i>Neumann, 1902;<i> <b>kikuyuensis </b></i>Lönnberg, 1912; <i>laticeps </i>Matschie, 1913; <i>thikae </i>Matschie, 1913;<i> <b>matschiei </b></i>Neumann, 1899; <i>elgonis </i>Granvik, 1925; <i>roosevelti </i>Heller, 1913;<i> <b>occidentalis </b></i>(Rochebrune, 1887); <i>brachychaites </i>Matschie, 1913; <i>dianae </i>Matschie, 1913; <i>escherichi </i>Matschie, 1914; <i>ituricus </i>Matschie, 1913; <i>rutschuricus </i>Lorenz, 1914; <i>terrestris </i>Heller, 1913; <i>uellensis</i> Matschie, 1913;<i> <b>percivali </b></i>Heller, 1913.","","21","21-00605","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0605"
"12100606","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","guereza","guereza","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Rüppell","1835","","Neue Wirbelt. Fauna Abyssin. Gehörig. Säugeth.","","","1","","","","Ethiopia, Gojjam and Kulla.","","","","","21","21-00606","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0605-0606"
"12100607","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","guereza","caudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1885","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00607","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0605-0607"
"12100608","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","guereza","dodingae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00608","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0605-0608"
"12100609","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","guereza","kikuyuensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lönnberg","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00609","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0605-0609"
"12100610","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","guereza","matschiei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Neumann","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00610","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0605-0610"
"12100611","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","guereza","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Rochebrune","1887","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00611","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0605-0611"
"12100612","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","guereza","percivali","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Heller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00612","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0605-0612"
"12100613","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","polykomos","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","202","","","King Colobus","Sierra Leone.","Gambia to the Nzo-Sassandra system in Côte d’Ivoire.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>comosa</i> (Shaw, 1800); <i>polycomos </i>(Schreber, 1800); <i>regalis </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>tetradactyla </i>(Link, 1795).","Does not include <i>vellerosus </i>(Groves, 2001<i>c</i>; Oates and Trocco, 1983).","21","21-00613","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0613"
"12100614","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","satanas","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Waterhouse","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","87","","","Black Colobus","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","SW Gabon, Rio Muni and Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), SW Cameroon; possibly Republic of Congo (Carpaneto, 1995).","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. s. satanus</i>, Data Deficient as <i>C. s. antracinus</i>, otherwise Vulnerable.","<i>metternichi</i> Krumbiegel, 1943;<i> <b>anthracinus</b> </i>(Leconte, 1857); <i>limbarenicus </i>(Matschie, 1917); <i>municus </i>(Matschie, 1917); <i>zenkeri</i> (Matschie, 1917).","McAllan and Bruce (1989) argued that the original publication of this species is: The Analyst, 24:298-299 [publ. 2 July 1838].","21","21-00614","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0614"
"12100615","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","satanas","satanas","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Waterhouse","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","87","","","","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","","","","","21","21-00615","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0614-0615"
"12100616","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","satanas","anthracinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Leconte","1857","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00616","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0614-0616"
"12100617","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Colobus","","vellerosus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1834","","<i>In</i> Bélanger, Voy. Indes-Orientales, Zool.","","","37","","","Ursine Colobus","""Africa"".","Nzi-Bandama system (Côte d’Ivoire) to W Nigeria.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>bicolor</i> (Wesmael, 1835); <i>dollmani </i>Schwarz, 1927; <i>leucomeros </i>Ogilby, 1838; <i>ursinus </i>Ogilby, 1835.","Strictly, <i>dollmani </i>is hybrid swarm between <i>vellerosus</i> and <i>polykomos</i>, but phenetically much closer to <i>vellerosus</i>. Separated from <i>polykomos</i> by Oates and Trocco (1983) and Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00617","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0597-0000-0617"
"12100618","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Nasalis","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","89","","<i>Cercopithecus larvatus</i> Wurmb, 1787.","","","","","<i>Hanno</i> Gray, 1821; <i>Rhinolazon </i>Gloger, 1841; <i>Rhynchopithecus </i>Dahlbohm, 1856.","<i>Simias</i> was included in this genus by Groves (1970:639) and McKenna and Bell (1997), and by Szalay and Delson (1979) and Delson (1975:217) who considered <i>Simias</i> a subgenus; but also see Krumbiegel (1978) and Napier (1985), who considered it as a distinct genus.","21","21-00618","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0618"
"12100619","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Nasalis","","larvatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Wurmb","1787","","Verh. Batav. Genootsch.","3","","353","","","Proboscis Monkey","Indonesia, W Kalimantan, Pontianak.","Borneo.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>capistratus</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>nasica </i>(Lacépède, 1799); <i>orientalis </i>Chasen 1940; <i>recurvus</i> Vigors and Horsfield, 1828.","","21","21-00619","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0618-0000-0619"
"12100620","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Rochebrune","1877","","Faune de Sénégambie, Suppl. Vert., Mamm.","1","","96","","<i>Simia</i>(<i>Cercopithecus</i>)<i> badius </i>Kerr, 1792.","","","","","<i>Tropicolobus</i>  Rochebrune, 1887.","Separate from <i>Colobus</i>, see Corbet and Hill (1980:90) and Groves (1989); separate from <i>Procolobus </i>(Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00620","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620"
"12100621","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","badius","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","74","","","Western Red Colobus","Sierra Leone.","Senegal to Ghana.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>Procolobus b. waldroni </i>(probably extinct: Oates et al., 2000), Endangered as <i>P. b. badius </i>and <i>P. b. temminckii</i>.","<i>ferriginea</i> (Shaw, 1800); <i>ferruginosus </i>(É. Geoffroy, 1812); <i>rufoniger </i>(Ogilby, 1838);<i> <b>temminckii </b></i>(Kuhl, 1820); <i>fuliginosus </i>(Ogilby, 1835); <i>rufo-fuliginus </i>(Ogilby, 1838);<i> <b>waldronae</b></i> (Hayman, 1936).","Includes <i>waldronae </i>and <i>temmincki</i>; see Dandelot (1974:33); but also see Rahm (1970).","21","21-00621","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0621"
"12100622","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","badius","badius","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","74","","","","Sierra Leone.","","","","","21","21-00622","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0621-0622"
"12100623","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","badius","temminckii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kuhl","1820","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00623","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0621-0623"
"12100624","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","badius","waldronae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hayman","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00624","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0621-0624"
"12100625","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","foai","","SPECIES","False","","yes","de Pousargues","1899","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","5","","278","","","Central African Red Colobus","Dem. Rep. Congo, between SW of Lake Tanganyika and upper Congo, Ouroua.","Republic of Congo (Sangha, Oubangui), Dem. Rep. Congo (north of Congo, east of Lualaba), Central African Republic (Ngotto), Sudan (southernmost forests).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Procolobus badius foai</i>,<i> P. b. ellioti</i>, <i>P. b. langi</i>,<i> P. b. lulidicus</i>, and <i>P. b. parmentierorum</i>.","<i>graueri</i> (Dollman, 1909); <i>kabambarei</i> Matschie, 1914; <i>lulidicus </i>Matschie, 1914; <b><i>ellioti </i></b>(Dollman, 1909); <i>anzeliusi </i>Matschie, 1914; <i>langi </i>(J. A. Allen, 1925); <i>melanochir </i>Matschie, 1914; <i>multicolor </i>(Lorenz, 1914); <i>variabilis</i> (Lorenz, 1914);<i> <b>oustaleti </b></i>(Trouessart, 1906); <i>brunneus </i>(Lönnberg, 1919); <i>nigrimanus </i>(Trouessart, 1906); <i>powelli </i>(Matschie, 1913); <i>schubotzi </i>(Matschie, 1914); <i>umbrinus </i>(Matschie, 1914); <b><i>parmentierorum </i></b>(Colyn and Verheyen, 1987); <b><i>semlikiensis </i></b>(Colyn, 1991).","A rather heterogeneous species, but subspecies are variable and hard to separate. Considered a separate species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00625","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0625"
"12100626","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","foai","foai","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","de Pousargues","1899","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","5","","278","","","","Dem. Rep. Congo, between SW of Lake Tanganyika and upper Congo, Ouroua.","","","","","21","21-00626","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0625-0626"
"12100627","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","foai","ellioti","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00627","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0625-0627"
"12100628","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","foai","oustaleti","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Trouessart","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00628","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0625-0628"
"12100629","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","foai","parmentierorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Colyn and Verheyen","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00629","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0625-0629"
"12100630","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","foai","semlikiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Colyn","1991","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00630","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0625-0630"
"12100631","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","gordonorum","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1900","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","186","","","Uzungwa Red Colobus","Tanzania, Uzungwa Mtns.","Tanzania, Uzungwa Mtns and forests between Little Ruaha and Ulanga Rivers.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Considered a separate species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00631","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0631"
"12100632","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","kirkii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1868","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1868","","180","","","Zanzibar Red Colobus","Tanzania, Zanzibar.","Zanzibar.","CITES – Appendix I and U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Procolobus pennantii kirki</i>; IUCN – Endangered.","","Considered a separate species by Dandelot (1974) and Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00632","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0632"
"12100633","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","pennantii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Waterhouse","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","57","","","Pennant’s Red Colobus","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), Niger Delta (Nigeria); Sangha-Likouala confluence (Republic of Congo).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>Procolobus. pennantii bouvieri</i>, Endangered as <i>P. p. pennantii </i>and <i>P. p. epieni</i>.","<b><i>bouvieri</i> </b>Rochebrune, 1887; <i>likualae </i>Matschie, 1914; <b><i>epieni </i></b>(Grubb and Powell, 1999).","Does not include <i>foai</i>,<i> gondonorum</i>,<i> kirki</i>,<i> tephrosceles</i>,<i> </i>or <i>tholloni</i>; see Groves (2001<i>c</i>). For discussion of original publication see McAllan and Bruce (1989).","21","21-00633","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0633"
"12100634","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","pennantii","pennantii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Waterhouse","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","57","","","","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","","","","","21","21-00634","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0633-0634"
"12100635","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","pennantii","bouvieri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Rochebrune","1887","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00635","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0633-0635"
"12100636","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","pennantii","epieni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grubb and Powell","1999","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00636","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0633-0636"
"12100637","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","preussi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1900","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","183","","","Preuss’s Red Colobus","Cameroon, Barombi (on Elephant Lake).","Yabassi Dist. (Cameroon).","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Procolobus preussi</i>; and IUCN – Endangered as <i>Procolobus pennantii preussi</i>.","","Considered by Rahm (1970) to be a subspecies of <i>badius</i>, but see Dandelot (1974:37).","21","21-00637","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0637"
"12100638","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","rufomitratus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1879","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1879","","829","","","Tana River Red Colobus","Kenya, Tana River, Muniuni.","Lower Tana River (Kenya).","CITES – Appendix I and U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Procolobus</i> <i>rufomitratus</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>Procolobus rufomitratus</i>.","","","21","21-00638","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0638"
"12100639","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","tephrosceles","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","195","","","Ugandan Red Colobus","Uganda, Toro, Ruahara River, east side of Rwenzoris.","Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, W Tanzania to Lake Rukwa.","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>gudoviusi</i> (Matschie, 1914).","Considered a full species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00639","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0639"
"12100640","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Piliocolobus","","tholloni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1886","","<i>In</i>Rivière, Rev. Scient","3","12","15","","","Thollon’s Red Colobus","Dem. Rep. Congo, Lower Congo.","South of Congo River, west of Lomami River (Dem. Rep. Congo).","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>lovizettii</i> (Matschie, 1913).","Dandelot (1974:35) considered <i>tholloni</i> a distinct species; followed by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00640","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0620-0000-0640"
"12100641","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Eschscholtz","1821","","Reise (Kotzebue)","3","","196","","<i>Presbytis mitrata</i> Eschscholtz, 1821 (= <i>Simia melalophos</i> Raffles, 1821).","","","","","<i>Corypithecus</i> Trouessart, 1879; <i>Lophopitheus</i> Trouessart, 1879; <i>Presbypitheus</i> Trouessart, 1879.","Does not include <i>Semnopithecus</i> and <i>Trachypithecus</i>, pace McKenna and Bell (1997; see Brandon-Jones [1984]; Groves [1989, 2001<i>c</i>]; Hooijer [1962:20-24]). Szalay and Delson (1979:402) included these and <i>Kasi</i> as subgenera.","21","21-00641","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641"
"12100642","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","chrysomelas","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Müller","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","138","","","Sarawak Surili","Indonesia, Pontianak.","Kalimantan north of Kapuas River (Indonesia), Sarawak, Sabah (Borneo, Malaysia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Presbytis femoralis chrysomelas </i>and <i>P. f. cruciger</i>.","<b><i>cruciger</i> </b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1892); <i>arwasca </i>Miller, 1934.","Separated from <i>P. femoralis</i> by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00642","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0642"
"12100643","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","chrysomelas","chrysomelas","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Müller","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","138","","","","Indonesia, Pontianak.","","","","","21","21-00643","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0642-0643"
"12100644","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","chrysomelas","cruciger","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00644","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0642-0644"
"12100645","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","comata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encycl. Meth.","2(Suppl.)","","533","","","Javan Surili","Indonesia, W Java.","W and C Java (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>P. comata</i>, Data Deficient as <i>P. fredericae</i>.","<i>aygula</i> , various authors; <b><i>fredericae</i></b> (Sody, 1930).","Formerly called <i>P. aygula</i>, but see Napier and Groves (1983) who showed that <i>aygula</i> is a <i>nomen oblitum</i> for <i>Macaca fascicularis</i>. Brandon-Jones (1984) considered <i>fredericae </i>to be a separate species.","21","21-00645","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0645"
"12100646","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","comata","comata","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encycl. Meth.","2(Suppl.)","","533","","","","Indonesia, W Java.","","","","","21","21-00646","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0645-0646"
"12100647","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","comata","fredericae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Sody","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00647","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0645-0647"
"12100648","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","femoralis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Martin","1838","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","2","","436","","","Banded Surili","Singapore.","Far south and northwest of Malay Peninsula; peninsular part of Thailand and Burma; Singapore; NE Sumatra, between Rokan and Siak Rivers.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>P. f. percura </i>and <i>P. f. robinsoni</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (nt).","<i>australis</i> Miller, 1913; <i>neglectus </i>(Schlegel, 1876);<i> <b>percura </b></i>Lyon, 1908;<i> <b>robinsoni</b> </i>Thomas, 1910; <i>keatii </i>Robinson and Kloss, 1911.","Separated from <i>P. melalophos</i> by Wilson and Wilson (1977:217-222); recognized as a species by Aimi et al. (1986). Does not include <i>chrysomelas</i> or <i>natunae</i> (see Groves, 2001<i>c</i>), or <i>siamensis</i>; see Brandon-Jones (1974).","21","21-00648","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0648"
"12100649","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","femoralis","femoralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Martin","1838","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","2","","436","","","","Singapore.","","","","","21","21-00649","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0648-0649"
"12100650","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","femoralis","percura","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lyon","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00650","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0648-0650"
"12100651","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","femoralis","robinsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00651","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0648-0651"
"12100652","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","frontata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Müller","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","136","","","White-fronted Langur","Indonesia, SE Kalimantan: Murung and ""Pulu Lampy"", near Banjarmasin, Pematang, Kuala (Medway, 1965:82).","C and E Borneo, from C Sarawak to S coast.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>nudifrons</i>  Elliot, 1909.","","21","21-00652","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0652"
"12100653","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","hosei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1889","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1889","","159","","","Hose’s Langur","Malaysia, Sarawak, Niah.","N and E Borneo: Brunei, E Sarawak, Sabah (Malaysia), south to Karangan River in Kalimantan (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>P. h. sabana</i>, Data Deficient as <i>P. h. hosei</i>,<i> P. h. canicrus</i> and <i>P. h. everetti</i>. Nominotypical <i>hosei </i>perhaps extinct.","<b><i>canicrus</i> </b><i> </i>Miller, 1934;<i> <b>everetti</b> </i>(Thomas, 1892);<i> <b>sabana</b></i> (Thomas, 1893).","Separated from ""<i>aygula</i>"" (= <i>comata</i>) by Medway (1970:544). Possibly <i>canicrus </i>and <i>sabana </i>are distinct species (Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00653","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0653"
"12100654","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","hosei","hosei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1889","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1889","","159","","","","Malaysia, Sarawak, Niah.","","","","","21","21-00654","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0653-0654"
"12100655","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","hosei","canicrus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00655","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0653-0655"
"12100656","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","hosei","everetti","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00656","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0653-0656"
"12100657","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","hosei","sabana","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00657","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0653-0657"
"12100658","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","melalophos","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","245","","","Sumatran Surili","Indonesia, Sumatra, Bengkulen.","Sumatra (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>P. femoralis batuana</i>, Lower Risk (nt), not evaluated as <i>bicolor</i>,<i> mitrata</i>, and <i>nobilis</i>.","<i>aurata</i> (Müller and Schlegel, 1861); <i>ferrugineus </i>(Schlegel, 1876); <i>flavimanus </i>(I. Geoffroy, 1831); <i>nobilis </i>(Gray, 1842); <b><i>bicolor</i></b><i> </i>Aimi and Bakar, 1992;<i> <b>mitrata</b> </i>Eschscholtz, 1821; <i>fluviatilis </i>(Chasen, 1940); <i>fusco-murina </i>Elliot, 1906; <b><i>sumatranus</i> </b>(Müller and Schlegel, 1841); <i>batuanus </i>Miller, 1903; <i>margae </i>Hooijer, 1948.","Does not include <i>P. femoralis</i>, which was regarded as a separate species by Wilson and Wilson (1977:217-222), or <i>siamensis</i>, which was separated by Brandon-Jones (1984), or <i>natunae </i>or <i>chrysomelas</i>, which were separated by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00658","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0658"
"12100659","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","melalophos","melalophos","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","245","","","","Indonesia, Sumatra, Bengkulen.","","","","","21","21-00659","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0658-0659"
"12100660","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","melalophos","bicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Aimi and Bakar","1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00660","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0658-0660"
"12100661","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","melalophos","mitrata","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Eschscholtz","1821","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00661","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0658-0661"
"12100662","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","melalophos","sumatranus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Müller and Schlegel","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00662","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0658-0662"
"12100663","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","natunae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas and Hartert","1894","","Novit. Zool.","1","","652","","","Natuna Island Surili","Indonesia, North Natuna Isl, Bunguran.","Bunguran Isl (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II.","","Separated from <i>P. siamensis</i> by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00663","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0663"
"12100664","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","potenziani","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bonaparte","1856","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","43","","412","","","Mentawai Langur","Indonesia, W Sumatra, Sipora Isl.","Mentawai Isls (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>P. p. potenziani </i>and <i>P. p. siberu</i>.","<i>chrysogaster</i> (Peters, 1867);<i> <b>siberu</b></i><b> </b>(Chasen and Kloss, 1927).","","21","21-00664","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0664"
"12100665","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","potenziani","potenziani","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bonaparte","1856","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","43","","412","","","","Indonesia, W Sumatra, Sipora Isl.","","","","","21","21-00665","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0664-0665"
"12100666","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","potenziani","siberu","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Chasen and Kloss","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00666","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0664-0666"
"12100667","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","rubicunda","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Müller","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","137","","","Maroon Leaf-Monkey","Indonesia, S Kalimantan, Mt. Sekumbang (SE of Banjermasin).","Borneo; Karimata Isl (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>P. r. chrysea</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc), not evaluated as <i>carimatae </i>and <i>ignita</i>.","<b><i>carimatae</i> </b><b> </b>Miller, 1906; <b><i>chrysea</i></b><i> </i>Davis, 1962;<i> <b>ignita </b></i>Dollman, 1909;<i> <b>rubida</b></i> (Lyon, 1911).","","21","21-00667","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0667"
"12100668","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","rubicunda","rubicunda","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Müller","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","137","","","","Indonesia, S Kalimantan, Mt. Sekumbang (SE of Banjermasin).","","","","","21","21-00668","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0667-0668"
"12100669","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","rubicunda","carimatae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00669","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0667-0669"
"12100670","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","rubicunda","chrysea","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Davis","1962","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00670","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0667-0670"
"12100671","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","rubicunda","ignita","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00671","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0667-0671"
"12100672","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","rubicunda","rubida","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lyon","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00672","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0667-0672"
"12100673","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","siamensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Müller and Schlegel","1841","","<i>In</i>Temminck, Verh. Nat. Ges. Overz. Bezitt. Zool. (Mamm.)","","","60","","","White-thighed Surili","Malaya, Melaka.","Malay Peninsula, except far south and northwest; E Sumatra between Siak and Inderagiri Rivers, between Rokan and Barimun Rivers, Lake Toba region, and perhaps Jambi district; Kundur, Bintang, and probably Batam and Galang Isls, Riau Arch. (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dilecta</i> Elliot, 1909; <i>nigrimanus </i>(I. Geoffroy, 1843); <i>nubigena </i>Elliot, 1909;<i> <b>cana</b> </i>Miller, 1906; <i>amsiri </i>Kawamura, 1984 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>catemana </i>Lyon, 1908; <b><i>paenulata</i></b><i> </i>(Chasen, 1940);<i> <b>rhionis</b> </i>Miller, 1903.","Separated from <i>P. femoralis</i> by Brandon-Jones (1984).","21","21-00673","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0673"
"12100674","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","siamensis","siamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Müller and Schlegel","1841","","<i>In</i>Temminck, Verh. Nat. Ges. Overz. Bezitt. Zool. (Mamm.)","","","60","","","","Malaya, Melaka.","","","","","21","21-00674","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0673-0674"
"12100675","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","siamensis","cana","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00675","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0673-0675"
"12100676","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","siamensis","paenulata","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Chasen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00676","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0673-0676"
"12100677","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","siamensis","rhionis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00677","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0673-0677"
"12100678","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Presbytis","","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Collett","1892","1893","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1892","","613","","","Thomas’s Langur","Indonesia, Sumatra, Aceh, Langkat.","Sumatra: Aceh, south to about 3°50'N.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>nubilus</i>  Miller, 1942.","Separated from ""<i>aygula</i>"" (= <i>comata</i>) by Medway (1970:544). Considered a subspecies of <i>comata </i>by Brandon-Jones (1984).","21","21-00678","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0641-0000-0678"
"12100679","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Procolobus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Rochebrune","1877","","Faune de Sénégambie, Suppl. Vert., Mamm.","1","","95","","<i>Colobus verus</i> Van Beneden, 1838.","","","","","<i>Lophocolobus</i> de Pousargue, 1895.","Separate from <i>Colobus</i>, see Corbet and Hill (1980:90) and Groves (1989).","21","21-00679","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0679"
"12100680","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Procolobus","","verus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Van Beneden","1838","","Bull. Acad. Sci. Belles-Letters Bruxelles","5","","347","","","Olive Colobus","Africa.","Sierra Leone to Togo; Idah Dist. (E Nigeria, see Menzies, 1970, for comments).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>chrysurus</i> (Gray, 1866); <i>cristatus </i>(Gray, 1866); <i>olivaceus </i>(Wagner, 1840).","Separated as a genus from <i>Colobus </i>by Dandelot (1974:37) and Corbet and Hill (1980:90).","21","21-00680","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0679-0000-0680"
"12100681","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Pygathrix","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","90","","<i>Simia nemaeus</i> Linnaeus, 1771.","","","","","<i>Daunus</i> Gray, 1821.","<i>Rhinopithecus</i> included in <i>Pygathrix </i>by Groves (1970) and Szalay and Delson (1979:404) and McKenna and Bell (1997); but see Jablonski and Peng (1993) and Groves (2001<i>c</i>), who recognized that the two are sister-groups but retained them as separate genera.","21","21-00681","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0681"
"12100682","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Pygathrix","","cinerea","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Nadler","1997","","Zool. Garten, NF","67","","165","","","Gray-shanked Douc Langur","Vietnam, Gia Lai Province, Play Ku, 13°59’N, 108°00’E.","C Vietnam, 13°59’-14°46’N.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Endangered as <i>P. nemaeus cinerea</i>.","","","21","21-00682","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0681-0000-0682"
"12100683","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Pygathrix","","nemaeus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1771","","Mantissa Plantarum","","","521","","","Red-shanked Douc Langur","Cochin-China (Indo-China).","C Vietnam, E Laos, from 20°N to about 14°N, perhaps as far as 13°N.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered as <i>P. n. nemaeus</i>.","","Does not include <i>nigripes </i>(see Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00683","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0681-0000-0683"
"12100684","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Pygathrix","","nigripes","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1871","","Bull. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","6","","7","","","Black-shanked Douc Langur","Vietnam, Saigon.","S Vietnam, from about 10°30’N to 14°30’N; Cambodia east of the Mekong River.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>moi</i> (Kloss, 1926).","Separated from <i>nemaeus </i>by Nadler (1997) and Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00684","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0681-0000-0684"
"12100685","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Rhinopithecus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1872","","Rech. Nat. Hist. Mamm.","","","233","","<i>Semnopithecus roxellana</i> Milne-Edwards, 1872.","","","","","<i>Presbytiscus</i> Pocock, 1924.","Included in <i>Pygathrix</i> by Groves (1970) and Szalay and Delson (1979:404); but see Jablonski and Peng (1993) and Groves (2001<i>c</i>), who recognized that the two are sister-groups but retained them as separate genera. Jablonski and Peng (1993) recognized <i>Presbytiscus </i>as a valid subgenus.","21","21-00685","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0685"
"12100686","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Rhinopithecus","","avunculus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1912","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1912","106","18","","","Tonkin Snub-nosed Monkey","Vietnam, Songkoi River, Yen Bay.","NW Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Placed in subgenus <i>Presbytiscus </i>by Jablonski and Peng (1993).","21","21-00686","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0685-0000-0686"
"12100687","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Rhinopithecus","","bieti","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1897","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","3","","157","","","Black Snub-nosed Monkey","China, Yunnan, left bank of upper Mekong, Kiape, 28°25'N, 98°55'E, ""a day's journey south of Atentse.""","Ridge of Mekong-Salween divide, Yunnan (China).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","","Considered a subspecies of <i>roxellana </i>by Groves (1970:569), but regarded as a full species by Peng et al. (1988).","21","21-00687","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0685-0000-0687"
"12100688","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Rhinopithecus","","brelichi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1903","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1903","1","224","","","Gray Snub-nosed Monkey","China, N Kweichow, Van Gin Shan Range.","Van Gin Shan (Fanjinshan) Range (Guizhou, China).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","","Considered a valid species by Groves (1970:569).","21","21-00688","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0685-0000-0688"
"12100689","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Rhinopithecus","","roxellana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1870","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","70","","341","","","Golden Snub-nosed Monkey","China, Sichuan, Moupin (= Baoxing, 30°26'N, 102°50'E).","Mountains of Sichuan, S Ganssu, Hubei, Shaanxi (China).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>R. r. hubeiensis</i>,<i> R. r. qinlingensis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>R. r. roxellana</i>.","<i>roxellanae</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1872); <b><i>hubeiensis </i></b>Y. Wang, Jiang and Li, 1998; <b><i>qinlingensis </i></b>Y. Wang, Jiang and Li, 1998.","","21","21-00689","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0685-0000-0689"
"12100690","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Rhinopithecus","","roxellana","roxellana","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1870","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","70","","341","","","","China, Sichuan, Moupin (= Baoxing, 30°26'N, 102°50'E).","","","","","21","21-00690","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0685-0000-0689-0690"
"12100691","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Rhinopithecus","","roxellana","hubeiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Y. Wang, Jiang and Li","1998","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00691","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0685-0000-0689-0691"
"12100692","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Rhinopithecus","","roxellana","qinlingensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Y. Wang, Jiang and Li","1998","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00692","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0685-0000-0689-0692"
"12100693","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Semnopithecus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encycl. Meth","2(Suppl.)","","532","","<i>Simia entellus</i> Dufresne, 1797.","","","","","","Considered a subgenus of <i>Presbytis</i> by Szalay and Delson (1979); separated from <i>Presbytis</i> by Groves (1989). All taxa have generally been placed in a single species (<i>entellus</i>), but Groves (2001<i>c</i>) divided them into seven species.","21","21-00693","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0693"
"12100694","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Semnopithecus","","ajax","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pocock","1928","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","32","","480","","","Kashmir Gray Langur","India, Chamba, Deolah, 1800 m.","India, Dehra Dun west into Pakistani Kashmir, 2000-3000 m.","CITES – Appendix I and U.S. ESA – Endangered as included in <i>S. entellus</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>S. entellus ajax</i>.","","","21","21-00694","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0693-0000-0694"
"12100695","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Semnopithecus","","dussumieri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1843","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","15","","719","","","Southern Plains Gray Langur","India, Malabar coast, Mahé.","SW and WC India.","CITES – Appendix I and U.S. ESA – Endangered as included in <i>S. entellus</i>; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>S. entellus dussumieri</i>,<i> S. e. achises</i>,<i> </i>and <i>S. e. elissa</i>.","<i>achates</i> (Pocock, 1928); <i>anchises </i>(Blyth, 1844); <i>elissa </i>(Pocock, 1928); <i>iulus </i>(Pocock, 1928); <i>priamellus </i>(Pocock, 1928).","","21","21-00695","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0693-0000-0695"
"12100696","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Semnopithecus","","entellus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dufresne","1797","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 1","7","","49","","","Northern Plains Gray Langur","India, Bengal.","Pakistan and India, lowlands north of Godavari and Krishna Rivers, south of Ganges.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","","21","21-00696","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0693-0000-0696"
"12100697","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Semnopithecus","","hector","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pocock","1928","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","32","","481","","","Tarai Gray Langur","India, Kumaun, Ramnagar, Sitabani, 600 m.","India (Kumaun) to Nepal (Hazaria district), 600-1800 m.","CITES – Appendix I and U.S. ESA – Endangered as included in <i>S. entellus</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>S. entellus hector</i>.","","","21","21-00697","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0693-0000-0697"
"12100698","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Semnopithecus","","hypoleucos","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Blyth","1841","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","10","","839","","","Black-footed Gray Langur","India, Travancore.","India, Kerala, South Coorg region.","CITES – I and U.S. ESA – Endangered as included in <i>S. entellus</i>; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>S. entellus hypoleucos</i>.","<i>aeneas</i> (Pocock, 1928).","","21","21-00698","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0693-0000-0698"
"12100699","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Semnopithecus","","priam","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Blyth","1844","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2","13","","312","","","Tufted Gray Langur","India, Coromandel Coast.","SE India; Sri Lanka.","CITES – Appendix I and U.S. ESA – Endangered as included in <i>S. entellus</i>; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>S. entellus thersites</i>, Data Deficient as <i>S. entellus priam</i>.","<i>pallipes</i> Blyth, 1844 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>priamus </i>Blyth, 1847; <i>thersites</i> (Blyth, 1847).","","21","21-00699","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0693-0000-0699"
"12100700","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Semnopithecus","","schistaceus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hodgson","1840","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","9","","1212","","","Nepal Gray Langur","Nepal.","Nepal, east of Gorkha, to Sikkim and parts of southernmost Tibet (China), 1500-3500 m.","CITES – Appendix I and U.S. ESA – Endangered as included in <i>S. entellus</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>S. entellus schistaceus</i>.","<i>achilles</i> (Pocock, 1928); <i>lania </i>(Elliot, 1909); <i>nipalensis </i>Hodgson, 1840.","","21","21-00700","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0693-0000-0700"
"12100701","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Simias","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Miller","1903","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","45","","67","","<i>Simias concolor</i> Miller, 1903.","","","","","","Included in <i>Nasalis</i> by Groves (1970:639); Szalay and Delson (1979) and Delson (1975:217) considered <i>Simias</i> a subgenus; but also see Krumbiegel (1978) and Napier (1985), who restored it to generic rank.","21","21-00701","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0701"
"12100702","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Simias","","concolor","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1903","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","45","","67","","","Simakobou","Indonesia, W Sumatra, S Pagai Isl.","Mentawai Isls (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix I and U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Nasalis concolor</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>S. c. concolor </i>and <i>S. c. siberu</i>.","<i>siberu</i>  Chasen and Kloss, 1927.","","21","21-00702","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0701-0000-0702"
"12100703","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Reichenbach","1862","","Vollständ. Nat. Affen","","","89","","<i>Semnopithecus pyrrhus</i> Horsfield, 1823 (= <i>Cercopithecus auratus</i> É. Geoffroy, 1812).","","","","","<i>Kasi</i> Reichenbach, 1862.","Separated from <i>Presbytis</i> by Hooijer (1962) and Groves (1989, 2001<i>c</i>). Includes subgenus <i>Kasi </i>(for <i>T. vetulus</i> group). Included in <i>Semnopithecus </i>by Brandon-Jones (1984, 1995); provisionally retained as a genus by Groves (2001<i>c</i>), but its monophyletic status is not confirmed. The species groups are: (1) <i>T. vetulus </i>group (<i>vetulus</i>,<i> johnii</i>), (2) <i>T. cristatus </i>group (<i>auratus</i>,<i> cristatus</i>,<i> germaini</i>,<i> barbei</i>), (3) <i>T. obscurus </i>group (<i>obscurus</i>,<i> phayrei</i>), (4) <i>T. pileatus </i>group (<i>pileatus</i>,<i> shortridgei</i>,<i> geei</i>), (5) <i>T. francoisi </i>group (<i>francoisi</i>,<i> hatinhensis</i>,<i> poliocephalus</i>,<i> laotum</i>,<i> delacouri</i>,<i> ebenus</i>).","21","21-00703","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703"
"12100704","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","yes","Reichenbach","1862","","Vollständ. Nat. Affen","","","89","","<i>Semnopithecus pyrrhus</i> Horsfield, 1823 (= <i>Cercopithecus auratus</i> É. Geoffroy, 1812).","","","","","","","21","21-00704","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704"
"12100705","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Kasi","","","SUBGENUS","False","","","Reichenbach","1862","","","","","","","<i>Cercopithecus vetulus</i> Erxleben, 1777","","","","","","<i>See Szalay and Delson (1979:402).</i>","21","21-00705","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0705"
"12100706","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","auratus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","93","","","Javan Lutung","Java, Semarang (Müller, 1840:16).","Java, Bali, and Lombok (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>T. a. auratus </i>and <i>T. a. mauritius</i>.","<i>kohlbruggei</i> (Sody, 1931); <i>maurus </i>(Horsfield, 1823); <i>pyrrhus </i>(Horsfield, 1823); <i>sondaicus</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1919); <i>stresemanni </i>Pocock, 1934; <b><i>mauritius</i></b><i> </i>(Griffith, 1821).","<i>T. cristatus </i>species group. Separated from <i>T. cristatus</i> by Weitzel and Groves (1985). Brandon-Jones (1995) placed this species, together with <i>T. johnii </i>and all the <i>T. francoisi </i>species group, in a separate (<i>auratus</i>) species group.","21","21-00706","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0706"
"12100707","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","auratus","auratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","É. Geoffroy","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","93","","","","Java, Semarang (Müller, 1840:16).","","","","","21","21-00707","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0706-0707"
"12100708","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","auratus","mauritius","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Griffith","1821","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00708","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0706-0708"
"12100709","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","barbei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Blyth","1847","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","16","","734","","","Tenasserim Lutung","Burma, Ye south of Moulmein.","N penisular Burma and Thailand, 14°20’-15°10’N, 98°30’-98°55’E.","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>atrior</i> (Pocock, 1928).","<i>T. cristatus </i>species group. On the question of the identity of <i>barbei</i>,<i> </i>see Groves (2001<i>c</i>:266).","21","21-00709","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0709"
"12100710","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","cristatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","244","","","Silvery Lutung","Indonesia, Sumatra, Bengkulen (Bengkulu).","Borneo, Natuna Isl, Bangka, Belitung, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, and W coast of Malay Peninsula.","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>pruinosus</i> (Desmarest, 1822); <i>pullata </i>(Thomas and Wroughton, 1909); <i>rutledgii </i>(Anderson, 1878); <i>ultima </i>(Elliot, 1910);<i> <b>vigilans</b></i><b> </b>(Miller, 1913).","<i>T. cristatus </i>species group. Does not include <i>barbei </i>and <i>germaini</i>, see Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00710","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0710"
"12100711","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","cristatus","cristatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","244","","","","Indonesia, Sumatra, Bengkulen (Bengkulu).","","","","","21","21-00711","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0710-0711"
"12100712","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","cristatus","vigilans","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00712","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0710-0712"
"12100713","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","delacouri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1932","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool.","18","","205","","","Delacour’s Langur","Vietnam, Hoi Xuan.","Vietnam south of Red River, 18°-21°36’N.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered as included in <i>T. francoisi</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","<i>T. francoisi </i>species group. Considered a species separate from <i>francoisi </i>by Brandon-Jones (1995).","21","21-00713","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0713"
"12100714","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","ebenus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Brandon-Jones","1995","","Raffles Bulletin of Zoology","43","","15","","","Indochinese Black Langur","""Indo China"": probably either Lai Chau or Fan Si Pan chain (ca. 22°30’N, 103°50’E) according to Brandon-Jones (1995).","Unknown. May be restricted to region of type locality (Brandon-Jones, 1995); but apparently occurs in Hin Namno National Biodiversity Conservation area, Laos, on Vietnam border at about 17°30’N according to Nadler (1998).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>T. francoisi ebenus</i>.","","<i>T. francoisi </i>species group. Described as a subspecies of <i>T. auratus </i>by Brandon-Jones (1995), but raised to species rank and transferred to the <i>T. francoisi </i>group by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00714","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0714"
"12100715","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","francoisi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pousargues","1898","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","4","","319","","","François’ Langur","China, Kwangsi, Lungchow.","N Vietnam, C Laos, Kwangsi (China).","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>T. francoisi </i>species group. The taxa <i>poliocephalus</i>,<i> hatinhensis</i>,<i> laotum </i>and <i>delacouri</i>, generally placed as subspecies of <i>francoisi</i>, were raised to specific rank by Brandon-Jones (1995).","21","21-00715","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0715"
"12100716","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","geei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Khajuria","1956","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12","9","","86","","","Gee’s Golden Langur","India, Assam, Goalpara Dist., Jamduar Forest Rest House, east bank of Sankosh River.","Between Sankosh and Manas Rivers, Indo-Bhutan border (on both sides).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<b><i>bhutanensis</i> </b>Wangchuk, Inouye and Hare, 2003.","<i>T. pileatus </i>species group. For authorship of <i>geei</i>, see Biswas (1967).","21","21-00716","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0716"
"12100717","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","geei","geei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Khajuria","1956","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12","9","","86","","","","India, Assam, Goalpara Dist., Jamduar Forest Rest House, east bank of Sankosh River.","","","","","21","21-00717","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0716-0717"
"12100718","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","geei","bhutanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Wangchuk, Inouye and Hare","2003","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00718","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0716-0718"
"12100719","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","germaini","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1876","","Bull. Soc. Philom.","6","11","8","","","Indochinese Lutung","Cochin-china and Cambodia.","Thailand and Burma (north of the peninsula), Cambodia, Vietnam, to 15°N.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>T. villosus </i>? <i>germaini </i>and <i>T. v. caudalis</i>.","<i>koratensis</i> (Kloss, 1919); <i>mandibularis </i>(Kloss, 1916); <i>margarita </i>(Elliot, 1909); <b><i>caudalis</i></b><i> </i>(Dao, 1977).","<i>T. cristatus </i>species group. Separated from <i>cristatus</i> by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00719","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0719"
"12100720","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","germaini","germaini","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1876","","Bull. Soc. Philom.","6","11","8","","","","Cochin-china and Cambodia.","","","","","21","21-00720","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0719-0720"
"12100721","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","germaini","caudalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Dao","1977","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00721","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0719-0721"
"12100722","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","hatinhensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dao","1970","","Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin","46","","61","","","Hatinh Langur","Vietnam, Ha-tinh, Xom-cuc.","Vietnam, Quang Binh and neighbouring regions.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered as included in <i>T. francoisi</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>T. francoisi hatinhensis</i>.","","<i>T. francoisi </i>species group. Considered a species separate from <i>francoisi </i>by Brandon-Jones (1995).","21","21-00722","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0722"
"12100723","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Kasi","johnii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","J. Fischer","1829","","Synopsis Mamm.","","","25","","","Nilgiri Langur","India, Tellicherry.","S India.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>cucullatus</i> (Fischer, 1829); <i>jubatus</i> (Wagner, 1839); ?<i>leonina </i>(Shaw, 1800).","<i>T. vetulus </i>species group. Often referred to subgenus <i>Kasi</i>, see Szalay and Delson (1979:402).","21","21-00723","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0705-0723"
"12100724","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","laotum","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","181","","","Laotian Langur","Laos, Ban Na São, on the Mekong at 17°30’N.","C Laos.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA– Endangered as included in <i>T. francoisi</i>; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","<i>T. francoisi </i>species group. Considered a species separate from <i>francoisi </i>by Brandon-Jones (1995).","21","21-00724","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0724"
"12100725","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","obscurus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Reid","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","14","","","Dusky Leaf-monkey","Malaysia, Malacca.","S Thailand and Malay Peninsula, and small adjacent islands.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc), subspecies not evaluated.","<i>leucomystax</i> (Müller and Schlegel, 1841);<i> <b>carbo</b> </i>(Thomas and Wroughton, 1909); <i>corvus </i>(Miller, 1913);<i> <b>flavicauda</b> </i>(Elliot, 1910); <i>corax </i>Pocock, 1934; <i>ruhei </i>(Knottnerus-Meyer, 1933); <i>smithii </i>(Kloss, 1916);<i> <b>halonifer</b> </i>(Cantor, 1845);<i> <b>sanctorum</b> </i>(Elliot, 1910);<i> <b>seimundi</b> </i>(Chasen, 1940);<i> <b>styx</b></i> (Kloss, 1911).","<i>T. obscurus </i>species group.","21","21-00725","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0725"
"12100726","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","obscurus","obscurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Reid","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","14","","","","Malaysia, Malacca.","","","","","21","21-00726","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0725-0726"
"12100727","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","obscurus","carbo","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas and Wroughton","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00727","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0725-0727"
"12100728","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","obscurus","flavicauda","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00728","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0725-0728"
"12100729","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","obscurus","halonifer","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Cantor","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00729","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0725-0729"
"12100730","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","obscurus","sanctorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00730","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0725-0730"
"12100731","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","obscurus","seimundi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Chasen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00731","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0725-0731"
"12100732","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","obscurus","styx","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kloss","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00732","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0725-0732"
"12100733","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","phayrei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Blyth","1847","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","16","","733","","","Phayre’s Leaf-monkey","Burma, Arakan.","Laos, Burma, C Vietnam, C and N Thailand, Yunnan (China).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>barbei</i> (Blyth, 1863) [not of Blyth, 1847]; <i>holotephreus </i>(Anderson, 1878); <i>melamera </i>(Elliot, 1909);<i> <b>crepuscula </b></i>(Elliot, 1909); <i>argenteus </i>(Kloss, 1919); <i>wroughtoni</i> (Elliot, 1909); <b><i>shanicus</i></b><i> </i>(Wroughton, 1917).","<i>T. obscurus </i>species group.","21","21-00733","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0733"
"12100734","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","phayrei","phayrei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Blyth","1847","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","16","","733","","","","Burma, Arakan.","","","","","21","21-00734","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0733-0734"
"12100735","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","phayrei","crepuscula","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00735","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0733-0735"
"12100736","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","phayrei","shanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Wroughton","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00736","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0733-0736"
"12100737","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","pileatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Blyth","1843","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","12","","174","","","Capped Langur","India, Assam.","Assam, NW Burma (west of Chindwin River); E Bangladesh.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered as <i>T. p. pileatus</i>,<i> T. p. brahma</i>,<i> T. p. durga</i>,<i> </i>and <i>T. p. tenebricus</i>.","<i>argentatus</i> (Horsfield, 1851);<i> <b>brahma</b> </i>(Wroughton, 1916);<i> <b>durga</b> </i>(Wroughton, 1916); <i>saturatus </i>(Hinton, 1923);<i> <b>tenebricus</b> </i>(Wroughton, 1915).","<i>T. pileatus </i>species group. Does not include <i>shortridgei </i>(see Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00737","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0737"
"12100738","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","pileatus","pileatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Blyth","1843","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","12","","174","","","","India, Assam.","","","","","21","21-00738","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0737-0738"
"12100739","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","pileatus","brahma","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Wroughton","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00739","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0737-0739"
"12100740","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","pileatus","durga","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Wroughton","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00740","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0737-0740"
"12100741","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","pileatus","tenebricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Wroughton","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00741","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0737-0741"
"12100742","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","poliocephalus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pousargues","1898","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","4","","319","","","White-headed Langur","Vietnam, Cat Ba Isl (restricted by Brandon-Jones, 1995).","Cat Ba Isl (Vietnam); Guangxi (China).","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA– Endangered as included in <i>T. francoisi</i>;<i> </i>IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>T. p. poliocephalus </i>and <i>T. p. leucocephalus</i>.","<b><i>leucocephalus</i> </b><i> </i>Tan, 1955.","<i>T. francoisi </i>species group. Considered a species separate from <i>francoisi </i>by Brandon-Jones (1995). Subspecies <i>leucocephalus </i>was considered to be a partially albinistic population of <i>francoisi </i>by Brandon-Jones (1995), but (provisionally) a subspecies of <i>poliocephalus </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00742","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0742"
"12100743","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","poliocephalus","poliocephalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pousargues","1898","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","4","","319","","","","Vietnam, Cat Ba Isl (restricted by Brandon-Jones, 1995).","","","","","21","21-00743","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0742-0743"
"12100744","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","poliocephalus","leucocephalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Tan","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","Considered a partially albinistic population of <i>francoisi </i>by Brandon-Jones (1995), but (provisionally) a subspecies of <i>poliocephalus </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00744","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0742-0744"
"12100745","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Trachypithecus","shortridgei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Wroughton","1915","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","","56","","","Shortridge’s Langur","Burma, Homalin (upper Chindwin).","Burma, east of Chindwin River; Gongshan (Yunnan, China).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>T. pileatus shortridgei</i>.","<i>belliger</i> (Wroughton, 1915).","<i>T. pileatus </i>species group. Separated from <i>pileatus</i> by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00745","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0704-0745"
"12100746","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Kasi","vetulus","","SPECIES","False","<i>Cercopithecus vetulus</i>","yes","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","","","24","","","Purple-faced Langur","Sri Lanka, Hill country of South.","Sri Lanka.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Threatened as <i>Presbytis senex</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>T. v. vetulus</i>,<i> T. v. monticola</i>,<i> T. v. nestor</i>,<i> </i>and <i>T. v. philbricki</i>.","<i>cephalopterus</i> (Boddaert, 1785); <i>fulvogriseus </i>(Desmoulins, 1825); <i>kelaarti </i>(Schlegel, 1876); <i>kephalopterus </i>(Zimmermann, 1780); <i>latibarba </i>(Temminck, 1807); <i>latibarbatus </i>(É. Geoffroy, 1812); <i>leucoprymnus </i>(Otto, 1825); <i>porphyrops </i>(Link, 1795); <i>purpuratus </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>veter </i>(Shaw, 1800); <b><i>monticola</i></b><i> </i>(Kelaart, 1850); <i>ursinus </i>(Blyth, 1851);<i> <b>nestor </b></i>(Bennett, 1833); <i>phillipsi </i>(Hinton, 1923); <b><i>philbricki</i></b><i> </i>(Phillips, 1927); <i>harti </i>(Deraniyagala, 1955); <u>not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>albinus </i>(Kelaart, 1851); <i>senex </i>(Erxleben, 1777).","<i>T. vetulus </i>species group. Type of subgenus <i>Kasi</i>; see Szalay and Delson (1979:402). On the use of <i>vetulus</i>,<i> </i>instead of the previously more commonly used <i>senex</i>, for the species, see Napier (1985:72).","21","21-00746","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0705-0746"
"12100747","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Kasi","vetulus","vetulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","","","24","","","","Sri Lanka, Hill country of South.","","","","","21","21-00747","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0705-0746-0747"
"12100748","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Kasi","vetulus","monticola","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kelaart","1850","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00748","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0705-0746-0748"
"12100749","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Kasi","vetulus","nestor","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bennett","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00749","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0705-0746-0749"
"12100750","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Cercopithecoidea","Cercopithecidae","Colobinae","","Trachypithecus","Kasi","vetulus","philbricki","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Phillips","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00750","21-0001-0163-0177-0420-0421-0596-0000-0703-0705-0746-0750"
"12100751","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","","","","","","","","SUPERFAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","344","","","","","","","","","21","21-00751","21-0001-0163-0177-0751"
"12100752","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","Gray","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1871","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","4","","","","","","","","Vaughan (1978:39-40) included this family in Pongidae (which is here considered a part of Hominidae); but see Delson and Andrews (1975:441) and Thenius (1981). Szalay and Delson (1979:461), McKenna and Bell (1997), and Goodman et al. (1998) included Hylobatidae in Hominidae. The family is usually awarded a single genus (<i>Hylobates</i>), which is divided into four subgenera, but Groves (2001<i>c</i>:289) and Roos and Geissmann (2001) considered that they should probably be elevated to full genera, but Groves (2001<i>c</i>) did not take this final step because of the nomenclature problem of <i>Bunopithecus</i>. It seems, however, undesirable that a problem of nomenclature should be allowed to obstruct a desirable taxonomic change. Goodman et al. (1998) separated <i>Symphalangus </i>and <i>Hylobates </i>as full genera (they had no material for the other two genera/subgenera).","21","21-00752","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752"
"12100753","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Bunopithecus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Matthew and Granger","1923","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","48","","588","","<i>Bunopithecus sericus</i> Matthew and Granger, 1923 (a fossil species).","","","","","<i>Hoolock</i> Haimoff et al., 1984 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","This genus will have to be renamed and redefined, as <i>Bunopithecus sericus </i>is outside the modern gibbon clade and the Hoolock gibbon does not belong to the same genus (Groves, 2001<i>c</i>); this was the reason why Groves (2001<i>c</i>) did not take the step of elevating the subgenera of <i>Hylobates</i> to generic rank.","21","21-00753","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0753"
"12100754","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Bunopithecus","","hoolock","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Harlan","1834","","Trans. Am. Philos. Soc.","4","","52","","","Hoolock Gibbon","India, Assam, Garo Hills.","Between the Brahmaputra and Salween Rivers in Assam (India), Burma, and Yunnan (China).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered as included in <i>Hylobates</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>B. h. hoolock </i>and <i>B. h. leuconedys</i>.","<i>choromandus</i> Ogilby, 1827; <i>fuscus </i>Winslow Lewis, 1834; <i>golock </i>(Bechstein, 1795) [suppressed by Int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. (1982), Opinion 1219]; <i>hulock</i> Lesson, 1840; <i>scyritus </i>Ogilby, 1840;<i> <b>leuconedys</b> </i>Groves, 1967.","","21","21-00754","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0753-0000-0754"
"12100755","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Bunopithecus","","hoolock","hoolock","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Harlan","1834","","Trans. Am. Philos. Soc.","4","","52","","","","India, Assam, Garo Hills.","","","","","21","21-00755","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0753-0000-0754-0755"
"12100756","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Bunopithecus","","hoolock","leuconedys","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Groves","1967","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00756","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0753-0000-0754-0756"
"12100757","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium.","","","67","","<i>Homo lar</i> Linnaeus, 1771.","","","","","<i>Brachiopithecus</i>  Sénéchal, 1839 [in part]; <i>Brachitanytes </i>Schultz, 1932; <i>Cheiron </i>Burnett, 1829; <i>Gibbon </i>Zimmermann, 1777 [Rejected by Int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. (1954), Opinion 257]; <i>Laratus Gray</i>, 1821; <i>Methylobates </i>Ameghino, 1882 [in part].","Includes <i>Symphalangus</i> according to Anderson (1967:175); and <i>Nomascus</i> according to Corbet and Hill (1980:91); but these should be given generic rank (Groves, 2001<i>c</i>). Revised by Groves (1972<i>b</i>). Reviewed by Marshall and Marshall (1976).","21","21-00757","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757"
"12100758","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","agilis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","F. Cuvier","1821","","<i>In</i> É. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères","pt. 2","3(32)","1-3, ""Wouwou""","","","Agile Gibbon","Indonesia, W Sumatra.","Malay Peninsula from the Mudah and Thepha Rivers on the north to the Perak and Kelanton Rivers on the south; Sumatra (Indonesia), SE of Lake Toba and the Singkil River.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>H. a. agilis </i>and <i>H. a. unko</i>.","<i>albo griseus </i> Ludeking, 1862; <i>albo nigrescens </i>Ludeking, 1862; <i>rafflei </i>É. Geoffroy, 1828; <i>unko</i> Lesson, 1829.","Not a subspecies of <i>lar</i>. Includes <i>albibarbis</i> according to Marshall and Marshall (1976), but this was considered a separate species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00758","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0758"
"12100759","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","albibarbis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lyon","1911","","Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.","40","","142","","","Bornean White-bearded Gibbon","Indonesia, W Borneo, Sukadana.","SW Borneo, south of Kapuas River and W of Barito River.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>H. agilis albibarbis</i>.","","A subspecies of <i>agilis</i> according to Marshall and Marshall (1976), a subspecies of <i>muelleri</i> according to Groves (1974), a distinct species according to Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00759","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0759"
"12100760","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","klossii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1903","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","45","","70","","","Kloss’s Gibbon","Indonesia, West Sumatra, S Pagai Isl.","Mentawai Isls (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","21","21-00760","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0760"
"12100761","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","lar","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1771","","Mantissa Plantarum","","","521","","","Lar Gibbon","Malaysia, Malacca (restricted by Kloss, 1929).","Between the Salween and Mekong Rivers from S Yunnan (China) south to the Mun River (Thailand) and the Mudah and Thepha Rivers on the Malay Peninsula; S Malay Peninsula south of the Perak and Kelantan Rivers; Sumatra (Indonesia) NW of Lake Toba and the Singkil River; E and S Burma.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>H. l. yunnanensis</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>H. l. lar</i>,<i> H. l. carpenteri</i>,<i> H. l. entelloides</i>,<i> </i>and <i>H. l. vestitus</i>.","<i>albimana</i> (Vigors and Horsfield, 1828); <i>longimana </i>(Schreber, 1774); <i>variegatus </i>(É. Geoffroy, 1812); <i>varius</i> (Latreille, 1801);<i> <b>carpenteri </b></i>Groves, 1968;<i> <b>entelloides</b> </i>I. Geoffroy, 1842;<i> <b>vestitus</b> </i>Miller, 1942;<i> <b>yunnanensis</b></i><b> </b>Ma and Y. Wang, 1986.","","21","21-00761","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0761"
"12100762","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","lar","lar","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1771","","Mantissa Plantarum","","","521","","","","Malaysia, Malacca (restricted by Kloss, 1929).","","","","","21","21-00762","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0761-0762"
"12100763","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","lar","carpenteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Groves","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00763","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0761-0763"
"12100764","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","lar","entelloides","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00764","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0761-0764"
"12100765","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","lar","vestitus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00765","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0761-0765"
"12100766","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","lar","yunnanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Ma and Y. Wang","1986","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00766","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0761-0766"
"12100767","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","moloch","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Audebert","1798","","Hist. Nat. Singes Makis","1","2","pl. 2","","","Silvery Javan Gibbon","Indonesia, W Java, Mt. Salak (restricted by Sody, 1949<i>b</i>).","Java (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>H. m. moloch </i>and <i>H. m. pongoalsoni</i>.","<i>cinereus</i> Latreille, 1804; <i>javanicus </i>Matschie, 1893; <i>leucisca </i>(Schreber, 1799); <i>pongoalsoni</i> Sody, 1949.","See Andayani et al. (2001), who reviewed the phylogeography of the species.","21","21-00767","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0767"
"12100768","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","muelleri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Martin","1841","","Nat. Hist. Mamm. Anim.","","","444","","","Müller’s Bornean Gibbon","Indonesia, Kalimantan, ""Southeast Borneo""; restricted by Lyon (1911:142).","Borneo from the N bank of the Kapuas River clockwise around the island to the east bank of the Barito River.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>H. m. muelleri</i>,<i> H. m. abbotti</i>, and <i>H. m. funereus</i>.","<b><i>abbotti</i> </b><b> </b>Kloss, 1929;<b> <i>funereus</i> </b>I. Geoffroy, 1850.","There is a wide hybrid zone with <i>H. albibarbis</i> in C Borneo (Marshall and Sugardjito, 1986).","21","21-00768","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0768"
"12100769","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","muelleri","muelleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Martin","1841","","Nat. Hist. Mamm. Anim.","","","444","","","","Indonesia, Kalimantan, ""Southeast Borneo""; restricted by Lyon (1911:142).","","","","","21","21-00769","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0768-0769"
"12100770","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","muelleri","abbotti","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kloss","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00770","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0768-0770"
"12100771","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","muelleri","funereus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1850","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00771","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0768-0771"
"12100772","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Hylobates","","pileatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1861","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1861","","136","","","Pileated Gibbon","Cambodia.","SE Thailand and Cambodia south of the Mun and Takhrong Rivers and west of the Mekong River.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","21","21-00772","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0757-0000-0772"
"12100773","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Nomascus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Miller","1933","","J. Mamm.","14","","159","","<i>Hylobates leucogenys</i> Ogilby, 1840.","","","","","","Separated as a genus distinct from <i>Hylobates </i>(Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00773","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0773"
"12100774","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Nomascus","","concolor","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Harlan","1826","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 5","4","","231","","","Black Crested Gibbon","Vietnam, Tonkin.","E of the Mekong River, and a small enclave W of the Mekong, in S Yunnan (China), N and WC Laos, and in Vietnam to Red River; and an isolated region round Ban Nam Khueung, Laos.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>N. c. furvogaster</i>,<i> N. c. jingdongensis</i>, and <i>N. nasutus</i>,<i> </i>Endangered as <i>N. c. concolor </i>and <i>N. c. lu</i>.","<i>harlani</i> Lesson, 1827; <i>henrici </i>de Pousargues, 1897; <i>niger</i> Ogilby, 1840; <b><i>furvogaster</i></b><i> </i>Ma and Y. Wang, 1986;<i> <b>jingdongensis</b> </i>Ma and Y. Wang, 1986;<i> <b>lu </b></i>Delacour, 1951; ?<i> <b>nasutus</b> </i>Kunkel d’Herculais, 1884.","Does not include <i>hainanus</i>, see Groves (2001<i>c</i>). The status of <i>nasutus </i>is unclear; it may be a senior synonym for <i>hainanus</i>.","21","21-00774","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0773-0000-0774"
"12100775","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Nomascus","","concolor","concolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Harlan","1826","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 5","4","","231","","","","Vietnam, Tonkin.","","","","","21","21-00775","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0773-0000-0774-0775"
"12100776","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Nomascus","","concolor","furvogaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Ma and Y. Wang","1986","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00776","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0773-0000-0774-0776"
"12100777","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Nomascus","","concolor","jingdongensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Ma and Y. Wang","1986","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00777","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0773-0000-0774-0777"
"12100778","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Nomascus","","concolor","lu","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Delacour","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00778","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0773-0000-0774-0778"
"12100779","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Nomascus","","concolor","nasutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kunkel d’Herculais","1884","","","","","","","","","","","","","Status of <i>nasutus </i>is unclear; it may be a senior synonym for <i>hainanus</i>.","21","21-00779","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0773-0000-0774-0779"
"12100780","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Nomascus","","gabriellae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","112","","","Red-cheeked Gibbon","Vietnam, Langbian.","S Laos, S Vietnam from 15°30’N, E Cambodia.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Separated from <i>leucogenys</i> by Groves and Y. Wang (1989). Does not include <i>siki</i>, see Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00780","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0773-0000-0780"
"12100781","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Nomascus","","hainanus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","145","","","Hainan Gibbon","China: Hainan Isl.","Hainan Isl (China); Hoa Binh and Cao Bang Provs., Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>N. nasutus hainanus</i>.","","Separated from <i>concolor</i> by Groves (2001<i>c</i>). It is possible that <i>nasutus</i> may be an earlier name for the mainland population of this species.","21","21-00781","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0773-0000-0781"
"12100782","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Nomascus","","leucogenys","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ogilby","1840","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1840","","20","","","Northern White-cheeked Gibbon","Laos, Muang Khi (Fooden, 1987).","SW Yunnan (China) to 19°N in Vietnam and Laos.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","","Separated from <i>concolor</i> by Dao (1983) and Ma and Wang (1986).","21","21-00782","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0773-0000-0782"
"12100783","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Nomascus","","siki","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Delacour","1951","","Mammalia","15","","122","","","Southern White-cheeked Gibbon","Vietnam, Thua Luu.","C Vietnam and Laos, from 15°45’ to 20°N.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>N. leucogenys siki</i>.","","Separated from <i>leucogenys</i> and <i>gabriellae </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00783","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0773-0000-0783"
"12100784","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Symphalangus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Gloger","1841","","Gemeinn. Naturg.","1","","34","","<i>Simia syndactylus </i>Raffles, 1821.","","","","","<i>Siamanga</i> Gray, 1843.","Probably a genus distinct from <i>Hylobates </i>(Goodman et al., 1998; Groves, 2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00784","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0784"
"12100785","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hylobatidae","","","Symphalangus","","syndactylus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","241","","","Siamang","Indonesia, W Sumatra, Bengkeulen.","Barisan Mountains of Sumatra (Indonesia); mountains of Malay Peninsula south of Perak River.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>S. s. syndactylus </i>and <i>S. s. continentis</i>.","<i>continentis</i> Thomas, 1908; <i>gibbon </i>(C. Miller, 1779); <i>subfossilis </i>Hooijer, 1960; <i>volzi</i> (Pohl, 1911).","","21","21-00785","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0752-0000-0000-0784-0000-0785"
"12100786","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","344","","","","","","","Pongidae Elliot, 1913.","For combining all genera in one family, see Groves (1989). The genera are placed in two subfamilies by Groves (2001<i>c</i>): Ponginae (<i>Pongo </i>alone), and Homininae (<i>Gorilla</i>,<i> Homo</i>,<i> Pan</i>). McKenna and Bell (1997) included Hylobatidae in addition, as a subfamily, and within the Homininae recognized two living tribes, Pongini and Hominini; Goodman et al. (1998) recognized gibbons only as a tribe (Hylobatini), with the other three genera as a separate tribe (Hominini), divided into subtribes Pongina and Hominina; they included <i>Pan </i>in <i>Homo</i>, and Watson et al. (2001) included both <i>Pan </i>and <i>Gorilla </i>in <i>Homo</i>.","21","21-00786","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786"
"12100787","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Gorilla","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1852","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","36","","933","","<i>Troglodytes gorilla</i> Savage, 1847.","","","","","<i>Pseudogorilla</i>  Elliot, 1913.","A subgenus of <i>Pan</i> according to Tuttle (1967); but see Groves (1989) who stated that they are not closely related. Included in <i>Homo </i>by Watson et al. (2001). Included in Hominini by McKenna and Bell (1997), but as a subtribe Gorillina, separate from Hominina (=<i>Pan</i> and <i>Homo</i>).","21","21-00787","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0787"
"12100788","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Gorilla","","beringei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1903","","Sber. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","257","","","Eastern Gorilla","Rwanda, Mt. Sabinyo.","N and E Dem. Rep. Congo, SW Uganda, N Rwanda.","CITES – Appendix I and U.S. ESA – Endangered as included in <i>G. gorilla</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>G. g. beringei</i>, Endangered as <i>G. g. graueri</i>.","<i>beringeri</i> Matschie, 1903 [<i>lapsus</i>]; <i>mikenensis </i>Lönnberg, 1917;<i> <b>graueri</b></i> Matschie, 1914; <i>manyema </i>Rothschild, 1908 [<i>lapsus</i>]; <i>rex-pygmaeorum </i>Schwarz, 1927.","Separated as a full species by Groves (2001<i>c</i>).","21","21-00788","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0787-0000-0788"
"12100789","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Gorilla","","beringei","beringei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1903","","Sber. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","257","","","","Rwanda, Mt. Sabinyo.","","","","","21","21-00789","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0787-0000-0788-0789"
"12100790","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Gorilla","","beringei","graueri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00790","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0787-0000-0788-0790"
"12100791","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Gorilla","","gorilla","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Savage","1847","","Boston J. Nat. Hist.","5","","417","","","Western Gorilla","Gabon, Gabon Estuary, Mpongwe country.","SE Nigeria, Cameroon, Rio Muni (Equatorial Guinea), Republic of Congo, SW Central African Republic, Gabon.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>G. g. diehli</i>, Endangered as <i>G. g. gorilla</i>.","<i>adrotes</i> (Mayer, 1856); <i>africanus </i>(Mayer, 1856); <i>castaneiceps </i>Slack, 1862; <i>ellioti </i>(Frechkop, 1943); <i>gigas </i>Haeckel, 1903; <i>gina </i>I. Geoffroy, 1855; <i>halli </i>Rothschild, 1927; <i>hansmeyeri </i>Matschie, 1914; <i>jacobi </i>Matschie, 1905; <i>matschiei </i>Rothschild, 1905; <i>mayêma </i>Alix and Bouvier, 1877; <i>savagei </i>(Owen, 1848); <i>schwartzi </i>Fritze, 1912; <i>uellensis </i>Schouteden, 1927; <i>zenkeri </i>Matschie, 1914; <b><i>diehli</i></b><i> </i>Matschie, 1904.","The author of the name is Savage, not Savage and Wyman (see Groves, 2001<i>c</i>:301). The status of <i>diehli </i>was reviewed in detail by Sarmiento and Oates (2000).","21","21-00791","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0787-0000-0791"
"12100792","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Gorilla","","gorilla","gorilla","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Savage","1847","","Boston J. Nat. Hist.","5","","417","","","","Gabon, Gabon Estuary, Mpongwe country.","","","","","21","21-00792","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0787-0000-0791-0792"
"12100793","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Gorilla","","gorilla","diehli","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00793","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0787-0000-0791-0793"
"12100794","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Homo","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","20","","<i>Homo sapiens</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Africanthropus</i> Weinert, 1938; <i>Anthropus </i>Boyd Dawkins, 1926; <i>Archanthropus </i>Arldt, 1915; <i>Atlanthropus </i>Arambourg, 1954; <i>Cyphanthropus</i> Pycraft, 1928; <i>Europanthropus </i>Wüst, 1950; <i>Javanthropus </i>Oppenoorth, 1932; <i>Maueranthropus </i>Montandon, 1943; <i>Meganthropus </i>Weidenreich, 1944; <i>Nipponanthropus </i>Hasebe, 1948; <i>Notanthropus </i>Sergi, 1911; <i>Palaeanthropus </i>Bonarelli, 1907; <i>Pithecanthropus </i>Dubois, 1894; <i>Praehomo </i>von Eickstedt, 1932; <i>Proanthropus </i>Wilser, 1900; <i>Pseudhomo </i>Ameghino, 1909; <i>Sinanthropus </i>Black and Zdansky, 1927; <i>Tchadanthropus </i>Coppens, 1965; <i>Telanthropus</i> Broom and Robinson, 1949.","Included with <i>Pan</i> and the fossil taxon <i>Australopithecus </i>in subtribe Hominina by McKenna and Bell (1997). Includes <i>Pan </i>as a subgenus according to Goodman et al. (1998); according to Goodman et al. (2001<i>c</i>), all fossil representatives of the human lineage (including <i>Australopithecus</i>) would be synonyms of <i>Homo</i>.","21","21-00794","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0794"
"12100795","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Homo","","sapiens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","20","","","Human","Sweden, Uppsala.","Cosmopolitan.","CITES – Appendix II as Order Primates; absolutely not endangered.","<i>aethiopicus</i> Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; <i>americanus </i>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; <i>arabicus </i>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; <i>aurignacensis </i>Klaatsch and Hauser, 1910; <i>australasicus </i>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; <i>cafer </i>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; <i>capensis </i>Broom, 1917; <i>columbicus </i>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; <i>cro-magnonensis </i>Gregory, 1921; <i>drennani </i>Kleinschmidt, 1931; <i>eurafricanus </i>(Sergi, 1911); <i>grimaldiensis </i>Gregory, 1921; <i>grimaldii </i>Lapouge, 1906; <i>hottentotus </i>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; <i>hyperboreus </i>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; <i>indicus </i>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; <i>japeticus </i>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; <i>melaninus </i>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; <i>monstrosus </i>Linnaeus, 1758 [unavailable]; <i>neptunianus </i>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; ?<i>palestinus </i>McCown and Keith, 1932; <i>patagonus </i>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; <i>priscus </i>Lapouge, 1899; <i>proto-aethiopicus </i>Giuffrida-Ruggeri, 1915; <i>scythicus </i>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; <i>sinicus </i>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825; <i>spelaeus </i>Lapouge, 1899; <i>troglodytes </i>Linnaeus, 1758 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>]; <i>wadjakensis </i>Dubois, 1921.","Most of the synonyms have fossil specimens as their type specimens; Bory de St. Vincent’s names refer to living geographic varieties of modern humans.","21","21-00795","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0794-0000-0795"
"12100796","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Pan","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Oken","1816","","Lehrb. Naturgesch., ser. 3","2","","xi","","<i>Simia troglodytes</i> Blumenbach, 1775.","","","","","<i>Anthropithecus</i> Lesson, 1840; <i>Anthropopithecus </i>de Blainville, 1838; <i>Bonobo </i>Tratz and Heck, 1954; <i>Chimpansee </i>Voigt, 1831; <i>Engeco </i>Haeckel, 1866; <i>Fsihego </i>de Pauw, 1905; <i>Hylanthropus </i>Gloger, 1841; <i>Mimetes </i>Anon, 1820; <i>Pongo </i>Haeckel, 1866 [not of Lacépède, 1799]; <i>Pseudanthropos </i>Reichenbach, 1860; <i>Satyrus</i> Mayer, 1856; <i>Theranthropus </i>Brookes, 1828; <i>Troglodytes</i> É. Geoffroy, 1812 [not of Vieillot, 1806].","Included with <i>Homo </i>in subtribe Hominina by McKenna and Bell (1997). A subgenus of <i>Homo </i>according to Goodman et al. (1998, 2001<i>c</i>); Watson et al. (2001) also included it in <i>Homo</i>. In accordance with Opinion 1368 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1985<i>c</i>), <i>Pan</i> is used instead of <i>Chimpansee</i>. Reviewed by Hill (1969).","21","21-00796","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0796"
"12100797","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Pan","","paniscus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Schwartz","1929","","Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr.","16","","4","","","Bonobo","Dem. Rep. Congo, south of the upper Maringa River, 30 km south of Befale.","Congo Basin of Dem. Rep. Congo, on south side of Congo River.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","","","21","21-00797","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0796-0000-0797"
"12100798","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Pan","","troglodytes","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Blumenbach","1775","","De generis humani varietate native","","","37","","","Common Chimpanzee","Gabon, Mayoumba.","S Cameroon; Gabon; S Republic of Congo; Uganda; W Tanzania; E and N Dem. Rep. Congo; W Central African Republic; Guinea to W Nigeria, south to Congo River in W Africa.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered in the wild, Threatened in captivity; IUCN – Endangered as <i>P. t. verus</i>, <i>P. t. troglodytes</i>, <i>P. t. schweinfurthii</i>, and <i>P. t. vellerosus</i>.","<i>africanus</i> Oken, 1816 [unavailable]; <i>angustimanus </i>(Brehm, 1876) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>aubryi </i>(Gratiolet and Alix, 1866); <i>calvus </i>(du Chaillu, 1860); <i>chimpanse </i>(Mayer, 1856); <i>fuliginosus </i>(Schaufuss, 1870); <i>fuscus </i>(Meyer, 1895); <i>heckii </i>(Koch, 1932); ?<i>jocko </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>koolookamba </i>(du Chaillu, 1860); <i>lagaros </i>(Mayer, 1856); <i>leucoprymnus </i>(Lesson, 1831); <i>mafuca </i>(Haeckel, 1903) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>niger </i>(É. Geoffroy, 1812); <i>ochroleucus </i>(Matschie, 1914); <i>pan </i>(Lesson, 1840); ?<i>pongo </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>pusillus </i>(Matschie, 1919); <i>raripilosus </i>(Rothschild, 1905); <i>reuteri </i>(Matschie, 1914); <i>satyrus </i>(Linnaeus, 1758) [in part; suppressed by Opinion 114 of the Int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl., 1929<i>c</i>]; <i>schneideri </i>(Matschie, 1919); <i>tschego </i>(Duvernoy, 1855); <b><i>schweinfurthii </i></b>(Giglioli, 1872); <i>adolfi-friederici </i>(Matschie, 1912); <i>calvescens </i>(Matschie, 1914); <i>castanomale </i>(Matschie, 1914); <i>cottoni </i>(Matschie, 1912); <i>graueri </i>(Matschie, 1914); <i>ituricus </i>(Matschie, 1912); <i>ituriensis </i>(de Pauw, 1905); <i>livingstonii </i>(Selenka, 1899) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>marungensis </i>(Noack, 1887); <i>nahani </i>(Matschie, 1912); <i>pfeifferi </i>(Matschie, 1914); <i>purschei </i>(Matschie, 1914); <i>schubotzi </i>(Matschie, 1914); <i>steindachneri </i>(Lorenz, 1914); <i>yambuyae</i> (Matschie, 1912);<i> <b>vellerosus</b> </i>(Gray, 1862); <i>ellioti </i>(Matschie, 1914); <i>oertzeni </i>(Matschie, 1914); <i>papio </i>(Matschie, 1919); <b><i>verus</i></b><i> </i>Schwarz, 1934.","For authorship of this name, see the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1988). Watson et al. (2001:315) used the name <i>Homo niger</i>, on the grounds that <i>Homo troglodytes </i>would be a secondary homonym of <i>Homo troglodytes </i>Linnaeus, 1758 (=<i>Homo sapiens</i>); but the new edition of the <i>Code </i>(in force since January 1<sup>st</sup>, 2000) permits a senior homonym to be rejected if unused since 1899 (Art. 23.9.), so <i>Homo troglodytes </i>would be an acceptable combination for the chimpanzee. The species has been most recently reviewed by Jones et al. (1996).","21","21-00798","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0796-0000-0798"
"12100799","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Pan","","troglodytes","troglodytes","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Blumenbach","1775","","De generis humani varietate native","","","37","","","","Gabon, Mayoumba.","","","","","21","21-00799","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0796-0000-0798-0799"
"12100800","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Pan","","troglodytes","schweinfurthii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Giglioli","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00800","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0796-0000-0798-0800"
"12100801","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Pan","","troglodytes","vellerosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1862","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00801","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0796-0000-0798-0801"
"12100802","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Pan","","troglodytes","verus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Schwarz","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00802","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0796-0000-0798-0802"
"12100803","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Pongo","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Lacépède","1799","","Tabl. Div. Subd. Orders Genres Mammifères","","","4","","<i>Pongo borneo </i>Lacépède, 1799 (= <i>Simia pygmaeus</i> Linnaeus, 1760).","","","","","<i>Faunus</i> Oken, 1816 [unavailable]; <i>Lophotus </i>Fischer, 1813; <i>Macrobates </i>Bilberg, 1828; <i>Satyrus</i> Lesson, 1840.","","21","21-00803","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0803"
"12100804","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Pongo","","abelii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lesson","1827","","Man. Mamm.","","","32","","","Sumatran Orangutan","Indonesia, Sumatra.","Sumatra, NW of Lake Toba (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix I and U.S. ESA as included in <i>P. pygmaeus</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>abongensis</i> (Selenka, 1896); <i>bicolor </i>(I.Geoffroy, 1843); <i>deliensis </i>(Selenka, 1896); <i>gigantica </i>(Pearson, 1841); <i>langkatensis </i>(Selenka, 1896).","On the nomenclature, see Groves and Holthuis (1985). Reviewed by Groves (1971<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species, 4). Considered a species separate from <i>P. pygmaeus </i>by Groves (2001<i>c</i>), who summarized several previous sources suggesting this.","21","21-00804","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0803-0000-0804"
"12100805","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Pongo","","pygmaeus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1760","","Amoenit. Acad.","6","","68","","","Bornean Orangutan","Indonesia, Kalimantan, Landak River.","Borneo, except the southeast.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered as <i>P. pygmaeus</i>, <i>P. p. pygmaeus</i>, and <i>P. p. wurmbii</i>.","<i>agris</i> (Schreber, 1799); <i>batangtuensis </i>(Selenka, 1896); <i>borneensis </i>Röhrer-Ertl, 1983; <i>borneo</i> (Lacépède, 1799); <i>dadappensis </i>(Selenka, 1896); <i>genepaiensis </i>(Selenka, 1896); <i>landakkensis </i>(Selenka, 1896); <i>rantaiensis </i>(Selenka, 1896); <i>rufus </i>(Lesson, 1840); <i>satyrus </i>(Linnaeus, 1766) [in part; suppressed by Opinion 114 of the Int. Comm. Zool. Nomenclature, 1929<i>c</i>]; <i>skalauensis </i>(Selenka, 1896); <i>sumatranus </i>(Mayer, 1856);<i> tuakensis </i>(Selenka, 1896); <i>wallichii </i>(Gray, 1871);<i> <b>morio</b> </i>(Owen, 1837); <i>brookei </i>(Blyth, 1853); <i>curtus </i>(Blyth, 1855);<i> owenii </i>(Blyth, 1853); <b><i>wurmbii</i></b> (Tiedemann, 1808).","On the nomenclature, see Groves and Holthuis (1985). Reviewed by Groves (1971<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species, 4).","21","21-00805","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0803-0000-0805"
"12100806","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Pongo","","pygmaeus","pygmaeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1760","","Amoenit. Acad.","6","","68","","","","Indonesia, Kalimantan, Landak River.","","","","","21","21-00806","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0803-0000-0805-0806"
"12100807","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Pongo","","pygmaeus","morio","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Owen","1837","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00807","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0803-0000-0805-0807"
"12100808","PRIMATES","HAPLORRHINI","SIMIIFORMES","Hominoidea","Hominidae","","","Pongo","","pygmaeus","wurmbii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Tiedemann","1808","","","","","","","","","","","","","","21","21-00808","21-0001-0163-0177-0751-0786-0000-0000-0803-0000-0805-0808"
"12200001","RODENTIA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Bowdich","1821","","","","","7","","","","","","","","<p>Rodentia is the largest order of living Mammalia, encompassing 2277 species as recognized herein, or approximately 42% of worldwide mammalian biodiversity. Following the mid-1900s era of uncritical application of the biological species concept and consequent obscuration of species richness, views on the size of the Order continue to appreciate substantially (1591 species—Corbet and Hill, 1980; 1719—Honacki et al., 1982; 1738—Corbet and Hill, 1986; 2015—Wilson and Reeder, 1993; 2277—this volume). Thus, ""a checklist of species"" considered valid is an appropriate taxonomic focus in the current work, as emphasized by its title and that of its predecessors (Honacki et al., 1982; Wilson and Reeder, 1993). In contrast to the period covered by the second edition (Wilson and Reeder, 1993), however, systematic research on Rodentia since 1993 has been equally as prolific, multifaceted, and informative at taxonomic levels above the species and requires introductory comment. Issues of monophyly,... [truncated]","22","22-00001","22-0001"
"12300001","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Brandt","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","23","23-00001","23-0001-0001"
"12300002","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Aplodontiidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Brandt","1855","","Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, ser. 6","VII; Sci. Nat.","","151","","","","","","","Aplodontidae Trouessart, 1897; Haplodontidae Alston, 1876; Haploodontidae Lilljeborg, 1866; Haploodontini Brandt, 1855 [original spelling]","The correct spelling of the family name is Aplodontiidae (Thomas, 1896). Traditionally classified as the sole extant representative of a unique suborder or infraorder (Protrogomorpha), the monotypic family Aplodontiidae may constitute the sister group to the sciurids (Landry, 1999; Montgelard et al., 2002). Consult McKenna and Bell (1997) for additional fossil synonyms.","23","23-00002","23-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002"
"12300003","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Aplodontiidae","","","Aplodontia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Richardson","1829","","Zool. J.","4","","334","","<i>Aplodontia leporina </i>Richardson, 1829 (= <i>Anisonyx rufa</i> Rafinesque, 1817)","","","","","<i>Apludontia </i> Fischer, 1830; <i>Apluodontia </i>Richardson, 1837; <i>Haplodon</i> Wagler, 1830; <i>Haplodus</i> Coues, 1877; <i>Haploodon</i> Brandt, 1855; <i>Haploodus</i> Coues, 1877; <i>Haploudon</i> Coues, 1877; <i>Haploudontia</i> Coues, 1889; <i>Haploudus</i> Coues, 1877; <i>Hapludon</i> Brandt 1855.","","23","23-00003","23-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"12300004","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Aplodontiidae","","","Aplodontia","","rufa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","Am. Mon. Mag.","2","","45","","","Sewellel","USA, Oregon, neighborhood of Columbia River. Specimens from Marmot, Clackamas County, Oregon are considered typical (Taylor, 1918).","W coast of North America from SW British Columbia (Canada) to N California (USA), isolated populations in N and C California, extending into W Nevada. See Hall (1981:335).","U. S. ESA – Endangered as <i>A. r. nigra</i>; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>A. r. nigra</i> and <i>A. r. phaea</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (nt).","<i>chryseola </i> L. Kellogg, 1914;<i> grisea </i>Taylor, 1916;<i> leporina </i>Richardson, 1829;<b><i> </i></b><i>olympica </i>Merriam, 1899;<b><i> californica </i></b>(Peters, 1864);<i> major </i>Merriam, 1886;<i> <b>humboldtiana </b></i>Taylor, 1916;<i> <b>nigra </b></i>Taylor, 1914;<i> <b>pacifica</b> </i>Merriam, 1899;<i> <b>phaea</b> </i>Merriam, 1899;<i> <b>rainieri</b></i> Merriam, 1899;<i> columbiana </i>Taylor, 1916","Reviewed by Carraway and Verts (1993; Mammalian Species, 431).","23","23-00004","23-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"12300005","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Aplodontiidae","","","Aplodontia","","rufa","rufa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","Am. Mon. Mag.","2","","45","","","","USA, Oregon, neighborhood of Columbia River. Specimens from Marmot, Clackamas County, Oregon are considered typical (Taylor, 1918).","","","","","23","23-00005","23-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0005"
"12300006","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Aplodontiidae","","","Aplodontia","","rufa","californica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","23","23-00006","23-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0006"
"12300007","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Aplodontiidae","","","Aplodontia","","rufa","humboldtiana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","23","23-00007","23-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0007"
"12300008","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Aplodontiidae","","","Aplodontia","","rufa","nigra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","23","23-00008","23-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0008"
"12300009","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Aplodontiidae","","","Aplodontia","","rufa","pacifica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","23","23-00009","23-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0009"
"12300010","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Aplodontiidae","","","Aplodontia","","rufa","phaea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","23","23-00010","23-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0010"
"12300011","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Aplodontiidae","","","Aplodontia","","rufa","rainieri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","23","23-00011","23-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0011"
"12400001","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer de Waldheim","1817","","Adversaria zoologica","","","408","","","","","","","","Ellerman (1940) reviewed the history of sciurid classification. The first modern classification (Pocock, 1923) recognized six subfamilies: Sciurinae, Tamiasciurinae, Funambulinae, Callosciurinae, Xerinae, and Marmotinae. We do not accept the use of Nannosciurinae (Forsyth Major, 1895) as a senior synonym for Callosciurinae (Pocock, 1923), as proposed by McKenna and Bell (1997). Simpson (1945) recognized the same taxa, but all at the tribal level. Ellerman (1940) avoided formal designation, but recognized seven ""sections"" in the <i>Sciurus</i> ""group,"" which often do not conform with the above. Moore (1959) recognized Simpson's six tribes and, in addition, Ratufini and Protoxerini for certain genera that had previously been included in Funambulini. Black (1963) elevated Tamiini to tribal level (previously in Marmotini). Gromov et al. (1965) elevated the ground squirrels to subfamily rank, Marmotinae, which included the tribes Tamiini Black, Otospermophilini Gromov, Citellini Gromov, Mar... [truncated]","24","24-00001","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001"
"12400002","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Moore","1959","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","118","","167","","","","","","","","Moore (1959) recognized the tribe Ratufini. Treated as subfamily Ratufinae by Steppan et al. (2004) on the basis of their molecular evidence and that of Mercer and Roth (2003).","24","24-00002","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002"
"12400003","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","273","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>indicus</i> Erxleben, 1777.","","","","","<i>Eosciurus</i>  Trouessart, 1880; <i>Rukaia</i> Gray, 1867.","Tribe Ratufini (Moore, 1959). Reviewed in part by Moore and Tate (1965).","24","24-00003","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003"
"12400004","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","affinis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","259","","","Pale Giant Squirrel","""Singapore Island"".","Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and adjacent small islands.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albiceps</i>  (Jentink<i>, </i>1897); <i>aureiventer</i> (I. Geoffroy, 1831); <i>frontalis</i> Kloss, 1932; <i>interposita</i> Kloss, 1932; <i>johorensis</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1911; <i>klossi</i> J. E. Hill, 1960; <i>pyrsonota</i> Miller, 1900; <b><i>bancana</i></b> Lyon, 1906; <b><i>baramensis</i></b> Bonhote, 1900; <i>banguei</i> Chasen and Kloss, 1932; <i>dulitensis</i> Lönnberg and Mjöberg, 1925; <i>lumholtzi</i> Lönnberg and Mjoberg, 1925;<i> sandakanensis</i> Bonhote, 1900; <b><i>bunguranensis</i></b> (Thomas and Hartert, 1894); <i>confinis</i> Miller, 1906; <i>nanogigas</i> (Thomas and Hartert, 1895);<i> notabilis</i> Miller, 1902; <i>sirhassenensis</i> Bonhote, 1900; <b><i>cothurnata</i></b> Lyon, 1911; <i>griseicollis</i> Lyon, 1911; <b><i>ephippium</i></b> (Müller, 1838); <i>vittata</i> Lyon, 1911; <i>vittatula</i> Lyon, 1911; <b><i>hypoleucos</i></b> (Horsfield, 1823); <i>arusinus</i> Lyon, 1907; <i>balae</i> Miller, 1903;<i> catemana</i> Lyon, 1907; <i>femoralis</i> Miller, 1903; <i>masae</i> Miller, 1903; <i>nigrescens</i> Miller, 1903; <i>piniensis</i> Miller, 1903;<i> <b>insignis</b></i> Miller, 1903; <i>bulana</i> Lyon, 1909;<i> carimonensis</i> Miller, 1906; <i>condurensis</i> Miller, 1906;<i> conspicua</i> Miller, 1903; <b><i>polia</i></b> Lyon, 1906.","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992); they doubted the validity of a record from Vietnam (Cao, 1984).","24","24-00004","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"12400005","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","affinis","affinis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","259","","","","""Singapore Island"".","","","","","24","24-00005","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0004-0005"
"12400006","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","affinis","bancana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00006","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0004-0006"
"12400007","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","affinis","baramensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00007","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0004-0007"
"12400008","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","affinis","bunguranensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hartert","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00008","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0004-0008"
"12400009","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","affinis","cothurnata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00009","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0004-0009"
"12400010","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","affinis","ephippium","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1838","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00010","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0004-0010"
"12400011","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","affinis","hypoleucos","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00011","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0004-0011"
"12400012","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","affinis","insignis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00012","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0004-0012"
"12400013","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","affinis","polia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00013","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0004-0013"
"12400014","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","bicolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sparrman","1778","","Samhelle Hand. (Wet. Afd.)","1","","70","","","Black Giant Squirrel","Indonesia, W Java, Anjer.","E Nepal; SE Tibet to S Yunnan and Hainan (China); Assam (India), Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, south through the Malay Peninsula to Java and Bali.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albiceps</i>  (Desmarest, 1817); <i>baliensis</i> Thomas, 1913; <i>humeralis</i> (Coulon, 1836); <i>javensis</i> (Zimmerman, 1780); <i>leschnaultii</i> (Desmarest, 1822); <i>major</i> Miller, 1911;<i> sondaica</i> (Müller and Schlegel, 1844); <b><i>condorensis</i> </b>Kloss, 1920;<b><i> felli</i></b> Thomas and Wroughton, 1916;<b><i> gigantea</i></b> (McClelland, 1839); <i>lutrina</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; <i>macruroides</i> (Hodgson, 1849); <b><i>hainana </i></b>J. A. Allen, 1906; <i>stigmosa</i> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>leucogenys</i></b> Kloss, 1916; <i>sinus</i> Kloss, 1916; <b><i>melanopepla</i></b> Miller, 1900; <i>anambae</i> Miller, 1900; <i>angusticeps</i><b> </b>Miller, 1901; <i>dicolorata</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1914; <i>fretensis</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1909;<i> penangensis</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1911; <i>peninsulae</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>tiomanensis</i> Miller, 1900;<b><i> palliata</i></b> Miller, 1902; <i>batuana</i> Lyon, 1916; <i>laenata</i> Miller, 1903; <b><i>phaeopepla</i> </b>Miller, 1913; <i>celaenopepla</i> Miller, 1913;<i> marana</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; <b><i>smithi</i></b> Robinson and Kloss, 1922;. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>tennentii</i> Layard, in Blyth, 1849.","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992).","24","24-00014","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014"
"12400015","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","bicolor","bicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sparrman","1778","","Samhelle Hand. (Wet. Afd.)","1","","70","","","","Indonesia, W Java, Anjer.","","","","","24","24-00015","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014-0015"
"12400016","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","bicolor","condorensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00016","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014-0016"
"12400017","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","bicolor","felli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00017","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014-0017"
"12400018","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","bicolor","gigantea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","McClelland","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00018","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014-0018"
"12400019","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","bicolor","hainana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00019","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014-0019"
"12400020","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","bicolor","leucogenys","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00020","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014-0020"
"12400021","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","bicolor","melanopepla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00021","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014-0021"
"12400022","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","bicolor","palliata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00022","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014-0022"
"12400023","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","bicolor","phaeopepla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00023","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014-0023"
"12400024","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","bicolor","smithi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00024","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014-0024"
"12400025","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","indica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regn. Anim.","1","","420","","","Indian Giant Squirrel","""in India orientali"" [Bombay, India]. Based on ""Pennant's Bombay squirrel"" (Moore and Tate, 1965:43).","C and S India, excluding central lowlands.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Extinct as <i>R. i. dealbata</i>, Vulnerable as <i>R. i. centralis</i>, <i>R. i. indica </i>and <i>R. i. maxima</i>.","<i>bombaya</i>  (Boddaert, 1785); <i>elphinstoni</i> (Sykes, 1831); <i>purpureus</i> (Zimmermann, 1777); <i>superans</i> Ryley, 1913; <b><i>centralis</i></b> Ryley, 1913; <b><i>dealbata</i></b> (Blanford, 1897); <b><i>maxima</i></b> (Schreber, 1784); <i>bengalensis</i> (Blanford, 1897); <i>malabarica</i> (Scopoli, 1786).","Pennant (1771:281) described, but did not name this species, and said it ""Inhabits Bombay.""","24","24-00025","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0025"
"12400026","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","indica","indica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regn. Anim.","1","","420","","","","""in India orientali"" [Bombay, India]. Based on ""Pennant's Bombay squirrel"" (Moore and Tate, 1965:43).","","","","","24","24-00026","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0025-0026"
"12400027","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","indica","centralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ryley","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00027","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0025-0027"
"12400028","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","indica","dealbata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00028","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0025-0028"
"12400029","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","indica","maxima","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1784","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00029","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0025-0029"
"12400030","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","macroura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pennant","1769","","Indian Zool.","1","","pl. 1","","","Sri Lankan Giant Squirrel","""Ceylon and Malabar....Malacca...Goa and Amboina."" Restricted by Phillips (1933) to highlands of Central and Uva Provs., Sri Lanka.","Sri Lanka and S India.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN – Vulnerable","<i>albipes</i>  (Blyth, 1859); <i>ceilonensis </i>(Boddaert, 1785); <i>ceylonica</i> (Erxleben, 1777); <i>macrura</i> Blanford, 1891; <i>montana</i> (Kalaart, 1852); <i>tennentii</i> (Blyth, 1849); <b><i>dandolena</i></b> Thomas and Wroughton, 1915; <i>sinhala</i> Phillips, 1931; <b><i>melanochra</i></b> Thomas and Wroughton, 1915<i>. </i><u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>:<i> zeylanicus</i> (Ray, 1693).","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992). Joshua (1996) reported apparent hybridization with <i>R. indica</i>, but had no cytogenetic data.","24","24-00030","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0030"
"12400031","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","macroura","macroura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pennant","1769","","Indian Zool.","1","","pl. 1","","","","""Ceylon and Malabar....Malacca...Goa and Amboina."" Restricted by Phillips (1933) to highlands of Central and Uva Provs., Sri Lanka.","","","","","24","24-00031","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0030-0031"
"12400032","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","macroura","dandolena","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00032","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0030-0032"
"12400033","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Ratufinae","","Ratufa","","macroura","melanochra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00033","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0030-0033"
"12400034","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurillinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Moore","1959","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","118","","180","","","","","","","","Moore (1959) recognized the subtribe Sciurillina, noting that ""<i>Sciurillus </i>is one of the most distinctive genera of squirrels in the world... In this measure of divergence... they are approached only by the Ratufini."" Supporting this prescient observation, recent molecular work places <i>Sciurillus </i>as a basal member of the Sciuridae (Mercer and Roth, 2003; Steppan et al., 2004), leading to its recognition as a distinct subfamily, Sciurillinae (Steppan et al., 2004).","24","24-00034","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0034"
"12400035","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurillinae","","Sciurillus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1914","","416","","<i>Sciurus pusillus</i> Desmarest, 1817, as designated by Thomas (= <i>Sciurus</i> <i>pusillus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1803).","","","","","","","24","24-00035","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0034-0000-0035"
"12400036","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurillinae","","Sciurillus","","pusillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","<i>In</i> Cat. Mamm. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris","","","178","","","Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel","French Guiana, Cayenne.","Brazil, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>glaucinus</i> </b> Thomas, 1914; <i>hoehnei</i> Miranda Ribeiro, 1941; <b><i>kuhlii</i></b> (Gray, 1867).","Husson (1978) designated a lectotype. Allelic data first indicated that this species falls outside the clade that contains other New World tree squirrels (Hafner et al., 1994<i>a</i>).","24","24-00036","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0034-0000-0035-0000-0036"
"12400037","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurillinae","","Sciurillus","","pusillus","pusillus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","<i>In</i> Cat. Mamm. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris","","","178","","","","French Guiana, Cayenne.","","","","","24","24-00037","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0034-0000-0035-0000-0036-0037"
"12400038","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurillinae","","Sciurillus","","pusillus","glaucinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00038","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0034-0000-0035-0000-0036-0038"
"12400039","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurillinae","","Sciurillus","","pusillus","kuhlii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00039","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0034-0000-0035-0000-0036-0039"
"12400040","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer de Waldheim","1817","","Adversaria zoologica","","","408","","","","","","","","Subfamily modified by Steppan et al. (2004) to include the tribes Sciurini and Pteromyini.","24","24-00040","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040"
"12400041","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Fischer de Waldheim","1817","","Adversaria zoologica","","","408","","","","","","","","","24","24-00041","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041"
"12400042","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1895","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","7","","332","","<i>Sciurus alfari</i> J. A. Allen, 1895.","","","","","","Tribe Microsciurini, according to Moore (1959). Evidence to suggests that this genus is polyphyletic (Mercer and Roth, 2003). See Emmons and Feer (1990).","24","24-00042","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042"
"12400043","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","alfari","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1895","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","7","","333","","","Central American Dwarf Squirrel","Costa Rica, Jimenez.","Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>alticola</i> </b><b> </b>Goodwin, 1943; <b><i>browni</i></b> (Bangs, 1902); <b><i>fusculus</i></b> (Thomas, 1910); <b><i>septentrionalis</i></b> Anthony, 1920; <b><i>venustulus</i></b> Goldman, 1912.","See Hall (1981:439-440).","24","24-00043","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0043"
"12400044","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","alfari","alfari","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1895","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","7","","333","","","","Costa Rica, Jimenez.","","","","","24","24-00044","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0043-0044"
"12400045","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","alfari","alticola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00045","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0043-0045"
"12400046","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","alfari","browni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00046","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0043-0046"
"12400047","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","alfari","fusculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00047","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0043-0047"
"12400048","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","alfari","septentrionalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00048","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0043-0048"
"12400049","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","alfari","venustulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00049","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0043-0049"
"12400050","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","flaviventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","432","","","Amazon Dwarf Squirrel","Brazil. Cabrera (1961) suggested the type locality could be restricted to Pebas, based on Thomas (1928<i>b</i>).","Amazon basin of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil west of the Rios Negro and Jurua.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>manarius</i>  Thomas, 1920;<i> <b>napi</b></i> (Thomas, 1900);<i> avunculus</i> Thomas, 1914; <i>florenciae</i> J. A. Allen, 1914; <b><i>otinus</i></b> (Thomas, 1901); <b><i>peruanus</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1897); <b><i>rubrirostris</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1914; <i>rubicollis</i> Thomas, 1914 [<i>lapsus</i> for <i>rubrirostris</i>]; <b><i>sabanillae</i></b> Anthony, 1922; <b><i>similis </i></b>(Nelson, 1899); <b><i>simonsi</i></b> (Thomas, 1900).","","24","24-00050","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0050"
"12400051","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","flaviventer","flaviventer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","432","","","","Brazil. Cabrera (1961) suggested the type locality could be restricted to Pebas, based on Thomas (1928<i>b</i>).","","","","","24","24-00051","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0050-0051"
"12400052","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","flaviventer","napi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00052","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0050-0052"
"12400053","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","flaviventer","otinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00053","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0050-0053"
"12400054","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","flaviventer","peruanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00054","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0050-0054"
"12400055","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","flaviventer","rubrirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00055","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0050-0055"
"12400056","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","flaviventer","sabanillae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00056","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0050-0056"
"12400057","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","flaviventer","similis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00057","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0050-0057"
"12400058","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","flaviventer","simonsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00058","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0050-0058"
"12400059","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","mimulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","266","","","Western Dwarf Squirrel","Ecuador, Esmeraldas, Cachavi, 665 ft. (203 m).","NW Ecuador, N Colombia, and Panama.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>boquetensis</i> </b> (Nelson, 1903); <b><i>isthmius</i></b> (Nelson, 1899); <i>palmeri</i> (Thomas, 1909); <i>vivatus</i> Goldman, 1912.","See Hall (1981:440) and Handley (1966<i>a</i>).","24","24-00059","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0059"
"12400060","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","mimulus","mimulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","266","","","","Ecuador, Esmeraldas, Cachavi, 665 ft. (203 m).","","","","","24","24-00060","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0059-0060"
"12400061","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","mimulus","boquetensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00061","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0059-0061"
"12400062","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","mimulus","isthmius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00062","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0059-0062"
"12400063","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Microsciurus","","santanderensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hernandez-Camacho","1957","","<i>In</i> Borerro and Hernandez-Camacho, Anal. Soc. Biol. Bogota","7","","219","","","Santander Dwarf Squirrel","Colombia, Santander Dept., Meseta de los Caballeros, NE of La Albania.","Colombia, between the Magdalena River and the Cordillera Oriental.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","See Eisenberg (1989) and Hernandez-Camacho (1960).","24","24-00063","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0042-0000-0063"
"12400064","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Rheithrosciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","273","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>macrotis</i> Gray, 1857.","","","","","<i>Rhithrosciurus</i>  Hose, 1893.","Tribe <i>Sciurini</i> according to Moore (1959:177), or <i>incertae</i> <i>sedis</i> (Simpson, 1945:78). Recent molecular studies (Mercer and Roth, 2003) support the placement of <i>Rheithrosciurus </i>in the tribe Sciurini.","24","24-00064","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0064"
"12400065","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Rheithrosciurus","","macrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1856","1857","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1856","","341","","","Tufted Ground Squirrel","""Sarawak,"" [Malaysia].","Borneo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","24","24-00065","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0064-0000-0065"
"12400066","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","63","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>vulgaris</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Aphrontis</i>  Schultze, 1893; <i>Araeosciurus</i> Nelson, 1899; <i>Baiosciurus</i> Nelson, 1899; <i>Echinosciurus</i> Trouessart, 1880; <i>Guerlinguetus</i> Gray, 1821; <i>Hadrosciurus</i> J. A. Allen, 1915; <i>Hesperosciurus</i> Nelson, 1899; <i>Histriosciurus</i> J. A. Allen, 1915; <i>Leptosciurus</i> J. A. Allen, 1915; <i>Macroxus</i> F. Cuvier, 1823; <i>Mesosciurus</i> J. A. Allen, 1915; <i>Neosciurus</i> Trouessart, 1880; <i>Oreosciurus</i> Ognev, 1935; <i>Otosciurus</i> Nelson, 1899; <i>Parasciurus</i> Trouessart, 1880; <i>Simosciurus</i> J. A. Allen, 1915; <i>Tenes</i> Thomas, 1909; <i>Urosciurus</i> J. A. Allen, 1915.","Tribe Sciurini (Moore, 1959:177); includes <i>Guerlinguetus</i>, <i>Hesperosciurus</i>, <i>Otosciurus</i>, <i>Sciurus</i> (Hall, 1981:417-436); <i>Tenes</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:76) <i>Hadrosciurus</i> (Cabrera, 1961:374), and <i><u>Urosciurus</u></i><u>(Moore, 1959:198)</u> as subgenera. Moore (1959) considered <i>Guerlinguetus</i> a distinct genus (<i>Hadrosciurus</i>, <i>Urosciurus</i> as subgenera) and included <i>Otosciurus</i> and <i>Hesperosciurus</i> in subgenus <i>Sciurus</i>.","24","24-00066","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066"
"12400067","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","63","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>vulgaris</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","","","24","24-00067","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067"
"12400068","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Otosciurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Nelson","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00068","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0068"
"12400069","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00069","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069"
"12400070","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Tenes","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00070","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0070"
"12400071","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Hadrosciurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00071","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0071"
"12400072","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Hesperosciurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Nelson","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00072","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0072"
"12400073","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Urosciurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00073","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0073"
"12400074","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Otosciurus","aberti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Woodhouse","1852","1853","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","1852","6","110, 220","","","Abert's Squirrel","""...in the San Francisco Mountains, New Mexico"" [= Coconino Co., Arizona, USA].","SE Utah, S and W Colorado, extreme SE Wyoming, W and C New Mexico, and Arizona (USA); Chihuahua, Durango, and Sonora (NW Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>castanonotus</i>  Baird, 1858; <i>castanotus</i> Baird, 1855; <i>dorsalis</i> Woodhouse, 1853; <i>navajo</i> Durrant and Kelson, 1947; <b><i>barberi</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1904; <b><i>chuscensis</i></b> Goldman, 1931; <b><i>durangi</i></b> Thomas, 1893; <i>phaeurus</i> J. A. Allen, 1904;<b><i> ferreus</i></b> True, 1900; <i>concolor</i> True, 1894; <i>mimus</i> Merriam, 1904;<i> <b>kaibabensis</b></i> (Merriam, 1904).","Subgenus <i>Otosciurus</i> (Hall, 1981:434). Reviewed by Nash and Seaman (1977, Mammalian Species, 80) and by Hoffmeister and Diersing, (1978), whose subspecies allocations are followed here. Post-Pleistocene dispersal analyzed by Davis and Brown (1989). Phylogeography was studied by Lamb et al. (1997), who found two major assemblages.","24","24-00074","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0068-0074"
"12400075","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Otosciurus","aberti","aberti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Woodhouse","1852","1853","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","1852","6","110, 220","","","","""...in the San Francisco Mountains, New Mexico"" [= Coconino Co., Arizona, USA].","","","","","24","24-00075","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0068-0074-0075"
"12400076","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Otosciurus","aberti","barberi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00076","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0068-0074-0076"
"12400077","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Otosciurus","aberti","chuscensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00077","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0068-0074-0077"
"12400078","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Otosciurus","aberti","durangi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00078","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0068-0074-0078"
"12400079","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Otosciurus","aberti","ferreus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","True","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00079","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0068-0074-0079"
"12400080","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Otosciurus","aberti","kaibabensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00080","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0068-0074-0080"
"12400081","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","aestuans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","88","","","Guianan Squirrel","Surinam.","Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bancrofti</i>  Kerr, 1792; <i>guajanensis</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>guerlingus</i> (Shaw, 1801);<i> guianensis</i> Peters, 1863; <i>olivascens</i> Illiger, 1815; <b><i>alphonsei</i></b> Thomas, 1903; <i>roberti</i> Thomas, 1903; <b><i>garbei</i></b> (Pinto, 1931); <b><i>georgihernandezi</i></b> Barriga-Bonilla, 1966; <b><i>henseli</i></b> Miranda Ribeiro, 1941; <b><i>ingrami</i></b> Thomas, 1901; <b><i>macconnelli</i></b> Thomas, 1901; <b><i>poaiae</i></b> (Moojen, 1942); <b><i>quelchii</i></b> Thomas, 1901; <b><i>venustus</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1940).","Subgenus <i>Guerlinguetus</i>; see Cabrera (1961:359). Formerly included <i>gilvigularis</i>; see Avila-Pires (1964). Subspecies recognized based on Cabrera (1961).","24","24-00081","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0081"
"12400082","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","aestuans","aestuans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","88","","","","Surinam.","","","","","24","24-00082","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0081-0082"
"12400083","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","aestuans","alphonsei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00083","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0081-0083"
"12400084","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","aestuans","garbei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pinto","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00084","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0081-0084"
"12400085","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","aestuans","georgihernandezi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barriga-Bonilla","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00085","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0081-0085"
"12400086","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","aestuans","henseli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miranda Ribeiro","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00086","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0081-0086"
"12400087","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","aestuans","ingrami","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00087","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0081-0087"
"12400088","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","aestuans","macconnelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00088","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0081-0088"
"12400089","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","aestuans","poaiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Moojen","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00089","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0081-0089"
"12400090","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","aestuans","quelchii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00090","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0081-0090"
"12400091","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","aestuans","venustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00091","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0081-0091"
"12400092","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","alleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","147","","","Allen's Squirrel","""Monterey, Tamaulipas [=Nuevo Leon],"" [Mexico].","SE Coahuila through C Nuevo Leon, south through W Tamaulipas to extreme N San Luis Potosi (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Sciurus</i> (Hall, 1981:430). Reviewed by Best (1995<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 501).","24","24-00092","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0092"
"12400093","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Tenes","anomalus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1778","","Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","148","","","Caucasian Squirrel","""without exact indication of locality"" (Ognev, 1966:368). Restricted by Güldenstadt (1785, see Ognev, 1940:423) to Sabeka, 25 km SW of Kutais, Georgia.","Turkey, Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), N and W Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq. Newly reported from Lesbos Isl, Greece (Hecht-Markou, 1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>caucasicus</i>  Pallas, 1811; <i>fulvus</i> Blanford, 1875<i> </i>; <i>russatus</i> Wagner, 1842; <b><i>pallescens</i> </b>(Gray, 1867); <b><i>syriacus</i></b> Ehrenberg, 1828; <i>historicus</i> Gray, 1867; <i>persicus auctorum ignotus</i> [author unknown; the name <i>persicus</i> was assigned by Erxleben, 1777, to S. G. Gmelin’s description (1774, p. 379, fig. 43 ) of <i>Sciurus persicus,</i> which was, however,<i> </i>based on a dormouse, <i>Myoxus glis.</i> It is still used for <i>S. anomalus </i>(cf. Pavlinov et al., 1995)].","Subgenus <i>Tenes</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:76). Reviewed by Harrison and Bates (1991).","24","24-00093","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0070-0093"
"12400094","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Tenes","anomalus","anomalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1778","","Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","148","","","","""without exact indication of locality"" (Ognev, 1966:368). Restricted by Güldenstadt (1785, see Ognev, 1940:423) to Sabeka, 25 km SW of Kutais, Georgia.","","","","","24","24-00094","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0070-0093-0094"
"12400095","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Tenes","anomalus","pallescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00095","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0070-0093-0095"
"12400096","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Tenes","anomalus","syriacus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ehrenberg","1828","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00096","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0070-0093-0096"
"12400097","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","arizonensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Coues","1867","","Am. Nat.","1","","357","","","Arizona Gray Squirrel","""Fort Whipple,"" [Yavapai Co., Arizona, USA].","C and SE Arizona and WC New Mexico (USA); NE Sonora (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>catalinae</i> </b> Doutt, 1931; <b><i>huachuca</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1894.","Subgenus <i>Sciurus</i> (Hall, 1981:432). Reviewed by Best and Riedel (1995, Mammalian Species No. 496).","24","24-00097","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0097"
"12400098","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","arizonensis","arizonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Coues","1867","","Am. Nat.","1","","357","","","","""Fort Whipple,"" [Yavapai Co., Arizona, USA].","","","","","24","24-00098","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0097-0098"
"12400099","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","arizonensis","catalinae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Doutt","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00099","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0097-0099"
"12400100","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","arizonensis","huachuca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00100","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0097-0100"
"12400101","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","aureogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1829","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 3","6","59","1-2 ""Ecureuil de la Californie""","","","Red-bellied Squirrel","""California"" Restricted by Nelson (1899<i>b</i>:38) to Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, Mexico.","SW and C Guatemala to Guanajuato to Nayarit and Nuevo Leon (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chrysogaster</i>  Giebel, 1855; <i>ferruginiventris</i> Audubon and Bachman, 1841; <i>hypopyrrhus</i> Wagler, 1831;<i> hypoxanthus</i> I. Geoffroy, 1855; <i>leucogaster</i> F. Cuvier, 1831; <i>maurus</i> Gray, 1867; <i>morio</i> Gray, 1867; <i>mustelinus</i> Audubon and Bachman, 1841; <i>raviventer</i> Lichtenstein, 1830; <i>rufiventris</i> Rovirosa, 1887; <b><i>nigrescens</i></b> Bennett, 1833; <i>affinis</i> Alston, 1878; <i>albipes</i> Wagner, 1837; <i>cervicalis</i> J. A. Allen, 1890; <i>chiapensis</i> Nelson, 1899; <i>cocos</i> Nelson, 1898; <i>colimensis</i> Nelson, 1898; <i>effugius</i> Nelson, 1898; <i>frumentor</i> Nelson, 1898; <i>griseoflavus</i> Gray, 1867; <i>hernandezi</i> Nelson, 1898; <i>hirtus</i> Nelson, 1898; <i>leucops</i> Gray, 1867; <i>littoralis</i> Nelson, 1907; <i>nelsoni</i> Merriam, 1893; <i>nemoralis</i> Nelson, 1898; <i>perigrinator</i> Nelson, 1904; <i>poliopus</i> Fitzinger, 1867; <i>quercinus</i> Nelson, 1898; <i>rufipes</i> Fitzinger, 1867; <i>senex</i> Nelson, 1904; <i>socialis</i> Wagner, 1837; <i>tepicanus</i> J. A. Allen, 1906; <i>varius</i> Wagner, 1843; <i>wagneri</i> J. A. Allen, 1898.","Subgenus <i>Sciurus</i> (Hall, 1981:418). Revised by Musser (1968), who also designated a lectotype and confirmed the type locality restriction (Musser, 1970<i>c</i>). Includes <i>griseoflavus</i>, <i>nelsoni</i>, <i>poliopus</i>, and <i>socialis</i> (Musser, 1968). Introduced to Elliot Key, Dade County, Florida (USA) (Brown and McGuire, 1975).","24","24-00101","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0101"
"12400102","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","aureogaster","aureogaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1829","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 3","6","59","1-2 ""Ecureuil de la Californie""","","","","""California"" Restricted by Nelson (1899<i>b</i>:38) to Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, Mexico.","","","","","24","24-00102","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0101-0102"
"12400103","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","aureogaster","nigrescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00103","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0101-0103"
"12400104","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","carolinensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","148","","","Eastern Gray Squirrel","""Carolina.""","E Texas (USA) to Saskatchewan (Canada) and east to Atlantic Coast. Introduced into Britain, Scotland, Ireland, Italy, Australia, South Africa, and various localities in W North America.","","<b><i>extimus</i> </b> Bangs, 1896; <i>matecumbei</i> Bailey, 1937; <i>minutus</i> Bailey, 1937; <b><i>fuliginosus</i></b> Bachman, 1839; <b><i>hypophaeus</i></b> Merriam, 1886; <b><i>pennsylvanicus</i></b> Ord, 1815; <i>hiemalis</i> Ord, 1815; <i>leucotis</i> Gapper, 1830; <i>migratorius</i> Audubon and Bachman, 1849.","Subgenus <i>Sciurus</i> (Hall, 1981:417). Reviewed by Koprowski (1994<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 480).","24","24-00104","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0104"
"12400105","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","carolinensis","carolinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","148","","","","""Carolina.""","","","","","24","24-00105","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0104-0105"
"12400106","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","carolinensis","extimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00106","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0104-0106"
"12400107","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","carolinensis","fuliginosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00107","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0104-0107"
"12400108","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","carolinensis","hypophaeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1886","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00108","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0104-0108"
"12400109","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","carolinensis","pennsylvanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ord","1815","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00109","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0104-0109"
"12400110","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","colliaei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1839","","Zool. Capt. Beechey's Voy.","","","8","","","Collie's Squirrel","""San Blas, Tepic, [Nayarit,] Mexico.""","Mexico: WC coast including Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Colima.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>nuchalis</i> </b> Nelson, 1899; <b><i>sinaloensis</i></b> Nelson, 1899; <b><i>truei</i></b> Nelson, 1899.","Subgenus <i>Sciurus</i> (Hall, 1981:421). Includes <i>sinaloensis</i> and <i>truei</i> (Anderson, 1962). Reviewed by Best (1995<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 497).","24","24-00110","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0110"
"12400111","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","colliaei","colliaei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1839","","Zool. Capt. Beechey's Voy.","","","8","","","","""San Blas, Tepic, [Nayarit,] Mexico.""","","","","","24","24-00111","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0110-0111"
"12400112","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","colliaei","nuchalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00112","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0110-0112"
"12400113","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","colliaei","sinaloensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00113","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0110-0113"
"12400114","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","colliaei","truei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00114","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0110-0114"
"12400115","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","deppei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1863","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1863","","654","","","Deppe's Squirrel","""Papantla, Veracruz, Mexico."" (Nelson, 1899<i>b</i>:101).","Tamaulipas (Mexico) to Costa Rica.","CITES – Appendix III (Costa Rica); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>taeniurus</i>  Gray, 1867; <i>tephrogaster</i> Gray, 1867; <b><i>matagalpae</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1908; <b><i>miravallensis</i></b> Harris, 1931; <b><i>negligens</i></b> Nelson, 1898; <b><i>vivax</i></b> Nelson, 1901.","Subgenus <i>Sciurus</i> (Hall, 1981:426). Reviewed by Best (1995<i>c</i>, Mammalian Species No. 505).","24","24-00115","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0115"
"12400116","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","deppei","deppei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1863","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1863","","654","","","","""Papantla, Veracruz, Mexico."" (Nelson, 1899<i>b</i>:101).","","","","","24","24-00116","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0115-0116"
"12400117","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","deppei","matagalpae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00117","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0115-0117"
"12400118","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","deppei","miravallensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harris","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00118","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0115-0118"
"12400119","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","deppei","negligens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00119","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0115-0119"
"12400120","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","deppei","vivax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00120","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0115-0120"
"12400121","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Hadrosciurus","flammifer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","33","","","Fiery Squirrel","Venezuela, Bolivar, Caura Valley, La Union.","Venezuela south of Orinoco River from the Colombian border to Cuidad Bolivar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Hadrosciurus</i>; see Cabrera (1961:374).","24","24-00121","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0071-0121"
"12400122","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","gilvigularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturgesch.","2","","43","","","Yellow-throated Squirrel","Brazil, Borba, Rio Madeira.","N Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gilviventris</i>  Pelzeln, 1883; <b><i>paraensis</i></b> Goeldi and Hagmann, 1904.","Subgenus <i>Guerlinguetus</i>; see Avila-Pires (1964). Cabrera (1961:359) included <i>gilvigularis </i>and <i>paraensis</i> in <i>aestuans</i>.","24","24-00122","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0122"
"12400123","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","gilvigularis","gilvigularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturgesch.","2","","43","","","","Brazil, Borba, Rio Madeira.","","","","","24","24-00123","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0122-0123"
"12400124","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","gilvigularis","paraensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goeldi and Hagmann","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00124","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0122-0124"
"12400125","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Humboldt","1811","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1(1805)","","8","","","Red-tailed Squirrel","Colombia, Dept. Bolivar, Cartagena.","Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Margarita Isl, Panama, Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>agricolae</i> </b> Hershkovitz, 1947; <b><i>bondae</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1899; <b><i>candelensis</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1914); <b><i>carchensis</i></b> Harris and Hershkovitz, 1938; <b><i>chapmani</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1899;<i> quebradensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1899; <i>tobagensis</i> Ogsood, 1910; <b><i>chiriquensis</i></b> Bangs, 1902; <b><i>chrysuros</i></b> Pucheran, 1845; <i>hyporrhodus</i> Gray, 1867;<i> rufoniger</i> Pucheran, 1845; <b><i>ferminae</i></b> (Cabrera, 1917); <b><i>gerrardi</i></b> Gray, 1861; <b><i>griseimembra</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1914); <b><i>griseogena</i></b> (Gray, 1867); <i>klagesi</i> Thomas, 1914;<b><i> hoffmanni</i></b> Peters, 1863; <i>xanthotus</i> (Gray, 1867); <b><i>imbaburae</i></b> Harris and Hershkovitz, 1938;<i> <b>llanensis</b></i> Mondolfi and Boher, 1984;<i> <b>manavi</b></i> (J. A. Allen, 1914); <b><i>maracaibensis</i></b> Hershkovitz, 1947; <b><i>meridensis</i></b> Thomas, 1901; <i>tamae</i> Osgood, 1912; <b><i>morulus</i></b> Bangs, 1900; <i>baudensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1915; <i>choco</i> Goldman, 1915; <i>salaquensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1914; <b><i>nesaeus</i></b> G. M. Allen, 1902; <b><i>norosiensis</i></b> Hershkovitz, 1947; <b><i>perijae</i></b> Hershkovitz, 1947; <b><i>quindianus</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1914); <b><i>saltuensis</i></b> Bangs, 1898; <b><i>soederstroemi</i></b> Stone, 1914; <i>rhoadsi</i> (J. A. Allen, 1914); <b><i>splendidus</i></b> Gray, 1842; <i>magdalenae</i> J. A. Allen, 1914;<i> <b>sumaco</b></i> (Cabrera, 1917); <b><i>tarrae</i></b> Hershkovitz, 1947; <b><i>valdiviae</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1915); <b><i>variabilis</i></b> I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1832; <b><i>versicolor</i></b> Thomas, 1900; <i>inconstans</i> Osgood, 1921; <i>leonis</i> Lawrence, 1933; <i>milleri</i> J. A. Allen, 1912;<i> <b>zuliae</b></i> Osgood, 1910; <i>cucutae</i> J. A. Allen, 1914. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>llanensis </i>Mondolfi and Boher, 1984.","Subgenus <i>Guerlinguetus</i>; see Hall (1981:436) and Nitikman (1985, Mammalian Species, 246). Subspecies recognized according to Cabrera (1961).","24","24-00125","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125"
"12400126","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","granatensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Humboldt","1811","","Rec. Observ. Zool.","1(1805)","","8","","","","Colombia, Dept. Bolivar, Cartagena.","","","","","24","24-00126","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0126"
"12400127","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","agricolae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00127","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0127"
"12400128","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","bondae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00128","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0128"
"12400129","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","candelensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00129","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0129"
"12400130","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","carchensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harris and Hershkovitz","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00130","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0130"
"12400131","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","chapmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00131","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0131"
"12400132","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","chiriquensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00132","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0132"
"12400133","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","chrysuros","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pucheran","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00133","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0133"
"12400134","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","ferminae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00134","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0134"
"12400135","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","gerrardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00135","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0135"
"12400136","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","griseimembra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00136","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0136"
"12400137","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","griseogena","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00137","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0137"
"12400138","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","hoffmanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00138","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0138"
"12400139","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","imbaburae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harris and Hershkovitz","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00139","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0139"
"12400140","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","llanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mondolfi and Boher","1984","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00140","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0140"
"12400141","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","manavi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00141","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0141"
"12400142","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","maracaibensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00142","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0142"
"12400143","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","meridensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00143","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0143"
"12400144","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","morulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00144","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0144"
"12400145","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","nesaeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00145","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0145"
"12400146","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","norosiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00146","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0146"
"12400147","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","perijae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00147","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0147"
"12400148","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","quindianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00148","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0148"
"12400149","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","saltuensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00149","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0149"
"12400150","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","soederstroemi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Stone","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00150","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0150"
"12400151","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","splendidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00151","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0151"
"12400152","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","sumaco","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00152","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0152"
"12400153","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","tarrae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00153","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0153"
"12400154","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","valdiviae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00154","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0154"
"12400155","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","variabilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire","1832","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00155","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0155"
"12400156","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","versicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00156","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0156"
"12400157","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","granatensis","zuliae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00157","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0125-0157"
"12400158","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Hesperosciurus","griseus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ord","1818","","J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts Paris","87","","152","","","Western Gray Squirrel","""The Dalles of the Columbia"" [River, Wasco Co., Oregon, USA].","C Washington, W Oregon, and California (USA) to Baja California Norte (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fossor</i>  Peale, 1848; <i>heermanni</i> Le Conte, 1852; <i>leporinus</i> Audubon and Bachman, 1841; <b><i>anthonyi</i></b> Mearns, 1897; <b><i>nigripes</i></b> Bryant, 1889.","Subgenus <i>Hesperosciurus</i> (Hall, 1981:433). Reviewed by Carraway and Verts (1994, Mammalian Species No. 474).","24","24-00158","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0072-0158"
"12400159","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Hesperosciurus","griseus","griseus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ord","1818","","J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts Paris","87","","152","","","","""The Dalles of the Columbia"" [River, Wasco Co., Oregon, USA].","","","","","24","24-00159","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0072-0158-0159"
"12400160","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Hesperosciurus","griseus","anthonyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00160","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0072-0158-0160"
"12400161","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Hesperosciurus","griseus","nigripes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bryant","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00161","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0072-0158-0161"
"12400162","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","ignitus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","429","","","Bolivian Squirrel","Bolivia, near Yungas, upper Rio Beni.","Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cuscinus</i>  Thomas, 1899; <i>ochrescens</i> Thomas, 1914;<b><i> argentinius</i></b> Thomas, 1921; <b><i>boliviensis</i></b> Osgood, 1921; <i>leucogaster</i> (J. A. Allen, 1915); <b><i>cabrerai</i></b> Moojen, 1958; <b><i>irroratus</i></b> (Gray, 1867).","Subgenus <i>Guerlinguetus</i>; subspecies according to Cabrera (1961:370-371).","24","24-00162","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0162"
"12400163","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","ignitus","ignitus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","429","","","","Bolivia, near Yungas, upper Rio Beni.","","","","","24","24-00163","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0162-0163"
"12400164","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","ignitus","argentinius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00164","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0162-0164"
"12400165","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","ignitus","boliviensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00165","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0162-0165"
"12400166","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","ignitus","cabrerai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Moojen","1958","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00166","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0162-0166"
"12400167","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","ignitus","irroratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00167","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0162-0167"
"12400168","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Urosciurus","igniventris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturg.","1","","360","","","Northern Amazon Red Squirrel","Brazil, Amazonas, north of the Rio Negro, Marabitanos.","Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>taedifer</i>  Thomas, 1900; <b><i>cocalis</i> </b>Thomas, 1900; <i>zamorae</i> J. A. Allen, 1914. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>:<i> duida </i>J. A. Allen, 1914;<i> fulminatus </i>Thomas, 1926; <i>manhanensis </i>(Moojen, 1942)<i>.</i>","Subgenus <i>Urosciurus</i>; see Patton (1984). Lawrence (1988:1) restricted <i>duida</i> to this species although it has also been referred to <i>S</i>. <i>spadiceus</i>; the holotype is a composite.","24","24-00168","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0073-0168"
"12400169","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Urosciurus","igniventris","igniventris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturg.","1","","360","","","","Brazil, Amazonas, north of the Rio Negro, Marabitanos.","","","","","24","24-00169","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0073-0168-0169"
"12400170","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Urosciurus","igniventris","cocalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00170","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0073-0168-0170"
"12400171","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","lis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1844","","Fauna Japonica","1(Mamm.)","","45","","","Japanese Squirrel","""Japan"". Restricted by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:78) to Honshu [Japan].","Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu (Japan).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Sciurus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:77). Oshida et al. (1996<i>a</i>), and Oshida and Yoshida (1997) described chromosomes.","24","24-00171","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0171"
"12400172","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","nayaritensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","2","","7, footnote","","","Mexican Fox Squirrel","""Sierra Valparaiso, Zacatecas,"" [Mexico.]","Jalisco (Mexico) north to SE Arizona (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alstoni</i>  J. A. Allen, 1889; <b><i>apache</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1893; <b><i>chiricahuae</i></b> Goldman, 1933.","Subgenus <i>Sciurus</i> (Hall, 1981:431). Includes <i>chiricahuae</i> and <i>apache</i> (Hall, 1981:431; Lee and Hoffmeister, 1963). Reviewed by Best (1995<i>d</i>, Mammalian Species No. 492).","24","24-00172","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0172"
"12400173","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","nayaritensis","nayaritensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","2","","7, footnote","","","","""Sierra Valparaiso, Zacatecas,"" [Mexico.]","","","","","24","24-00173","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0172-0173"
"12400174","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","nayaritensis","apache","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00174","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0172-0174"
"12400175","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","nayaritensis","chiricahuae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00175","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0172-0175"
"12400176","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","niger","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","64","","","Eastern Fox Squirrel","""in America septentrionalis."" Restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:149) to S South Carolina (USA).","Texas (USA) and adjacent Mexico, north to Manitoba (Canada) east to the Atlantic Coast.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>S</i>. <i>n</i>. <i>cinereus</i>; nonessential experimental population in Sussex Co., Delaware (USA); IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>S. n. vulpinus</i>, Lower Risk (conservation dependent) as <i>S. n. avicinnia</i> and<i> S. n. cinereus,</i> Lower Risk (nt) as <i>S. n. shermani</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc) as <i>S. niger.</i>","<i>capistratus</i>  Bosc, 1802; <b><i>avicinnia</i></b> A H. Howell, 1919; <b><i>bachmani</i></b> Lowery and Davis, 1942; <b><i>cinereus</i></b> Linnaeus, 1758; <i>bryanti</i> Bailey, 1920; <i>neglectus</i> (Gray, 1867);<i> <b>limitis</b></i> Baird, 1855; <b><i>ludovicianus</i></b> Custis, 1806; <i>texianus</i> Bachman, 1839; <b><i>rufiventer</i></b> E. Geoffroy, 1803;<i> macroura</i> Say, 1823; <i>magnificaudatus</i> Harlan, 1825; <i>ruber</i> Rafinesque, 1820; <i>rubicaudatus</i> Audubon and Bachman, 1851; <i>sayii</i> Audubon and Bachman, 1851; <b><i>shermani</i></b> Moore, 1956; <b><i>subauratus</i></b> Bachman, 1839; <i>auduboni</i> Bachman, 1839; <b><i>vulpinus</i></b> Gmelin, 1788; <i>vicinus</i> Bangs, 1896.","Subgenus <i>Sciurus</i> (Hall, 1981:427). Reviewed by Koprowski (1994<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 479).","24","24-00176","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0176"
"12400177","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","niger","niger","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","64","","","","""in America septentrionalis."" Restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:149) to S South Carolina (USA).","","","","","24","24-00177","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0176-0177"
"12400178","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","niger","avicinnia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A H. Howell","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00178","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0176-0178"
"12400179","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","niger","bachmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lowery and Davis","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00179","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0176-0179"
"12400180","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","niger","cinereus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00180","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0176-0180"
"12400181","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","niger","limitis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00181","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0176-0181"
"12400182","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","niger","ludovicianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Custis","1806","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00182","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0176-0182"
"12400183","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","niger","rufiventer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00183","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0176-0183"
"12400184","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","niger","shermani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Moore","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00184","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0176-0184"
"12400185","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","niger","subauratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00185","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0176-0185"
"12400186","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","niger","vulpinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00186","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0176-0186"
"12400187","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","oculatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1863","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1863","","653","","","Peters's Squirrel","""Eastern Mexico."" Restricted by Nelson (1899<i>b</i>:88) to ""near Las Vigas [Veracruz] Mexico.""","Mexico: San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Veracruz, Puebla, Mexico, Queretaro and Guanajuato.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>capistratus</i>  Lichtenstein, 1830; <i>melanonotus</i> Thomas, 1890; <b><i>shawi</i></b> Dalquest, 1950; <b><i>tolucae</i></b> Nelson, 1898.","Subgenus <i>Sciurus</i> (Hall, 1981:430). Reviewed by Best (1995<i>e</i>, Mammalian Species No. 498).","24","24-00187","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0187"
"12400188","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","oculatus","oculatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1863","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1863","","653","","","","""Eastern Mexico."" Restricted by Nelson (1899<i>b</i>:88) to ""near Las Vigas [Veracruz] Mexico.""","","","","","24","24-00188","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0187-0188"
"12400189","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","oculatus","shawi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest","1950","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00189","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0187-0189"
"12400190","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","oculatus","tolucae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00190","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0187-0190"
"12400191","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","pucheranii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1867","","Sitzb. Math. Naturw. Cl.","55","Abth., 1","487","","","Andean Squirrel","Colombia, near Bogota.","Colombian Andes.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>minor</i>  (Alston, 1878); <b><i>caucensis</i></b> Nelson, 1899; <b><i>medellinensis</i></b> (Gray, 1867); <i>salentensis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1914).","Subgenus <i>Guerlinguetus</i>; see Cabrera (1961:372) and Eisenberg (1989). Moore (1959) placed <i>pucheranii</i> in the genus <i>Microsciurus</i>. Subspecies according to Cabrera (1961).","24","24-00191","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0191"
"12400192","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","pucheranii","pucheranii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1867","","Sitzb. Math. Naturw. Cl.","55","Abth., 1","487","","","","Colombia, near Bogota.","","","","","24","24-00192","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0191-0192"
"12400193","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","pucheranii","caucensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00193","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0191-0193"
"12400194","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","pucheranii","medellinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00194","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0191-0194"
"12400195","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Hadrosciurus","pyrrhinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","265","","","Junín Red Squirrel","Peru, Junin Dept., Vitoc, Garita del Sol.","E slopes of the Andes of Peru.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>variabilis</i>  Tschudi, 1844.","Subgenus <i>Hadrosciurus</i>; see Cabrera (1961:378). J. A. Allen (1915<i>b</i>) placed <i>pyrrhinus</i> in the genus <i>Mesosciurus</i>.","24","24-00195","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0071-0195"
"12400196","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","richmondi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","146","","","Richmond's Squirrel","""Escondido River (50 mi. [80 km] above Bluefields) Nicaragua"" (Nelson, 1899<i>b</i>:100).","Nicaragua.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Guerlinguetus</i> (Hall, 1981:436). Reviewed by Jones and Genoways (1975<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 53).","24","24-00196","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0196"
"12400197","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","sanborni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1944","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","29","","191","","","Sanborn's Squirrel","Peru, Madre de Dios Dept., La Pampa, between the Rio Inambari and Rio Tambopata, 33 km N of Santo Domingo, 570 m.","Madre de Dios Dept., Peru.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Guerlinguetus</i>; see Cabrera (1961:373).","24","24-00197","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0197"
"12400198","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Urosciurus","spadiceus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Olfers","1818","","<i>In</i> Eschwege, J. Brasilien Neue Bibliothek. Reisenb.","15","2","208","","","Southern Amazon Red Squirrel","Brazil, restricted by Hershkovitz (1959<i>a</i>) to Cuyabá, Matto Grosso.","Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>langsdorffi</i>  Brandt, 1835;<i> <b>steinbachi</b></i><b> </b>J. A. Allen, 1914; <b><i>tricolor</i> </b>Tschudi, 1844. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>brunneo-niger</i> (Gray, 1867); <i>castus</i> Thomas, 1903; <i>fumigatus</i> (Gray, 1867); <i>juralis</i> Thomas, 1926; <i>morio</i> Wagner, 1848; <i>nigratus</i> (Pinto, 1931); <i>purusianus</i> (Moojen, 1942); <i>pyrrhonotus</i> Wagner, 1842; <i>rondoniae</i> (Moojen, 1942); <i>taparius</i> Thomas, 1926; <i>urucumus</i> J. A. Allen, 1914.","Subgenus <i>Urosciurus</i>; for subspecies see Patton (1984).","24","24-00198","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0073-0198"
"12400199","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Urosciurus","spadiceus","spadiceus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Olfers","1818","","<i>In</i> Eschwege, J. Brasilien Neue Bibliothek. Reisenb.","15","2","208","","","","Brazil, restricted by Hershkovitz (1959<i>a</i>) to Cuyabá, Matto Grosso.","","","","","24","24-00199","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0073-0198-0199"
"12400200","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Urosciurus","spadiceus","steinbachi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00200","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0073-0198-0200"
"12400201","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Urosciurus","spadiceus","tricolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00201","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0073-0198-0201"
"12400202","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Guerlinguetus","stramineus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eydoux and Souleyet","1841","","<i>In</i> Vaillant, Voy. autour du monde...la Bonite, Zool.","1","","73","","","Guayaquil Squirrel","Peru, Piura Dept., Omatope.","Extreme SW Peru and SW Ecuador in the area surrounding the Gulf of Guayaquil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fraseri</i>  (Gray, 1867); <i>guayanus</i> Thomas, 1900; <i>nebouxii</i> I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1855; <i>zarumae</i> J. A. Allen, 1914.","Subgenus <i>Guerlinguetus</i>; see Cabrera (1961:373).","24","24-00202","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0069-0202"
"12400203","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1839","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1839","","117","","","Variegated Squirrel","""...west coast of South America."" Restricted by Nelson (1899<i>b</i>:80) to ""[El] Salvador.""","S Chiapas (Mexico), through Central America to Panama.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>griseocaudatus</i>  Gray, 1843; <i>pyladei</i> Lesson, 1842; <b><i>adolphei</i></b> Lesson, 1842; <i>annalium</i> Thomas, 1905; <b><i>atrirufus</i></b> Harris, 1930; <b><i>bangsi</i></b> Dickey, 1928; <b><i>belti</i></b> Nelson, 1899; <b><i>boothiae</i></b> Gray, 1843; <i>fuscovariegatus</i> Schinz, 1845; <i>richardsoni</i> Gray, 1842; <b><i>dorsalis</i></b> Gray, 1849; <b><i>goldmani</i></b> Nelson, 1898; <b><i>helveolus</i></b> Goldman, 1912; <b><i>loweryi</i></b> McPherson, 1972; <b><i>managuensis</i></b> Nelson, 1898; <b><i>melania</i></b> (Gray, 1867); <b><i>rigidus</i></b> Peters, 1863; <i>austini</i> Harris, 1933; <i>intermedius</i> Gray, 1867; <i>nicoyana</i> Gray, 1867; <b><i>thomasi</i></b> Nelson, 1899; <b><i>underwoodi</i></b> Goldman, 1932.","Subgenus <i>Sciurus</i>; includes <i>goldmani</i> (Hall, 1981:424). Revised by Harris (1937). Reviewed by Best (1995<i>f</i>, Mammalian Species No. 500).","24","24-00203","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203"
"12400204","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","variegatoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1839","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1839","","117","","","","""...west coast of South America."" Restricted by Nelson (1899<i>b</i>:80) to ""[El] Salvador.""","","","","","24","24-00204","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0204"
"12400205","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","adolphei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00205","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0205"
"12400206","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","atrirufus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harris","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00206","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0206"
"12400207","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","bangsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dickey","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00207","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0207"
"12400208","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","belti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00208","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0208"
"12400209","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","boothiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00209","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0209"
"12400210","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","dorsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1849","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00210","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0210"
"12400211","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","goldmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00211","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0211"
"12400212","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","helveolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00212","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0212"
"12400213","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","loweryi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","McPherson","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00213","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0213"
"12400214","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","managuensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00214","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0214"
"12400215","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","melania","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00215","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0215"
"12400216","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","rigidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00216","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0216"
"12400217","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","thomasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00217","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0217"
"12400218","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","variegatoides","underwoodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00218","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0203-0218"
"12400219","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","63","","","Eurasian Red Squirrel","""in Europae arboribus."" Restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:148) to Uppsala, Sweden.","Forested regions of Palearctic, from Iberia and Great Britain east to Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhalin Isl (Russia); south to Mediterranean and Black Seas, N Mongolia, W and NE China.","IUCN – Near Threatened.","<i>albonotatus</i>  Billberg, 1827; <i>albus</i> Billberg, 1827; <i>carpathicus</i> Pietruski, 1853; <i>europaeus</i> Gray, 1843; <i>niger</i> Billberg, 1827; <i>rufus</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>typicus</i> Barret-Hamilton, 1899; <b><i>alpinus</i></b> Desmarest, 1822; <i>baeticus</i> Cabrera, 1905; <i>hoffmanni</i> Valverde, 1967; <i>infuscatus</i> Cabrera, 1905; <i>italicus</i> Bonaparte, 1838; <i>meridionalis</i> Lucifero, 1907; <i>numantius</i> Miller, 1907; <i>segurae</i> Miller, 1909; <i>silanus</i> Hecht, 1931; <b><i>altaicus</i></b> Serebrennikov, 1928; <b><i>anadyrensis</i></b> Ognev, 1929; <b><i>arcticus</i></b> Trouessart, 1906; <i>jacutensis</i> Ognev, 1929; <b><i>balcanicus</i></b> Heinrich, 1936; <i>istrandjae </i>Heinrich, 1936; <i>rhodopensis</i> Heinrich, 1936; <b><i>chiliensis</i> </b>Sowerby, 1921; <b><i>cinerea</i></b> Hermann, 1804; <b><i>dulkeiti</i></b> Ognev, 1929; <b><i>exalbidus</i></b> Pallas, 1778; <i>argenteus</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>kalbinensis</i> Selevin, 1924; <b><i>fedjushini</i></b> Ognev, 1935; <b><i>formosovi</i></b> Ognev, 1935; <b><i>fuscoater</i></b> Altum, 1876; <i>brunnea</i> Altum, 1876; <i>gotthardi</i> Fatio, 1905; <i>graeca</i> Altum, 1876; <i>nigrescens</i> Altum, 1876; <i>russus</i> Miller, 1907; <i>rutilans</i> Miller, 1907; <b><i>fusconigricans</i></b> Dwigubski, 1804; <b><i>leucourus</i></b> Kerr, 1792; <b><i>lilaeus</i> </b>Miller, 1907; <i>ameliae</i> Cabrera, 1924; <i>croaticus</i> Wettstein, 1927; <b><i>mantchuricus</i></b> Thomas, 1909; <i>coreae</i> Sowerby, 1921; <i>coreanus</i> Kishida, 1924; <b><i>martensi</i></b> Matschie, 1901; <i>jenissejensis</i> Ognev, 1935; <b><i>ognevi</i></b> Migulin, 1928; <i>bashkiricus</i> Ognev, 1935; <i>golzmajeri</i> 1960; <i>uralensis</i> Ognev, 1935; <b><i>orientis</i></b> Thomas, 1906; <b><i>rupestris</i></b> Thomas, 1907; <b><i>ukrainicus</i></b> Migulin, 1928; <i>kessleri</i> Migulin, 1928; <b><i>varius</i></b> Gmelin, 1789. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>fuscorubens</i> Dwigubski, 1804; <i>nadymensis</i> Serebrennikov, 1928; <i>subalpinus</i> Burg, 1920; <i>talahutky</i> Brass, 1911.","Subgenus <i>Sciurus</i>. For discussion of taxonomy, see Sidorowicz (1971), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), Wiltafsky (1978), and Gromov and Erbaeva (1995). Oshida et al. (1993) and Oshida and Yoshida (1997) described chromosomes of <i>S. v. orientis.</i>","24","24-00219","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219"
"12400220","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","vulgaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","63","","","","""in Europae arboribus."" Restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:148) to Uppsala, Sweden.","","","","","24","24-00220","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0220"
"12400221","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","alpinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00221","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0221"
"12400222","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","altaicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Serebrennikov","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00222","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0222"
"12400223","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","anadyrensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00223","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0223"
"12400224","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","arcticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Trouessart","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00224","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0224"
"12400225","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","balcanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heinrich","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00225","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0225"
"12400226","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","chiliensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sowerby","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00226","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0226"
"12400227","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","cinerea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hermann","1804","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00227","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0227"
"12400228","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","dulkeiti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00228","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0228"
"12400229","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","exalbidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00229","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0229"
"12400230","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","fedjushini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00230","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0230"
"12400231","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","formosovi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00231","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0231"
"12400232","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","fuscoater","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Altum","1876","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00232","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0232"
"12400233","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","fusconigricans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dwigubski","1804","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00233","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0233"
"12400234","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","leucourus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00234","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0234"
"12400235","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","lilaeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00235","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0235"
"12400236","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","mantchuricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00236","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0236"
"12400237","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","martensi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00237","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0237"
"12400238","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","ognevi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Migulin","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00238","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0238"
"12400239","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","orientis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","Oshida et al. (1993) and Oshida and Yoshida (1997) described chromosomes of S. v. orientis.","24","24-00239","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0239"
"12400240","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","rupestris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00240","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0240"
"12400241","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","ukrainicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Migulin","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00241","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0241"
"12400242","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","vulgaris","varius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1789","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00242","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0219-0242"
"12400243","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","yucatanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1877","","<i>In</i> Coues and Allen, Mongr. N Am. Rodentia; U.S. Geol. Geograph. Survey Terr., Rep.","11","","705","","","Yucatan Squirrel","""Merida, Yucatan,"" [Mexico].","Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico); N and SW Belize; N Guatemala.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>baliolus</i> </b> Nelson, 1901; <b><i>phaeopus</i></b> Goodwin, 1932.","Subgenus <i>Sciurus</i> (Hall, 1981:422). Reviewed by Best et al. (1995, Mammalian Species No. 506).","24","24-00243","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0243"
"12400244","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","yucatanensis","yucatanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1877","","<i>In</i> Coues and Allen, Mongr. N Am. Rodentia; U.S. Geol. Geograph. Survey Terr., Rep.","11","","705","","","","""Merida, Yucatan,"" [Mexico].","","","","","24","24-00244","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0243-0244"
"12400245","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","yucatanensis","baliolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00245","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0243-0245"
"12400246","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Sciurus","Sciurus","yucatanensis","phaeopus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00246","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0066-0067-0243-0246"
"12400247","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Syntheosciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Bangs","1902","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","39","","25","","<i>Syntheosciurus</i> <i>brochus</i> Bangs, 1902.","","","","","","Tribe Microsciurini according to Moore (1959). Goodwin (1946) suggested that <i>Syntheosciurus</i> might be a subgenus of <i>Sciurus</i>; but see Heaney and Hoffmann (1978), Enders (1980), and Hall (1981:438). Moore (1959:179) included <i>Mesosciurus</i> (<i>granatensis</i>, <i>pyrrhinus</i>) as a subgenus, but see <i>Sciurus</i>.","24","24-00247","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0247"
"12400248","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Syntheosciurus","","brochus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1902","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","39","","25","","","Bangs’s Mountain Squirrel","""Boquete, 7,000 ft."" [2,134 m, Chiriqui, Panama].","Costa Rica to N Panama.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>poasensis</i>  (Goodwin, 1942).","Reviewed by Enders (1953:509), and Wells and Giacalone (1985, Mammalian Species, 249). Includes <i>poasensis</i> (Hall, 1981:438; Heaney and Hoffmann, 1978; Enders, 1980).","24","24-00248","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0247-0000-0248"
"12400249","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Trouessart","1880","","Le Naturaliste","2","37","292","","[<i>Sciurus</i> <i>vulgaris</i>] <i>hudsonicus</i> Erxleben, 1777.","","","","","","Tribe Tamiasciurini (<i>Tamiasciurus </i>+ <i>Sciurotamias</i>) according to Moore (1959), but Black (1963) and Thorington et al. (1998) argued that the genus is closely related to <i>Sciurus</i>, which has been supported by molecular data (Mercer and Roth, 2003; Steppan et al., 2004).","24","24-00249","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249"
"12400250","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","douglasii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1838","1839","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","99","","","Douglas's Squirrel","""Shores of Columbia River"" Restricted by J. A. Allen (1898:284) to mouth of Columbia River, [Clatsop Co., Oregon, USA].","Coast and Cascade ranges and Sierra Nevada of SW British Columbia (not Vancouver Isl) (Canada) to S California (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>belcheri</i>  (Gray, 1842); <i>suckleyi</i> (Baird, 1855); <b><i>mollipilosus</i></b> (Audubon and Bachman, 1841); <i>cascadensis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1898); <i>orarius</i> (Bangs, 1897).","Formerly included <i>mearnsi</i>; see Lindsay (1981). Hall (1981:466) suggested that <i>douglasii</i> might be conspecific with <i>hudsonicus</i>, but Lindsay (1982) showed that apparent hybrids were probably due to character convergence. Reviewed by Steele (1999, Mammalian Species No. 630). Arbogast et al. (2001) found that mitochondrial DNA differed only slightly among the three species of <i>Tamiasciurus</i>.","24","24-00250","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0250"
"12400251","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","douglasii","douglasii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1838","1839","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","99","","","","""Shores of Columbia River"" Restricted by J. A. Allen (1898:284) to mouth of Columbia River, [Clatsop Co., Oregon, USA].","","","","","24","24-00251","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0250-0251"
"12400252","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","douglasii","mollipilosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00252","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0250-0252"
"12400253","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regn. Anim.","1","","416","","","Red Squirrel","""ad fretum Hudsonis"" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1936:134) to the mouth of Severn River, Hudson Bay, Ontario, Canada.","Alaska (USA), throughout Canada (south of tundra); including Vancouver Isl, W USA in mountain states; NE USA, south to NW South Carolina.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>T. h. grahamensis</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>T. h. grahamensis</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>rubrolineatus</i>  (Desmarest, 1822); <b><i>abieticola</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1929); <b><i>baileyi</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1898); <i>columbiensis</i> A. H. Howell, 1936; <b><i>dakotensis</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1894); <b><i>dixiensis</i></b> Hardy, 1942; <b><i>fremonti</i></b> (Audubon and Bachman, 1853); <i>wasatchensis</i> Hardy, 1950; <b><i>grahamensis</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1894); <b><i>gymnicus</i></b> (Bangs, 1899); <b><i>kenaiensis</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1936; <b><i>lanuginosus</i></b> (Bachman, 1839); <i>vancouverensis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1890); <b><i>laurentianus</i></b> Anderson, 1942; <b><i>loquax</i></b> (Bangs, 1896); <b><i>lychnuchus</i></b> (Stone and Rehn, 1903); <b><i>minnesota</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1899); <i>murii</i> A. H. Howell, 1943; <b><i>mogollonensis</i></b> (Mearns, 1890); <i>neomexicanus</i> (J. A. Allen, 1898); <b><i>pallescens</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1942; <b><i>petulans</i></b> (Osgood, 1900); <b><i>picatus</i></b> (Swarth, 1921); <b><i>preblei</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1936; <b><i>regalis</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1936; <b><i>richardsoni</i></b> (Bachman, 1839); <b><i>streatori</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1898); <b><i>ungavensis</i></b> Anderson, 1942; <b><i>ventorum</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1898).","Includes <i>fremonti</i>; see Hardy (1950). See also <i>douglasii</i>. Reviewed by Steele (1998, Mammalian Species No. 586). Arbogast et al. (2001) found that mitochondrial DNA differed only slightly among the three species of <i>Tamiasciurus.</i>","24","24-00253","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253"
"12400254","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","hudsonicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regn. Anim.","1","","416","","","","""ad fretum Hudsonis"" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1936:134) to the mouth of Severn River, Hudson Bay, Ontario, Canada.","","","","","24","24-00254","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0254"
"12400255","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","abieticola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00255","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0255"
"12400256","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","baileyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00256","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0256"
"12400257","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","dakotensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00257","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0257"
"12400258","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","dixiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hardy","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00258","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0258"
"12400259","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","fremonti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00259","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0259"
"12400260","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","grahamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00260","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0260"
"12400261","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","gymnicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00261","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0261"
"12400262","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","kenaiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00262","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0262"
"12400263","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","lanuginosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00263","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0263"
"12400264","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","laurentianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00264","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0264"
"12400265","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","loquax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00265","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0265"
"12400266","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","lychnuchus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Stone and Rehn","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00266","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0266"
"12400267","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","minnesota","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00267","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0267"
"12400268","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","mogollonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00268","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0268"
"12400269","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","pallescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00269","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0269"
"12400270","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","petulans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00270","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0270"
"12400271","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","picatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swarth","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00271","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0271"
"12400272","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","preblei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00272","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0272"
"12400273","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","regalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00273","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0273"
"12400274","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","richardsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00274","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0274"
"12400275","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","streatori","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00275","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0275"
"12400276","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","ungavensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00276","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0276"
"12400277","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","hudsonicus","ventorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00277","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0253-0277"
"12400278","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Sciurini","Tamiasciurus","","mearnsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Townsend","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","146","","","Mearns's Squirrel","""San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California (altitude about 7,000 feet)"" [Baja California Norte, Mexico, 2134 m].","Sierra San Pedro Martir Mtns (Baja California Norte, Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included in <i>douglasii</i>; see Lindsay (1981). Arbogast et al. (2001) found that mitochondrial DNA differed only slightly among the three species of <i>Tamiasciurus</i>.","24","24-00278","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0041-0249-0000-0278"
"12400279","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Brandt","1855","","Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss der Saugethiere Russland’s. Kaiserlich. Akad. Wiss. Mém. Math. Phys. Nat.","7","","157","","","","","","","Petauristinae Miller, 1912.","Flying squirrels are considered a monophyletic group (Thorington 1984) contrary to Black (1963) and Hight et al. (1974). Paleontological evidence (Mein, 1970; Bruijn and Uenay, 1989) has suggested they are not members of the Sciuridae, but molecular studies by Mercer and Roth (2003) and by Steppan et al. (2004) strongly support the view that they are the sister group of the Sciurini. Both morphological studies (Thorington et al., 2002) and molecular studies (Mercer and Roth, 2003) support division into two subtribes. Bibliographies by Lin et al. (1985) and Robins (1998).","24","24-00279","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279"
"12400280","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Aeretes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1940","","Nat. Hist. Cent. Asia","II","2","745","","<i>Pteromys</i> <i>melanopterus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1867.","","","","","","Subtribe Pteromyina. <i>Aeretes</i> is often dated as G. M. Allen, ""p.vii, September 2, 1938,"" but this is a <i>nomen</i> <i>nudum</i>.","24","24-00280","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0280"
"12400281","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Aeretes","","melanopterus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.","8","","375","","","Northern Chinese Flying Squirrel","""Les forêts qui couvrent la chaine montagneuse du Tscheli"" [= Chihli; old name for Hebei Prov., China].","Hebei and Sichuan (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>sulcatus</i>  (A. B. Howell, 1927); <b><i>szechuanensis</i></b> Wang, Tu, and Wang, 1966.","Known only from two widely separated areas.","24","24-00281","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0280-0000-0281"
"12400282","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Aeretes","","melanopterus","melanopterus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.","8","","375","","","","""Les forêts qui couvrent la chaine montagneuse du Tscheli"" [= Chihli; old name for Hebei Prov., China].","","","","","24","24-00282","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0280-0000-0281-0282"
"12400283","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Aeretes","","melanopterus","szechuanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wang, Tu, and Wang","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00283","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0280-0000-0281-0283"
"12400284","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Aeromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1915","","J. Fed. Malay St. Mus.","6","","23","","<i>Pteromys</i> <i>tephromelas</i> Günther, 1873.","","","","","","Subtribe Pteromyina.","24","24-00284","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0284"
"12400285","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Aeromys","","tephromelas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1873","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1873","","413","","","Black Flying Squirrel","""Pinang"" [Wellesley, Penang Isl, Malaysia].","Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bartelsi</i>  (Sody, 1936); <b><i>phaeomelas</i></b> (Günther, 1873).","Includes <i>phaeomelas</i>; see Medway (1977:101).","24","24-00285","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0284-0000-0285"
"12400286","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Aeromys","","tephromelas","tephromelas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1873","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1873","","413","","","","""Pinang"" [Wellesley, Penang Isl, Malaysia].","","","","","24","24-00286","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0284-0000-0285-0286"
"12400287","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Aeromys","","tephromelas","phaeomelas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00287","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0284-0000-0285-0287"
"12400288","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Aeromys","","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hose","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","215","","","Thomas’s Flying Squirrel","""Silat River, about 70 miles [113 km] south of Claudetown, Eastern Sarawak"" [Baram, Sarawak, Malaysia].","Borneo, except SE.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","24","24-00288","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0284-0000-0288"
"12400289","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Belomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","2","","<i>Sciuropterus</i> <i>pearsonii</i> Gray, 1842.","","","","","","Subtribe Pteromyina.","24","24-00289","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0289"
"12400290","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Belomys","","pearsonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","263","","","Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel","""India, [Assam,] Dargellan"" (= Darjeeling).","Sikkim and Assam (India) to Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan (China); Bhutan; Indochina, and N Burma (see Agrawal and Chakraborty, 1979).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>kaleensis</i>  (Swinhoe, 1863); <i>trichotis</i> Thomas, 1908; <i>villosus</i> (Blyth, 1847); <b><i>blandus</i></b> Osgood, 1932.","Subspecies tentatively recognized by Corbet and Hill (1992), who synonymized this monotypic genus with <i>Trogopterus</i>.","24","24-00290","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0289-0000-0290"
"12400291","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Belomys","","pearsonii","pearsonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","263","","","","""India, [Assam,] Dargellan"" (= Darjeeling).","","","","","24","24-00291","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0289-0000-0290-0291"
"12400292","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Belomys","","pearsonii","blandus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00292","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0289-0000-0290-0292"
"12400293","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Biswamoyopterus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Saha","1981","","Bull. Zool. Surv. India","4","","331","","<i>Biswamoyopterus</i> <i>biswasi</i> Saha, 1981.","","","","","","Subtribe Pteromyina.","24","24-00293","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0293"
"12400294","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Biswamoyopterus","","biswasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saha","1981","","Bull. Zool. Surv. India","4","","333","","","Namdapha Flying Squirrel","""Namdapha, Tirap District, Arunachal Pradesh, India.""","Known only from type locality, western slope, Patkai Range.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","""Close to <i>Aeromys</i>"" (Saha, 1981:333).","24","24-00294","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0293-0000-0294"
"12400295","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Eoglaucomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1915","","Proc. Bio. Soc. Wash.","28","","109","","<i>Sciuropterus fimbriatus</i> Gray, 1837.","","","","","","Subtribe Glaucomyina (new name; type genus: <i>Glaucomys</i>). Characterized by origin of tibiocarpalis muscle on distal tibial tuberosity, pisiform bone with elevated scapalunate tuberosity but no triquetral process; teeth lacking crosslophs, hypocone usually absent (Thorington et al., 2002).","24","24-00295","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0295"
"12400296","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Eoglaucomys","","fimbriatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","1","","584","","","Kashmir Flying Squirrel","""India."" Restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1918<i>a</i>:184) to ""Western Himalayas,"" and by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1955:468) to Simla, Punjab.","Kashmir and Punjab (India) east to Raniket, Uttar Pradesh (Pasha and Suhail, 1997) from 1800 to 3600 m, mountains of EC and NW Afghanistan, between 1,600 and 3,500 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>E. fimbriatus </i>and as <i>Hypopetes baberi.</i>","<b><i>baberi</i> </b> (Blyth, 1847).","Genus included in <i>Hylopetes</i> by Ellerman (1947<i>a</i>) but see Thorington et al. (1996). Subspecies <i>baberi </i>elevated to specific status by Chakraborty (1981), but see Thorington et al. (1996).","24","24-00296","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0295-0000-0296"
"12400297","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Eoglaucomys","","fimbriatus","fimbriatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","1","","584","","","","""India."" Restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1918<i>a</i>:184) to ""Western Himalayas,"" and by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1955:468) to Simla, Punjab.","","","","","24","24-00297","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0295-0000-0296-0297"
"12400298","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Eoglaucomys","","fimbriatus","baberi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1847","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00298","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0295-0000-0296-0298"
"12400299","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Eupetaurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","57","","256","","<i>Eupetaurus</i> <i>cinereus</i> Thomas, 1888.","","","","","","Subtribe Pteromyina.","24","24-00299","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0299"
"12400300","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Eupetaurus","","cinereus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","57","","258","","","Woolly Flying Squirrel","""Gilgit [Valley],...about 6000 feet"" [Pakistan, 1829 m].","High elevations from N Pakistan and Kashmir to Sikkim (India) to Tibet and possibly Yunnan (China; Agrawal and Chakraborty, 1970).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Reviewed by McKenna (1962). In 1994, the first specimen to be found in ""...over a century..."" was obtained in the Gilgit district (Zahler, 1996).","24","24-00300","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0299-0000-0300"
"12400301","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","5","","<i>Mus</i> <i>volans</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","","Subtribe Glaucomyina (see also <i>Eoglaucomys</i>). Revised by A. H. Howell (1918); karyotypes and evolution evaluated by Rausch and Rausch (1982).","24","24-00301","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301"
"12400302","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1801","","Gen. Zool.","2","","157","","","Northern Flying Squirrel","Not specified. Restricted by A. H. Howell (1918:33) to the mouth of Severn River, Ontario, Canada.","Alaska and Canada, NW USA to S California and W South Dakota (Black Hills), NE USA to S Appalachian Mtns.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>G. s. coloratus </i>and <i>G. s. fuscus</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>G. s. griseifrons</i>, Data Deficient as <i>G. s. californicus</i>, Vulnerable as <i>G. s. coloratus</i> and <i>G. s. fuscus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc) as <i>G. sabrinus.</i>","<i>canadensis</i>  (E. Geoffroy, 1803); <i>hudsonius</i> Gmelin, 1788;<b><i> alpinus</i></b> (Richardson, 1828); <b><i>bangsi</i></b> (Rhoads, 1897); <i>bullatus</i> A. H. Howell, 1915; <b><i>californicus</i></b> (Rhoads, 1897); <b><i>canescens</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1915; <b><i>coloratus</i></b> Handley, 1953; <b><i>columbiensis</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1915; <b><i>flaviventris</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1915; <b><i>fuliginosus</i></b> (Rhoads, 1897); <b><i>fuscus</i></b> Miller, 1936; <b><i>goodwini</i></b> Anderson, 1943; <b><i>gouldi</i></b> Anderson, 1943; <b><i>griseifrons</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1934; <b><i>klamathensis</i></b> (Merriam, 1897); <b><i>lascivus</i></b> (Bangs, 1899); <b><i>latipes</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1915; <b><i>lucifugus</i></b> Hall, 1934; <b><i>macrotis</i></b> (Mearns, 1898); <b><i>makkovikensis</i></b> (Sornborger, 1900); <b><i>murinauralis</i></b> Musser, 1961; <b><i>oregonensis</i></b> (Bachman, 1839); <i>olympicus</i> (Elliot, 1899); <b><i>reductus</i></b> Cowan, 1937; <b><i>stephensi</i></b> (Merriam, 1900); <b><i>yukonensis</i></b> (Osgood, 1900); <b><i>zaphaeus</i></b> (Osgood, 1905).","Reviewed by Wells-Gosling and Heaney (1984, Mammalian Species No. 229). Subspecies according to Hall (1981); also see Arbogast (1999) who presented evidence that a western clade consisting of <i>oregonensis </i>and <i>californicus</i> may be of full species rank.","24","24-00302","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302"
"12400303","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","sabrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1801","","Gen. Zool.","2","","157","","","","Not specified. Restricted by A. H. Howell (1918:33) to the mouth of Severn River, Ontario, Canada.","","","","","24","24-00303","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0303"
"12400304","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","alpinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1828","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00304","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0304"
"12400305","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","bangsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00305","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0305"
"12400306","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","californicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00306","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0306"
"12400307","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","canescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00307","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0307"
"12400308","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","coloratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00308","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0308"
"12400309","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","columbiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00309","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0309"
"12400310","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","flaviventris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00310","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0310"
"12400311","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","fuliginosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00311","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0311"
"12400312","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","fuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00312","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0312"
"12400313","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","goodwini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00313","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0313"
"12400314","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","gouldi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00314","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0314"
"12400315","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","griseifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00315","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0315"
"12400316","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","klamathensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00316","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0316"
"12400317","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","lascivus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00317","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0317"
"12400318","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","latipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00318","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0318"
"12400319","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","lucifugus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00319","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0319"
"12400320","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","macrotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00320","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0320"
"12400321","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","makkovikensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sornborger","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00321","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0321"
"12400322","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","murinauralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Musser","1961","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00322","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0322"
"12400323","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","oregonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00323","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0323"
"12400324","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","reductus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cowan","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00324","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0324"
"12400325","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","stephensi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00325","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0325"
"12400326","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","yukonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00326","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0326"
"12400327","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","sabrinus","zaphaeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00327","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0302-0327"
"12400328","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","volans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","63","","","Southern Flying Squirrel","""Virginia, Mexico""; restricted by Elliot (1901:109) to ""Virginia (U.S.A.)"".","Texas, Kansas, and Minnesota (USA) to Nova Scotia (Canada) and E USA; montane populations scattered from NW Mexico to Honduras.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>G. volans,</i> Not Evaluated as <i>G. v. goldmani</i>, <i>G. v. guerreroensis</i>, and <i>G. v. oaxacensis</i>.","<i>americana</i>  (Oken, 1816); <i>cucullatus</i> (Fischer, 1829); <i>nebrascensis</i> (Swenk, 1915); <i>silus</i> (Bangs, 1896); <i>virginianus</i> (Tiedemann, 1808); <i>volucella</i> (Pallas, 1778); <b><i>chontali</i></b> Goodwin, 1961; <b><i>goldmani</i></b> (Nelson, 1904); <b><i>guerreroensis</i></b> Diersing, 1980; <b><i>herreranus</i></b> Goldman, 1936; <b><i>madrensis</i></b> Goldman, 1936; <b><i>oaxacensis</i></b> Goodwin, 1961; <b><i>querceti</i></b> (Bangs, 1896); <b><i>saturatus</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1915; <b><i>texensis</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1915; <b><i>underwoodi</i></b> Goodwin, 1936.","Reviewed by Dolan and Carter (1973, Mammalian Species, 78). For systematics and distribution of Mesoamerican populations, see Diersing (1980<i>a</i>) and Braun (1988). Subspecies according to Hall (1981). A phylogeographic study using mitochondrial DNA showed little divergence between two subspecies (Arbogast 1999).","24","24-00328","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0328"
"12400329","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","volans","volans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","63","","","","""Virginia, Mexico""; restricted by Elliot (1901:109) to ""Virginia (U.S.A.)"".","","","","","24","24-00329","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0328-0329"
"12400330","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","volans","chontali","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1961","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00330","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0328-0330"
"12400331","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","volans","goldmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00331","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0328-0331"
"12400332","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","volans","guerreroensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Diersing","1980","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00332","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0328-0332"
"12400333","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","volans","herreranus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00333","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0328-0333"
"12400334","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","volans","madrensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00334","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0328-0334"
"12400335","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","volans","oaxacensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1961","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00335","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0328-0335"
"12400336","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","volans","querceti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00336","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0328-0336"
"12400337","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","volans","saturatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00337","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0328-0337"
"12400338","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","volans","texensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00338","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0328-0338"
"12400339","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Glaucomys","","volans","underwoodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00339","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0301-0000-0328-0339"
"12400340","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","6","","<i>Sciuropterus</i> <i>everetti</i> Thomas, 1908 (= <i>Sciuropterus spadiceus</i> Blyth, 1847).","","","","","","Subtribe Glaucomyina (see also <i>Eoglaucomys</i>). Ellerman (1947<i>a</i>) included <i>Eoglaucomys</i> in <i>Hylopetes,</i> but see McKenna (1962) and Thorington et al. (1996).","24","24-00340","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340"
"12400341","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","alboniger","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","5","","231","","","Particolored Flying Squirrel","""central and Northern regions of Nipál"" [Nepal].","Nepal and Assam (India) to Sichuan, Yunnan, and Hainan (China) and Indochina.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>leachii</i>  (Gray, 1837); <i>turnbulli</i> (Gray, 1838); <b><i>chianfengensis</i></b> Wang and Lu, 1966; <i>leonardi</i> (Thomas, 1921); <b><i>orinus</i></b> (G. M. Allen, 1940).","","24","24-00341","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0341"
"12400342","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","alboniger","alboniger","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","5","","231","","","","""central and Northern regions of Nipál"" [Nepal].","","","","","24","24-00342","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0341-0342"
"12400343","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","alboniger","chianfengensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wang and Lu","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00343","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0341-0343"
"12400344","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","alboniger","orinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00344","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0341-0344"
"12400345","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","bartelsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1939","","Treubia","17","","185","","","Bartel's Flying Squirrel","""Tjilondong, Mt. Pangrango, West Java, about 900 metres"" [Indonesia].","Java.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Formerly included in <i>Petinomys</i>; but see Corbet and Hill (1992).","24","24-00345","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0345"
"12400346","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","lepidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1822","","Zool. Res. Java","5","","pl. and 2 unno. pp","","","Gray-cheeked Flying Squirrel","""..only found in the closest forests of Java,"" [Indonesia].","Java and Borneo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly called <i>sagitta</i> Linnaeus, 1766; see Medway (1977:104). Formerly included <i>platyurus</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Hill, 1961<i>c</i>; Medway, 1977:104), but see Thorington et al. (1996).","24","24-00346","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0346"
"12400347","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","nigripes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","12","","30","","","Palawan Flying Squirrel","""Puerta Princesa, Palawan"" [Philippines].","Palawan and Bancalan Isls (Philippines).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>elassodontus</i> </b> (Osgood, 1918).","","24","24-00347","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0347"
"12400348","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","nigripes","nigripes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","12","","30","","","","""Puerta Princesa, Palawan"" [Philippines].","","","","","24","24-00348","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0347-0348"
"12400349","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","nigripes","elassodontus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00349","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0347-0349"
"12400350","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","phayrei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1859","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","28","","278","","","Indochinese Flying Squirrel","""Rangoon, Merqui"" [Burma].","Burma; Thailand; Laos; S Vietnam; Fukien and Hainan (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anchises</i>  G. M. Allen and Coolidge, 1940; <i>laotum</i> (Thomas, 1914); <i>probus</i> (Thomas, 1914); <b><i>electilis</i></b> (G. M. Allen, 1925).","","24","24-00350","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0350"
"12400351","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","phayrei","phayrei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1859","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","28","","278","","","","""Rangoon, Merqui"" [Burma].","","","","","24","24-00351","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0350-0351"
"12400352","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","phayrei","electilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00352","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0350-0352"
"12400353","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","platyurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1890","","Notes Leyden Museum","12","","147","","","Jentink’s Flying Squirrel","Deli, NE Sumatra.","Sumatra, Malaysia.","","","Formerly included in <i>lepidus</i> (Hill, 1962<i>c</i>; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>), but see Thorington et al. (1996). Corbet and Hill (1992) listed <i>aurantiacus</i> as a synonym, here placed in <i>H. spadiceus</i>.","24","24-00353","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0353"
"12400354","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","sipora","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1940","","Bull. Raffles Mus.","15","","117","","","Sipora Flying Squirrel","""Sipora Island, Mentawi Islands, West Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","Sipora Isl (Indonesia).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Formerly included in <i>spadiceus</i>; see Hill (1962<i>c</i>) who noted that an adult specimen is needed to clarify the status of this taxon. Part of the rodent fauna endemic to the Mentawai Archipelago (see comments under <i>Leopoldamys siporanus</i>).","24","24-00354","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0354"
"12400355","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","spadiceus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1847","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","16","","867","","","Red-cheeked Flying Squirrel","""Arracan"" [Arakan, Burma].","Burma, Thailand, S Vietnam, Sumatra, and Malaysia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amoenus</i>  (Miller, 1906); <i>aurantiacus</i> (Wagner, 1841); <i>belone</i> (Thomas, 1908); <i>everetti</i> (Thomas, 1895); <i>harrisoni</i> (Stone, 1900); <i>sumatrae</i> Sody, 1949; <b><i>caroli</i></b> Gyldenstolpe, 1920.","Includes <i>harrisoni</i>; see Medway (1977:105). Formerly included <i>sipora</i>; see Hill (1961<i>c</i>). Corbet and Hill (1980:137) listed <i>spadiceus</i> in <i>lepidus</i>, without comment.","24","24-00355","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0355"
"12400356","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","spadiceus","spadiceus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1847","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","16","","867","","","","""Arracan"" [Arakan, Burma].","","","","","24","24-00356","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0355-0356"
"12400357","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","spadiceus","caroli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gyldenstolpe","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00357","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0355-0357"
"12400358","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Hylopetes","","winstoni","","SPECIES","False","<i>Iomys winstoni</i>","YES","Sody","1949","","Treubia Buitenzorg","20","","75","","","Sumatran Flying Squirrel","""Baleq, E. Atjeh, N. Sumatra, 1200 m,"" [Indonesia].","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Originally described as a species of <i>Iomys</i>, but placed in <i>Hylopetes</i> by Corbet and Hill (1992).","24","24-00358","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0340-0000-0358"
"12400359","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Iomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","1","","<i>Pteromys</i> <i>horsfieldii</i> Waterhouse, 1838.","","","","","","Subtribe Glaucomyina (see also <i>Eoglaucomys</i>). Formerly included <i>winstoni</i>, here placed in <i>Hylopetes</i>.","24","24-00359","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0359"
"12400360","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Iomys","","horsfieldii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","87","","","Javanese Flying Squirrel","""Either from Java or Sumatra."" Restricted by Chasen (1940:114) to Sumatra.","Malay Peninsula to Java; Borneo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>davisoni</i> </b> (Thomas, 1886); <i>everetti</i> (G. M. Allen and Coolidge, 1940) [not Thomas, 1895]; <b><i>penangensis</i></b> Chasen, 1940; <b><i>thomsoni</i></b> Thomas, 1900; <i>lepidus</i> Lyon, 1911 [not Horsfield, 1824].","Formerly included <i>Iomys sipora</i> and <i>Hylopetes winstoni</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1980, 1986).","24","24-00360","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0359-0000-0360"
"12400361","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Iomys","","horsfieldii","horsfieldii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","87","","","","""Either from Java or Sumatra."" Restricted by Chasen (1940:114) to Sumatra.","","","","","24","24-00361","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0359-0000-0360-0361"
"12400362","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Iomys","","horsfieldii","davisoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1886","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00362","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0359-0000-0360-0362"
"12400363","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Iomys","","horsfieldii","penangensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00363","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0359-0000-0360-0363"
"12400364","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Iomys","","horsfieldii","thomsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00364","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0359-0000-0360-0364"
"12400365","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Iomys","","sipora","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen and Kloss","1927","1928","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1927","4","819","","","Mentawai Flying Squirrel","""Sipora Island, West Sumatra."" [Indonesia].","Mentawai Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Part of the rodent fauna endemic to the Mentawai Archipelago (see comments under <i>Leopoldamys siporanus</i>).","24","24-00365","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0359-0000-0365"
"12400366","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurillus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","3","","<i>Sciuropterus</i> <i>hosei</i> Thomas, 1900.","","","","","","Subtribe Glaucomyina (see also <i>Eoglaucomys</i>).","24","24-00366","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0366"
"12400367","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurillus","","emiliae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","8","","","Lesser Pygmy Flying Squirrel","""Baram, E. Sarawak,"" [Malaysia].","Sarawak.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","24","24-00367","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0366-0000-0367"
"12400368","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurillus","","hosei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","275","","","Hose’s Pygmy Flying Squirrel","""Baram District, Eastern Sarawak...Toyut River"" [Malaysia].","Sarawak.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","24","24-00368","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0366-0000-0368"
"12400369","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurillus","","kinlochii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1911","","J. Fed. Malay St. Mus.","4","","171","","","Selangor Pygmy Flying Squirrel","Kapar, Selangor, Malaysia.","Selangor (Malay Peninsula).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Corbet and Hill (1992) included this form in <i>hosei</i>.","24","24-00369","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0366-0000-0369"
"12400370","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Link","1795","","Zool. Beytr.","1","2","52, 78","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>petaurista</i> Pallas, 1766.","","","","","<i>Galeolemur</i>  Lesson, 1840.","Subtribe Pteromyina.","24","24-00370","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370"
"12400371","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","alborufus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1870","","C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris)","70","","342","","","Red and White Giant Flying Squirrel","Moupin [= Baoxing, Sichuan, China].","Taiwan, S and C China.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alborusus</i>  (Hilzheimer, 1906); <b><i>castaneus</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>lena</i></b> Thomas, 1907; <i>pectoralis</i> (Swinhoe, 1871); <b><i>leucocephalus</i></b> (Hilzheimer, 1905); <b><i>ochraspis</i></b> Thomas, 1923.","Includes <i>lena</i>, which was treated as a separate species by Kuntz and Ming (1970); see Jones (1975). Provisionally includes <i>pectoralis</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Reviewed from the literature by Day (1988). Subspecies provisionally recognized by Corbet and Hill (1992). Chromosomes described by Oshida et al. (1993).","24","24-00371","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0371"
"12400372","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","alborufus","alborufus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1870","","C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris)","70","","342","","","","Moupin [= Baoxing, Sichuan, China].","","","","","24","24-00372","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0371-0372"
"12400373","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","alborufus","castaneus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00373","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0371-0373"
"12400374","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","alborufus","lena","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00374","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0371-0374"
"12400375","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","alborufus","leucocephalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hilzheimer","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00375","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0371-0375"
"12400376","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","alborufus","ochraspis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00376","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0371-0376"
"12400377","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","elegans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verhandl. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel","","","35, 56 [1840], see comments","","","Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel","""Java"" [Indonesia].","Nepal, Sikkim (India), Sichuan and Yunnan (China), N and W Burma, Laos, Tonkin (Vietnam), Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java (Indonesia), Borneo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>slamatensis</i>  Sody, 1949; <b><i>banksi </i></b>Chasen, 1933; <b><i>caniceps</i></b> (Gray, 1842); <i>clarkei</i> Thomas, 1922; <i>gorkhali</i> (Lindsay, 1929); <i>senex</i> (Hodgson, 1844); <b><i>marica</i></b> Thomas, 1912; <b><i>punctatus</i></b> (Gray, 1846); <b><i>sumatrana</i></b> Kloss, 1921; <b><i>sybilla</i></b> Thomas and Wroughton, 1916.","Includes <i>clarkei</i> and <i>marica</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966:460-461). This species was described in greater detail by Schlegel and Müller, <i>in</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, pp. 107, 112 [1845]. Corbet and Hill (1992) considered <i>caniceps</i> from Nepal, Sikkim, N Burma, and W China, and <i>sybilla</i> from a few localities in Burma and W China, as distinct species, sympatric with <i>elegans</i> in W Yunnan (China).","24","24-00377","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0377"
"12400378","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","elegans","elegans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verhandl. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel","","","35, 56 [1840], see comments","","","","""Java"" [Indonesia].","","","","","24","24-00378","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0377-0378"
"12400379","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","elegans","banksi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00379","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0377-0379"
"12400380","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","elegans","caniceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00380","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0377-0380"
"12400381","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","elegans","marica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00381","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0377-0381"
"12400382","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","elegans","punctatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00382","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0377-0382"
"12400383","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","elegans","sumatrana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00383","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0377-0383"
"12400384","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","elegans","sybilla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00384","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0377-0384"
"12400385","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","leucogenys","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1827","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","27","","","Japanese Giant Flying Squirrel","""...de forêts dans les provinces de Figo."" Restricted by Kuroda (1938:50) to ""Higo, Kiusiu"" [Kyushu, Japan].","Japan, except Hokkaido.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>tosae</i>  Thomas, 1905;<b><i> hintoni</i></b> Mori, 1923; <i>thomasi</i> Kuroda and Mori, 1923 [not Hose, 1900]; <i>watasei</i> Mori, 1927; <b><i>nikkonis</i></b> Thomas, 1905; <i>osiui</i> Kuroda, 1938; <b><i>oreas</i></b> Thomas, 1905.","Formerly included <i>xanthotis</i>, see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:86). McKenna (1962) and Corbet and Hill (1991:145) considered it distinct. Subspecies follow Corbet (1978<i>c</i>). Chromosomal variation studied by Oshida and Obara (1991, 1993). Specimens reported from Korea and Manchuria were purchased in markets (Jones and Johnson, 1965).","24","24-00385","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0385"
"12400386","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","leucogenys","leucogenys","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1827","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","27","","","","""...de forêts dans les provinces de Figo."" Restricted by Kuroda (1938:50) to ""Higo, Kiusiu"" [Kyushu, Japan].","","","","","24","24-00386","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0385-0386"
"12400387","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","leucogenys","hintoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mori","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00387","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0385-0387"
"12400388","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","leucogenys","nikkonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00388","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0385-0388"
"12400389","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","leucogenys","oreas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00389","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0385-0389"
"12400390","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","magnificus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","5","","231","","","Hodgson's Giant Flying Squirrel","""central and Northern regions of Nipál"" [Nepal].","Tibet (China), Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim (India).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>hodgsoni</i>  Ghose and Saha, 1981.","Formerly included <i>nobilis</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1966:464); but also see Ghose and Saha (1981:95).","24","24-00390","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0390"
"12400391","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","nobilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","263","","","Bhutan Giant Flying Squirrel","""India, Dargellan"" [Darjeeling].","C Nepal, Sikkim (India), Bhutan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>chrysotrix</i>  (Hodgson, 1844); <b><i>singhei</i></b> Saha, 1977.","Formerly included in <i>magnificus</i>; elevated to specific rank by Ghose and Saha (1981:95) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","24","24-00391","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0391"
"12400392","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","nobilis","nobilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","263","","","","""India, Dargellan"" [Darjeeling].","","","","","24","24-00392","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0391-0392"
"12400393","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","nobilis","singhei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Saha","1977","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00393","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0391-0393"
"12400394","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","54","","","Red Giant Flying Squirrel","Not stated. Restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1918<i>a</i>:172, 221) to Preanger Regencies, Western Java, Indonesia.","E Afghanistan, Kashmir and Punjab east to Assam (India); Yunnan, Sichuan, Fukien (China); Burma; Thailand; Indochina; Malaysia; Sumatra, Java (Indonesia); Borneo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nitida</i>  (Desmarest, 1818); <i>taguan</i> (Link, 1795);<b><i> albiventer</i></b> (Gray, 1834); <i>barroni</i> Kloss, 1916; <i>birrelli</i> Wroughton, 1911; <i>fulvinus</i> Wroughton, 1911; <i>inornatus</i> (Geoffroy, 1844); <b><i>batuana</i></b> Miller, 1903; <b><i>candidula</i></b> Wroughton, 1911; <b><i>cicur</i></b> Robinson and Kloss, 1914;<b><i> interceptio</i></b> Sody, 1949; <b><i>lumholtzi</i></b> Gyldenstolpe, 1920; <b><i>marchio</i></b> Thomas, 1908; <i>mimicus</i> Miller, 1913; <b><i>melanotus</i></b> (Gray, 1837); <b><i>nigrescens</i></b> Medway, 1965; <b><i>nigricaudatus</i></b> Robinson and Kloss, 1918; <b><i>nitidula</i></b> Thomas, 1900; <b><i>penangensis</i></b> Robinson and Kloss, 1918; <b><i>rajah</i></b> Thomas, 1908; <b><i>rufipes</i></b> Sody, 1949; <i>sodyi</i> Harris, 1951; <b><i>stellaris</i></b> Chasen, 1940; <b><i>taylori</i></b> Thomas, 1914; <b><i>terutaus</i></b> Lyon, 1907.","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992), who recognized <i>philippensis</i> as distinct and allocated many forms to it that were formerly assigned to <i>petaurista</i>; the two species are widely sympatric. Also reviewed from the literature by Day (1988); karyotypic variation reported by Yong and Dhaliwal (1976). Taxonomic revision and comprehensive review of geographic variation needed (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Ghose and Bhattacharya (1995) proposed full species status for <i>P</i>. <i>fulvinus</i>, based on limited specimen comparison.","24","24-00394","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394"
"12400395","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","petaurista","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","54","","","","Not stated. Restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1918<i>a</i>:172, 221) to Preanger Regencies, Western Java, Indonesia.","","","","","24","24-00395","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0395"
"12400396","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","albiventer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1834","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00396","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0396"
"12400397","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","batuana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00397","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0397"
"12400398","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","candidula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00398","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0398"
"12400399","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","cicur","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00399","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0399"
"12400400","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","interceptio","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00400","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0400"
"12400401","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","lumholtzi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gyldenstolpe","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00401","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0401"
"12400402","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","marchio","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00402","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0402"
"12400403","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","melanotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00403","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0403"
"12400404","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","nigrescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Medway","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00404","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0404"
"12400405","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","nigricaudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00405","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0405"
"12400406","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","nitidula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00406","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0406"
"12400407","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","penangensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00407","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0407"
"12400408","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","rajah","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00408","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0408"
"12400409","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","rufipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00409","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0409"
"12400410","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","stellaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00410","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0410"
"12400411","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","taylori","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00411","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0411"
"12400412","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","petaurista","terutaus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00412","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0394-0412"
"12400413","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","philippensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1839","","Madras J. Litt. Sci.","10","","217","","","Indian Giant Flying Squirrel","Near Madras [India].","Sri Lanka; India, north to Bombay and Rajastan, S Bihar; Burma, Thailand; S China, including Hainan and Taiwan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cinderella</i>  Wroughton, 1911; <i>griseiventer</i> (Gray, 1843); <i>lanka</i> Wroughton, 1911; <i>oral</i> (Tickell, 1842);<b><i> annamensis</i></b> Thomas, 1914; <i>badiatus</i> Thomas, 1925; <i>miloni</i> Bourret, 1942; <b><i>cineraceus</i></b> (Blyth, 1847); <b><i>grandis</i></b> (Swinhoe, 1863); <b><i>lylei</i></b> Bonhote, 1900; <i>stockleyi</i> Carter, 1933; <i>venningi</i> Thomas, 1914; <b><i>mergulus</i></b> Thomas, 1922; <i>primrosei</i> Thomas, 1926; <i>reguli</i> Thomas, 1926; <b><i>yunanensis</i></b> (Anderson, 1875); <i>hainana</i> G. M. Allen, 1925; <i>nigra</i> Wang, 1981; <i>rubicundus</i> A. B Howell, 1927; <i>rufipes</i> G. M. Allen, 1925.","Formerly included in <i>petaurista</i>; but see Corbet and Hill (1992), who reviewed the species. Subspecies listed are those recognized by Corbet and Hill (1992), who note that further work is needed on the geographic variation of this species.","24","24-00413","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0413"
"12400414","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","philippensis","philippensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1839","","Madras J. Litt. Sci.","10","","217","","","","Near Madras [India].","","","","","24","24-00414","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0413-0414"
"12400415","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","philippensis","annamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00415","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0413-0415"
"12400416","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","philippensis","cineraceus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1847","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00416","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0413-0416"
"12400417","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","philippensis","grandis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00417","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0413-0417"
"12400418","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","philippensis","lylei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00418","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0413-0418"
"12400419","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","philippensis","mergulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00419","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0413-0419"
"12400420","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","philippensis","yunanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00420","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0413-0420"
"12400421","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petaurista","","xanthotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1872","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mammifères","","","301","","","Chinese Giant Flying Squirrel","Moupin [= Baoxing, Sichuan, China].","Mountains of W China (Sichuan, Yunnan, E Tibet, Gansu).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>buechneri</i>  (Matschie, 1907); <i>filchnerinae</i> (Matschie, 1907).","Formerly included in <i>leucogenys</i>; but see Corbet and Hill (1992).","24","24-00421","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0370-0000-0421"
"12400422","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petinomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","6","","<i>Sciuropterus</i> <i>lugens</i> Thomas, 1895.","","","","","<i>Olisthomys</i>  Carter, 1942.","Subtribe Glaucomyina (see also <i>Eoglaucomys</i>). Formerly included <i>bartelsi</i> and <i>electilis</i>, here included in <i>Hylopetes</i>; see McKenna (1962:35) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","24","24-00422","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0422"
"12400423","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petinomys","","crinitus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1911","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","24","","185","","","Basilan Flying Squirrel","""Basilan Island, Philippines.""","Basilan Island, Philippines.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Smaller than <i>Petinomys</i> <i>mindanensis</i>, with flattened tail. Paratype of <i>mindanensis </i>is probably not <i>P. crinitus </i>as previously thought, but a distinct species of <i>Petinomys; </i>see below<i>.</i>","24","24-00423","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0422-0000-0423"
"12400424","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petinomys","","fuscocapillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jerdon","1847","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","16","","867","","","Travancore Flying Squirrel","""S. India"" Travancore.","S India, Sri Lanka.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>P. f. fuscocapillus</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>layardi</i>  (Kelaart, 1850).","","24","24-00424","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0422-0000-0424"
"12400425","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petinomys","","genibarbis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1822","","Zool. Res. Java","4","","pl., 6 unno. pp","","","Whiskered Flying Squirrel","""...the forests of Pugar...Eastern portion of Java."" [Indonesia].","Malaya to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>borneoensis</i>  (Thomas, 1908); <i>malaccanus</i> (Thomas, 1908).","Perhaps conspecific with <i>sagitta</i>; see comment therein, and Medway (1977:102).","24","24-00425","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0422-0000-0425"
"12400426","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petinomys","","hageni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1888","","Notes Leyden Mus.","11","","26","","","Hagen's Flying Squirrel","""Deli"" [North East Sumatra, Indonesia].","Borneo, Sumatra.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ouwensi</i>  Sody, 1949.","Formerly included <i>lugens</i> (Chasen, 1940:119); see comments therein. Medway (1977:112) considered the status of <i>ouwensi</i> doubtful.","24","24-00426","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0422-0000-0426"
"12400427","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petinomys","","lugens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. Geneva, Ser. 2a","14","","666","","","Sipora Flying Squirrel","Indonesia, Mentawai Isls, Sipora Isl, ""Si Oban"".","Sipora and N Pagai Islands (Sumatra, Indonesia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>maerens</i>  (Miller, 1903).","Formerly included in <i>hageni</i>; but see Chasen and Kloss (1927:819) and Jenkins and Hill (1982). Part of the rodent fauna endemic to the Mentawai Archipelago (see comments under <i>Leopoldamys siporanus</i>).","24","24-00427","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0422-0000-0427"
"12400428","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petinomys","","mindanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rabor","1939","","Philippine Jour. Sci.","69","","390","","","Mindanao Flying Squirrel","Badiangon, Gingoog, Oriental Misamis Province, northern coast of Mindanao, Philippines.","Dinagat, Siargao, and Mindanao Isls (Philippines; Heaney and Rabor, 1982).","","<i>nigricaudus</i>  Sanborn, 1954.","Holotype of <i>Hylopetes mindanensis</i> destroyed during World War II; paratype in National Museum of Natural History is larger than <i>P. crinitus</i> with a round, not a flattened tail.","24","24-00428","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0422-0000-0428"
"12400429","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petinomys","","sagitta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","88","","","Arrow Flying Squirrel","Indonesia, Java.","Java.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included in <i>Hylopetes</i>; see Medway (1977:102). May be conspecific with <i>genibarbis</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1955:31). Medway (1977:102) considered it inadvisable to synonymize <i>sagitta</i> and <i>genibarbis</i> until the relationship has been certainly established. Corbet and Hill (1992) considered <i>sagitta</i> as <i>incertae sedis</i>.","24","24-00429","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0422-0000-0429"
"12400430","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petinomys","","setosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1844","","Fauna Japonica","1(Mamm.)","","49","","","Temminck's Flying Squirrel","""...Padang, êle de Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo [Indonesia].","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>morrisi</i>  (Carter, 1942).","Includes <i>morrisi</i>; see Muul and Thonglongya (1971) and Corbet and Hill (1980:137). McKenna (1962) considered <i>morrisi</i> assignable to a distinct genus, <i>Olisthomys</i>. Oshida and Yoshida (1998) described chromosomes.","24","24-00430","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0422-0000-0430"
"12400431","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Petinomys","","vordermanni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1890","","Notes Leyden Mus.","12","","150","","","Vordermann's Flying Squirrel","""Billiton"" [Belitung Isl, Indonesia].","S Burma, Thailand, Malaya, Borneo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>phipsoni</i>  (Thomas, 1916).","McKenna (1962) considered <i>vordermanni</i> representative of an undescribed genus, but Muul and Thonglongya (1971) and Hill (1961<i>c</i>) retained it in <i>Petinomys</i>.","24","24-00431","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0422-0000-0431"
"12400432","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Pteromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1800","","Lecon's Anat. Comp.","I","","tab. 1","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>volans</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Sciuropterus</i>  F. Cuvier, 1825.","Subtribe Pteromyina.<i> Sciuropterus</i> was previously employed for this genus by Simpson (1945:80); he believed <i>Pteromys</i> to be a synonym of <i>Petaurista</i>, but Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:466) presented evidence for the validity of <i>Pteromys</i>. However, <i>Pteromys</i> may be the sister group to <i>Petaurista</i> (Oshida et al., 2000<i>b</i>).","24","24-00432","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0432"
"12400433","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Pteromys","","momonga","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1844","","Fauna Japonica","1(Mamm.)","","47","","","Japanese Flying Squirrel","""...les forêts de l'interieur,"" Restricted by Kishida (in Kuroda, 1938:51) to ""Kiusiu"" [Kyushu, Japan].","Kyushu and Honshu (Japan).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amygdali</i>  (Thomas, 1906); <i>interventus</i> (Kuroda, 1941); <i>momoga</i> Temminck, 1845.","The sister species to <i>P. momonga</i> is <i>P. volans</i> (Oshida et al., 2000<i>b</i>). Oshida et al. (1996<i>b</i>, 2000<i>a</i>) described chromosomes.","24","24-00433","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0432-0000-0433"
"12400434","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Pteromys","","volans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","64","","","Siberian Flying Squirrel","""in borealibus Europae, Asiae, et Americae."" Restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:149) to ""Finland."" Ognev (1966:268) proposed restriction to ""central Sweden,"" but the species does not occur there (Sulkava, 1978:76).","Palearctic taiga, from N Finland east to Chukotka (Russia); south to E Baltic shore; S Ural Mtns, Altai Mtns (Russia), Mongolia; N China; Korea; Sakhalin Isl (Russia), and Hokkaido (Japan); perhaps mtns of W China.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>aluco</i>  (Thomas, 1907); <i>anadyrensis</i> Ognev, 1940; <i>arsenjevi</i> Ognev, 1935; <i>betulinus</i> Serebrennikov, 1930; <i>gubari</i> Ognev, 1935; <i>incanus</i> Miller, 1918; <i>ognevi</i> Stroganov, 1936; <i>russicus</i> Tiedemann, 1808; <i>sibiricus</i> Desmarest, 1922; <i>turovi</i> Ognev, 1919; <i>vulgaris</i> Wagner, 1842; <i>wulungshanensis</i> (Mori, 1939); <b><i>athene</i></b> (Thomas, 1907); <b><i>buechneri</i></b> Satunin, 1903; <b><i>orii</i></b> (Kuroda, 1921).","Chromosomes described by Rausch and Rausch (1982), and Oshida et al. (2000<i>a</i>). Subspecies follow Corbet (1978c).","24","24-00434","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0432-0000-0434"
"12400435","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Pteromys","","volans","volans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","64","","","","""in borealibus Europae, Asiae, et Americae."" Restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:149) to ""Finland."" Ognev (1966:268) proposed restriction to ""central Sweden,"" but the species does not occur there (Sulkava, 1978:76).","","","","","24","24-00435","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0432-0000-0434-0435"
"12400436","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Pteromys","","volans","athene","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00436","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0432-0000-0434-0436"
"12400437","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Pteromys","","volans","buechneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00437","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0432-0000-0434-0437"
"12400438","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Pteromys","","volans","orii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00438","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0432-0000-0434-0438"
"12400439","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Pteromyscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","3","","<i>Sciuropterus</i> <i>pulverulentus</i> Günther, 1873.","","","","","","Subtribe Pteromyina.","24","24-00439","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0439"
"12400440","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Pteromyscus","","pulverulentus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1873","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1873","","413","","","Smoky Flying Squirrel","""Pinang"" [Penang, Malaysia].","S Thailand to Sumatra; Borneo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>borneanus</i> </b> Thomas, 1908.","","24","24-00440","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0439-0000-0440"
"12400441","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Pteromyscus","","pulverulentus","pulverulentus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1873","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1873","","413","","","","""Pinang"" [Penang, Malaysia].","","","","","24","24-00441","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0439-0000-0440-0441"
"12400442","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Pteromyscus","","pulverulentus","borneanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00442","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0439-0000-0440-0442"
"12400443","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Trogopterus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Heude","1898","","Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin.","4","1","46-47","","<i>Pteromys</i> <i>xanthipes</i> Milne-Edwards, 1867.","","","","","","Subtribe Pteromyina.<i> Belomys</i> included in <i>Trogopterus</i> by Corbet and Hill (1992).","24","24-00443","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0443"
"12400444","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Sciurinae","Pteromyini","Trogopterus","","xanthipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.","8","","376","","","Complex-toothed Flying Squirrel","""Les forêts Qui couvrent la chaine montagneuse du Tscheli"" [= Chihli, old name for Hebei Prov., China].","Montane forests, from Yunnan to C and E China.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>edithae</i>  Thomas, 1923; <i>himalaicus</i> Thomas, 1914; <i>minax</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>mordax</i> Thomas, 1914.","No subspecies recognized (Corbet and Hill, 1992).","24","24-00444","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0279-0443-0000-0444"
"12400445","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Pocock","1923","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1923","","239","","","","","","","","","24","24-00445","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445"
"12400446","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","277","","<i>Sciurus rafflesii</i> Vigors and Horsfield, 1828 (= <i>Sciurus prevostii</i> Desmarest, 1822).","","","","","<i>Baginia</i>  Gray, 1867; <i>Erythrosciurus</i> Gray, 1867; <i>Hessonoglyphotes</i> Moore, 1959; <i>Heterosciurus</i> Trouessart, 1880; <i>Tomeutes</i> Thomas, 1915.","Tribe Callosciurini according to Moore (1959). Formerly included <i>Sundasciurus</i> and <i>Prosciurillus</i> (in part; see Moore, 1958) and<i> Tamiops</i> (Moore and Tate, 1965). See also Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Chakraborty (1985).","24","24-00446","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446"
"12400447","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","adamsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1921","","J. Str. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc.","83","","151","","","Ear-spot Squirrel","""Long Mujan, 150 mi. (241 km) up Baram River, Baram, Sarawak,700-900 ft."" (213-274 m) (Malaysia). See Corbet and Hill (1992:292).","Lowlands and hills in Sabah and Sarawak, Borneo, below the altitudinal range of <i>orestes</i>.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Closely related to <i>orestes</i>. Distinct from <i>albescens</i>; see Medway (1977:93). Chromosomes of ""<i>C. albescens</i>"" from Sabah by Harada and Kobayashi (1980) refer to either this species or <i>C. orestes</i>.","24","24-00447","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0447"
"12400448","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","albescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","446","","","Kloss’s Squirrel","Indonesia, Sumatra, Acheen (= Atjeh).","Sumatra. Restricted to N Sumatra.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albiculus</i>  G. Miller, 1942.","Considered a distinct species by Medway (1977:93). Corbet and Hill (1992:291) considered <i>albescens</i> and <i>albiculus</i> assignable to <i>C. notatus</i>.","24","24-00448","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0448"
"12400449","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","baluensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","174","","","Kinabalu Squirrel","Malaysia, Sabah, Mount Kinabalu, Borneo, 1000 ft. (305 m).","Above 300 m elevation in Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>baramensis</i>  (Chasen, 1940); <i>medialis</i> G. M. Allen and Coolidge, 1940.","Sometimes considered a subspecies of <i>prevostii</i> (see Medway, 1977:86), but often sympatric with that species (Payne et al., 1985). Corbet and Hill (1992:290-91) placed <i>prevostii erythromelas</i> (Temminck, 1853) in this species, with <i>schlegeli</i> (Gray, 1867) a synonym.","24","24-00449","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0449"
"12400450","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","caniceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","263","","","Gray-bellied Squirrel","""Bhotan."" Restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1918<i>a</i>:206) to N Tenasserim, Burma.","Thailand, peninsular Burma, peninsular Malaysia, and adjacent islands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>epomophorus</i>  (Bonhote, 1901); <b><i>adangensis</i></b> (Miller, 1903); <b><i>bimaculatus </i></b>(Temminck, 1853); <i>davisoni</i> (Bonhote, 1901); <i>milleri</i> (Robinson and Wroughton, 1911); <b><i>casensis</i></b><i> </i>(Miller, 1903); <b><i>concolor</i></b> (Blyth, 1856);<i> erubescens</i> Cabrera, 1917; <b><i>domelicus</i></b> (Miller, 1903). <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>altinsularis </i>(Miller, 1903); <i>bentincanus</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>chrysonotus</i> (Blyth, 1847); <i>fallax</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1914); <i>fluminalis</i> (Robinson and Wroughton, 1911); <i>hastilis </i>Thomas, 1923; <i>helgei</i> (Gyldenstolpe, 1917); <i>helvus</i> (Shamel, 1930); <i>inexpectatus</i> (Kloss, 1916); <i>lancavensis </i>(Miller, 1903); <i>lucas </i>(Miller, 1903); <i>mapravis</i> Thomas and Robinson, 1921; <i>matthaeus </i>(Miller, 1903); <i>moheius </i>Thomas and Robinson, 1921; <i>mohillius</i> Thomas and Robinson, 1921; <i>nakanus</i> Thomas and Robinson, 1921; <i>panjioli</i> Thomas and Robinson, 1921; <i>panjius</i> Thomas and Robinson, 1921; <i>pipidonis </i>Thomas and Robinson, 1921; <i>samuiensis</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1914); <i>sullivanus </i>(Miller, 1903); <i>tabaudius</i> Thomas, 1922; <i>tacopius</i> Thomas and Robinson, 1921; <i>telibius</i> Thomas and Robinson, 1921; <i>terutavensis</i> (Thomas and Wroughton, 1909).","Revised by Moore and Tate (1965), and subsequently by Corbet and Hill (1992).","24","24-00450","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0450"
"12400451","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","caniceps","caniceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","263","","","","""Bhotan."" Restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1918<i>a</i>:206) to N Tenasserim, Burma.","","","","","24","24-00451","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0450-0451"
"12400452","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","caniceps","adangensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00452","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0450-0452"
"12400453","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","caniceps","bimaculatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00453","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0450-0453"
"12400454","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","caniceps","casensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00454","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0450-0454"
"12400455","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","caniceps","concolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1856","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00455","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0450-0455"
"12400456","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","caniceps","domelicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00456","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0450-0456"
"12400457","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1779","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","377","","","Pallas’s Squirrel","Not known; restricted to Assam, India by Bonhote (1901<i>a</i>); further restricted to the Garo Hills of Assam by Moore and Tate (1965).","West of Irrawaddy River in India, Burma, and SE China. East of Irrawaddy River in Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Indochina, S China, and Taiwan. Introduced into Argentina (Aprila and Chicco, 1999).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>wellsi</i>  Wroughton, 1921; <b><i>atrodorsalis</i></b> (Gray, 1942); <b><i>bartoni</i></b> (Thomas 1914); <i>careyi</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; <i>fryanus</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; <i>millardi</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; <i>shortridgei</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; <b><i>bhutanensis</i></b> (Bonhote, 1901); <i>crumpi</i> Wroughton, 1916; <b><i>bonhotei</i></b> (Robinson and Wroughton, 1911); <b><i>castaneoventris</i></b> (Gray, 1842); <i>insularis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1906); <b><i>erythrogaster</i></b> (Blyth, 1842); <i>crotalius</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; <i>kinneari</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; <i>nagarum</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; <i>punctatissimus</i> (Gray, 1867);<b><i> flavimanus</i></b> (G. St. Hilaire, 1831); <i>bolovensis</i> Osgood, 1932; <i>contumax</i> Thomas, 1927; <i>dactylinus</i> Thomas, 1927; <i>pirata</i> Thomas, 1929; <i>quantulus</i> Thomas, 1927; <b><i>gloveri</i></b> (Thomas, 1921); <b><i>gordoni</i></b> (Anderson, 1871); <b><i>griseimanus</i></b> (Milne-Edwards, 1867); <i>fumigatus</i> Bonhote, 1907; <i>leucopus</i> Gray, 1867; <i>phanrangis</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1922; <i>vassali</i> Bonhote, 1907; <b><i>harringtoni</i></b> (Thomas, 1905); <i>solutus</i> Thomas, 1914; <b><i>hendeei</i></b> Osgood, 1932; <b><i>hyperythrus</i></b> (Blyth, 1855); <b><i>intermedius</i></b> (Anderson, 1879); <i>aquilo</i> Wroughton, 1921; <b><i>michianus</i></b> (Robinson and Wroughton, 1911); <i>haemobaphes</i> (G. M. Allen, 1912); <b><i>ningpoensis</i></b> (Bonhote, 1901); <i>tsingtanensis</i> (Hilzheimer, 1905); <b><i>pranis</i></b> (Kloss, 1916); <b><i>rubeculus</i></b> (Miller, 1903); <i>youngi</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1914); <b><i>shanicus</i></b> (Ryley, 1914); <b><i>siamensis</i></b> (Gray 1860); <i>tachin</i> (Kloss, 1916); <b><i>sladeni</i></b> (Anderson, 1871); <i>kemmisi</i> (Wroughton, 1908); <i>midas</i> (Thomas, 1914); <i>rubex</i> (Thomas, 1914); <i>vernayi</i> Carter, 1942; <b><i>styani</i></b> (Thomas, 1894); <i>albifer</i> (Hilzheimer, 1906); <i>canigenus</i> A. B Howell, 1927; <i>griseopectus</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1874); <i>leucurus</i> (Hilzheimer, 1905); <i>woodi</i> Harris, 1931; <b><i>thai</i></b> (Kloss, 1917); <b><i>thaiwanensis</i></b> (Bonhote, 1901); <i>centralis</i> (Bonhote, 1901); <i>nigridorsalis</i> Kuroda, 1935; <i>roberti</i> (Bonhote, 1901); <b><i>zimmeensis</i></b> Robinson and Wroughton, 1916; <i>primus</i> G. M. Allen and Coolidge, 1940. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>cinnamomeiventris</i> (Swinhoe, 1862); <i>cucphuongis</i> Dao Van Tien, 1965; <i>dabshanensis</i> Xu and Chen, 1989; <i>gongshanensis</i> Wang, 1981; <i>griseopectus</i> (Blyth, 1847); <i>quinlingensis</i> Xu and Chen, 1989; <i>tsingtauensis</i> (Hilzheimer, 1906); <i>wuliangshanensis</i> Li and Wang, 1981.","Includes <i>sladeni</i>; see Moore and Tate (1965). Includes <i>flavimanus</i> G. St. Hillaire (1831) as a junior synonym (Corbet and Hill, 1992:286); both were previously considered distinct (Moore and Tate, 1965). Subspecies allocations follow Moore and Tate (1965). Chromosomes described (as <i>flavimanus</i>) by Nadler et al. (1975<i>b</i>). Indian populations reviewed by Agrawal and Chakraborty (1979) and by Oshida et al. (1996<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), and Vietnamese populations by Dao (1965).","24","24-00457","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457"
"12400458","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","erythraeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1779","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","377","","","","Not known; restricted to Assam, India by Bonhote (1901<i>a</i>); further restricted to the Garo Hills of Assam by Moore and Tate (1965).","","","","","24","24-00458","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0458"
"12400459","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","atrodorsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00459","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0459"
"12400460","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","bartoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00460","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0460"
"12400461","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","bhutanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00461","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0461"
"12400462","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","bonhotei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Wroughton","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00462","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0462"
"12400463","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","castaneoventris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00463","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0463"
"12400464","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","erythrogaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00464","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0464"
"12400465","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","flavimanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Geoffroy St. Hilaire","1831","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00465","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0465"
"12400466","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","gloveri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00466","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0466"
"12400467","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","gordoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00467","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0467"
"12400468","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","griseimanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00468","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0468"
"12400469","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","harringtoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00469","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0469"
"12400470","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","hendeei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00470","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0470"
"12400471","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","hyperythrus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00471","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0471"
"12400472","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","intermedius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1879","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00472","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0472"
"12400473","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","michianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Wroughton","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00473","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0473"
"12400474","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","ningpoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00474","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0474"
"12400475","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","pranis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00475","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0475"
"12400476","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","rubeculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00476","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0476"
"12400477","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","shanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ryley","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00477","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0477"
"12400478","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","siamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1860","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00478","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0478"
"12400479","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","sladeni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00479","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0479"
"12400480","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","styani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00480","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0480"
"12400481","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","thai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00481","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0481"
"12400482","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","thaiwanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00482","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0482"
"12400483","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","erythraeus","zimmeensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Wroughton","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00483","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0457-0483"
"12400484","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1823","","Zool. Res. Java","7","","151","","","Finlayson’s Squirrel","""the Islands called Sichang, in the Gulf of Siam"", Koh Si Chang (Gulf of Thailand).","SC Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam. Introduced into Italy (Bertolino et al., 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<u>Insular</u>: <b><i>albivexilli</i> </b> (Kloss, 1916); <b><i>folletti</i></b> (Kloss, 1915); <b><i>frandseni </i></b>(Kloss, 1916); <b><i>germaini </i></b>(Milne-Edwards, 1867); <b><i>harmandi </i></b>(Milne-Edwards, 1877); <i>pierrei</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1922; <b><i>trotteri</i> </b>(Kloss, 1916); <u>Mainland</u>: <b><i>annellatus</i> </b>Thomas, 1929; <b><i>bocourti</i></b> (Milne-Edwards, 1867); <i>cockerelli</i> Thomas, 1928; <i>floweri </i>(Bonhote, 1901); <i>leucocephalus</i> (Bonhote, 1901); <i>leucogaster</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1867); <i>prachin </i>Kloss, 1920; <i>rajasima </i>(Kloss, 1920);<i> tachardi</i> Robinson, 1916; <b><i>boonsongi</i></b> Moore and Tate, 1965; <b><i>cinnamomeus</i> </b>(Temminck, 1853); <i>herberti</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1922; <i>splendens </i>(Gray, 1861); <b><i>ferrugineus</i> </b>(F. Cuvier, 1829); <b><i>menamicus</i></b> Thomas, 1929; <b><i>nox</i> </b>(Wroughton, 1908; <b><i>sinistralis</i></b> (Wroughton, 1908); <i>dextralis</i> (Wroughton, 1908); <i>grutei</i> (Gyldenstolpe, 1917); <i>lylei </i>(Wroughton, 1908); <b><i>williamsoni</i></b> Robinson and Kloss, 1922.<i> </i><u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>hyperythrus</i> Blyth, 1856; <i>keraudrenii </i>(Lesson, 1830); <i>portus</i> (Kloss, 1915).","Revised by Moore and Tate (1965). Subsequently revised and expanded to include <i>ferrugineus</i> by Corbet and Hill (1992:286-87). Chromosomes described by Nadler et al. (1975<i>b</i>).","24","24-00484","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484"
"12400485","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","finlaysonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1823","","Zool. Res. Java","7","","151","","","","""the Islands called Sichang, in the Gulf of Siam"", Koh Si Chang (Gulf of Thailand).","","","","","24","24-00485","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0485"
"12400486","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","albivexilli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1916","","","","","","","","","","Insular","","","","24","24-00486","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0486"
"12400487","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","folletti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1915","","","","","","","","","","Insular","","","","24","24-00487","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0487"
"12400488","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","frandseni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1916","","","","","","","","","","Insular","","","","24","24-00488","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0488"
"12400489","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","germaini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","","","","","","","","","Insular","","","","24","24-00489","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0489"
"12400490","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","harmandi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1877","","","","","","","","","","Insular","","","","24","24-00490","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0490"
"12400491","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","trotteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1916","","","","","","","","","","Insular","","","","24","24-00491","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0491"
"12400492","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","annellatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1929","","","","","","","","","","On the mainland.","","","","24","24-00492","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0492"
"12400493","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","bocourti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","","","","","","","","","On the mainland.","","","","24","24-00493","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0493"
"12400494","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","boonsongi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Moore and Tate","1965","","","","","","","","","","On the mainland.","","","","24","24-00494","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0494"
"12400495","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","cinnamomeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","","","","","","","","","On the mainland.","","","","24","24-00495","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0495"
"12400496","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","ferrugineus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1829","","","","","","","","","","On the mainland.","","","","24","24-00496","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0496"
"12400497","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","menamicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1929","","","","","","","","","","On the mainland.","","","","24","24-00497","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0497"
"12400498","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","nox","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1908","","","","","","","","","","On the mainland.","","","","24","24-00498","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0498"
"12400499","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","sinistralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1908","","","","","","","","","","On the mainland.","","","","24","24-00499","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0499"
"12400500","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","finlaysonii","williamsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1922","","","","","","","","","","On the mainland.","","","","24","24-00500","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0484-0500"
"12400501","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","inornatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","282","","","Inornate Squirrel","""Loo Mountains."" Restricted by Moore and Tate (1965:209) to ""Mountains in Laos.""","Laos, N Vietnam, S Yunnan (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>imitator</i>  Thomas, 1925.","Revised by Moore and Tate (1965); distribution allopatric, separated from <i>C. canipes</i> by the Mekong River; sympatric with the larger <i>C. erythraeus hendeei</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992:289).","24","24-00501","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0501"
"12400502","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","melanogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","14","","668","","","Mentawai Squirrel","Indonesia, Mentawai Isls, Sipora Isl, ""Si Oban"".","Mentawai Isls (Indonesia), Siberut, Sipora, and N Pagai.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>atratus</i> </b> (Miller, 1903); <b><i>mentawi</i> </b>(Chasen and Kloss, 1927).","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992:292). Part of the rodent fauna endemic to the Mentawai Archipelago (see comments under <i>Leopoldamys siporanus</i>).","24","24-00502","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0502"
"12400503","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","melanogaster","melanogaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","14","","668","","","","Indonesia, Mentawai Isls, Sipora Isl, ""Si Oban"".","","","","","24","24-00503","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0502-0503"
"12400504","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","melanogaster","atratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00504","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0502-0504"
"12400505","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","melanogaster","mentawi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen and Kloss","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00505","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0502-0505"
"12400506","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","nigrovittatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1823","","Zool. Res. Java","7","","149","","","Black-striped Squirrel","Indonesia, ""The island of Java."" Restricted to W Java by Kloss (1921).","Vietnam, Malaysia, peninsular Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, adjacent small islands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bantamensis</i>  Sody, 1949; <i>besuki </i>(Kloss, 1921); <i>grisei-venter </i>(Geoffroy, 1831); <i>madsoedi</i> Sody, 1929; <i>phoenicurus</i> Sody, 1949; <i>salakensis</i> Sody, 1949; <i>tenggerensis </i>Sody, 1949; <b><i>bilimitatus</i> </b>(Miller, 1903); <i>johorensis</i> (Robinson and Wroughton, 1911); <i>microrhynchus</i> (Kloss, 1908); <b><i>bocki</i> </b>(Robinson and Wroughton, 1911); <i>acraeus</i> (Miller, 1942); <b><i>klossi </i></b>(Miller, 1900).","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992:292).","24","24-00506","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0506"
"12400507","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","nigrovittatus","nigrovittatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1823","","Zool. Res. Java","7","","149","","","","Indonesia, ""The island of Java."" Restricted to W Java by Kloss (1921).","","","","","24","24-00507","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0506-0507"
"12400508","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","nigrovittatus","bilimitatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00508","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0506-0508"
"12400509","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","nigrovittatus","bocki","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Wroughton","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00509","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0506-0509"
"12400510","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","nigrovittatus","klossi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00510","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0506-0510"
"12400511","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","notatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Boddaert","1785","","Elench. Anim.","","","119","","","Plantain Squirrel","Indonesia, West Java.","From peninsular Malaysia and Thailand to Java, Bali, and Borneo; Lombok Isl; Salayer Isl (south of Sulawesi; Musser, 1987<i>a</i> considered this population an introduction, possibly from Java); widespread on smaller islands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<u>The following taxa are from Java</u>: <i>badjing</i>  (Kerr, 1792); <i>balstoni</i> (Robinson and Wroughton, 1911); <i>bilineatus</i> (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817); <i>dschinschicus </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>ginginianus</i> (Shaw, 1801); <i>plantani</i> (Ljungh, 1801); <i>tamansari </i>(Kloss, 1921); <b><i>diardii</i></b> (Jentink, 1879); <i>andrewsii</i> (Bonhote, 1901); <i>madurae</i> (Thomas, 1910); <i>magnificus</i> Sody, 1949; <i>prinsulae</i> Sody, 1949; <i>vanheurni</i> Sody, 1929; <i>verbeeki</i> Sody, 1929. The following taxa are from Sumatra: <b><i>vittatus</i></b> (Raffles, 1821); <i>albescens </i>(Bonhote, 1901); <i>albiculus</i> Miller, 1942; <i>bivittatus </i>(Desmarest, 1822); <i>ictericus</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>kalianda </i>(Sody, 1949); <i>nicotianicae </i>(Sody, 1936); <i>percommodus </i>(Chasen, 1940); <i>pretiosus</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>rupatius </i>(Lyon, 1908); <i>saturatus</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>tapanulius</i> (Lyon, 1907); <i>tarussanus</i> (Lyon, 1907); <i>tedongus</i> (Lyon, 1906);<i> toupai</i> (Lesson, 1827); <i>ubericolor</i> (Miller, 1903). The following is from Borneo: <b><i>suffusus</i></b> (Bonhote, 1901). <u>The following taxa are from mainland Malaya, S Thailand, and adjacent islands</u>: <b><i>miniatus</i></b> (Miller, 1900); <i>aoris </i>(Miller, 1903); <i>famulus</i> (Robinson, 1912); <i>guillemardi</i> (Kloss, 1926); <i>lighti</i> (Chasen and Kloss, 1924); <i>pemangiliensis</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>peninsularis</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>plasticus</i> (Kloss, 1911); <i>scottii</i> (Kloss, 1911); <i>singapurensis</i> (Robinson, 1916); <i>subluteus </i>(Thomas and Wroughton, 1909); <i>tenuirostris </i>(Miller, 1900); <i>tinggius </i>Hill, 1960; <i>watsoni</i> (Kloss, 1911). <u>Remaining names (most from small islands), not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>abbottii</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>anambensis</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>arendsis</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>atristriatus</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>billitonus</i> (Lyon, 1906); <i>conipus</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>datus</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>dilutus</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>director</i> (Lyon, 1909); <i>dulitensis</i> (Bonhote, 1901); <i>lamucotanus</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>lautensis</i> (Miller, 1901); <i>lunaris</i> (Chasen and Kloss, 1924); <i>lutescens</i> (Miller, 1901); <i>malawali</i> (Chasen and Kloss, 1932); <i>maporensis</i> (Robinson, 1916); <i>marinsularis</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>microtis</i> (Jentink, 1879); <i>nesiotes</i> (Thomas and Wroughton, 1909); <i>pannovianus</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>perhentiani</i> (Kloss, 1911); <i>poliopus</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>proteus</i> (Kloss, 1911); <i>raptor</i> Hill, 1960; <i>rubidiventris</i> (Miller, 1901); <i>rutiliventris</i> (Miller, 1901); <i>seraiae</i> (Miller, 1901); <i>serutus</i> (Miller, 1906); <i>siriensis</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>stellaris</i> (Chasen and Kloss, 1924); <i>stresemanni</i> (Thomas, 1913); <i>vinocastaneus</i> Sody, 1949.","Corbet and Hill (1992:291) commented on the enormous number of named forms, in contrast to which is the slight degree of geographic variation compared to other widespread species of <i>Callosciurus</i>. Chromosomes described by Nadler et al. (1975<i>b</i>).","24","24-00511","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0511"
"12400512","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","notatus","notatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Boddaert","1785","","Elench. Anim.","","","119","","","","Indonesia, West Java.","Java.","","","","24","24-00512","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0511-0512"
"12400513","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","notatus","diardii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1879","","","","","","","","","","Java.","","","","24","24-00513","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0511-0513"
"12400514","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","notatus","vittatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1821","","","","","","","","","","Sumatra.","","","","24","24-00514","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0511-0514"
"12400515","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","notatus","suffusus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1901","","","","","","","","","","Borneo.","","","","24","24-00515","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0511-0515"
"12400516","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","notatus","miniatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","Mainland Malaya, S Thailand, and adjacent islands.","","","","24","24-00516","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0511-0516"
"12400517","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","orestes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","15","","529","","","Borneo Black-banded Squirrel","Malaysia, Sarawak, Mount Dulit, 4000 ft. (1219 m)","Sabah and Sarawak (Borneo), Malaysia, at middle elevations (Payne et al., 1985).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>canalvus</i>  (Moore, 1959);<i> venetus</i> (Chasen, 1940).","Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>C. nigrovittatus</i> (e.g., Medway, 1977:92), but clearly distinct (Payne et al., 1985). Includes <i>Glyphotes canalvus</i>, which Moore (1959) placed in subgenus <i>Hessonoglyphotes</i>; these names are now synonyms of <i>Callosciurus</i>. Closely related to <i>adamsi</i> (see comments therein).","24","24-00517","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0517"
"12400518","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","phayrei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1856","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","24","","472","","","Phayre's Squirrel","Burma, Martaban, ""Sent from Moulmein"" (Robinson and Kloss, 1918<i>a</i>:225).","Upper Irrawaddy River and Sittang River eastward to Salween River, S Burma.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>blanfordii</i>  (Blyth, 1862); <i>heinrichi</i> Tate, 1954.","Considered a distinct species by Moore and Tate (1965) instead of a subspecies of <i>flavimanus</i>. Closely allied to <i>caniceps</i> and <i>pygerythrus </i>(Corbet and Hill, 1992:289).","24","24-00518","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0518"
"12400519","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","prevostii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encyclop. Méth.","","","335","","","Prevost's Squirrel","Malaysia, Malacca Prov., ""Settlement of Malacca.""","Peninsular Thailand to Sumatra, Borneo, and adjacent small islands; N Sulawesi. Musser (1987<i>a</i>) considered the population in Sulawesi as introduced.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<u>The following taxa are from mainland Malaysia</u>: <b><i>prevostii </i> </b>(Desmarest, 1822); <i>humei </i>(Bonhote, 1901); <i>indica </i>(Muller and Schlegel, 1842); <i>wrayi </i>(Kloss, 1910). The following taxa are from S Sumatra: <b><i>rafflesii</i></b> (Vigors and Horsfield, 1828); <i>harrisoni</i> (Stone and Rehn, 1902); <i>sumatranus</i> (Schlegel, 1863). <u>The following are from E Sumatra</u>: <b><i>melanops</i></b> (Miller, 1902); <i>nyx</i> (Lyon, 1908); <i>penialius</i> (Lyon, 1908). <u>The following are from N Sumatra</u>: <b><i>piceus</i></b> (Peters, 1866); <i>erebus</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>pluto</i> (Gray, 1867). <u>The following are from Borneo, including Sarawak</u>: <b><i>atricapillus</i></b> (Schlegel, 1863); <i>armalis</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>carimatae</i> (Miller, 1906);<i> pelapius</i> (Lyon, 1911);<i> proserpinae</i> (Lyon, 1906); <i>sanggaus</i> (Lyon, 1907);<i> <b>sarawakensis</b></i> (Gray, 1867); <i>caroli</i> (Bonhote, 1901). <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>atrox</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>bangkanus</i> (Schlegel, 1863); <i>banksi</i> (Chasen, 1933); <i>borneoensis</i> (Müller and Schlegel, 1842); <i>caedis</i> (Chasen and Kloss, 1932); <i>carimonensis</i> (Miller, 1906); <i>condurensis</i> (Miller, 1906); <i>coomansi</i> Sody, 1949; <i>erythromelas</i> (Temminck, 1853); <i>griseicauda</i> (Bonhote, 1901); <i>indica</i> (Müller and Schlegel, 1842) [not <i>indicus</i> Erxleben, 1777]; <i>kuchingensis</i> (Bonhote, 1901); <i>mendanauus</i> (Lyon, 1906); <i>mimellus</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>mimiculus</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>navigator</i> (Bonhote, 1901); <i>palustris</i> (Lyon, 1907); <i>redimitus</i> (Boon Mesch, 1829); <i>rufogularis</i> (Gray, 1842); <i>rufoniger</i> (Motley and Dillwyn, 1855); <i>rufonigra</i> (Gray, 1842); <i>schlegeli</i> (Gray, 1867); <i>suffusus</i> (Bonhote, 1901); <i>waringensis</i> Sody, 1949.","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992:289-90). Formerly included <i>baluensis</i>; but the two are often sympatric (Payne et al., 1985). Heaney (1978) discussed body size variation in this species. Oshida et al. (1996<i>b</i>) described chromosomes.","24","24-00519","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0519"
"12400520","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","prevostii","prevostii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encyclop. Méth.","","","335","","","","Malaysia, Malacca Prov., ""Settlement of Malacca.""","Mainland Malaysia.","","","","24","24-00520","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0519-0520"
"12400521","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","prevostii","rafflesii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Vigors and Horsfield","1828","","","","","","","","","","S Sumatra.","","","","24","24-00521","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0519-0521"
"12400522","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","prevostii","melanops","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","E Sumatra.","","","","24","24-00522","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0519-0522"
"12400523","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","prevostii","piceus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","","","","","","","","","N Sumatra.","","","","24","24-00523","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0519-0523"
"12400524","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","prevostii","atricapillus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schlegel","1863","","","","","","","","","","Borneo (including Sarawak).","","","","24","24-00524","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0519-0524"
"12400525","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","prevostii","sarawakensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","Borneo (including Sarawak).","","","","24","24-00525","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0519-0525"
"12400526","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","pygerythrus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire","1833","","Mag. Zool. Paris","2","","p. 5, pl. 4-6","","","Irrawaddy Squirrel","""from forest of Syriam, near Pegu, Burma"" (Moore and Tate, 1965:217).","Nepal and NE India to Burma, N Vietnam, and Yunnan (China).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>blythii</i> </b> (Tytler, 1854);<b><i> janetta</i> </b>(Thomas, 1914); <b><i>lokroides</i></b> (Hodgson, 1836); <i>assamensis</i> (Gray, 1843); <i>similis</i> (Gray, 1867); <b><i>mearsi</i></b> (Bonhote, 1906); <i>bellona</i> (Thomas and Wroughton, 1916); <i>virgo</i> (Thomas and Wroughton, 1916); <b><i>owensi</i></b> (Thomas and Wroughton, 1916); <b><i>stevensi</i></b> (Thomas, 1908).","Revised by Moore and Tate (1965:209); reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992:289).","24","24-00526","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0526"
"12400527","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","pygerythrus","pygerythrus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire","1833","","Mag. Zool. Paris","2","","p. 5, pl. 4-6","","","","""from forest of Syriam, near Pegu, Burma"" (Moore and Tate, 1965:217).","","","","","24","24-00527","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0526-0527"
"12400528","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","pygerythrus","blythii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tytler","1854","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00528","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0526-0528"
"12400529","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","pygerythrus","janetta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00529","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0526-0529"
"12400530","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","pygerythrus","lokroides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00530","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0526-0530"
"12400531","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","pygerythrus","mearsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00531","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0526-0531"
"12400532","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","pygerythrus","owensi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00532","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0526-0532"
"12400533","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","pygerythrus","stevensi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00533","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0526-0533"
"12400534","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","quinquestriatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1871","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1871","","142","","","Anderson's Squirrel","""common at Ponsee, on the Kakhyen range of hills, east of Bhamo, at an elevation of from 2000 to 3000 ft"" [Burma].","NE Burma, Yunnan (China).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>beebei</i> (J. A. Allen, 1911); <i>sylvester</i> Thomas, 1926; <b><i>imarius</i> </b>Thomas, 1926.","Included in <i>C.</i> <i>erythraeus</i> by Moore and Tate (1965:209); but this distinctly marked species with a very limited range is sympatric with the more widely distributed <i>C. erythraeus </i>in W Yunnan (Corbet and Hill, 1992:286).","24","24-00534","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0534"
"12400535","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","quinquestriatus","quinquestriatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1871","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1871","","142","","","","""common at Ponsee, on the Kakhyen range of hills, east of Bhamo, at an elevation of from 2000 to 3000 ft"" [Burma].","","","","","24","24-00535","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0534-0535"
"12400536","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Callosciurus","","quinquestriatus","imarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00536","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0446-0000-0534-0536"
"12400537","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Heude","1898","","Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin.","4","2","54","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>pernyi</i> Milne-Edwards, 1867.","","","","","<i>Zetis</i>  Thomas, 1908 [Type species <i>S. rufigenis</i> Blanford].","Tribe Callosciurini according to Moore (1959). Reviewed by Moore and Tate (1965), and Corbet and Hill (1992).","24","24-00537","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537"
"12400538","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","everetti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1890","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","6","","171","","","Bornean Mountain Ground Squirrel","""Mount Penrisen, West Sarawak,"" [Malaysia].","Mountains of N and W Borneo (Kalimantan, Sarawak, Sabah), above 3,200 ft. (975 m).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","24","24-00538","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0538"
"12400539","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","gularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1932","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. Zool.","18","","284","","","Red-throated Squirrel","Mt. Fan Si Pan, near Chapa, Tonkin, Vietnam.","Red River Valley from N Vietnam to SC Yunnan (China) (Zhang et al., 1997).","","","This species lives in geographic sympatry with <i>D. rufigenis, </i>but at higher altitudes. It resembles <i>D. pyrrhomerus </i>in large size of rostrum.","24","24-00539","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0539"
"12400540","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","lokriah","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","5","","232","","","Orange-bellied Himalayan Squirrel","""central and Northern regions of Nipál"" [Nepal].","C Nepal east to Salween River; Xizang (China); N Burma; mountains in E India; Bhutan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bhotia</i>  Thomas and Wrougton, 1916; <b><i>garonum</i></b> Thomas, 1922;<i> subflaviventris </i>Thomas, 1922; <b><i>macmillani</i></b> Thomas and Wroughton, 1916;<i> <b>motuoensis </b></i>Cai and Zhang, 1980; <b><i>pagus</i></b> Moore, 1956.","Revised by Moore and Tate (1965); see also Agrawal and Chakraborty (1979).","24","24-00540","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0540"
"12400541","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","lokriah","lokriah","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","5","","232","","","","""central and Northern regions of Nipál"" [Nepal].","","","","","24","24-00541","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0540-0541"
"12400542","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","lokriah","garonum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00542","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0540-0542"
"12400543","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","lokriah","macmillani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00543","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0540-0543"
"12400544","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","lokriah","motuoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cai and Zhang","1980","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00544","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0540-0544"
"12400545","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","lokriah","pagus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Moore","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00545","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0540-0545"
"12400546","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","pernyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Rev. Mag. Zool. (Paris), ser. 2","19","","19","","","Perny's Long-nosed Squirrel","""les montagnes de la principaute de Moupin [Muping]"" [= Baoxing, Sichuan, China].","NE India; N Burma; N Vietnam; Xizang; Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Anhui, Taiwan (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>griselda</i>  Thomas, 1916; <i>lentus</i> A. B. Howell, 1927; <b><i>flavior</i></b> G. M. Allen, 1912; <i>lichiensis</i> Thomas, 1922; <b><i>howelli</i></b> Thomas, 1922; <i>calidior</i> Thomas, 1916; <i>chintalis</i> Thomas, 1916; <i>modestus</i> Thomas, 1916; <b><i>imus</i></b> Thomas, 1922; <i>mentosus</i> Thomas, 1922; <b><i>owstoni</i></b> (Thomas, 1908); <b><i>senex</i></b> G. M. Allen, 1912.","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992:298-99); see also G. M. Allen (1940:647-54).","24","24-00546","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0546"
"12400547","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","pernyi","pernyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Rev. Mag. Zool. (Paris), ser. 2","19","","19","","","","""les montagnes de la principaute de Moupin [Muping]"" [= Baoxing, Sichuan, China].","","","","","24","24-00547","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0546-0547"
"12400548","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","pernyi","flavior","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00548","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0546-0548"
"12400549","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","pernyi","howelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00549","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0546-0549"
"12400550","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","pernyi","imus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00550","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0546-0550"
"12400551","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","pernyi","owstoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00551","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0546-0551"
"12400552","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","pernyi","senex","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00552","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0546-0552"
"12400553","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","pyrrhomerus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","242","","","Red-hipped Squirrel","""Ichang, Yang-tse-kiang [river] [Hupei, China].""","C and S China, extreme N Vietnam, Hainan Isl (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>melli</i>  Matschie, 1922; <b><i>riudonensis</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1906.","Moore and Tate (1965) treated <i>pyrrhomerus</i> as a species separate from <i>rufigenis</i> based on evidence of geographic parapatry, and relative rostral length. Corbet and Hill (1992) listed <i>gularis</i> as a separate species, but considered other forms of <i>pyrrhomerus</i> to be conspecific with <i>rufigenis</i>, whereas Zhang et al. (1997) followed Moore and Tate (op. cit.), providing additional Chinese locality records showing sympatry of the two taxa at 10 localities in Yunnan, 3 in Guangxi, and one each in Hunan and Anhui provinces.","24","24-00553","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0553"
"12400554","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","pyrrhomerus","pyrrhomerus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","242","","","","""Ichang, Yang-tse-kiang [river] [Hupei, China].""","","","","","24","24-00554","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0553-0554"
"12400555","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","pyrrhomerus","riudonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00555","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0553-0555"
"12400556","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","rufigenis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1878","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","47","2","156","","","Asian Red-cheeked Squirrel","Burma, Tenasserim, Mt. Mooleyit.","NE India, N and C Burma; Anhui, Hunan, Guangxi and Yunnan (China), Laos, south through Vietnam, Thailand, peninsular Malaysia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>laomache</i>  Thomas, 1921;<i> <b>adamsoni</b></i> Thomas, 1914; <i>opimus</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1916; <b><i>belfieldi</i></b> (Bonhote, 1908); <b><i>fuscus</i></b> (Bonhote, 1907); <b><i>ornatus</i></b> Thomas, 1914.","Formerly included <i>pyrrhomerus</i>; but see Moore and Tate (1965), and comments under <i>D. pyrrhomerus</i>. Chromosomes described by Nadler and Hoffmann (1970).","24","24-00556","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0556"
"12400557","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","rufigenis","rufigenis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1878","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","47","2","156","","","","Burma, Tenasserim, Mt. Mooleyit.","","","","","24","24-00557","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0556-0557"
"12400558","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","rufigenis","adamsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00558","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0556-0558"
"12400559","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","rufigenis","belfieldi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00559","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0556-0559"
"12400560","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","rufigenis","fuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00560","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0556-0560"
"12400561","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Dremomys","","rufigenis","ornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00561","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0537-0000-0556-0561"
"12400562","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Exilisciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Moore","1958","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1914","","4","","<i>Sciurus exilis</i> Müller, 1838.","","","","","","Tribe Callosciurini according to Moore (1959). The species included in <i>Exilisciurus</i> were formerly included in <i>Nannosciurus</i>; see Moore (1958, 1959) and Heaney (1985).","24","24-00562","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0562"
"12400563","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Exilisciurus","","concinnus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","2","","407","","","Philippine Pygmy Squirrel","Philippines, Zamboanga Prov., Basilan Isl, Isabela.","Mindanao faunal region (Heaney et al., 1987) including Mindanao, Basilan, Biliran, Bohol, Dinagat, Leyte, Samar, and Siargao Isls (Heaney, 1985).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>luncefordi</i>  (Taylor, 1934); <i>samaricus</i> (Thomas, 1897); <i>surrutilus</i> (Hollister, 1913).","Revised by Heaney (1985).","24","24-00563","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0562-0000-0563"
"12400564","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Exilisciurus","","exilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","138","","","Least Pygmy Squirrel","Indonesia, Kalimantan, Kapuas River Basin, Tanah Laut (see Medway, 1977, and Heaney, 1985).","Borneo and Banggi Isl.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>retectus</i>  (Thomas, 1910); <i>sordidus</i> (Chasen and Kloss, 1928).","","24","24-00564","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0562-0000-0564"
"12400565","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Exilisciurus","","whiteheadi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","20","","127","","","Tufted Pygmy Squirrel","Malaysia, Sabah, Mt Kinabalu.","Mountains of Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia), above 900 m, and adjacent parts of West Kalimantan, Indonesia (Medway, 1977).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","24","24-00565","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0562-0000-0565"
"12400566","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1835","","Illustr. Zool.","","","pl. 43","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>indicus</i> Lesson, 1835 (= <i>Sciurus</i> <i>palmarum</i> Linnaeus, 1776).","","","","","<i>Palmista</i>  Gray, 1867; <i>Prasadsciurus</i> Moore and Tate, 1965; <i>Tamiodes</i> Pocock, 1923.","Tribe Funambulini according to Moore (1959:170). Reviewed by Moore (1960) and Moore and Tate (1965). Includes <i>Funambulus</i> and <i>Prasadsciurus</i> as subgenera. Prasad (1957) proposed a separate subfamily for the genus, based on the supposedly unique anatomy of the male reproductive tract. Trends in evolution of karyotypes analyzed by Aswathanarayana (1987). Grouped with African squirrels by Moore (1959). However, recent molecular studies suggest that <i>Funambulus </i>is a basal member of the Callosciurinae (Mercer and Roth, 2003), as suggested earlier on the basis of bacular morphology (Pocock, 1923: 239).","24","24-00566","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566"
"12400567","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Funambulus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1835","","Illustr. Zool.","","","pl. 43","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>indicus</i> Lesson, 1835 (= <i>Sciurus</i> <i>palmarum</i> Linnaeus, 1776).","","","","","","","24","24-00567","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0567"
"12400568","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Prasadsciurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Moore and Tate","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00568","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0568"
"12400569","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Funambulus","layardi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1849","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","18","","602","","","Layard's Palm Squirrel","""Upland districts"" [Sri Lanka]. Restricted by Thomas (1924<i>a</i>:241) to ""Ambigamoa Hills...Central Province (7° N., 80° 3'E.)....""","S and C Sri Lanka, and mountains of S India.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>signatus</i>  Thomas, 1924; <b><i>dravidianus</i></b> Robinson, 1917.","Subgenus <i>Funambulus</i>. The presence of this species in S India is based on very few specimens.","24","24-00569","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0567-0569"
"12400570","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Funambulus","layardi","layardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1849","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","18","","602","","","","""Upland districts"" [Sri Lanka]. Restricted by Thomas (1924<i>a</i>:241) to ""Ambigamoa Hills...Central Province (7° N., 80° 3'E.)....""","","","","","24","24-00570","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0567-0569-0570"
"12400571","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Funambulus","layardi","dravidianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00571","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0567-0569-0571"
"12400572","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Funambulus","palmarum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","86","","","Indian Palm Squirrel","""in America, Asia, Africa."" Restricted by Wroughton (1905<i>a</i>:409) to E coast of Madras, India.","C and S India, Sri Lanka.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bellaricus</i>  Wroughton, 1916;<i> comorinus</i> Wroughton, 1905; <i>gossei</i> Wroughton and Davidson, 1919;<i> indicus</i> (Lesson, 1835) [not Erxleben, 1777];<i> penicillatus</i> (Leach, 1814); <b><i>brodiei</i></b> (Blyth, 1849); <i>favonicus</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1915;<i> kelaarti</i> (Layard, in Blyth, 1851); <i>matugamensis</i> Lindsay, 1926; <i>olympius</i> Thomas and Wroughton,<i> </i>1915; <b><i>robertsoni</i> </b>1916; <i>bengalensis</i> Wroughton, 1916.","Subgenus <i>Funambulus</i>. Distribution largely allopatric with that of <i>F</i>. <i>pennantii</i>, but limited area of sympatry in Central Provinces and along W coast of India, south of 16° N lat. (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Moore, 1960).","24","24-00572","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0567-0572"
"12400573","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Funambulus","palmarum","palmarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","86","","","","""in America, Asia, Africa."" Restricted by Wroughton (1905<i>a</i>:409) to E coast of Madras, India.","","","","","24","24-00573","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0567-0572-0573"
"12400574","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Funambulus","palmarum","brodiei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1849","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00574","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0567-0572-0574"
"12400575","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Funambulus","palmarum","robertsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","<b>Wroughton</b>","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00575","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0567-0572-0575"
"12400576","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Prasadsciurus","pennantii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1905","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","16","","411","","","Northern Palm Squirrel","""Mandvi Taluka of Surat District,"" Guzerath (= Gudjerat), India.","SE Iran through Pakistan to Nepal and N and C India. Perhaps adjacent Afghanistan. Introduced to Andaman Isls and vicinity of Perth in Western Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>lutescens</i>  Wroughton, 1916; <b><i>argentescens</i></b> Wroughton, 1905.","Subgenus <i>Prasadsciurus</i> (Moore and Tate, 1965:71). Reviewed by Agrawal and Chakraborty (1979), and Corbet and Hill (1992).","24","24-00576","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0568-0576"
"12400577","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Prasadsciurus","pennantii","pennantii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1905","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","16","","411","","","","""Mandvi Taluka of Surat District,"" Guzerath (= Gudjerat), India.","","","","","24","24-00577","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0568-0576-0577"
"12400578","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Prasadsciurus","pennantii","argentescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00578","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0568-0576-0578"
"12400579","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Funambulus","sublineatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","19","","","Dusky Palm Squirrel","India, Madras, Nilgiri Hills.","SW India, C Sri Lanka.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>delesserti</i>  (Gervais, 1841); <i>trilineatus</i><b> </b>(Kelaart, 1852);<i> <b>obscurus</b></i> (Pelzeln and Kohl, 1886); <i>kathleenae</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1915.","Subgenus <i>Funambulus</i>.","24","24-00579","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0567-0579"
"12400580","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Funambulus","sublineatus","sublineatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","19","","","","India, Madras, Nilgiri Hills.","","","","","24","24-00580","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0567-0579-0580"
"12400581","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Funambulus","sublineatus","obscurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pelzeln and Kohl","1886","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00581","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0567-0579-0581"
"12400582","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Funambulus","tristriatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","499","","","Jungle Palm Squirrel","""...the more southern parts of Hindostan."" Restricted by Wroughton (1905<i>a</i>:411) to Travancore; further restricted by Moore and Tate (1965:89) to Western Ghats, south of 12 deg. N. lat. (India).","West coast of India, from below 20° N to southern tip.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>annandalei</i>  Robinson, 1917; <i>dussumieri</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1867); <i>wroughtoni</i> Ryley, 1913; <b><i>numarius</i> </b>Wroughton, 1916; <i>thomasi</i> Wroughton and Davidson, 1919.","Subgenus <i>Funambulus</i>.","24","24-00582","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0567-0582"
"12400583","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Funambulus","tristriatus","tristriatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","499","","","","""...the more southern parts of Hindostan."" Restricted by Wroughton (1905<i>a</i>:411) to Travancore; further restricted by Moore and Tate (1965:89) to Western Ghats, south of 12 deg. N. lat. (India).","","","","","24","24-00583","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0567-0582-0583"
"12400584","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Funambulus","Funambulus","tristriatus","numarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00584","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0566-0567-0582-0584"
"12400585","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Glyphotes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","251","","<i>Glyphotes</i> <i>simus</i> Thomas, 1898.","","","","","","Tribe Callosciurini according to Moore (1959). Corbet and Hill (1992) placed this genus in <i>Callosciurus</i>. Both Payne et al. (1985) and Corbet and Hill (1992) considered <i>Hessonoglyphotes</i> Moore (1959), originally described as a subgenus of <i>Glyphotes</i>, to be a junior synonym of <i>Callosciurus</i>.","24","24-00585","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0585"
"12400586","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Glyphotes","","simus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","251","","","Sculptor Squirrel","""Mount Kina Balu, N. Bórneo"" [Sabah, Malaysia].","Mountains of Borneo; Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia), 1000 to 1700 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Hill (1959).","24","24-00586","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0585-0000-0586"
"12400587","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Hyosciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Archbold and Tate","1935","","Am. Mus. Novit.","801","","2","","<i>Hyosciurus</i> <i>heinrichi</i> Tate and Archbold, 1935.","","","","","","Tribe Callosciurini according to Moore (1959:174).","24","24-00587","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0587"
"12400588","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Hyosciurus","","heinrichi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Archbold and Tate","1935","","Am. Mus. Novit.","801","","2","","","Montane Long-nosed Squirrel","""Latimodjong Mtns., central Celebes, 2300 meters"" [C Sulawesi, Indonesia].","Restricted to mountains of C Sulawesi (Musser and Dagosto, 1987:44).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Formerly included <i>ileile</i> (Tate and Archbold, 1936:1); see comments therein.","24","24-00588","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0587-0000-0588"
"12400589","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Hyosciurus","","ileile","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1936","","Am. Mus. Novit.","846","","1","","","Lowland Long-nosed Squirrel","""Ile-ile, North Celebes, 1700 meters"" [N Sulawesi, Indonesia].","Mountains of Sulawesi.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>heinrichi</i> (Tate and Archbold, 1936), but see Musser (1987<i>a</i>).","24","24-00589","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0587-0000-0589"
"12400590","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1909","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1909","","389","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>insignis</i> F. Cuvier, 1821.","","","","","<i>Laria</i>  Gray, 1867 [not Scopoli, 1763]; <i>Paralariscus</i> Ellerman, 1947.","Tribe Callosciurini according to Moore (1959:173). Includes <i>Paralariscus</i>, treated as a genus by Ellerman (1947<i>b</i>:259) and Moore (1959:173).","24","24-00590","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590"
"12400591","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","hosei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","10","","215","","","Four-striped Ground Squirrel","""Batu Sang Mount [Mt. Batu Song], Baram River, N. Borneo (5000 feet)"" [Baram Dist., Sarawak, Malaysia, 1524 m].","Mountains of Sarawak and Sabah (Malaysia).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Sometimes put in the genus <i>Paralariscus</i>; see Ellerman (1947<i>b</i>:259); but also see Medway (1977:97).","24","24-00591","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590-0000-0591"
"12400592","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","insignis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1821","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 2","4","34","2 pp","","","Three-striped Ground Squirrel","""Sumatra,"" [Indonesia]. Restricted by Sody (1949<i>a</i>:113) to Lampongs, S Sumatra.","Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, adjacent isls.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>diversus</i> </b> (Thomas, 1898); <b><i>javanus</i></b> (Thomas and Wroughton, 1909); <i>murianus</i> Sody, 1937; <b><i>peninsulae</i></b> (Miller, 1903); <i>fornicatus</i> Robinson, 1917;<i> meridionalis</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1911; <b><i>rostratus</i></b> (Miller, 1903); <i>atchinensis</i> Sody, 1949; <i>diversoides</i> Sody, 1949; <i>jalorensis</i> (Bonhote, 1903). <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>castaneus</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>saturatus</i> Chasen, 1935.","Formerly included <i>niobe</i>, and <i>obscurus</i>; see Chasen (1940:145-146); but see also Corbet and Hill (1992:300); see comments under <i>niobe</i>.","24","24-00592","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590-0000-0592"
"12400593","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","insignis","insignis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1821","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 2","4","34","2 pp","","","","""Sumatra,"" [Indonesia]. Restricted by Sody (1949<i>a</i>:113) to Lampongs, S Sumatra.","","","","","24","24-00593","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590-0000-0592-0593"
"12400594","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","insignis","diversus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00594","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590-0000-0592-0594"
"12400595","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","insignis","javanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00595","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590-0000-0592-0595"
"12400596","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","insignis","peninsulae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00596","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590-0000-0592-0596"
"12400597","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","insignis","rostratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00597","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590-0000-0592-0597"
"12400598","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","niobe","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","249","","","Niobe Ground Squirrel","""Pajo, Sumatra"" [Sumatra, Indonesia]. Restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1918<i>b</i>:37) to Pajokombo, Padang Highlands, West Sumatra.","Mountains of Sumatra, and Java (Idjen Mtns).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>vulcanus</i> </b> Kloss, 1921.","Given full specific status by Moore (1959); but see Chasen (1940:145). The subspecies <i>vulcanus </i>is restricted to Java.","24","24-00598","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590-0000-0598"
"12400599","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","niobe","niobe","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","249","","","","""Pajo, Sumatra"" [Sumatra, Indonesia]. Restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1918<i>b</i>:37) to Pajokombo, Padang Highlands, West Sumatra.","","","","","24","24-00599","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590-0000-0598-0599"
"12400600","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","niobe","vulcanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1921","","","","","","","","","","Java.","","","","24","24-00600","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590-0000-0598-0600"
"12400601","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","obscurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","45","","23","","","Mentawai Three-striped Squirrel","Indonesia, Mentawai Isls, ""South Pagi Island, Sumatra"".","Siberut, Sipora, N and S Pagai Island (Sumatra, Indonesia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>auroreus</i> </b> Sody, 1949; <b><i>siberu</i></b> Chasen and Kloss, 1928.","Formerly included in <i>insignis</i> (Chasen, 1940) or <i>niobe</i> (Chasen and Kloss (1927). Part of the rodent fauna endemic to the Mentawai Archipelago (see comments under <i>Leopoldamys siporanus</i>).","24","24-00601","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590-0000-0601"
"12400602","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","obscurus","obscurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","45","","23","","","","Indonesia, Mentawai Isls, ""South Pagi Island, Sumatra"".","","","","","24","24-00602","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590-0000-0601-0602"
"12400603","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","obscurus","auroreus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00603","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590-0000-0601-0603"
"12400604","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Lariscus","","obscurus","siberu","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen and Kloss","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00604","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0590-0000-0601-0604"
"12400605","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Menetes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","18","","244","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>berdmorei</i> Blyth, 1849.","","","","","","Tribe Callosciurini according to Moore (1959:173). Reviewed by Moore and Tate (1965).","24","24-00605","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0605"
"12400606","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Menetes","","berdmorei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1849","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","18","30","603","","","Indochinese Ground Squirrel","""Thougyeen district"" [Tenasserim, Burma].","S Vietnam, Cambodia, S Laos, Thailand, S Yunnan (China) to C Burma.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amotus</i>  (Miller, 1913); <b><i>consularis</i></b> Thomas, 1914; <i>koratensis</i> (Gyldenstolpe, 1917); <b><i>decoratus</i></b> Thomas, 1914; <b><i>moerescens</i> </b>Thomas, 1914; <b><i>mouhotei</i></b> (Gray, 1861); <b><i>peninsularis</i></b> Kloss, 1919; <i>rufescens</i> Kloss, 1916; <i>umbrosus</i> Kloss, 1916; <b><i>pyrrocephalus</i></b> (Milne-Edwards, 1867).","For taxonomic history, see Moore and Tate (1965:294). Chromosomes described by Nadler and Hoffmann (1970). Corbet and Hill (1992) opined ""Although there is considerable geographic variation...it is unlikely that discrete subspecies can be recognized.""","24","24-00606","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0605-0000-0606"
"12400607","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Menetes","","berdmorei","berdmorei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1849","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","18","30","603","","","","""Thougyeen district"" [Tenasserim, Burma].","","","","","24","24-00607","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0605-0000-0606-0607"
"12400608","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Menetes","","berdmorei","consularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00608","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0605-0000-0606-0608"
"12400609","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Menetes","","berdmorei","decoratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00609","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0605-0000-0606-0609"
"12400610","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Menetes","","berdmorei","moerescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00610","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0605-0000-0606-0610"
"12400611","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Menetes","","berdmorei","mouhotei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00611","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0605-0000-0606-0611"
"12400612","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Menetes","","berdmorei","peninsularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00612","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0605-0000-0606-0612"
"12400613","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Menetes","","berdmorei","pyrrocephalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00613","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0605-0000-0606-0613"
"12400614","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Nannosciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Trouessart","1880","","Le Naturaliste","","","292","","<i>Sciurus melanotis</i> Müller, 1840.","","","","","","Tribe Callosciurini according to Moore (1959). Formerly included the species now placed in <i>Exilisciurus</i>; see Moore (1958) and Heaney (1985).","24","24-00614","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0614"
"12400615","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Nannosciurus","","melanotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel.","","","35 [1840], see comments","","","Black-eared Squirrel","""Borneo"". Restricted to Java by Lyon (1906) and by lectotype designation of Heaney (1985).","Sumatra, Java, Borneo, adjacent small islands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>soricinus</i>  (Waterhouse, 1838) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>bancanus</i></b> Lyon, 1906; <b><i>borneanus</i></b> Lyon, 1906; <i>pallidus</i> Chasen and Kloss, 1928; <b><i>pulcher</i></b> Miller, 1902; <i>sumatranus</i> Lyon, 1906.","This species was further described by Müller and Schlegel, <i>in</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, pp. 87, 88, 98 [1844], pl. 14, fig 4, 5 [1841] (from which this species is often cited). Reviewed by Heaney (1985).","24","24-00615","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0614-0000-0615"
"12400616","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Nannosciurus","","melanotis","melanotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel.","","","35 [1840], see comments","","","","""Borneo"". Restricted to Java by Lyon (1906) and by lectotype designation of Heaney (1985).","","","","This taxon was further described by Müller and Schlegel, <i>in</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, pp. 87, 88, 98 [1844], pl. 14, fig 4, 5 [1841] (from which it is often cited).","24","24-00616","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0614-0000-0615-0616"
"12400617","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Nannosciurus","","melanotis","bancanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00617","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0614-0000-0615-0617"
"12400618","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Nannosciurus","","melanotis","borneanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00618","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0614-0000-0615-0618"
"12400619","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Nannosciurus","","melanotis","pulcher","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00619","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0614-0000-0615-0619"
"12400620","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Prosciurillus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ellerman","1947","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","117","","259","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>murinus</i> Müller and Schlegel, 1844.","","","","","","Tribe Callosciurini according to Moore (1959); closely related to <i>Sundasciurus</i> (see Heaney, 1985). Reviewed by Moore (1958), who transferred <i>leucomus</i> from <i>Callosciurus</i> to this genus.","24","24-00620","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0620"
"12400621","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Prosciurillus","","abstrusus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Moore","1958","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1890","","3","","","Secretive Dwarf Squirrel","""...1500 meters elevation, Gunong Tanke Salokko, 'Mengkoka Geb.' [Mekongqa Gebirgte], in the southeastern peninsula of Celebes, latitude 3° 40' S., longitude 121° 13' E.,"" [Sulawesi, Indonesia].","Known only from the type locality in SE Sulawesi.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>obscurus</i>  Moore, 1959.","Includes <i>obscurus</i>, probably a <i>nomen</i> <i>nudum</i>; see Moore (1959:203).","24","24-00621","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0620-0000-0621"
"12400622","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Prosciurillus","","leucomus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller and Schlegel","1844","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia","","","87 [1844]","","","Whitish Dwarf Squirrel","""Celebes."" Restricted by Meyer (1898) to Minahassa, NE Celebes [Sulawesi, Indonesia].","Sulawesi; and neighboring islands, Buton and E Kabaena.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>hirsutus</i> </b> (Hayman, 1946); <i>sarasinorum</i> (Meyer, 1898); <b><i>occidentalis</i></b> (Meyer, 1898); <b><i>tonkeanus</i></b> (Meyer, 1896); <i>elbertae</i> (Schwarz, 1911); <i>mowewensis</i> (Roux, 1910); <i>topapuensis</i> (Roux, 1910).","Formerly included in <i>Callosciurus</i>; see Moore (1958).","24","24-00622","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0620-0000-0622"
"12400623","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Prosciurillus","","leucomus","leucomus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller and Schlegel","1844","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia","","","87 [1844]","","","","""Celebes."" Restricted by Meyer (1898) to Minahassa, NE Celebes [Sulawesi, Indonesia].","","","","","24","24-00623","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0620-0000-0622-0623"
"12400624","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Prosciurillus","","leucomus","hirsutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00624","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0620-0000-0622-0624"
"12400625","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Prosciurillus","","leucomus","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Meyer","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00625","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0620-0000-0622-0625"
"12400626","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Prosciurillus","","leucomus","tonkeanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Meyer","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00626","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0620-0000-0622-0626"
"12400627","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Prosciurillus","","murinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller and Schlegel","1844","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia","","","87 [1844]","","","Celebes Dwarf Squirrel","""Celebes."" Restricted by Sody (1949<i>a</i>) to NE Celebes [Sulawesi, Indonesia].","NE and C Sulawesi.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>evidens</i>  (Miller and Hollister, 1921); <b><i>griseus</i></b> (Sody, 1949); <b><i>necopinus</i> </b>(Miller and Hollister, 1921).","For authority and date, see comments under <i>Rubrisciurus</i> <i>rubriventer</i>.","24","24-00627","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0620-0000-0627"
"12400628","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Prosciurillus","","murinus","murinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller and Schlegel","1844","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia","","","87 [1844]","","","","""Celebes."" Restricted by Sody (1949<i>a</i>) to NE Celebes [Sulawesi, Indonesia].","","","","For authority and date, see comments under <i>Rubrisciurus</i> <i>rubriventer</i>.","24","24-00628","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0620-0000-0627-0628"
"12400629","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Prosciurillus","","murinus","griseus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00629","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0620-0000-0627-0629"
"12400630","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Prosciurillus","","murinus","necopinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Hollister","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00630","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0620-0000-0627-0630"
"12400631","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Prosciurillus","","rosenbergii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1879","","Notes Leyden Mus.","1","","37","","","Sanghir Squirrel","""Sangi-islands, Siao"".","Sanghir Island","","<i>tingahi</i>  (Meyer, 1896)","Full species status accorded by Feiler (1990) and follwed by Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","24","24-00631","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0620-0000-0631"
"12400632","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Prosciurillus","","weberi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1890","","Weber's Zool. Ergebn.","1","","115","","","Weber's Dwarf Squirrel","Indonesia, C Celebes, Luwu (near Palopo).","C Sulawesi (Indonesia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Elevated to specific status by Corbet and Hill (1992).","24","24-00632","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0620-0000-0632"
"12400633","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Rhinosciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blyth","1856","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","14","","477","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>laticaudatus</i> Müller, 1840. <i>Rhinosciurus tupaioides</i> Blyth (=<i>Sciurus</i> <i>laticaudatus</i> Müller, 1840).","","","","","","Tribe Callosciurini according to Moore (1959:173).","24","24-00633","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0633"
"12400634","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Rhinosciurus","","laticaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel.","","","34 [1840], see comments","","","Shrew-faced Squirrel","""Pontianak"" [W Kalimantan, Indonesia].","Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and small adjacent islands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>tupaioides</i>  Gray, 1843 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>tupaioides </i>Blyth, 1856; <b><i>alacris</i></b> (Thomas, 1908); <i>leo</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1909; <i>peracer</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1909; <i>robinsoni</i> Thomas, 1908; <b><i>saturatus</i> </b>Robinson and Kloss, 1919. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>:<i> incultus</i> Lyon, 1916; <i>rhionis</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1909.","This species was further described by Müller and Schlegel, <i>in</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, pp. 87, 100 [1844], pl. 15 [1841] (from which this species is often cited).","24","24-00634","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0633-0000-0634"
"12400635","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Rhinosciurus","","laticaudatus","laticaudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel.","","","34 [1840], see comments","","","","""Pontianak"" [W Kalimantan, Indonesia].","","","","This taxa was further described by Müller and Schlegel, <i>in</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, pp. 87, 100 [1844], pl. 15 [1841] (from which it is often cited).","24","24-00635","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0633-0000-0634-0635"
"12400636","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Rhinosciurus","","laticaudatus","alacris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00636","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0633-0000-0634-0636"
"12400637","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Rhinosciurus","","laticaudatus","saturatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00637","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0633-0000-0634-0637"
"12400638","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Rubrisciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ellerman","1954","","<i>In</i> Laurie and Hill, Land Mammals of New Guinea, Celebes, and Adjacent Islands","","","94","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>rubriventer</i> Müller and Schlegel, 1844.","","","","","","Tribe Callosciurini according to Moore (1959:174). Sometimes considered a subgenus of Callosciurus; see Laurie and Hill (1954:93) and Corbet and Hill (1992); but see also Moore (1959) and McLaughlin (1984:273), who considered it a distinct genus.","24","24-00638","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0638"
"12400639","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Rubrisciurus","","rubriventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller and Schlegel","1844","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia","","","86 [1844]","","","Sulawesi Giant Squirrel","""Celebes"" [Minahassa, NE Sulawesi, Indonesia].","N, C, and SE Sulawesi.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Ellerman (1940:375) dated the species description as 1839, and ascribed it to Forsten, who was listed by Müller and Schlegel as the author, but Forsten was the collector, not the author.","24","24-00639","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0638-0000-0639"
"12400640","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Moore","1958","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1914","","2","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>lowii</i> Thomas, 1892.","","","","","<i>Aletesciurus</i>  Moore, 1958.","Tribe Callosciurini according to Moore (1959:173). Reviewed in part by Heaney (1979). Includes <i>Aletesciurus</i> and <i>Sundasciurus</i> as subgenera (Moore, 1958:3). Ellerman (1940) placed <i>Sundasciurus</i> in <i>Callosciurus</i>, and Chasen (1940), in <i>Sciurus. </i>Corbet and Hill (1992) recognized seven species.","24","24-00640","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640"
"12400641","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Moore","1958","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1914","","2","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>lowii</i> Thomas, 1892.","","","","","","","24","24-00641","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641"
"12400642","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Moore","1958","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00642","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642"
"12400643","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","brookei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","253","","","Brooke’s Squirrel","""Mount Dulit, N. Borneo"" [Sarawak, Malaysia].","Mountains of Borneo, from 600 to 1500 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Sundasciurus</i>. Status discussed by Corbet and Hill (1992).","24","24-00643","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0643"
"12400644","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","davensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1952","","Fieldiana Zool.","33","","117","","","Davao Squirrel","""Madaum, 25 feet [8 m] altitude, Tagum Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island, Philippines Islands.""","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Aletesciurus</i>. May be conspecific with <i>mindanensis</i>, <i>philippinensis</i>, and <i>samarensis</i> (Heaney et al., 1987; Corbet and Hill, 1992).","24","24-00644","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0644"
"12400645","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","fraterculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. Genova, Ser. 2a","14","","669","","","Fraternal Squirrel","Indonesia, Mentawai Isls, Sipora Isl, ""Sereinu"".","Sipora Isl, Siberut Isl, and S Pagai Isl (Sumatra, Indonesia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pumilus</i>  (Miller, 1903); <i>siberu</i> (Chasen and Kloss, 1928).","Subgenus Sundasciurus. Formerly included in <i>lowii</i> (Chasen, 1940:144); but see Moore (1959). Geographic variation reviewed by Jenkins and Hill (1982). Part of the rodent fauna endemic to the Mentawai Archipelago (see comments under <i>Leopoldamys siporanus</i>).","24","24-00645","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0645"
"12400646","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","hippurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1831","","<i>In</i> Bélanger (ed.), Voy. Indes Orient., Mamm.","3(Zoologie)","","149","","","Horse-tailed Squirrel","""Java."" Restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1918<i>a</i>:226) to Malacca, Malaysia.","S Vietnam, S to Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>rufogaster</i>  (Gray, 1842); <b><i>borneensis</i></b> (Gray, 1867); <i>grayi</i> (Bonhote, 1901); <i>hippurellus</i> (Lyon, 1907);<i> <b>pryeri</b></i> (Thomas, 1892); <i>inquinatus</i> (Thomas, 1908);<b> <i>hippurosus</i> </b>(Lyon, 1907);<i> <b>ornatus</b></i> Dao and Cao, 1990.","Subgenus <i>Aletesciurus</i>. Corbet and Hill (1992: 297) recognized four subspecies on Borneo, including <i>hippurellus</i> and <i>inquinatus</i>.","24","24-00646","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0646"
"12400647","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","hippurus","hippurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1831","","<i>In</i> Bélanger (ed.), Voy. Indes Orient., Mamm.","3(Zoologie)","","149","","","","""Java."" Restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1918<i>a</i>:226) to Malacca, Malaysia.","","","","","24","24-00647","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0646-0647"
"12400648","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","hippurus","borneensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00648","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0646-0648"
"12400649","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","hippurus","pryeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00649","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0646-0649"
"12400650","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","hippurus","hippurosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00650","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0646-0650"
"12400651","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","hippurus","ornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dao and Cao","1990","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00651","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0646-0651"
"12400652","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","hoogstraali","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1952","","Fieldiana Zool.","33","","115","","","Busuanga Squirrel","""Dimaniang, Busuanga Island, Calamianes group, Philippine Islands.""","Busuanga Isl (Philippines).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Aletesciurus</i>. Member of the <i>steerii</i> group; see comment under <i>steerii</i>. Placed in <i>moellendorffi</i> by Corbet and Hill (1991:140), without comment.","24","24-00652","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0652"
"12400653","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","jentinki","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","20","","128","","","Jentinck’s Squirrel","""Mount Kina-Balu,"" [Sabah, Malaysia].","Mountains of N Borneo.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>subsignanus</i>  (Chasen, 1937).","Subgenus <i>Sundasciurus</i>. Chromosomes described by Harada and Kobayashi (1980).","24","24-00653","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0653"
"12400654","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","juvencus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","498","","","Northern Palawan Tree Squirrel","""the islands of Palawan....Puerto Princesa [Philippines]"".","N Palawan Isl.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Aletesciurus</i>. Member of the <i>steerii</i> group; see comment under <i>steerii</i>.","24","24-00654","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0654"
"12400655","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","lowii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","2","","253","","","Low’s squirrel","""Lumbidan, on the mainland opposite Labuan"" [Sarawak, Malaysia].","Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and adjacent small islands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>balae</i> </b> (Miller, 1903); <i>piniensis</i> (Miller, 1903); <b><i>bangueyae</i></b> (Thomas, 1910); <b><i>humilis</i></b> (Miller, 1913); <i>vanakeni</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1916); <b><i>natunensis</i></b> (Thomas, 1895); <i>lingungensis</i> (Miller, 1901); <b><i>robinsoni</i></b> (Bonhote, 1903); <i>alacris</i> (Thomas, 1908); <b><i>seimundi</i></b> (Thomas and Wroughton, 1909).","Subgenus <i>Sundasciurus</i>. Formerly included <i>fraterculus</i> and <i>pumilus</i> (Chasen, 1940:144).","24","24-00655","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0655"
"12400656","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","lowii","lowii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","2","","253","","","","""Lumbidan, on the mainland opposite Labuan"" [Sarawak, Malaysia].","","","","","24","24-00656","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0655-0656"
"12400657","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","lowii","balae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00657","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0655-0657"
"12400658","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","lowii","bangueyae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00658","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0655-0658"
"12400659","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","lowii","humilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00659","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0655-0659"
"12400660","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","lowii","natunensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00660","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0655-0660"
"12400661","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","lowii","robinsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00661","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0655-0661"
"12400662","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","lowii","seimundi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00662","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0655-0662"
"12400663","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","mindanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Steere","1890","","List of the Birds and Mammals collected by the Steere Expedition to the Philippines. Ann Arbor, Mich.","","","29","","","Mindanao Squirrel","""Mindanao,"" [Philippines].","Mindanao and adjacent small islands (Philippines).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Aletesciurus</i>. May be conspecific with <i>davensis</i>, <i>philippinensis</i>, and <i>samarensis</i> (Heaney et al., 1987; Corbet and Hill, 1992).","24","24-00663","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0663"
"12400664","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","moellendorffi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1898","","Sitzb. Gesell. Naturf. Fr., Berlin","5","","41","","","Culion Tree Squirrel","""Calamianes....von Culion"" [Calamian Isls, Philippines].","Calamian Isls other than Busuanga.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>albicauda</i>  (Matschie, 1898).","Subgenus <i>Aletesciurus</i>. The form <i>albicauda</i> was listed as a distinct species by Corbet and Hill (1980:132) without comment, but included in <i>mollendorffi</i> by Corbet and Hill (1986:149), as was <i>hoogstraali</i> (in Corbet and Hill, 1991:140) without comment. Spelling of name changed in accordance with Art. 32.5.2.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).","24","24-00664","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0664"
"12400665","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","philippinensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1839","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1839","","117","","","Philippine Tree Squirrel","""Mindanado"" [Mindanao Isl, Philippines].","S and W Mindanao, and Basilan (Philippines).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Aletesciurus</i>. May be conspecific with <i>davensis</i>, <i>mindanensis</i>, and <i>samarensis</i> (Heaney et al., 1987; Corbet and Hill, 1992).","24","24-00665","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0665"
"12400666","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","rabori","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heaney","1979","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","92","","281","","","Palawan Montane Squirrel","""Magtaguimbong, Mt. Mantalingajan, Palawan Isl, Republic of the Philippines, Island between 3,600 and 4,350 feet [1097 and 1326 m] elevation...approximately 8° 48'N, 117° 40'E.""","Above 800 m in mountains on Palawan (Philippines).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>cagsi</i>  (Meyer, 1890).","Subgenus <i>Aletesciurus</i> (see Heaney, 1979).","24","24-00666","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0666"
"12400667","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","samarensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Steere","1890","","List of the Birds and Mammals Collected by the Steere Expedition to the Philippines. Ann Arbor, Mich.","","","30","","","Samar Squirrel","""Samar and Leyte,"" [Philippines].","Samar and Leyte Isls (Philippines).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Aletesciurus</i>. May be conspecific with <i>davensis</i>, <i>mindanensis</i>, and <i>philippinensis</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Heaney et al., 1987).","24","24-00667","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0667"
"12400668","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Aletesciurus","steerii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1876","1877","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1876","","735","","","Southern Palawan Tree Squirrel","""Balabac"" [Isl, Philippines].","Balabac and S Palawan Isls in lowlands (Philippines).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Aletesciurus</i>. Member of the <i>steerii</i> group, which contains 1-3 species; see Heaney (1979).","24","24-00668","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0642-0668"
"12400669","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","tenuis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1824","","Zool. Res. Java","1824","","153","","","Slender Squirrel","Singapore.","Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and adjacent small islands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gunong</i>  (Robinson and Kloss, 1914); <i>sordidus</i> (Kloss, 1911); <i>surdus </i>(Miller, 1900); <i>tahan </i>(Bonhote, 1908); <b><i>bancarus</i></b> (Miller, 1903); <b><i>modestus</i> </b>(Müller, 1840);<i> altitudinus</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1916); <b><i>parvus</i></b> (Miller, 1901); <b><i>procerus</i> </b>(Miller, 1901). <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>batus</i> (Lyon, 1916); <i>mansalaris</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>sianticus</i> (Chasen and Kloss, 1928); <i>tiomanicus</i> (Robinson, 1917).","Subgenus <i>Sundasciurus</i>. The name <i>pumilus</i> (see synonym in <i>fraterculus</i>) was previously assigned to <i>tenuis</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1918<i>a</i>:229); but see Chasen (1940:144).","24","24-00669","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0669"
"12400670","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","tenuis","tenuis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1824","","Zool. Res. Java","1824","","153","","","","Singapore.","","","","","24","24-00670","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0669-0670"
"12400671","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","tenuis","bancarus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00671","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0669-0671"
"12400672","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","tenuis","modestus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00672","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0669-0672"
"12400673","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","tenuis","parvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00673","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0669-0673"
"12400674","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Sundasciurus","Sundasciurus","tenuis","procerus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00674","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0640-0641-0669-0674"
"12400675","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1906","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","22","","475","","<i>Tamiops</i> <i>macclellandi</i> <i>hainanus</i> J. A. Allen, 1906 (= <i>T</i>. <i>maritimus</i> <i>hainanus</i>).","","","","","","Tribe Callosciurini according to Moore (1959:173). Revised by Moore and Tate (1965).","24","24-00675","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675"
"12400676","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","mcclellandii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1839","1840","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1839","","152","","","Himalayan Striped Squirrel","""Bengal as well as Assam"" [India]. Restricted by Ellerman (1940:354) to Assam.","E Nepal through Assam and Mizoram (India); N and C Burma, and Yunnan (China), and south through Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia to the S Malay Peninsula.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>manipurensis</i>  (Bonhote, 1900); <i>pembertoni</i> (Blyth, 1842);<i> <b>barbei</b></i> (Blyth, 1847); <b><i>collinus</i></b> Moore, 1958; <b><i>inconstans</i></b> Thomas, 1920; <b><i>kongensis</i></b> (Bonhote, 1901); <b><i>leucotis</i></b> (Temminck, 1853); <i>novemlineatus</i> Miller, 1903.","","24","24-00676","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0676"
"12400677","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","mcclellandii","mcclellandii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1839","1840","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1839","","152","","","","""Bengal as well as Assam"" [India]. Restricted by Ellerman (1940:354) to Assam.","","","","","24","24-00677","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0676-0677"
"12400678","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","mcclellandii","barbei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1847","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00678","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0676-0678"
"12400679","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","mcclellandii","collinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Moore","1958","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00679","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0676-0679"
"12400680","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","mcclellandii","inconstans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00680","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0676-0680"
"12400681","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","mcclellandii","kongensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00681","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0676-0681"
"12400682","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","mcclellandii","leucotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00682","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0676-0682"
"12400683","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","maritimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","51","","","Maritime Striped Squirrel","""Foochow, province of Fokien"" [Fukien, China].","Hubei, Anhui and Zhejiang, south through Guangxi and Guangdong (China), to S Vietnam and Laos; Hainan and Taiwan (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>formosanus</i>  (Bonhote, 1900); <i>sauteri</i> J. A. Allen, 1911;<i> <b>hainanus</b></i> J. A. Allen, 1906; <i>laotum</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1922; <i>riudoni</i> J. A. Allen, 1906; <b><i>moi</i></b> Robinson and Kloss, 1922; <b><i>monticolus</i></b> (Bonhote, 1900).","","24","24-00683","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0683"
"12400684","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","maritimus","maritimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","51","","","","""Foochow, province of Fokien"" [Fukien, China].","","","","","24","24-00684","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0683-0684"
"12400685","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","maritimus","hainanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00685","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0683-0685"
"12400686","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","maritimus","moi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00686","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0683-0686"
"12400687","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","maritimus","monticolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00687","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0683-0687"
"12400688","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","rodolphii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","19","","227","","","Cambodian Striped Squirrel","""Cochin China near Saigon,"" [Vietnam].","E Thailand, Cambodia, S Laos, S Vietnam.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dolphoides</i>  Kloss, 1921; <i>holti </i>(Ellerman, 1940) [to replace <i>lylei</i>, preoccupied]; <i>liantis</i> Kloss, 1919; <i>lylei</i> Thomas, 1920; <b><i>elbeli</i></b> Moore, 1958.","","24","24-00688","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0688"
"12400689","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","rodolphii","rodolphii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","19","","227","","","","""Cochin China near Saigon,"" [Vietnam].","","","","","24","24-00689","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0688-0689"
"12400690","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","rodolphii","elbeli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Moore","1958","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00690","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0688-0690"
"12400691","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","swinhoei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1874","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mammifères","1","","308","","","Swinhoe's Striped Squirrel","""Moupin [Muping],"" [= Baoxing, Sichuan, China]. Restricted by G. M. Allen (1940:673) to ""Hongchantin...about 6000 feet [1829 m].""","Extreme SW Gansu south through Tibet, Sichuan and Yunnan (China) to N Burma and N Vietnam; isolated population in Hebei (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>clarkei</i>  Thomas, 1920; <i>forresti</i> Thomas, 1920; <b><i>olivaceus</i></b> Osgood, 1932; <b><i>spencei</i></b> Thomas, 1921;<i> chingpingensis</i> Lu and Qyan, 1965; <i>russeolus</i> Jacobi, 1923; <b><i>vestitus</i></b> Miller, 1915.","The form <i>forresti</i> was originally named as a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>maritimus</i>, but assigned to <i>swinhoei</i> by Moore and Tate (1965:248).","24","24-00691","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0691"
"12400692","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","swinhoei","swinhoei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1874","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mammifères","1","","308","","","","""Moupin [Muping],"" [= Baoxing, Sichuan, China]. Restricted by G. M. Allen (1940:673) to ""Hongchantin...about 6000 feet [1829 m].""","","","","","24","24-00692","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0691-0692"
"12400693","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","swinhoei","olivaceus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00693","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0691-0693"
"12400694","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","swinhoei","spencei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00694","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0691-0694"
"12400695","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Callosciurinae","","Tamiops","","swinhoei","vestitus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00695","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0445-0000-0675-0000-0691-0695"
"12400696","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Osborn","1910","","The Age of Mammals","","","535","","","","","","","","","24","24-00696","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696"
"12400697","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Osborn","1910","","The Age of Mammals","","","535","","","","","","","","","24","24-00697","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697"
"12400698","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Atlantoxerus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Forsyth Major","1893","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1893","","189","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>getulus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","","Placed in Subfamily Xerinae by Gromov et al. (1965:70), but in tribe Xerini by Moore (1959). <i>Atlantoxerus</i> was originally a subgenus of <i>Xerus</i>, and later raised to full generic rank by Thomas (1909<i>a</i>). Closely related to <i>Xerus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:79).","24","24-00698","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0698"
"12400699","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Atlantoxerus","","getulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","64","","","Barbary Ground Squirrel","""in Africa."" Restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:149) to ""Barbary;"" and by Cabrera (1932:217) to Agadir, Morocco.","Grand and Middle Atlas south to Agadir and N edge of Sahara (Morocco), NW Algeria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>praetextus</i>  Wagner, 1842; <i>trivittatus</i> (Gray, 1842); see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:79).","For synonyms see Corbet (1978c:79).","24","24-00699","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0698-0000-0699"
"12400700","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Spermophilopsis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blasius","1884","","Tageblatt. Versamml. Deutsch. Naturf. Magdeburg","57","","325","","<i>Arctomys</i> <i>leptodactylus</i> Lichtenstein, 1823.","","","","","","Placed in Subfamily Xerinae by Gromov et al. (1965:70), but in tribe Xerini by Moore (1959).","24","24-00700","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0700"
"12400701","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Spermophilopsis","","leptodactylus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1823","","Naturh. Abh. Eversmann's Reise","","","119","","","Long-clawed Ground Squirrel","""Vicinity of Kara Ata, 140 km northwest of the Old Town of Bukhara"" [Uzbekistan] (Ognev, 1966:394).","SE Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, W Tajikistan, NE Iran, NW Afghanistan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>schumakovi</i>  (Satunin, 1908);<i> turcomanus</i> (Eichwald, 1834); <b><i>bactrianus</i></b> (Scully, 1888); <b><i>heptopotamicus</i> </b>Heptner and Ismagilov, 1952.","Related to African xerine squirrels (<i>Atlantoxerus</i> and <i>Xerus</i>) (Nadler and Hoffmann, 1974; Nadler et al., 1969).","24","24-00701","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0700-0000-0701"
"12400702","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Spermophilopsis","","leptodactylus","leptodactylus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1823","","Naturh. Abh. Eversmann's Reise","","","119","","","","""Vicinity of Kara Ata, 140 km northwest of the Old Town of Bukhara"" [Uzbekistan] (Ognev, 1966:394).","","","","","24","24-00702","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0700-0000-0701-0702"
"12400703","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Spermophilopsis","","leptodactylus","bactrianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Scully","1888","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00703","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0700-0000-0701-0703"
"12400704","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Spermophilopsis","","leptodactylus","heptopotamicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heptner and Ismagilov","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00704","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0700-0000-0701-0704"
"12400705","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1833","","Symb. Phys. Mamm.","1","","sig. Ee, pl. 9","","<i>Sciurus</i> (<i>Xerus</i>) <i>brachyotus</i> Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832 (= <i>Sciurus rutilus</i> Cretzchmar, 1828).","","","","","<i>Euxerus</i>  Thomas, 1909; <i>Geosciurus</i> Smith, 1834.","Tribe Xerini according to Simpson (1945:79). Includes <i>Euxerus</i>, <i>Geosciurus</i>, and <i>Xerus</i> as subgenera (Amtmann, 1975; Ellerman, 1940; Moore, 1959).","24","24-00705","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705"
"12400706","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Xerus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1833","","Symb. Phys. Mamm.","1","","sig. Ee, pl. 9","","<i>Sciurus</i> (<i>Xerus</i>) <i>brachyotus</i> Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832 (= <i>Sciurus rutilus</i> Cretzchmar, 1828).","","","","","","","24","24-00706","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0706"
"12400707","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Euxerus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00707","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0707"
"12400708","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Geosciurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Smith","1834","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00708","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0708"
"12400709","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Euxerus","erythropus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","<i>In</i> Cat. Mamm. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris","","","178","","","Striped Ground Squirrel","Senegal (neotype). Origin of original type unknown. ""Inconnue.""","SE Morocco, S Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, S Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, SE Niger, NE Nigeria, Cameroon, NE Republic of Congo, SE Chad, NE Central African Republic, Sudan, Dem. Rep. Congo, NW Uganda, Rwanda, W Ethiopia, W Kenya, N Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>agadius</i>  (Thomas and Hinton, 1921); <i>albovittatus</i> (Desmarest, 1817); <i>lessonii</i> (Fitzinger, 1867) [new name for <i>marabutus</i> Lesson]; <i>maestus</i> (Thomas, 1910); <i>marabutus</i> (Lesson, 1838) [preoccupied];<i> prestigiator</i> (Lesson, 1838);<b><i> chadensis</i></b> (Thomas, 1905); <b><i>lacustris</i></b> (Thomas, 1905); <b><i>leucoumbrinus</i></b> (Rüppell, 1835); <b><i>limitaneus</i></b> (Thomas and Hinton, 1923); <b><i>microdon</i></b> Thomas, 1905; <i>fulvior</i> (Thomas, 1905).","Placed in <i>Euxerus</i> which is considered a subgenus of <i>Xerus</i> by Ellerman (1940), Moore (1959), and Amtmann (1975). The spelling <i>erythopus</i> was used by E. Geoffroy, 1803; Shinz, 1845, used the spelling <i>erythropus</i>. Opinion 945 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1971<i>b</i>) ruled that <i>erythopus</i> Geoffroy, 1803 be changed to <i>erythropus</i> as an incorrect original spelling; the proper latin root is ""erythro"", and in the last 100 years nearly all authors have used the spelling <i>erythropus. </i>In the interest of orthographic stability we advocate that the specific name be spelled <i>erythropus. </i>It is not desirable to perpetuate the lapsus in spelling by early workers.","24","24-00709","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0707-0709"
"12400710","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Euxerus","erythropus","erythropus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","<i>In</i> Cat. Mamm. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris","","","178","","","","Senegal (neotype). Origin of original type unknown. ""Inconnue.""","","","","","24","24-00710","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0707-0709-0710"
"12400711","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Euxerus","erythropus","chadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00711","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0707-0709-0711"
"12400712","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Euxerus","erythropus","lacustris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00712","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0707-0709-0712"
"12400713","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Euxerus","erythropus","leucoumbrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00713","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0707-0709-0713"
"12400714","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Euxerus","erythropus","limitaneus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00714","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0707-0709-0714"
"12400715","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Euxerus","erythropus","microdon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00715","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0707-0709-0715"
"12400716","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Geosciurus","inauris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","344","","","South African Ground Squirrel","South Africa, Kaffirland, 100 mi. (160 km) N of Cape of Good Hope. ""Bewohnt die Cafferen, über hundert Meilen nordwärts des Vorgebürges der guten Hofnung..."".","S Angola, Namibia, Botswana, W Zimbabwe, South Africa.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>africanus</i>  (Shaw, 1801); <i>capensis</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>dschinshicus</i> (Gmelin, 1788); <i>ginginianus</i> (Shaw, 1801); <i>levaillantii</i> (Kuhl, 1820); <i>namaquensis</i> (Lichtenstein, 1793); <i>setosus</i> (Smuts, 1832).","Subgenus <i>Geosciurus</i>. Distinction from <i>X. princeps</i> supported by minor chromosomal differences reported by Robinson et al. (1986).","24","24-00716","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0708-0716"
"12400717","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Geosciurus","princeps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1929","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1929","","106","","","Damara Ground Squirrel","N Namibia, C Koakoveld, Otjitundua.","W Namibia, S Angola, restricted to the Kaokoland escarpment of Namibia and Angola as far north as 14°10'S 16°0'E.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Geosciurus</i>. Distinction from <i>X. inauris</i> supported by minor chromosomal differences reported by Robinson et al. (1986).","24","24-00717","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0708-0717"
"12400718","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Xerus","rutilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1828","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","","","59","","","Unstriped Ground Squirrel","Ethiopia, eastern slope of Abyssynia. ""Der östliche Abhang Abyssiniens, wo es häufig vorkommmt."" Probably Massawa, according to Mertens (1925:26) ""...wahrsheinlich Massaua"".","SE Sudan, E and S Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, NE Uganda, NE Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abessinicus</i>  (Gmelin, 1788); <i>brachyotis</i> (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833); <i>fuscus</i> (Huet, 1880); <b><i>dabagala</i></b> Heuglin, 1861; <b><i>dorsalis</i></b> Dollman, 1911; <b><i>intensus</i></b> Thomas, 1904; <b><i>massaicus</i></b> Toschi, 1945; <b><i>rufifrons</i></b> Dollman, 1911; <b><i>saturatus</i></b> (Neumann, 1900); <b><i>stephanicus</i></b> Thomas, 1906.","Subgenus <i>Xerus</i>. Chromosomes described by Nadler and Hoffmann (1974). Reviewed by O'Shea (1991, Mammalian Species, 370).","24","24-00718","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0706-0718"
"12400719","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Xerus","rutilus","rutilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1828","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","","","59","","","","Ethiopia, eastern slope of Abyssynia. ""Der östliche Abhang Abyssiniens, wo es häufig vorkommmt."" Probably Massawa, according to Mertens (1925:26) ""...wahrsheinlich Massaua"".","","","","","24","24-00719","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0706-0718-0719"
"12400720","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Xerus","rutilus","dabagala","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00720","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0706-0718-0720"
"12400721","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Xerus","rutilus","dorsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00721","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0706-0718-0721"
"12400722","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Xerus","rutilus","intensus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00722","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0706-0718-0722"
"12400723","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Xerus","rutilus","massaicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Toschi","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00723","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0706-0718-0723"
"12400724","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Xerus","rutilus","rufifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00724","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0706-0718-0724"
"12400725","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Xerus","rutilus","saturatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00725","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0706-0718-0725"
"12400726","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Xerini","Xerus","Xerus","rutilus","stephanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00726","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0697-0705-0706-0718-0726"
"12400727","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Moore","1959","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","118","","168","","","","","","","","","24","24-00727","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727"
"12400728","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Epixerus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","3","","472","","<i>Sciurus wilsoni</i> Du Chaillu, 1860 (=<i>Sciurus</i> <i>ebii</i> Temminck, 1853).","","","","","","Tribe Protoxerini (Moore, 1959).","24","24-00728","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0728"
"12400729","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Epixerus","","ebii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guine","","","129","","","Western Palm Squirrel","Ghana. ""...les grandes forêts de la Guiné, et se trouve dans les mêmes localités que l'espèce précédente, [...les confins du pays des Fantes...] mais parait être moins abondante dans les parties boisées de Dabocrom.""","Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana.","CITES – Appendix III (Ghana); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>E. ebii </i>and as <i>E. wilsoni.</i>","<b><i>jonesi</i> </b> Hayman, 1954; <b><i>wilsoni</i></b> (Du Chaillu, 1860); <i>mayumbicus</i> Verheyen, 1959.","<i>E</i>. <i>ebii</i> and <i>E</i>. <i>wilsoni </i>were formerly considered distinct species by Perret and Aellen (1956), Verheyen (1959), and Rosevear (1969), but Kuhn (1964) revised the genus and concluded that they are conspecific.","24","24-00729","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0728-0000-0729"
"12400730","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Epixerus","","ebii","ebii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guine","","","129","","","","Ghana. ""...les grandes forêts de la Guiné, et se trouve dans les mêmes localités que l'espèce précédente, [...les confins du pays des Fantes...] mais parait être moins abondante dans les parties boisées de Dabocrom.""","","","","","24","24-00730","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0728-0000-0729-0730"
"12400731","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Epixerus","","ebii","jonesi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00731","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0728-0000-0729-0731"
"12400732","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Epixerus","","ebii","wilsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Du Chaillu","1860","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00732","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0728-0000-0729-0732"
"12400733","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Trouessart","1880","","Le Naturaliste","2","37","293","","<i>Sciurus isabella</i> Gray, 1862.","","","","","","Tribe Funambulini according to Moore (1959). Raised to full generic rank by Thomas (1897<i>b</i>). This treatment follows Amtmann (1975), and Kingdon (1997). Recent molecular work suggests that <i>Funisciurus </i>is not closely related to <i>Funambulus </i>(Mercer and Roth, 2003). Instead, it should be considered a member of the Tribe Protoxerini, according to Steppan et al. (2004).","24","24-00733","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733"
"12400734","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","anerythrus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1890","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1890","","447","","","Thomas's Rope Squirrel","Uganda, ""Buguera"", S of Lake Albert.","SW Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, NE Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda; SW Dem. Rep. Congo and N Shaba Prov. (Dem. Rep. Congo).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>niapu</i>  J. A. Allen, 1922; <i>ochrogaster</i> Cabrera and Ruxton, 1926; <b><i>bandarum</i></b> Thomas, 1915; <b><i>mystax</i></b> De Winton, 1898; <b><i>raptorum</i></b> Thomas, 1903.","","24","24-00734","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0734"
"12400735","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","anerythrus","anerythrus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1890","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1890","","447","","","","Uganda, ""Buguera"", S of Lake Albert.","","","","","24","24-00735","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0734-0735"
"12400736","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","anerythrus","bandarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00736","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0734-0736"
"12400737","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","anerythrus","mystax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","De Winton","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00737","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0734-0737"
"12400738","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","anerythrus","raptorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00738","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0734-0738"
"12400739","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","bayonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1890","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 2","2","","3","","","Lunda Rope Squirrel","N Angola, ""...du Duque de Bragança...""","NE Angola, SW Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","24","24-00739","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0739"
"12400740","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","carruthersi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","140","","","Carruther's Mountain Squirrel","Uganda, ""Ruwenzori East, 6500' (1900 m).""","Ruwenzori (S Uganda), Rwanda, Burundi.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>birungensis</i> </b> Gyldenstolpe, 1927; <b><i>chrysippus</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>tanganyikae</i></b> Thomas, 1909.","","24","24-00740","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0740"
"12400741","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","carruthersi","carruthersi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","140","","","","Uganda, ""Ruwenzori East, 6500' (1900 m).""","","","","","24","24-00741","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0740-0741"
"12400742","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","carruthersi","birungensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gyldenstolpe","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00742","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0740-0742"
"12400743","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","carruthersi","chrysippus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00743","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0740-0743"
"12400744","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","carruthersi","tanganyikae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00744","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0740-0744"
"12400745","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","congicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1820","","Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat. Abt.","2","","66","","","Congo Rope Squirrel","""Congo"". No specific locale given, probably Angola (Hill and Carter, 1941:71).","Dem. Rep. Congo, Angola, Namibia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>damarensis</i>  (Roberts, 1938); <i>flavinus</i> Thomas, 1904; <i>interior</i> Thomas, 1916; <i>oenone</i> Thomas, 1926; <i>olivellus</i> Thomas, 1904; <i>poolii</i> (Jentink, 1906); <i>praetextus</i> Wagner, 1843.","","24","24-00745","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0745"
"12400746","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","isabella","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1862","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1862","","180","","","Lady Burton's Rope Squirrel","Cameroon, ""...from the Camaroon Mountains, 7000 feet (2100 m) above the level of the sea...""","Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>duchaillui</i>  Sanborn, 1953;<b><i> dubosti</i></b> Eisentraut, 1969.","","24","24-00746","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0746"
"12400747","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","isabella","isabella","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1862","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1862","","180","","","","Cameroon, ""...from the Camaroon Mountains, 7000 feet (2100 m) above the level of the sea...""","","","","","24","24-00747","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0746-0747"
"12400748","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","isabella","dubosti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Eisentraut","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00748","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0746-0748"
"12400749","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","lemniscatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Le Conte","1857","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","","","11","","","Ribboned Rope Squirrel","Equatorial Guinea, Rio Muni. ""...from Western Africa.""","S of Sanaga River (Cameroon), Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>sharpei</i>  (Gray, 1873);<b><i> mayumbicus</i></b> Kershaw, 1923.","","24","24-00749","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0749"
"12400750","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","lemniscatus","lemniscatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Le Conte","1857","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","","","11","","","","Equatorial Guinea, Rio Muni. ""...from Western Africa.""","","","","","24","24-00750","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0749-0750"
"12400751","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","lemniscatus","mayumbicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kershaw","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00751","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0749-0751"
"12400752","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","leucogenys","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","202","","","Red-cheeked Rope Squirrel","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko ""...brought from Fernando Po"".","Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Rio Muni, Bioko.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>erythrogenys</i>  (Waterhouse, 1843); <b><i>auriculatus</i></b> (Matschie, 1891); <i>beatus</i> (Thomas, 1910); <i>boydi</i> (Thomas, 1910); <b><i>oliviae</i></b> (Dollman, 1911).","Waterhouse (1842[1843]) renamed this species <i>erythrogenys</i>, ""red-cheeked"" in an attempt to replace the inappropriate name <i>leucogenys</i>, ""white-cheeked"". This is an unjustified emendation.","24","24-00752","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0752"
"12400753","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","leucogenys","leucogenys","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","202","","","","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko ""...brought from Fernando Po"".","","","","","24","24-00753","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0752-0753"
"12400754","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","leucogenys","auriculatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00754","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0752-0754"
"12400755","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","leucogenys","oliviae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00755","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0752-0755"
"12400756","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","pyrropus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1833","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères","7","No. 66 ""Ecureuil aux pieds roux""","2 unno. pp and pl. [1833]; Tab 4:240 [1842]","","","Fire-footed Rope Squirrel","Gabon. ""...et elle venoit de l'île Fernandopô, dans le gulfe de Guinée...""","Gambia, S Senegal, Guinea Bissau, W Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, S Côte d’Ivoire, SW Ghana, W Nigeria, W Cameroon, Rio Muni (Equatorial Guinea), W Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Dem. Rep. Congo, NW Angola.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>erythrops</i>  (Gray, 1867); <i>rubripes</i> (Du Chaillu, 1860); <b><i>akka</i></b> De Winton, 1895; <i>emini</i> (De Winton, 1895) [not Stuhlman, 1894]; <i>victoriae</i> G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1942; <i>wintoni</i> Neumann, 1900;<i> <b>leonis</b></i> Thomas, 1905; <b><i>leucostigma</i></b> (Temminck, 1853); <b><i>mandingo</i></b> Thomas, 1903; <b><i>nigrensis</i></b> Thomas, 1909; <b><i>niveatus</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>pembertoni</i></b> Thomas, 1904; <b><i>talboti</i></b> Thomas, 1909.","Cuvier wrote, ""Je donnerai à cet Écuriel le nom de <i>Pyrropus</i>, á cause de la couleur rousse de ses pieds."" Schinz (1845) spelled the species name <i>pyrrhopus</i> with no mention of the previous spelling. This constitutes an unjustified emendation. Not found on Bioko, Equatorial Guinea (= ""Fernandopô"", see type locality), and since the animal was a pet, it probably was captured on the mainland (Thomas, 1890:447).","24","24-00756","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0756"
"12400757","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","pyrropus","pyrropus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1833","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères","7","No. 66 ""Ecureuil aux pieds roux""","2 unno. pp and pl. [1833]; Tab 4:240 [1842]","","","","Gabon. ""...et elle venoit de l'île Fernandopô, dans le gulfe de Guinée...""","","","","","24","24-00757","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0756-0757"
"12400758","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","pyrropus","akka","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","De Winton","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00758","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0756-0758"
"12400759","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","pyrropus","leonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00759","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0756-0759"
"12400760","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","pyrropus","leucostigma","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00760","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0756-0760"
"12400761","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","pyrropus","mandingo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00761","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0756-0761"
"12400762","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","pyrropus","nigrensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00762","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0756-0762"
"12400763","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","pyrropus","niveatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00763","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0756-0763"
"12400764","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","pyrropus","pembertoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00764","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0756-0764"
"12400765","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","pyrropus","talboti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00765","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0756-0765"
"12400766","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Funisciurus","","substriatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","De Winton","1899","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","4","","357","","","Kintampo Rope Squirrel","Ghana. ""...near Kintampo, Gold Coast hinterland, 800 feet (240 m).""","Côte d’Ivoire, S Ghana, Togo, Benin.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","24","24-00766","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0733-0000-0766"
"12400767","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Trouessart","1880","","Le Naturaliste, 2nd year","1","","292","","<i>Sciurus gambianus</i> Ogilby, 1835 as designated by Opinion 464 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1957<i>d</i>) in which <i>Sciurus annulatus</i> Desmarest, 1822 was suppressed.","","","","","","Tribe Protoxerini (Moore, 1959). Reviewed in part by Grubb (1982<i>b</i>).","24","24-00767","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767"
"12400768","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1835","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1835","","103","","","Gambian Sun Squirrel","Gambia, possibly near Ft. St. Mary. ""...brought from the Gambia..."" ""Through... Mr. Rendall, who has lately arrived from the Gambia, where his brother is lieutenent-governor of Fort St. Mary and the other British possessions in that neighbourhood...""","Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Chad, Central African Republic, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Burundi, Tanzania, Dem. Rep. Congo, Angola, Zimbabwe, Zambia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albina</i>  (Gray, 1867); <i>annularis</i> (Schinz, 1845); <i>annulatus</i> (Desmarest, 1822);<i> simplex</i> (Lesson, 1838);<b><i> abassensis</i></b> (Neumann, 1902); <b><i>bongensis</i></b> Heuglin, 1877; <b><i>canaster</i></b> Thomas and Hinton, 1923; <b><i>dysoni</i></b> (St. Leger, 1937); <b><i>elegans</i></b> Thomas, 1909; <b><i>hoogstraali</i></b> Setzer, 1954; <b><i>kaffensis</i></b> (Neumann, 1902); <b><i>lateris</i></b> (Thomas, 1909); <b><i>limbatus</i></b> Schwarz, 1915; <b><i>loandicus</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>madogae</i></b> (Heller, 1911); <b><i>multicolor</i></b> (Rüppell, 1835); <b><i>omensis</i></b> (Thomas, 1904); <b><i>rhodesiae</i></b> (Wroughton, 1907); <b><i>senescens</i></b> Thomas, 1909.","","24","24-00768","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768"
"12400769","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","gambianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1835","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1835","","103","","","","Gambia, possibly near Ft. St. Mary. ""...brought from the Gambia..."" ""Through... Mr. Rendall, who has lately arrived from the Gambia, where his brother is lieutenent-governor of Fort St. Mary and the other British possessions in that neighbourhood...""","","","","","24","24-00769","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0769"
"12400770","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","abassensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00770","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0770"
"12400771","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","bongensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1877","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00771","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0771"
"12400772","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","canaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00772","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0772"
"12400773","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","dysoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","St. Leger","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00773","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0773"
"12400774","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","elegans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00774","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0774"
"12400775","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","hoogstraali","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Setzer","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00775","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0775"
"12400776","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","kaffensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00776","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0776"
"12400777","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","lateris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00777","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0777"
"12400778","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","limbatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00778","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0778"
"12400779","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","loandicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00779","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0779"
"12400780","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","madogae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00780","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0780"
"12400781","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","multicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00781","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0781"
"12400782","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","omensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00782","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0782"
"12400783","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","rhodesiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00783","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0783"
"12400784","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","gambianus","senescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00784","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0768-0784"
"12400785","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","mutabilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss Akad. Wiss., Berlin","17","","273","","","Mutable Sun Squirrel","Mozambique, Boror, 19 km NW of Quelimane, 17°S . ""Africa orientalis, Boror, 17° Lat. Austr.""","Malawi; S and SW highlands, Tanzania; NW of the Zambezi River near Beira (Mozambique); Chirinda Forest, Melsetter Dist., Sabi/Lundi River confluence, Vumba, Umtali (SE Zimbabwe).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>beirae</i> </b> Roberts, 1913; <b><i>chirindensis</i></b> Roberts, 1913; <b><i>shirensis</i></b> (Gray, 1867); <i>smithersi</i> (Lundholm, 1955); <b><i>vumbae</i></b> Roberts, 1937.","G. M. Allen (1939) considered <i>mutabilis</i> a distinct species. Ellerman (1940) treated it as a subspecies of <i>H</i>. <i>gambianus</i> following Ingoldby (1927). Rosevear (1963), followed by Amtmann (1975), treated it as a subspecies of <i>H</i>. <i>rufobrachium</i>. Grubb (1982<i>b</i>) again treated <i>H</i>. <i>mutabilis</i> as a distinct species and recognized the five subspecies above.","24","24-00785","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0785"
"12400786","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","mutabilis","mutabilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss Akad. Wiss., Berlin","17","","273","","","","Mozambique, Boror, 19 km NW of Quelimane, 17°S . ""Africa orientalis, Boror, 17° Lat. Austr.""","","","","","24","24-00786","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0785-0786"
"12400787","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","mutabilis","beirae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00787","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0785-0787"
"12400788","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","mutabilis","chirindensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00788","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0785-0788"
"12400789","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","mutabilis","shirensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00789","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0785-0789"
"12400790","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","mutabilis","vumbae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00790","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0785-0790"
"12400791","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","punctatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guiné","","","138","","","Small Sun Squirrel","Guinea coast, no exact locality given. ""...dans toutes les forêts de la Guiné..."" Given by Ingoldby (1927) as Ghana: ""Secondi and Bibiani, Gold Coast.""","E Liberia, S Côte d’Ivoire, S Ghana (E to Lake Volta).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>savannius</i> </b> Thomas, 1923.","Treated as a subspecies of <i>H</i>. <i>gambianus</i> by Ingoldby (1927), Ellerman (1940), Rosevear (1969), and Amtmann (1975). Considered a distinct species by G. M. Allen (1939), and Roth and Thorington (1982).","24","24-00791","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0791"
"12400792","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","punctatus","punctatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guiné","","","138","","","","Guinea coast, no exact locality given. ""...dans toutes les forêts de la Guiné..."" Given by Ingoldby (1927) as Ghana: ""Secondi and Bibiani, Gold Coast.""","","","","","24","24-00792","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0791-0792"
"12400793","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","punctatus","savannius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00793","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0791-0793"
"12400794","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","202","","","Red-legged Sun Squirrel","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko ""...brought from Fernando Po..."".","Senegal, W Gambia, W Guinea Bissau, W Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, S Côte d’Ivoire, S Ghana, S Togo, Benin, S Nigeria, Cameroon, Bioko and Rio Muni (Equatorial Guinea), SW Central African Republic, SE Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, SW and SE Kenya, E and NW Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, E Zimbabwe, Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acticola</i>  Thomas, 1923; <i>rufo-brachiatus</i> (Waterhouse, 1843); <b><i>arrhenii</i></b> (Lönnberg, 1917); <b><i>aubryi</i></b> (Milne-Edwards, 1867); <b><i>benga</i></b> Cabrera, 1917; <b><i>brauni</i></b> St. Leger, 1935; <b><i>caurinus</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>coenosus</i></b> (Thomas, 1909); <b><i>emissus</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>hardyi</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>isabellinus</i></b> (Gray, 1867); <b><i>keniae</i></b> (Neumann, 1902); <b><i>leakyi</i></b> Toschi, 1946; <b><i>leonensis</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>lualabae</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>maculatus</i></b> (Temminck, 1853); <i>aschantiensis</i> (Neumann, 1902); <i>libericus</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>waterhousii</i> (Gray, 1867); <b><i>medjianus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1922; <b><i>nyansae</i></b> (Neumann, 1902); <b><i>obfuscatus</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>occidentalis</i></b> (Monard, 1941); <b><i>pasha</i></b> (Schwann, 1904); <b><i>rubricatus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1922; <b><i>semlikii</i></b> Thomas, 1907.","Inclusion of <i>aubryi</i> and <i>emissus</i> questioned (Amtmann, 1975; Grubb, 1978:158).","24","24-00794","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794"
"12400795","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","rufobrachium","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","202","","","","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko ""...brought from Fernando Po..."".","","","","","24","24-00795","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0795"
"12400796","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","arrhenii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00796","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0796"
"12400797","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","aubryi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00797","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0797"
"12400798","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","benga","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00798","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0798"
"12400799","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","brauni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","St. Leger","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00799","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0799"
"12400800","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","caurinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00800","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0800"
"12400801","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","coenosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00801","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0801"
"12400802","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","emissus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00802","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0802"
"12400803","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","hardyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00803","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0803"
"12400804","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","isabellinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00804","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0804"
"12400805","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","keniae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00805","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0805"
"12400806","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","leakyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Toschi","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00806","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0806"
"12400807","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","leonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00807","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0807"
"12400808","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","lualabae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00808","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0808"
"12400809","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","maculatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00809","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0809"
"12400810","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","medjianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00810","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0810"
"12400811","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","nyansae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00811","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0811"
"12400812","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","obfuscatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00812","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0812"
"12400813","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Monard","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00813","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0813"
"12400814","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","pasha","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwann","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00814","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0814"
"12400815","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","rubricatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00815","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0815"
"12400816","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","rufobrachium","semlikii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00816","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0794-0816"
"12400817","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","ruwenzorii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schwann","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","13","","71","","","Ruwenzori Sun Squirrel","E Dem. Rep. Congo, Ruwenzori, Wimi Valley.","Ruwenzori Mtns in E Dem. Rep. Congo; Rwanda; Burundi; SW Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>ituriensis</i> </b> (Prigogone, 1954); <b><i>schoutedeni</i></b> (Prigogine, 1954); <b><i>vulcanius</i></b> Thomas, 1909.","Formerly included in <i>Aethosciurus</i>, which is here included in <i>Paraxerus</i> following Moore (1959).","24","24-00817","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0817"
"12400818","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","ruwenzorii","ruwenzorii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwann","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","13","","71","","","","E Dem. Rep. Congo, Ruwenzori, Wimi Valley.","","","","","24","24-00818","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0817-0818"
"12400819","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","ruwenzorii","ituriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Prigogone","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00819","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0817-0819"
"12400820","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","ruwenzorii","schoutedeni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Prigogine","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00820","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0817-0820"
"12400821","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","ruwenzorii","vulcanius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00821","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0817-0821"
"12400822","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Heliosciurus","","undulatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1892","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","15","","465","","","Zanj Sun Squirrel","Tanzania, Mt. Kilimanjaro. ""Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, June 12, 1888. 6,000 feet (1800 m). Female. Kahé, south of Mount Kilima-Njaro, September 6, 1888.""","SE Kenya; NE Tanzania, including Mafia and Zanzibar Isls.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>daucinus</i>  Thomas, 1909; <i>dolosus</i> Thomas, 1909; <i>marwitzi</i> Müller, 1911; <i>shindi</i> (Heller, 1914).","Considered a subspecies of <i>H. rufobrachium</i> by Amtmann (1975), but treated as a separate monotypic species by Grubb (1982<i>b</i>).","24","24-00822","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0767-0000-0822"
"12400823","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Myosciurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","3","","474","","<i>Sciurus minutus</i> Du Chaillu, 1860 (= <i>Sciurus pumilio</i> Le Conte, 1857).","","","","","","Tribe Funambulini according to Moore (1959). The recent molecular study of Mercer and Roth (2003) places <i>Myosciurius </i>with the other African tree squirrels, to the exclusion of <i>Funambulus</i>.","24","24-00823","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0823"
"12400824","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Myosciurus","","pumilio","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Le Conte","1857","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","9","","11","","","African Pygmy Squirrel","Gabon. ""...the head waters of the Ovenga River..."".","SE Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>minutulus</i>  Hollister, 1921; <i>minutus</i> (Du Chaillu, 1860).","Reviewed by Gharaibeh and Jones (1996, Mammalian Species No. 523).","24","24-00824","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0823-0000-0824"
"12400825","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Forsyth Major","1893","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1893","","189","","<i>Sciurus cepapi</i> A. Smith, 1836.","","","","","<i>Aethosciurus</i>  Thomas, 1916; <i>Montisciurus</i> Eisentraut, 1976; <i>Tamiscus</i> Thomas, 1918.","Tribe Funambulini according to Moore (1959). Originally a subgenus of <i>Xerus</i>; includes <i>Aethosciurus</i> (with the exception of <i>ruwenzorii</i>, here included in <i>Heliosciurus</i>), <i>Montisciurus</i>, and <i>Tamiscus</i>. Recent molecular work of Mercer and Roth (2003) suggests that <i>Paraxerus </i>is not closely related to <i>Funambulus</i>, but to the rest of the African squirrels, in which case, it should be placed in the tribe Protoxerini.","24","24-00825","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825"
"12400826","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","alexandri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","376","","","Alexander's Bush Squirrel","Dem. Rep. Congo, Gudima, River Iri, Upper Welle.","NE Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","","24","24-00826","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0826"
"12400827","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","boehmi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Reichenow","1886","","Zool. Anz.","9","","315","","","Boehm's Bush Squirrel","S Dem. Rep. Congo, Marungu. ""Marungu (Inner-Afrika).""","S Sudan, N and E Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, W Kenya, NW Tanzania, N Zambia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>antoniae</i> </b> Thomas and Wroughton, 1907; <b><i>emini</i></b> (Stuhlman, 1894) [not De Winton, 1895]; <i>lunaris</i> (Thomas, 1918); <i>tanganyikae</i> (Thomas, 1918); <i>ugandae</i> (Neumann, 1902); <i>vulcanorum</i> (Thomas, 1918); <b><i>gazellae</i></b> (Thomas, 1918).","","24","24-00827","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0827"
"12400828","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","boehmi","boehmi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Reichenow","1886","","Zool. Anz.","9","","315","","","","S Dem. Rep. Congo, Marungu. ""Marungu (Inner-Afrika).""","","","","","24","24-00828","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0827-0828"
"12400829","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","boehmi","antoniae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00829","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0827-0829"
"12400830","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","boehmi","emini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Stuhlman","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","[not De Winton, 1895]","24","24-00830","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0827-0830"
"12400831","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","boehmi","gazellae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00831","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0827-0831"
"12400832","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","cepapi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1836","","Rept. Exped. Exploring Central Africa","","","43","","","Smith's Bush Squirrel","South Africa, North West Prov., Rustenberg Dist., Marico River.","S Angola, Zambia, SE Dem. Rep. Congo, Malawi, SW Tanzania, Mozambique, N Namibia, N Botswana, Zimbabwe, NE South Africa.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cepate</i>  [<i>lapsus</i> for <i>cepapi</i>; Gray, 1843]; <b><i>bororensis</i></b> Roberts, 1946; <b><i>carpi</i></b> Lundholm, 1955; <b><i>cepapoides</i></b> Roberts, 1946; <b><i>chobiensis</i></b> Roberts, 1932; <i>kalaharicus</i> Roberts, 1932; <i>maunensis</i> Roberts, 1932; <b><i>phalaena</i></b> Thomas, 1926; <b><i>quotus</i></b> Wroughton, 1909; <b><i>sindi</i></b> Thomas and Wroughton, 1908; <b><i>soccatus</i></b> Wroughton, 1909; <b><i>yulei</i></b> (Thomas, 1902).","","24","24-00832","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0832"
"12400833","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","cepapi","cepapi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1836","","Rept. Exped. Exploring Central Africa","","","43","","","","South Africa, North West Prov., Rustenberg Dist., Marico River.","","","","","24","24-00833","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0832-0833"
"12400834","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","cepapi","bororensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00834","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0832-0834"
"12400835","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","cepapi","carpi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lundholm","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00835","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0832-0835"
"12400836","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","cepapi","cepapoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00836","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0832-0836"
"12400837","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","cepapi","chobiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00837","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0832-0837"
"12400838","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","cepapi","phalaena","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00838","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0832-0838"
"12400839","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","cepapi","quotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00839","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0832-0839"
"12400840","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","cepapi","sindi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00840","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0832-0840"
"12400841","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","cepapi","soccatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00841","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0832-0841"
"12400842","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","cepapi","yulei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00842","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0832-0842"
"12400843","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","cooperi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1950","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12","3","","262","","","Cooper's Mountain Squirrel","Cameroon, Kumba Div., Rumpi Hills, 5°N, 9°15'E.","Cameroon.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Eisentraut (1976) put <i>cooperi</i> in a separate genus, <i>Montisciurus</i>.","24","24-00843","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0843"
"12400844","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","flavovittis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","17","","274","","","Striped Bush Squirrel","NE Mozambique, Mocímboa, 11°S on the coast. ""Africa orientalis, Mossimboa, Quitangonha, a 11° ad 15° Lat. Austr.""","S Kenya, Tanzania, N Mozambique.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>exgeanus</i> </b> (Hinton, 1920); <b><i>ibeanus</i></b> (Hinton, 1920); <b><i>mossambicus</i></b> (Thomas, 1919).","Commonly spelled <i>flavivittis</i> but this was an unjustified emendation by Peters (1852).","24","24-00844","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0844"
"12400845","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","flavovittis","flavovittis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","17","","274","","","","NE Mozambique, Mocímboa, 11°S on the coast. ""Africa orientalis, Mossimboa, Quitangonha, a 11° ad 15° Lat. Austr.""","","","","","24","24-00845","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0844-0845"
"12400846","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","flavovittis","exgeanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00846","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0844-0846"
"12400847","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","flavovittis","ibeanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00847","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0844-0847"
"12400848","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","flavovittis","mossambicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00848","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0844-0848"
"12400849","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","lucifer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1897","","430","","","Black and Red Bush Squirrel","Malawi, Kombe Forest, Misuku Mtns, 9°43'S, 33°31'E.","N Malawi, SW Tanzania, E Zambia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","24","24-00849","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0849"
"12400850","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","ochraceus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Huet","1880","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2","3","","154","","","Ochre Bush Squirrel","Tanzania, Bagamoyo, (6°25'S, 38°54'E). ""Cette petite espèce provient de Bagamoyo, station de nos missionnaires, sur la côte de Zanguebar,...""","S Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>salutans</i>  Thomas, 1909;<b><i> affinis</i></b> (Trouessart, 1897); <i>percivali</i> Dollman, 1911; <b><i>animosus</i></b> Dollman, 1911; <b><i>aruscensis</i></b> (Pagenstecher, 1885); <i>augustus</i> Dollman, 1911; <i>pauli</i> Matschie, 1894; <b><i>electus</i></b> Thomas, 1909; <b><i>ganana</i></b> (Rhoads, 1896); <b><i>jacksoni</i></b> (De Winton, 1897); <i>capitis</i> (Thomas, 1909); <b><i>kahari</i></b> Heller, 1911.","","24","24-00850","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0850"
"12400851","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","ochraceus","ochraceus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huet","1880","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2","3","","154","","","","Tanzania, Bagamoyo, (6°25'S, 38°54'E). ""Cette petite espèce provient de Bagamoyo, station de nos missionnaires, sur la côte de Zanguebar,...""","","","","","24","24-00851","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0850-0851"
"12400852","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","ochraceus","affinis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Trouessart","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00852","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0850-0852"
"12400853","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","ochraceus","animosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00853","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0850-0853"
"12400854","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","ochraceus","aruscensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pagenstecher","1885","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00854","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0850-0854"
"12400855","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","ochraceus","electus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00855","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0850-0855"
"12400856","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","ochraceus","ganana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00856","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0850-0856"
"12400857","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","ochraceus","jacksoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","De Winton","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00857","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0850-0857"
"12400858","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","ochraceus","kahari","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00858","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0850-0858"
"12400859","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","palliatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","17","","273","","","Red Bush Squirrel","Mozambique, mainland near Mocambique Isl ""Africa orientalis, Quintangonha, 15° Lat. Austr.""","S Somalia, E Kenya, E Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>suahelicus</i>  (Neumann, 1902); <b><i>bridgemani</i></b> Dollman, 1914;<i> auriventris</i> Roberts, 1926; <i>tongensis</i> Roberts, 1931; <b><i>frerei</i></b> (Gray, 1873); <i>lastii</i> Thomas, 1906; <b><i>ornatus</i></b> (Gray, 1864); <b><i>sponsus</i></b> Thomas and Wroughton, 1907; <b><i>swynnertoni</i></b> Wroughton, 1908; <b><i>tanae</i></b> (Neumann, 1902); <i>barawensis</i> (Neumann, 1902).","Kingdon (1974<i>b</i>) recognized three subspecies in the northern part of the range, Viljoen (1989) recognized four in the southern part.","24","24-00859","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0859"
"12400860","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","palliatus","palliatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","17","","273","","","","Mozambique, mainland near Mocambique Isl ""Africa orientalis, Quintangonha, 15° Lat. Austr.""","","","","","24","24-00860","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0859-0860"
"12400861","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","palliatus","bridgemani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00861","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0859-0861"
"12400862","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","palliatus","frerei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00862","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0859-0862"
"12400863","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","palliatus","ornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00863","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0859-0863"
"12400864","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","palliatus","sponsus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00864","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0859-0864"
"12400865","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","palliatus","swynnertoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00865","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0859-0865"
"12400866","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","palliatus","tanae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00866","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0859-0866"
"12400867","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","poensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1830","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","128","","","Green Bush Squirrel","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko ""Fernando Póo.""","Sierra Leone, SE Guinea, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Benin, S Nigeria, Cameroon, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), Republic of Congo, W Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>affinis</i>  (Rhoads, 1896); <i>musculinus</i> (Temminck, 1853); <i>olivaceus</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1867); <i>subviridescens</i> (Le Conte, 1857).","Subgenus <i>Aethosciurus</i> according to Moore (1959).","24","24-00867","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0867"
"12400868","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","vexillarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kershaw","1923","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","11","","591","","","Swynnerton's Bush Squirrel","Tanzania, Usambara, Lushoto, Wilhelmsthal.","C and E Tanzania.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>byatti</i> </b> (Kershaw, 1923); <i>laetus</i> (G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1933).","It is possible that <i>vexillarius</i> and <i>byatti</i> are separate species, as treated by G. M. Allen (1939) and Ellerman (1940). Amtmann (1975) combined them but stated that they may be distinct species.","24","24-00868","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0868"
"12400869","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","vexillarius","vexillarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kershaw","1923","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","11","","591","","","","Tanzania, Usambara, Lushoto, Wilhelmsthal.","","","","","24","24-00869","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0868-0869"
"12400870","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","vexillarius","byatti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kershaw","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00870","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0868-0870"
"12400871","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Paraxerus","","vincenti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1950","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12","3","","263","","","Vincent's Bush Squirrel","Mozambique, Namuli Mtn, north of the Zambezi River, (15°21'S, 37°4'E). ""...collected at Namuli Mountain, Portuguese East Africa (15°21'S, 37°4'E), at 5000 ft (1500 m)...""","N Mozambique.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","24","24-00871","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0825-0000-0871"
"12400872","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Forsyth Major","1893","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1893","","189","","<i>Sciurus stangeri</i> Waterhouse, 1842.","","","","","<i>Allosciurus</i>  Conisbee, 1953.","Tribe Protoxerini (Moore, 1959). Includes <i>Allosciurus</i> (replaced <i>Myrsilas</i> Thomas, 1909, which was preoccupied by <i>Myrsilas</i> Stål, 1865 [Hemiptera]) and <i>Protoxerus</i> as subgenera. Originally a subgenus of <i>Xerus</i>, raised to full generic rank by Thomas (1897<i>b</i>).","24","24-00872","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872"
"12400873","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Protoxerus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Forsyth Major","1893","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1893","","189","","<i>Sciurus stangeri</i> Waterhouse, 1842.","","","","","","","24","24-00873","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0873"
"12400874","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Allosciurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Conisbee","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","Replacement name for <i>Myrsilas</i> Thomas, 1909, which was preoccupied by <i>Myrsilas</i> Stål, 1865 [Hemiptera]","24","24-00874","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0874"
"12400875","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Allosciurus","aubinnii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1873","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","12","","65","","","Slender-tailed Squirrel","Ghana, Ashanti Prov., Fanti. ""Fantee"".","Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>salae</i> </b> (Jentink, 1881).","Subgenus <i>Allosciurus</i>.","24","24-00875","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0874-0875"
"12400876","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Allosciurus","aubinnii","aubinnii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1873","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","12","","65","","","","Ghana, Ashanti Prov., Fanti. ""Fantee"".","","","","","24","24-00876","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0874-0875-0876"
"12400877","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Allosciurus","aubinnii","salae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1881","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00877","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0874-0875-0877"
"12400878","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Protoxerus","stangeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","202 (footnote)","","","Forest Giant Squirrel","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko. ""...brought from Fernando Po..."".","Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, W Ghana, Togo, S Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Rio Muni, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), Gabon, E Republic of Congo, N Angola, S Central African Republic, S Sudan, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, W Kenya, N Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nordhoffi</i>  (Du Chaillu, 1860); <i>subalbidus</i> (Du Chaillu, 1860); <b><i>bea</i></b> Heller, 1912; <b><i>centricola</i></b> (Thomas, 1906); <i>moerens</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>notabilis</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>torrentium</i> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>cooperi</i></b> Kingdon, 1971; <b><i>eborivorus</i></b> (Du Chaillu, 1860); <i>calliurus</i> (Peters, 1874); <i>dissonus</i> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>kabobo</i></b> Verheyen, 1960; <b><i>kwango</i></b> Verheyen, 1960; <b><i>loandae</i></b> (Thomas, 1906); <b><i>nigeriae</i></b> (Thomas, 1906); <b><i>personatus</i></b> Kershaw, 1923; <b><i>signatus</i></b> Thomas, 1910; <b><i>temminckii</i></b> (Anderson, 1879); <i>caniceps</i> (Temminck, 1853).","Subgenus <i>Protoxerus</i>.","24","24-00878","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0873-0878"
"12400879","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Protoxerus","stangeri","stangeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","202 (footnote)","","","","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko. ""...brought from Fernando Po..."".","","","","","24","24-00879","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0873-0878-0879"
"12400880","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Protoxerus","stangeri","bea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00880","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0873-0878-0880"
"12400881","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Protoxerus","stangeri","centricola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00881","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0873-0878-0881"
"12400882","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Protoxerus","stangeri","cooperi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kingdon","1971","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00882","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0873-0878-0882"
"12400883","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Protoxerus","stangeri","eborivorus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Du Chaillu","1860","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00883","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0873-0878-0883"
"12400884","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Protoxerus","stangeri","kabobo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Verheyen","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00884","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0873-0878-0884"
"12400885","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Protoxerus","stangeri","kwango","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Verheyen","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00885","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0873-0878-0885"
"12400886","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Protoxerus","stangeri","loandae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00886","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0873-0878-0886"
"12400887","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Protoxerus","stangeri","nigeriae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00887","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0873-0878-0887"
"12400888","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Protoxerus","stangeri","personatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kershaw","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00888","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0873-0878-0888"
"12400889","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Protoxerus","stangeri","signatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00889","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0873-0878-0889"
"12400890","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Protoxerini","Protoxerus","Protoxerus","stangeri","temminckii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1879","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00890","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0727-0872-0873-0878-0890"
"12400891","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Pocock","1923","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1923","1","240","","","","","","","","","24","24-00891","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891"
"12400892","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1892","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","7","","27","","<i>Spermophilus leucurus</i> Merriam, 1892.","","","","","","Tribe Otospermophilini (Gromov et al., 1965), Marmotini, or Ammospermophilini. Formerly included in <i>Spermophilus </i>(Hershkovitz, 1949<i>b</i>); Bryant (1945) considered<i> Ammospermophilus</i> a distinct genus. Recent sequence, biochemical and chromosomal data support Bryant's recognition of generic status and basal position among ground squirrels (Harrison et al., 2003).","24","24-00892","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892"
"12400893","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","harrisii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1854","","Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America","3","","267","","","Harris’s Antelope Squirrel","Unknown. Restricted by Mearns (1896:444) to Santa Cruz Valley at the Mexican boundary, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona [USA].","Arizona to SW New Mexico (USA) and adjoining Sonora, Mexico.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>saxicolus</i> </b> (Mearns, 1896); <i>kinoensis</i> Huey, 1937.","See <i>A</i>. <i>insularis</i>; reviewed by Best et al. (1990<i>c</i>, Mammalian Species No. 366).","24","24-00893","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0893"
"12400894","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","harrisii","harrisii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1854","","Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America","3","","267","","","","Unknown. Restricted by Mearns (1896:444) to Santa Cruz Valley at the Mexican boundary, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona [USA].","","","","","24","24-00894","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0893-0894"
"12400895","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","harrisii","saxicolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00895","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0893-0895"
"12400896","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","insularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1909","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","22","","24","","","Espiritu Santo Island Antelope Squirrel","""Espiritu Santo Island, Lower California [=Baja California Sur], Mexico.""","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Considered a distinct species (Hall, 1981:381); may be most closely related to <i>A</i>. <i>harrisii</i> (Mascarello and Bolles, 1980). Reviewed by Best et al. (1990<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 364).","24","24-00896","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0896"
"12400897","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","interpres","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","N. Am. Fauna","4","","21","","","Texas Antelope Squirrel","""El Paso, [El Paso Co.], Texas [USA].""","New Mexico and W Texas (USA) to Coahuila, Chihuahua, and Durango (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Most divergent species of the genus (Bolles, 1981), and probable primitive sister-species to remainder (Hafner, 1981). Reviewed by Best et al. (1990<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 365).","24","24-00897","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0897"
"12400898","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","leucurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","2","","19","","","White-tailed Antelope Squirrel","""San Gorgonio Pass, [Riverside Co.], California [USA].""","E California and SE Oregon to Colorado and New Mexico (USA), south to Baja California Sur (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>vinnulus</i>  (Elliot, 1904); <b><i>canfieldiae</i></b> Huey, 1929; <b><i>cinamomeus</i></b> (Merriam, 1890); <b><i>escalante</i> </b>(Hansen, 1955); <b><i>extimus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1929; <b><i>notom</i> </b>(Hansen, 1955); <b><i>peninsulae</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1893); <b><i>pennipes</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1931; <b><i>tersus</i> </b>Goldman, 1929.","Reviewed by Belk and Smith (1990, Mammalian Species No. 368).","24","24-00898","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0898"
"12400899","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","leucurus","leucurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","2","","19","","","","""San Gorgonio Pass, [Riverside Co.], California [USA].""","","","","","24","24-00899","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0898-0899"
"12400900","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","leucurus","canfieldiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00900","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0898-0900"
"12400901","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","leucurus","cinamomeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00901","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0898-0901"
"12400902","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","leucurus","escalante","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hansen","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00902","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0898-0902"
"12400903","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","leucurus","extimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00903","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0898-0903"
"12400904","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","leucurus","notom","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hansen","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00904","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0898-0904"
"12400905","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","leucurus","peninsulae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00905","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0898-0905"
"12400906","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","leucurus","pennipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00906","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0898-0906"
"12400907","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","leucurus","tersus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00907","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0898-0907"
"12400908","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Ammospermophilus","","nelsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1893","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","8","","129","","","Nelson’s Antelope Squirrel","""Tipton, San Joachin Valley [Tulare Co.], California [USA].""","San Joaquin Valley (S California, USA).","May now be restricted to southern half of its former range (Hafner, 1981). IUCN – Endangered.","<i>amplus</i>  Taylor, 1916.","Most closely related to <i>interpres</i> (Hafner, 1981). Reviewed by Best et al. (1990<i>d</i>, Mammalian Species No. 367).","24","24-00908","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0892-0000-0908"
"12400909","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Cynomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","Am. Mon. Mag.","2","","43","","<i>Cynomys</i> <i>socialis</i> Rafinesque, 1817 (= <i>Arctomys</i> <i>ludoviciana</i> Ord, 1815).","","","","","<i>Arctomys</i>  Ord, 1815; <i>Cynomomus</i> Osborn, 1894; <i>Leucocrossuromys</i> Hollister, 1916; <i>Mamcynomiscus</i> Herrera, 1899; <i>Monax</i> Warden, 1819.","Tribe Cynomyini (Gromov et al., 1965), or Marmotini (McKenna and Bell, 1997). Revised by Pizzimenti (1975). Clark et al. (1971) published a key to the genus. Includes <i>Cynomys</i> and <i>Leucocrossuromys</i> as subgenera. Relationships of <i>Cynomys</i> to other ground squirrels are in flux. While generally regarded as monophyletic, and a sister-group to North American <i>Spermophilus</i>, recent evidence suggests that <i>Cynomys</i> may be most closely related to the subgenera <i>Ictidomys and Xerospermophilus</i>,<i> </i>making genus <i>Spermophilus</i> paraphyletic (Hafner, 1984:17; Harrison et al., 2003). Goodwin (1995) reviewed the biogeographic history of the genus.","24","24-00909","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0909"
"12400910","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Cynomys","Cynomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","Am. Mon. Mag.","2","","43","","<i>Cynomys</i> <i>socialis</i> Rafinesque, 1817 (= <i>Arctomys</i> <i>ludoviciana</i> Ord, 1815).","","","","","","","24","24-00910","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0909-0910"
"12400911","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Cynomys","Leucocrossuromys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Hollister","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00911","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0909-0911"
"12400912","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Cynomys","Leucocrossuromys","gunnisoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","334","","","Gunnison's Prairie Dog","""Cochitope [Cochetopa] Pass of Rocky Mountains."" (Saguache Co., Colorado, USA).","SE Utah, SW Colorado, NE Arizona, and NW New Mexico (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>zuniensis</i> </b> Hollister, 1916.","Subgenus <i>Leucocrossuromys</i> (Hall, 1981). Reviewed by Pizzimenti and Hoffmann (1973, Mammalian Species No. 25) and Pizzimenti (1976).","24","24-00912","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0909-0911-0912"
"12400913","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Cynomys","Leucocrossuromys","gunnisoni","gunnisoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","334","","","","""Cochitope [Cochetopa] Pass of Rocky Mountains."" (Saguache Co., Colorado, USA).","","","","","24","24-00913","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0909-0911-0912-0913"
"12400914","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Cynomys","Leucocrossuromys","gunnisoni","zuniensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00914","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0909-0911-0912-0914"
"12400915","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Cynomys","Leucocrossuromys","leucurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","N. Am. Fauna","3","","59","","","White-tailed Prairie Dog","""Fort Bridger, [Uinta Co.] Wyoming"" (Merriam, 1890:33).","SC Montana, W and C Wyoming, NE Utah, and NW Colorado (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Leucocrossuromys</i> (Hall, 1981). Reviewed by Clark et al. (1971, Mammalian Species No. 7) and Pizzimenti (1976).","24","24-00915","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0909-0911-0915"
"12400916","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Cynomys","Cynomys","ludovicianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ord","1815","","<i>In</i> Guthrie, New Geogr., Hist. Coml. Grammar, Philadelphia, 2nd ed.","2","","292","","","Black-tailed Prairie Dog","""vicinity of the Missouri."" Restricted by Hollister (1916<i>a</i>:14) to ""Upper Missouri River"" (USA).","Saskatchewan (Canada); Montana to E Nebraska, W Texas, New Mexico, and SE Arizona (USA); NE Sonora, and N Chihuahua (Mexico).","U.S. ESA – Candidate taxon; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>cinereus</i>  Richardson, 1829; <i>grisea</i> Rafinesque, 1817; <i>latrans</i> (Harlan, 1825);<i> missouriensis</i> (Warden, 1819); <i>pyrrotrichus</i> Elliot, 1905; <i>socialis</i> Rafinesque, 1817; <b><i>arizonensis</i></b> Mearns, 1890.","Subgenus <i>Cynomys</i>. Intraspecific variation reviewed by Chesser (1983). Reviewed by Hoogland (1996, Mammalian Species No. 535).","24","24-00916","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0909-0910-0916"
"12400917","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Cynomys","Cynomys","ludovicianus","ludovicianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ord","1815","","<i>In</i> Guthrie, New Geogr., Hist. Coml. Grammar, Philadelphia, 2nd ed.","2","","292","","","","""vicinity of the Missouri."" Restricted by Hollister (1916<i>a</i>:14) to ""Upper Missouri River"" (USA).","","","","","24","24-00917","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0909-0910-0916-0917"
"12400918","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Cynomys","Cynomys","ludovicianus","arizonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00918","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0909-0910-0916-0918"
"12400919","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Cynomys","Cynomys","mexicanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1892","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","7","","157","","","Mexican Prairie Dog","""La Ventura, Coahuila, Mexico.""","Coahuila, and San Luis Potosi; perhaps Nuevo Leon, and Zacatecas (NC Mexico).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Cynomys</i> (Hall, 1981:412); reviewed by Ceballos-G. and Wilson (1985, Mammalian Species No. 248) and Treviño-V. (1991).","24","24-00919","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0909-0910-0919"
"12400920","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Cynomys","Leucocrossuromys","parvidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1905","","Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sci., Sci. Bull.","1","","119","","","Utah Prairie Dog","USA, ""Buckskin Valley, Iron County, Utah.""","SC Utah (USA).","U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Lower Risk (conservation dependent).","","Subgenus <i>Leucocrossuromys</i> (Hall, 1981). Reviewed by Pizzimenti and Collier (1975, Mammalian Species No. 52) and Pizzimenti and Nadler (1972).","24","24-00920","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0909-0911-0920"
"12400921","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blumenbach","1779","","Hand. Hilfsb. Nat.","1","","79","","<i>Mus</i> <i>marmota</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Arctomys</i>  Schreber, 1780; <i>Glis</i> Erxleben, 1777; <i>Lagomys</i> Storr, 1780; <i>Lipura</i> Storr, 1780; <i>Marmotops</i> Pocock, 1922; <i>Petromarmota </i>Steppan et al., 1999.","Tribe Marmotini (Moore, 1959). North American species reviewed by A. H. Howell (1915); Eurasian species revised by Gromov et al. (1965); amphiberingian species reviewed by Hoffmann et al. (1979); phylogeny tested by Steppan et al. (1999). Frase and Hoffmann (1980) provided a key to North American species.","24","24-00921","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921"
"12400922","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Blumenbach","1779","","Hand. Hilfsb. Nat.","1","","79","","<i>Mus</i> <i>marmota</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","","","24","24-00922","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922"
"12400923","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Steppan et al.","1999","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00923","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923"
"12400924","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","baibacina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kastschenko","1899","","Rezul't. Altaisk. Zool. Exp. 1898","","","62","","","Gray Marmot","""...Multa River, near Nizhne-Uimon in the Altai Mountains"" [Altaisk. Krai, Russia] (Ognev, 1963<i>a</i>:252). Alternatively, Aktol' River near Cherga, Gorno-Altaisk. A.O. (Kuznetsov, <i>in</i> Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:514).","Altai and Tien Shan Mtns, SW Siberia (Russia), SE Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Xinjiang (China). Introduced into Caucasus Mtns (Dagestan, Russia; Gromov et al., 1965:360).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aphanasievi</i>  Kuznetsov, 1965; <i>lewisi</i> (Audubon and Bachman, 1854) [<i>nomen oblitum</i>]; <i>ognevi</i> Scalon, 1950; <b><i>centralis</i></b> (Thomas, 1909); <b><i>kastschenkoi</i></b> Stroganov and Yudin, 1956.","Subgenus <i>Marmota</i> (Steppan et al., 1999). Placed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:514) in <i>marmota</i>, and by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:81) in <i>bobak</i>; Kapitonov (1966) analyzed purported hybridization between <i>baibacina</i> and <i>bobak</i>, while Nikol'skii (1974) and Nikol'skii et al. (1983) found species-specific vocalizations. Most Russian authors retain both as distinct species (Gromov et al., 1965:337-387; Zholnerovskaya et al., 1990; Zimina, 1978) and include <i>centralis</i> in this species. Steppan et al.(1999) found that <i>bobac</i> and <i>baibacina</i> are sister species. Kapitonov (1966) indicated that the population called <i>aphanasievi</i> is included in this species; but also see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:81). Includes <i>lewisi</i>, a <i>nomen</i> <i>oblitum</i> (Hoffmann, 1977); <i>baibacina</i> (Brandt, 1843) is a <i>nomen nudum</i>. See also <i>bobak</i>, <i>sibirica</i>.","24","24-00924","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0924"
"12400925","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","baibacina","baibacina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kastschenko","1899","","Rezul't. Altaisk. Zool. Exp. 1898","","","62","","","","""...Multa River, near Nizhne-Uimon in the Altai Mountains"" [Altaisk. Krai, Russia] (Ognev, 1963<i>a</i>:252). Alternatively, Aktol' River near Cherga, Gorno-Altaisk. A.O. (Kuznetsov, <i>in</i> Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:514).","","","","","24","24-00925","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0924-0925"
"12400926","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","baibacina","centralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00926","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0924-0926"
"12400927","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","baibacina","kastschenkoi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Stroganov and Yudin","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00927","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0924-0927"
"12400928","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","bobak","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1776","","Linné's Vollstand. Natursyst. Suppl.","","","40","","","Bobak Marmot","""Poland."" Restricted by Ognev (1963<i>a</i>:221) to ""right [W] bank of the Dnepr [River]"", Ukraine.","Steppes of E Europe, east through Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia to N and C Kazakhstan.","Regaining parts of former range (Bibikov, 1991). IUCN – Lower Risk (conservation dependent).","<i>bobac</i>  (Schreber, 1780); <i>arctomys</i> (Pallas, 1779); <i>baibac</i> (Pallas, 1811); <b><i>tschaganensis</i></b> Bazhanov, 1930; <i>kozlovi</i> Fokanov, 1966.","Subgenus <i>Marmota</i> (Steppan et al., 1999). See comments under <i>baibacina</i>, <i>himalayana</i>, and <i>sibirica</i>. Includes <i>kozlovi</i> (Fokanov, 1966) and <i>tschaganensis</i> (Gromov et al., 1965).","24","24-00928","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0928"
"12400929","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","bobak","bobak","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1776","","Linné's Vollstand. Natursyst. Suppl.","","","40","","","","""Poland."" Restricted by Ognev (1963<i>a</i>:221) to ""right [W] bank of the Dnepr [River]"", Ukraine.","","","","","24","24-00929","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0928-0929"
"12400930","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","bobak","tschaganensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bazhanov","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00930","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0928-0930"
"12400931","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","broweri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Gilmore","1934","","Canadian Field Nat.","48","","57","","","Alaska Marmot","USA, ""Point Lay, Arctic Coast of Alaska"" Restricted by Rausch (1953:117) to head of Kukpowruk River, Alaska.","Brooks Range of N Alaska (USA) from near coast of Chukchi Sea to Alaska-Yukon border; perhaps also N Yukon (Canada).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Marmota</i> (Steppan et al., 1999). Regarded as a synonym of <i>caligata</i> (Hall, 1981) but Rausch and Rausch (1965, 1971) and Hoffmann et al. (1979) considered <i>broweri</i> a distinct species. Steppan et al<i>. </i>(1999) found that <i>broweri </i>is more closely related to the Old World <i>caudata</i> than to Nearctic marmots.","24","24-00931","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0931"
"12400932","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","caligata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eschscholtz","1829","","Zool. Atlas","Part 2","","p. 1, pl. 6","","","Hoary Marmot","Not specified (?). Restricted by J. A. Allen (1877:927) to near Bristol Bay, Alaska, USA.","C Alaska (USA), Yukon and Northwest Territories (Canada) south to W and NE Washington, C Idaho, and W Montana (USA).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>M. c. sheldoni </i>and <i>M. c. vigilis</i>; otherwise – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>sheldoni</i>  A. H. Howell, 1914; <i>vigilis</i> Heller, 1909; <b><i>cascadensis</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1914; <i>raceyi</i> Anderson, 1932; <b><i>okanagana</i></b> (King, 1836); <i>nivaria</i> A. H. Howell, 1914; <i>oxytona</i> Hollister, 1914; <i>sibila</i> Hollister, 1912.","Subgenus <i>Petromarmota</i> (Steppan et al., 1999).","24","24-00932","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923-0932"
"12400933","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","caligata","caligata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Eschscholtz","1829","","Zool. Atlas","Part 2","","p. 1, pl. 6","","","","Not specified (?). Restricted by J. A. Allen (1877:927) to near Bristol Bay, Alaska, USA.","","","","","24","24-00933","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923-0932-0933"
"12400934","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","caligata","cascadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00934","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923-0932-0934"
"12400935","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","caligata","okanagana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","King","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00935","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923-0932-0935"
"12400936","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","camtschatica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1811","","Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.","","","156","","","Black-capped Marmot","""Kamchatka"" [Kamchatsk. Obl., Russia].","E Siberia from Transbaikalia to Chukotka and Kamchatka (Russia), in several geographically isolated populations (Nikol'skii et al., 1991).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>bungei</i> </b> (Kastschenko, 1901); <i>cliftoni</i> (Thomas, 1902); <b><i>doppelmayri</i></b> Birula, 1922.","Subgenus <i>Marmota</i> (Steppan et al., 1999). Regarded as a synonym of <i>marmota</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Rausch, 1953). Hoffmann et al. (1979) reviewed this and related species, and affirmed its specific status. Kapitonov (1978) concluded that morphological differences justified independent specific status for <i>doppelmayeri</i>, but Nikol'skii et al. (1991) showed similarity of vocalization between it and <i>bungei</i>, while the nominate form differed, and recommended that <i>doppelmayeri</i> be retained provisionally in this species. Boyeskorov et al. (1999) then showed that <i>camtschatica</i> and <i>doppelmayeri</i> were most divergent morphologically and immunologically, but the geographically intermediate Yakutian subspecies was also intermediate in these characters, and referred to the group as a whole as a superspecies. Steppan et al. (1999) found <i>himalayana</i> and <i>sibirica</i> to be sister species, and in the same clade as <i>camtschatica</i>. Lyapu... [truncated]","24","24-00936","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0936"
"12400937","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","camtschatica","camtschatica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1811","","Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.","","","156","","","","""Kamchatka"" [Kamchatsk. Obl., Russia].","","","","","24","24-00937","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0936-0937"
"12400938","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","camtschatica","bungei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kastschenko","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00938","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0936-0938"
"12400939","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","camtschatica","doppelmayri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Birula","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00939","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0936-0939"
"12400940","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","caudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Geoffroy","1844","","<i>In</i> Jacquemont, Voy. dans l'Inde","4, Zool.","","66","","","Long-tailed Marmot","""Hombur [Ghombur] area, upper reaches of the Indus in Kashmir [India]"" (Ognev, 1963<i>a</i>:284).","W Tien Shan through the Pamirs (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan) to Hindu Kush (Afghanistan), Pakistan, Kashmir (India), and mountains of extreme W Xinjiang and Xizang (China).","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>aurea</i> </b><b> </b>(Blanford, 1875); <i>flavina</i> (Thomas, 1909); <i>littledalei</i> (Thomas, 1909); <b><i>dichrous</i></b> (Anderson, 1875); <i>stirlingi</i> Thomas, 1916.","Subgenus <i>Marmota</i> (Steppan et al., 1999). Includes <i>dichrous</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:82); but also see Gromov et al. (1965:440) who listed it as a distinct species.","24","24-00940","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0940"
"12400941","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","caudata","caudata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Geoffroy","1844","","<i>In</i> Jacquemont, Voy. dans l'Inde","4, Zool.","","66","","","","""Hombur [Ghombur] area, upper reaches of the Indus in Kashmir [India]"" (Ognev, 1963<i>a</i>:284).","","","","","24","24-00941","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0940-0941"
"12400942","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","caudata","aurea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00942","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0940-0942"
"12400943","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","caudata","dichrous","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00943","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0940-0943"
"12400944","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","flaviventris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1841","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","1","","99","","","Yellow-bellied Marmot","""Mountains between Texas and California"" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1915) to Mt. Hood (Oregon, USA).","SC British Columbia and S Alberta (Canada) south to N New Mexico, S Utah, Nevada, and California (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fortirostris</i>  Grinnell, 1921; <i>sierrae</i> A. H. Howell, 1915; <b><i>avara</i></b> (Bangs, 1899); <i>parvula</i> A. H. Howell, 1915; <b><i>dacota</i></b> (Merriam, 1889); <b><i>luteola</i> </b>A. H. Howell, 1914; <i>campioni</i> Figgins, 1915; <i>warreni</i> A. H. Howell, 1914;<b><i> nosophora</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1914; <i>engelhardti<b> </b></i>J. A. Allen, 1905; <b><i>notioros</i></b> Warren, 1934; <b><i>obscura</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1914.","Subgenus <i>Petromarmota</i> (Steppan et al<i>.</i>, 1999). Reviewed by Frase and Hoffmann (1980, Mammalian Species No. 135).","24","24-00944","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923-0944"
"12400945","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","flaviventris","flaviventris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1841","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","1","","99","","","","""Mountains between Texas and California"" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1915) to Mt. Hood (Oregon, USA).","","","","","24","24-00945","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923-0944-0945"
"12400946","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","flaviventris","avara","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00946","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923-0944-0946"
"12400947","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","flaviventris","dacota","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00947","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923-0944-0947"
"12400948","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","flaviventris","luteola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00948","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923-0944-0948"
"12400949","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","flaviventris","nosophora","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00949","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923-0944-0949"
"12400950","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","flaviventris","notioros","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Warren","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00950","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923-0944-0950"
"12400951","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","flaviventris","obscura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00951","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923-0944-0951"
"12400952","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","himalayana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1841","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","10","","777","","","Himalayan Marmot","""Himalaya...and sandy plains of Tibet""; ""potius Tibetensis"" (Hodgson, 1843). Restricted by Blanford (1875<i>a</i>) to ""the Kachar of Nepal.""","Montane regions of W China, Nepal, and N India to Ladak.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hemachalana</i>  (Hodgson, 1843); <i>hodgsoni</i> (Blanford, 1879); <i>tataricus</i> (Jameson, 1847); <i>tibetanus</i> (Gray, 1847); <b><i>robusta</i></b> (Milne-Edwards, 1872).","Subgenus <i>Marmota</i> (Steppan et al., 1999). Placed in <i>bobak</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:515; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:81), but geographically separated from that species; evidence for specific status in Gromov et al. (1965); sister species of <i>sibirica</i>; see also comment under <i>baibacina </i>and <i>sibirica.</i>","24","24-00952","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0952"
"12400953","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","himalayana","himalayana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1841","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","10","","777","","","","""Himalaya...and sandy plains of Tibet""; ""potius Tibetensis"" (Hodgson, 1843). Restricted by Blanford (1875<i>a</i>) to ""the Kachar of Nepal.""","","","","","24","24-00953","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0952-0953"
"12400954","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","himalayana","robusta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00954","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0952-0954"
"12400955","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","marmota","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","60","","","Alpine Marmot","""in alpibus Helveticis"" Restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:147) to Swiss Alps.","Swiss, Italian, and French Alps; W Austria; S Germany; Carpathian (Romania) and Tatra Mtns (Czech Republic, Poland); introduced into French Pyrenees, E Austria and N Serbia and Montenegro.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alba</i>  (Bechstein, 1801);<i> alpina</i> Blumenbach, 1779; <i>marmotta</i> Trouessart, 1904; <i>nigra</i> (Bechstein, 1801); <i>tigrina</i> (Bechstein, 1801);<i> <b>latirostris</b></i> Kratochvil, 1961.","Subgenus <i>Marmota</i> (Steppan et al., 1999). Formerly included <i>baibacina</i>, <i>broweri</i>, <i>caligata</i>, <i>camtschatica</i>, and <i>menzbieri</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Rausch, 1953).","24","24-00955","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0955"
"12400956","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","marmota","marmota","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","60","","","","""in alpibus Helveticis"" Restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:147) to Swiss Alps.","","","","","24","24-00956","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0955-0956"
"12400957","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","marmota","latirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kratochvil","1961","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00957","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0955-0957"
"12400958","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","menzbieri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kashkarov","1925","","Trans. Turk. Sci. Soc.","2","","47","","","Menzbier's Marmot","""Chigyr-Tash, in the headwaters of the Ugam River, Talass Ala Tau"" [Yuzhno-Kazakhstansk. Obl., Kazakhstan].","W Tien Shan Mtns, in S Kazakhstan and NW Kirgizia.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>zachidovi</i> </b> Petrov, 1963.","Subgenus <i>Marmota</i> (Steppan et al., 1999). Regarded by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:514) as a probable synonym of <i>marmota</i>; but see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:81). Steppan et al. (1999) found <i>menzbieri</i> to be the sister species to <i>caudata.</i>","24","24-00958","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0958"
"12400959","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","menzbieri","menzbieri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kashkarov","1925","","Trans. Turk. Sci. Soc.","2","","47","","","","""Chigyr-Tash, in the headwaters of the Ugam River, Talass Ala Tau"" [Yuzhno-Kazakhstansk. Obl., Kazakhstan].","","","","","24","24-00959","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0958-0959"
"12400960","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","menzbieri","zachidovi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Petrov","1963","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00960","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0958-0960"
"12400961","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","monax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","60","","","Woodchuck","""in America septentrionalis."" Restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:147) to Maryland (USA).","Alaska (USA) through S Canada to S Labrador to NE and SC USA; south in Rocky Mtns, possibly to N Idaho.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bunkeri</i>  Black, 1935; <b><i>canadensis</i></b> (Erxleben, 1777); <i>empetra </i>(Pallas, 1778); <i>johnsoni</i> Anderson, 1943; <i>melanopus</i> (Kuhl, 1820); <i>ochracea</i> Swarth, 1911; <i>petrensis</i> A. H. Howell, 1915; <i>sibila</i> (Wolf, 1808); <b><i>ignava</i></b> (Bangs, 1899); <b><i>rufescens</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1914; <i>preblorum</i> A. H. Howell, 1914.","Subgenus <i>Marmota</i> (Steppan et al., 1999). Reviewed by Kwiecinski (1998, Mammalian Species No. 591).","24","24-00961","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0961"
"12400962","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","monax","monax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","60","","","","""in America septentrionalis."" Restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:147) to Maryland (USA).","","","","","24","24-00962","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0961-0962"
"12400963","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","monax","canadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00963","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0961-0963"
"12400964","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","monax","ignava","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00964","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0961-0964"
"12400965","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","monax","rufescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00965","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0961-0965"
"12400966","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","olympus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","50","","352","","","Olympic Marmot","""From Timberline at head of Soleduc River, Olympic Mountains, [Olympic Nat. Park] Washington [USA].""","Olympic Mtns of W Washington (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Petromarmota</i>; basal to the <i>caligata-vancouverensis </i>clade<i> </i>(Steppan et al<i>.</i>, 1999). Considered a subspecies of <i>marmota</i> by Rausch (1953), but reviewed by Hoffmann et al. (1979) who confirmed its specific status. Also see Edelman (2003, Mammalian Species No. 736).","24","24-00966","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923-0966"
"12400967","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","sibirica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Radde","1862","","Reise in den Suden von Ost-Sibierien","","","159","","","Tarbagan Marmot","""Kulusutai, near Lake Torei-Nor, southeast Transbaikal"" [Chitinsk Obl., Russia].","SW Siberia, Tuva, Transbaikalia (Russia); N and W Mongolia; Heilungjiang and Inner Mongolia (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dahurica</i>  (Dybowski, 1922); <b><i>caliginosus</i></b> Bannikov and Skalon, 1949.","Subgenus <i>Marmota</i> (Steppan et al., 1999). Placed (with <i>baibacina</i>) in <i>bobak</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:515; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:81). Gromov et al. (1965) and Zimina (1978) provided evidence of specific distinctness and included <i>caliginosus</i> in this species; see comment under <i>baibacina</i> and <i>sibirica</i>. Steppan et al. (1999) found <i>sibirica</i> and <i>himalayana</i> to be sister species. Nikol'skii (1974) and Smirin et al. (1985) analyzed contact between <i>baibacina</i> and <i>sibirica</i> in Tuva and the Mongolian Altai; Sokolov and Orlov (1980:329) also indicated sympatry in NW Mongolia; limited hybridization is possible.","24","24-00967","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0967"
"12400968","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","sibirica","sibirica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Radde","1862","","Reise in den Suden von Ost-Sibierien","","","159","","","","""Kulusutai, near Lake Torei-Nor, southeast Transbaikal"" [Chitinsk Obl., Russia].","","","","","24","24-00968","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0967-0968"
"12400969","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Marmota","sibirica","caliginosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bannikov and Skalon","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00969","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0922-0967-0969"
"12400970","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Marmota","Petromarmota","vancouverensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Swarth","1911","","Univ. California Publ. Zool.","7","","201","","","Vancouver Island Marmot","""Mt. Douglas (altitude 4,200 feet [1280 m]), twenty miles [32 km] south of Alberni, Vancouver Island, British Columbia"" [Canada].","Mountains of Vancouver Isl (British Columbia, Canada).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Petromarmota</i>; sister species to <i>M. caligata</i> (Steppan et al<i>.</i>, 1999). Considered a subspecies of <i>marmota</i> by Rausch (1953). Reviewed by Hoffmann et al. (1979) who confirmed its specific status, and by Nagorsen (1987, Mammalian Species No. 270).","24","24-00970","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0921-0923-0970"
"12400971","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Sciurotamias","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1901","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","23","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>davidianus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1867.","","","","","<i>Rupestes</i>  Thomas, 1922.","Includes <i>Rupestes</i> and <i>Sciurotamias</i> as subgenera; reviewed by Moore and Tate (1965). <i>S</i>. <i>davidianus</i> has a penile duct and Cowper's glands, and its glans and baculum are similar to those of <i>Ratufa</i>; therefore, Callahan and Davis (1982) removed this taxon from the Tamiasciurini (Moore, 1959:182) or Tamiini (Gromov et al., 1965:124) and tentatively referred it to Ratufini. Molecular studies now support its placement in Tamiini (Steppan et al., 2004), as does morphology (Thorington et al., 1998).","24","24-00971","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0971"
"12400972","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Sciurotamias","Sciurotamias","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1901","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","23","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>davidianus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1867.","","","","","","","24","24-00972","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0971-0972"
"12400973","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Sciurotamias","Rupestes","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00973","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0971-0973"
"12400974","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Sciurotamias","Sciurotamias","davidianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","19","","196","","","Père David's Rock Squirrel","""Mountains of Peking,"" Hebei Prov., China.","S Gansu to Hebei and Shandong to S Liaoning, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Henan, Hubei, Guizhou, Guangxi, Anhui and SW Sichuan (China) (Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>latro</i>  Heude, 1898; <i>owstoni</i> J. A. Allen, 1909; <i>saltitans</i> Heude, 1898; <b><i>consobrinus</i></b> (Milne-Edwards, 1868-1874); <i>thayeri</i> G. M. Allen, 1912. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>collaris</i> Heude, 1898.","Subgenus <i>Sciurotamias</i>. Distribution shown by Corbet and Hill (1992) is more restricted than that of Zhang et al. (1997).","24","24-00974","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0971-0972-0974"
"12400975","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Sciurotamias","Sciurotamias","davidianus","davidianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","19","","196","","","","""Mountains of Peking,"" Hebei Prov., China.","","","","","24","24-00975","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0971-0972-0974-0975"
"12400976","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Sciurotamias","Sciurotamias","davidianus","consobrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1868-1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00976","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0971-0972-0974-0976"
"12400977","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Sciurotamias","Rupestes","forresti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","10","","399","","","Forrest's Rock Squirrel","""Mekong-Yangtze Divide on 27° 20' N 7000-9000'."" [=Hengduan Shan] Yunnan Prov., China.","Yunnan Province,(China). See Zhang et al. (1997).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Rupestes</i> (Moore and Tate, 1965). Apparently parapatric with <i>davidianus</i> ESE of Kunming.","24","24-00977","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0971-0973-0977"
"12400978","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1825","","Dentes des Mammiferes","","","255","","<i>Mus</i> <i>citellus</i> Linnaeus, 1766.","","","","","<i>Anisonyx</i>  Rafinesque, 1817; <i>Arctomys</i> Schreber, 1780; <i>Callospermophilus</i> Merriam, 1897; <i>Citellus</i> Oken, 1816; <i>Citillus</i> Lichtenstein, 1830; <i>Colobates</i> Milne-Edwards, 1874; <i>Colobotis</i> Brandt, 1844; <i>Ictidomoides</i> Mearns, 1907; <i>Ictidomys</i> J. A. Allen, 1877; <i>Notocitellus</i> A. H. Howell, 1938; <i>Otocolobus</i> Brandt, 1844; <i>Otospermophilus</i> Brandt, 1844; <i>Poliocitellus</i> A. H. Howell, 1938; <i>Spermatophilus</i> Wagler, 1830; <i>Spermophilis</i> Richardson, 1839; <i>Urocitellus</i> Obolenskij, 1927; <i>Xerospermophilus</i> Merriam, 1892.","Tribe Marmotini (Moore, 1959). <i>Citellus</i> Oken, 1816 has been widely used, but is invalid (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:82; Hershkovitz, 1949<i>b</i>). Includes<i> Otospermophilus</i>,<i> Xerospermophilus</i>, <i>Ictidomys</i>, <i>Poliocitellus</i>,<i> Callospermophilus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Spermophilus</i> as subgenera (Hall, 1981:382); Gromov et al. (1965) gave the first three taxa generic rank, and considered <i>Poliocitellus</i> a subgenus of <i>Ictidomys</i>, while placing <i>Callospermophilus</i> and <i>Otospermophilus</i> as sister subgenera under genus <i>Otospermophilus</i>. North American species revised by A. H. Howell (1938). Eurasian species revised by Gromov et al. (1965) who also recognized <i>Colobotis</i> and <i>Urocitellus</i> as subgenera; but see Hall (1981:382), who included them in subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i>. Holarctic species reviewed by Nadler et al. (1982, 1984). A key to the genus was given by Rickart and Yensen (1991).","24","24-00978","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978"
"12400979","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1825","","Dentes des Mammiferes","","","255","","<i>Mus</i> <i>citellus</i> Linnaeus, 1766.","","","","","","","24","24-00979","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979"
"12400980","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Brandt","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00980","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980"
"12400981","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Xerospermophilus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00981","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0981"
"12400982","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1877","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00982","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982"
"12400983","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Poliocitellus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00983","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0983"
"12400984","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00984","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984"
"12400985","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","adocetus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1903","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","16","","79","","","Tropical Ground Squirrel","""La Salada, 40 miles [64 km] south of Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico.""","E Jalisco, Michoacan, and N Guerrero (WC Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arceliae</i>  Villa-R., 1942; <b><i>infernatus</i></b> Alvarez and Ramírez-P., 1968.","Subgenus <i>Notocitellus</i> (A. H. Howell, 1938) or <i>Otospermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:399); but see also Birney and Genoways (1973) who suggested it is closer to subgenus <i>Ictidomys</i>. Molecular sequence data indicate that <i>adocetus</i> and <i>annulatus</i> are sister species (Harrison et al., 2003), and basal to all other spermophiline ground squirrels, except <i>Ammospermophilus</i>. Reviewed by Best (1995<i>g</i>, Mammalian Species No. 504).","24","24-00985","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-0985"
"12400986","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","adocetus","adocetus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1903","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","16","","79","","","","""La Salada, 40 miles [64 km] south of Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico.""","","","","","24","24-00986","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-0985-0986"
"12400987","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","adocetus","infernatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Alvarez and Ramírez-P.","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00987","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-0985-0987"
"12400988","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","alashanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Büchner","1888","","Wiss. Res. Przewalski Cent. Asien Zool.","I:(Säugeth.)","","11","","","Alashan Ground Squirrel","""Southern Ala Shan"" [Desert, China] (Ognev, 1963<i>a</i>:150).","SC Mongolia; Ala Shan and E Nan Shan (N China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dilutus</i>  (Formozov, 1929); <i>obscurus</i> Büchner, 1888; <i>siccus</i> (G. M. Allen, 1925).","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Gromov et al. 1965:208). Placed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) in <i>dauricus</i>; Orlov and Davaa (1975) provided evidence of specific distinctness. Molecular sequence data (Harrison et al., 2003) suggest a sister species relationship with <i>pallidicauda</i>.","24","24-00988","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-0988"
"12400989","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","annulatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1842","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","8","","319","","","Ring-tailed Ground Squirrel","""Western prairies."" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1938:163) to Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico.","Nayarit to N Guerrero (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>goldmani</i> </b> Merriam, 1902.","Subgenus <i>Notocitellus</i> (A. H. Howell, 1938:162) or <i>Otospermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:403). See <i>adocetes</i>, above. Reviewed by Best (1995<i>h</i>, Mammalian Species No. 508).","24","24-00989","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-0989"
"12400990","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","annulatus","annulatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1842","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","8","","319","","","","""Western prairies."" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1938:163) to Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico.","","","","","24","24-00990","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-0989-0990"
"12400991","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","annulatus","goldmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00991","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-0989-0991"
"12400992","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","armatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kennicott","1863","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","15","","158","","","Uinta Ground Squirrel","""In the foothills of the Uinta Mountains, near Fort Bridger, [Uinta Co.] Wyo[ming]."" [USA].","SC Utah to S Montana, SE Idaho to W Wyoming (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:386). Largely allopatric with its sister species, <i>beldingi</i> (Harrison et al., 2003). Reviewed by Eshelman and Sonnemann (2000; Mammalian Species No. 637).","24","24-00992","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-0992"
"12400993","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","atricapillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","W. Bryant","1889","","Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2","2","","26","","","Baja California Rock Squirrel","""Comondu, Lower California"" [Baja California Sur, Mexico].","Baja California (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Otospermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:402). Sister species to <i>beecheyi</i> (Harrison et al., 2003). Reviewed by Alvarez-Casteñeda et al. (1996, Mammalian Species No. 521).","24","24-00993","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-0993"
"12400994","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","beecheyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1829","","Fauna Boreali-Americana","1","","170","","","California Ground Squirrel","""neighborhood of San Francisco and Monterey, in Calfornia."" Restricted by Grinnell (1933) to Monterey, Monterey Co., California, USA.","W Washington (USA) to Baja California Norte (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>douglasii</i> </b> (Richardson, 1829); <b><i>fisheri</i></b> Merriam, 1893; <b><i>nesioticus</i></b> (Elliot, 1904); <b><i>nudipes</i></b> (Huey, 1931); <b><i>parvulus</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1931); <b><i>rupinarum</i></b> (Huey, 1931); <b><i>sierrae</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1938).","Subgenus <i>Otospermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:401).","24","24-00994","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-0994"
"12400995","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","beecheyi","beecheyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1829","","Fauna Boreali-Americana","1","","170","","","","""neighborhood of San Francisco and Monterey, in Calfornia."" Restricted by Grinnell (1933) to Monterey, Monterey Co., California, USA.","","","","","24","24-00995","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-0994-0995"
"12400996","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","beecheyi","douglasii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00996","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-0994-0996"
"12400997","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","beecheyi","fisheri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00997","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-0994-0997"
"12400998","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","beecheyi","nesioticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00998","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-0994-0998"
"12400999","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","beecheyi","nudipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-00999","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-0994-0999"
"12401000","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","beecheyi","parvulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01000","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-0994-1000"
"12401001","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","beecheyi","rupinarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01001","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-0994-1001"
"12401002","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","beecheyi","sierrae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01002","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-0994-1002"
"12401003","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","beldingi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1888","","Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.","4","","317","","","Belding's Ground Squirrel","""Donner, [Placer Co.,] California [USA].""","E Oregon, SW Idaho, NE California, N Nevada, and NW Utah (USA).","","<b><i>creber</i> </b> (Hall, 1940); <b><i>oregonus</i></b> Merriam, 1898.","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:387). Reviewed by Jenkins and Eshelman (1984, Mammalian Species No. 221).","24","24-01003","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1003"
"12401004","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","beldingi","beldingi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1888","","Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.","4","","317","","","","""Donner, [Placer Co.,] California [USA].""","","","","","24","24-01004","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1003-1004"
"12401005","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","beldingi","creber","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01005","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1003-1005"
"12401006","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","beldingi","oregonus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01006","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1003-1006"
"12401007","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","brevicauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brandt","1843","","Bull. Acad. Sci., St. Petersbourg","","","364","","","Brandt’s Ground Squirrel","""Habitat, ut videtur, in provincis Altaicis australiorbis versus lacum Balchasch"" (Ognev, 1947:83). Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966:508) however, cite ""Zaisan basin"", after Kuznetsov (1944).","Zaisan depression south and westward along the Tien Shan mountains to the vicinity of Almaty, on both sides of the Kazakh-Chinese border (see Ma et al., 1987).","","<i>carruthersi</i>  (Thomas, 1912); <i>intermedius</i> (Brandt, 1844); <i>ilensis</i> (Belyaev, 1945); <i>saryarka</i> (Selevin, 1937); <i>selevini</i> (Argyropolu, 1941).","Subgenus <i>Colobotis</i> according to Gromov et al. (1965:315), but see Hall (1981:381) who included <i>Colobotis</i> in subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i>. See comments in <i>erythrogenys</i>, of which <i>brevicauda </i>was long considered a subspecies. A phylogeny based on molecular sequence data separates <i>brevicauda</i> from <i>erythrogenys</i>, <i>pallidicauda</i>, and <i>alashanicus</i> (Harrison et al., 2003).","24","24-01007","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1007"
"12401008","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","brunneus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1928","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","41","","211","","","Idaho Ground Squirrel","""New Meadows, Adams County, Idaho [USA].""","WC Idaho (USA), in three isolated areas; north of Payette River to Hitt and Cuddy Mtns; between Cuddy and Seven Devils Mtns, and east of West Mtns.","""...limited ranges and small breeding populations...vulnerable..."" (Yensen, 1991:597). U.S. ESA – Candidate taxon as <i>S. b. endemicus</i>, Threatened as <i>S. b. brunneus</i>; IUCN - Critically Endangered as <i>S. b. brunneus</i>, Vulnerable as <i>S. b. endemicus</i>; otherwise Endangered as <i>S. brunneus</i>.","<i>endemicus</i>  Yensen, 1991.","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:385). Includes <i>endemicus</i>, which ""may be reaching species-level separation"" (Yensen, 1991:597). Included in clade which also contains <i>canus</i> and <i>mollis</i>. Population genetics analyzed by Gavin et al., 1999. Reviewed by Yensen and Sherman (1997, Mammalian Species No. 560).","24","24-01008","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1008"
"12401009","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","canus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","70","","","Merriam's Ground Squirrel","""Antelope, Wasco County, Oregon."" [USA].","USA: E Oregon, except NE and SE corners; extreme NW Nevada; W side of Snake River in WC Idaho.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>vigilis</i>  (Merriam, 1913).","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:383). Includes <i>vigilis</i> (see Vorontsov and Lyapunova, 1970; Nadler et al., 1984, wherein that junior synonym was employed as the species name). Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>townsendii</i> (Hall, 1981:383-384), but differs in diploid chromosome number (Nadler et al., 1984). No hybridization between <i>canus</i> (2n=46) and adjacent <i>mollis</i> (2n=38) or <i>townsendii</i> (2n=36) has been reported (Rickart et al., 1985). Reviewed (in part) by Rickart (1987), as <i>S</i>. <i>townsendii</i>.","24","24-01009","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1009"
"12401010","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","citellus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","80","","","European Ground Squirrel","""Austria""; restricted by Martino and Martino (1940) to ""Wagram, Niederosterrich"" (Bauer, 1960:254).","SE Germany, Czech Republic, SW Poland through SE Europe to European Turkey, Moldovia and W Ukraine.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>citillus</i>  (Pallas, 1779); <b><i>gradojevici</i></b> (Martino, 1929); <i>karamani</i> (Martino, 1940); <b><i>istricus</i></b> (Calinescu, 1934); <i>laskarevi</i> (Martino, 1940); <b><i>martinoi</i></b> (Peshchev, 1955); <i>balcanicus</i> (Markov, 1957); <i>thracius</i> (Mursaloglu, 1964). <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>macedonicus</i> Fraguedakis-Tsolis and Ondrias, 1977.","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i>. Formerly included <i>dauricus</i> and <i>xanthoprymnus</i> as in Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:506); but see Gromov et al. (1965:208, 237), Vorontsov and Lyapunova (1970), and Orlov and Davaa (1975). Cytogenetics described by Belcheva and Peshev (1985) and Soldatovic et al. (1984); <i>xanthoprymnus</i> is now considered to be more closely aligned with <i>suslicus</i> and <i>dauricus</i> (Harrison et al., 2003).","24","24-01010","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1010"
"12401011","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","citellus","citellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","80","","","","""Austria""; restricted by Martino and Martino (1940) to ""Wagram, Niederosterrich"" (Bauer, 1960:254).","","","","","24","24-01011","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1010-1011"
"12401012","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","citellus","gradojevici","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Martino","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01012","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1010-1012"
"12401013","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","citellus","istricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Calinescu","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01013","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1010-1013"
"12401014","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","citellus","martinoi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peshchev","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01014","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1010-1014"
"12401015","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","columbianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ord","1815","","<i>In</i> Guthrie, New Geogr., Hist., Coml. Grammar, Philadelphia, 2nd ed.","2","","292","","","Columbian Ground Squirrel","""Between the forks of the Clearwater and Kooskooskie rivers,"" [Idaho Co., Idaho, USA].","SE British Columbia and W Alberta (Canada) to NE Oregon, C Idaho, and C Montana (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albertae</i>  (J. A. Allen, 1903); <i>brachiura</i> (Rafinesque, 1817); <i>erythrogluteia</i> (Richardson, 1829); <b><i>ruficaudus</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1928).","Subgenus <i>Urocitellus</i> according to Gromov et al. (1965:196), but Hall (1981:381) included <i>Urocitellus</i> in subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i>. Chromosomes described by Nadler et al. (1975<i>a</i>). Reviewed by Elliot and Flinders (1991, Mammalian Species No. 372).","24","24-01015","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1015"
"12401016","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","columbianus","columbianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ord","1815","","<i>In</i> Guthrie, New Geogr., Hist., Coml. Grammar, Philadelphia, 2nd ed.","2","","292","","","","""Between the forks of the Clearwater and Kooskooskie rivers,"" [Idaho Co., Idaho, USA].","","","","","24","24-01016","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1015-1016"
"12401017","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","columbianus","ruficaudus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01017","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1015-1017"
"12401018","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","dauricus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brandt","1843","","Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg","2","","379","","","Daurian Ground Squirrel","""...circa Torei lacum exiccatum Dauuriae et ad Onon Bursa rivum."" Torei-Nor (Lake), Chitinsk. Obl., Russia.","Transbaikalia (Russia), Mongolia, N China.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>mongolicus</i>  (Milne-Edwards, 1867); <i>ramosus</i> (Thomas, 1909); <i>umbratus</i> (Thomas, 1908); <i>yamashinae</i> (Kuroda, 1939).","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Gromov et al., 1965:244). Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:83) tentatively included <i>alashanicus</i> in this species, but see Orlov and Davaa (1975) who provided evidence of specific distinctness. See comment under <i>alashanicus</i>. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:506) included <i>dauricus</i> in <i>citellus</i>; but see Gromov et al. (1965:244) who considered <i>dauricus</i> a distinct species. Molecular sequence data suggest a sister species relationship with <i>xanthoprymnus</i> (Harrison et al., 2003).","24","24-01018","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1018"
"12401019","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","elegans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kennicott","1863","","Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","","","158","","","Wyoming Ground Squirrel","""Fort Bridger,"" [Uinta Co., Wyoming, USA].","NE Nevada, SE Oregon, S Idaho, and SW Montana to C Colorado and W Nebraska (USA).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>S. e. nevadensis</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>aureus</i> </b> (Davis, 1939); <b><i>nevadensis</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1928).","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:385). Regarded by A. H. Howell (1938) and Hall (1981:385) as a subspecies of <i>richardsonii</i>; but Nadler et al. (1971<i>a</i>), Robinson and Hoffmann (1975), Koeppl et al. (1978) and Fagerstone (1982) provided evidence of specific distinctness and included <i>aureus</i> and <i>nevadensis</i> in <i>elegans</i>. Sequence data (Harrison et al., 2003) support this. Reviewed by Zegers (1984, Mammalian Species No. 214).","24","24-01019","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1019"
"12401020","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","elegans","elegans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kennicott","1863","","Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","","","158","","","","""Fort Bridger,"" [Uinta Co., Wyoming, USA].","","","","","24","24-01020","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1019-1020"
"12401021","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","elegans","aureus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01021","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1019-1021"
"12401022","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","elegans","nevadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01022","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1019-1022"
"12401023","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","erythrogenys","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brandt","1841","","Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg","","","43","","","Red-cheeked Ground Squirrel","""...vicinity of Barnaul"" [Altaisk Krai, Russia] (Ognev, 1963<i>a</i>:60).","E Kazakhstan, SW Siberia (Russia). Formerly included an isolated population (<i>pallidicauda</i>) in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia (China), which is here given full species status along with <i>brevicauda</i>.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brunnescens</i>  (Belyaev, 1943);<i> heptneri</i> (Vasil’eva, 1964); <i>ungae</i> (Martino, 1923).","Subgenus <i>Colobotis</i> according to Gromov et al. (1965:315), but see Hall (1981:381) who included <i>Colobotis</i> in subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i>. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:508, 511) regarded <i>brevicauda</i>, <i>intermedius</i> and <i>carruthersi</i> as synonyms of <i>pygmaeus</i>, and <i>pallidicauda</i> as a full species. Sludskii et al. (1969) considered <i>intermedius</i> (= <i>brevicauda</i>) a full species; while Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:84) provisionally included these taxa in <i>major</i>; but see Gromov et al. (1965:315), Vorontsov and Lyapunova (1970), and Nikol'skii (1984) for evidence of specific distinctness from <i>major</i>. The names <i>ungae</i> (Martino, 1923), <i>ilensis</i> (Belyaev, 1945), and <i>heptneri</i> (Vasil’eva, 1964) are particularly unstable. Ognev (1947) placed <i>ungae</i> in <i>erythrogenys</i>, and omitted <i>ilensis</i>, as did Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1955). Gromov et al. (1965) placed <i>ungae</i>, and the newly described <i>heptner... [truncated]","24","24-01023","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1023"
"12401024","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Poliocitellus","franklinii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sabine","1822","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","587","","","Franklin's Ground Squirrel","None specified. Restricted by Preble (1908:165) to Carlton House, Saskatchewan, Canada.","N Great Plains; Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Canada), south to Kansas, Illinois, and Indiana (USA).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Poliocitellus</i> (Hall, 1981:397). Molecular sequence data (Harrison et al., 2003) group this species with <i>Xerospermophilus</i>, <i>Ictidomys</i> and <i>Cynomys</i>. Reviewed by Ostroff and Finck (2003, Mammalian Species No. 724).","24","24-01024","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0983-1024"
"12401025","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","fulvus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1823","","Naturh. Abh. Eversmann's Reise","","","119","","","Yellow Ground Squirrel","""near the Kuvandzhur River, east of Mugodzhary Mountains, north of Aral Sea"" [Kazakhstan] (Ognev, 1963<i>a</i>:29).","Kazakhstan, from the Caspian Sea and the Volga River to Lake Balkash; south through Uzbekistan, W Tajikistan and Turkmenistan to NE Iran, and N Afghanistan; W Xinjiang (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>concolor</i>  (Fischer, 1829); <i>concolor</i> I. Geoffroy, 1831; <i>giganteus</i> (Fischer, 1829); <i>maximus</i> (Pallas, 1778); <i>nanus</i> (Fischer, 1829); <b><i>hypoleucos</i></b> (Satunin, 1909); <i>parthianus</i> (Thomas, 1915); <b><i>oxianus</i></b> (Thomas, 1915); <i>nigrimontanus</i> (Antipin, 1942).","Subgenus <i>Colobotis</i> according to Gromov et al. (1965:276), but see Hall (1981:381) who included <i>Colobotis</i> in subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i>. See also <i>major</i>, which may be the sister species to <i>fulvus</i> (Harrison et al., 2003); <i>fulvus</i> occurs sympatrically with <i>major</i> in the southern third of the latter’s range, where sporadic hybridization occurs south of Saratov (Ermakov, 1996).","24","24-01025","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1025"
"12401026","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","fulvus","fulvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1823","","Naturh. Abh. Eversmann's Reise","","","119","","","","""near the Kuvandzhur River, east of Mugodzhary Mountains, north of Aral Sea"" [Kazakhstan] (Ognev, 1963<i>a</i>:29).","","","","","24","24-01026","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1025-1026"
"12401027","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","fulvus","hypoleucos","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01027","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1025-1027"
"12401028","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","fulvus","oxianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01028","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1025-1028"
"12401029","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","lateralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Say","1823","","<i>In</i> Long, Account Exped. Pittsburgh to Rocky Mtns","2","","46","","","Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel","""near Cañon City."" Restricted by Merriam (1905:163) to Arkansas River, about 26 mi. [42 km] below Canyon City, Fremont Co., Colorado (USA).","Montane W North America, from C British Columbia to S New Mexico in the Rocky Mtns, and the Columbia River south to S California and Nevada.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>S. l. wortmani</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>arizonensis</i> </b> (V. Bailey, 1913); <b><i>bernardinus</i></b> Merriam, 1898; <i>brevicauda</i> Merriam, 1893 [not Brandt, 1843]; <b><i>castanurus</i></b> (Merriam, 1890); <i>caryi</i> (A. H. Howell, 1917); <b><i>certus</i></b> (Goldman, 1921); <b><i>chrysodeirus</i></b> (Merriam, 1890); <b><i>cinerascens</i></b> (Merriam, 1890); <b><i>connectens</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1931); <b><i>mitratus</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1931); <b><i>tescorum</i></b> (Hollister, 1911); <b><i>trepidus</i></b> (Taylor, 1910); <b><i>trinitatus</i></b> (Merriam, 1901); <b><i>wortmani</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1895).","Subgenus <i>Callospermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:382-406). Gromov et al. (1965:70;150), in contrast to Hall (1981) considered <i>Callospermophilus</i> a subgenus of the genus <i>Otospermophilus</i>. Reviewed by Bartels and Thompson (1993, Mammalian Species No. 440).","24","24-01029","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1029"
"12401030","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","lateralis","lateralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Say","1823","","<i>In</i> Long, Account Exped. Pittsburgh to Rocky Mtns","2","","46","","","","""near Cañon City."" Restricted by Merriam (1905:163) to Arkansas River, about 26 mi. [42 km] below Canyon City, Fremont Co., Colorado (USA).","","","","","24","24-01030","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1029-1030"
"12401031","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","lateralis","arizonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","V. Bailey","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01031","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1029-1031"
"12401032","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","lateralis","bernardinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01032","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1029-1032"
"12401033","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","lateralis","castanurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01033","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1029-1033"
"12401034","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","lateralis","certus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01034","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1029-1034"
"12401035","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","lateralis","chrysodeirus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01035","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1029-1035"
"12401036","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","lateralis","cinerascens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01036","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1029-1036"
"12401037","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","lateralis","connectens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01037","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1029-1037"
"12401038","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","lateralis","mitratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01038","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1029-1038"
"12401039","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","lateralis","tescorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01039","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1029-1039"
"12401040","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","lateralis","trepidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01040","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1029-1040"
"12401041","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","lateralis","trinitatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01041","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1029-1041"
"12401042","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","lateralis","wortmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01042","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1029-1042"
"12401043","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","madrensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Washington Acad. Sci.","3","","563","","","Sierra Madre Ground Squirrel","""from Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo, Chihuahua, Mexico (7,000 feet [2134 m] altitude).""","SW Chihuahua (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Callospermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:410). Gromov et al. (1965:150) considered <i>Callospermophilus</i> a subgenus of the genus <i>Otospermophilus</i>. <i>S. madrensis</i> and <i>S. lateralis</i> are sister species (Harrison et al., 2003). Reviewed by Best and Thomas (1991<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 378).","24","24-01043","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1043"
"12401044","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","major","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","125","","","Russet Ground Squirrel","""Steppe near Samara,"" [Kuibyshev, Kuibyshevsk. Obl., Russia] (Ognev, 1963<i>a</i>:34).","Steppe between Volga and Irtysh rivers (Russia; N Kazakhstan). Formerly, steppe between Don and Volga rivers (Russia; Gromov et al., 1965:291). Reported from Xinjiang (Ma et al., 1987); but probably a misidentified <i>brevicauda</i>.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>argyropuloi</i>  (Bazhanov, 1947); <i>rufescens</i> (Keyserling and Blasius, 1840); <i>selevini</i> (Argyropulo, 1941).","Subgenus <i>Colobotis</i> according to Gromov et al. (1965:290), but see Hall (1981:381) who included <i>Colobotis</i> in subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i>. Occasionally hybridizes with <i>brevicauda</i> and <i>fulvus</i> (Denisov, 1963; Nikol’skii and Starikov, 1997; Ognev, 1947), and more widely with <i>pygmaeus </i>and <i>suslicus </i>(Ermakov, 1996). Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:84) provisionally included <i>erythrogenys</i> and <i>brevicauda</i> in this species, but Gromov et al. (1965:290) and Vorontsov and Lyapunova (1970) considered <i>erythrogenys</i> a distinct species, and Gromov et al. (1965:315) included <i>brevicauda</i> in <i>erythrogenys</i>; see comment under those species. <i>S. major</i> is geographically cohesive, and allopatrically distributed with respect to <i>brevicauda</i>, and allopatric (Bobrinskii et al., 1965:61) or narrowly sympatric to <i>erythrogenys</i> (Sludskii et al., 1969:162). In contrast, it it genetically unstable, grouping with either <i>brevicauda</i> or <i... [truncated]","24","24-01044","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1044"
"12401045","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","mexicanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regn. Anim.","1","","428","","","Mexican Ground Squirrel","""in nova Hispania?"" Restricted by Mearns (1896:443) to ""Toluca, [Mexico,] Mexico.""","S New Mexico and W Texas (USA) to Jalisco and S Puebla (C Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>parvidens</i> </b> Mearns, 1896.","Subgenus <i>Ictidomys</i> (Hall, 1981:394). Known to hybridize at several localities with <i>tridecemlineatus</i> (Cothran and Honeycutt, 1984; Cothran et al., 1977). Reviewed by Young and Jones (1982, Mammalian Species No. 164).","24","24-01045","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1045"
"12401046","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","mexicanus","mexicanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regn. Anim.","1","","428","","","","""in nova Hispania?"" Restricted by Mearns (1896:443) to ""Toluca, [Mexico,] Mexico.""","","","","","24","24-01046","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1045-1046"
"12401047","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","mexicanus","parvidens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01047","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1045-1047"
"12401048","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Xerospermophilus","mohavensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","2","","15","","","Mohave Ground Squirrel","""Mohave River, California [USA]."" Restricted by Grinnell and Dixon (1918) to near Rabbit Springs, about 15 mi. (24 km) E Hesperia, San Bernardino Co.","NW Mohave Desert and Owens Valley (S California, USA).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Xerospermophilus</i>; (Hall, 1981:405). Most closely related to <i>S</i>. <i>tereticaudus</i> (Hafner and Yates, 1983); hybridizes at three localities, but the hybrid zone is narrow and stable (Hafner, 1992). Reviewed by Best (1995<i>i</i>, Mammalian Species No. 509).","24","24-01048","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0981-1048"
"12401049","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","mollis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kennicott","1863","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","15","","157","","","Piute Ground Squirrel","""Camp Floyd, near Fairfield, [Utah Co.,] Utah [USA].""","Two disjunct populations: in Washington, N of Yakima, and W of Columbia, rivers; and SE corner of Oregon, Snake River valley (Idaho) southward through Nevada (except extreme S), extreme EC California, and W Utah.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>leurodon</i>  (Merriam, 1913); <i>stephensi</i> Merriam, 1898; <i>washoensis</i> (Merriam, 1913); <b><i>artemesiae</i></b> (Merriam, 1913); <i>pessimus</i> (Merriam, 1913); <b><i>idahoensis</i></b> (Merriam, 1913).","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:383). Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>townsendii</i> (Hall, 1981:383), but differs chromosomally (Nadler et al., 1984). No hybridization between <i>mollis</i> (2n=38) and adjacent <i>canus</i> (incl. <i>vigilis</i>) (2n=46) has been reported (Rickart et al., 1985:97-98). Reviewed (in part) by Rickart (1987) as <i>S</i>. <i>townsendii</i>; see that account below.","24","24-01049","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1049"
"12401050","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","mollis","mollis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kennicott","1863","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","15","","157","","","","""Camp Floyd, near Fairfield, [Utah Co.,] Utah [USA].""","","","","","24","24-01050","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1049-1050"
"12401051","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","mollis","artemesiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01051","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1049-1051"
"12401052","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","mollis","idahoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01052","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1049-1052"
"12401053","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","musicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ménétries","1832","","Cat. Raisonne des Objets de Zoologie, St. Petersbourg","","","21","","","Caucasian Mountain Ground Squirrel","""Il habite le Caucase sur les montagnes le plus élevées et pas loin des nieges éternalles."" Restricted by Sviridenko (1927, see Ognev, 1963<i>a</i>:114) to ""Ush-Kulan [Georgia]"".","N Caucasus Mtns (Georgia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>boehmii</i>  (Krassovskii, 1932); <i>magisteri</i> (Heptner, 1948); <i>saturatus</i> (Ognev, 1947) [not Rhoads, 1895]; <i>typicus</i> (Satunin, 1908).","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Gromov et al., 1965:249). Regarded by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:508) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:83) as a subspecies of <i>pygmaeus</i>. Gromov et al. (1965:249) and Vorontsov and Lyapunova (1970) provided evidence of specific distinctness. Molecular sequence data place it close to <i>pygmaeus</i> (Harrison et al., 2003).","24","24-01053","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1053"
"12401054","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","pallidicauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1903","","Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskii Muzeya, Akademii Nauk, St. Petersburg","7","","5-6","","","Pallid Ground Squirrel","""vicinity of Lake Khulu-Nur"", Ullyn Bulyk, Baidarak river, Mongolian Atlai. Mongolia, Gobi Altai.","This monotypic species is endemic to Mongolia and the adjacent Nei Mongol Autonomous Region (Inner Mongolia).","","","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Gromov et al., 1965). In addition to constant morphological differences, it also differs in chromosome number and molecular sequence from <i>major</i> and <i>erythrogenys</i>, in which it was previously placed (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Sokolov and Orlov, 1980), having a sister species relationship with <i>alashanicus</i> (Harrison et al., 2003).","24","24-01054","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1054"
"12401055","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","parryii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1825","","<i>In</i> Parry, Voy. discovery Northwest Passage","Vol. 6- app. second voy.","","316","","","Arctic Ground Squirrel","Restricted by Preble (1902:46) to ""Five Hawser Bay, Lyon Inlet, Melville Peninsula, [Hudson Bay, Keewatin District, Northwest Territories], Canada.""","NW Canada; Alaska (USA); NE Yakutia, Anadyrsk, Krai, and Chukotka (Russia).","","<i>phaeognatha</i>  (Richardson, 1829); <b><i>ablusus</i></b> (Osgood, 1903); <i>stonei</i> (J. A. Allen, 1903); <b><i>kennicottii</i></b> (Ross, 1861); <i>barrowensis</i> Merriam, 1900; <i>beringensis</i> Merriam, 1900; <b><i>kodiacensis</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1874; <b><i>leucostictus</i></b> Brandt, 1844; <i>buxtoni</i> J. A. Allen, 1903; <i>tschuktschorum</i> (Chernyavskii, 1972); <b><i>lyratus</i></b> (Hall and Gilmore, 1932); <b><i>nebulicola</i></b> (Osgood, 1903); <b><i>osgoodi</i></b> Merriam, 1900; <b><i>plesius</i></b> Osgood, 1900; <b><i>stejnegeri</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1903); <i>brunniceps</i> Kittlitz, 1858 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>coriakorum</i> (Portenko, 1963); <i>janensis</i> (Ognev, 1937).","Subgenus <i>Urocitellus</i> according to Gromov et al. (1965:184), but see Hall (1981:381) who included <i>Urocitellus</i> in subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i>. Regarded by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:511) and Hall and Kelson (1959:343) as a synonym of <i>undulatus</i>. Gromov et al. (1965:184) and Nadler et al. (1974) provided evidence of specific distinctness. Reviewed by Chernyavskii (1972), Nadler and Hoffmann (1977), Serdyuk (1979) (Palearctic), and Pearson (1981) (Nearctic). Nikol'skii and Wallschläger (1982) noted differences in alarm calls between Siberian and Alaskan populations.","24","24-01055","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1055"
"12401056","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","parryii","parryii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1825","","<i>In</i> Parry, Voy. discovery Northwest Passage","Vol. 6- app. second voy.","","316","","","","Restricted by Preble (1902:46) to ""Five Hawser Bay, Lyon Inlet, Melville Peninsula, [Hudson Bay, Keewatin District, Northwest Territories], Canada.""","","","","","24","24-01056","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1055-1056"
"12401057","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","parryii","ablusus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01057","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1055-1057"
"12401058","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","parryii","kennicottii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ross","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01058","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1055-1058"
"12401059","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","parryii","kodiacensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01059","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1055-1059"
"12401060","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","parryii","leucostictus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brandt","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01060","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1055-1060"
"12401061","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","parryii","lyratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Gilmore","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01061","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1055-1061"
"12401062","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","parryii","nebulicola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01062","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1055-1062"
"12401063","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","parryii","osgoodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01063","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1055-1063"
"12401064","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","parryii","plesius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01064","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1055-1064"
"12401065","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","parryii","stejnegeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01065","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1055-1065"
"12401066","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","perotensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1893","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","8","","131","","","Perote Ground Squirrel","""Perote, Veracruz, Mexico.""","Veracruz and Puebla (EC Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Ictidomys</i> (Hall, 1981:397). Sister species to <i>spilosoma</i> (Harrison et al., 2003). Chromosomes described by Uribe-Alcocer et al. (1979). Reviewed by Best and Ceballos (1995, Mammalian Species No. 507).","24","24-01066","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1066"
"12401067","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","pygmaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","122","","","Little Ground Squirrel","""Maximos et paene dixerim monstrosos Citillós passim ad inferiorum laikum in campis squalidis."" Restricted by Ognev (1963<i>a</i>:102) to ""lower reaches of the Ural River"" ""Indersk [Kazakhstan]"".","SW Ukraine; S Ural Mtns to Crimea (Russia); Kazakhstan; NW Uzbekistan; Dagestan (Georgia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arenicola</i> (Rall, 1935); <i>binominatus</i> (Ellerman, 1940); <i>ellermani</i> (Harris, 1944); <i>flavescens</i> (Pallas, 1779); <i>orlovi</i> (Ellerman, 1940); <i>pallidus</i> (Orlov and Fenyuk, 1927) [not J. A. Allen, 1874]; <i>planicola</i> (Satunin, 1909); <i>ralli</i> (Heptner, 1948) [for <i>arenicola,</i> Rall; unavailable]; <i>satunini</i> (Sveridenko, 1922); <i>saturatus</i> (Ognev, 1947) [preoccupied, not Rhoads, 1895]; <b><i>brauneri</i></b> (Martino, 1914); <i>kalabuchovi</i> (Ognev, 1937); <b><i>herbicolus</i></b> (Martino, 1914);<i> atricapilla</i> (Orlov, 1927) [preoccupied; not Bryant, 1889]; <i>herbidus</i> (Martino, 1915) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>septentrionalis</i> (Obolenskii, 1927); <b><i>mugosaricus</i></b> (Lichtenstein, 1823); <i>kazakstanicus</i> (Goodwin, 1935); <i>nikolskii</i> (Heptner, 1934).","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i>, see Gromov et al. (1965:257) and comment under <i>musicus</i>. Hybridizes rarely with <i>erythrogenys</i> and <i>fulvus</i>, and more frequently with <i>major </i>and <i>suslicus</i> (Bazhanov 1944; Denisov, 1964); in zone of contact SW of Saratov (Russia) (Denisov and Smirnova, 1976; Ermakov, 1996).","24","24-01067","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1067"
"12401068","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","pygmaeus","pygmaeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","122","","","","""Maximos et paene dixerim monstrosos Citillós passim ad inferiorum laikum in campis squalidis."" Restricted by Ognev (1963<i>a</i>:102) to ""lower reaches of the Ural River"" ""Indersk [Kazakhstan]"".","","","","","24","24-01068","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1067-1068"
"12401069","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","pygmaeus","brauneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Martino","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01069","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1067-1069"
"12401070","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","pygmaeus","herbicolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Martino","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01070","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1067-1070"
"12401071","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","pygmaeus","mugosaricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01071","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1067-1071"
"12401072","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","ralli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kuznetsov","1948","","Zveri Kirgizii [Animals of Kirgiziya, Moscow Soc. of Naturalists]","","","39","","","Tien Shan Ground Squirrel","""Tip iz kotlovinny Oz. Issyk-Kul’"" [Type from basin of lake Issyk-Kul’] (Kuznetsov, 1965:264).","Mountains and valleys surrounding the eastern end of the Issyk-Kul’ valley, from the Terskii-Alatau in the southeast to the Ketmen’ Alatau in the northeast. Its range is separated from that of <i>S. relictus</i>, which occupies the western Tien Shan.","","","This species is usually included in <i>S. relictus</i> as an allopatric subspecies, but molecular sequence data indicate that the two taxa are separate (Harrison et al., 2003). Kuznetsov’s name is regarded as having priority over <i>ralli</i> (Heptner, 1948; a replacement name for <i>pygmaeus arenicola</i>; and thus preoccupied), but Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) indicated that Kuznetsov (1948) might not have been published in May, but later, in July-August, while <i>pygmaeus ralli</i> was published in May, 1948. If so, Kuznetsov, 1948 is preoccupied.","24","24-01072","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1072"
"12401073","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","relictus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kashkarov","1923","","Trans. Turk. Sci. Soc.","1","","185","","","Relict Ground Squirrel","""Kara-Bura Gorge and Kumysh-Tagh Gorge in the Talus Ala Tau"" [Talassk. Obl., Kyrgyzstan] (Ognev, 1963<i>a</i>:70).","Tien Shan Mtns in Kyrgyzstan and SE Kazakhstan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Gromov et al., 1965:198).","24","24-01073","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1073"
"12401074","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","richardsonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sabine","1822","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","589","","","Richardson's Ground Squirrel","""Carleton-House,"" [Saskatchewan, Canada].","N Great Plains in S Alberta, S Saskatchewan, S Manitoba (Canada), Montana (see Swenson, 1981), North Dakota, NE South Dakota, W Minnesota, and NW Iowa (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:385). Formerly included <i>elegans</i>; see comment under that species. Reviewed by Michener and Koeppl (1985, Mammalian Species No. 243).","24","24-01074","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1074"
"12401075","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Callospermophilus","saturatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1895","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","47","","43","","","Cascade Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel","""Lake Kichelos [= Keechelus], Kittitas Co., Wash[ingto]n, (elevation 8,000 feet [2,438 m]).""","Cascade Mtns of W Washington (USA) and SW British Columbia (Canada).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Callospermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:409). Gromov et al. (1965:150) considered <i>Callospermophilus</i> a subgenus of genus <i>Otospermophilus</i>. Reviewed by Trombulak (1988, Mammalian Species No. 322). Molecular sequence data indicate that this species is basal to other <i>Callospermophilus</i> (Harrison et al., 2003).","24","24-01075","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0984-1075"
"12401076","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","spilosoma","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1833","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1833","","40","","","Spotted Ground Squirrel","""that part of California which adjoins to Mexico."" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1938:122) to Durango [City], Durango, Mexico.","C Mexico to S Texas, SW South Dakota, and NW Arizona (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>altiplanensis</i> </b> Anderson, 1972; <b><i>ammophilus</i></b> Hoffmeister, 1959; <b><i>annectens</i></b> Merriam, 1893; <b><i>bavicorensis</i></b> Anderson, 1972; <b><i>cabrerai</i></b> (Dalquest, 1951); <b><i>canescens</i></b> Merriam, 1890; <i>arens</i> V. Bailey, 1902; <i>macrospilotus</i> Merriam, 1890; <i>microspilotus</i> Elliot, 1901; <b><i>cryptospilotus</i></b> Merriam, 1890; <b><i>marginatus</i></b> V. Bailey, 1902; <i>major</i> Merriam, 1890 [not Pallas, 1778]; <b><i>obsoletus</i></b> Kennicott, 1863; <b><i>oricolus</i></b> Alvarez, 1962; <b><i>pallescens</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1928); <b><i>pratensis</i></b> Merriam, 1890; <i>obsidianus</i> Merriam, 1890.","Subgenus <i>Ictidomys</i> (Hall, 1981:395). Reviewed by Streubel and Fitzgerald (1978<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 101). See comment under <i>perotensis</i>. Chromosomes of the race <i>cabrerai</i> described by Uribe-Alcocer et al. (1978).","24","24-01076","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1076"
"12401077","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","spilosoma","spilosoma","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1833","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1833","","40","","","","""that part of California which adjoins to Mexico."" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1938:122) to Durango [City], Durango, Mexico.","","","","","24","24-01077","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1076-1077"
"12401078","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","spilosoma","altiplanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01078","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1076-1078"
"12401079","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","spilosoma","ammophilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hoffmeister","1959","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01079","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1076-1079"
"12401080","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","spilosoma","annectens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01080","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1076-1080"
"12401081","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","spilosoma","bavicorensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01081","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1076-1081"
"12401082","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","spilosoma","cabrerai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01082","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1076-1082"
"12401083","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","spilosoma","canescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01083","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1076-1083"
"12401084","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","spilosoma","cryptospilotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01084","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1076-1084"
"12401085","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","spilosoma","marginatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","V. Bailey","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01085","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1076-1085"
"12401086","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","spilosoma","obsoletus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kennicott","1863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01086","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1076-1086"
"12401087","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","spilosoma","oricolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Alvarez","1962","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01087","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1076-1087"
"12401088","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","spilosoma","pallescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01088","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1076-1088"
"12401089","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","spilosoma","pratensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01089","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1076-1089"
"12401090","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","suslicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Güldenstaedt","1770","","Nova Comm. Acad. Sci. Petropoli","14","","389","","","Speckled Ground Squirrel","""...in campis vastissimus tanaicensibus precipue urbes et Tambov"" [Voronezh area, Voronezhsk. Obl., Russia].","Steppes of E and S Europe, including Poland, E Romania, Ukraine north to Oka River and east to the Volga River (Russia).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>averini</i>  (Migulin, 1927); <i>meridioccidentalis</i> (Migulin, 1927); <i>odessana</i> Nordmann, 1842; <i>ognevi</i> (Reshetnik, 1946); <i>volhynensis</i> (Reshetnik, 1946); <b><i>boristhenicus</i></b> (Pusanov, 1958); <b><i>guttatus</i></b> (Pallas, 1770); <i>guttulatus</i> Schinz, 1845; <i>leucopictus</i> (Dondorff, 1792).","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> Gromov et al. (1965:212). Reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), who listed only four subspecies. Hybridizes with <i>major </i>west of Kazan’ (Ermakov, 1996). See also comment under <i>pygmaeus</i>.","24","24-01090","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1090"
"12401091","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","suslicus","suslicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Güldenstaedt","1770","","Nova Comm. Acad. Sci. Petropoli","14","","389","","","","""...in campis vastissimus tanaicensibus precipue urbes et Tambov"" [Voronezh area, Voronezhsk. Obl., Russia].","","","","","24","24-01091","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1090-1091"
"12401092","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","suslicus","boristhenicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pusanov","1958","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01092","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1090-1092"
"12401093","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","suslicus","guttatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1770","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01093","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1090-1093"
"12401094","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Xerospermophilus","tereticaudus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1858","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","315","","","Round-tailed Ground Squirrel","[Old] ""Fort Yuma"" [Imperial Co., California, USA].","Deserts of SE California, S Nevada, W Arizona (USA), NE Baja California and Sonora (Mexico).","U.S. ESA – Candidate taxon as <i>S. t. chlorus</i>; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>S. t. chlorus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>eremonomus</i>  (Elliot, 1904); <i>vociferans</i> (Huey, 1926); <b><i>apricus</i></b> (Huey, 1927); <b><i>chlorus</i></b> (Elliot, 1904); <b><i>neglectus</i></b> Merriam, 1889; <i>arizonae</i> (Grinnell, 1918); <i>sonoriensis</i> Ward, 1891.","Subgenus <i>Xerospermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:405). Reviewed by Ernest and Mares (1987, Mammalian Species No. 274). See also <i>mohavensis</i>.","24","24-01094","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0981-1094"
"12401095","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Xerospermophilus","tereticaudus","tereticaudus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1858","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","315","","","","[Old] ""Fort Yuma"" [Imperial Co., California, USA].","","","","","24","24-01095","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0981-1094-1095"
"12401096","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Xerospermophilus","tereticaudus","apricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01096","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0981-1094-1096"
"12401097","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Xerospermophilus","tereticaudus","chlorus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01097","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0981-1094-1097"
"12401098","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Xerospermophilus","tereticaudus","neglectus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01098","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0981-1094-1098"
"12401099","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","townsendii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","8","","61","","","Townsend's Ground Squirrel","""On the Columbia River, about 300 miles [483 km] above its mouth."" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1938:60, 62) to west bank of Walla Walla River near confluence with Columbia River [near Wallula, Walla Walla Co., Washington, USA].","SE Washington (USA), S of Yakima River and W and N of Columbia River.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>yakimensis</i>  Merriam, 1898; <b><i>nancyae</i></b> Nadler, 1968.","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:382). Formerly included two cytotypes (<i>mollis</i>, <i>canus</i>) now considered distinct species (Nadler et al., 1984; Vorontsov and Lyapunova, 1970). Reviewed by Rickart (1987, Mammalian Species No. 268).","24","24-01099","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1099"
"12401100","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","townsendii","townsendii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","8","","61","","","","""On the Columbia River, about 300 miles [483 km] above its mouth."" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1938:60, 62) to west bank of Walla Walla River near confluence with Columbia River [near Wallula, Walla Walla Co., Washington, USA].","","","","","24","24-01100","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1099-1100"
"12401101","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","townsendii","nancyae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nadler","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01101","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1099-1101"
"12401102","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","tridecemlineatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mitchill","1821","","Med. Repos. (NY), n.s.","6","21","248","","","Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel","""...region bordering the sources of the river Mississippi...""; restricted by J. A. Allen (1895<i>b</i>:338) to C Minnesota [USA].","Great Plains, from C Texas to E Utah, Ohio (USA) and SC Canada.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>S. t. alleni</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hoodii</i>  (Sabine, 1822); <b><i>alleni</i></b> Merriam, 1898; <b><i>arenicola</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1928); <b><i>blanca</i></b> Armstrong, 1971; <b><i>hollisteri</i></b> (V. Bailey, 1913); <b><i>monticola</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1928); <b><i>olivaceous</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1895; <b><i>pallidus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1874; <b><i>parvus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1895; <b><i>texensis</i></b> Merriam, 1898; <i>badius</i> Bangs, 1899.","Subgenus <i>Ictidomys</i> (Hall, 1981:391). Reviewed by Streubel and Fitzgerald (1978<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 103). See also comment under <i>mexicanus</i>.","24","24-01102","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1102"
"12401103","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","tridecemlineatus","tridecemlineatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mitchill","1821","","Med. Repos. (NY), n.s.","6","21","248","","","","""...region bordering the sources of the river Mississippi...""; restricted by J. A. Allen (1895<i>b</i>:338) to C Minnesota [USA].","","","","","24","24-01103","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1102-1103"
"12401104","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","tridecemlineatus","alleni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01104","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1102-1104"
"12401105","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","tridecemlineatus","arenicola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01105","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1102-1105"
"12401106","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","tridecemlineatus","blanca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Armstrong","1971","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01106","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1102-1106"
"12401107","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","tridecemlineatus","hollisteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","V. Bailey","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01107","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1102-1107"
"12401108","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","tridecemlineatus","monticola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01108","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1102-1108"
"12401109","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","tridecemlineatus","olivaceous","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01109","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1102-1109"
"12401110","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","tridecemlineatus","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01110","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1102-1110"
"12401111","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","tridecemlineatus","parvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01111","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1102-1111"
"12401112","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Ictidomys","tridecemlineatus","texensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01112","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0982-1102-1112"
"12401113","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","undulatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","122","","","Long-tailed Ground Squirrel","""Selenga River valley,"" [Buryat ASSR, Russia].","E Kazakhstan; S Siberia, Transbaikalia (Russia); N Mongolia; Heilungjiang and Xinjiang (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>undulatum</i> (Pallas, 1779); <b><i>altaica</i></b> (Brandt, 1841); <i>eversmanni</i> (Brandt, 1841); <b><i>jacutensis</i></b> (Brandt, 1844); <b><i>menzbieri</i></b> (Ognev, 1937); <b><i>stramineus</i></b> (Obolenskii, 1927); <b><i>transbaikalicus</i></b> (Obolenskii, 1927); <i>intercedens</i> (Ognev, 1937).","Subgenus <i>Urocitellus</i> according to Gromov et al. (1965:162), but see Hall (1981:381) who included <i>Urocitellus</i> in subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i>. Formerly included <i>parryii</i> (Hall and Kelson, 1959:343); but see Nadler et al. (1974) and comments under <i>parryii</i>. Chromosomes described by Nadler et al. (1975<i>a</i>).","24","24-01113","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1113"
"12401114","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","undulatus","undulatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","122","","","","""Selenga River valley,"" [Buryat ASSR, Russia].","","","","","24","24-01114","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1113-1114"
"12401115","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","undulatus","altaica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brandt","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01115","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1113-1115"
"12401116","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","undulatus","jacutensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brandt","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01116","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1113-1116"
"12401117","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","undulatus","menzbieri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01117","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1113-1117"
"12401118","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","undulatus","stramineus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Obolenskii","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01118","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1113-1118"
"12401119","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","see comments","undulatus","transbaikalicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Obolenskii","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01119","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0000-1113-1119"
"12401120","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","variegatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regn. Anim.","1","","421","","","Rock Squirrel","""in Mexico."" Restricted by Nelson (1898:898) to ""Valley of Mexico, near City of Mexico,"" [Distrito Federal, Mexico].","S Nevada to SW Texas and Utah (USA) to Puebla (C Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>buccatus</i>  (Lichtenstein, 1830); <i>macrourus</i> Bennett, 1833; <b><i>buckleyi</i></b> Slack, 1861; <b><i>couchii</i></b> Baird, 1855; <b><i>grammurus</i></b> (Say, 1823); <i>juglans</i> (V. Bailey, 1913); <i>tiburonensis</i> Jones and Manning, 1989; <b><i>robustus</i></b> (Durrant and Hansen, 1954); <b><i>rupestris</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1903); <b><i>tularosae</i></b> (Benson, 1932); <b><i>utah</i></b> (Merriam, 1903).","Subgenus <i>Otospermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:399); belongs to <i>variegatus</i> group, which also includes <i>beecheyi</i> and <i>atricapillus</i> (Harrison et al., 2003). Reviewed by Oaks et al. (1987, Mammalian Species No. 272).","24","24-01120","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-1120"
"12401121","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","variegatus","variegatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regn. Anim.","1","","421","","","","""in Mexico."" Restricted by Nelson (1898:898) to ""Valley of Mexico, near City of Mexico,"" [Distrito Federal, Mexico].","","","","","24","24-01121","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-1120-1121"
"12401122","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","variegatus","buckleyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Slack","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01122","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-1120-1122"
"12401123","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","variegatus","couchii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01123","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-1120-1123"
"12401124","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","variegatus","grammurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Say","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01124","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-1120-1124"
"12401125","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","variegatus","robustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant and Hansen","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01125","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-1120-1125"
"12401126","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","variegatus","rupestris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01126","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-1120-1126"
"12401127","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","variegatus","tularosae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Benson","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01127","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-1120-1127"
"12401128","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Otospermophilus","variegatus","utah","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01128","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0980-1120-1128"
"12401129","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","washingtoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1938","","N. Am. Fauna","56","","69","","","Washington Ground Squirrel","""Touchet, Walla Walla Co., Wash[ington]."" [USA].","SE Washington, NE Oregon (USA).","U.S. ESA – Candidate taxon; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>loringi</i>  A. H. Howell, 1938.","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Hall, 1981:384). Current status assessed by Betts (1999). Reviewed by Rickart and Yensen (1991, Mammalian Species No. 371).","24","24-01129","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1129"
"12401130","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Spermophilus","Spermophilus","xanthoprymnus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1835","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1835","","90","","","Asia Minor Ground Squirrel","""Erzurum"" [Turkey].","Transcaucasia (Armenia, possibly Azerbaijan), Turkey, Syria, and Israel.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>schmidti</i>  (Satunin, 1908).","Subgenus <i>Spermophilus</i> (Gromov et al. 1965:237). Regarded by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:506) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:83) as a synonym of <i>citellus</i>; but see Vasil'eva (1961), Gromov et al. (1965:237), and Vorontsov and Lyapunova (1970), who provided evidence of specific distinctness. Molecular sequence data suggest that this species may form a clade together with <i>dauricus</i> and <i>suslicus</i> (Harrison et al., 2003). Karyotypes analyzed by Do&#287;ramaci et al. (1994<i>a</i>).","24","24-01130","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-0978-0979-1130"
"12401131","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium.","","","83","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>striatus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Eutamias</i>  Trouessart, 1880; <i>Neotamias</i> A. H. Howell, 1929.","Tribe Marmotini (Moore, 1959). Nearctic forms revised by A. H. Howell (1929). Sutton (1992) provided a key to the species. Includes <i>Eutamias</i> (<i>sibiricus</i>), <i>Tamias</i> (<i>striatus</i>), and <i>Neotamias</i> as subgenera (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:85; Ellerman, 1940:428; Levenson et al., 1985; Nadler et al., 1977). Disagreement exists regarding the status of <i>Eutamias</i> and <i>Neotamias</i>; see White (1953), Ellis and Maxson (1979), Hall (1981:337), Patterson and Heaney (1987), and Jameson (1999). Levenson et al. (1985) found that <i>T</i>. (<i>T</i>.) <i>striatus</i> and <i>T</i>. (<i>E</i>.) <i>sibiricus</i> together formed the primitive sister group to <i>Neotamias</i> species. Piaggio and Spicer (2001) supported this hypothesis. Thus, a single genus, <i>Tamias,</i> may be employed for all chipmunks (Levenson et al., 1985), but two genera (<i>Tamias</i> and <i>Neotamias</i>)<i> </i>could be recognized, or all three could be recognized as genera.","24","24-01131","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131"
"12401132","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Tamias","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium.","","","83","","<i>Sciurus</i> <i>striatus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","","","24","24-01132","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1132"
"12401133","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Eutamias","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Trouessart","1880","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01133","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1133"
"12401134","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01134","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134"
"12401135","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","alpinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1893","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","8","","137","","","Alpine Chipmunk","""Big Cottonwood Meadows, ... just south of Mount Whitney, altitude 3,050 meters or 10,000 feet"" [Tulare Co., California, USA].","Alpine zone in Sierra Nevada, from Tuolumne to Tulare Counties (EC California, USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Reviewed by Clawson et al. (1994<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 461).","24","24-01135","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1135"
"12401136","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","90","","","Yellow-pine Chipmunk","""Fort Klamath, [Klamath Co.,] Oregon."" [USA].","C British Columbia (Canada) south to C California east to C Montana and W Wyoming (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>propinquus</i>  (Anthony, 1913); <b><i>affinis</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1890; <b><i>albiventris</i></b> (Booth, 1947); <b><i>canicaudus</i></b> (Merriam, 1903); <b><i>caurinus</i></b> (Merriam, 1898); <b><i>celeris</i></b> (Hall and Johnson, 1940); <b><i>cratericus</i></b> (Blossom, 1937); <b><i>felix</i></b> Rhoads, 1895; <b><i>ludibundus</i></b> (Hollister, 1911); <b><i>luteiventris</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1890; <b><i>monoensis</i></b> (Grinnell and Storer, 1916); <b><i>ochraceus</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1925); <b><i>septentrionalis</i></b> (Cowan, 1946); <b><i>vallicola</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1922).","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Reviewed by Sutton (1992, Mammalian Species No. 390). DNA variation and introgressive hybridization between <i>T. amoenus</i> and <i>T. ruficaudus</i> reported by Good et al. (2003) and Demboski and Sullivan (2003).","24","24-01136","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136"
"12401137","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","amoenus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","90","","","","""Fort Klamath, [Klamath Co.,] Oregon."" [USA].","","","","","24","24-01137","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136-1137"
"12401138","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","affinis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01138","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136-1138"
"12401139","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","albiventris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Booth","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01139","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136-1139"
"12401140","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","canicaudus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01140","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136-1140"
"12401141","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","caurinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01141","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136-1141"
"12401142","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","celeris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Johnson","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01142","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136-1142"
"12401143","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","cratericus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blossom","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01143","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136-1143"
"12401144","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","felix","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01144","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136-1144"
"12401145","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","ludibundus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01145","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136-1145"
"12401146","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","luteiventris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01146","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136-1146"
"12401147","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","monoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell and Storer","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01147","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136-1147"
"12401148","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","ochraceus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01148","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136-1148"
"12401149","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","septentrionalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cowan","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01149","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136-1149"
"12401150","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","amoenus","vallicola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01150","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1136-1150"
"12401151","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","bulleri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1889","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","2","","173","","","Buller's Chipmunk","""Sierra de Valparaiso, Zacatecas,"" [Mexico].","Sierra Madre, in S Durango, W Zacatecas, and N Jalisco (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Formerly included <i>durangae</i> and <i>solivagus</i>, which were considered <i>incertae</i> <i>sedis</i> by Callahan (1980); see <i>durangae</i>. Reviewed by Bartig et al. (1993, Mammalian Species No. 438).","24","24-01151","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1151"
"12401152","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","canipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","V. Bailey","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","117","","","Gray-footed Chipmunk","""Guadalupe Mts"" [Culberson Co., Texas, USA]. Restricted by A. H. Howell (1929:101) to head of Dog Canyon, 7,000 ft [2,130 m].","Mountains of SE New Mexico and W Texas (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>sacramentoensis</i> </b> Flaherty, 1960.","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Elevated from subspecies of <i>cinereicollis</i> by Fleharty (1960). Reviewed by Findley et al. (1975:103-112), and by Best et al. (1992, Mammalian Species No. 411).","24","24-01152","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1152"
"12401153","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","canipes","canipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","V. Bailey","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","117","","","","""Guadalupe Mts"" [Culberson Co., Texas, USA]. Restricted by A. H. Howell (1929:101) to head of Dog Canyon, 7,000 ft [2,130 m].","","","","","24","24-01153","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1152-1153"
"12401154","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","canipes","sacramentoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flaherty","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01154","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1152-1154"
"12401155","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","cinereicollis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","94","","","Gray-collared Chipmunk","""San Francisco Mountain, [Coconino Co.,] Arizona."" [USA].","Mountains of C and E Arizona and C and SW New Mexico (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>cinereus</i> </b> (V. Bailey, 1911).","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Reviewed by Hilton and Best (1993, Mammalian Species No. 436).","24","24-01155","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1155"
"12401156","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","cinereicollis","cinereicollis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","94","","","","""San Francisco Mountain, [Coconino Co.,] Arizona."" [USA].","","","","","24","24-01156","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1155-1156"
"12401157","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","cinereicollis","cinereus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","V. Bailey","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01157","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1155-1157"
"12401158","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","dorsalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","332","","","Cliff Chipmunk","""Fort Webster, Coppermines of the Mimbres"" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1929:131) to near present site of Santa Rita, Grant Co., New Mexico.","E Nevada, S Idaho, Utah, SW Wyoming, and NW Colorado south through Arizona and W New Mexico (USA) to NW Durango, W Coahuila, and coastal Sonora (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>canescens</i>  (J. A. Allen, 1904); <b><i>carminis</i></b> (Goldman, 1938); <b><i>grinnelli</i></b> (Burt, 1931); <b><i>nidoensis</i></b> (Lidicker, 1960); <b><i>sonoriensis</i></b> (Callahan and Davis, 1977); <b><i>utahensis</i></b> (Merriam, 1897).","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Reviewed by Callahan and Davis (1977) who included <i>sonoriensis</i> in this species, and by Hart (1992, Mammalian Species No. 399).","24","24-01158","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1158"
"12401159","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","dorsalis","dorsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","332","","","","""Fort Webster, Coppermines of the Mimbres"" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1929:131) to near present site of Santa Rita, Grant Co., New Mexico.","","","","","24","24-01159","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1158-1159"
"12401160","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","dorsalis","carminis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01160","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1158-1160"
"12401161","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","dorsalis","grinnelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01161","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1158-1161"
"12401162","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","dorsalis","nidoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lidicker","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01162","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1158-1162"
"12401163","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","dorsalis","sonoriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Callahan and Davis","1977","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01163","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1158-1163"
"12401164","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","dorsalis","utahensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01164","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1158-1164"
"12401165","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","durangae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1903","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","19","","594","","","Durango Chipmunk","""Arroyo de Bucy, Sierra de Candella, ...about 7,500 feet [2,134 m], northwestern Durango, Mexico.""","SW Chihuahua to WC Durango; SE Coahuila (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nexus</i>  Elliot, 1905; <i>solivagus</i> (A. H. Howell, 1922).","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Formerly included in <i>bulleri</i>; includes <i>solivagus</i>; perhaps conspecific with <i>canipes</i>; see Callahan (1980), who considered both <i>durangae</i> and <i>solivagus</i>, <i>incertae</i> <i>sedis</i>. Reviewed by Best et al. (1993, Mammalian Species No. 437).","24","24-01165","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1165"
"12401166","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","merriami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1889","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","2","","176","","","Merriam's Chipmunk","""San Bernardino Mts"" [N of San Bernardino, 4,500 feet (1,372 m), San Bernardino Co., California, USA].","San Francisco Bay southward in the Coast Range, and south of Columbia (California, USA) in the Sierra Nevada, to extreme N Baja California (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>mariposae</i>  (Grinnell and Storer, 1916); <b><i>kernensis</i></b> (Grinnell and Storer, 1916); <b><i>pricei</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1895.","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Formerly included <i>meridionalis</i> and <i>obscurus</i>; see Callahan (1977). See also comment under <i>obscurus</i>. Reviewed by Best and Granai (1994<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 476), and Larson (1981-1987).","24","24-01166","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1166"
"12401167","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","merriami","merriami","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1889","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","2","","176","","","","""San Bernardino Mts"" [N of San Bernardino, 4,500 feet (1,372 m), San Bernardino Co., California, USA].","","","","","24","24-01167","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1166-1167"
"12401168","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","merriami","kernensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell and Storer","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01168","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1166-1168"
"12401169","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","merriami","pricei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01169","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1166-1169"
"12401170","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","8","","71","","","Least Chipmunk","""Green River, near mouth of Big Sandy Creek, [Sweetwater Co.,] Wyo[ming]."" [USA].","C Yukon (Canada) south through Sierra Nevada and S New Mexico, east to Michigan (USA) and W Quebec (Canada).","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>T. m. atristriatus, </i>Vulnerable as <i>T. m. selkirki</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>atristriatus</i> </b> (V. Bailey, 1913); <b><i>borealis</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1877; <b><i>cacodemus</i></b> (Cary, 1906); <b><i>caniceps</i></b> (Osgood, 1900); <b><i>caryi</i></b> (Merriam, 1908); <b><i>confinis</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1925); <b><i>consobrinus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1890; <i>clarus</i> (V. Bailey, 1918); <i>lectus</i> (J. A. Allen, 1905);<b><i> grisescens</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1925); <b><i>hudsonius</i></b> (Anderson and Rand, 1944); <b><i>neglectus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1890; <i>jacksoni</i> (A. H. Howell, 1925); <b><i>operarius</i></b> (Merriam, 1905); <i>arizonensis</i> (A. H. Howell, 1922); <b><i>oreocetes</i></b> (Merriam, 1897); <b><i>pallidus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1874; <b><i>pictus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1890; <i>melanurus</i> Merriam, 1890; <b><i>scrutator</i></b> (Hall and Hatfield, 1934); <b><i>selkirki</i></b> (Cowan, 1946); <b><i>silvaticus</i></b> (White, 1952).","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Southern Rocky Mtn populations revised by Sullivan (1985). Reviewed by Verts and Carraway (2001, Mammalian Species No. 653).","24","24-01170","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170"
"12401171","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","minimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","8","","71","","","","""Green River, near mouth of Big Sandy Creek, [Sweetwater Co.,] Wyo[ming]."" [USA].","","","","","24","24-01171","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1171"
"12401172","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","atristriatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","V. Bailey","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01172","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1172"
"12401173","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","borealis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1877","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01173","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1173"
"12401174","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","cacodemus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cary","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01174","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1174"
"12401175","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","caniceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01175","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1175"
"12401176","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","caryi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01176","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1176"
"12401177","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","confinis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01177","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1177"
"12401178","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","consobrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01178","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1178"
"12401179","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","grisescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01179","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1179"
"12401180","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","hudsonius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson and Rand","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01180","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1180"
"12401181","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","neglectus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01181","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1181"
"12401182","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","operarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01182","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1182"
"12401183","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","oreocetes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01183","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1183"
"12401184","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01184","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1184"
"12401185","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","pictus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01185","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1185"
"12401186","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","scrutator","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Hatfield","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01186","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1186"
"12401187","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","selkirki","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cowan","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01187","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1187"
"12401188","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","minimus","silvaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","White","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01188","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1170-1188"
"12401189","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","obscurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","70","","","California Chipmunk","""San Pedro [Martir] Mountains"" [near Vallecitos, Baja California Norte, Mexico].","S California (San Bernardino Co., USA) to C Baja California (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>davisi</i> </b> (Callahan, 1977); <b><i>meridionalis</i></b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1909).","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Regarded by A. H. Howell (1929) as a synonym of <i>merriami</i>; but see Callahan (1977) who provided evidence of specific distinctness and included <i>davisi</i> and <i>meridionalis</i> in this species. Reviewed by Best and Granai (1994<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 472).","24","24-01189","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1189"
"12401190","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","obscurus","obscurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","70","","","","""San Pedro [Martir] Mountains"" [near Vallecitos, Baja California Norte, Mexico].","","","","","24","24-01190","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1189-1190"
"12401191","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","obscurus","davisi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Callahan","1977","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01191","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1189-1191"
"12401192","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","obscurus","meridionalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01192","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1189-1192"
"12401193","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","ochrogenys","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","195, 206","","","Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk","""Mendocino, [Mendocino Co.,] California."" [USA].","Coast of N California from Van Duzen River south to S Sonoma Co. (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Elevated from subspecies of <i>townsendii</i> by Sutton and Nadler (1974); supported by Kain (1985), Sutton (1987), and Gannon and Lawlor (1989). Reviewed by Gannon et al. (1993, Mammalian Species No. 445).","24","24-01193","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1193"
"12401194","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","palmeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","208","","","Palmer's Chipmunk","""Charleston Peak, [Clark Co.,] Nevada [USA] (altitude about 2450 meters or 8000 feet).""","Charleston Mtns (S Nevada, USA).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Reviewed by Best (1993<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 443).","24","24-01194","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1194"
"12401195","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","panamintinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1893","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","8","","134","","","Panamint Chipmunk","""Johnson Cañon...Panamint Mountains, [Inyo Co.,] California."" [USA] Restricted by Grinnell (1933:128) to vicinity of Hungry Bill's Ranch, about 5,000 ft. [1,524 m].","Mountains of SE California and SW Nevada (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>juniperus</i>  (Burt, 1931);<b><i> acrus</i></b> (Johnson, 1943).","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Reviewed by Best et al. (1994<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 468).","24","24-01195","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1195"
"12401196","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","panamintinus","panamintinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1893","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","8","","134","","","","""Johnson Cañon...Panamint Mountains, [Inyo Co.,] California."" [USA] Restricted by Grinnell (1933:128) to vicinity of Hungry Bill's Ranch, about 5,000 ft. [1,524 m].","","","","","24","24-01196","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1195-1196"
"12401197","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","panamintinus","acrus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Johnson","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01197","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1195-1197"
"12401198","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","quadrimaculatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","435","","","Long-eared Chipmunk","""California, Michigan Bluff (Gruber)"" [Placer Co., USA].","Sierra Nevada of EC California (Plumas to Mariposa cos.); C and adjacent WC Nevada (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>macrorhabdotes</i>  Merriam, 1886.","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Reviewed by Clawson et al. (1994<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 469).","24","24-01198","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1198"
"12401199","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","quadrivittatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Say","1823","","<i>In</i> James, Account Exped. Pittsburgh to Rocky Mtns","2","","45","","","Colorado Chipmunk","""[Arkansas River]...the place where the river leaves the mountains,"" Restricted by Merriam (1905:163) to about 26 mi. [42 km] below Cañon City, Fremont Co., Colorado [USA].","Mountains of Colorado and E Utah south to NE Arizona and S New Mexico (USA).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>T. q. australis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>animosus</i>  (Warren, 1909); <i>australis</i> (Patterson, 1980); <i>gracilis</i> J. A. Allen, 1890.","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Formerly included <i>hopiensis</i>, but see Patterson (1984:452), who regarded it a <i>nomen</i> <i>dubium</i>, and <i>rufus</i>, now considered distinct (Patterson, 1984); but see Hoffmeister and Ellis (1979). See also <i>umbrinus</i>. Reviewed by Best et al. (1994<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 466).","24","24-01199","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1199"
"12401200","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","ruficaudus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1920","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","33","","91","","","Red-tailed Chipmunk","""Upper St. Mary's Lake, [Glacier Co.,] Montana."" [USA].","NE Washington to W Montana (USA), and SE British Columbia (Canada).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>simulans</i> </b> (A. H. Howell, 1922).","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Patterson and Heaney (1987) presented both cranial and bacular data indicating that <i>simulans</i> may be specifically distinct from <i>ruficaudus</i>, but the nature of contact between the two forms is not known. Reviewed by Best (1993<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 452). Introgressive hybridization with <i>T. amoenus</i> reported in Good et al. (2003).","24","24-01200","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1200"
"12401201","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","ruficaudus","ruficaudus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1920","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","33","","91","","","","""Upper St. Mary's Lake, [Glacier Co.,] Montana."" [USA].","","","","","24","24-01201","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1200-1201"
"12401202","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","ruficaudus","simulans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01202","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1200-1202"
"12401203","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","rufus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hoffmeister and Ellis","1979","","Southwest. Nat.","24","","656","","","Hopi Chipmunk","USA, ""10 mi SW Page, Coconino County, Arizona"".","E and S Utah, extreme W Colorado, and NE Arizona, USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Formerly included in <i>quadrivittatus</i>, but see Patterson (1984). Reviewed by Burt and Best (1994, Mammalian Species No. 460).","24","24-01203","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1203"
"12401204","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","senex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","83","","","Shadow Chipmunk","""Summit of Donner Pass, Placer Co., Cal[ifornia, USA].""","Sierra Nevada of EC California and WC Nevada to N coast of California, and NC Oregon (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>pacifica</i> </b>Sutton and Patterson, 2000.","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Elevated from a subspecies of <i>townsendii</i> by Sutton and Nadler (1974); distinction also suggested by Kain (1985), Sutton (1987), and Gannon and Lawlor (1989). Reviewed by Gannon and Forbes (1995, Mammalian Species No. 502).","24","24-01204","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1204"
"12401205","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","senex","senex","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","83","","","","""Summit of Donner Pass, Placer Co., Cal[ifornia, USA].""","","","","","24","24-01205","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1204-1205"
"12401206","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","senex","pacifica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sutton and Patterson","2000","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01206","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1204-1206"
"12401207","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Eutamias","sibiricus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Laxmann","1769","","Sibirische Briefe, Gottingen","","","69","","","Siberian Chipmunk","""Vicinity of Barnaul"" [Altaisk Krai, Russia] (Chaworth-Musters, 1937).","N European and Siberian Russia to Sakhalin; S Kurile Isls (Russia); extreme E Kazakhstan to N Mongolia, China, Korea, and Hokkaido (Japan). Introduced into Austria, France, Germany, Holland and Italy (Niethammer and Krapp, 1978).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>altaicus</i>  (Hollister, 1912); <b><i>asiaticus</i></b> (Gmelin, 1788); <i>uthensis</i> (Pallas, 1811); <i>jacutensis</i> Ognev, 1935; <b><i>lineatus</i></b> (Siebold, 1824); <b><i>okadae</i></b> (Kuroda, 1932); <b><i>ordinalis</i></b> (Thomas, 1908); <i>albogularis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1909); <b><i>orientalis</i></b> Bonhote, 1899; <i>barberi</i> (Johnson and Jones, 1955); <b><i>pallasi</i></b> Baird, 1856; <i>striatus</i> (Pallas, 1778) [not Linnaeus, 1758]; <b><i>senescens</i></b> (Miller, 1898); <i>intercessor</i> (Thomas, 1908); <b><i>umbrosus</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1927).","Subgenus <i>Eutamias</i>; see Gromov et al. (1965:125). Koh (1994) compared Korean and Manchurian forms. Oshida and Yoshida (1994) described the chromosomes of <i>T. s. lineatus</i>.","24","24-01207","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1133-1207"
"12401208","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Eutamias","sibiricus","sibiricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Laxmann","1769","","Sibirische Briefe, Gottingen","","","69","","","","""Vicinity of Barnaul"" [Altaisk Krai, Russia] (Chaworth-Musters, 1937).","","","","","24","24-01208","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1133-1207-1208"
"12401209","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Eutamias","sibiricus","asiaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01209","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1133-1207-1209"
"12401210","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Eutamias","sibiricus","lineatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Siebold","1824","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01210","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1133-1207-1210"
"12401211","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Eutamias","sibiricus","okadae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01211","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1133-1207-1211"
"12401212","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Eutamias","sibiricus","ordinalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01212","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1133-1207-1212"
"12401213","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Eutamias","sibiricus","orientalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01213","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1133-1207-1213"
"12401214","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Eutamias","sibiricus","pallasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1856","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01214","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1133-1207-1214"
"12401215","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Eutamias","sibiricus","senescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01215","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1133-1207-1215"
"12401216","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Eutamias","sibiricus","umbrosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01216","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1133-1207-1216"
"12401217","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","siskiyou","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1922","","J. Mammal.","3","","180","","","Siskiyou Chipmunk","""Near summit of White Mountain, Siskiyou Mountains, altitude 6,000 feet [1,829 m], [Siskiyou Co.,] California"" [USA].","Siskiyou Mtns and coast of N California to C Oregon (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>humboldti</i> </b> Sutton and Patterson, 2000.","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Elevated from a subspecies of <i>townsendii</i> by Sutton and Nadler (1974); distinction supported by Kain (1985), Sutton (1987), and Gannon and Lawlor (1989).","24","24-01217","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1217"
"12401218","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","siskiyou","siskiyou","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1922","","J. Mammal.","3","","180","","","","""Near summit of White Mountain, Siskiyou Mountains, altitude 6,000 feet [1,829 m], [Siskiyou Co.,] California"" [USA].","","","","","24","24-01218","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1217-1218"
"12401219","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","siskiyou","humboldti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sutton and Patterson","2000","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01219","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1217-1219"
"12401220","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","sonomae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1915","","Univ. California Publ. Zool.","12","","321","","","Sonoma Chipmunk","""One mile [1.6 km] west of Guerneville, Sonoma County, California."" [USA].","NW California, from San Francisco Bay north to Siskiyou Co. (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>alleni</i> </b> (A. H. Howell, 1922).","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Reviewed by Best (1993<i>c</i>, Mammalian Species No. 444).","24","24-01220","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1220"
"12401221","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","sonomae","sonomae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1915","","Univ. California Publ. Zool.","12","","321","","","","""One mile [1.6 km] west of Guerneville, Sonoma County, California."" [USA].","","","","","24","24-01221","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1220-1221"
"12401222","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","sonomae","alleni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01222","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1220-1222"
"12401223","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","speciosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","<i>In</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","86","","","Lodgepole Chipmunk","""San Bernardino Mts., [San Bernardino Co.,] Cal[ifornia, USA]."" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1929:89) to Whitewater Creek, 7,500 ft. [2,255 m].","USA: Sierra Nevada from Mt. Lassen to San Bernardino Mtns (California); W Nevada.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>callipeplus</i> </b> Merriam, 1893; <b><i>frater</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1890; <b><i>sequoiensis</i></b> (A. H. Howell, 1922).","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Reviewed by Best et al. (1994<i>c</i>, Mammalian Species No. 478).","24","24-01223","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1223"
"12401224","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","speciosus","speciosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","<i>In</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","86","","","","""San Bernardino Mts., [San Bernardino Co.,] Cal[ifornia, USA]."" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1929:89) to Whitewater Creek, 7,500 ft. [2,255 m].","","","","","24","24-01224","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1223-1224"
"12401225","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","speciosus","callipeplus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01225","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1223-1225"
"12401226","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","speciosus","frater","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01226","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1223-1226"
"12401227","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","speciosus","sequoiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01227","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1223-1227"
"12401228","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Tamias","striatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","64","","","Eastern Chipmunk","Restricted by A. H. Howell (1929:14) to ""upper Savannah River, S[outh] C[arolina]."" [USA].","S Manitoba and Nova Scotia (Canada) to Louisiana, Alabama, and Georgia, east to Atlantic Coast (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>americanus</i>  Gmelin, 1788; <b><i>doorsiensis</i></b> Long, 1971; <b><i>fisheri</i></b> A. H. Howell, 1925; <b><i>griseus</i></b> Mearns, 1891; <b><i>lysteri</i></b> (Richardson, 1829); <b><i>ohioensis</i></b> Bole and Moulthrop, 1942; <b><i>peninsulae</i></b> Hooper, 1942; <b><i>pipilans</i></b> Lowery, 1943; <b><i>quebecensis</i></b> Cameron, 1950; <b><i>rufescens</i></b> Bole and Moulthrop, 1942; <b><i>venustus</i></b> Bangs, 1896.","Subgenus <i>Tamias</i>; see Gromov et al. (1965:134). Reviewed by Snyder (1982, Mammalian Species No. 168).","24","24-01228","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1132-1228"
"12401229","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Tamias","striatus","striatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","64","","","","Restricted by A. H. Howell (1929:14) to ""upper Savannah River, S[outh] C[arolina]."" [USA].","","","","","24","24-01229","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1132-1228-1229"
"12401230","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Tamias","striatus","doorsiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Long","1971","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01230","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1132-1228-1230"
"12401231","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Tamias","striatus","fisheri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01231","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1132-1228-1231"
"12401232","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Tamias","striatus","griseus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01232","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1132-1228-1232"
"12401233","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Tamias","striatus","lysteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01233","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1132-1228-1233"
"12401234","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Tamias","striatus","ohioensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bole and Moulthrop","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01234","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1132-1228-1234"
"12401235","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Tamias","striatus","peninsulae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hooper","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01235","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1132-1228-1235"
"12401236","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Tamias","striatus","pipilans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lowery","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01236","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1132-1228-1236"
"12401237","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Tamias","striatus","quebecensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cameron","1950","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01237","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1132-1228-1237"
"12401238","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Tamias","striatus","rufescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bole and Moulthrop","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01238","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1132-1228-1238"
"12401239","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Tamias","striatus","venustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01239","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1132-1228-1239"
"12401240","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","townsendii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","8","1","68","","","Townsend's Chipmunk","""lower Columbia River, near lower mouth of Willamette River, [Multnomah Co.,] Oreg[on]."" [USA].","SW British Columbia (Canada), W Washington and Oregon to the Rogue River (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hindei</i>  Gray, 1842; <i>littoralis</i> Elliot, 1903; <b><i>cooperi</i></b> Baird, 1855.","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Formerly included <i>ochrogenys</i>, <i>siskiyou</i> and <i>senex</i>; see comments under those species. Reviewed by Sutton (1993, Mammalian Species No. 435).","24","24-01240","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1240"
"12401241","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","townsendii","townsendii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","8","1","68","","","","""lower Columbia River, near lower mouth of Willamette River, [Multnomah Co.,] Oreg[on]."" [USA].","","","","","24","24-01241","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1240-1241"
"12401242","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","townsendii","cooperi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01242","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1240-1242"
"12401243","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","umbrinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","96","","","Uinta Chipmunk","""Uintah Mountains, south of Ft. Bridger"" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1929:94) to Blacks Fork, about 8,000 ft. [2,438 m], Summit Co., Utah [USA].","E California and N Arizona to N Colorado, SE and NW Wyoming, and extreme SW Montana (USA).","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>T. u. nevadensis</i>, Data Deficient as <i>T. u. sedulus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>adsitus</i> </b> (J. A. Allen, 1905); <b><i>fremonti</i></b> (White, 1953); <b><i>inyoensis</i></b> (Merriam, 1897); <b><i>montanus</i></b> (White, 1953); <b><i>nevadensis</i></b> (Burt, 1931); <b><i>sedulus</i></b> (White, 1953).","Subgenus <i>Neotamias</i>. Bergstrom and Hoffmann (1991) found species-specific vocalizations, habitats, and bacular characters in sympatric <i>umbrinus</i> and <i>quadrivittatus</i>, but convergence in electromorphs.","24","24-01243","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1243"
"12401244","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","umbrinus","umbrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","96","","","","""Uintah Mountains, south of Ft. Bridger"" Restricted by A. H. Howell (1929:94) to Blacks Fork, about 8,000 ft. [2,438 m], Summit Co., Utah [USA].","","","","","24","24-01244","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1243-1244"
"12401245","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","umbrinus","adsitus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01245","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1243-1245"
"12401246","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","umbrinus","fremonti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","White","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01246","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1243-1246"
"12401247","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","umbrinus","inyoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01247","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1243-1247"
"12401248","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","umbrinus","montanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","White","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01248","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1243-1248"
"12401249","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","umbrinus","nevadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01249","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1243-1249"
"12401250","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Sciuridae","Xerinae","Marmotini","Tamias","Neotamias","umbrinus","sedulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","White","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","24","24-01250","24-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0696-0891-1131-1134-1243-1250"
"12500001","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Muirhead","1819","","Mazology [sic]. Pp. 393-480, pls. 353-358, <i>in</i> Edinburgh Encyclopdeia","Vol. 13 (D. Brewster, ed)","","433 (see McKenna and Bell, 1997)","","","","","","","Glirini Muirhead, 1819 (Gliridae Thomas, 1896; Gliroidea Simpson, 1945); Leithiidae Lydekker, 1895; Muscardinidae Palmer, 1899; Myoxidae Zimmerman, 1780 (Myosidae Gray, 1821; Myoxina Gray, 1825; Myoxidae Waterhouse, 1839; Myoxini Giebel, 1855; Myoxida Haekel, 1866; Myoxoidea Gill, 1872); Seleviniidae Bashanov and Belosludov, 1939 (see McKenna and Bell, 1997).","<p>Simpson (1945) deemed Myoxidae Gray, 1821 invalid due to the apparent synonymy of the type genus<i> Myoxus</i> Zimmermann, 1790, with <i>Glis</i> Brisson, 1762, and used Gliridae Thomas, 1896. Hopwood (1947) argued that Brisson’s names are invalid because they are not Linnaean or binomial, and noted that <i>Glis</i> is valid in Erxleben (1777) for marmots, ground-squirrels, voles, and lemmings, rendering <i>Glis</i> Storr, 1780 (which included pedetids, dormice, and other rodents) invalid. Thus the oldest available name to replace <i>Glis</i> Brisson is <i>Myoxus</i> Zimmerman, valid in Linnaeus (1788) for dormice, and, but for the ruling discussed below, the correct family name for dormice would be Myoxidae. Despite this clear historical evidence given in support of recognizing Myoxidae as the valid family name for dormice (see also Wahlert et al., 1993), and despite the willingness of many dormouse experts to employ Myoxidae as the valid family name (Hutterer, 1996; and usage of M... [truncated]","25","25-00001","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001"
"12500002","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Winge","1887","","E Museu Lundii","1","","109, 123","","","","","","","Graphiurinae Palmer, 1899 (Graphiuridae Miller and Gidley, 1918); see McKenna and Bell, 1997.","Results of Wahlert et al. (1993) identified the Graphiurinae as the earliest or most primitive branch of glirids, a position also supported by Meng (1990) and Yachontov and Potapova (1991). Hartenberger (1994) considered many aspects of graphiurine morphology to be primitive, and postulated that graphiurines may have been in Africa since the Miocene; late Miocene graphiurines are recorded from Namibia (Mein et al., 2000<i>a</i>; Senut et al., 1992) and South Africa (Denys, 1990<i>a</i>). Vianey-Liaud and Jaeger (1996) placed <i>Graphiurus</i> in its own family; they considered Gliridae to be paraphyletic, and hypothesized that <i>Graphiurus</i> is closely related to anomalurids (a position not supported by other published works, see discussion under Gliridae). Daams and de Bruijn (1995) postulated that <i>Graphiurus</i> is a descendant of <i>Eliomys</i>, and included both within their Dryomyinae (along with <i>Dryomys</i>, <i>Glirulus</i> and <i>Chaetocauda</i>). Based on the longitudi... [truncated]","25","25-00002","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002"
"12500003","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Smuts","1832","","Enumer. Mamm. Capensium","","","32-33","","<i>Sciurus ocularis</i> Smith, 1829.","","","","","<i>Aethoglis</i> G. M. Allen, 1936; <i>Claviglis </i>Jentink, 1888; <i>Gliriscus</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1925; <i>Graphidurus</i> Brandt, 1855 [see Ellerman, 1940; Ellerman et al., 1953; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Rosevear, 1969].","<p><i>Graphiurus</i> has been divided into as many as four separate genera (e.g., G. M. Allen, 1939; Holden, 1996<i>b</i>; Pavlinov and Potapova, 2003): <i>Aethoglis</i>, containing the largest African dormouse, <i>G. nagtglasii</i> (sometimes erroneously including <i>G. monardi</i>); <i>Graphiurus</i>, comprised of <i>G. ocularis</i>, with its reduced, simple premolar; <i>Gliriscus</i>, consisting of the rupicolous <i>G. platyops</i> and <i>G. rupicola</i>, with their flattened skulls; and <i>Claviglis</i>, the so-called ""tree dormice"", to which the remaining species of <i>Graphiurus</i> were assigned. Two of these, <i>Graphiurus</i> and <i>Claviglis</i>, have often been retained as subgenera (e.g., Ellerman et al., 1953; Rosevear, 1969). No published studies based upon a broad sample of species have addressed the validity of these subgeneric boundaries as used by past authorities or presented hypotheses of relationships among species. However, a phylogenetic study based on cranial an... [truncated]","25","25-00003","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003"
"12500004","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Graphiurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Smuts","1832","","Enumer. Mamm. Capensium","","","32-33","","<i>Sciurus ocularis</i> Smith, 1829.","","","","","","<p>The revision of <i>Graphiurus</i> by Genest-Villard (1978), based mostly on size grades, underestimated species diversity, particularly in the <i>G. murinus</i> group. Subsequently, species limits were defined in reports covering different African regions (e.g., Ansell and Dowsett, 1988; Holden, 1996<i>b</i>; Robbins and Schlitter, 1981) The species recognized below reflect information in the literature, as well as myexamination of museum specimens and preliminary, mostly unpublished multivariate analyses of cranial and dental measurements.</p>","25","25-00004","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0004"
"12500005","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Aethoglis","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","25","25-00005","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0005"
"12500006","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Claviglis","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Jentink","1888","","YES","","","","","","","","","","","","25","25-00006","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0006"
"12500007","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Graphiurus","angolensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1897","","Ann. Mag Nat. Hist., ser 6","20","","320","","","Angolan African Dormouse","Angola, Caconda","Angola (Hill and Carter, 1941) and NW Zambia (Ansell, 1978).","","<i>dasilvai</i>  (Roberts, 1938); <i>parvulus</i> Monard, 1933.","<p>Subgenus <i>Graphiurus</i>. Following the arrangement of Ellerman et al. (1953), Holden (1993) provisionally assigned <i>dasilvai</i> and <i>parvulus</i> as synonyms of <i>G</i>. <i>platyops.</i> Ansell (1974, 1978) recognized that the NW Zambian population (identified by him as <i>G. platyops parvulus</i>) is morphologically and ecologically different from <i>G. platyops</i>. Based on my study of type specimens and large series of Angolan and Zambian specimens, the Angolan and NW Zambia populations exhibit a distinctive skull morphology that is consistently separable from that of <i>G. platyops</i> and <i>G. rupicola</i>. Ansell (1974, 1978) correctly surmised that these populations are probably phylogenetically aligned with <i>G. microtis</i>.</p><p><i>Graphiurus angolensis</i> (de Winton, 1897), precedes <i>Graphiurus parvulus</i> Monard, 1932, and is the correct name for these populations. Assigning <i>parvulus</i> as a junior synonym is problematic. In describing <i>parvulus</i... [truncated]","25","25-00007","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0004-0007"
"12500008","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Graphiurus","christyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1914","","Rev. Zool. Afr.","4","1","80","","","Christy’s African Dormouse","Dem. Rep. Congo, Mambaka","N Dem. Rep. Congo (Hatt, 1940<i>a</i>; Holden, 1996<i>b</i>; Schlitter et al., 1985), S Cameroon (Holden 1996<i>b</i>; Robbins and Schlitter, 1981).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Graphiurus</i>. Morphological data and comparison with morphologically similar species given by Holden (1996<i>b</i>), Robbins and Schlitter (1981) and Schlitter et al. (1985). Reviewed by Rossolimo et al. (2001) and Holden (In Press). A much needed systematic revision of the <i>G. murinus</i> species group should include careful comparisons with <i>G. christyi</i>, as some E African <i>G. murinus</i> populations (particularly montane) closely resemble that species. See comments under <i>G. murinus</i>.","25","25-00008","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0004-0008"
"12500009","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Claviglis","crassicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1888","","Notes Leyden Mus.","10","","41","","","Thick-tailed African Dormouse","Liberia, Du (Du Queah) River, Hill Town","West Africa: Liberia (Kuhn, 1965), Côte d’Ivoire (in Mt Nimba reserve; see Heim de Balsac and Lamotte, 1958), Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon (Robbins and Schlitter, 1981; Schlitter et al., 1985), Gabon, and perhaps Bioko (Eisentraut, 1973). See Rosevear (1969) and Grubb et al. (1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dorotheae</i>  Dollman, 1912.","Subgenus <i>Claviglis</i>. Some researchers hypothesized that the morphological similarity between <i>G</i>. <i>crassicaudatus</i> and <i>G</i>. <i>nagtglasii</i> indicates a close phylogenetic relationship between the two species (Holden, 1996<i>b</i>; Rosevear, 1969). Results of Pavlinov and E. G. Potapova’s (2003) cladistic analysis of African dormice based on cranial and middle ear characters does not support this conclusion; they showed that characters shared by <i>G. crassicaudatus</i> and <i>G. nagtglasii</i> may be primitive for the genus, and that <i>G.</i> <i>crassicaudatus</i> shares several derived characters with other species of <i>Graphiurus</i>. Additionally, <i>G. nagtglasii</i> and <i>G. crassicaudatus</i> each exhibit a suite of autapomorphies. Reviewed by Rossolimo et al. (2001) and Holden (In Press).","25","25-00009","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0006-0009"
"12500010","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Graphiurus","johnstoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","1898","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1897","","934","","","Johnston’s African Dormouse","Malawi: Zomba","S Malawi (Happold and Happold, 1997<i>a</i> [as <i>G. lorraineus</i>]; Thomas, 1898); limits unknown.","","","Subgenus <i>Graphiurus</i>. Ansell and Dowsett (1988), Ansell (1989<i>b</i>), and Holden (1993) synonymized <i>johnstoni</i> under <i>G. kelleni</i>. My recent reexamination and comparisons of museum specimens (including all holotypes), and preliminary unpublished multivariate analyses indicate that <i>G. johnstoni</i> represents a species distinct from, but morphologically closely related to, <i>G. lorraineus</i>,<i> </i>not <i>G. kelleni </i>(before my analyses were completed, I identified a specimen of <i>G. johnstoni</i> as <i>G. lorraineus </i>in Happold and Happold, 1997<i>a</i>, 1998). Few specimens exist that can be attributed to <i>G. johnstoni</i>. If future research using larger samples of <i>G. johnstoni </i>indicates that <i>G. johnstoni</i> and <i>G. lorraineus</i> are conspecific, the latter would be a junior synonym of <i>G. johnstoni</i> (see account of <i>G. lorraineus</i>)<i>.</i> Holden (In press) reviewed <i>G. johnstoni</i> as a species pending additional study. S... [truncated]","25","25-00010","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0004-0010"
"12500011","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Graphiurus","kelleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Reuvens","1890","","Notes Leyden Mus.","13","","74","","","Kellen’s African Dormouse","Angola: Mossamedes district, ""Damara-land"" (see Hill and Carter, 1941)","Savannahs of SubSaharan Africa, excluding Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa, but including: Senegal (Hubert et al., 1973, as <i>G. murinus</i>), The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, ? Burkina Faso (Gautun et al., 1985, as <i>G. murinus</i>), Nigeria, Mali, Niger (Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>), Sudan, N Dem. Rep. Congo (Verschuren, 1987–Parc National de la Garamba, as <i>G. lorraineus</i>), N Uganda (Heller, 1911, as <i>G. personatus</i>; Hollister, 1919, as <i>G. personatus</i>), Kenya (Hollister, 1919), Ethiopia (Yalden et al., 1996), Somalia, Tanzania (Stanley et al., 2002; Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951), Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988), Mozambique, Angola (Hayman, 1963<i>b</i>; Hill and Carter, 1941), Zambia (Ansell, 1978, as <i>G. johnstoni</i>) and Zimbabwe. In W Africa see Grubb et al. (1998) and Rosevear (1969).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>G. kelleni</i>,<i> G. olga</i>,<i> and G. parvus</i>.","<i>ansorgei</i>  Dollman, 1912; <i>brockmani</i> Dollman, 1910; <i>cuanzensis</i> (Hill and Carter, 1937); <i>dollmani</i> Osgood, 1910; <i>foxi</i> Dollman, 1914; <i>internus</i> Dollman, 1912; <i>nanus</i> (De Winton, 1896); <i>olga</i> (Thomas, 1925); <i>parvus</i> (True, 1893); <i>personatus</i> Heller, 1911; <i>tasmani</i> (Roberts, 1929).","<p>Subgenus <i>Graphiurus</i>. Schlitter et al. (1985) discussed taxonomic problems associated with the small dormice occurring in savannah woodlands of West, East, and Southern Africa. Holden (1993) provisionally recognized three species: <i>G. kelleni</i>, <i>G. olga</i> and <i>G. parvus</i>. My recent comparisons of museum specimens, including holotypes of all the synonyms listed, and results of preliminary multivariate analyses indicate that only one species of small-bodied African savannah dormouse can be diagnosed solely on the basis of cranial morphology: Analyses showed that <i>olga</i> is morphologically indistinguishable from West and East African <i>parvus</i>, and Angolan and Zambian <i>kelleni</i> cannot be discriminated on the basis of morphometric characters from samples of populations that include <i>parvus</i> and <i>olga</i>.</p><p>Gautun et al. (1985) reported <i>G. murinus</i> from the vicinity of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, but based on the distributions and habitat... [truncated]","25","25-00011","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0004-0011"
"12500012","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Graphiurus","lorraineus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1910","","Ann.  Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","285","","","Lorraine’s African Dormouse","Dem. Rep. Congo, Welle (Uele) River, Molegbwe, south of Setema Rapids","W and C Africa: Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia (Kuhn, 1965), Côte d’Ivoire (Aellen, 1965; Mt Nimba Reserve see Heim de Balsac and Lamotte, 1958), Ghana (Decher and Bahian, 1999), Nigeria (Happold, 1987), Cameroon (Eisentraut, 1973; Robbins and Schlitter, 1981; Schlitter et al., 1985), Central African Republic, Bioko (Eisentraut, 1973), Gabon, Republic of Congo (Dowsett and Granjon, 1991), N Angola (Hayman, 1963<i>b</i>), Dem. Rep. Congo (Hatt, 1940<i>a</i>; Petter, 1967<i>a</i>; Verheyen and Verschuren, 1966), and N Zambia (Ansell, 1978). See Grubb et al. (1998) and Rosevear (1969) for W Africa reviews.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>haedulus</i>  Dollman, 1912; <i>spurrelli</i> Dollman, 1912.","<p>Subgenus <i>Graphiurus</i>. Schlitter et al. (1985) discussed The Gambia specimens (identified by them as <i>G. lorraineus</i>) and their possible synonymy with <i>G. coupeii</i> (Cuvier, 1822) described from Senegal. Following Schlitter et al. (1985), Holden (1993) tentatively included ""perhaps Gambia"" in the distribution of <i>G. lorraineus</i>, but the Gambia specimens have been reidentified as <i>G. kelleni </i>(<i>cf. parvus</i>) (Grubb et al., 1998). I examined the holotype of <i>coupeii </i>(in MNHN), a stuffed skin mounted in live pose, and it appears too large for <i>G. kelleni</i>, unless the skin was overstuffed. The specimen resembles West African populations of <i>G. lorraineus</i>, but <i>G. crassicaudatus</i> cannot be ruled out because distinguishing these two species is difficult using only skin characters. Accurate identification to species is elusive using only the skin, but samples taken the holotype for molecular analyses might allow identification.</p><p>Hubert... [truncated]","25","25-00012","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0004-0012"
"12500013","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Graphiurus","microtis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Noack","1887","","Zool. Jahrb.","2","","248","","","Large Savanna African Dormouse","Dem. Rep. Congo, Marungu, Qua Mpala","SubSaharan Africa excluding West Africa: Chad, Sudan (Setzer, 1956), Ethiopia (Corbet and Yalden, 1972; Yalden et al., 1996), Uganda (Delany, 1975), Rwanda (Geider and Kock, 1991; Misonne, 1965<i>b</i>; Monfort, 1992; Verschuren, 1987–Parc National de l’Akagera, as <i>G. murinus</i>), Kenya, Tanzania (Hatt, 1940<i>b</i>; Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951), Mozambique (Smithers and Lobão Tello, 1976), Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988 ), S Dem. Rep. Congo (Verschuren, 1987–Parc National de l’Upemba, as <i>G. murinus</i>), Zambia (Ansell, 1978), Botswana (Smithers, 1971), Namibia, Zimbabwe (Smithers and Wilson, 1979) and South Africa (Lynch, 1983, 1989, 1994; Rautenbach, 1982; Roberts, 1951; Taylor, 1998; Taylor et al., 1994<i>a</i>, as <i>G</i>. cf. <i>murinus</i>) (for Southern Africa see de Graaff, 1981; Smithers, 1983). In some of these regional works, <i>G. microtis</i> is included in <i>G. murinus</i>; thus the mapped localities and natural history data are a composite for both species.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albolineata</i>  (Frechkop, 1947);<i> butleri</i> Dollman, 1912; <i>etoschae</i> (Roberts, 1938); <i>griselda</i> Schwann, 1906; <i>littoralis</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>marrensis</i> Setzer, 1956; ? <i>orobinus</i> (Wagner, 1845); <i>pretoriae</i> Roberts, 1913; <i>schneideri</i> (Roberts, 1938); <i>smithii</i> (Thomas, 1893); <i>streeteri</i> Roberts, 1913; <i>sudanensis</i> Setzer, 1953; <i>tzaneenensis</i> Roberts, 1913; <i>vandami</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>woosnami</i> Dollman, 1910.","<p>Subgenus <i>Graphiurus</i>. In concordance with Ansell (1989<i>b</i>) and Ansell and Dowsett (1988), <i>G. microtis</i> is recognized as a species distinct from <i>G. murinus</i>. Holden (1993) did not attempt to separate the synonyms associated with <i>G. murinus</i> and <i>G. microtis</i>. My improved provisional arrangement here results from further examination of specimens, data and preliminary multivariate analyses, but is no substitute for a much needed careful revision of the <i>G. microtis</i> and <i>G. murinus</i> species groups. <i>Graphiurus microtis</i> is a grade of savannah African dormouse; significant geographic variation exists, and it is likely that at least two species are contained within <i>G. microtis</i> as understood here.</p><p>I examined the holotype of <i>orobinus</i> and concluded that it could conceivably be <i>parvus</i>, but most likely represents <i>G. microtis.</i> If so, <i>orobinus</i> would have priority over <i>microtis </i>and be the correct nam... [truncated]","25","25-00013","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0004-0013"
"12500014","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Graphiurus","monardi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","St. Leger","1936","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10","17","","465","","","Monard’s African Dormouse","Angola, Tyihumbwe (Chiumbe) River, 15 km above Dala, Kioko, 1250 m (see Hill and Carter, 1941)","NE Angola (Hayman, 1963<i>b</i>), NW Zambia (Ansell, 1978), and S Dem. Rep. Congo; limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>schoutedeni</i>  Frechkop, 1947 [see Ansell, 1989].","Subgenus <i>Graphiurus</i>. G. M. Allen (1939) listed <i>monardi</i> as a subspecies of <i>G.</i> <i>hueti </i>(=<i>nagtglasii</i>; see that account), an arrangement followed by Genest-Villard (1978). Ellerman et al. (1953) correctly stated that <i>monardi</i> has no close affinity with <i>G. hueti</i> and provided a detailed description and comparison of cranial and external characters, which I was able to verify, that clearly distinguish the two. Schouteden (1948) listed a specimen of <i>G. ocularis</i> from Dilolo, Dem. Rep. Congo. I examined the Dilolo specimens (in MRAC). Although certainly not representative of <i>G. ocularis</i>, these individuals are difficult to identify. Their pelage is similar to that of <i>G. rupicola</i>, yet the skulls resemble <i>G. monardi. </i>Photographs of live animal given by Hayman (1963<i>b</i>). Reviewed by Rossolimo et al. (2001) and Holden (In Press).","25","25-00014","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0004-0014"
"12500015","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Graphiurus","murinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, <i>in </i>Encyclop. Méth.","2","(Suppl.)","542","","","Forest African Dormouse","South Africa, Cape of Good Hope","C, E and Southern Africa: E Dem. Rep. Congo (Rahm and Christiaensen, 1963; Verschuren, 1987–Parc National des Virunga), Uganda (Clausnitzer and Kityo, 2001; Delany, 1975), Rwanda (Monfort, 1992), Burundi, Ethiopia (Corbet and Yalden, 1972; Yalden et al., 1996), Kenya (Hollister, 1919), Tanzania (Grimshaw et al., 1995; Stanley et al., 1998, 2000; Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951), Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988), Mozambique (Smithers and Lobão Tello, 1976), Zambia (Ansell, 1974, as <i>Graphiurus</i> sp.; 1978), Zimbabwe (Smithers and Wilson, 1979), South Africa (Kryštufek et al., 2004<i>a</i>; Lynch 1989; Rautenbach, 1982; Roberts, 1951; Taylor, 1998) (for Southern Africa see de Graaff, 1981; Smithers, 1983). In some of these regional works, <i>G. microtis</i> is included in <i>G. murinus</i>; thus the mapped localities and natural history data are a composite for both species.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alticola</i>  (Roberts, 1929); <i>cineraceus</i> (R&#369;ppell, 1842); <i>cinerascens</i> (Schinz, 1845); <i>collaris</i> (Allen and Loveridge, 1933); <i>erythrobronchus</i> (Smith, 1829); <i>griseus</i> G. M. Allen, 1912; <i>isolatus</i> Heller, 1912; <i>lalandianus</i> (Schinz, 1825); <i>johnstoni</i> Heller, 1912 [not Thomas, 1898]; <i>raptor</i> Dollman, 1910; <i>saturatus</i> Dollman, 1910; <i>selindensis</i> (Roberts, 1937); <i>soleatus</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1910; ?<i> subrufus</i> (Neumann, 1900); <i>vulcanicus</i> Lönnberg and Gyldenstolpe, 1925; <i>zuluensis</i> (Roberts, 1931).","<p>Subgenus <i>Graphiurus</i>. The synonyms included here under <i>G. murinus</i> represent populations inhabiting forests (predominantly on plateaus and mountains) in C, E and Southern Africa. As with the <i>G. microtis</i> group, significant variation in pelage color and skull morphology exists among populations of the <i>G. murinus</i> group, and it is likely that more than one species comprises this group. The <i>selindensis</i> and <i>collaris</i> populations are distinctive, as are populations from Rwanda and Burundi, and several populations from South Africa. Three different karyotypes were found in the <i>G. murinus</i> species group in Southern Africa (Dippenaar et al., 1983).  Furthermore, Kryštufek et al. (2004<i>a</i>) reported that two South African samples, one from lowland riverine forest and the other from Afromontane forest, had the same karyotypes but could be clearly separated by discriminant function analyses of cranial and dental measurements. These studies provide... [truncated]","25","25-00015","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0004-0015"
"12500016","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Aethoglis","nagtglasii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1888","","Notes Leyden Mus.","10","","38-39","","","Nagtglas’ African Dormouse","Liberia, DuQueah River, Hill Town (see Holden, In Press).","West Africa: Sierra Leone, Liberia (Coe, 1975; Kuhn, 1965), SE Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire (Aellen, 1965; Heim de Balsac and Lamotte, 1958), Ghana (Jeffrey, 1973), Togo, Nigeria (Happold, 1987), Cameroon (Robbins and Schlitter, 1981; Schlitter et al., 1985), Central African Republic, and Gabon. For West Africa reviews see Rosevear (1969) and Grubb et al. (1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>G. hueti</i>.","<i>argenteus</i> (G. M. Allen, 1936);<i> hueti</i> de Rochebrune, 1883 [see G. M. Allen, 1939, and Grubb and Ansell, 1996].","Subgenus <i>Aethoglis</i>. Does not include <i>monardi</i> (see that account). Grubb and Ansell (1996) recommended applying the name <i>G. nagtglasii</i> to the large West African dormouse traditionally known as <i>G. hueti</i> de Rochebrune. Their argument is supported by the dubious nature of the type locality of <i>G. hueti</i> given by de Rochebrune (1883), the lack of an available or likely holotype for <i>G. hueti</i> and existence of a holotype for <i>nagtglasii</i>, and because the animal used by de Rochebrune as a model to figure <i>G. hueti</i> is probably from Gabon, not Senegal (the type locality of <i>G. hueti</i>). Despite de Rochebrune’s (1883) claims, the occurrence of Nagtglas’ Dormouse in Senegal and The Gambia has never been substantiated (Grubb and Ansell, 1996). Karyotype of Côte d’Ivoire specimen given by Tranier and Dosso (1979). Reviewed by Rossolimo et al. (2001) and Holden (In Press). See comments under <i>G. crassicaudatus</i>. For synonyms see G. M. Allen (1... [truncated]","25","25-00016","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0005-0016"
"12500017","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Graphiurus","ocularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Smith","1829","","Zool. J.","4","","439","","","Spectacled African Dormouse","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., near Plettenberg Bay","South Africa, Eastern, Northern and Western Cape Provinces (Channing, 1984; de Graaff, 1991; Roberts, 1951; Smithers, 1983).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>capensis</i>  (Cuvier, 1829); <i>elegans</i> Ogilby, 1838; <i>typicus</i> Smith, 1834.","Subgenus <i>Graphiurus</i>. Other historical distributional records for <i>G. ocularis</i> are questionable. Lorenz (1894) recorded a specimen from Linokana (Dinokana), northwest of Zeerust, North West Province, although no other specimen has ever been taken from this region (see Rautenbach, 1982). The Linokana specimen is missing from the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, where most of the Lorenz collection is housed (B. Herzig, pers.comm.), so unfortunately the historical occurrence of the Spectacled African Dormouse as far north as the Zeerust region cannot be verified; possibly the specimen represented either <i>G. platyops</i> or <i>G. microtis</i> and was misidentified as <i>G. ocularis</i>. An example of <i>G. ocularis</i> recorded from Damaraland, Namibia (type specimen of <i>G. elegans</i>) may have come from Namaqualand, South Africa; the occurrence of <i>G. ocularis</i> north of the Orange River is doubtful (see Thomas, 1926<i>e</i> for discussion). Though Roberts (1951) and El... [truncated]","25","25-00017","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0004-0017"
"12500018","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Graphiurus","platyops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","19","","388","","","Flat-headed African Dormouse","S Zimbabwe, Mashonaland, Enkeldorn","Eastern and E Southern Africa: Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988), E Zambia (Ansell, 1978), Zimbabwe (Smithers and Wilson, 1979), Botswana (Smithers, 1971), Mozambique (Smithers and Lobão Tello, 1976) and South Africa (de Graaff, 1981; Rautenbach, 1982; Roberts, 1951; Smithers, 1983).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>eastwoodae</i>  Roberts, 1913; <i>jordani</i> Roberts, 1929.","Subgenus <i>Graphiurus</i>. Does not include <i>angolensis</i>, <i>dasilvai</i> or <i>parvulus</i> (see comments under <i>G. angolensis </i>and <i>G. rupicola</i>). Previously thought to occur in C Botswana (De Graaff 1981), but my measurements of that specimen are well outside the range of <i>G. platyops</i>, and are concordant with those of Southern African populations of <i>G. microtis</i>. A specimen in the Amathole (formerly Kaffrarian) Museum, King William’s Town, is labeled as the holotype of ""<i>Gliriscus angolensis albicaudatus</i> Roberts"". Apparently the name <i>albicaudatus</i> was never formally published (F. Kigozi, pers. comm.). Possibly A. Roberts labeled the specimen with the intention of describing it (the specimen was originally part of the Albany Museum collection). The specimen represents <i>G. platyops</i>, and is from Isoka, Zambia, the type locality of <i>G. platyops jordani</i> Roberts. Reviewed by Rossolimo et al. (2001) and Holden (In Press).","25","25-00018","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0004-0018"
"12500019","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Graphiurus","rupicola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1925","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1925","","232","","","Rupicolous African Dormouse","Namibia, Karibib, 3842 ft. (1171 m)","Angola (M. E. Holden, unpubl.), Namibia (Thomas and Hinton, 1925) and NW South Africa (Shortridge and Carter, 1938), in a narrow strip from Mt Soque, Angola, south to Port Nolloth and Eenriet in Little Namaqualand, South Africa (see also Roberts, 1951).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>australis</i>  (Shortridge and Carter, 1938); <i>kaokoensis</i> (Roberts, 1938); <i>montosus</i> (Thomas and Hinton, 1925).","Subgenus <i>Graphiurus</i>. Ellerman et al. (1953) and Genest-Villard (1978) listed <i>rupicola</i> as a subspecies of <i>G. platyops</i>, but Roberts (1951) recognized it as a distinct species, a position followed here based on my study of museum specimens, including holotypes. The northern distributional limit for <i>G. rupicola</i> was previously thought to be Kamanjab, Namibia, but I found two specimens from Mt Soque, Angola (in FMNH) that represent <i>G. rupicola</i>. Reviewed by Rossolimo et al. (2001) and Holden (In Press). See comments under <i>G. monardi</i> regarding enigmatic specimens from Dilolo, Dem. Rep. Congo.","25","25-00019","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0004-0019"
"12500020","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Graphiurinae","","Graphiurus","Graphiurus","surdus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","9","","314","","","Short-eared African Dormouse","Equatorial Guinea, Rio Muni, Benito River","WC and C Africa: Southern Cameroon south to Equatorial Guinea and Gabon, and NE and SC Dem. Rep. Congo (Holden, 1996<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>schwabi</i>  G. M. Allen, 1912 [see Holden, 1996<i>b</i>].","Subgenus <i>Graphiurus</i>. Morphological revision and comparisons with similar species contributed by Holden (1996<i>b</i>). Reviewed by Rossolimo et al. (2001) and Holden (In Press).","25","25-00020","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0004-0020"
"12500021","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Lydekker","1895","1896","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1895","","862","","","","","","","Dryomyinae de Bruijn, 1967; Leithiinae Trouessart, 1897; Muscardininae Palmer, 1904; Myomiminae Daams, 1981; Seleviniidae Bashanov and Belosludov, 1939 (Seleviniinae Ognev, 1947); see McKenna and Bell (1997).","<p>Lydekker (1895) proposed Leithiidae to separate the giant Pleistocene dormouse of Malta from other glirids, and <i>Leithia</i> for the type genus. Major (1899) argued that <i>Leithia</i> was in fact a glirid, and Leithiidae a junior synonym of Gliridae. De Bruijn (1967) proposed Dryomyinae, which included <i>Leithia</i>, <i>Dryomys</i>, <i>Eliomys</i>, and other genera. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999:45) mandates that when a nominal taxon is lowered in rank in the family group, its type genus remains the same. Because Dryomyinae de Bruijn contains <i>Leithia</i>, the correct name for the subfamily is Leithiinae. The results of the phylogenetic analysis by Wahlert et al. (1993) indicated that the genera listed below [excluding <i>Chaetocauda</i>, which was not available for study] form a monophyletic group composed of two tribes: Leithiini (<i>Dryomys</i> and <i>Eliomys</i>) and Seleviniini (<i>Myomimus</i> and <i>Selevinia</i>).</p><p>Daams and de Brui... [truncated]","25","25-00021","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021"
"12500022","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Chaetocauda","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wang","1985","","Acta Theriol. Sinica","5","1","67","","<i>Chaetocauda sichuanensis</i> Wang, 1985.","","","","","","Holden (1993) formerly arranged <i>C. sichuanensis</i> as a species of <i>Dryomys</i>, based on shape and other morphological characters. Although <i>Chaetocauda</i> resembles <i>Myomimus</i> in some features of the skull, other cranial characters resemble those found in <i>Dryomys</i> (particularly <i>D. niethammeri</i>); additionally, the continuous endoloph on the upper molars supports its inclusion in Leithiinae. Because there is so little information regarding this animal, the genus should be recognized until its relationship with other dormouse genera, particularly leithiines, can be analyzed. Wang (1985) considered <i>Chaetocauda</i> a close relative of <i>Myomimus</i>, and placed it within Myomiminae. Based on the presence of a continuous endoloph on the upper molars, Rossolimo (2001) tentatively placed <i>Chaetocauda</i> in Leithiinae, along with <i>Dryomys</i> and <i>Eliomys</i>. The same character served as the basis for Daams and de Bruijn’s (1995) arrangement, in which the... [truncated]","25","25-00022","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0022"
"12500023","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Chaetocauda","","sichuanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wang","1985","","Acta Theriol. Sinica","5","1","67","","","Sichuan Dormouse","China, N Sichuan Sheng, Pinwu county, Wang-lang Natural Reserve","Known only from the type locality, a subalpine deciduous and coniferous forest in the Sichuan highlands; limits unknown.","IUCN – Endangered as <i>Dryomys sichuanensis</i>.","","Reviewed by Rossolimo et al. (2001); see also Vorontsov (1986) and Wang (2003).","25","25-00023","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0022-0000-0023"
"12500024","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Dryomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","1906","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","2","348","","<i>Mus nitedula</i> Pallas, 1778.","","","","","<i>Afrodryomys</i>  Jaeger, 1975 [see Daams and de Bruijn, 1995; Rossolimo et al., 2001]; <i>Dyromys</i> Thomas, 1907 [see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; McKenna and Bell, 1997; and footnote in Simpson, 1945]; <i>Elius</i> Schulze, 1900 [excluding <i>glis</i>].","Evolutionary patterns of dental morphology during Pliocene and Pleistocene discussed by Nadachowski and Daoud (1995). Comparative vocalization data reviewed by Hutterer and Peters (2001). It is generally (but not universally) accepted that <i>Eliomys</i> is the closest living relative of <i>Dryomys</i> (see comments under Subfamily Leithiinae and references therein). However, phylogenetic analyses of nuclear DNA fragments and mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences clearly identified <i>Dryomys</i> as sister to <i>Eliomys</i> (Montgelard et al., 2003).","25","25-00024","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0024"
"12500025","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Dryomys","","laniger","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Felten and Storch","1968","","Senckenberg. Biol.","49","6","429","","","Woolly Forest Dormouse","Turkey, Antalya Prov., 20 km SSE Elmali, Bey Mtns, Ciglikara, 2000 m","S Turkey, Toros Daglari (Taurus Mtns) and E Anatolia (Kivanç et al., 1997<i>a</i>; Krystufek and Vohralík, 2001; Obuch, 2001; Spitzenberger, 1976).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Morphology, ecology and distribution reviewed by Rossolimo et al. (2001). Morphology and histology of plantar surface studied by Spitzenberger and Eberl-Rothe (1974). Photographs provided by Felten and Storch (1968). Karyology and phallic morphology given by Kivanç et al. (1997<i>a</i>). Distribution mapped in Kivanç et al. (1997<i>a</i>).","25","25-00025","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0024-0000-0025"
"12500026","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Dryomys","","niethammeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Holden","1996","","Bonn. Zool. Bieträge","46","1-4","116","","","Niethammer’s Forest Dormouse","Pakistan, Baluchistan Prov., 1 mi. (1.6 km) E of Ziarat","Pakistan, NE Baluchistan; limits unknown.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Known only from three specimens, although an additional five specimens may exist in the collections of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (T. J. Roberts, A. Mian, pers. comm.). Though <i>D. niethammeri</i> is larger than <i>D. laniger</i>, and differs in other proportions, both species have relatively inflated auditory bullae, a character that may be convergent (Holden, 1996<i>a</i>). Reviewed by Rossolimo et al. (2001). A much needed critical revision of <i>D. nitedula</i> should include phylogenetic comparisons with <i>D. laniger</i> and <i>D. niethammeri</i> to elucidate intrageneric relationships (see Holden, 1996<i>a</i>).","25","25-00026","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0024-0000-0026"
"12500027","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Dryomys","","nitedula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","88","","","Forest Dormouse","Russia, lower Volga River","Europe, the Middle East and C Asia: SE Germany (Faltin, 1988), Switzerland (Catzeflis, 1995<i>b</i>), Austria (Niethammer, 1960; Spitzenberger, 1983; Spitzenberger et al., 1995), Czech Republic and Slovakia (And&#277;ra, 1987, 1995; Kratochvíl, 1967; Obuch, 1998), Poland (Daoud, 1989; Jurczyszyn and Wolk, 1998; Kosior, 1996; Nowakowski, 2000; Nowakowski and Boratynski, 2001; Pucek, 1983<i>b</i>); Ukraine (Bezrodny, 1991) and Belorus (Serñanin, 1961) north to Lithuania (Balciauskas, 1996; Juskaitis, 1995<i>a</i>) and Latvia (Pil~ts, 1995), Russia east to Kazan region and upper Volga River, south to lower Dnepr River, mouth of Volga River, and Caucasus Mtns (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Licha&#133;ev, 1972; Ognev, 1947; Vereshchagin, 1959; also Kuznetsov, 1965; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987), Italy (Amori et al., 1995, 1999; Filippucci, 1986; Paolucci et al., 1987), Hungary (Bakó et al., 1998; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 1994), Slovenia (Kryštufek, 1991; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 1994), Croatia (Tvrtkovi&#131; et al., 1995), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro (Gazaryan, 1985; Krystufek, 1985<i>a</i>; Kryštufek and Vohralík; 1994; Petrov, 1992), Romania (Istrate, 1998; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 1994), Moldavia (Lozan, 1970), Albania (Prigioni, 1996), Macedonia (Petrov, 1992), Bulgaria (Mitev et al., 1994; Peshev, 1996; Peshev and Mitev, 1979; Vohralík , 1985), Greece (Ondrias, 1966; Sofianidou and Vohralík, 1991; Vohralík and Sofianidou, 1987, 1992<i>a</i>), Turkey (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001; Mursalo&#151;lu, 1973<i>b</i>; Obuch, 2001; Pamukoglu and Albayrak, 1996), Arabia (Harrison and Bates, 1991), W and E Syria (Obuch, 2001; von Lehmann, 1965), N Israel (Atallah, 1978; Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov, 1999; Nevo and Amir, 1961<i>a</i>, 1964; Qumsiyeh, 1996), N Iraq (Jawdat, 1977), Iran (Lay, 1967; Obuch, 2001), Afghanistan (Hassinger, 1973), N Pakistan (Roberts, 1977, 1997); Tajikistan (Allobergenov, 1986; Davydov, 1984), Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and C Kazakhstan north to the S Altai Gobi (see Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Kuznetsov, 1965; Ognev, 1947; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987), the Tarbagaty Mtns east to the eastern limit of the Tien Shan Mtns in Xinjiang, China (Ma et al., 1981, 1987; Wang, 2003; Wang and Yang, 1983); perhaps Lebanon (Lewis et al., 1967). In Europe see also Kryštufek (1999<i>b</i>), Kryštufek and Vohralík (1994) and Storch (1978<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>angelus</i>  (Thomas, 1906); <i>aspromontis</i> Lehmann, 1963; <i>bilkjewiczi</i> Ognev and Heptner, 1928; <i>carpathicus</i> Brohmer, 1927; <i>caucasicus</i> Ognev and Turov, 1935; <i>daghestanicus</i> Ognev and Turov, 1935; <i>diamesus</i> Lehmann, 1959; <i>dryas</i> (Schreber, 1782); <i>intermedius</i> (Nehring, 1902); <i>kurdistanicus</i> Ognev and Turov, 1935; <i>milleri</i> Thomas, 1912; <i>obolenskii</i> Ognev and Worobiev, 1923; <i>ognevi</i> Heptner and Formozov, 1928; <i>pallidus</i> Ognev and Turov, 1935; <i>phrygius</i> Thomas, 1907; <i>pictus</i> (Blanford, 1875); <i>ravijojla</i> Paspalev et al., 1952; <i>robustus</i> Miller, 1910; <i>saxatilis</i> Rosanov, 1935; <i>tanaiticus</i> Ognev and Turov, 1935; <i>tichomirowi</i> Satunin, 1920; <i>wingei </i>(Nehring, 1902); see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>).","<p>There has been no critical revision of this species throughout its range, and <i>D. nitedula</i> may actually contain two or more species. An allozymic and biometric study by Filippucci et al. (1995) of southern populations indicates that the Israeli population probably represents a separate species, a conclusion supported by ecological data (Nevo and Amir, 1961<i>b</i>) and phallic and bacular morphology (Simson et al., 1995). It would have been treated as a species here, but unfortunately no name has been given to this population. Historically, the Israeli population has been included in <i>D. n. phrygius</i> (described from Murat Dagi, W Turkey), but Filippucci et al. (1995) showed that the two populations are morphologically different, and topotypes of <i>D. n. phrygius</i> clustered with the European population from Turkish Thrace. Mursalo&#151;lu (1973<i>b</i>) suggested that the E Anatolia (Turkey) population represents a separate species, <i>D. pictus</i>, originally describ... [truncated]","25","25-00027","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0024-0000-0027"
"12500028","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Eliomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wagner","1840","","Gelehrte Anz. I. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., München","8","37","297","","<i>Eliomys melanurus</i> Wagner, 1840.","","","","","<i>Bifa</i>  Lataste, 1885 [see Corbet, 1978<i>c</i> and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951].","See Kryštufek and Kraft (1997) for clarification of the publication date for <i>Eliomys</i> Wagner (1839 vs. 1840). Vocalization data reviewed by Hutterer and Peters (2001). Evolutionary patterns of dental morphology during Pliocene and Pleistocene discussed by Nadachowski and Daoud (1995). Dobson (1998) speculated that <i>Eliomys</i> probably reached Africa at least two times, once during the Messinian from Iberia, and later during the late Pleistocene from the eastern Mediterranean. Multiple colonizations may account for the lack of morphometric cohesion among what are presumed to be conspecific North African populations of <i>E. munbyanus</i> (the Tunisian population, for example). It is generally (but not universally) accepted that <i>Dryomys</i> is the closest living relative of <i>Eliomys</i> (see comments under Subfamily Leithiinae and references therein). However, phylogenetic analyses of nuclear DNA fragments and 12S rRNA sequences clearly identified <i>Eliomys</i> and <i>Dryo... [truncated]","25","25-00028","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0028"
"12500029","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Eliomys","","melanurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1840","","Gelehrte. Anz. I. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., München","8","37","299","","","Large-eared Garden Dormouse (see comments)","Sinai (restricted to vicinity of Mt Sinai by Nader et al., 1983)","E North Africa, the Middle East and S Turkey: Libya east from Barqah (Cyrenaica) (Ranck, 1968); Egypt (Osborn and Helmy, 1980), the Sinai peninsula (Haim and Tchernov, 1974; Kahmann, 1981; Osborn and Helmy, 1980; Wassif and Hoogstraal, 1954), Saudi Arabia (Harrison and Bates, 1991; Kahmann, 1981; Nader et al., 1981; Vesey-Fitzgerald, 1953), Israel (Bodenheimer, 1958; Ilani and Shalmon, 1983; Kahmann, 1981; Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov, 1999; Obuch, 2001; Qumsiyeh, 1996), Jordan (Atallah, 1978; Bodenheimer, 1958; Kahmann, 1981; Qumsiyeh, 1996; Tristram, 1877), Lebanon (G. M. Allen, 1915; Lewis et al., 1967; Qumsiyeh, 1996), Syria (Kahmann, 1981; Obuch, 2001; Qumsiyeh, 1996), Iraq (Kahmann, 1981; Nadachowski et al., 1978) and S Turkey (Misonne, 1957). In North Africa see Kahmann and Thoms (1981) and Niethammer (1959, 1987<i>c</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>cyrenaicus</i>  Festa 1922 [see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Kryštufek and Kraft, 1997].","<p>See Kryštufek and Kraft (1997) for clarification of the publication date for <i>Eliomys melanurus</i> Wagner (1839 vs. 1840). Allozymic and karyological data analyzed by Filippucci et al. (1988<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), Filippucci and Kotsakis (1995), and Filippucci and Capanna (1996) indicated that North African and Middle Eastern populations are genetically differentiated from European <i>E. quercinus</i>. They recommended the recognition of <i>E. melanurus</i> (containing all North African, Middle Eastern and Turkish populations) as a distinct species of <i>Eliomys</i>. Their conclusion was supported by a study utilizing phallic and bacular characters (Simson et al., 1995). Based on multivariate analyses of cranial morphology, Kryštufek and Kraft (1997) agreed that <i>E. melanurus</i> and <i>E. quercinus</i> represent two distinct species, but concluded that North African populations eastward to Tripolitania represent<i> E. quercinus</i>, and restricted the distribution of <i>E. melanu... [truncated]","25","25-00029","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0028-0000-0029"
"12500030","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Eliomys","","munbyanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pomel","1856","","C. R. Hebdomadaires des Séances de L’Academie des Sciences","42","","653","","","Maghreb Garden Dormouse","Algeria: Region d’Oran (Province of Oran)","W North Africa: Western Sahara (Kahmann and Thoms, 1981); Morocco (Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986; Moreno and Delibes, 1981); Algeria (Khidas, 1993; Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991); Tunisia (Kahmann and Thoms, 1987); east to Tar~bulus (Tripolitania) and Fazzan regions of E Libya (Ranck, 1968). See also Kahmann and Thoms (1981), Kock (1985) and Niethammer (1959).","<i>denticulatus</i> Ranck, 1968; <i>lerotina</i> (Lataste, 1885); <i>occidentalis</i> Thomas, 1903; <i>tunetae </i>Thomas, 1903.","See comments under <i>E. melanurus</i>  regarding data supporting recognition of <i>E. munbyanus</i>, and for discussion of geographic distributions of the two species. Morphological taxonomic study of circum-Mediterranean populations reported by Kryštufek and Kraft (1997). Comparative study of African populations by Kahmann and Thoms (1973<i>b</i>). Comparisons of North African <i>E. melanurus</i> population with North African <i>E. munbyanus</i> populations, including descriptions of type specimens, karyotypes, color plates of skins, and notes on biology, reported by Kahmann and Thoms (1981). Biometric study of Tunesian populations provided by Kahmann and Thoms (1987). Systematics of Moroccan population examined by Moreno (1989) and Moreno and Delibes (1981). Phallic and bacular structure and variation reported by Simson et al. (1995). Chromosomal studies reviewed by Zima et al. (1995); additional karyotypic data analyzed by Filippucci and Capanna (1996). Comprehensive analyses of allozyme data and genetic relationships reported by Filippucci and Kotsakis (1995) and Filippucci and Capanna (1996). Recorded from Pleistocene in Tunisia (Mein and Pickford, 1992).","","25","25-00030","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0028-0000-0030"
"12500031","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Eliomys","","quercinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","84","","","Garden Dormouse","Germany","Primarily Europe, also Russia: Portugal (Santos-Reis and Mathias, 1996), Spain (Abad, 1987; Castién and Gosálbez, 1992, Moreno, 1989; Torre et al., 1996), Balearic Isls (Alcover, 1986; Alcover and Gosalbez, 1988; Kahmann and Alcover, 1974; Kahmann and Thoms, 1973<i>a</i>), Andorra (Gosalbez-Noguera et al., 1989), France (Geissert and Merkel, 1994), Corsica (Orsini and Cheylan, 1988), Belgium (Libois, 1996; Luyts, 1986), Germany (Bitz, 1991; Faltin, 1988; Feustel, 1984; Gorner and Henkel, 1988; Mockel, 1986; Rehage, 1984; Schoppe, 1986), Netherlands (Foppen and Bergers, 1992; Foppen et al., 1989; Thissen and Hollander, 1996), Czech Republic and Slovakia (And&#277;ra, 1986, 1995; And&#277;ra and Cerveny, 1994; Hçrka, 1990; Kratochvíl, 1967; Obuch, 1998; Smaha, 1996), Poland (Daoud, 1989; Jurczyszyn and Wolk, 1998; Pucek, 1983<i>a</i>), Belarus, Lithuania (Balciauskas, 1996; Juskaitis, 1995<i>a</i>), Latvia (Pil~ts, 1995), Estonia including Suur Tutarsaar Isl (Ernits, 1991<i>a</i>; <i>b</i>; Masing and Timm, 1988), Finland, Ukraine (Bezrodny, 1991; Zagorodnyuk, 1998), European Russia to S Urals (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Kuznetsov, 1965; Licha&#133;ev, 1972; Ognev, 1947), Switzerland (Catzeflis, 1995<i>a</i>; Maurizio, 1994), Austria (Spitzenberger, 1983, 1996; Spitzenberger et al., 1995), Italy, including Sardegna, Eolian archipelago and Sicilia (Amori et al., 1995, 1999, 2002<i>a</i>; Cagnin and Aloise, 1995; Cristaldi and Amori, 1988; Locatelli and Paolucci, 1996<i>a</i>; Sarà and Casamento, 1995<i>a</i>; Scaravelli et al., 1995), Slovenia (Kryštufek, 2003), Croatia (Petrov, 1992; Tvrtkovi&#131; et al., 1995; Vujoševi&#131; et al., 1993), Adriatic Isls (Petrov, 1992; Tvrtkovi&#131; et al., 1995; Vujoševi&#131; et al., 1993), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Petrov, 1992; Tvrtkovi&#131; et al., 1995), possibly Albania (Prigioni, 1996), possibly Bulgaria, and perhaps Romania (Istrate, 1998). See also Filippucci (1999), Kryštufek and Vohralík (1994) and Storch (1978<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>amori</i>  (Graells, 1897); <i>cincticauda</i> Miller, 1901; <i>dalmaticus</i> Dulic and Felten, 1962; <i>dichrurus</i> (Rafinesque, 1814); <i>gotthardus</i> Burg, 1920; <i>gymnesicus</i> Thomas, 1903; <i>hamiltoni</i> Cabrera, 1907; <i>hortualis</i> Cabrera, 1904; <i>jurrasicus</i> Burg, 1920; <i>liparensis</i> Kahmann, 1960; <i>lusitanicus</i> Reuvens, 1890; <i>nitela</i> (Schreber, 1782); <i>ophiusae</i> Thomas, 1925; <i>pallidus</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1899; <i>räticus</i> Burg, 1920; <i>sardus</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1901; <i>superans</i> Ognev and Stroganov, 1936; <i>valverdei</i> Palacios, Castroviejo, and Garzon, 1974; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>).","<p>Roman record in England (probably introduced) reported by O'Conner (1986). It has been proposed (e.g., Petrov, 1992) that the E Adriatic population was introduced from S Italy, but analyses of chromosomal and allozyme data contradict this hypothesis and indicate that the E Adriatic and Italian populations exhibit many allelic differences and are characterized by chromosomal rearrangements and a relatively high Nei’s genetic distance (Filippucci and Capanna, 1996; Vujoševi&#131; et al., 1993). These studies also indicate that the Dalmatian population was one of several that recolonized C Europe after the cold glacial periods of the late Pleistocene.</p><p>Rossolimo et al. (2001) reviewed<i> E. quercinus</i>, including illustrations of live animal, distributional, morphological, ecological, behavioral and other characteristics. Kryštufek and Kraft (1997) provided morphological taxonomic study of circum-Mediterranean populations. Moreno (1989) did a taxonomic study of Spanish populatio... [truncated]","25","25-00031","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0028-0000-0031"
"12500032","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Muscardinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kaup","1829","","Skizz. Entwikel.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt","1","","139","","<i>Mus avellanarius</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Eomuscardinus</i>  Hartenberger, 1966; <i>Pentaglis</i> Kretzoi, 1943; see Daams and de Bruijn (1995); Rossolimo et al. (2001).","Kratochvil (1973) proposed to place <i>Muscardinus</i> in its own subfamily, Muscardininae, based on the uniquely derived stomach anatomy, molar morphology, and phallic features. De Bruijn (1967) and Daams (1981) both included <i>Muscardinus</i> in the Glirinae based on dental morphology. This arrangement was supported by the results of Wahlert et al. (1993). However, phylogenetic analyses of nuclear DNA fragments and mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences clearly identified <i>Muscardinus </i>as a member of Leithiinae and basal to <i>Myomimus</i>, and the clade comprised of<i> Dromys</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Eliomys. </i>See also comments under Leithiinae. Comparative vocalization data reviewed by Hutterer and Peters (2001). Evolutionary patterns of dental morphology during Pliocene and Pleistocene discussed by Nadachowski and Daoud (1995). For synonyms see Daams and de Bruijn (1995); Rossolimo et al. (2001).","25","25-00032","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0032"
"12500033","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Muscardinus","","avellanarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","62","","","Hazel Dormouse","Sweden","Europe and N Turkey: Cumbria and S England (Bright and Morris, 1992; Bright et al., 1996; Coult, 2001), France (Jourde, 2001; Papillon et al., 2000), Switzerland (Catzeflis, 1995<i>d</i>; Maurizio, 1994), Italy, including Sicilia (Amori et al., 1995, 1999; Sarà and Casamento, 1995<i>a</i>; Sarà et al., 2002), Austria (Spitzenberger, 1983; Spitzenberger et al., 1995), Germany (Bitz, 1991; Faltin, 1988; Gorner and Henkel, 1988; Harsch, 1993; Mockel, 1988; Rehage and Steinborn, 1984; Schoppe, 1986; Schulze, 1986, 1987), Belgium (Christiaens, 1995; Libois, 1996), Netherlands (van Laar, 1984, 1992; Thissen and Hollander, 1996), Denmark (Jensen, 1980), S and C Sweden (Berg, 1996, 1997), Poland (Daoud, 1989; Jurczyszyn and Wolk, 1998; Kaluza, 1987; Pucek, 1983<i>d</i>; Wilk, 1987), Ukraine (Bezrodny, 1991), Belorus, Lithuania (Juškaitis, 1995<i>a</i>), Latvia (Pil~ts, 1995), and Estonia (Ernits, 1991<i>b</i>) east to Russia (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Kuznetsov, 1965; Licha&#133;ev, 1972; Ognev, 1947); Czech Republic and Slovakia (And�ra, 1987, 1995; Andera and Cerveny, 1994; Danko, 1994; Hçrka,,1990; Obuch, 1998; Smaha, 1996; Stanko and Mosansky, 2000), Hungary (Bakó et al., 1998), Slovenia (Kryštufek, 1991), Croatia (Tvrtkovi&#131; et al., 1995), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro (Petrov, 1992), Romania (Istrate, 1998), Albania (Prigioni, 1996), Macedonia, Bulgaria (Belcheva et al., 1989; Peshev, 1996), Greece (Ondrias, 1966), Corfu, N Turkey (Do&#151;ramaci and Kefel¥o&#151;lu, 1992; Kivanc, 1983; Obuch, 2002). In Europe see also Morris (1999) and Storch (1978<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>abanticus</i>  Kivanc, 1983; <i>anglicus</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1900; <i>corilinum</i> (Fatio, 1869); <i>kroecki</i> Niethammer and Bohmann, 1950; <i>muscardinus</i> (Schreber, 1782); <i>niveus</i> Altobello, 1920; <i>pulcher</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1898; <i>speciosus</i> (Dehne, 1855); <i>trapezius</i> Miller, 1908; <i>zeus</i> Chaworth-Musters, 1932; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>, 1984).","Comprehensive review of<i> M. avellanarius</i>, including illustrations of live animal, distributional, morphological, ecological, behavioral and other characteristics, contributed by Rossolimo et al. (2001). Systematic study of W and C European subspecies provided by Witte (1962) and Roesler and Witte (1969), and of Turkish subspecies by Kivanc (1983). Morphometric study of Bulgarian populations reported by Peshev et al. (1990<i>a</i>) and Peshev and Delov (1995<i>b</i>). Comparison of dental pattern with fossil <i>Muscardinus</i> from Poland given by Daoud (1993). Review of chromosomal studies given by Zima et al. (1995), additional karyotypic data from Bulgaria reported by Peshev and Delov (1995<i>a</i>), from Turkey by Do&#151;ramaci and Kefel¥o&#151;lu (1992), and from Russia by Graphodatsky and Fokin (1993). Allozyme variation and genetic relationships analyzed by Filippucci and Kotsakis (1995). Phallic and bacular structure and variation reported by Hrabe (1969) and Simson et al... [truncated]","25","25-00033","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0032-0000-0033"
"12500034","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Myomimus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ognev","1924","","Priroda Okhota Ukraine [Nat. and Hunting in Ukraine], Kharkov","1-2","","115","","<i>Myomimus personatus</i> Ognev, 1924.","","","","","<i>Philistomys</i> Bate, 1937 [see Kowalski, 1963; Rossolimo et al., 2001].","This genus requires systematic revision. A new, undescribed species of <i>Myomimus</i> has been found in the C Zagros Mtns, Bakhtaran Prov., Iran, 1300 m. Known only from owl pellets, the mandible of this species is larger than that of <i>M. setzeri</i>, but smaller than <i>M. personatus</i> (Obuch, 2001; J. Obuch, pers. comm.); Obuch (2001) included photographs of dentaries of the new species compared with those of <i>M. personatus</i> and <i>M. setzeri</i>. Daams and de Bruijn (1995) arranged <i>Myomimus</i> in subfamily Myominae; according to their hypothesis myomimines and glirines originated from gliravines in the late Oligocene. There seems to be a general (but not universal, see Yachontov and Potapova, 1991, and Simson et al., 1995) consensus that <i>Myomimus</i> and <i>Selevinia</i> are related (Koenigswald, 1993, 1995; Potapova, 2001; Rossolimo et al., 2001; Storch, 1995<i>b</i>; Wahlert et al., 1993). Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear DNA fragments and mitochondrial 12S rRNA s... [truncated]","25","25-00034","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0034"
"12500035","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Myomimus","","personatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1924","","Priroda Okhota Ukraine [Nat. and Hunting in Ukraine], Kharkov","1-2","","115","","","Masked Mouse-tailed Dormouse","Turkmenistan, Koppeh-Dagh Mtns, near Kaine-Kassyr on the Sumbar River, Turkmenistan-Iran border","Bulgaria (Peshev et al., 1964); W Turkey (Mursalo&#151;lu, 1973<i>b</i>); Koppet Dag Mtns, NE Iran (Obuch, 2001); Koppet Dag and Malyy Balkhan Mtns, Turkmenistan (Csorba, 1993; Kurbanov et al., 1990; Kuznetsov, 1965; Marinina et al., 1987; Ognev, 1947; Shcherbina et al., 1988); Iskander, Uzbekistan (Zykov, 1987); limits unknown.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Review of morphology, ecology and distribution, and illustration of live animal, contributed by Rossolimo et al. (2001). External morphology of the glans penis and its taxonomic significance discussed by Rossolimo and Pavlinov (1985). Mensural data, and figures of skin, feet, cranium and teeth given by Peshev et al. (1964). Skull, teeth, os penis, feet, and ear ossicles figured by Ognev (1947). Karyotypic data and analysis provided by Graphodatsky and Fokin (1993). Russian range, taxonomy and other characters reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995). Comparison with <i>M. roachi</i> provided by Rossolimo (1976<i>b</i>).","25","25-00035","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0034-0000-0035"
"12500036","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Myomimus","","roachi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bate","1937","","Ann. Mag.Nat. Hist., ser. 10","20","","399","","","Roach’s Mouse-tailed Dormouse","Israel, Mt Carmel, Tabun Cave, upper Pleistocene layers","Extant in SE Bulgaria (Filippucci and Peshev, 1999; Peshev, 1996), Turkish Thrace (Filippucci and Peshev, 1999; Kurtonur and Özkan, 1991), and W Turkey (Mursalo&#153;lu, 1973<i>a</i>); limits unknown. Early to late Pleistocene fossils are known from Israel (Tchernov, 1992, 1994), Greece (Macedonia, Athens, Chios Isl and Kalimnos Isl) (Kuss and Storch, 1978; Storch, 1975, 1978<i>b</i>), and from S Anatolia, Turkey (Corbet and Morris, 1967; Storch, 1988).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>bulgaricus</i>  Rossolimo, 1976 [see Storch, 1978<i>b</i>].","Morphology, ecology and distribution reviewed by Rossolimo et al. (2001). Distribution and review provided by Storch (1978<i>b</i>). Detailed description and figures of SE Bulgaria population given by Pechev et al. (1964). Taxonomic study of Bulgarian samples and comparison with <i>M. personatus</i> provided by Rossolimo (1976<i>b</i>). Distribution, measurements, and ecological data of Turkish Thrace population recorded by Kurtonur and Özkan (1991). Cranial abnormality in wild Turkish population documented by Kryštufek et al. (2004<i>b</i>). Phallic and bacular structure and variation reported by Simson et al. (1995). Chromosomal data and analysis given by Civitelli et al. (1995<i>b</i>). Allozyme variation analyzed by Filippucci and Kotsakis (1995). Comparative behavior and hibernation of wild-caught captives reported by Burulda&#151; and Kurtonur (2001).","25","25-00036","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0034-0000-0036"
"12500037","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Myomimus","","setzeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rossolimo","1976","","Vestn. Zool.","4","","51","","","Setzer’s Mouse-tailed Dormouse","Iran, Kordestan Prov., 4 km W of Bane","From 1500-2800 m in E Turkey (Obuch, 1994, 2001), and Azarbaijan-e Gharbi and Kordestan Prov., NW Iran (Obuch, 1994, 2001; Rossolimo, 1976<i>a</i>); limits unknown.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Reviewed by Rossolimo et al. (2001). Skull and teeth figured in Rossolimo (1976<i>a</i>); dentaries illustrated and compared with <i>M. personatus</i> and <i>Myomimus sp</i>. (see comments under <i>Myomimus</i>) by Obuch (2001).","25","25-00037","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0034-0000-0037"
"12500038","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Selevinia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Belosludov and Bazhanov","1939","","Uchen. Zap. Kaz. Univ. Alma-Ata","1","1","81","","<i>Selevinia betpakdalaensis</i> Belosludov and Bazhanov, 1939.","","","","","<i>Salevinia</i>  Argyropulo and Vinogradov, 1939.","Belosludov and Bazhanov (1939) recognized <i>Selevinia</i> as a new genus of murids, and subsequently as the only member of a separate family of rodents seemingly allied to glirids (Bazhanov and Belosludov, 1941). Based upon a suite of morphological characters, Ognev (1947) hypothesized that <i>Selevinia</i> was a highly differentiated dormouse most closely related to <i>Myomimus</i>. Because of its distinct dental formula and structure, Ognev (1947) listed <i>Selevinia</i> in a separate subfamily, a hypothesis independantly suggested by Ellerman (1949<i>a</i>). Published descriptions and figures of <i>Selevinia</i> included derived character states that allowed Wahlert et al. (1993) to tentatively place this genus within Myomimini, supporting Ognev's (1947) hypothesis. Though the nearest extant relative of <i>Selevinia</i> is proposed to be <i>Myomimus</i>, its closest relative may be <i>Plioselevinia</i>, from early Pliocene breccia of Poland (McKenna and Bell, 1997). Reviewed by Gro... [truncated]","25","25-00038","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0038"
"12500039","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Leithiinae","","Selevinia","","betpakdalaensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Belosludov and Bazhanov","1939","","Uchen. Zap. Kaz. Univ. Alma-Ata","1","1","81","","","Desert Dormouse","S Kazakhstan, N Betpak-Dala Desert, Kyzyl-Ui","S (=SE) and E Kazakhstan, deserts east, north and west of Lake Balkhash (Burdelov and Rossinskaya, 1959; Ilchenko and Volodin, 1992; Ismagilov, 1961; Kuznetsov, 1965).","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>paradoxa</i>  Argyropulo and Vinogradov, 1939 [see Bazhanov and Belosludov, 1941].","Review of morphology, ecology and distribution, and ilustrations of live animals, contributed by Rossolimo et al. (2001). Measurements and illustration of cranium, and biological observations provided by Bazhanov and Belosludov (1941). Skull, ear, ear ossicles, and foot figured in Ognev (1947). Photographs of live specimen, distribution, and biological data contributed by Sludskii (1977). Teeth and embryo illustrated by Bazhanov (1951). Mastoid portion of the bullae discussed by Pavlinov (1988). Included in an analysis of the relationship between size of ear pinna and auditory bulla in specialized desert rodents (Pavlinov and Rogovin, 2000).","25","25-00039","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0021-0000-0038-0000-0039"
"12500040","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Glirinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Muirhead","1819","","Mazology [sic]. Pp. 393-480, pls. 353-358, <i>in</i> Edinburgh Encyclopdeia","Vol. 13 (D. Brewster, ed.)","","433 (see McKenna and Bell, 1997)","","","","","","","Glirinae Thomas, 1897; Glirulinae de Bruijn, 1966; Myosidae Gray, 1821 (Myoxina Gray, 1825; Myoxinae Huxley, 1872).","The results of Wahlert et al. (1993) and Storch (1995<i>b</i>) indicated that <i>Myoxus</i>, <i>Muscardinus</i>, and <i>Glirulus</i> form a monophyletic group. Yachontov and Potapova (1991) hypothesized that <i>Glis</i> and <i>Muscardinus</i> are closely related to <i>Selevinia</i>. Daams and de Bruijn (1995) included only <i>Glis</i> and <i>Muscardinus</i> in Glirinae, and arranged <i>Glirulus</i> under their Dryomyinae. Koenigswald (1993, 1995) placed <i>Glis</i> and <i>Glirulus</i> together in his most primitive cluster, ""Group I"", and <i>Muscardinus</i> in his most derived cluster, ""Group III"". Bentz and Mongelard’s (1999) mitochondrial analyses moderately supports a <i>Glis</i> <i>Muscardinus</i> grouping, but there was no support for the inclusion of <i>Glirulus</i> in this clade. Suzuki et al. (1997) asserted that <i>Glirulus</i> should be placed in its own subfamily based on its high level of genetic divergence, a position concordant with the arrangement of Rossolimo et al. (20... [truncated]","25","25-00040","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040"
"12500041","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Glirinae","","Glirulus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","1906","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","2","347","","<i>Myoxus javanicus</i> Schinz, 1845 (= <i>lapsus</i> for <i>japonicus</i>; see Thomas (1905<i>a</i>) for an explanation of the emendation of <i>javanicus</i> to <i>japonicus</i>).","","","","","<i>Amphidyromys</i>  Heller, 1936 [see Daams and de Bruijn, 1995; Rossolimo et al., 2001]; <i>Paraglirulus</i> Engesser, 1972 [see McKenna and Bell, 1997, and Wu et al., 2000].","The phylogenetic study by Wahlert et al. (1993) supports inclusion of <i>Glirulus</i> within Glirinae, as did Montgelard et al.’s (2003) phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences (see also comment under Glirinae). Daams and de Bruijn (1995) arranged this genus within their Dryomyinae (in which they also include <i>Dryomys</i>, <i>Eliomys</i>, <i>Graphiurus</i> and <i>Chaetocauda</i>). Suzuki et al. (1997) presented genetic data indicating that <i>Glirulus</i> may belong in its own subfamily, though their study only included <i>Dryomys</i> and <i>Muscardinus</i> for comparison. Although the geographic range of the sole extant species of <i>Glirulus</i> is restricted to Japan, the genus is represented in Europe and Turkey by early Miocene, Pliocene and early Pleistocene fossils (Bednarczyk, 1993; Daams and de Bruijn, 1995; Hugueney and Mein, 1965; Kowalski, 1963, 2001; Nadachowski and Daoud, 1995; Unay, 1994). Molars identified as <i>Glirulus </i>from late Oligoce... [truncated]","25","25-00041","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0000-0041"
"12500042","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Glirinae","","Glirulus","","japonicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1845","","Syst. Verzeichniss Säugeth.","2","","530","","","Japanese Dormouse","Japan","Japan, three main islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, and small island of Dogo in the Oki group north of E Honshu (Iguchi et al., 1996; Kaneko, 1994).","IUCN – Endangered.","As proposed by Smeenk and Kaneko (2000), the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2001<i>a</i> ) has ruled (Opinion 1978) that the following synonyms are invalid: <i>elegans </i>(Temminck, 1844) [not of Ogilby, 1838], <i>javanicus </i>(Schinz, 1845), and <i>lasiotis </i>(Thomas, 1880); see also Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>).","Based on mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data (Suzuki et al., 1997), there are at least two distinct populations of <i>G. japonicus</i> that may represent separate species. Unpublished morphological and behavioral differences were also cited. External genital morphology and its taxonomic significance were examined by Rossolimo and Pavlinov (1985). Chromosomal study provided by Tsuchiya (1979). Analysis of nest materials as indication of foraging behavior reported by Minato and Doei (1995). Included as part of the endemic Japanese fauna by Dobson (1994) who described distribution patterns of Japanese endemic mammals. Comprehensive review, including color photographs of living animals, by Kaneko (1994). Review of morphology, ecology, distribution, and illustrations of live animals contributed by Rossolimo et al. (2001). Middle and late Pleistocene representatives of <i>G. japonicus</i> on Japan were discussed by Kawamura (1989, 1991, 1994) and Kowalski and Hasegawa (1976).","25","25-00042","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0000-0041-0000-0042"
"12500043","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Glirinae","","Glis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brisson","1762","","Regnum animale in classes IX distributum, sive synopsis methodica, 2nd ed.","","","113","","<i>Sciurus glis</i> (Linnaeus, 1766).","","","","","<i>Elius</i>  Schulze, 1900 [excluding <i>dryas</i>];<i> Myorus</i> Reichenbach, 1835; <i>Myoxus</i> Zimmerman, 1780 [see Opinion 1894 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1998; McKenna and Bell, 1997].","See comments under Gliridae and discussion in Wahlert et al. (1993) for explanation behind validity of <i>Myoxus</i> versus <i>Glis</i>. Comparative vocalization data reviewed by Hutterer and Peters (2001). Evolutionary patterns of dental morphology during Pliocene and Pleistocene discussed by Nadachowski and Daoud (1995). Morphological (Wahlert et al., 1993) and molecular (Montgelard et al., 2003) identify <i>Glis</i> and <i>Glirulus</i> as the only extant members of Glirinae (see subfamily account).","25","25-00043","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0000-0043"
"12500044","RODENTIA","SCIUROMORPHA","","","Gliridae","Glirinae","","Glis","","glis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","1","87","","","Fat Dormouse","Slovenia, Carniola. Violani and Zava (1995) restricted the type locality of G. glis to Southern Carniola, Slovenia, based on a letter written by Scopoli describing the Fat Dormouse to Linnaeus, who was unacquainted with the animal. Scopoli gave the following locality information, ""Habitat in Carniola, in primis inferiore"", which Violani and Zava (1995) translated to mean ""Southern Carniola"". An alternate translation of ""Habitat in Carniola, in primis inferiore."" is ""dwells in Carniola, principally Southern."" Krystufek is of the opinion that Scopoli likely became acquainted with the Fat Dormouse in the vicinity of Idrija, central Slovenia, where Scopoli worked as a physician, and where Fat Dormice are still common (B. Kryštufek, pers. comm.). Unless additional locality information is uncovered regarding the Scopoli specimen, it seems more accurate to list the type locality as simply Carniola.","Europe, N Turkey, the Caucasus, N Iran and SW Turkmenistan: N Spain (Castien and Gosalbez, 1992), France (Gautherin, 1988; Geissert and Merkel, 1994), Switzerland (Catzeflis, 1995<i>c</i>; Maurizio, 1994), Belgium (Christiaens, 1995; Libois, 1996), Netherlands, Germany (Bitz, 1991; Faltin, 1988; Feustel, 1984; Gorner and Henkel, 1988; Grunwald, 1992; Harsch, 1993; Labes et al., 1987; Nachtigall, 1996; Pankow, 1989; Rehage and Preywisch, 1984; Schoppe, 1986; Schulze, 1986; von Vietinghoff-Riesch, 1960), Poland (Bielecka, 1986; Daoud, 1989; Indyk and Pawlowska-Indyk, 1994; Jurczyszyn and Wolk, 1998; Jurczyszyn et al., 2001; Kazmierczak and Kaliczewski, 1989; Nowakowski and Terlecki, 1991; Profus, 2000; Pucek, 1983<i>c</i>; Wuczynski and Garbowski, 2000); Ukraine (Bezrodny, 1991) north to Belorus, Lithuania (Balciauskas, 1996; Juskaitis, 1995<i>a</i>) and Latvia (Pil~ts, 1995), east to Volga River, south to Saratov and Voronezh (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995); Caucasus Mtns (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995) south to N Iran (Lay, 1967; Obuch, 2001) and SW Turkmenistan (see Bezrodny, 1991; Kuznetsov, 1965; Licha&#133;ev, 1972; Ognev, 1947; Ruprecht and Szwagrzak, 1986; Vereshchagin, 1959); the Mediterranean (except S and C Iberia, Balearic Isls), Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Elba, Italy (Amori et al., 1995, 1999), including Sicilia (Sarà and Casamento, 1995<i>a</i>), Eolia (Cristaldi and Amori, 1988) and N Adriatic Isls (Petrov, 1992; Tvrtkovi&#131; et al., 1995), Austria (Spitzenberger, 1983; Spitzenberger et al., 1995), Czech Republic and Slovakia (And�ra, 1986, 1995; And�ra and Cerveny ,1994; Danko, 1994; Hçrka,,1990; Obuch, 1998; Smaha, 1996; Stanko and Mosansky, 2000), Hungary (Bakó et al., 1998; Becsy, 1982), Slovenia (Kryštufek, 1991; Kryštufek and Haberl, 2001; Polak, 1997); Croatia (Tvrtkovi&#131; et al., 1995), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro (Petrov, 1992), Romania (Istrate, 1998; Vasiliu, 1961), Albania (Prigioni, 1996), Macedonia (Petrov, 1992), Bulgaria (Peshev, 1996; Peshev et al., 1990<i>b</i>), Greece (Ondrias, 1966; in Andros Isl see Dimaki, 1999; in Macedonia see Vohralík and Sofianidou, 1987; in Thrace see Vohralík and Sofianidou, 1992<i>a</i>), Crete, Corfu, Cephalonia, Turkish Thrace (Kurtonur, 1992), N Turkey (Do&#151;ramaci and Tez, 1991; Kock, 1990; Obuch, 2001). In Europe see also Kryštufek (1999<i>a</i>) and Storch (1978<i>a</i>). Introduced to England (Morris, 1997<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>abruttii</i>  Altobello, 1924; <i>argenteus</i> Zimmermann, 1953; <i>avellanus</i> (Owen, 1840); <i>caspicus</i> Satunin, 1906; <i>caspius</i> (Satunin, 1905); <i>esculentus</i> Blumenbach, 1779; <i>germanicus</i> Violani and Zava, 1995; <i>giglis</i> (Cuvier, 1832); <i>insularis</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1899; <i>intermedius</i> Altobello, 1920; <i>italicus</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1898; <i>martinoi</i> Miri&#131;, 1960; <i>melonii</i> Thomas, 1907; <i>minutus</i> Martino, 1930; <i>orientalis</i> (Nehring, 1903); <i>persicus</i> (Erxleben, 1777); <i>petruccii</i> Goodwin, 1939; <i>pindicus</i> Ondrias, 1966; <i>postus</i> Montagu, 1923; <i>pyrenaicus</i> Cabrera, 1908; <i>spoliatus </i>Thomas, 1906; <i>subalpinus</i> Burg, 1920; <i>tschetshenicus</i> Satunin, 1920; <i>vagneri</i> Martino and Martino, 1941; <i>vulgaris </i>Oken, 1816. See Ellerman (1941), Thomas (1906), Morrison-Scott (1951), and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>).","The significance of geographical variation within <i>G. glis</i>, in the context of subspecific or specific level differentiation among populations, has not been investigated throughout its range. Comprehensive review of<i> G. glis</i>, including illustrations of live animal, distributional, morphological, ecological, behavioral and other characteristics, contributed by Rossolimo et al. (2001). Biometry and taxonomy of Asiago Plateau population by Franco (1988); morphometric study of Bulgarian populations by Peshev and Delov (1995<i>b</i>); variability of non-metric characters of Bulgarian populations analyzed by Markov (2001<i>a</i>); morphometric and chromosomal study of Turkish populations by Do&#151;ramaci and Tez (1991); diagnosis and distribution of subspecies in SE Europe by Ondrias (1966). Comparison of dental pattern with fossil <i>Glis</i> from Poland given by Daoud (1993). Review of chromosomal studies produced by Zima et al. (1995); additional karyotypic data from Bulgaria ... [truncated]","25","25-00044","25-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0040-0000-0043-0000-0044"
"12600001","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","A. E. Wood","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","26","26-00001","26-0001-0001"
"12600002","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Castoridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Hemprich","1820","","Grundriss Naturgesch.","","","33","","","","","","","Castorini Giebel, 1855; Castorida Haeckel, 1866; Castoroidea Gill, 1872","Generally placed as the sole extant family of the sciurognath infraorder Castorimorpha (Carleton, 1984; McKenna and Bell, 1997), beavers are probably most closely allied to geomyoid rodents (Geomyidae + Heteromyidae; see Murphy et al., 2001<i>a</i>; Montgelard et al., 2002). There are a number of additional fossil synonyms that do not refer to crown-group beavers (McKenna and Bell, 1997).","26","26-00002","26-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002"
"12600003","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Castoridae","","","Castor","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed","1","","58","","<i>Castor fiber </i>Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Fiber</i> Dumeril, 1806 [not of G. Cuvier, 1800]; <i>Mamcastorus </i>Herrera, 1899.","The two species differ in cranial features and chromosome number (Heidecke, 1986).","26","26-00003","26-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"12600004","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Castoridae","","","Castor","","canadensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1820","","Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat.","1","","64","","","American Beaver","Canada, Hudson Bay.","Alaska and Canada south of the Arctic Circle (including Vancouver and Newfoundland), most of the continental United States (absent from parts of SW USA and from most of Florida), extending into N Mexico. See Hall (1981:604). Introduced to Tierra del Fuego (South America) and Eurasia, including Finland, NW Russia, Poland, Germany, and Austria.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>C. c. phaeus</i> (from Admiralty Island in Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago); Not Evaluated as <i>C. c. frondator </i>and <i>C. c. mexicanus</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acadicus</i>  Bailey and Doutt, 1942; <i>baileyi</i> Nelson, 1927; <i>belugae</i> Taylor, 1916; <i>caecator</i> Bangs, 1913; <i>carolinensis</i> Rhoads, 1898; <i>concisor</i> Warren and Hall, 1939; <i>duchesnei</i> Durrant and Crane, 1948; <i>frondator</i> Mearns, 1897; <i>idoneus</i> Jewett and Hall, 1940; <i>labradorensis</i> Bailey and Doutt, 1942; <i>leucodontus</i> Gray, 1869; <i>mexicanus</i> Bailey, 1913; <i>michiganensis</i> Bailey, 1913; <i>missouriensis</i> Bailey, 1919; <i>pacificus </i>Rhoads, 1898; <i>pallidus</i> Durrant and Crane, 1948; <i>phaeus</i> Heller, 1909; <i>repentinus</i> Goldman, 1932; <i>rostralis</i> Durrant and Crane, 1948; <i>sagittatus</i> Benson, 1933; <i>shastensis</i> Taylor, 1916; <i>subauratus</i> Taylor, 1912; <i>taylori</i> Davis, 1939; <i>texensis</i> Bailey, 1905.","Reviewed by Jenkins and Busher (1979, Mammalian Species, 120). With the exception of <i>pacificus </i>(type locality Cascade Mtns, Washington), which was held in synonymy with <i>leucodontus </i>(type locality Vancouver Isl, British Columbia), Hall (1981) recognized all named forms as valid subspecies. Pending a critical review, no subspecies are recognized here.","26","26-00004","26-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"12600005","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Castoridae","","","Castor","","fiber","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed","1","","58","","","Eurasian Beaver","Sweden.","Throughout N Eurasia, including Austria, Belarus, Belgium, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia (populations throughout), Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine; formerly extinct but reintroduced in many of these countries. See Nolet and Rosell (1998) and Véron (1992<i>a</i>).","U. S. ESA – Endangered as <i>C. fiber birulai</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>C. f. tuvinicus</i>, Vulnerable as <i>C. f. birulai </i>and <i>C. f. pohlei</i>; otherwise Near Threatened.","<i>albicus</i> Matschie, 1907;<i> albus</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>balticus </i>Matschie, 1907; <i>belarusicus </i>Lavrov, 1974; <i>belorussicus </i>Lavrov, 1981; <i>bielorussieus </i>Lavrov, 1983; <i>birulai</i> Serebrennikov, 1929; <i>flavus </i>Desmarest, 1822; <i>fulvus </i>Bechstein, 1801; <i>galliae </i>É. Geoffroy, 1803; <i>gallicus</i> Fischer, 1829; <i>introductus </i>Saveljev, 1997 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>niger </i>Desmarest, 1822; <i>orientoeuropaeus </i>Lavrov, 1981; <i>osteuropaeus </i>Lavrov, 1974; <i>pohlei</i> Serebrennikov, 1929; <i>proprius </i>Billberg, 1833; <i>solitarius </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>tuvinicus </i>Lavrov, 1969; <i>variegatus </i>Bechstein, 1801; <i>varius </i>Desmarest, 1822; <i>vistulanus </i>Matschie, 1907.","Reviewed by Heidecke (1986), who recognized eight subspecies, and Véron (1992<i>b</i>), who recognized six; neither supported Lavrov (1983) in treating <i>C. albicus </i>as a separate species. Subspecific boundaries and resultant synonymies are unclear and further obscured by historical translocations and reintroductions.","26","26-00005","26-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0005"
"12700001","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1868","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1868","","201","","","","","","","","Currently divided into three subfamilies: Dipodomyinae containing the Recent genera <i>Dipodomys</i> and <i>Microdipodops</i>, Heteromyinae with <i>Heteromys</i> and <i>Liomys</i>, and Perognathinae comprised of <i>Chaetodipus</i> and <i>Perognathus</i>. Content defined by Wood (1935), Hafner and Hafner (1983), Wahlert (1985, 1993), and Korth (1994). Considered as a subfamily in the family Geomyidae (along with the extant pocket gophers, Geomyinae, and fossil Entotychinae) by McKenna and Bell (1997),<b> </b>following earlier suggestions of Shotwell (1967<i>b</i>) and Lindsay (1972)<b>, </b>with the subfamilies recognized here lowered to the rank of tribes. The hierarchical rank of both heteromyids and geomyids is partly a matter of taxonomic philosophy but it is also a decision that stems from the phylogenetic placement of the fossil entotychines. I accept the evidence presented by Wahlert (1988) and Korth (1994) that entotychines are the sister to the modern pocket gophers, and thus f... [truncated]","27","27-00001","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001"
"12700002","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gervais","1853","","Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, ser. 3","20","","245","","","","","","","","Wood (1935) allocated only the Recent genus <i>Dipodomys</i> to the subfamily; Hafner and Hafner (1983; see also Hafner, 1982) included <i>Microdipodops</i>, as did Wahlert (1985, 1993), Ryan (1989<i>a</i>), and Williams et al. (1993).","27","27-00002","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002"
"12700003","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1841","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","7","","521","","<i>Dipodomys phillipsii</i> Gray 1841.","","","","","<i>Dipodops</i>  Merriam, 1890; <i>Macrocolus</i> Wagner, 1846; <i>Perodipus</i> Fitzinger, 1867.","Interspecific relationships summarized by Setzer (1949), Lidicker (1960), Johnson and Selander (1971), Stock (1974), Best and Schnell (1974), Schnell et al. (1978), Best (1993<i>d</i>), Baumgardner and Kennedy (1994), and Carrasco (2000). Hall (1981:563-564), Best (1991), and Williams et al. (1993) provide keys to Recent species.","27","27-00003","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003"
"12700004","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","agilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gambel","1848","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","4","","77","","","Agile Kangaroo Rat","USA, California, Los Angeles Co., Los Angeles (see Grinnell, 1922).","SW and SC California (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>wagneri</i>  LeConte, 1853; <b><i>perplexus</i></b> Merriam, 1907;<i> fuscus</i> Boulware, 1943.","Specific distinctness of northern populations with 2n=62 (<i>agilis</i>) from southern forms with 2n=60 (<i>simulans</i>) documented by Best et al. (1986) and Sullivan and Best (1997<i>a</i>). Reviewed, in part, by Best (1978, 1983<i>a</i>) and Lackey (1967); see also Hall (1981:1179). Sullivan and Best (1997) and Williams et al. (1993) each listed two valid subspecies, with synonyms.","27","27-00004","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"12700005","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","agilis","agilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gambel","1848","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","4","","77","","","","USA, California, Los Angeles Co., Los Angeles (see Grinnell, 1922).","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00005","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0004-0005"
"12700006","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","agilis","perplexus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00006","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0004-0006"
"12700007","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","californicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","N. Am. Fauna","4","","49","","","California Kangaroo Rat","USA, California, Mendocino Co., Ukiah.","SC Oregon, NW Nevada (Stangl et al., 1999), and N California to north of San Francisco Bay (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gabrielsoni</i>  Goldman, 1925; <i>pallidulus</i> Bangs, 1899;<i> trinitatus</i> Kellogg, 1916; <b><i>eximius</i></b> Grinnell, 1919; <b><i>saxatilis</i></b> Grinnell and Linsdale, 1929.","Considered distinct from <i>heermanni</i> based on chromosomal (Fashing, 1973) and biochemical data (Patton et al., 1976). Hall (1981:578) listed <i>californicus</i> as a subspecies of <i>heermanni</i>, without discussion of Patton et al. (1976). Reviewed by Kelt (1988<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 324). Williams et al. (1993) regarded <i>eximius</i> Grinnell and <i>saxatilis</i> Grinnell and Linsdale as valid subspecies.","27","27-00007","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0007"
"12700008","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","californicus","californicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","N. Am. Fauna","4","","49","","","","USA, California, Mendocino Co., Ukiah.","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00008","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0007-0008"
"12700009","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","californicus","eximius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00009","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0007-0009"
"12700010","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","californicus","saxatilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell and Linsdale","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00010","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0007-0010"
"12700011","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","compactus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1889","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","11","","160","","","Gulf Coast Kangaroo Rat","USA, Texas, Cameron Co., Padre Isl.","Mainland, Padre and Mustang Isls of S Texas (USA) and barrier islands of N Tamaulipas (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>largus</i>  Hall, 1951; <i>parvabullatus</i> Hall, 1951; <b><i>sennetti</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1891.","Considered distinct from <i>ordii</i> by Johnson and Selander (1971), Schmidly and Hendricks (1976), and Baumgardner and Schmidly (1981), who also documented sympatry between <i>compactus</i> and <i>ordii</i>. Hall (1981:565) provisionally retained <i>compactus</i> as a subspecies of <i>ordii</i>. Reviewed by Baumgardner (1991, Mammalian Species No. 369). Williams et al. (1993) regarded <i>sennetti</i> J. A. Allen as a valid subspecies.","27","27-00011","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0011"
"12700012","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","compactus","compactus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","True","1889","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","11","","160","","","","USA, Texas, Cameron Co., Padre Isl.","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00012","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0011-0012"
"12700013","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","compactus","sennetti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00013","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0011-0013"
"12700014","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","deserti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Stephens","1887","","Am. Nat.","21","","42","","","Desert Kangaroo Rat","USA, California, San Bernardino, Mohave River (3 to 4 mi [5-7 km] from, and opposite, Hesperia; see Hall, 1981:588).","Deserts of E California, to S and W Nevada, SW Utah, W and SC Arizona (USA), NW Sonora and NE Baja California (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>helleri</i>  Elliot, 1903; <b><i>aquilus</i></b> Nader, 1965; <b><i>arizonae</i></b> Huey, 1955; <b><i>sonoriensis</i></b> Goldman, 1923.","Revised by Nader (1978). Reviewed by Best et al. (1989, Mammalian Species No. 339). Williams et al. (1993) regard each named form as valid subspecies.","27","27-00014","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014"
"12700015","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","deserti","deserti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Stephens","1887","","Am. Nat.","21","","42","","","","USA, California, San Bernardino, Mohave River (3 to 4 mi [5-7 km] from, and opposite, Hesperia; see Hall, 1981:588).","","","","","27","27-00015","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014-0015"
"12700016","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","deserti","aquilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nader","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00016","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014-0016"
"12700017","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","deserti","arizonae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00017","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014-0017"
"12700018","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","deserti","sonoriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00018","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0014-0018"
"12700019","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","elator","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","9","","109","","","Texas Kangaroo Rat","USA, Texas, Clay Co., Henrietta.","SW Oklahoma and NC Texas (USA).","IUCN – Vulnerable; Texas Parks and Wildlife Department – Threatened.","","Probably no longer occurs in Oklahoma (Caire et al., 1989). Reviewed by Carter et al. (1985, Mammalian Species No. 232) and Williams et al. (1993). Sexual dimorphism and morphometric variation reviewed by Best (1987, 1993<i>d</i>) and molecular systematic relationships by Mantooth et al. (2000).","27","27-00019","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0019"
"12700020","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","gravipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1925","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","38","","83","","","San Quintin Kangaroo Rat","Mexico, Baja California, 2 mi (3 km) W Santo Domingo Mission, 30<sup>°</sup>45'N, 115<sup>°</sup>58'W.","NW Baja California (Mexico).","IUCN – Endangered. Mexico – Endangered.","","Considered distinct from <i>agilis</i> by Best (1978). Reviewed by Best (1983<i>b</i>), Best and Lackey (1985, Mammalian Species No. 236), Williams et al. (1993), and Patton and Alvarez-Castañeda (1999).","27","27-00020","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0020"
"12700021","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","heermanni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Le Conte","1853","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","6","","224","","","Heermann’s Kangaroo Rat","USA, California, Sierra Nevada; restricted to Calaveras River, Calaveras Co. by Grinnell (1922:47).","Inner coastal ranges and western slopes of Sierra Nevada in C California (USA).","U.S. ESA and California Dept. of Fish and Game – Endangered as <i>D. h. morroensis</i>; U.S. ESA – Presumed Extinct as <i>D. h. berkleyensis</i> [sic]; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>D. h. morroensis</i>, Vulnerable as <i>D. h. berkeleyensis,</i> Lower Risk (nt) as <i>D. h.</i> <i>dixoni</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>streatori</i>  (Merriam, 1894); <b><i>arenae</i></b> Boulware, 1943; <b><i>berkeleyensis</i></b> Grinnell, 1919; <b><i>dixoni</i></b> (Grinnell, 1919); <b><i>goldmani</i></b> (Merriam, 1904); <b><i>jolonensis</i></b> Grinnell, 1919; <b><i>morroensis</i></b> (Merriam, 1907); <b><i>swarthi</i></b> (Grinnell, 1919); <b><i>tularensis</i></b> (Merriam, 1904).","Revised by Grinnell (1922). Does not include <i>californicus</i>, see Patton et al. (1976), Williams et al. (1993), and comment under that species. Reviewed by Kelt (1988<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 323). Williams et al. (1993) recognized all but <i>streatori</i> Merriam as valid subspecies.","27","27-00021","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0021"
"12700022","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","heermanni","heermanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Le Conte","1853","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","6","","224","","","","USA, California, Sierra Nevada; restricted to Calaveras River, Calaveras Co. by Grinnell (1922:47).","","","","","27","27-00022","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0021-0022"
"12700023","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","heermanni","arenae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Boulware","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00023","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0021-0023"
"12700024","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","heermanni","berkeleyensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00024","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0021-0024"
"12700025","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","heermanni","dixoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00025","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0021-0025"
"12700026","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","heermanni","goldmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00026","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0021-0026"
"12700027","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","heermanni","jolonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00027","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0021-0027"
"12700028","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","heermanni","morroensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00028","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0021-0028"
"12700029","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","heermanni","swarthi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00029","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0021-0029"
"12700030","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","heermanni","tularensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00030","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0021-0030"
"12700031","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ingens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","141","","","Giant Kangaroo Rat","USA, California, San Luis Obispo Co., Carrizo Plain, Painted Rock, 20 [=25.5] mi (32 km) SE of Simmler.","Western edge of Joaquin Valley, adjacent Carrizo and Elkhorn plains and upper Cuyama Valley of WC California (USA).","U.S. ESA Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered; and California Dept. of Fish and Game – Endangered. Extirpated over much of its original range.","","Reviewed by Williams and Kilburn (1991, Mammalian Species No. 377) and Williams et al. (1993).","27","27-00031","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0031"
"12700032","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","2","","290","","","Merriam’s Kangaroo Rat","USA, Arizona, Maricopa Co., New River, between Phoenix and Prescott (see Lidicker, 1960:165).","NW Nevada and NE California to Texas (USA), south to Baja California Sur, N Sinaloa, and Mexican Plateau to San Luis Potosi (Mexico).","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>D. m. parvus</i>. IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>D. margaritae </i>and <i>D. insularis</i>; Data Deficient as <i>D. m.</i> <i>collinus</i> and <i>D. m. parvus</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kernensis</i>  Merriam, 1907; <i>mortivallis</i> Elliot, 1904; <i>nevadensis</i> Merriam, 1894; <i>nitratus</i> Merriam, 1894; <i>regillus</i> Goldman, 1937; <i>similis</i> Rhoads, 1894; <i>simiolus</i> Rhoads, 1894; <b><i>ambiguus</i></b> Merriam, 1890; <b><i>annulus</i></b> Huey, 1951; <b><i>arenivagus</i></b> Elliot, 1904; <b><i>atronasus</i></b> Merriam, 1894; <b><i>brunensis</i></b> Huey, 1951; <b><i>collinus</i></b> Lidicker, 1960; <b><i>frenatus</i></b> Bole, 1936; <b><i>insularis</i></b> Merriam, 1907; <b><i>margaritae</i></b> Merriam, 1907; <b><i>mayensis</i></b> Goldman, 1928; <b><i>melanurus</i></b> Merriam, 1893; <i>llanoensis</i> Huey, 1951; <b><i>mitchelli</i></b> Mearns, 1897; <b><i>olivaceus</i></b> Swarth, 1929; <b><i>parvus</i></b> Rhoads, 1894; <b><i>platycephalus</i></b> Merriam, 1907; <i>semipallidus</i> Huey, 1927; <b><i>quintinensis</i></b> Huey, 1951; <b><i>trinidadensis</i></b> Huey, 1951; <b><i>vulcani</i></b> Benson, 1934.","Revised by Lidicker (1960). Includes <i>insularis</i> Merriam, viewed as a separate species by Lidicker (1960; see also Huey, 1964, Hall, 1981, and Best and Thomas, 1991<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 374), but as a subspecies of <i>merriami</i> by Best and Janecek (1992), Williams et al. (1993), and Patton and Alvarez-Castañeda (2000). Also includes <i>margaritae</i> Merriam (see Lidicker, 1960; Williams et al., 1993; Patton and Alvarez-Castañeda, 1999), which has been considered by others to be a distinct species (Best, 1992, Mammalian Species No. 400; Hall, 1981; Huey, 1964). The inclusion of both <i>insularis</i> and <i>margaritae</i> within <i>merriami</i> is supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence data (Riddle et al., 2000<i>b</i>), although these same data may eventually result in separation of populations of <i>merriami</i> (including <i>insularis</i> and <i>margaritae</i>) from the southern half of the Baja California Peninsula as a species separate from the remaining parts of... [truncated]","27","27-00032","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032"
"12700033","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","merriami","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","2","","290","","","","USA, Arizona, Maricopa Co., New River, between Phoenix and Prescott (see Lidicker, 1960:165).","","","","","27","27-00033","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0033"
"12700034","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","ambiguus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00034","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0034"
"12700035","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","annulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00035","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0035"
"12700036","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","arenivagus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00036","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0036"
"12700037","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","atronasus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00037","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0037"
"12700038","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","brunensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00038","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0038"
"12700039","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","collinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lidicker","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00039","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0039"
"12700040","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","frenatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bole","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00040","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0040"
"12700041","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00041","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0041"
"12700042","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","margaritae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00042","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0042"
"12700043","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","mayensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00043","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0043"
"12700044","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","melanurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00044","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0044"
"12700045","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","mitchelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00045","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0045"
"12700046","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","olivaceus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swarth","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00046","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0046"
"12700047","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","parvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00047","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0047"
"12700048","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","platycephalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00048","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0048"
"12700049","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","quintinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00049","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0049"
"12700050","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","trinidadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00050","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0050"
"12700051","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","merriami","vulcani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Benson","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00051","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0032-0051"
"12700052","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","microps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","145","","","Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat","USA, California, Inyo Co., Owens Valley, Lone Pine.","SE Oregon and SW Idaho, south through NW and SE California, Nevada, and W Utah, to NW Arizona (USA).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>D. m. leucotis</i>, Data Deficient as <i>D. m. alfredi</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>alfredi</i> </b> Goldman, 1937; <b><i>aquilonius</i></b> Willett, 1935; <b><i>bonnevillei</i></b> Goldman, 1937; <b><i>celsus</i></b> Goldman, 1924; <i>woodburyi</i> Hardy, 1942; <b><i>centralis</i></b> Hall and Dale, 1939; <b><i>idahoensis</i></b> Hall and Dale, 1939; <b><i>leucotis</i></b> Goldman, 1931; <b><i>levipes</i></b> (Merriam, 1904); <b><i>occidentalis</i></b> Hall and Dale, 1939; <b><i>preblei</i></b> (Goldman, 1921); <b><i>russeolus</i></b> Goldman, 1939; <b><i>subtenuis</i></b> Goldman, 1939.","Revised by Hall and Dale (1939); reviewed by Csuti (1979) and Hayssen (1991, Mammalian Species No. 389). Williams et al. (1993) listed valid subspecies.","27","27-00052","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0052"
"12700053","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","microps","microps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","145","","","","USA, California, Inyo Co., Owens Valley, Lone Pine.","","","","","27","27-00053","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0052-0053"
"12700054","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","microps","alfredi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00054","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0052-0054"
"12700055","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","microps","aquilonius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Willett","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00055","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0052-0055"
"12700056","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","microps","bonnevillei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00056","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0052-0056"
"12700057","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","microps","celsus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00057","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0052-0057"
"12700058","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","microps","centralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Dale","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00058","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0052-0058"
"12700059","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","microps","idahoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Dale","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00059","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0052-0059"
"12700060","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","microps","leucotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00060","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0052-0060"
"12700061","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","microps","levipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00061","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0052-0061"
"12700062","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","microps","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Dale","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00062","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0052-0062"
"12700063","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","microps","preblei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00063","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0052-0063"
"12700064","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","microps","russeolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00064","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0052-0064"
"12700065","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","microps","subtenuis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00065","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0052-0065"
"12700066","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","nelsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1907","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","20","","75","","","Nelson’s Kangaroo Rat","Mexico, Coahuila, La Ventura.","Mexican Plateau from N Coahuila and S Chihuahua to N San Luis Potosi and S Nuevo Leon (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Nader (1978) included <i>nelsoni</i> in <i>spectabilis</i>; Anderson (1972) and Matson (1980) presented evidence of specific distinctness. Williams et al. (1993) summarized the evidence of the status of <i>nelsoni</i> and concluded that it is a distinct species. Reviewed by Best (1988<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 326).","27","27-00066","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0066"
"12700067","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","nitratoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","9","","112","","","San Joaquin Valley Kangaroo Rat","USA, California, Tulare Co., San Joaquin Valley, Tipton.","S San Joaquin Valley, WC California (USA).","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>D. n. nitratoides</i> and<i> D. n. exilis</i>. IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>D. n.</i> <i>exilis</i> and <i>D. n.</i> <i>nitratoides</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>D. nitratoides</i> and as <i>D. n.</i> <i>brevinasus</i>. California Dept. of Fish and Game - Endangered as <i>D. n. exilis</i>; <i>D. n. nitratoides</i> is of Special Concern; and <i>D. n. brevinasus</i> is California Fully Protected.","<b><i>brevinasus</i> </b> Grinnell, 1920; <b><i>exilis</i></b> Merriam, 1894.","Revised by Grinnell (1922) and reviewed by Best (1991, Mammalian Species No. 381) and Williams et al. (1993). Considered closely related to <i>merriami</i>, but clearly distinct based on morphological (e.g., baculum, Best and Schnell, 1974), chromosomal (Stock, 1974), and molecular (Johnson and Selander, 1971; Patton et al., 1976) characters.","27","27-00067","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0067"
"12700068","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","nitratoides","nitratoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","9","","112","","","","USA, California, Tulare Co., San Joaquin Valley, Tipton.","","","","","27","27-00068","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0067-0068"
"12700069","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","nitratoides","brevinasus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00069","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0067-0069"
"12700070","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","nitratoides","exilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00070","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0067-0070"
"12700071","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Woodhouse","1853","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","6","","224","","","Ord’s Kangaroo Rat","USA, Texas, El Paso Co., El Paso.","SW Saskatchewan and SE Alberta (Canada) and SE Washington south through Great Plains and intermontane basins of W USA, to Mexican Plateau as far south as Hidalgo (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>celeripes</i> </b> Durrant and Hall, 1939; <b><i>chapmani</i></b> Mearns, 1890; <b><i>cinderensis</i></b> Hardy, 1944; <b><i>cineraceus</i></b> Goldman, 1939; <b><i>columbianus</i></b> (Merriam, 1894); <b><i>cupidineus</i></b> Goldman, 1924; <b><i>durranti</i></b> Setzer, 1952 [replacement name for <i>fuscus</i> Setzer, 1949, which is preoccupied by <i>fuscus</i> Boulware, 1943, a subspecies of <i>D</i>. <i>agilis</i>]; <b><i>evexus</i></b> Goldman, 1933; <b><i>extractus</i></b> Setzer, 1949; <b><i>fetosus</i></b> Durrant and Hall, 1939; <b><i>fremonti</i></b> Durrant and Setzer, 1945; <b><i>inaquosus</i></b> Hall, 1941; <b><i>longipes</i></b> (Merriam, 1890); <i>cleomophila</i> Goldman, 1933; <b><i>luteolus</i></b> (Goldman, 1917); <b><i>marshalli</i></b> Goldman, 1937; <b><i>medius</i></b> Setzer, 1949; <b><i>monoensis</i></b> (Grinnell, 1919); <b><i>montanus</i></b> Baird, 1855; <b><i>nexilis</i></b> Goldman, 1933; <b><i>obscurus</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1903); <i>attenuatus</i> Bryant, 1939; <i>idoneus</i> Setzer, 1949; <b><i>oklahomae</i></b> Trowbridge and Whitaker, 1940; <b><i>pallidus</i></b> Durrant and Setzer, 1945; <b><i>palmeri</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1891); <b><i>panguitchensis</i></b> Hardy, 1942; <b><i>priscus</i></b> Hoffmeister, 1942; <b><i>pullus</i></b> Anderson, 1972; <b><i>richardsoni</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1891); <b><i>sanrafaeli</i></b> Durrant and Setzer, 1945; <b><i>terrosus</i></b> Hoffmeister, 1942; <b><i>uintensis</i></b> Durrant and Setzer, 1945; <b><i>utahensis</i></b> (Merriam, 1904).","Revised by Setzer (1949) and reviewed by Garrison and Best (1990, Mammalian Species No. 353); subspecies follow Williams et al. (1993). Does not include <i>compactus</i>, see Schmidly and Hendricks (1976), Baumgardner and Schmidly (1981), and comment under that species. Williams et al. (1993) provide a list of what they consider as valid subspecies.","27","27-00071","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071"
"12700072","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","ordii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Woodhouse","1853","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","6","","224","","","","USA, Texas, El Paso Co., El Paso.","","","","","27","27-00072","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0072"
"12700073","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","celeripes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant and Hall","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00073","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0073"
"12700074","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","chapmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00074","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0074"
"12700075","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","cinderensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hardy","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00075","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0075"
"12700076","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","cineraceus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00076","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0076"
"12700077","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","columbianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00077","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0077"
"12700078","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","cupidineus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00078","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0078"
"12700079","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","durranti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Setzer","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","Replacement name for <i>fuscus </i>Setzer, 1949, which is preoccupied by <i>fuscus </i>Boulware, 1943, a subspecies of <i>D</i>. <i>agilis</i>.","27","27-00079","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0079"
"12700080","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","evexus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00080","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0080"
"12700081","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","extractus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Setzer","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00081","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0081"
"12700082","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","fetosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant and Hall","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00082","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0082"
"12700083","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","fremonti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant and Setzer","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00083","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0083"
"12700084","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","inaquosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00084","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0084"
"12700085","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","longipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00085","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0085"
"12700086","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","luteolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00086","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0086"
"12700087","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","marshalli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00087","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0087"
"12700088","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","medius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Setzer","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00088","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0088"
"12700089","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","monoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00089","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0089"
"12700090","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","montanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00090","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0090"
"12700091","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","nexilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00091","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0091"
"12700092","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","obscurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00092","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0092"
"12700093","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","oklahomae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Trowbridge and Whitaker","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00093","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0093"
"12700094","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant and Setzer","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00094","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0094"
"12700095","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","palmeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00095","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0095"
"12700096","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","panguitchensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hardy","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00096","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0096"
"12700097","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","priscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hoffmeister","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00097","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0097"
"12700098","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","pullus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00098","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0098"
"12700099","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","richardsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00099","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0099"
"12700100","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","sanrafaeli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant and Setzer","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00100","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0100"
"12700101","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","terrosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hoffmeister","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00101","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0101"
"12700102","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","uintensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant and Setzer","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00102","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0102"
"12700103","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","ordii","utahensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00103","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0071-0103"
"12700104","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","panamintinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","9","","114","","","Panamint Kangaroo Rat","USA, California, Inyo Co., Panamint Mtns, head of Willow Creek.","Deserts of E California and W Nevada (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>argusensis</i> </b> Huey, 1945; <b><i>caudatus</i></b> Hall, 1946; <b><i>leucogenys</i></b> (Grinnell, 1919); <b><i>mohavensis</i></b> (Grinnell, 1918).","Reviewed by Intress and Best (1990, Mammalian Species No. 354) and Williams et al. (1993).","27","27-00104","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0104"
"12700105","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","panamintinus","panamintinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","9","","114","","","","USA, California, Inyo Co., Panamint Mtns, head of Willow Creek.","","","","","27","27-00105","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0104-0105"
"12700106","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","panamintinus","argusensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00106","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0104-0106"
"12700107","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","panamintinus","caudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00107","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0104-0107"
"12700108","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","panamintinus","leucogenys","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00108","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0104-0108"
"12700109","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","panamintinus","mohavensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00109","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0104-0109"
"12700110","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","phillipsii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1841","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","7","","522","","","Phillips’s Kangaroo Rat","Mexico, Hidalgo, Valley of Mexico, near Real del Monte (= Mineral de Monte).","C Durango south to N Oaxaca (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>oaxacae</i> </b> Hooper, 1947; <b><i>ornatus</i></b> Merriam, 1894; <b><i>perotensis</i></b> Merriam, 1894.","Systematics reviewed by Genoways and Jones (1971); biology reviewed by Jones and Genoways (1975<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 51).","27","27-00110","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0110"
"12700111","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","phillipsii","phillipsii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1841","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","7","","522","","","","Mexico, Hidalgo, Valley of Mexico, near Real del Monte (= Mineral de Monte).","","","","","27","27-00111","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0110-0111"
"12700112","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","phillipsii","oaxacae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hooper","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00112","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0110-0112"
"12700113","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","phillipsii","ornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00113","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0110-0113"
"12700114","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","phillipsii","perotensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00114","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0110-0114"
"12700115","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","simulans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","144","","","Dulzura Kangaroo Rat","USA, California, San Diego Co., Dulzura.","Coastal southern California (USA) south to southern Baja California Sur (Mexico).","","<i>australis</i>  Huey, 1951; <i>antiquarius</i> Huey, 1962; <i>cabezonae</i> (Merriam, 1904); <i>eremoecus</i> Huey, 1951; <i>latimaxilaris</i> Huey, 1925; <i>martirensis</i> Huey, 1927; <i>paralius</i> Huey, 1951; <i>pedionomus</i> Huey, 1951; <i>plectilis</i> Huey, 1951; <b><i>peninsularis</i></b> (Merriam, 1907).","Systematics reviewed by Sullivan and Best (1997<i>a</i>), who documented the specific distinctness of <i>simulans</i> from <i>D</i>. <i>agilis</i> (see account of that species). Several included taxa (e.g., <i>peninsularis</i>, <i>antiquarius</i>, <i>paralius</i>) listed by Hall (1981) as distinct species. Two subspecies (<i>simulans</i> and <i>peninsularis</i>) recognized as valid by Sullivan and Best (1997<i>a</i>) and Williams et al. (1993), but these authors disagree in their allocation of synonyms to each; the account here follows Sullivan and Best (1997<i>a</i>). Phenotypic variation reviewed by Sullivan and Best (1997<i>b</i>).","27","27-00115","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0115"
"12700116","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","simulans","simulans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","144","","","","USA, California, San Diego Co., Dulzura.","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00116","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0115-0116"
"12700117","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","simulans","peninsularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00117","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0115-0117"
"12700118","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","spectabilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","N. Am. Fauna","4","","46","","","Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat","USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., Dos Cabezos [=Dos Cabezas].","SC Arizona, New Mexico, W Texas (USA) south to N Sonora, Chihuahua and San Luis Potosi (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>baileyi</i> </b> Goldman, 1923; <i>clarencei</i> Goldman, 1933; <b><i>cratodon</i></b> Merriam, 1907; <b><i>intermedius</i></b> Nader, 1965; <b><i>perblandus</i></b> Goldman, 1933; <b><i>zygomaticus</i></b> Goldman, 1923.","Revised by Nader (1978) who included <i>nelsoni</i>; but also see Anderson (1972), Matson (1980), Hall (1981:581), and Williams et al. (1993) who presented evidence of specific distinctness. Reviewed by Best (1988<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 311). Subspecies listed by Best (1988<i>a</i>) and Williams et al. (1993).","27","27-00118","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0118"
"12700119","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","spectabilis","spectabilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","N. Am. Fauna","4","","46","","","","USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., Dos Cabezos [=Dos Cabezas].","","","","","27","27-00119","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0118-0119"
"12700120","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","spectabilis","baileyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00120","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0118-0120"
"12700121","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","spectabilis","cratodon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00121","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0118-0121"
"12700122","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","spectabilis","intermedius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nader","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00122","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0118-0122"
"12700123","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","spectabilis","perblandus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00123","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0118-0123"
"12700124","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","spectabilis","zygomaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00124","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0118-0124"
"12700125","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","stephensi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1907","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","20","","78","","","Stephens’s Kangaroo Rat","USA, California, Riverside Co., San Jacinto Valley, west of Winchester.","Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego Cos. of S California (USA).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (conservation dependent); California Dept. of Fish and Game – Threatened.","<i>cascus</i>  Huey, 1962.","Relationships to other species of the <i>heermanni</i> group studied by Lackey (1967). Reviewed by Bleich (1977, Mammalian Species No. 73).","27","27-00125","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0125"
"12700126","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","venustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","142","","","Narrow-faced Kangaroo Rat","USA, California, Santa Cruz Co., Santa Cruz.","Outer coast ranges from S San Francisco Bay to Estero Bay and Gabilan Range of San Benito and Monterey counties, WC California (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>elephantinus</i> </b> (Grinnell, 1919); <b><i>sanctiluciae</i></b> Grinnell, 1919.","Revised by Grinnell (1922), who considered <i>elephantinus</i> a separate species. Best et al. (1996) concluded that <i>elephantinus</i> was only a subspecies of <i>venustus</i>, based on both molecular and morphological comparisons; also see Stock (1974), Schnell et al. (1978), and Hall (1981:574). <i>Dipodomys</i> <i>venustus, </i>exclusive of<i> elephantinus,</i> was reviewed<i> </i>by Best (1992, Mammalian Species No. 403); <i>elephantinus</i> as a distinct species was reviewed by Best (1986, Mammalian Species No. 255).","27","27-00126","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0126"
"12700127","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","venustus","venustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","142","","","","USA, California, Santa Cruz Co., Santa Cruz.","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00127","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0126-0127"
"12700128","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","venustus","elephantinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00128","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0126-0128"
"12700129","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Dipodomys","","venustus","sanctiluciae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00129","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0126-0129"
"12700130","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1891","","N. Am. Fauna","5","","115","","<i>Microdipodops megacephalus</i> Merriam, 1891.","","","","","","Revised by Hall (1941); also see Hafner et al. (1979). Wood (1935), Hafner (1978), and Hall (1981) considered <i>Microdipodops</i> a member of the subfamily Perognathinae. Hafner (1982), Hafner and Hafner (1983), Wahlert (1985), and Ryan (1989<i>a</i>) summarized evidence for referring the genus to the subfamily Dipodomyinae. Hall (1981:560) and Williams et al. (1993:92) provide keys to species.","27","27-00130","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130"
"12700131","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","megacephalus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1891","","N. Am. Fauna","5","","116","","","Dark Kangaroo Mouse","USA, Nevada, Elko Co., Halleck.","SE Oregon, S Idaho, NE and EC California, N and C Nevada, and WC Utah (USA).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>M. m. atrirelictus</i>, Data Deficient as <i>M. m.</i> <i>nexus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>albiventer</i> </b> Hall and Durrant, 1937; <b><i>ambiguus</i></b> Hall, 1941; <b><i>atrirelictus</i></b> Hafner, 1985; <b><i>californicus</i></b> Merriam, 1901; <b><i>leucotis</i></b> Hall and Durrant, 1941; <b><i>medius</i></b> Hall, 1941; <b><i>nasutus</i></b> Hall, 1941; <b><i>nexus</i></b> Hall, 1941; <b><i>oregonus</i></b> Merriam, 1901; <b><i>paululus</i></b> Hall and Durrant, 1941; <b><i>polionotus</i></b> Grinnell, 1914; <b><i>sabulonis</i></b> Hall, 1941.","Reviewed by O'Farrell and Blaustein (1974<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 46). Hafner et al. (1979) discounted the suggestion by Hall (1941:380-382) of hybridization between <i>megacephalus</i> and <i>pallidus</i>. Also, Hall's suggestion (1981:560) that <i>leucotis</i> may warrant specific status is not supported (see Hafner and Hafner, 1983). Subspecies listed by Williams et al. (1993).","27","27-00131","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0131"
"12700132","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","megacephalus","megacephalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1891","","N. Am. Fauna","5","","116","","","","USA, Nevada, Elko Co., Halleck.","","","","","27","27-00132","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0131-0132"
"12700133","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","megacephalus","albiventer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Durrant","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00133","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0131-0133"
"12700134","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","megacephalus","ambiguus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00134","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0131-0134"
"12700135","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","megacephalus","atrirelictus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hafner","1985","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00135","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0131-0135"
"12700136","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","megacephalus","californicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00136","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0131-0136"
"12700137","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","megacephalus","leucotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Durrant","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00137","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0131-0137"
"12700138","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","megacephalus","medius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00138","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0131-0138"
"12700139","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","megacephalus","nasutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00139","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0131-0139"
"12700140","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","megacephalus","nexus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00140","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0131-0140"
"12700141","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","megacephalus","oregonus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00141","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0131-0141"
"12700142","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","megacephalus","paululus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Durrant","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00142","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0131-0142"
"12700143","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","megacephalus","polionotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00143","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0131-0143"
"12700144","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","megacephalus","sabulonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00144","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0131-0144"
"12700145","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","pallidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","127","","","Pale Kangaroo Mouse","USA, Nevada, Churchill Co., Mountain Well.","EC California, W and SC Nevada (USA).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>M. p. restrictus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dickeyi</i>  Goldman, 1927; <i>lucidus</i> Goldman, 1926; <b><i>ammophilus</i></b> Hall, 1941; <b><i>purus</i></b> Hall, 1941; <b><i>restrictus</i></b> Hafner, 1985; <b><i>ruficollaris</i></b> Hall, 1941.","Reviewed by O'Farrell and Blaustein (1974<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 47). Subspecies follow Williams et al. (1993).","27","27-00145","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0145"
"12700146","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","pallidus","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","127","","","","USA, Nevada, Churchill Co., Mountain Well.","","","","","27","27-00146","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0145-0146"
"12700147","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","pallidus","ammophilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00147","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0145-0147"
"12700148","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","pallidus","purus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00148","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0145-0148"
"12700149","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","pallidus","restrictus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hafner","1985","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00149","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0145-0149"
"12700150","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Dipodomyinae","","Microdipodops","","pallidus","ruficollaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00150","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0002-0000-0130-0000-0145-0150"
"12700151","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1868","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1868","","201","","","","","","","","Contains the Recent genera <i>Heteromys</i> and <i>Liomys</i>, following Wood (1935), Wahlert (1985, 1993), and Ryan (1989<i>a</i>). However, a review of the generic limits is warranted because biochemical data (Rogers, 1990) suggest that <i>Heteromys</i> as currently defined is paraphyletic relative to <i>Liomys</i>. Williams et al. (1993:100) provided a key to genera.","27","27-00151","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151"
"12700152","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","14","","181","","<i>Mus anomalus</i> Thompson, 1815.","","","","","<i>Xylomys</i>  Merriam, 1902.","Includes <i>Xylomys</i> as a subgenus for <i>H. nelsoni</i> (see also Hall, 1981, and Williams et al., 1993), although the validity of subgenera is questionable (R. P. Anderson, pers. comm.). Revised by Goldman (1911), with systematics currently under review by R. P. Anderson (pers. comm.). Rogers and Schmidly (1982) partially revised the <i>desmarestianus</i> group. Rogers (1989, 1990) discussed phylogenetic relationships among species, and remarked on at least one undescribed species from Costa Rica, as did Handley (1976) from Venezuela. Distribution and systematics of Colombian species reviewed by Anderson (1999 [2000]). Key to subgenera and species given by Williams et al. (1993:101); Schmidt et al. (1989) also provide a key to species.","27","27-00152","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152"
"12700153","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","14","","181","","<i>Mus anomalus</i> Thompson, 1815.","","","","","","","27","27-00153","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153"
"12700154","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Xylomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","","","","","","<i>Heteromys nelsoni </i>Merriam, 1902.","","","","","","","27","27-00154","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0154"
"12700155","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","anomalus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thompson","1815","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","11","","161","","","Caribbean Spiny Pocket Mouse","Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad.","N Colombia, including Magdalena Valley, east to N Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, and Margarita Isl. It does not enter Panama (contra Rogers, 1990; Méndez, 1993; Williams et al., 1993; Nowak, 1999; see Anderson, 1999 [2000]).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bicolor</i>  (Gray, 1868); <i>thompsonii</i> Lesson, 1827; <i>melanoleucus</i> Gray, 1868; <b><i>brachialis</i></b> Osgood, 1912; <b><i>hershkovitzi</i></b> Hernández-Camacho, 1956; <b><i>jesupi</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1899.","Subgenus <i>Heteromys</i>. Subspecies listed by Williams et al. (1993) and distribution mapped by Eisenberg (1989) and Anderson (1999 [2000]). As currently understood, <i>anomalus</i> is likely composite. Anderson (2002) recently described <i>H. oasicus</i> from NW Venezuela, a taxon that Handley (1976) regarded as distinct from <i>anomalus</i>. Populations from the Cordillera de la Costa of Venezuela, above 1000 m, also represent an undescribed species (R. P. Anderson, pers. comm.).","27","27-00155","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0155"
"12700156","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","anomalus","anomalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thompson","1815","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","11","","161","","","","Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad.","","","","","27","27-00156","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0155-0156"
"12700157","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","anomalus","brachialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00157","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0155-0157"
"12700158","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","anomalus","hershkovitzi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hernández-Camacho","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00158","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0155-0158"
"12700159","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","anomalus","jesupi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00159","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0155-0159"
"12700160","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","194","","","Southern Spiny Pocket Mouse","Ecuador, Esmeraldas Prov., Cachabi River, San Javier, below Cachabi.","E Panama south to SW Colombia and NW Ecuador, both slopes of the Cordillera Occidental and Cordillera Central and western slope of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia. Disjunct population present in Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuela (Anderson and Soriano, 1999; Anderson, 1999 [2000]).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>lomitenis</i>  J. A. Allen, 1912; <b><i>conscius</i></b> Goldman, 1913, <b><i>pacificus</i></b> Pearson, 1939.","Subgenus <i>Heteromys</i>. Subspecies listed by Williams et al. (1993) and distribution mapped by Anderson (1999 [2000]).","27","27-00160","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0160"
"12700161","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","australis","australis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","194","","","","Ecuador, Esmeraldas Prov., Cachabi River, San Javier, below Cachabi.","","","","","27","27-00161","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0160-0161"
"12700162","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","australis","conscius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00162","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0160-0162"
"12700163","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","australis","pacificus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pearson","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00163","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0160-0163"
"12700164","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","desmarestianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1868","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1868","","204","","","Desmarest’s Spiny Pocket Mouse","Guatemala, Coban.","SE Tobasco (Mexico) south to NW Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>H. desmarestianus</i>; Lower Risk (nt) as <i>H. goldmani</i>.","<i>griseus</i>  Merriam, 1902; <i>lepturus</i> Merriam, 1902; <i>longicaudatus</i> Gray, 1868; <i>nigricaudatus</i> Goodwin, 1956; <i>psakastus</i> Dickey, 1928; <b><i>chiriquensis</i></b> Enders, 1938; <b><i>crassirostris</i></b> Goldman, 1912; <b><i>fuscatus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1908; <b><i>goldmani</i></b> Merriam, 1902; <b><i>panamensis</i></b> Goldman, 1912; <b><i>planifrons</i></b> Goldman, 1937; <b><i>repens</i></b> Bangs, 1902; <b><i>subaffinis</i></b> Goldman, 1937; <b><i>temporalis</i></b> Goldman, 1911; <b><i>underwoodi</i></b> Goodwin, 1943; <b><i>zonalis</i></b> Goldman, 1912.","Subgenus <i>Heteromys</i>. Goodwin (1969) and Rogers and Schmidly (1982) provided partial revisions. I follow Rogers (1990) and Williams et al. (1993) and include <i>goldmani</i> (contra Patton, 1993<i>b</i>). Subspecies listed by Williams et al. (1993). Given the extent of chromosomal and allozymic diversity (Rogers, 1989, 1990), <i>desmarestianus</i> is likely to be composite, with several described taxa to be elevated to species status and additional species to be described (R. P. Anderson, pers. comm.).","27","27-00164","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0164"
"12700165","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","desmarestianus","desmarestianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1868","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1868","","204","","","","Guatemala, Coban.","","","","","27","27-00165","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0164-0165"
"12700166","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","desmarestianus","chiriquensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Enders","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00166","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0164-0166"
"12700167","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","desmarestianus","crassirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00167","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0164-0167"
"12700168","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","desmarestianus","fuscatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00168","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0164-0168"
"12700169","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","desmarestianus","goldmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00169","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0164-0169"
"12700170","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","desmarestianus","panamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00170","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0164-0170"
"12700171","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","desmarestianus","planifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00171","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0164-0171"
"12700172","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","desmarestianus","repens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00172","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0164-0172"
"12700173","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","desmarestianus","subaffinis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00173","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0164-0173"
"12700174","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","desmarestianus","temporalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00174","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0164-0174"
"12700175","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","desmarestianus","underwoodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00175","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0164-0175"
"12700176","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","desmarestianus","zonalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00176","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0164-0176"
"12700177","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","gaumeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen and Chapman","1897","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","9","","","Gaumer’s Spiny Pocket Mouse","Mexico, Yucatan, Chichen-Itza.","Endemic to Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico), N Belize, and N Guatemala.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Heteromys</i>. Reviewed by Engstrom et al. (1987<i>a</i>) and Schmidt et al. (1989, Mammalian Species No. 345). Both Engstrom et al. (1987<i>a</i>) and Rogers (1990) suggested that this taxon might deserve separate subgeneric status, as yet unnamed.","27","27-00177","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0177"
"12700178","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Xylomys","nelsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","43","","","Nelson’s Spiny Pocket Mouse","Mexico, Chiapas, Pinabete, 8,200 ft. (2,499 m).","Known only from S Chiapas (Mexico) and W Guatemala.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Type species of subgenus <i>Xylomys</i> Merriam, which is of debatable validity (R. P. Anderson, pers. comm.). Reviewed by Rogers and Rogers (1992<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 397).","27","27-00178","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0154-0178"
"12700179","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","oasicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","2003","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3396","","9","","","Paraguaná Spiny Pocket Mouse","Venezuela, Estado Falcón, 42 km N, 32 km W or Coro, Cerro Santa Ana, 550 m.","Known only from Cerro Santa Ana and the Fila de Monte Cano on the Penínsulsa de Paraguaná, Estado Falcón, Venezuela.","","","This is the species recognized by Handley (1976) as undescribed at that time; reported as <i>H. anomalus</i> by Bisbal-E. (1990).","27","27-00179","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0179"
"12700180","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","see comments","oresterus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Harris","1932","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan","248","","4","","","Mountain Spiny Pocket Mouse","Costa Rica, Cordillera de Talamanca, El Copey de Dota, 6,000 ft. (1,829 m).","Talamanca Range of Costa Rica.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Hall (1981) placed <i>oresterus</i> in the subgenus <i>Xylomys</i> but Rogers (1989, 1990) presented evidence that <i>oresterus</i> was not closely related to <i>nelsoni</i>, the type species of <i>Xylomys</i>. Reviewed by Rogers and Rogers (1992<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 396).","27","27-00180","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0000-0180"
"12700181","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Heteromys","Heteromys","teleus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson and Jarrín-V.","2002","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3382","","6","","","Ecuadoran Spiny Pocket Mouse","Ecuador, Prov. Guayas, Cerro Manglar Alto, western slope, 1,500 ft. (457 m).","Pacific lowlands of Ecuador.","","","","27","27-00181","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0152-0153-0181"
"12700182","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","44","","<i>Heteromys alleni</i> Coues, 1881 (= <i>L</i>. <i>irroratus alleni</i>, see Genoways, 1973).","","","","","","Revised by Genoways (1973) with current taxonomy reviewed by Williams et al. (1993). Rogers (1989, 1990) discussed phylogenetic relationships among species and relative to <i>Heteromys</i>. Genoways (1973:44-45), Dowler and Genoways (1978), and Williams et al. (1993) provide keys to species. Cervantes et al. (1999<i>b</i>) summarized karyotypic variability and relationships among Mexican species.","27","27-00182","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182"
"12700183","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","adspersus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1874","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","","","357","","","Panamanian Spiny Pocket Mouse","Panama, City of Panama (restricted by Goldman, 1920).","C Panama, principally Pacific versant.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","","27","27-00183","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0183"
"12700184","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","irroratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1868","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1868","","205","","","Mexican Spiny Pocket Mouse","Mexico, Oaxaca, Oaxaca (restricted by Genoways, 1973:111).","S Texas (USA), and SC Chihuahua to Oaxaca (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albolimbatus</i>  (Gray, 1868); <i>yautepecus</i> Goodwin, 1956; <b><i>alleni</i></b> (Coues, 1881); <i>acutus</i> Hall and Villa-R., 1948; <i>canus</i> Merriam, 1902; <i>pullus</i> Hooper, 1947; <b><i>bulleri</i></b> (Thomas, 1893); <b><i>guerrerensis</i></b> (Goldman, 1911); <b><i>jaliscensis</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1906); <b><i>texensis</i></b> Merriam, 1902; <i>pretiosus</i> Goldman, 1911; <b><i>torridus</i></b> Merriam, 1902;<i> exiguus</i> (Elliot, 1903);<i> minor</i> Merriam, 1902.","Reviewed by Dowler and Genoways (1978, Mammalian Species No. 82). Currently recognized subspecies delineated by Williams et al. (1993).","27","27-00184","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0184"
"12700185","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","irroratus","irroratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1868","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1868","","205","","","","Mexico, Oaxaca, Oaxaca (restricted by Genoways, 1973:111).","","","","","27","27-00185","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0184-0185"
"12700186","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","irroratus","alleni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Coues","1881","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00186","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0184-0186"
"12700187","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","irroratus","bulleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00187","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0184-0187"
"12700188","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","irroratus","guerrerensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00188","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0184-0188"
"12700189","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","irroratus","jaliscensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00189","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0184-0189"
"12700190","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","irroratus","texensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00190","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0184-0190"
"12700191","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","irroratus","torridus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00191","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0184-0191"
"12700192","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","pictus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","12","","233","","","Painted Spiny Pocket Mouse","Mexico, Jalisco, San Sebastian, 4,300 ft. (1,311 m).","West coast of Mexico from Sonora to Chiapas, and east coast in Veracruz south to extreme NW Guatemala.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>isthmius</i>  Merriam, 1902; <i>obscurus</i> Merriam, 1902; <i>orbitalis</i> Merriam, 1902; <i>paralius</i> (Elliot, 1903); <i>phaeura</i> Merriam, 1902; <i>pinetorum</i> Goodwin, 1956; <i>rostratus</i> Merriam, 1902; <i>veraecrucis</i> Merriam, 1902; <b><i>annectens</i></b> (Merriam, 1902); <b><i>hispidus</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1897); <i>escuinapae</i> (J. A. Allen, 1906); <i>sonorana</i> Merriam, 1902; <b><i>plantinarensis</i></b> Merriam, 1902;<i> parviceps</i> Goldman, 1904.","Reviewed by McGhee and Genoways (1978, Mammalian Species No. 83). Genic data suggest that <i>pictus</i> as currently comprised is paraphyletic; additional species are likely to be recognized with further analyses (see Morales and Engstrom, 1989, and Rogers, 1990). Williams et al. (1993) reviewed subspecific taxonomy.","27","27-00192","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0192"
"12700193","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","pictus","pictus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","12","","233","","","","Mexico, Jalisco, San Sebastian, 4,300 ft. (1,311 m).","","","","","27","27-00193","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0192-0193"
"12700194","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","pictus","annectens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00194","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0192-0194"
"12700195","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","pictus","hispidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00195","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0192-0195"
"12700196","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","pictus","plantinarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00196","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0192-0196"
"12700197","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","salvini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","11","","331","","","Salvin’s Spiny Pocket Mouse","Guatemala, Sacatepequez, Duenas.","E Oaxaca (Mexico) south to C Costa Rica.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anthonyi</i>  Goodwin, 1932; <i>aterrimus</i> Goodwin, 1938; <i>heterothrix</i> Merriam, 1902; <i>nigrescens</i> (Thomas, 1893); <b><i>crispus</i></b> Merriam, 1902; <i>setosus</i> Merriam, 1902; <b><i>vulcani</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1908).","Reviewed by Carter and Genoways (1978, Mammalian Species No. 84). Williams et al. (1993) delimited subspecies.","27","27-00197","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0197"
"12700198","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","salvini","salvini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","11","","331","","","","Guatemala, Sacatepequez, Duenas.","","","","","27","27-00198","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0197-0198"
"12700199","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","salvini","crispus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00199","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0197-0199"
"12700200","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","salvini","vulcani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00200","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0197-0200"
"12700201","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Heteromyinae","","Liomys","","spectabilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Genoways","1971","","Occas. Papers Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas","5","","1","","","Jaliscan Spiny Pocket Mouse","Mexico, Jalisco, 2.2 mi (3.5 km) NE Contla, 3,850 ft. (1,173 m).","SE Jalisco (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","","27","27-00201","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0151-0000-0182-0000-0201"
"12700202","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Coues","1875","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","27","","277","","","","","","","","Subfamily name emended by Wood (1935); originally given by Coues as Perognathidinae. Wood (1935:89), Hafner (1978), and Hall (1981) included <i>Microdipodops</i> in the subfamily, a course not followed by Hafner and Hafner (1983), Wahlert (1985, 1988), Ryan (1989<i>a</i>), and Williams et al. (1993). Williams et al. (1993:121) provide a key to the genera.","27","27-00202","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202"
"12700203","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","5","","<i>Perognathus spinatus</i> Merriam, 1889.","","","","","<i>Burtognathus</i>  Hoffmeister, 1986.","Species revised by Merriam (1889) and Osgood (1900) under the generic name <i>Perognathus</i>; both authors considered <i>Chaetodipus</i> as a valid subgenus (see also Hall, 1981). Raised to generic status by Hafner and Hafner (1983), an action followed by most subsequent authors. Includes <i>Burtognathus</i> (see Hoffmeister, 1986), defined as a subgenus to contain the single species <i>C</i>. <i>hispidus</i>; see also Williams et al. (1993). Chromosomal and biochemical systematics summarized by Patton and Rogers (1993<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>). Best (1993<i>f</i>) and Williams et al. (1993:122-124) provide keys to Recent species.","27","27-00203","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203"
"12700204","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","arenarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2","4","","461","","","Little Desert Pocket Mouse","Mexico, Baja California Sur, San Jorge, near Comondu.","Baja California Peninsula (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>albescens</i> </b> (Huey, 1926); <b><i>albulus</i></b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1923); <b><i>ambiguus</i></b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929); <b><i>ammophilus</i></b> (Osgood, 1907); <b><i>helleri</i></b> (Elliot, 1903); <b><i>mexicalis</i></b> (Huey, 1939); <b><i>paralios</i></b> (Huey, 1964); <b><i>sabulosus</i></b> (Huey, 1964); <b><i>siccus</i></b> (Osgood, 1907); <b><i>sublucidus</i></b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929).","Reviewed by Huey (1964) and Lackey (1991<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 384). Subspecies reviewed by Williams et al. (1993) and Patton and Alvarez-Castañeda (1999).","27","27-00204","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0204"
"12700205","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","arenarius","arenarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2","4","","461","","","","Mexico, Baja California Sur, San Jorge, near Comondu.","","","","","27","27-00205","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0204-0205"
"12700206","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","arenarius","albescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00206","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0204-0206"
"12700207","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","arenarius","albulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00207","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0204-0207"
"12700208","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","arenarius","ambiguus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00208","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0204-0208"
"12700209","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","arenarius","ammophilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00209","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0204-0209"
"12700210","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","arenarius","helleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00210","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0204-0210"
"12700211","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","arenarius","mexicalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00211","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0204-0211"
"12700212","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","arenarius","paralios","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1964","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00212","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0204-0212"
"12700213","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","arenarius","sabulosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1964","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00213","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0204-0213"
"12700214","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","arenarius","siccus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00214","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0204-0214"
"12700215","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","arenarius","sublucidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00215","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0204-0215"
"12700216","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","artus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","N. Am. Fauna","18","","55","","","Narrow-skulled Pocket Mouse","Mexico, Chihuahua, Batopilas.","S Sonora, SW Chihuahua, W Durango, Sinaloa, and N Nayarit (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Revised by Anderson (1964). Taxonomy and distribution reviewed by Williams et al. (1993) and Patton and Alvarez-Castañeda (1999); biology reviewed by Best and Lackey (1992<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 418).","27","27-00216","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0216"
"12700217","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","baileyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","46","","262","","","Bailey’s Pocket Mouse","Mexico, Sonora, Magdalena.","S Arizona, SW New Mexico (USA), south to N Sinaloa (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>domensis</i>  Goldman, 1928; <b><i>insularis</i></b> Townsend, 1912.","Reviewed by Paulson (1988<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 297). Species now restricted to populations and subspecies from east of the Colorado River in Arizona, SW New Mexico, Sonora, and N Sinaloa; those from west of the Colorado River in California and Baja California are now regarded as <i>C</i>. <i>rudinoris</i> (see account below and Riddle et al., 2000<i>a</i>).","27","27-00217","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0217"
"12700218","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","baileyi","baileyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","46","","262","","","","Mexico, Sonora, Magdalena.","","","","","27","27-00218","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0217-0218"
"12700219","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","baileyi","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Townsend","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00219","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0217-0219"
"12700220","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","californicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","26","","","California Pocket Mouse","USA, California, Alameda Co., Berkeley.","C California (USA) to N Baja California (Mexico).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>C. c. femoralis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc);.","<i>armatus</i>  (Merriam, 1889); <b><i>bensoni</i></b> (von Bloeker, 1938); <b><i>bernardinus</i></b> (Benson, 1930); <b><i>dispar</i></b> (Osgood, 1900); <b><i>femoralis</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1891); <b><i>marinensis</i></b> (von Bloeker, 1938); <b><i>mesopolius</i></b> (Elliot, 1903); <b><i>ochrus</i></b> (Osgood, 1904).","Subspecies listed by Hall (1981) and Williams et al. (1993).","27","27-00220","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0220"
"12700221","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","californicus","californicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","26","","","","USA, California, Alameda Co., Berkeley.","","","","","27","27-00221","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0220-0221"
"12700222","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","californicus","bensoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","von Bloeker","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00222","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0220-0222"
"12700223","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","californicus","bernardinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Benson","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00223","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0220-0223"
"12700224","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","californicus","dispar","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00224","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0220-0224"
"12700225","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","californicus","femoralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00225","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0220-0225"
"12700226","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","californicus","marinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","von Bloeker","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00226","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0220-0226"
"12700227","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","californicus","mesopolius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00227","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0220-0227"
"12700228","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","californicus","ochrus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00228","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0220-0228"
"12700229","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","dalquesti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Roth","1976","","J. Mammal.","57","","562","","","Dalquest’s Pocket Mouse","Mexico, Baja California Sur, 4 mi SE Migriño.","Cape Region of Baja California Sur (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as included in <i>C. arenarius</i>.","","Considered a subspecies of <i>C. arenarius</i> by Patton (1993<i>b</i>), Williams et al. (1993), and Patton and Alvarez-Castañeda (1999), with which it shares an identical karyotype (Hafner and Hafner, 1983). However, both mitochondrial DNA (Riddle et al., 2000<i>b</i>) and morphology (D. J. Hafner, pers. comm.) suggest separate species status, although a complete analysis of the relationships of <i>dalquesti</i> to <i>arenarius</i> has not as yet been made.","27","27-00229","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0229"
"12700230","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","eremicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1898","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","10","","300","","","Chihuahuan Pocket Mouse","USA, Texas, El Paso [now in Hudspeth] Co., Fort Hancock.","Chihuahuan Desert from S New Mexico and Trans-Pecos Texas (USA) through Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas, Nuevo Leon, and San Luis Potosi (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as included in <i>C. penicillatus</i>.","<b><i>atrodorsalis</i> </b><i> </i>(Dalquest, 1951).","Hoffmeister and Lee (1967), Hall (1981), Patton (1993<i>b</i>), and Williams et al. (1993) considered both <i>eremicus</i> and <i>atrodorsalis</i> subspecies of <i>C. penicillatus</i>. Lee et al. (1996) elevated <i>eremicus</i> to species status, with <i>atrodorsalis</i> a subspecies, based on mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence and the previously recognized sharply divergent karyotypes (Patton, 1969<i>a</i>) and allozyme differences (Patton et al., 1981).","27","27-00230","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0230"
"12700231","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","eremicus","eremicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1898","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","10","","300","","","","USA, Texas, El Paso [now in Hudspeth] Co., Fort Hancock.","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00231","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0230-0231"
"12700232","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","eremicus","atrodorsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00232","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0230-0232"
"12700233","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","fallax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","19","","","San Diego Pocket Mouse","USA, California, San Bernardino Co., Reche Canyon (3 mi [5 km] SE Colton), 1,250 ft. (381 m).","SW California (USA) to W Baja California (Mexico).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>C. h. fallax</i> and <i>C. h. pallidus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>anthonyi</i> </b> (Osgood, 1900); <b><i>inopinus</i></b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929); <b><i>majusculus</i></b> (Huey, 1960); <b><i>pallidus</i> </b>(Mearns, 1901); <b><i>xerotrophicus</i></b> (Huey, 1960).","Reviewed by Huey (1960; 1964) and Lackey (1996, Mammalian Species No. 517). Includes <i>anthonyi</i>, considered a full species by Hall (1981) but a subspecies by Williams et al. (1993). Subspecies reviewed by Williams et al. (1993).","27","27-00233","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0233"
"12700234","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","fallax","fallax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","19","","","","USA, California, San Bernardino Co., Reche Canyon (3 mi [5 km] SE Colton), 1,250 ft. (381 m).","","","","","27","27-00234","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0233-0234"
"12700235","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","fallax","anthonyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00235","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0233-0235"
"12700236","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","fallax","inopinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00236","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0233-0236"
"12700237","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","fallax","majusculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00237","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0233-0237"
"12700238","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","fallax","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00238","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0233-0238"
"12700239","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","fallax","xerotrophicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00239","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0233-0239"
"12700240","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","formosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","17","","","Long-tailed Pocket Mouse","USA, Utah, Washington Co., St. George.","W Utah, Nevada, E California, and NW Arizona (USA), and E coast of Baja California to Bahía Concepcion (Baja California Sur, Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>domisaxensis</i>  (Cockrum, 1956); <i>melanocaudus</i> (Cockrum, 1956); <b><i>cinerascens</i></b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929); <b><i>incolatus</i></b> (Hall, 1941); <b><i>infolatus</i></b> (Huey, 1954); <b><i>melanurus</i></b> (Hall, 1941); <b><i>mesembrinus</i></b> (Elliot, 1904); <b><i>mohavensis</i></b> (Huey, 1938).","Reviewed by Huey (1964). Included in <i>Perognathus</i> by Hall (1981:542) and earlier workers, but allocated to <i>Chaetodipus</i> by Patton et al. (1981) and Hafner and Hafner (1983). Subspecies reviewed by Williams et al. (1993).","27","27-00240","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0240"
"12700241","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","formosus","formosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","17","","","","USA, Utah, Washington Co., St. George.","","","","","27","27-00241","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0240-0241"
"12700242","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","formosus","cinerascens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00242","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0240-0242"
"12700243","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","formosus","incolatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00243","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0240-0243"
"12700244","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","formosus","infolatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00244","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0240-0244"
"12700245","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","formosus","melanurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00245","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0240-0245"
"12700246","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","formosus","mesembrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00246","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0240-0246"
"12700247","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","formosus","mohavensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00247","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0240-0247"
"12700248","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","goldmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","N. Am. Fauna","18","","54","","","Goldman’s Pocket Mouse","Mexico, Sinaloa, Sinaloa.","NE to S Sonora, SW Chihuahua, and N Sinaloa (Mexico); see Straney and Patton (1980).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Revised by Anderson (1964). Chromosome races described by Patton (1969<i>b</i>). Reviewed by Lackey and Best (1992, Mammalian Species No. 419).","27","27-00248","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0248"
"12700249","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","hispidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1858","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","421","","","Hispid Pocket Mouse","Mexico, Tamaulipas, Charco Escondido.","Great Plains from S North Dakota to SE Arizona and W Louisiana (USA), south to Tamaulipas and Hidalgo (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>paradoxus</i> </b> (Merriam, 1889); <i>conditi</i> (J. A. Allen, 1894); <i>latirostris</i> (Rhoads, 1894); <b><i>spilotus</i></b> (Merriam, 1889); <i>maximus</i> (Elliot, 1904); <b><i>zacatecae</i> </b>(Osgood, 1900).","Revised by Glass (1947); subspecies listed by Hall (1981) and Williams et al. (1993). Reviewed by Paulson (1988<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 320). Type species of monotypic subgenus <i>Burtognathus</i> Hoffmeister.","27","27-00249","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0249"
"12700250","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","hispidus","hispidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1858","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","421","","","","Mexico, Tamaulipas, Charco Escondido.","","","","","27","27-00250","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0249-0250"
"12700251","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","hispidus","paradoxus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00251","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0249-0251"
"12700252","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","hispidus","spilotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00252","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0249-0252"
"12700253","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","hispidus","zacatecae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00253","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0249-0253"
"12700254","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","intermedius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","18","","","Rock Pocket Mouse","USA, Arizona, Mohave Co., Mud Spring.","SC Utah and Arizona to W Texas (USA), south to C Sonora and C Chihuahua (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nigrimontis</i>  (Blossom, 1933); <i>obscurus</i> (Merriam, 1889); <b><i>ater</i></b> (Dice, 1929); <b><i>beardi</i></b> (Weckerly, Gennaro, and Best, 1988); <b><i>crinitus</i></b> (Benson, 1934); <b><i>lithophilus</i></b> (Huey, 1937); <b><i>minimus</i></b> (Burt, 1932); <b><i>phasma</i></b> (Goldman, 1918); <i>pinacate</i> (Blossom, 1933); <b><i>rupestris</i></b> (Benson, 1932); <i>umbrosus</i> (Benson, 1934).","Subspecies listed by Hoffmeister (1974), Hall (1981), and Williams et al. (1993).","27","27-00254","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0254"
"12700255","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","intermedius","intermedius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","18","","","","USA, Arizona, Mohave Co., Mud Spring.","","","","","27","27-00255","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0254-0255"
"12700256","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","intermedius","ater","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dice","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00256","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0254-0256"
"12700257","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","intermedius","beardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Weckerly, Gennaro, and Best","1988","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00257","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0254-0257"
"12700258","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","intermedius","crinitus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Benson","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00258","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0254-0258"
"12700259","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","intermedius","lithophilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00259","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0254-0259"
"12700260","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","intermedius","minimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00260","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0254-0260"
"12700261","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","intermedius","phasma","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00261","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0254-0261"
"12700262","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","intermedius","rupestris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Benson","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00262","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0254-0262"
"12700263","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","lineatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest","1951","","J. Washington Acad. Sci","41","","362","","","Lined Pocket Mouse","Mexico, San Luis Potosi, 1 km south of Arriaga.","San Luis Potosi and SE Zacatecas (Mexico).","","","Possibly conspecific with <i>nelsoni</i> (Williams et al., 1993). Reviewed by Best (1993<i>f</i>, Mammalian Species No. 451).","27","27-00263","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0263"
"12700264","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","nelsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","46","","266","","","Nelson’s Pocket Mouse","Mexico, San Luis Potosi, Hacienda La Parada, about 25 mi (40 km) NW Ciudad San Luis Potosi.","Chihuahuan desert plateau from SE New Mexico and W Texas (USA) to Jalisco and San Luis Potosi (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>canescens</i> </b> (Merriam, 1894); <i>collis</i> (Blair, 1938); <i>popei</i> (Blair, 1938).","Subspecies listed by Hall (1981) and Williams et al. (1993); may include <i>lineatus</i> (see above). Reviewed by Best (1994<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 484). Two karyotypic races known (Patton, 1970; Lee, 1990), which may prove to be distinct species.","27","27-00264","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0264"
"12700265","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","nelsoni","nelsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","46","","266","","","","Mexico, San Luis Potosi, Hacienda La Parada, about 25 mi (40 km) NW Ciudad San Luis Potosi.","","","","","27","27-00265","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0264-0265"
"12700266","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","nelsoni","canescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00266","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0264-0266"
"12700267","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","penicillatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Woodhouse","1852","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","6","","200","","","Desert Pocket Mouse","USA, San Francisco Mountains, New Mexico (fixed to Arizona, Yuma Co., 1 mi [1.6 km] SW Parker by Hoffmeister and Lee, 1967).","SE California and S Nevada to S Arizona and SW New Mexico (USA) to NE Baja California and Sonora (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>angustirostris</i> </b> (Osgood, 1900); <b><i>pricei</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1894); <b><i>seri</i></b> (Nelson, 1912) [renaming of <i>goldmani</i> Townsend, 1912, which is preoccupied by <i>goldmani</i> Osgood, 1900]; <b><i>sobrinus</i></b> (Goldman, 1939) [renaming of <i>seorsus</i> Goldman, 1939, which is preoccupied by <i>seorsus</i> Burt, 1932, a subspecies of <i>C. spinatus</i>]; <b><i>stephensi</i></b> (Merriam, 1894).","Revised by Hoffmeister and Lee (1967). Subspecies reviewed by Williams et al. (1993). Excludes Chihuahuan Desert subspecies <i>atrodorsalis</i> and <i>eremicus</i>, now regarded as a separate species, <i>C. eremicus</i> (see account above and Lee et al., 1996).","27","27-00267","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0267"
"12700268","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","penicillatus","penicillatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Woodhouse","1852","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","6","","200","","","","USA, San Francisco Mountains, New Mexico (fixed to Arizona, Yuma Co., 1 mi [1.6 km] SW Parker by Hoffmeister and Lee, 1967).","","","","","27","27-00268","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0267-0268"
"12700269","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","penicillatus","angustirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00269","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0267-0269"
"12700270","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","penicillatus","pricei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00270","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0267-0270"
"12700271","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","penicillatus","seri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","Renaming of <i>goldmani</i> Townsend, 1912, which is preoccupied by <i>goldmani</i> Osgood, 1900.","27","27-00271","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0267-0271"
"12700272","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","penicillatus","sobrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","Renaming of <i>seorsus</i> Goldman, 1939, which is preoccupied by <i>seorsus</i> Burt, 1932, a subspecies of <i>C. spinatus</i>]","27","27-00272","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0267-0272"
"12700273","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","penicillatus","stephensi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00273","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0267-0273"
"12700274","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","pernix","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1898","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","10","","149","","","Sinaloan Pocket Mouse","Mexico, Sinaloa, Rosario.","Coastal lowlands from S Sonora to N Nayarit (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>rostratus</i> </b> (Osgood, 1900).","Chromosomal and biochemical evidence suggest that the northern subspecies <i>rostratus</i> is specifically distinct from <i>pernix</i> (Patton et al., 1981). Reviewed by Best and Lackey (1992<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 420).","27","27-00274","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0274"
"12700275","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","pernix","pernix","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1898","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","10","","149","","","","Mexico, Sinaloa, Rosario.","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00275","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0274-0275"
"12700276","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","pernix","rostratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00276","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0274-0276"
"12700277","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","rudinoris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1903","","Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser. (Publ. 74)","3","10","167","","","Baja California Pocket Mouse","Mexico, Baja California, San Quintín.","SE California (USA) south to Cape Region of Baja California Sur (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as included in <i>C. baileyi</i>.","<b><i>extimus</i> </b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929); <b><i>fornicatus</i></b> (Burt, 1932); <b><i>hueyi</i></b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929); <b><i>knekus</i></b> (Elliot, 1903); <b><i>mesidios</i></b> (Huey, 1964).","Reviewed, in part as <i>C. baileyi</i>, by Paulson (1988<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 297). Chromosomal (Patton and Rogers, 1993), allozyme (Patton et al., 1981), and mitochondrial DNA (Riddle et al., 2000<i>b</i>) support species status for populations from west of the Colorado River in California and from throughout the Baja California Peninsula traditionally allocated to <i>C. baileyi</i> (Hall, 1981; Patton, 1993<i>b</i>; Patton and Alvarez-Castañeda, 1999; Williams et al., 1993). Subspecies delineated by Riddle et al. (2000<i>b</i>).","27","27-00277","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0277"
"12700278","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","rudinoris","rudinoris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1903","","Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser. (Publ. 74)","3","10","167","","","","Mexico, Baja California, San Quintín.","","","","","27","27-00278","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0277-0278"
"12700279","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","rudinoris","extimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00279","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0277-0279"
"12700280","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","rudinoris","fornicatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00280","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0277-0280"
"12700281","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","rudinoris","hueyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00281","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0277-0281"
"12700282","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","rudinoris","knekus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00282","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0277-0282"
"12700283","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","rudinoris","mesidios","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1964","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00283","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0277-0283"
"12700284","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","21","","","Spiny Pocket Mouse","USA, California, San Bernardino Co., 25 mi (40 km) below The Needles, Colorado River.","S Nevada, SE California (USA) south to Cape Region of Baja California Peninsula (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>broccus</i> </b> (Huey, 1960); <b><i>bryanti</i></b> (Merriam, 1894); <b><i>evermanni</i></b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929); <b><i>guardiae</i></b> (Burt, 1932); <b><i>lambi</i></b> (Benson, 1930); <b><i>latijugularis</i></b> (Burt, 1932); <b><i>lorenzi</i></b> (Banks, 1967); <b><i>magdalenae</i></b> (Osgood, 1907); <b><i>macrosensis</i></b> (Burt, 1932); <b><i>margaritae</i></b> (Merriam, 1894); <b><i>occultus</i></b> (Nelson, 1912); <b><i>oribates</i></b> (Huey, 1960); <b><i>peninsulae</i></b> (Merriam, 1894); <b><i>prietae</i></b> (Huey, 1930); <b><i>pullus</i></b> (Burt, 1932); <b><i>rufescens</i></b> (Huey, 1930); <b><i>seorsus</i></b> (Burt, 1932).","Reviewed by Lackey (1991<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 385). Subspecies reviewed by Williams et al. (1993) and Patton and Alvarez-Castañeda (1999).","27","27-00284","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284"
"12700285","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","spinatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","21","","","","USA, California, San Bernardino Co., 25 mi (40 km) below The Needles, Colorado River.","","","","","27","27-00285","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0285"
"12700286","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","broccus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00286","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0286"
"12700287","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","bryanti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00287","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0287"
"12700288","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","evermanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00288","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0288"
"12700289","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","guardiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00289","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0289"
"12700290","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","lambi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Benson","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00290","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0290"
"12700291","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","latijugularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00291","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0291"
"12700292","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","lorenzi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Banks","1967","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00292","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0292"
"12700293","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","magdalenae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00293","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0293"
"12700294","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","macrosensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00294","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0294"
"12700295","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","margaritae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00295","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0295"
"12700296","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","occultus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00296","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0296"
"12700297","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","oribates","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00297","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0297"
"12700298","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","peninsulae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00298","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0298"
"12700299","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","prietae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00299","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0299"
"12700300","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","pullus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00300","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0300"
"12700301","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","rufescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00301","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0301"
"12700302","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Chaetodipus","","spinatus","seorsus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00302","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0203-0000-0284-0302"
"12700303","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1839","","Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.","19","1","368","","<i>Perognathus fasciatus</i> Wied-Neuwied, 1839.","","","","","<i>Abromys</i>  Gray, 1868; <i>Cricetodipus</i> Peale, 1848; <i>Otognosis</i> Coues, 1875.","Revised by Merriam (1889) and Osgood (1900), who also included those species listed here for <i>Chaetodipus.</i> Chromosomal relationships reviewed by Patton (1967b) and Williams (1978a). Taxonomy reviewed by Williams et al. (1993). Williams et al. (1993) and Best (1994a) provide keys to Recent species.","27","27-00303","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303"
"12700304","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","alticolus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1894","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","45","","412","","","White-eared Pocket Mouse","USA, California, San Bernardino Co., San Bernardino Mtns, Squirrel Inn, Little Bear Valley, 5,500 ft. (1,576 m).","SC California (USA).","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>P. a. alticola </i>[sic]; Lower Risk (nt) as <i>P. a. inexpectatus</i>.","<b><i>inexpectatus</i> </b> Huey, 1926.","Subspecies listed by Hall (1981), Williams et al. (1993); may be only subspecifically distinct from <i>parvus</i>. Reviewed by Best (1994<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 463).","27","27-00304","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0304"
"12700305","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","alticolus","alticolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1894","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","45","","412","","","","USA, California, San Bernardino Co., San Bernardino Mtns, Squirrel Inn, Little Bear Valley, 5,500 ft. (1,576 m).","","","","","27","27-00305","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0304-0305"
"12700306","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","alticolus","inexpectatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00306","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0304-0306"
"12700307","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","amplus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","N. Am. Fauna","18","","32","","","Arizona Pocket Mouse","USA, Arizona, Yavapai Co., Fort Verde.","W and C Arizona (USA) to NW Sonora (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>jacksoni</i>  Goldman, 1933; <i>rotundus</i> Goldman, 1932; <b><i>cineris</i></b> Benson, 1933; <i>ammodytes</i> Benson, 1933; <b><i>pergracilis</i></b> Goldman, 1932; <b><i>taylori</i></b> Goldman, 1932.","Subspecies listed in Hall (1981) and reviewed by Williams et al. (1993).","27","27-00307","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0307"
"12700308","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","amplus","amplus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","N. Am. Fauna","18","","32","","","","USA, Arizona, Yavapai Co., Fort Verde.","","","","","27","27-00308","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0307-0308"
"12700309","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","amplus","cineris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Benson","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00309","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0307-0309"
"12700310","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","amplus","pergracilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00310","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0307-0310"
"12700311","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","amplus","taylori","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00311","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0307-0311"
"12700312","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","fasciatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1839","","Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.","19","1","369","","","Olive-backed Pocket Mouse","USA, North Dakota, Williams Co., upper Missouri River near jct. with the Yellowstone, near Buford.","Great Plains from SE Alberta, Saskatchewan, and SW Manitoba (Canada) to NE Utah, S Colorado, and E South Dakota (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>infraluteus</i>  Thomas 1893; <i>litus</i> Cary, 1911; <i>olivaceogriseus</i> Swenk, 1940; <b><i>callistus</i></b> Osgood, 1900.","Revised by Williams and Genoways (1979). Reviewed by Manning and Jones (1988<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 303).","27","27-00312","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0312"
"12700313","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","fasciatus","fasciatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1839","","Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.","19","1","369","","","","USA, North Dakota, Williams Co., upper Missouri River near jct. with the Yellowstone, near Buford.","","","","","27","27-00313","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0312-0313"
"12700314","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","fasciatus","callistus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00314","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0312-0314"
"12700315","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","11","","","Plains Pocket Mouse","USA, Nebraska, Cherry Co., Kennedy.","Great Plains and intermountain basins from Minnesota and N Utah (USA) to N Chihuahua (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>apache</i> </b> Merriam, 1889; <i>cleomophila</i> Goldman, 1918; <b><i>caryi</i></b> Goldman, 1918; <b><i>cockrumi</i></b> Hall, 1954; <b><i>copei</i></b> Rhoads, 1894; <b><i>melanotis</i></b> Osgood, 1900; <i>gypsi</i> Dice, 1929; <b><i>perniger</i></b> Osgood, 1904; <b><i>relictus</i></b> Goldman, 1938.","Reviewed by Williams (1978<i>b</i>). Hoffmeister (1986) considered <i>apache</i> a distinct species. Subspecies reviewed by Williams et al. (1993).","27","27-00315","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0315"
"12700316","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavescens","flavescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","11","","","","USA, Nebraska, Cherry Co., Kennedy.","","","","","27","27-00316","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0315-0316"
"12700317","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavescens","apache","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00317","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0315-0317"
"12700318","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavescens","caryi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00318","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0315-0318"
"12700319","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavescens","cockrumi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00319","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0315-0319"
"12700320","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavescens","copei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00320","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0315-0320"
"12700321","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavescens","melanotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00321","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0315-0321"
"12700322","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavescens","perniger","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00322","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0315-0322"
"12700323","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavescens","relictus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00323","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0315-0323"
"12700324","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","332","","","Silky Pocket Mouse","USA, Texas, El Paso Co., El Paso.","SW Great Plains and intermountain plateaus from South Dakota, E Wyoming, and SE Utah (USA) south to Sonora and Puebla (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>P. f.</i> <i>goodpasteri</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>bimaculatus</i> </b> Merriam, 1889; <b><i>bunkeri</i></b> Cockrum, 1951; <b><i>fuliginosus</i></b> Merriam, 1890; <b><i>fuscus</i></b> Anderson, 1972; <b><i>goodpasteri</i></b> Hoffmeister, 1956; <b><i>hopiensis</i></b> Goldman, 1932; <b><i>medius</i></b> Baker, 1954; <b><i>mexicanus</i></b> Merriam, 1894; <b><i>pallescens</i></b> Baker, 1954; <b><i>parviceps</i></b> Baker, 1954; <b><i>piperi</i></b> Goldman, 1917; <b><i>sanluisi</i></b> Hill, 1952; <b><i>sonoriensis</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934.","Revised by Baker (1954); subspecies listed by Hall (1981) and reviewed by Williams et al. (1993). Wilson (1973) considered <i>merriami</i> conspecific, but Anderson (1972) Lee and Engstrom (1991) documented species distinctness of <i>merriami</i> from <i>flavus</i> (see below). Reviewed by Best and Skupski (1994<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 471).","27","27-00324","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324"
"12700325","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","flavus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","332","","","","USA, Texas, El Paso Co., El Paso.","","","","","27","27-00325","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324-0325"
"12700326","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","bimaculatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00326","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324-0326"
"12700327","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","bunkeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cockrum","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00327","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324-0327"
"12700328","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","fuliginosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00328","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324-0328"
"12700329","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","fuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00329","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324-0329"
"12700330","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","goodpasteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hoffmeister","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00330","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324-0330"
"12700331","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","hopiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00331","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324-0331"
"12700332","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","medius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baker","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00332","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324-0332"
"12700333","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","mexicanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00333","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324-0333"
"12700334","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","pallescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baker","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00334","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324-0334"
"12700335","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","parviceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baker","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00335","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324-0335"
"12700336","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","piperi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00336","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324-0336"
"12700337","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","sanluisi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00337","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324-0337"
"12700338","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","flavus","sonoriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00338","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0324-0338"
"12700339","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","inornatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","15","","","San Joaquin Pocket Mouse","USA, California, Fresno Co., Fresno.","Sacramento, San Joaquin and Salinas valleys and adjacent foothills, and western Mojave Desert, of California (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>P. i.</i> <i>neglectus </i>and <i>P. i. psammophilus</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>neglectus</i> </b> Taylor, 1912; <b><i>psammophilus</i></b> von Bloeker, 1937; <i>sillimani</i> von Bloeker, 1937.","Revised by Osgood (1918); subspecies listed by Williams et al. (1993) who allocated <i>psammophilus</i> (with <i>sillimani</i> as a synonym) to this species, not to <i>longimembris</i> where this name has been usually placed (Hall, 1981; Patton, 1993<i>b</i>). As noted by Williams et al. (1993), at least two and possibly three distinct species are currently included under the name <i>inornatus</i>. Reviewed by Best (1993<i>e</i>, Mammalian Species No. 450).","27","27-00339","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0339"
"12700340","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","inornatus","inornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","1","","15","","","","USA, California, Fresno Co., Fresno.","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00340","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0339-0340"
"12700341","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","inornatus","neglectus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00341","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0339-0341"
"12700342","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","inornatus","psammophilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","von Bloeker","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00342","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0339-0342"
"12700343","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Coues","1875","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","27","","305","","","Little Pocket Mouse","USA, California, Kern Co., Tehachapi Mtns, Old Fort Tejon.","SE Oregon and W Utah (USA) <i>south</i> to N Sonora and Baja California and Baja California Sur (Mexico) (see Alvarez-Castañeda et al., 2001).","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>P. l. pacificus</i>. IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>P. l. pacificus</i>, Vulnerable as <i>P. l. brevinasus</i>, Data Deficient as <i>P. l.</i> <i>bangsi</i> and <i>P. l. internationalis</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>elibatus</i>  Elliot, 1904; <i>pericalles</i> Elliot, 1904; <b><i>aestivus</i></b> Huey, 1928; <b><i>arizonensis</i></b> Goldman, 1931; <i>arcus</i> Benson, 1935; <i>virginis</i> Huey, 1939; <b><i>bangsi</i></b> Mearns, 1898; <i>arenicola</i> Stephens, 1900; <b><i>bombycinus</i></b> Osgood, 1907; <b><i>brevinasus</i></b> Osgood, 1900; <b><i>gulosus</i></b> Hall, 1941; <b><i>internationalis</i></b> Huey, 1939; <b><i>kinoensis</i></b> Huey, 1935; <b><i>nevadensis</i></b> Merriam, 1894; <b><i>pacificus</i></b> Mearns, 1898; <i>cantwelli </i>von Bloeker, 1932; <b><i>panamintinus</i></b> Merriam, 1894; <b><i>pimensis</i></b> Huey, 1937; <b><i>salinensis</i></b> Bole, 1937; <b><i>tularensis</i></b> Richardson, 1937; <b><i>venustus</i></b> Huey, 1930.","Revised by Osgood (1918); subspecies listed by Hall (1981) and Williams et al. (1993), who placed <i>psammophilus</i> von Bloeker with <i>P. inronatus</i> instead of <i>longimembris</i>, where this taxon has usually been assigned (Hall, 1981; Patton, 1993<i>b</i>).","27","27-00343","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343"
"12700344","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","longimembris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Coues","1875","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","27","","305","","","","USA, California, Kern Co., Tehachapi Mtns, Old Fort Tejon.","","","","","27","27-00344","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0344"
"12700345","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","aestivus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00345","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0345"
"12700346","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","arizonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00346","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0346"
"12700347","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","bangsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00347","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0347"
"12700348","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","bombycinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00348","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0348"
"12700349","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","brevinasus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00349","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0349"
"12700350","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","gulosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00350","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0350"
"12700351","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","internationalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00351","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0351"
"12700352","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","kinoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00352","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0352"
"12700353","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","nevadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00353","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0353"
"12700354","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","pacificus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00354","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0354"
"12700355","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","panamintinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00355","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0355"
"12700356","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","pimensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00356","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0356"
"12700357","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","salinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bole","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00357","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0357"
"12700358","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","tularensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00358","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0358"
"12700359","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","longimembris","venustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00359","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0343-0359"
"12700360","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","merriami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1892","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","4","","45","","","Merriam’s Pocket Mouse","USA, Texas, Cameron Co., Brownsville.","SE New Mexico east to S Texas (USA), east from N Chihuahua to Tamaulipas (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>mearnsi</i>  J. A. Allen, 1896; <b><i>gilvus</i></b> Osgood, 1900.","Synonymized with <i>flavus</i> by Wilson (1973), but Lee and Engstrom (1991) considered <i>merriami</i> a separate species based on biochemical genetics, as did Anderson (1972) using morphological criteria. Reviewed by Best and Skupski (1994<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 473).","27","27-00360","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0360"
"12700361","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","merriami","merriami","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1892","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","4","","45","","","","USA, Texas, Cameron Co., Brownsville.","","","","","27","27-00361","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0360-0361"
"12700362","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","merriami","gilvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00362","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0360-0362"
"12700363","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","parvus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peale","1848","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","","53","","","Great Basin Pocket Mouse","USA, Oregon, Wasco Co., probably near The Dalles.","Great Basin from S British Columbia (Canada), south to E California and east to SE Wyoming and NW Arizona (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P. parvus </i>and <i>P. xanthanotus</i>.","<i>monticola</i>  Baird, 1858; <b><i>bullatus</i></b> Durrant and Lee, 1956; <b><i>clarus</i></b> Goldman, 1917; <b><i>columbianus</i></b> Merriam, 1894; <b><i>idahoensis</i></b> Goldman, 1922; <b><i>laingi</i></b> Anderson, 1932; <b><i>lordi</i></b> (Gray, 1868);<i> <b>mollipilosus</b></i> Coues, 1875; <b><i>olivaceus</i></b> Merriam, 1889; <i>amoenus</i> Merriam, 1889; <i>magruderensis</i> Osgood, 1900; <i>plerus</i> Goldman, 1939; <b><i>trumbullensis</i></b> Benson, 1937; <b><i>xanthanotus</i></b> Grinnell, 1912; <b><i>yakimensis</i></b> Broadbrooks, 1954.","Reviewed by Verts and Kirkland (1988, Mammalian Species No. 318). Includes <i>xanthonotus</i> (Williams et al., 1993)<i>, </i>often considered a distinct species (Hall, 1981; Patton, 1993<i>b</i>; Verts and Kirkland, 1988, by omission).","27","27-00363","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0363"
"12700364","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","parvus","parvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peale","1848","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","","53","","","","USA, Oregon, Wasco Co., probably near The Dalles.","","","","","27","27-00364","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0363-0364"
"12700365","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","parvus","bullatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant and Lee","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00365","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0363-0365"
"12700366","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","parvus","clarus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00366","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0363-0366"
"12700367","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","parvus","columbianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00367","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0363-0367"
"12700368","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","parvus","idahoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00368","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0363-0368"
"12700369","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","parvus","laingi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00369","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0363-0369"
"12700370","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","parvus","lordi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1868","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00370","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0363-0370"
"12700371","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","parvus","mollipilosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Coues","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00371","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0363-0371"
"12700372","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","parvus","olivaceus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00372","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0363-0372"
"12700373","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","parvus","trumbullensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Benson","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00373","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0363-0373"
"12700374","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","parvus","xanthanotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","27","27-00374","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0363-0374"
"12700375","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Heteromyidae","Perognathinae","","Perognathus","","parvus","yakimensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Broadbrooks","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","27","27-00375","27-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0202-0000-0303-0000-0363-0375"
"12800001","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1845","","Cat. Meth. Mamm. Europe","","","5","","","","","","","","Revised by Russell (1968<i>a</i>), who placed all Recent genera in one of two tribes in the subfamily Geomyinae: Geomyini (<i>Geomys</i>, <i>Pappogeomys</i>, <i>Orthogeomys</i>, and <i>Zygogeomys</i>) and Thomomyini (<i>Thomomys</i>); he included <i>Macrogeomys</i> and <i>Heterogeomys</i> as subgenera of <i>Orthogeomys</i>, an action followed by more recent authors (Hafner, 1982, 1991; Hall, 1981), and <i>Cratogeomys</i> as a subgenus of <i>Pappogeomys</i> (see also Russell, 1968<i>b</i>). The latter action was accepted by Hall (1981) and Patton (1993) but not by J. K. Jones et al. (1986), Lee and Baker (1987), Davidow-Henry et al. (1989), Hollander (1990), and C. Jones et al. (1997) who considered <i>Cratogeomys</i> as a separate genus. Hooper (1946) synonymized <i>Platygeomys</i> Merriam with <i>Cratogeomys</i>. McKenna and Bell (1997) included heteromyids as a subfamily within Geomyidae; these are excluded here (see comments under Family Heteromyidae). Williams (1982<i>b</i>) review... [truncated]","28","28-00001","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001"
"12800002","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","N. Amer. Fauna","8","","150","","<i>Geomys merriami</i> Thomas, 1893.","","","","","","Revised by Nelson and Goldman (1934<i>a</i>) and Russell (1968<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), who included <i>Cratogeomys</i> as a valid subgenus of <i>Pappogeomys</i>, a position followed by Hall (1981) and Patton (1993). However, Honeycutt and Williams (1982), based on a phylogenetic analysis of allozyme data, and DeWalt et al. (1993<i>a</i>) and Demastes et al. (2002), using mitochondrial DNA sequences, confirmed Russell’s hypothesis of the sister relationship between <i>Pappogeomys</i> and <i>Cratogeomys</i>, but treated the two as separate genera. While it remains a matter of personal opinion as to the distinction between genera and subgenera, I choose here to follow the current consensus of workers on this group (e.g., Lee and Baker, 1987; Davidow-Henry et al., 1989; Hollander, 1990). Russell (1968<i>b</i>) recognized two species groups, the <i>castanops</i> group (with <i>castanops</i> and <i>merriami</i>) and the <i>gymnurus</i> group (with <i>fumosus</i>, <i>gymnurus</i>, <i>neglectus</i... [truncated]","28","28-00002","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002"
"12800003","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1852","","<i>In</i> Stansbury, Expl. Surv. Valley Great Salt Lake, Utah, App. C (Zool.)","","","313","","","Yellow-faced Pocket Gopher","USA, Colorado, Bent Co., along prairie road to Bent's Fort, near present town of Las Animas.","SE Colorado and SW Kansas (USA) to E Durango and S Coahuila (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Pappogeomys castanops</i>.","<b><i>angusticeps</i> </b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>bullatus</i></b> Russell and Baker, 1955; *<b><i>clarkii</i></b> (Baird, 1855); convexus Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <i>pratensis</i> Russell, 1968; <i>torridus</i> Russell, 1968; <b><i>consitus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>dalquesti</i></b> Hollander, 1990; <b><i>excelsus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>hirtus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>jucundus</i></b> Russell and Baker, 1955; <b><i>parviceps</i></b> Russell, 1968; <b><i>perexiguus</i></b> Russell, 1968; <b><i>perplanus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <i>lacrimalis</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <i>simulans</i> Russell, 1968; <b><i>pratensis</i></b> Russell, 1968; <b><i>sordidulus</i></b> Russell and Baker, 1955; <b><i>subsimus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>surculus</i></b> Russell, 1968; <b><i>tamaulipensis</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>ustulatus</i></b> Russell and Baker, 1955.","Equalivalent to the 2n=46 cytotype of Berry and Baker (1972) and Lee and Baker (1987), shown by mitochondrial DNA analysis to be phylogenetically separate from the 2n=42 cytotype of these authors (DeWalt et al., 1993<i>a</i>), which is herein referred to as <i>C</i>. <i>goldmani</i>. Largely coincides to the ""<i>excelsus</i> subspecies-group"" of Russell (1968<i>b</i>), but contains some taxa in his ""<i>subnubilis</i> subspecies-group"" (see Davidow-Henry et al., 1989, Mammalian Species No. 338). However, allocations of some taxa belonging to Russell’s ""<i>subnubilus</i> group"" to either <i>castanops</i> or <i>goldmani</i> need verification by karytoypic and other character analyses. Grouped with <i>merriami</i> in the <i>castanops</i> species-group by Russell (1968<i>b</i>). Subspecies listed above are those of Davidow-Henry et al. (1989), except as revised by Hollander (1990) for those in the USA.","28","28-00003","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003"
"12800004","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","angusticeps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00004","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0004"
"12800005","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","bullatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell and Baker","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00005","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0005"
"12800006","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","castanops","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1852","","<i>In</i> Stansbury, Expl. Surv. Valley Great Salt Lake, Utah, App. C (Zool.)","","","313","","","","USA, Colorado, Bent Co., along prairie road to Bent's Fort, near present town of Las Animas.","","","","","28","28-00006","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0006"
"12800007","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","clarkii","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>? Orig descr as full species</i>","YES","(Baird)","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00007","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0007"
"12800008","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","consitus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00008","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0008"
"12800009","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","dalquesti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollander","1990","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00009","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0009"
"12800010","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","excelsus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00010","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0010"
"12800011","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","hirtus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00011","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0011"
"12800012","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","jucundus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell and Baker","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00012","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0012"
"12800013","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","parviceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00013","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0013"
"12800014","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","perexiguus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00014","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0014"
"12800015","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","perplanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00015","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0015"
"12800016","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","pratensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00016","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0016"
"12800017","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","sordidulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell and Baker","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00017","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0017"
"12800018","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","subsimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00018","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0018"
"12800019","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","surculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00019","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0019"
"12800020","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","tamaulipensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00020","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0020"
"12800021","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","castanops","ustulatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell and Baker","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00021","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003-0021"
"12800022","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","goldmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","N. Amer. Fauna","8","","160","","","Goldman’s Pocket Gopher.","Mexico, Zacatecas, Cañitas.","E Zacatecas, S Nuevo Leon, and San Luis Potosí (Mexico).","","<b><i>elibatus</i> </b> Russell, 1968; <b><i>maculatus</i></b> Alvarez and Alvarez-Castañeda, 1996; <b><i>peridoneus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>planifrons</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>rubellus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>subnubilus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934.","Included within <i>castanops</i> by earlier workers (Nelson and Goldman, 1934<i>a</i>; Russell, 1968a; Hall, 1981), but karyotypically (2n=42 – Berry and Baker, 1972; Lee and Baker, 1987) and phylogenetically distinct by mitochondrial DNA analysis (DeWalt, et al., 1993; Demastes et al., 2002); see also Alvarez and Alvarez-Castañeda (1996). Validity of subspecies listed is based on Russell (1968<i>a</i>), who included <i>goldmani</i> and its component taxa within <i>Cratogeomys</i> <i>castanops</i>.","28","28-00022","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0022"
"12800023","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","goldmani","elibatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00023","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0022-0023"
"12800024","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","goldmani","goldmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","N. Amer. Fauna","8","","160","","","","Mexico, Zacatecas, Cañitas.","","","","","28","28-00024","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0022-0024"
"12800025","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","goldmani","maculats","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Alvarez and Alvarez-Castañeda","1996","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00025","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0022-0025"
"12800026","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","goldmani","peridoneus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00026","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0022-0026"
"12800027","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","goldmani","planifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00027","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0022-0027"
"12800028","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","goldmani","rubellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00028","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0022-0028"
"12800029","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","goldmani","subnubilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00029","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0022-0029"
"12800030","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","fumosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Merriam)","1892","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","7","","165","","","Smoky Pocket Gopher.","Mexico, Colima, 3 mi. (5 km) W of Colima, 1,700 ft. (518 m).","Plain of E Colima (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Pappogeomys fumosus</i>.","","Included in <i>gymnurus</i> species-group by Russell (1968<i>b</i>). However, <i>fumosus</i> is likely a species that includes <i>gynmurus</i>, <i>neglectus</i>, <i>tylorhinus</i>, and <i>zinseri</i>; see Demastes et al. (2002).","28","28-00030","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0030"
"12800031","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","gymnurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Merriam)","1892","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","7","","166","","","Llano Pocket Gopher.","Mexico, Jalisco, Zapotlán (= Ciudad Guzmán), 4,000 ft. (1,219 m).","S and C Jalisco and NE Michoacan (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Pappogeomys gymnurus</i>.","<i>inclarus</i>  (Goldman, 1939);<i> morulus</i> Russell, 1953; <b><i>imparilis</i></b> (Goldman, 1939); <b><i>russelli</i></b> Genoways and Jones, 1969; <b><i>tellus</i></b> Russell, 1953.","Polytypic; subspecies reviewed by Russell (1968<i>b</i>), but all are probably only geographic units of <i>fumosus</i> (Demastes et al., 2002).","28","28-00031","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0031"
"12800032","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","gymnurus","gymnurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Merriam)","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00032","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0031-0032"
"12800033","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","gymnurus","imparilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Goldman)","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00033","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0031-0033"
"12800034","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","gymnurus","russelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Genoways and Jones","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00034","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0031-0034"
"12800035","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","gymnurus","tellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00035","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0031-0035"
"12800036","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","merriami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Thomas)","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.","ser. 6","12","271","","","Merriam’s Pocket Gopher.","Mexico, ""Southern Mexico,"" probably Valley of Mexico.","WC Veracruz to Distrito Federal, Morelos, and surrounding areas, including SE Central Plateau and S Sierra Madre Oriental (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Pappogeomys merriami</i>.","*<i>oreocetes</i>  Merriam, 1895; *<i>peregrinus</i> Merriam, 1895; *<b><i>estor</i></b> Merriam, 1895; *<b><i>fulvescens</i></b> Merriam, 1895; <b><i>irolonis</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>peraltus</i></b> Goldman, 1937; *<b><i>perotensis</i></b> Merriam, 1895; <b><i>saccharalis</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934.","Included in the <i>castanops</i> species-group by Russell (1968<i>b</i>) and close phyletic relationship to <i>castanops</i> and <i>goldmani</i> confirmed by mitochondrial DNA analyses (DeWalt et al., 1993<i>a</i>; Demastes et al., 2002). Polytypic; subspecies reviewed by Russell (1968<i>b</i>).","28","28-00036","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0036"
"12800037","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","merriami","merriami","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Thomas)","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00037","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0036-0037"
"12800038","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","merriami","estor","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Cratogeomys estor</i>","YES","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00038","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0036-0038"
"12800039","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","merriami","fulvescens","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Cratogeomys fulvescens</i>","YES","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00039","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0036-0039"
"12800040","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","merriami","irolonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00040","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0036-0040"
"12800041","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","merriami","peraltus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00041","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0036-0041"
"12800042","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","merriami","perotensis","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Cratogeomys perotensis</i>","YES","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00042","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0036-0042"
"12800043","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","merriami","saccharalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00043","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0036-0043"
"12800044","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","neglectus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Merriam)","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","68","","","Querétaro Pocket Gopher.","Mexico, Querétaro, Cerro de la Calentura, about 8 mi (13 km) NW of Pinal de Amoles, 9,500 ft. (2,896 m).","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>Pappogeomys neglectus</i>.","","Probably only a recent geographic isolate of <i>tylorhinus</i> (Monterrubio et al., 2000) or, along with <i>tylorhinus</i>, part of <i>fumosus</i> (Demastes et al., 2002). Reviewed by León et al. (2001, Mammalian Species No. 685).","28","28-00044","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0044"
"12800045","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","tylorhinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Merriam)","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","8","","167","","","Naked-nosed Pocket Gopher.","Mexico, Hidalgo, Tula, 6,800 ft. (2,073 m).","Distrito Federal and Hidalgo to C Jalisco (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Pappogeomys tylorhinus</i>.","<i>arvalis</i>  Hooper, 1947; <b><i>angustirostris</i></b> (Merriam, 1903), *<i>varius</i> Goldman, 1939; <b><i>atratus</i></b> Russell, 1953; <b><i>brevirostris</i></b> Russell, 1968; *<b><i>planiceps</i></b> (Merriam, 1895); <b><i>zodius</i></b> Russell, 1953.","Included in the <i>gymnurus </i>species-group by Russell (1968<i>b</i>) and probably same species as <i>fumosus</i> (Demastes et al., 2002). As currently understood, however, <i>tylorhinus</i> is polytypic; subspecies reviewed by Russell (1968<i>b</i>). Reviewed by Cervantes et al. (1993<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 433) as <i>Pappogeomys tylorhinus</i>.","28","28-00045","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0045"
"12800046","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","tylorhinus","tylorhinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Merriam)","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","8","","167","","","","Mexico, Hidalgo, Tula, 6,800 ft. (2,073 m).","","","","","28","28-00046","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0045-0046"
"12800047","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","tylorhinus","angustirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Merriam)","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00047","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0045-0047"
"12800048","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","tylorhinus","atratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00048","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0045-0048"
"12800049","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","tylorhinus","brevirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00049","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0045-0049"
"12800050","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","tylorhinus","planiceps","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>? Orig descr as full species</i>","YES","(Merriam)","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00050","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0045-0050"
"12800051","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","tylorhinus","zodius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00051","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0045-0051"
"12800052","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Cratogeomys","","zinseri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Goldman)","1939","","J. Mammal.","20","","91","","","Zinser’s Pocket Gopher.","Mexico, Jalisco, Lagos, 6,150 ft. (1,875 m).","NE Jalisco (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Pappogeomys zinseri</i>.","","Another geographic isolate that is part of the <i>gymnurus</i> species-group (Russell, 1968<i>b</i>) but likely the same species as <i>fumosus</i> (Demastes et al., 2002).","28","28-00052","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0052"
"12800053","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","Am. Mon. Mag.","2","1","45","","<i>Geomys pinetis</i> Rafinesque, 1817.","","","","","<i>Ascomys</i>  Lichtenstein, 1825; <i>Diplostoma</i> Rafinesque, 1817; <i>Mamgeomyscus</i> Herrera, 1899; <i>Neterogeomys</i> Gazin, 1942; <i>Parageomys</i> Hibbard, 1944; <i>Progeomys</i> Dalquest, 1983; <i>Pseudostoma</i> Say, 1823; <i>Saccophorus</i> Kuhl, 1820.","Revised by Merriam (1895<i>a</i>). Species boundaries in this genus, as in other pocket gophers, are difficult to define. Complex relationships have been described for several diagnosable geographic units based on a variety of contact zone analyses that have employed morphological, karyological, allozyme, and/or mitochondrial and nuclear DNA biochemical analyses. These have indicated varying degrees of hybridization between geographically differentiated forms, and authors have varied in their recognition of these entities at the specific or subspecific levels. Hall (1981) recognized five species (<i>arenarius</i>, <i>bursarius</i>, <i>personatus</i>, <i>pinetis</i>, and <i>tropicalis</i>). While this set of taxa was regarded as an incomplete recognition of likely species in the genus, Patton (1993) followed Hall, waiting until workers of the genus reached consensus. This has now been achieved, with the nine species listed below generally recognized (see Elrod et al., 2000; Jolley et al... [truncated]","28","28-00053","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053"
"12800054","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","attwateri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","8","","135","","","Attwater’s Pocket Gopher.","USA, Texas, Caldwell Co., Rockport.","SC coast of Texas (USA).","","<b><i>ammophilus</i> </b><i> </i>Davis, 1940.","Reviewed by Williams and Cameron (1991, Mammalian Species No. 382). Considered a subspecies of <i>bursarius</i> by Hall (1981) and Patton (1993) but a distinct species by Tucker and Schmidly (1981) and Block and Zimmerman (1991). Burt and Dowler (1999) reviewed the evidence for species status and Jolley et al. (2000) documented a phylogenetic relationship to <i>personatus</i>, not <i>bursarius</i>.","28","28-00054","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0054"
"12800055","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","attwateri","attwateri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","8","","135","","","","USA, Texas, Caldwell Co., Rockport.","","","","","28","28-00055","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0054-0055"
"12800056","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","attwateri","ammophilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00056","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0054-0056"
"12800057","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","arenarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","8","","139","","","Desert Pocket Gopher.","USA, Texas, El Paso Co., El Paso.","Extreme W Texas, SW and SC New Mexico (USA); N Chihuahua (Mexico).","IUCN – Lowered Risk (nt).","<b><i>brevirostris</i> </b> Hall, 1932.","Reviewed by Williams and Baker (1974, Mammalian Species No. 36) and Williams and Genoways (1978). Considered a subspecies of <i>bursarius</i> by Hafner and Geluso (1983); phylogenetic separation of <i>arenarius</i> and <i>bursarius</i> established by Jolley et al. (2000).","28","28-00057","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0057"
"12800058","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","arenarius","arenarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","8","","139","","","","USA, Texas, El Paso Co., El Paso.","","","","","28","28-00058","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0057-0058"
"12800059","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","arenarius","brevirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00059","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0057-0059"
"12800060","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","breviceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia","7","","335","","","Baird’s Pocket Gopher.","USA, Louisiana, Morehouse Parish, Mer Rouge.","W Louisiana, E Texas, E Oklahoma, and SW Arkansas (USA).","","<b><i>sagittalis</i> </b> Merriam, 1895; <i>brazensis</i> Davis, 1938; <i>dutcheri</i> Davis, 1940; <i>ludemani</i> Davis, 1940; <i>pratincolus</i> Davis, 1940;<i> terricolus</i> Davis, 1940.","Reviewed by Sulentich et al. (1991, Mammalian Species No. 383). Considered a subspecies of <i>bursarius</i> by Hall (1981) and Patton (1993). Contact zones between <i>breviceps</i> and <i>bursarius</i> studied by Bohlin and Zimmerman (1982) and Zimmerman and Gayden (1981) and between <i>breviceps</i> and <i>attwateri</i> by Tucker and Schmidly (1981), Dowler (1989), and Burt and Dowler (1999). Jolley et al. (2000) examined the phylogenetic position of <i>breviceps</i> relative to other species of <i>Geomys</i>. Two subspecies recognized (Sulentich et al., 1991), but <i>sagittalis</i> may be a distinct species based on mitochondrial DNA variation (Demastes, 1994).","28","28-00060","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0060"
"12800061","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","breviceps","breviceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia","7","","335","","","","USA, Louisiana, Morehouse Parish, Mer Rouge.","","","","","28","28-00061","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0060-0061"
"12800062","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","breviceps","sagittalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00062","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0060-0062"
"12800063","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","bursarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Shaw)","1800","","Philosophical Magazine","6","","215","","","Plains Pocket Gopher.","USA, upper Mississippi Valley (restricted to Minnesota, Sherburne Co., Elk River by Swenk, 1939).","SC Manitoba (Canada) to NW Indiana, SC Texas, and NE New Mexico (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alba</i>  (Rafinesque, 1817); <i>canadensis</i> (Lichtenstein, 1825); <i>fusca</i> (Rafinesque, 1817); <i>saccatus</i> (Mitchell, 1821); <b><i>illinoensis</i></b> Komarek and Spencer, 1931; <b><i>industrius</i></b> Villa and Hall, 1947; <b><i>jugossicularis</i></b> Hooper, 1940; <b><i>lutescens</i></b> Merriam, 1890;<i> hylaeus</i> Blossom, 1938; <i>levisagittalis</i> Swenk, 1940; <i>vinaceus</i> Swenk, 1940; <b><i>major</i></b> Davis, 1940; <b><i>majusculus</i></b> Swenk, 1939; <b><i>missouriensis</i></b> McLaughlin, 1958; <b><i>ozarkensis</i></b> Elrod, Zimmerman, Sudman, and Heidt, 2000; <b><i>wisconsinensis</i></b> Jackson, 1957.","Revised by Merriam (1895<i>a</i>) and, in part, by Honeycutt and Schmidly (1979) and by Heaney and Timm (1983<i>a</i>), who considered <i>lutescens</i> a valid species (see also Heaney and Timm, 1985; Jolley et al., 2000). Burns et al. (1985), Sudman et al (1987), and Elrod et al. (2000) listed <i>lutescens</i> as a subspecies of <i>bursarius</i>, which is followed here. Elrod et al. (2000) mapped the ranges of all subspecies recognized by Hall (1981).","28","28-00063","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0063"
"12800064","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","bursarius","bursarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Shaw)","1800","","Philosophical Magazine","6","","215","","","","USA, upper Mississippi Valley (restricted to Minnesota, Sherburne Co., Elk River by Swenk, 1939).","","","","","28","28-00064","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0063-0064"
"12800065","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","bursarius","illinoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Komarek and Spencer","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00065","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0063-0065"
"12800066","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","bursarius","industrius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Villa and Hall","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00066","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0063-0066"
"12800067","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","bursarius","jugossicularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hooper","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00067","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0063-0067"
"12800068","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","bursarius","lutescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00068","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0063-0068"
"12800069","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","bursarius","major","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00069","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0063-0069"
"12800070","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","bursarius","majusculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swenk","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00070","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0063-0070"
"12800071","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","bursarius","missouriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","McLaughlin","1958","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00071","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0063-0071"
"12800072","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","bursarius","ozarkensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elrod, Zimmerman, Sudman, and Heidt","2000","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00072","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0063-0072"
"12800073","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","bursarius","wisconsinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jackson","1957","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00073","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0063-0073"
"12800074","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","knoxjonesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baker and Genoways","1975","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech Univ.","29","","1","","","Knox Jones’s Pocket Gopher.","USA, Texas, Winkler Co., 4.1 mi. (6.6 km) N and 5.1 mi. (8.2 km) E Kermit.","W Texas and SE New Mexico (USA).","","","Considered a subspecies of <i>bursarius</i> by Hall (1981) and Patton (1993) but a distinct species by Bradley et al. (1991) and Block and Zimmerman (1991). Baker and David (1989) described a hybrid zone with partial reproductive isolation between <i>knoxjonesi</i> and <i>bursarius major</i>. Phylogenetic position within Geomys established by Jolley et al. (2000).","28","28-00074","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0074"
"12800075","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","personatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1889","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","11","","159","","","Texas Pocket Gopher.","USA, Texas, Cameron Co., Padre Isl.","S Texas, south of San Antonio and Del Rio, including Padre and Mustang Isls (USA); barrier beaches of extreme NE Tamaulipas (Mexico).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>G. p. maritimus </i>and<i> G. p. streckeri</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>G. p. fuscus </i>and as <i>G. personatus.</i>","<b><i>davisi</i> </b> Williams and Genoways, 1981; <b><i>fallax</i></b> Merriam, 1895; <b><i>fuscus</i></b> Davis, 1940; <b><i>maritimus</i></b> Davis, 1940; <b><i>megapotamus</i></b> Davis, 1940; <b><i>streckeri</i></b> Davis, 1943.","Reviewed by Davis (1940), Williams and Genoways (1981), and Williams (1982<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 170). Subspecies <i>streckeri</i> may warrant specific status, as it does not share a monophyletic relationship with other taxa of <i>personatus</i> based on mitochondrial DNA analyses (Jolley et al., 2000). Historical distribution and geographic variation examined by Wilkins and Swearingen (1990).","28","28-00075","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0075"
"12800076","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","personatus","personatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","True","1889","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","11","","159","","","","USA, Texas, Cameron Co., Padre Isl.","","","","","28","28-00076","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0075-0076"
"12800077","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","personatus","davisi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Williams and Genoways","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00077","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0075-0077"
"12800078","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","personatus","fallax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00078","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0075-0078"
"12800079","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","personatus","fuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00079","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0075-0079"
"12800080","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","personatus","maritimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00080","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0075-0080"
"12800081","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","personatus","megapotamus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00081","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0075-0081"
"12800082","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","personatus","streckeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00082","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0075-0082"
"12800083","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","pinetis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","Amer. Monthly Mag.","2","","45","","","Southeastern Pocket Gopher.","USA, Georgia, in the region of the pines (restricted to Screven Co. by Harper, 1952).","C Florida to S Georgia and S Alabama (USA).","IUCN – Extinct as <i>G. p.</i> <i>goffi</i>; Vulnerable as <i>G. p. cumberlandius </i>and<i> G. p. frontanelus</i>; Lower Risk (nt) as <i>G. p.</i> <i>colonus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>austrinus</i> </b> Bangs, 1898; *<b><i>colonus</i></b> Bangs, 1898; *<b><i>cumberlandius</i></b> Bangs, 1898; *<b><i>floridanus</i></b> (Audubon and Bachman, 1853);<i> goffi</i> Sherman, 1944; <i>mobilensis</i> Merriam, 1895;<i> tuza</i> (Barton, 1806); *<b><i>fontanelus</i></b> Sherman, 1940.","<i>Mus tuza</i> Barton, 1806, a senior synonym of <i>pinetis</i> according to Merriam (1895<i>a</i>), was considered of uncertain application and not available by Harper (1952). Hall (1981:505) regarded <i>colonus</i>, <i>frontanelus</i>, and <i>cumberlandius</i> as distinct species. Laerm (1981) supported the synonymy of <i>cumberlandius</i>. Reviewed by Pembleton and Williams (1978, Mammalian Species No. 86), Williams and Genoways (1980<i>b</i>), and Wilkins (1987<i>b</i>).","28","28-00083","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0083"
"12800084","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","pinetis","pinetis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","Amer. Monthly Mag.","2","","45","","","","USA, Georgia, in the region of the pines (restricted to Screven Co. by Harper, 1952).","","","","","28","28-00084","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0083-0084"
"12800085","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","pinetis","austrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00085","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0083-0085"
"12800086","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","pinetis","colonus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Geomys colonus</i>","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00086","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0083-0086"
"12800087","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","pinetis","cumberlandius","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Geomys cumberlandius</i>","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00087","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0083-0087"
"12800088","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","pinetis","floridanus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Geomys floridanus</i>","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00088","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0083-0088"
"12800089","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","pinetis","fontanelus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Geomys fontanelus</i>","YES","Sherman","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00089","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0083-0089"
"12800090","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","texensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","N. Amer. Fauna","8","","137","","","Central Texas Pocket Gopher.","USA, Texas, Mason Co., Mason.","SC Texas (USA).","IUCN – Lowered Risk (nt) as <i>G. texensis</i> and as <i>G. t. bakeri</i>.","<b><i>bakeri</i> </b> Smolen, Pitts, and Bickham, 1993; <b><i>llanensis</i></b> Bailey, 1905.","Considered a subspecies of <i>bursarius</i> by Hall (1981) and Patton (1993). Block and Zimmerman (1991), Smolen et al. (1993), and Jolley et al. (2000) provided evidence for species status. Reviewed by Cramer and Cameron (2001, Mammalian Species No. 679).","28","28-00090","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0090"
"12800091","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","texensis","texensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","N. Amer. Fauna","8","","137","","","","USA, Texas, Mason Co., Mason.","","","","","28","28-00091","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0090-0091"
"12800092","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","texensis","bakeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Smolen, Pitts, and Bickham","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00092","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0090-0092"
"12800093","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","texensis","llanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bailey","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00093","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0090-0093"
"12800094","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Geomys","","tropicalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1915","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","28","","134","","","Tropical Pocket Gopher.","Mexico, Tamaulipas, Altamira.","Vicinity of Altamira and Tampico in SE Tamaulipas (Mexico).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Elevated to species status by Alvarez (1963<i>a</i>). Reviewed by Baker and Williams (1974, Mammalian Species No. 35) and Williams and Genoways (1977).","28","28-00094","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0053-0000-0094"
"12800095","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","8","","23, 26, 172","","<i>Geomys scalops</i> Thomas, 1894.","","","","","<i>Heterogeomys</i>  Merriam, 1895; <i>Macrogeomys</i> Merriam, 1895.","Russell (1968<i>a</i>) revised the genus, and included <i>Heterogeomys</i> and <i>Macrogeomys</i> as valid subgenera. Hafner (1991) examined molecular phylogenetics of species in the subgenus <i>Macrogeomys</i> while Sudman and Hafner (1992) examined relationships among species within each of the subgenera. Species limits for those taxa known from single localities or otherwise geogeographically restricted areas are poorly defined.","28","28-00095","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095"
"12800096","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","8","","23, 26, 172","","<i>Geomys scalops</i> Thomas, 1894.","","","","","","","28","28-00096","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096"
"12800097","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00097","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097"
"12800098","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00098","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098"
"12800099","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","cavator","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Bangs)","1902","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","39","","42","","","Chiriqui Pocket Gopher.","Panama, Chiriqui Prov., Boquete, 4,800 ft. (1,463 m).","NW Panama to C Costa Rica.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>nigrescens</i> </b> (Goodwin, 1943); *<b><i>pansa</i></b> (Bangs, 1902).","Subgenus <i>Macrogeomys</i>. Reviewed by Goodwin (1946).","28","28-00099","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0099"
"12800100","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","cavator","cavator","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Bangs)","1902","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","39","","42","","","","Panama, Chiriqui Prov., Boquete, 4,800 ft. (1,463 m).","","","","","28","28-00100","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0099-0100"
"12800101","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","cavator","nigrescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Goodwin)","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00101","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0099-0101"
"12800102","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","cavator","pansa","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>? Orig descr as full species</i>","YES","(Bangs)","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00102","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0099-0102"
"12800103","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","cherriei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(J. A. Allen)","1893","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","5","","337","","","Cherrie’s Pocket Gopher.","Costa Rica, Limón Prov., Santa Clara.","NC Costa Rica (see Hafner and Hafner, 1987; Hafner, 1991).","IUCN – Lowered Risk (nt).","<b><i>carlosensis</i> </b> (Goodwin, 1934); *<b><i>costaricensis</i></b> (Merriam, 1895).","Subgenus <i>Macrogeomys</i>. Revised by Goodwin (1946). Phylogeography examined by Demastes et al. (1996). May include <i>matagalpae</i> (M. S. Hafner, pers. comm.).","28","28-00103","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0103"
"12800104","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","cherriei","cherriei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(J. A. Allen)","1893","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","5","","337","","","","Costa Rica, Limón Prov., Santa Clara.","","","","","28","28-00104","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0103-0104"
"12800105","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","cherriei","carlosensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Goodwin)","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00105","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0103-0105"
"12800106","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","cherriei","costaricensis","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>? Orig descr as full species</i>","YES","(Merriam)","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00106","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0103-0106"
"12800107","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","cuniculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1905","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","18","","224","","","Oaxacan Pocket Gopher.","Mexico, Oaxaca, Zanatepec (corrected from Yautepec, Oaxaca by Elliot, 1907<i>a</i>).","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Orthogeomys</i>. Reviewed by Nelson and Goldman (1930).","28","28-00107","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0107"
"12800108","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","dariensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Goldman)","1912","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","60","2","8","","","Darien Pocket Gopher.","Panama, Darien Prov., Cana, upper Rio Tuyra, 2,000 ft. (610 m).","E Panama.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Macrogeomys</i>. May include <i>thaeleri</i> (see Sudman and Hafner, 1992).","28","28-00108","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0108"
"12800109","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Thomas)","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.","ser. 6","12","270","","","Giant Pocket Gopher.","Guatemala, Sacatepequez Prov., Dueñas.","Honduras to Jalisco (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>alleni</i> </b> Nelson and Goldman, 1930; <b><i>alvarezi</i></b> Schaldach, 1966; <b><i>annexus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1933; <b><i>carbo</i></b> Goodwin, 1956; <b><i>engelhardi</i></b> Felten, 1957; <b><i>felipensis</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1930; <b><i>guerrerensis</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1930; <b><i>huixtlae</i></b> Villa, 1944; *<b><i>latifrons</i></b> Merriam, 1895; *<b><i>nelsoni</i></b> Merriam, 1895; <b><i>pluto</i></b> Lawrence, 1933; *<b><i>pygacanthus</i></b> Dickey, 1928; *<b><i>scalops</i></b> (Thomas, 1894); <b><i>soconuscensis</i></b> Villa, 1949; <b><i>vulcani</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1931.","Subgenus <i>Orthogeomys</i>. Burt and Stirton (1961) and Hall (1981) included <i>pygacanthus</i> in <i>grandis</i>; Russell (1968<i>a</i>) considered it a distinct species.","28","28-00109","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109"
"12800110","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","grandis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Thomas)","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.","ser. 6","12","270","","","","Guatemala, Sacatepequez Prov., Dueñas.","","","","","28","28-00110","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0110"
"12800111","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","alleni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00111","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0111"
"12800112","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","alvarezi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schaldach","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00112","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0112"
"12800113","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","annexus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00113","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0113"
"12800114","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","carbo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00114","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0114"
"12800115","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","engelhardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Felten","1957","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00115","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0115"
"12800116","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","felipensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00116","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0116"
"12800117","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","guerrerensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00117","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0117"
"12800118","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","huixtlae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Villa","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00118","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0118"
"12800119","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","latifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Orthogeomys latifrons</i>","YES","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00119","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0119"
"12800120","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","nelsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Orthogeomys nelsoni</i>","YES","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00120","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0120"
"12800121","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","pluto","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lawrence","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00121","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0121"
"12800122","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","pygacanthus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Orthogeomys pygacanthus</i>","YES","Dickey","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00122","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0122"
"12800123","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","scalops","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>? Orig descr as full species</i>","YES","(Thomas)","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00123","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0123"
"12800124","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","soconuscensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Villa","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00124","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0124"
"12800125","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Orthogeomys","grandis","vulcani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00125","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0096-0109-0125"
"12800126","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","heterodus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Peters)","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","","","177","","","Variable Pocket Gopher.","Costa Rica, exact locality unknown.","C Costa Rica.","IUCN – Lowered Risk (nt).","<b><i>cartagoensis</i> </b> (Goodwin, 1943); *<b><i>dolichocephalus</i></b> (Merriam, 1895).","Subgenus <i>Macrogeomys</i>. Reviewed by Goodwin (1946). Phylogenetic relationships given by Hafner (1991).","28","28-00126","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0126"
"12800127","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","heterodus","heterodus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Peters)","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","","","177","","","","Costa Rica, exact locality unknown.","","","","","28","28-00127","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0126-0127"
"12800128","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","heterodus","cartagoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Goodwin)","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00128","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0126-0128"
"12800129","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","heterodus","dolichocephalus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>? Orig descr as full species</i>","YES","(Merriam)","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00129","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0126-0129"
"12800130","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","hispidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Le Conte)","1852","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia","6","","158","","","Hispid Pocket Gopher.","Mexico (restricted to Veracruz, near Jalapa, by Merriam, 1895<i>a</i>).","Yucatan Peninsula, Belize, Guatemala, and NW Honduras, to S Tamaulipas (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>cayoensis</i> </b> (Burt, 1937); <b><i>chiapensis</i></b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929); <b><i>concavus</i></b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929); *<b><i>hondurensis</i></b> (Davis, 1966); <b><i>isthmicus</i></b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929); <b><i>latirostris</i></b> (Hall and Alvarez, 1961); <b><i>negatus</i></b> (Goodwin, 1953); <b><i>teapensis</i></b> (Goldman, 1939); <b><i>tehuantepecus</i></b> (Goldman, 1939); *<b><i>torridus</i></b> (Merriam, 1895); <b><i>yucantanensis</i></b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929).","Subgenus <i>Heterogeomys</i>. May include <i>lanius</i> (see Hall, 1981:511-512). Revised by Nelson and Goldman (1929).","28","28-00130","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097-0130"
"12800131","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","hispidus","hispidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Le Conte)","1852","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia","6","","158","","","","Mexico (restricted to Veracruz, near Jalapa, by Merriam, 1895<i>a</i>).","","","","","28","28-00131","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097-0130-0131"
"12800132","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","hispidus","cayoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Burt)","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00132","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097-0130-0132"
"12800133","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","hispidus","chiapensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Nelson and Goldman)","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00133","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097-0130-0133"
"12800134","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","hispidus","concavus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Nelson and Goldman)","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00134","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097-0130-0134"
"12800135","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","hispidus","hondurensis","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>? Orig descr as full species</i>","YES","(Davis)","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00135","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097-0130-0135"
"12800136","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","hispidus","isthmicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Nelson and Goldman)","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00136","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097-0130-0136"
"12800137","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","hispidus","latirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Hall and Alvarez)","1961","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00137","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097-0130-0137"
"12800138","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","hispidus","negatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Goodwin)","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00138","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097-0130-0138"
"12800139","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","hispidus","teapensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Goldman)","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00139","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097-0130-0139"
"12800140","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","hispidus","tehuantepecus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Goldman)","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00140","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097-0130-0140"
"12800141","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","hispidus","torridus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>? Orig descr as full species</i>","YES","(Merriam)","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00141","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097-0130-0141"
"12800142","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","hispidus","yucantanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Nelson and Goldman)","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00142","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097-0130-0142"
"12800143","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Heterogeomys","lanius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Elliot)","1905","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","18","","235","","","Big Pocket Gopher.","Mexico, Veracruz, Xuchil, SE side of Mt. Orizaba.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Heterogeomys</i>. May be conspecific with <i>hispidus</i> (Hall, 1981:512).","28","28-00143","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0097-0143"
"12800144","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","matagalpae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(J. A. Allen)","1910","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","28","","97","","","Nicaraguan Pocket Gopher.","Nicaragua, Matagalpa, Peña Blanca.","NC Nicaragua to SC Honduras.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Macrogeomys</i>. May be conspecific with <i>cherriei</i> (M. S. Hafner, pers. comm.).","28","28-00144","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0144"
"12800145","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","thaeleri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Alberico","1990","","<i>In</i> Peters and Hutterer (eds.), Vertebrates in the Tropics, Mus. Alex. Koenig, Bonn","","","104","","","Thaeler’s Pocket Gopher.","<i>ca</i>. 7 km S. Bahía Solano, Municipio Bahía Solano, Depto. Chocó, Colombia, 100 m.","Serranía de Baudó (extreme NW Colombia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Macrogeomys</i>. May be conspecific with <i>dariensis</i> (see Sudman and Hafner, 1992).","28","28-00145","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0145"
"12800146","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Orthogeomys","Macrogeomys","underwoodi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Osgood)","1931","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","295","18","143","","","Underwood’s Pocket Gopher.","Costa Rica, San Jose Prov., Alto de Jabillo Pirris, between San Geronimo and Pozo Azul.","Central Pacific coast of Costa Rica.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Macrogeomys</i>. Molecular phylogeography examined by Demastes et al. (1996).","28","28-00146","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0095-0098-0146"
"12800147","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Pappogeomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","8","","145","","<i>Geomys bulleri</i> Thomas, 1892.","","","","","","Revised, in part, by Russell (1968<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), who included <i>Cratogeomys</i> as a valid subgenus (see above).","28","28-00147","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0147"
"12800148","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Pappogeomys","","alcorni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Russell","1957","","Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist.,","9","","359","","","Alcorn’s Pocket Gopher.","Mexico, Jalisco, 4 mi. (6 km) west of Mazamitla, 6,600 ft. (2,012 m).","S Jalisco (Mexico), in Sierra del Tigre.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Probably conspecific with <i>bulleri</i>, based on molecular studies (J. W. Demastes and A. Butt, pers. comm.).","28","28-00148","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0147-0000-0148"
"12800149","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Pappogeomys","","bulleri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Thomas)","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.","ser. 6","10","196","","","Buller’s Pocket Gopher.","Mexico, Jalisco, Talpa, W slope Sierra de Mascota, 8,500 ft. (2,591 m) (probably about 5000 ft., 1500 m).","Nayarit, Jalisco, and Colima (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>flammeus</i>  Goldman, 1939;<i> lagunensis</i> Goldman, 1939; *<i>nelsoni</i> (Merriam, 1895); *<b><i>albinasus</i></b> Merriam, 1895; <b><i>amecensis</i></b> Goldman, 1939; <b><i>burti</i> </b>Goldman, 1939; <b><i>infuscus</i></b> Russell, 1968; <b><i>lutulentus</i></b> Russell, 1968; <b><i>melanurus</i></b> Genoways and Jones, 1969; <b><i>nayaritensis</i></b> Goldman, 1939.","Reviewed by Genoways and Jones (1969<i>a</i>). Polytypic; subspecies reviewed by Russell (1968<i>b</i>) and listed in Hall (1981). May include <i>alcorni</i> (see above).","28","28-00149","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0147-0000-0149"
"12800150","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Pappogeomys","","bulleri","bulleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Thomas)","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.","ser. 6","10","196","","","","Mexico, Jalisco, Talpa, W slope Sierra de Mascota, 8,500 ft. (2,591 m) (probably about 5000 ft., 1500 m).","","","","","28","28-00150","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0147-0000-0149-0150"
"12800151","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Pappogeomys","","bulleri","albinasus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Pappogeomys albinasus</i>","YES","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00151","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0147-0000-0149-0151"
"12800152","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Pappogeomys","","bulleri","amecensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00152","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0147-0000-0149-0152"
"12800153","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Pappogeomys","","bulleri","burti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00153","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0147-0000-0149-0153"
"12800154","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Pappogeomys","","bulleri","infuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00154","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0147-0000-0149-0154"
"12800155","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Pappogeomys","","bulleri","lutulentus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Russell","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00155","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0147-0000-0149-0155"
"12800156","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Pappogeomys","","bulleri","melanurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Genoways and Jones","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00156","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0147-0000-0149-0156"
"12800157","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Pappogeomys","","bulleri","nayaritensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00157","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0147-0000-0149-0157"
"12800158","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1839","","Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.","19","1","377","","<i>Thomomys rufescens</i> Wied-Neuwied, 1939 (= <i>T</i>. <i>talpoides rufescens</i>).","","","","","<i>Megascapheus</i>  Elliot, 1903; <i>Plesiothomomys</i> Gidley and Gazin, 1933; <i>Tomomys</i> Brandt, 1955.","Recent species allocated to two subgenera (Thaeler, 1980): <i>Thomomys </i>and <i>Megascapheus</i>. Patton and Smith (1981) and Smith (1998) examined phylogenetic relationships among members of the subgenus <i>Megascapheus</i> based on molecular characters. Species boundaries for some forms are poorly defined, but Patton and Smith (1989, 1994) provided an operational definition that can be applied to all pocket gophers.","28","28-00158","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158"
"12800159","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1839","","Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.","19","1","377","","<i>Thomomys rufescens</i> Wied-Neuwied, 1939 (= <i>T</i>. <i>talpoides rufescens</i>).","","","","","","","28","28-00159","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159"
"12800160","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Elliot","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00160","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160"
"12800161","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Eydoux and Gervais)","1836","","Mag. Zool., Paris","6","","23","","","Botta’s Pocket Gopher.","USA, coast of California (restricted to vicinity of Monterey, Monterey Co., by Baird, 1857).","SW and W USA, north to Oregon, east to Colorado, and south to the Cape region of Baja California, Sinaloa and Nuevo Leon (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","*<i>altivallis</i>  Rhoads, 1895; *<i>angularis</i> Merriam, 1897; *<i>argusensis</i> Huey, 1931; *<i>diaboli</i> Grinnell, 1914; *<i>infrapallidus</i> Grinnell, 1914; <i>lorenzi</i> Huey, 1940; *<i>neglectus</i> Bailey, 1914; <i>pallescens</i> Rhoads, 1895; <i>perpes</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>piutensis</i> Grinnell and Hill, 1936; <i>sanctidiegi</i> Huey, 1945; *<i>scapterus</i> Elliot, 1904; <b><i>abbotti</i></b> Huey, 1928; <b><i>abstrusus</i></b> Hall and Davis, 1935; <b><i>actuosus</i></b> Kelson, 1951; *<b><i>albatus</i></b> Grinnell, 1912; <i>aderrans</i> Huey, 1939; <i>boregoensis</i> Huey, 1939; <i>crassus</i> Chattin, 1941; <i>flavidus</i> Goldman, 1931; *<i>harquahalae</i> Grinnell, 1936; <i>patulus</i> Goldman, 1938; <b><i>albicaudatus</i></b> Hall, 1930; *<b><i>alexandrae</i></b> Goldman, 1933; *<b><i>alpinus</i></b> Merriam, 1897; <b><i>alticolus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1899; <b><i>analogus</i></b> Goldman, 1938; <b><i>angustidens</i></b> Baker, 1953; <b><i>anitae</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1898; *<i>apache</i> Bailey, 1910; *<b><i>aphrastus</i></b> Elliot, 1903; <b><i>aureiventris</i></b> Hall, 1930; *<b><i>aureus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1893, *<i>latirostris</i> Merriam, 1901;<b><i> awahnee</i></b> Merriam, 1908; *<b><i>baileyi</i></b> Merriam, 1901; <b><i>basilicae</i></b> Benson and Tillotson, 1940 [a renaming of <i>occipitalis</i> Benson and Tillotson, 1939, which is preoccupied by <i>occipitalis</i> Dice, 1925, a fossil <i>Thomomys</i> from Rancho La Brea, California]; <b><i>birdseyei</i></b> Goldman, 1937; <b><i>bonnevillei</i></b> Durant, 1946; <b><i>borjasensis</i></b> Huey, 1945; <b><i>brazierhowelli</i></b> Huey, 1960; <b><i>brevidens</i></b> Hall, 1932; <b><i>cactophilus</i></b> Huey, 1929; <b><i>camoae</i></b> Burt, 1937; *<b><i>canus</i></b> Bailey, 1910; <b><i>catalinae</i></b> Goldman, 1931; <i>hueyi</i> Goldman, 1938; <i>parvulus</i> Goldman, 1938; <b><i>catavinensis</i></b> Huey, 1931; <b><i>centralis</i></b> Hall, 1930; *<b><i>cervinus</i> </b>J. A. Allen, 1895; *<b><i>chrysonotus</i></b> Grinnell, 1912; <b><i>cinereus</i></b> Hall, 1932; <b><i>collis</i></b> Hooper, 1940; <b><i>concisor</i></b> Hall and Davis, 1935; <b><i>confinalis</i></b> Goldman, 1936; <b><i>connectens</i></b> Hall, 1936; <b><i>contractus</i></b> Durrant, 1946; <b><i>convergens</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>convexus</i></b> Durrant, 1939; <b><i>cultellus</i></b> Kelson, 1951; <b><i>cunicularius</i></b> Huey, 1945; <b><i>curtatus</i></b> Hall, 1932; <b><i>depressus</i></b> Hall, 1932; *<b><i>desertorum</i></b> Merriam, 1901; <i>cedrinus</i> Huey, 1955; <i>desitus</i> Goldman, 1936; <i>hualpaiensis</i> Goldman, 1936; *<i>muralis</i> Goldman, 1936; <i>suboles</i> Goldman, 1928; <b><i>detumidus</i></b> Grinnell, 1935; <b><i>dissimilis</i></b> Goldman, 1931; <b><i>divergens</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>estanciae</i></b> Benson and Tillotson, 1939; *<b><i>fulvus</i></b> Woodhouse, 1852; <i>mutabilis</i> Goldman, 1933, <i>nasutus</i> Hall, 1932; <i>operosus</i> Hatfield, 1942; <b><i>fumosus</i></b> Hall, 1932; <b><i>guadalupensis</i></b> Goldman, 1936; <b><i>homorus</i></b> Huey, 1949; <b><i>howelli</i></b> Goldman, 1936; <b><i>humilis</i></b> Baker, 1953; <b><i>imitabilis</i></b> Goldman, 1939; <b><i>incomptus</i></b> Goldman, 1939; <b><i>internatus</i></b> Goldman, 1936; <b><i>jojobae</i></b> Huey, 1945; <b><i>juarezensis</i></b> Huey, 1945; <b><i>lachuguilla</i></b> Bailey, 1902; <b><i>lacrymalis</i></b> Hall, 1932; *<b><i>laticeps</i></b> Baird, 1855; <i>minor</i> Bailey, 1914; <i>silvifugus</i> Grinnell, 1935; <b><i>latus</i></b> Hall and Davis, 1935; <b><i>lenis</i></b> Goldman, 1942; *<b><i>leucodon</i></b> Merriam, 1897; <b><i>levidensis</i></b> Goldman, 1942; <b><i>limitaris</i></b> Goldman, 1936; <b><i>limpiae</i></b> Blair, 1939; <b><i>litoris</i></b> Burt, 1940; <b><i>lucidus</i></b> Hall, 1932; <b><i>lucrificus</i></b> Hall and Durham, 1938; *<b><i>magdalenae</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1909; <b><i>martirensis</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1898; *<b><i>mearnsi</i></b> Bailey, 1914; <i>alienus</i> Goldman, 1938; <i>caneloensis</i> Lange, 1959; <i>carri</i> Lange, 1959; <i>chiricahuae</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <i>collinus</i> Goldman, 1931; <i>extenuatus</i> Goldman, 1935; <i>grahamensis</i> Goldman, 1931; *<b><i>mewa</i></b> Merriam, 1908; <b><i>minimus</i></b> Durrant, 1939; <b><i>modicus</i></b> Goldman, 1931; <i>proximus</i> Burt and Campbell, 1934; <b><i>morulus</i></b> Hooper, 1940; <b><i>nanus</i></b> Hall, 1932; <b><i>navus</i></b> Merriam, 1901; <i>acrirostratus</i> Grinnell, 1935; <i>agricolaris</i> Grinnell, 1935; *<b><i>neglectus</i></b> Bailey, 1914; <b><i>nesophilus</i></b> Durrant, 1936; <b><i>nigricans Rhoads, 1895; affinis Huey, 1945; *cabezonae Merriam, 1901; *jacinteus Grinnell and Swarth, 1914; puertae Grinnell, 1914; *operarius Merriam, 1897; optabilis Goldman, 1936; opulentus Goldman, 1935; osgoodi Goldman, 1931; paguatae Hooper, 1940; pascalis Merriam, 1901; ingens Grinnell, 1932; *pectoralis Goldman, 1936; peramplus Goldman, 1931; rufidulus Hoffmeister, 1955; perditus Merriam, 1901; perpallidus Merriam, 1886; amargosae Grinnell, 1921; *melanotis Grinnell, 1918; mohavensis Grinnell, 1918; *oreoecus Burt, 1932; *providentialis Grinnell, 1931; pervagus Merriam, 1901; pervarius Goldman, 1938; *phelleoecus Burt, 1933; pinalensis Goldman, 1938; planirostris Burt, 1931; absonus Goldman, 1931; boreorarius Durham, 1952; nicholi Goldman, 1938; trumbullensis Hall and Davis, 1934; virgineus Goldman, 1937; planorum Hooper, 1940; powelli Durrant, 1955; proximarinus Huey, 1945; pusillus Goldman, 1931; aridicola Huey, 1937; comobabiensis Huey, 1937; depauperatus Grinnell and Hill, 1936; growlerensis Huey, 1937; phasma Goldman, 1933; retractus Baker, 1953; rhizophagus Huey, 1949; riparius Grinnell and Hill, 1936; robustus Durrant, 1946; rubidus Youngman, 1958; ruidosae Hall, 1932; rupestris Chattin, 1941; ruricola Huey, 1949; russeolus Nelson and Goldman, 1909; saxatilis Grinnell, 1934; scotophilus Davis, 1940; sevieri Durrant, 1946; siccovallis Huey, 1945;*simulus Nelson and Goldman, 1934; *sinaloae Merriam, 1901; *solitarius Grinnell, 1926; spatiosus Goldman, 1938; stansburyi Durrant, 1946; *sturgisi Goldman, 1938; subsimilis Goldman, 1933; texensis Bailey, 1902; tivius Durrant, 1937; *toltecus J.A. Allen, 1893; tularosae Hall, 1932; vanrosseni Huey, 1934; varus Hall and Long, 1960; vescus Hall and Davis, 1935; villai Baker, 1953; wahwahensis Durrant, 1937; winthropi Nelson and Goldman, 1934; xerophilus Huey, 1945. </i></b>","Subgenus <i>Megascapheus.</i> The taxonomic history of this, and related species has been contentious. Hall and Kelson (1959) included <i>bottae</i> within <i>umbrinus</i> but considered <i>baileyi</i> and <i>townsendii</i> as separate species, but Hall (1981) included all four of these taxa within his concept of <i>umbrinus</i>. Anderson (1966, 1972), Hoffmeister (1969, 1986), and Patton and co-workers (Patton, 1973; Patton and Dingman, 1968; Patton and Smith, 1981) considered <i>bottae</i> (including <i>baileyi</i>) separate from <i>umbrinus</i>. Thaeler (1968<i>b</i>), Patton et al. (1984), Patton and Smith (1989, 1994), and Rogers (1991<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) supported the specific separation of <i>townsendii</i> from Hall's (1981) <i>umbrinus</i>. As envisioned here, <i>bottae</i> includes a number of taxa considered by earlier workers to be full species but each of which are now relegated to subspecific status or are recognized as synonyms of other subspecies (taxa marked by asterisk... [truncated]","28","28-00161","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161"
"12800162","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","bottae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Eydoux and Gervais)","1836","","Mag. Zool., Paris","6","","23","","","","USA, coast of California (restricted to vicinity of Monterey, Monterey Co., by Baird, 1857).","","","","","28","28-00162","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0162"
"12800163","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","abbotti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00163","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0163"
"12800164","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","abstrusus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Davis","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00164","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0164"
"12800165","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","actuosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kelson","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00165","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0165"
"12800166","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","albatus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys albatus</i>","YES","Grinnell","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00166","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0166"
"12800167","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","albicaudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00167","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0167"
"12800168","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","alexandrae","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys alexandrae</i>","YES","Goldman","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00168","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0168"
"12800169","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","alpinus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys alpinus</i>","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00169","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0169"
"12800170","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","alticolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00170","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0170"
"12800171","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","analogus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00171","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0171"
"12800172","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","angustidens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baker","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00172","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0172"
"12800173","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","anitae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00173","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0173"
"12800174","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","aphrastus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys aphrastus</i>","YES","Elliot","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00174","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0174"
"12800175","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","aureiventris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00175","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0175"
"12800176","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","aureus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys aureus</i>","YES","J. A. Allen","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00176","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0176"
"12800177","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","awahnee","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00177","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0177"
"12800178","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","baileyi","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys baileyi</i>","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00178","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0178"
"12800179","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","basilicae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Benson and Tillotson","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","[a renaming of <i>occipitalis</i> Benson and Tillotson 1939  which is preoccupied by <i>occipitalis</i> Dice 1925 a fossil <i>Thomomys</i> from Rancho La Brea California]","28","28-00179","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0179"
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"12800243","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","nesophilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00243","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0243"
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"12800245","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","operarius","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys operarius</i>","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00245","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0245"
"12800246","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","optabilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00246","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0246"
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"12800248","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","osgoodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00248","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0248"
"12800249","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","paguatae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hooper","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00249","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0249"
"12800250","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","pascalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00250","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0250"
"12800251","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","pectoralis","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys pectoralis</i>","YES","Goldman","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00251","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0251"
"12800252","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","peramplus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00252","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0252"
"12800253","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","perditus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00253","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0253"
"12800254","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","perpallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1886","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00254","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0254"
"12800255","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","pervagus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00255","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0255"
"12800256","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","pervarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00256","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0256"
"12800257","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","phelleoecus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys phelleoecus</i>","YES","Burt","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00257","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0257"
"12800258","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","pinalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00258","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0258"
"12800259","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","planirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00259","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0259"
"12800260","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","planorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hooper","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00260","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0260"
"12800261","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","powelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00261","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0261"
"12800262","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","proximarinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00262","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0262"
"12800263","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","pusillus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00263","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0263"
"12800264","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","retractus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baker","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00264","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0264"
"12800265","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","rhizophagus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00265","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0265"
"12800266","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","riparius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell and Hill","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00266","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0266"
"12800267","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","robustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00267","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0267"
"12800268","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","rubidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Youngman","1958","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00268","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0268"
"12800269","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","ruidosae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00269","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0269"
"12800270","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","rupestris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chattin","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00270","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0270"
"12800271","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","ruricola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00271","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0271"
"12800272","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","russeolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00272","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0272"
"12800273","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","saxatilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00273","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0273"
"12800274","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","scotophilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00274","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0274"
"12800275","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","sevieri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00275","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0275"
"12800276","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","siccovallis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00276","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0276"
"12800277","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","simulus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys simulus</i>","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00277","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0277"
"12800278","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","sinaloae","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys sinaloae</i>","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00278","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0278"
"12800279","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","solitarius","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys solitarius</i>","YES","Grinnell","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00279","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0279"
"12800280","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","spatiosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00280","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0280"
"12800281","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","stansburyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00281","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0281"
"12800282","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","sturgisi","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys sturgisi</i>","YES","Goldman","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00282","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0282"
"12800283","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","subsimilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00283","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0283"
"12800284","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","texensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bailey","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00284","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0284"
"12800285","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","tivius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00285","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0285"
"12800286","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","toltecus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys toltecus</i>","YES","J. A. Allen","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00286","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0286"
"12800287","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","tularosae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00287","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0287"
"12800288","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","vanrosseni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00288","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0288"
"12800289","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","varus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Long","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00289","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0289"
"12800290","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","vescus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Davis","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00290","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0290"
"12800291","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","villai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baker","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00291","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0291"
"12800292","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","wahwahensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00292","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0292"
"12800293","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","winthropi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00293","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0293"
"12800294","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bottae","xerophilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00294","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0161-0294"
"12800295","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","bulbivorus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Richardson)","1829","","Quadrupeds, <i>in</i> Fauna Boreali-Americana","1","","206","","","Camas Pocket Gopher.","USA, banks of Columbia River (probably Portland, Multnomah Co., Oregon; see Bailey, 1915).","Willamette Valley (NW Oregon, USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Megascapheus</i>. Revised by Bailey (1915). Reviewed by Verts and Carraway (1987<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 273). Genetic variation delineated by Carraway and Kennedy (1994).","28","28-00295","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0295"
"12800296","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","clusius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Coues","1875","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia","27","","138","","","Wyoming Pocket Gopher.","USA, Wyoming, Carbon Co., Bridger Pass, 18 mi (29 km) SW Rawlins.","Carbon and Sweetwater Cos., SC Wyoming (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Thomomys</i>. Included in <i>talpoides</i> by Hall (1981:457); revised by Thaeler and Hinesley (1979).","28","28-00296","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0296"
"12800297","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","idahoensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","114","","","Idaho Pocket Gopher.","USA, Idaho, Clark Co., Birch Creek (10 mi [16 km] S Nicholia [Lemhi Co.], about 6,400 ft. [1940 m]).","EC Idaho, adjacent Montana and W Wyoming, and N Utah (USA).","IUCN – Lowered Risk (nt) as <i>T. idahoensis</i> and as <i>T. i. confinus</i>.","<b><i>confinus</i> </b> Davis, 1937; *<b><i>pygmaeus</i></b> Merriam, 1901.","Subgenus <i>Thomomys</i>. Thaeler (1972, 1977) revised this species. Formerly included in <i>talpoides</i> by Hall and Kelson (1959:441) and Hall (1981:457, 463; but see Hall, 1981:1179).","28","28-00297","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0297"
"12800298","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","idahoensis","idahoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","114","","","","USA, Idaho, Clark Co., Birch Creek (10 mi [16 km] S Nicholia [Lemhi Co.], about 6,400 ft. [1940 m]).","","","","","28","28-00298","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0297-0298"
"12800299","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","idahoensis","confinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00299","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0297-0299"
"12800300","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","idahoensis","pygmaeus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys pygmaeus</i>","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00300","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0297-0300"
"12800301","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","214","","","Western Pocket Gopher.","USA, Oregon, Klamath Co., Anna Creek near Crater Lake, Mt. Mazama, 6,000 ft. (1,829 m).","NW Washington through C Oregon to N California (USA).","U.S. ESA and Washington Department of Fish and Game – Candidate; IUCN – Extinct as <i>T. m.</i> <i>tacomensis</i>; Critically Endangered as <i>T. m. louiei</i>; Vulnerable as <i>T. m. couchi</i>, <i>T. m. glacialis</i>, <i>T. m. pugetensis</i>, <i>T. m. tumuli</i>, and <i>T. m. yelmensis;</i> Lower Risk (nt) as <i>T. mazama</i> and as <i>T. m. helleri</i> and <i>T. m. melanops</i>.","<b><i>couchi</i> </b> Goldman, 1939; <b><i>glacialis</i></b> Dalquest and Scheffer, 1942; *<b><i>helleri</i></b> Elliot, 1903; *<b><i>hesperus</i></b> Merriam, 1901; <b><i>louiei</i></b> Gardner, 1950; *<b><i>melanops</i></b> Merriam, 1899; *<b><i>nasicus</i></b> Merriam, 1897; *<b><i>niger</i></b> Merriam, 1901; <b><i>oregonus</i></b> Merriam, 1901; <b><i>premaxillaris</i></b> Grinnell, 1914; <b><i>pugetensis</i></b> Dalquest and Scheffer, 1942; <b><i>tacomensis</i></b> Taylor, 1919; <b><i>tumuli</i></b> Dalquest and Scheffer, 1942; <b><i>yelmensis</i></b> Merriam, 1899.","Subgenus <i>Thomomys</i>. Revised by Johnson and Benson (1960); considered a subspecies of <i>monticola</i> by Bailey (1915) and Hall and Kelson (1959) but geographic sympatry with <i>monticola</i> in N California documented by Thaeler (1968<i>a</i>). Subspecies listed in Hall (1981:465-467). Reviewed by Verts and Carraway (2000, Mammalian Species No. 641).","28","28-00301","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301"
"12800302","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","mazama","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","214","","","","USA, Oregon, Klamath Co., Anna Creek near Crater Lake, Mt. Mazama, 6,000 ft. (1,829 m).","","","","","28","28-00302","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0302"
"12800303","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","couchi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00303","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0303"
"12800304","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","glacialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest and Scheffer","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00304","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0304"
"12800305","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","helleri","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys helleri</i>","YES","Elliot","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00305","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0305"
"12800306","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","hesperus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys hesperus</i>","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00306","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0306"
"12800307","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","louiei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gardner","1950","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00307","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0307"
"12800308","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","melanops","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys melanops</i>","YES","Merriam","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00308","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0308"
"12800309","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","nasicus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys nasicus</i>","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00309","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0309"
"12800310","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","niger","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys niger</i>","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00310","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0310"
"12800311","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","oregonus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00311","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0311"
"12800312","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","premaxillaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00312","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0312"
"12800313","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","pugetensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest and Scheffer","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00313","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0313"
"12800314","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","tacomensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00314","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0314"
"12800315","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","tumuli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest and Scheffer","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00315","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0315"
"12800316","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","mazama","yelmensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00316","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0301-0316"
"12800317","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","monticola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1893","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","5","","48","","","Mountain Pocket Gopher.","USA, California, El Dorado Co., Mt. Tallac, 7,500 ft. (2,286 m).","Sierra Nevada Mtns of C and N California and extreme WC Nevada (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pinetorum</i>  Merriam 1899.","Subgenus <i>Thomomys</i>. Revised by Johnson and Benson (1960); Thaeler (1968<i>a</i>) provided details of distribution in N California.","28","28-00317","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0317"
"12800318","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Richardson)","1828","","Zool. J.","3","","518","","","Northern Pocket Gopher.","Restricted to Canada, Saskatchewan, North Saskatchewan River, Carlton House near Fort Carlton by Bailey (1915:97).","S British Columbia to C Alberta and SW Manitoba (Canada), south to C South Dakota and N New Mexico, N Arizona, N Nevada, and NE California (USA).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>T. t. douglasii</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>T. t. limosus</i> and <i>T. t. segregatus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","*<i>borealis</i>  (Richardson, 1837); *<i>unisulcatus</i> (Gray, 1843); <b><i>aequalidens</i></b> Dalquest, 1942; <b><i>agrestis</i></b> Merriam, 1908; <b><i>andersoni</i></b> Goldman, 1939; <b><i>attenuatus</i></b> Hall and Montague, 1951; *<b><i>bridgeri</i></b> Merriam, 1901; <b><i>bullatus</i></b> Bailey, 1914; <b><i>caryi</i></b> Bailey, 1914; <b><i>cheyennensis</i></b> Swenk, 1941; <b><i>cognatus</i></b> Johnstone, 1955; <b><i>columbianus</i></b> Bailey, 1914; <b><i>devexus</i></b> Hall and Dalquest, 1939; *<b><i>douglasii</i></b> (Richardson, 1829); <b><i>duranti</i></b> Kelson, 1949; *<b><i>falcifer</i></b> Grinnell, 1926; <b><i>fisheri</i></b> Merriam, 1901; *<b><i>fossor</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1893; <b><i>fuscus</i></b> Merriam, 1891, *<i>myops</i> Merriam, 1901; <b><i>gracilis</i></b> Durrant, 1939; <b><i>immunis</i></b> Hall and Dalquest, 1939; <b><i>incensus</i></b> Goldman, 1939; <b><i>kaibabensis</i></b> Goldman, 1938; <b><i>kelloggi</i></b> Goldman, 1939; <b><i>levis</i></b> Goldman, 1938; *<b><i>limosus</i></b> Merriam, 1901; <b><i>loringi</i></b> Bailey, 1914; <b><i>macrotis</i></b> Miller, 1930; <b><i>medius</i></b> Goldman, 1939; <b><i>meritus</i></b> Hall, 1951; <b><i>monoensis</i></b> Huey, 1934; <b><i>moorei</i></b> Goldman, 1938; <b><i>nebulosus</i></b> Bailey, 1914; <b><i>ocius</i></b> Merriam, 1901; <b><i>oquirrhensis</i></b> Durrant, 1939; <b><i>parowanensis</i></b> Goldman, 1938; <b><i>pierreicolus</i></b> Swenk, 1941; *<b><i>pryori</i></b> Bailey, 1914; *<b><i>quadratus</i></b> Merriam, 1897; <b><i>ravus</i></b> Durrant, 1946; <b><i>relicinus</i></b> Goldman, 1939; <b><i>retrorsus</i></b> Hall, 1951; <b><i>rostralis</i></b> Hall and Montague, 1951; *<b><i>rufescens</i></b> Wied-Neuwied, 1839; <b><i>saturatus</i></b> Bailey, 1914; <b><i>segregatus</i></b> Johnstone, 1955; <b><i>shawi</i></b> Taylor, 1921; <b><i>taylori</i></b> Hooper, 1940; <b><i>tenellus</i></b> Goldman, 1939; <b><i>trivialis</i></b> Goldman, 1939; *<b><i>uinta</i></b> Merriam, 1901; <b><i>wallowa</i></b> Hall and Orr, 1933; <b><i>wasatchensis</i></b> Durrant, 1946; <b><i>whitmani</i></b> Drake and Booth, 1952; <b><i>yakimensis</i></b> Hall and Dalquest, 1939; <i>badius</i> Goldman, 1939.","Subgenus <i>Thomomys</i>. Formerly included <i>idahoensis</i> and <i>clusius</i>; see Thaeler (1972) and Thaeler and Hinesley (1979). Partial revision by Bailey (1915) and Thaeler (1985). The considerable degree of chromosomal differentiation among geographic representatives of this form (Thaeler, 1985) suggests that more than one biological species is currently included under the name <i>talpoides</i>. Reviewed by Verts and Carraway (1999, Mammalian Species No. 618) who included <i>pygmaeus</i>, here considered a subspecies of <i>idahoensis</i> (following Thaeler, 1972).","28","28-00318","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318"
"12800319","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","talpoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Richardson)","1828","","Zool. J.","3","","518","","","","Restricted to Canada, Saskatchewan, North Saskatchewan River, Carlton House near Fort Carlton by Bailey (1915:97).","","","","","28","28-00319","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0319"
"12800320","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","aequalidens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00320","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0320"
"12800321","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","agrestis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00321","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0321"
"12800322","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","andersoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00322","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0322"
"12800323","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","attenuatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Montague","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00323","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0323"
"12800324","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","bridgeri","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys bridgeri</i>","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00324","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0324"
"12800325","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","bullatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bailey","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00325","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0325"
"12800326","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","caryi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bailey","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00326","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0326"
"12800327","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","cheyennensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swenk","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00327","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0327"
"12800328","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","cognatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Johnstone","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00328","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0328"
"12800329","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","columbianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bailey","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00329","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0329"
"12800330","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","devexus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Dalquest","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00330","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0330"
"12800331","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","douglasii","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>? Orig descr as full species</i>","YES","Richardson","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00331","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0331"
"12800332","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","duranti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kelson","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00332","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0332"
"12800333","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","falcifer","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys falcifer</i>","YES","Grinnell","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00333","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0333"
"12800334","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","fisheri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00334","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0334"
"12800335","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","fossor","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys fossor</i>","YES","J. A. Allen","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00335","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0335"
"12800336","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","fuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00336","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0336"
"12800337","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","gracilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00337","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0337"
"12800338","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","immunis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Dalquest","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00338","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0338"
"12800339","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","incensus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00339","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0339"
"12800340","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","kaibabensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00340","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0340"
"12800341","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","kelloggi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00341","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0341"
"12800342","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","levis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00342","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0342"
"12800343","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","limosus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys limosus</i>","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00343","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0343"
"12800344","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","loringi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bailey","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00344","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0344"
"12800345","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","macrotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00345","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0345"
"12800346","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","medius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00346","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0346"
"12800347","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","meritus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00347","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0347"
"12800348","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","monoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00348","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0348"
"12800349","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","moorei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00349","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0349"
"12800350","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","nebulosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bailey","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00350","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0350"
"12800351","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","ocius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00351","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0351"
"12800352","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","oquirrhensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00352","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0352"
"12800353","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","parowanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00353","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0353"
"12800354","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","pierreicolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swenk","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00354","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0354"
"12800355","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","pryori","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys pryori</i>","YES","Bailey","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00355","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0355"
"12800356","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","quadratus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys quadratus</i>","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00356","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0356"
"12800357","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","ravus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00357","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0357"
"12800358","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","relicinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00358","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0358"
"12800359","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","retrorsus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00359","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0359"
"12800360","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","rostralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Montague","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00360","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0360"
"12800361","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","rufescens","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys rufescens</i>","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00361","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0361"
"12800362","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","saturatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bailey","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00362","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0362"
"12800363","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","segregatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Johnstone","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00363","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0363"
"12800364","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","shawi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00364","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0364"
"12800365","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","taylori","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hooper","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00365","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0365"
"12800366","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","tenellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00366","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0366"
"12800367","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","trivialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00367","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0367"
"12800368","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","uinta","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys uinta</i>","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00368","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0368"
"12800369","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","wallowa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Orr","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00369","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0369"
"12800370","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","wasatchensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Durrant","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00370","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0370"
"12800371","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","whitmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Drake and Booth","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00371","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0371"
"12800372","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Thomomys","talpoides","yakimensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Dalquest","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00372","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0159-0318-0372"
"12800373","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","townsendii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Bachman)","1839","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia","8","","105","","","Townsend’s Pocket Gopher.","USA, erroneously given as ""Columbia River"", but restricted to Idaho, Canyon Co., near Nampa, by Bailey (1915).","Snake River Valley of Idaho south and west to SE Oregon, NE California, and N Nevada (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>atrogriseus</i>  Bailey, 1914; <i>owyhensis</i> Davis, 1937; <i>similis</i> Davis, 1937; *<b><i>nevadensis</i></b> Merriam, 1897; <i>bachmani</i> Davis, 1937; <i>elkoensis</i> Davis, 1937; *<i>relictus</i> Grinnell, 1926.","Subgenus <i>Megascapheus.</i> Revised by Davis (1937) and Rogers (1991<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), who recognized only two valid subspecies (<i>townsendii</i> and <i>nevadensis</i>). Considered a distinct species by Thaeler (1968<i>b</i>), Patton et al. (1984), Patton and Smith (1989, 1994), and Rogers (1991<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), despite limited hybridization with <i>bottae</i> in NE California. Hall (1981:469, 495) reviewed Thaeler's evidence and included <i>townsendii</i> in <i>umbrinus</i> (<i>sensu</i> Hall).","28","28-00373","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0373"
"12800374","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","townsendii","townsendii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Bachman)","1839","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia","8","","105","","","","USA, erroneously given as ""Columbia River"", but restricted to Idaho, Canyon Co., near Nampa, by Bailey (1915).","","","","","28","28-00374","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0373-0374"
"12800375","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","townsendii","nevadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys nevadensis</i>","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00375","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0373-0375"
"12800376","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","(Richardson)","1829","","Quadrupeds, <i>in</i> Fauna Boreali-Americana","1","","202","","","Southern Pocket Gopher.","Originally given as Cadadaguios, SW Louisiana, but restricted to Mexico, Veracruz (probably Puebla), vicinity of Boca del Monte, by Bailey (1906).","SC Arizona and SW New Mexico (USA) south to Puebla and Veracruz (Mexico).","IUCN – Lowered Risk (nt) as <i>T. u.</i> <i>emotus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albigularis</i>  Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <i>martinensis</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; *<i>orizabae</i> Merriam, 1893; *<i>peregrinus</i> Merriam, 1893; <i>tolucae</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <i>vulcanius</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>arriagensis</i></b> Dalquest, 1951; <b><i>atrodorsalis</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; *<b><i>atrovarius</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1898;<b><i> camargensis</i></b> Anderson, 1972; <b><i>chihuahuae</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>crassidens</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>durangi</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>emotus</i></b> Goldman, 1933; <b><i>enixus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>eximius</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>extimus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; *<b><i>goldmani</i></b> Merriam, 1901; <b><i>intermedius</i></b> Mearns, 1897; *<i>burti</i> Huey, 1932;<i> quercinus</i> Burt and Campbell, 1934; <b><i>juntae</i></b> Anderson, 1972; <b><i>madrensis</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <i>caliginosus</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; *<i>sheldoni</i> Bailey, 1915; <b><i>musculus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; *<b><i>nelsoni</i></b> Merriam, 1901; <i>evexus</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>newmani</i></b> Dalquest, 1951; <b><i>parviceps</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>potosinus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>pullus</i></b> Hall and Villa, 1948; <b><i>sonoriensis</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>supernus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934; <b><i>zacatecae</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1934.","Subgenus <i>Megascapheus</i>. Hybridization with <i>bottae</i> reported in Patagonia Mtns of S Arizona by Patton and Dingman (1968), Patton (1973), and Hoffmeister (1969, 1986). Considered a species separate from <i>bottae</i> by these authors and by Anderson (1966, 1972). Hall (1981:469) included <i>baileyi</i>, <i>bottae</i>, and <i>townsendii</i> in this species based on his view of the hybridization data in Hoffmeister (1969), Patton (1973), and Thaeler (1968<i>b</i>); he reported intergradation between <i>umbrinus</i> and <i>bottae</i> in Nuevo Leon (Mexico), which has not been verified by genetic analyses. Hafner et al. (1987) examined phylogenetic relationships among geographic units of <i>umbrinus</i>. Revised, in part, by Nelson and Goldman (1934<i>b</i>), Anderson (1972; for Chihuahua), and Castro-Campillo and Ramírez-Pulido (2000; for C Mexico).","28","28-00376","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376"
"12800377","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","umbrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","(Richardson)","1829","","Quadrupeds, <i>in</i> Fauna Boreali-Americana","1","","202","","","","Originally given as Cadadaguios, SW Louisiana, but restricted to Mexico, Veracruz (probably Puebla), vicinity of Boca del Monte, by Bailey (1906).","","","","","28","28-00377","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0377"
"12800378","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","arriagensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00378","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0378"
"12800379","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","atrodorsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00379","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0379"
"12800380","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","atrovarius","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys atrovarius</i>","YES","J. A. Allen","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00380","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0380"
"12800381","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","camargensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00381","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0381"
"12800382","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","chihuahuae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00382","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0382"
"12800383","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","crassidens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00383","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0383"
"12800384","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","durangi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00384","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0384"
"12800385","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","emotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00385","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0385"
"12800386","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","enixus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00386","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0386"
"12800387","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","eximius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00387","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0387"
"12800388","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","extimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00388","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0388"
"12800389","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","goldmani","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys goldmani</i>","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00389","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0389"
"12800390","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","intermedius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00390","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0390"
"12800391","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","juntae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00391","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0391"
"12800392","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","madrensis ","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00392","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0392"
"12800393","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","musculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00393","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0393"
"12800394","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","nelsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Thomomys nelsoni</i>","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00394","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0394"
"12800395","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","newmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00395","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0395"
"12800396","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","parviceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00396","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0396"
"12800397","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","potosinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00397","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0397"
"12800398","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","pullus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Villa","1948","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00398","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0398"
"12800399","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","sonoriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00399","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0399"
"12800400","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","supernus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00400","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0400"
"12800401","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Thomomys","Megascapheus","umbrinus","zacatecae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","28","28-00401","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0158-0160-0376-0401"
"12800402","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Zygogeomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","8","","195","","<i>Zygogeomys trichopus</i> Merriam, 1895.","","","","","<i>Gygogeomys </i> J. A. Allen 1895 [misprint].","","28","28-00402","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0402"
"12800403","RODENTIA","CASTORIMORPHA","","","Geomyidae ","","","Zygogeomys","","trichopus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","8","","196","","","Michoacan Pocket Gopher.","Mexico, Michoacan, Nahuatzen, 8,000-8,500 ft. (2,438-2,591 m).","Known only from small areas in the general vicinity of Lago Pátzcuaro, NC Michoacan (Mexico).","IUCN – Endangered. Local temporal extirpation documented by Hafner and Barkley (1984).","","","28","28-00403","28-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0402-0000-0403"
"12900001","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Brandt","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","29","29-00001","29-0001-0001"
"12900002","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","","","","","","","","SUPERFAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer","1817","","","","","","","","","","","","","","29","29-00002","29-0001-0001-0000-0002"
"12900003","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer de Waldheim","1817","","Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat., Moscow","5","","372","","","","","","","Allactagidae Vinogradov, 1925; Dipodes Fischer de Waldheim,1817; Dipodina, Bonaparte, 1838; Dipodum Fischer de Waldheim, 1817; Dipsidae Gray, 1821; Jaculidae Gill, 1872; Sicistidae Weber, 1928; Sminthidae Brandt, 1855; Zapodidae Coues, 1875.","<p>The monophyly of dipodids is strongly established (Ellerman, 1940; Klingener, 1964, 1984; Shenbrot, 1992; Shenbrot et al., 1995; Stein, 1990; Vinogradov, 1930). Authors have usually recognized either a single family, Dipodidae (Ellerman, 1940, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Holden, 1993; Hugueney and Vianey-Liaud, 1980; Klingener, 1964, 1984; Kowalski, 2001; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Ognev, 1948; Qiu and Storch, 2000; Savinov, 1970; Thomas, 1896; Vinogradov, 1930, 1937; Wang and Qiu, 2000; Winge, 1887), or two families, Zapodidae (including sicistines and zapodines), and Dipodidae (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Daxner-Höck, 1999; Lyon, 1901; R. A. Martin, 1994; Miller and Gidley, 1918; Pocock, 1922<i>b</i>; Schaub, 1958; Simpson, 1945; Vinogradov, 1925; Wang, 1985; Wilson, 1949; Wood, 1955). Whether one family or two, modern arrangements of subfamilies stems from Vinogradov’s (1925, 1930, 1937) classic research and classification, which provided the foundation... [truncated]","29","29-00003","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003"
"12900004","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1925","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1925","1","578","","","","","","","Alactaginae Vinogradov, 1925; Allactaginae Vinogradov, 1930; Allactodipodini Zazhigin and Lopatin, 2000 [<i>nomen</i>  <i>nudum</i>].","Dental morphology and evolution studied by Shenbrot (1984). Allactodipodini was proposed for <i>Allactodipus</i> (Zazhigin and Lopatin, 2000<i>a</i>), but no type genus was explicitly indicated. Modern range of the subfamily is Asian (only <i>Allactaga tetradactyla</i> occurs in north Africa) and its evolutionary roots are in that continent. The first allactagine may have evolved from Asian late Oligocene <i>Gobiosminthus</i> (Zazhigin and Lopatin, 2000<i>c</i>) or <i>Parasminthus </i>(Wang and Qiu, 2000; McKenna and Bell, 1997, treat both genera as synonyms of <i>Plesiosminthus</i>) into two major lineages (Zazhigin and Lopatin, 2000<i>c</i>). One is represented by species of <i>Protalactaga</i>, the first true allactagines, from latter portion of Asian early Miocene, and may have been ancestral to <i>Allactaga</i>, which first appears in the later half of Asian late Miocene and is represented by an array of species in the Pliocene. <i>Pygerethmus </i>dates from the late Pliocene; it ... [truncated]","29","29-00004","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004"
"12900005","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","141","","<i>Mus jaculus</i> Pallas, 1778 (= <i>Dipus sibericus major</i> Kerr, 1792); see comments below.","","","","","<i>Alactaga</i> F. Cuvier, 1838; <i>Beloprymnus</i> Gloger, 1841 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Cuniculus </i>Brisson, 1762 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Mesoallactaga</i> Shenbrot, 1974; <i>Microallactaga</i> Shenbrot, 1974; <i>Orientallactaga</i> Shenbrot, 1984; <i>Paralactaga</i> Young, 1927; <i>Proalactaga </i>Savinov, 1970; <i>Scarturus</i> Gloger, 1841; <i>Scirteta</i> Brandt, 1844; <i>Scirtetes</i> Wagner, 1841 [not Hartig, 1838]; <i>Scirtomys</i> Brandt, 1844; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987, 1998).","Does not include <i>Allactodipus</i> (see comment under <i>Allactodipus bobrinskii</i>). Shenbrot's (1984) subgeneric classification is followed below except where noted. Subspecific revision of species occuring in Belorussia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, W Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, S Russia, and NW Mongolia provided by Shenbrot (1993). Generic review and composite range map of species presented by Shenbrot et al. (1995). <i>Mus jaculus</i> Linnaeus, 1758 is the type species of <i>Jaculus</i> (see comments therein). Shenbrot (1984) described several subgenera, which we use here, but Zazhigin and Lopatin (2000<i>c</i>) claimed their distinctness is doubtful. Shenbrot et al. (1995) included the extinct <i>Protalactaga</i> (Miocene of North Africa and Asia) as a synonym, but Zazhigin and Lopatin (2000<i>c</i>) and McKenna and Bell (1997) retained it as a separate genus. McKenna and Bell (1997) recognized <i>Proalactaga </i>(Asian late Miocene), and Kowalski (2001) used <i>Paralactaga</i> (Pliocene-... [truncated]","29","29-00005","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005"
"12900006","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Allactaga","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","141","","<i>Mus jaculus</i> Pallas, 1778 (= <i>Dipus sibericus major</i> Kerr, 1792); see comments below.","","","","","","","29","29-00006","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0006"
"12900007","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Orientallactaga","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Shenbrot","1984","","","","","","","","","","","","","","29","29-00007","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0007"
"12900008","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Paralactaga","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Young","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","29","29-00008","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0008"
"12900009","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Scarturus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gloger","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","29","29-00009","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0009"
"12900010","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Orientallactaga","balikunica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hsia and Fang","1964","","Acta Zootaxon. Sin.","6","","16","","","Balikun Jerboa","China, Xinjiang, Balikun.","Mongolia, from Altai Sumon east to Bordzon-Gobi (Sokolov et al., 1981<i>a</i>), and NE Xinjiang, China (Ma et al., 1987).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nataliae</i>  Sokolov, 1981 [see Sokolov and Shenbrot, 1987<i>a</i>].","Subgenus <i>Orientallactaga</i>. Closely related to <i>A. bullata</i>, with which it is parapatric in S Mongolia where the two species occur together in a narrow strip several kilometers wide (G. Shenbrot, in litt., 2003). Listed as a subspecies of <i>A. bullata</i> by Wang (2003).","29","29-00010","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0007-0010"
"12900011","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Orientallactaga","bullata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1925","","Am. Mus. Novit.","161","","2","","","Gobi Jerboa","Mongolia, Altai Gobi, Tsagan-Nur (Tsagaan Nuur).","Deserts of S and W Mongolia (Bannikov, 1954; Sokolov et al., 1981<i>a</i>; adjacent Chinese provinces of Nei Mongolia, E Xinjiang, Ningxia (Ma et al., 1987), Gansu (Chen and Wang, 1985; Zheng and Zhang, 1990) and N Shaanxi (Wang, 1990).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Orientallactaga</i>. Closely related to <i>A</i>. <i>balikunica</i> (see that account).","29","29-00011","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0007-0011"
"12900012","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Allactaga","elater","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1825","1828","Abh. König. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","1825","","155","","","Small Five-toed Jerboa","W Kazakhstan, Kirgiz Steppe. The type locality given by Lichtenstein (1828) is in W Kazakhstan, according to Vinogradov (1937), Kuznetsov (1944, 1965), and Ognev (1963<i>b</i>), not E Kazakhstan as reported by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:529) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:154).","SW Pakistan (Roberts, 1977, 1997); Afghanistan (Hassinger, 1973); Iran (Lay, 1967); E Turkey (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001); Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, N Caucasus, north along W Caspian Sea to Lower Volga south to Turkmenistan, east through Kazakhstan (see Kuznetsov, 1965; Sludskii, 1977; and Shenbrot, 1993) to NE Xinjiang, Nei Mongol, and N Gansu, China (Ma et al., 1987; Chinese range mapped in Zhang et al., 1997), and western Mongolia (Sokolov and Orlov, 1980), in desert and semi-desert zones. Overall range mapped in Shenbrot et al. (1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aralychensis</i>  Satunin, 1901; <i>bactriana</i> Blyth, 1863; <i>caucasicus </i>Nehring, 1900; <i>dzungariae</i> Thomas, 1912; <i>heptneri</i> Pavlenko and Denisov, 1976; <i>indica</i> Gray, 1842 [not Gray, 1830 or Bechstein, 1800]; <i>kizljaricus</i> Satunin, 1907; <i>strandi</i> Hepner, 1934; <i>turkmeni</i> Goodwin, 1940; <i>zaisanicus</i> Shenbrot, 1993 [see Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>, 1984; Shenbrot, 1993].","Subgenus <i>Allactaga</i>. Does not include <i>vinogradovi</i> (see comment therein). Detailed review provided by Ognev (1963<i>b</i>). Karyotype contributed by Vorontsov et al. (1969<i>c</i>). Subspecific revision and additional distributional data provided by Shenbrot (1993). Segments in Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) and Shenbrot et al. (1995). Shenbrot (in litt., 2003) is skeptical about distribution of this species in Nei Mongol, and N Gansu, China due to possible misidentification with <i>Pygeretmus pumilio</i>. For synonyms see Corbet (1978c, 1984) and Shenbrot (1993).","29","29-00012","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0006-0012"
"12900013","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Paralactaga","euphratica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1881","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","8","","15","","","Euphrates Jerboa","Iraq (no other information).","Steppe and semi-desert from SE Turkey (Colak et al., 1994) south through Syria and Iraq to Jordan (Qumsiyeh, 1996), N Saudi Arabia and Kuwait (essentially as outlined by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; see also Colak et al., 1994, and references therein; Hatt, 1959).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>kivanci</i> Çolak and Yi&#151;it, 1998 [see Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001].","Subgenus <i>Paralactaga</i>. Many authors incorrectly employ the name <i>williamsi</i> for this species, but that name refers to a different species (see account of <i>A. williamsi</i>). Following Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:155), <i>A</i>. <i>euphratica</i> is considered a separate species from <i>A</i>. <i>hotsoni</i>. Reviewed by Colak et al. (1994).","29","29-00013","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0008-0013"
"12900014","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Allactaga","firouzi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Womochel","1978","","Fieldiana Zool.","72","5","65","","","Iranian Jerboa","Iran, Isfahan Prov., 18 mi (29 km) S Shah Reza (Qomisheh), 2253 m.","Known only from the type locality, a flat plain with a gravel substrate and sparse, mountain steppe vegetation (Womochel, 1978).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Allactaga </i>(not allocated to subgenus by Shenbrot, 1984). <i>Allactaga</i> <i>firouzi</i> appears to be morphologically distinct from <i>A</i>. <i>euphratica</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>hotsoni</i> (Womochel, 1978), but its relationship with these and other species of allactagines needs further study. Shenbrot (1993) tenatively synonymized <i>firouzi</i> with <i>A. elater turkmeni</i>, but later (in litt.) examinied the type specimen and considered <i>firouzi</i> synonymous with <i>hotsoni</i>, which is where Pavlinov et al. (1995) listed it. We recognize the species until published data indicates otherwise.","29","29-00014","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0006-0014"
"12900015","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Allactaga","hotsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","26","4","936","","","Hotson’s Jerboa","Iran, SE Kerman Prov., Sib, 20 mi. (32 km) SW Kant (Kont; Lay, 1967, provides coordinates), 3950 ft (1204 m).","N, C, and SE Iran, SW Pakistan (Brown, 1980; Roberts, 1977, 1997; specimens in USNM), and S Afghanistan (Hassinger, 1973) in gravelly or stony peneplains ""where practically no other rodent exists"" (Roberts, 1997:352).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Allactaga</i> (see Pavlinov and Shenbrot, 1985). Lay (1967) thought the holotype might represent <i>A. williamsi</i>, but Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:155) noted that ""the very large bullae, short tooth-row and short, wide incisive foramina place it well outside the range of variation otherwise known"" in <i>A. williamsi </i>(Corbet regarded <i>williamsi</i> as a synonym of <i>A. euphratica</i>). Morphological distinctions between<i> A</i>. <i>hotsoni</i> and <i>A. elator</i> in Pakistan are described by Roberts (1997). Available published data support recognition of <i>A. hotsoni</i> as separate from <i>A</i>. <i>elater</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>euphratica</i>; see comment under <i>A. firouzi</i>.","29","29-00015","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0006-0015"
"12900016","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Allactaga","major","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","274","","","Great Jerboa","Kazakhstan, between Caspian Sea and Irtysh River.","Steppes and deserts from Caucasus N to Moscow and Kiev E to Ob River (W Siberia), Kazakhstan, and N Uzbekistan (west of Aral Sea), and W Xinjiang, China (Wang, 2003); range figured by Kuznetsov (1965), Shenbrot et al. (1995), and Sludskii (1977).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aulacotis</i> (Wagner, 1840); <i>brachyotis </i>Brandt, 1844; <i>chachlovi</i> Martino, 1921; <i>decumanus</i> (Lichtenstein, 1825); <i>djetysuensis</i> Shenbrot, 1993; <i>flavescens</i> Brandt, 1844; <i>fuscus</i> Ognev, 1924; <i>hochlovi</i> Martino, 1922; <i>intermedius</i> Ognev, 1948; <i>jaculus</i> (Pallas, 1779) [not Linneaus, 1758]; <i>macrotis</i> Brandt, 1844; <i>nigricans</i> Brandt, 1844; <i>spiculum</i> (Lichtenstein, 1825); <i>vexillarius</i> (Eversmann, 1840); see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), and Shenbrot (1991<i>d</i>).","Subgenus <i>Allactaga</i>. Includes <i>jaculus</i> Pallas (Ognev, 1963<i>b</i>:94; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987:154). Subspecific revision and additional distributional data provided by Shenbrot (1993). Karyotype contributed by Vorontsov et al. (1969<i>c</i>). Reviewed by Ognev (1963<i>b</i>), Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), and Shenbrot et al. (1995). Detailed habitat data provided by Naumov and Lobachev (1975). Although modern western margins of range are near Moscow and Kiev, the species occurred as far west as Germany and Austria during the Pleistocene (Kowalski, 2001). For synonyms see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet (1978c), and Shenbrot (1991d).","29","29-00016","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0006-0016"
"12900017","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Allactaga","severtzovi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1925","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1925","","583","","","Severtzov’s Jerboa","SE Kazakhstan, Taldy-Kurgan (Kopal) dist., Tamar-Utkul.","Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, N Turkmenistan, and N and SW Tajikistan; range figured by Kuznetsov (1965), Shenbrot et al. (1995), and Sludskii (1977).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chorezmi</i> Shenbrot, 1993.","Subgenus <i>Allactaga</i>. Taxonomic study provided by Shenbrot (1991<i>d</i>), who described <i>chorezmi</i> as a subspecies of <i>A. severtzovi</i>. Reviewed by Ognev (1963<i>b</i>) and Shenbrot et al. (1995). Karyotype elaborated by Vorontsov et al. (1969<i>c</i>). Detailed habitat data provided by Naumov and Lobachev (1975).","29","29-00017","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0006-0017"
"12900018","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Orientallactaga","sibirica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Forster","1778","","K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockholm","39","","112","","","Mongolian Five-toed Jerboa","SE Transbaikalia, Chitinskaya Oblast, near Lake Tarei-Nur.","From lower Ural River (Kazakhstan) and Caspian Sea east to Chitinskaya Oblast and south to N Turkmenistan (Kuznetsov, 1965; Shenbrot, 1993; Sludskii, 1977); Mongolia (Bannikov, 1954); China: Nei Mongol, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Nigxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, N Hebei, W Liaoning, W Julin, and W Heilongjiang (in China see Ho et al., 1986; Laing and Zhang, 1985; Liu et al., 1990; Ma et al., 1987; Mi et al., 1990; Qin, 1991; Shou, 1962; Zhang and Wang, 1963; Wang, 2003; Zhang et al., 1997; and Zheng and Zhang, 1990); Shenbrot et al. (1995) provided overall distribution map; no valid record from Korea (see Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:154).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alactaga</i>  (Olivier, 1800); <i>alpinus </i>Shnitnikov, 1936; <i>altorum</i> Ognev, 1946; <i>annulata</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1867); <i>brachyurus</i> (Blainville, 1817); <i>bulganensis</i> Shenbrot, 1993; <i>dementiewi</i> Toktosunov, 1958; <i>grisescens</i> Hollister, 1912; <i>halticus</i> (Illiger, 1825); <i>longior</i>, <i>media</i> (Pallas, 1779); <i>mongolica</i> (Radde, 1861); <i>ognevi</i> Shenbrot, 1991; <i>ruckbeili</i> Thomas, 1914; <i>salicus</i> Ognev, 1924; <i>saliens</i> (Gmelin, 1760); <i>saliens </i>(Shaw, 1790); <i>saltator</i> (Eversmann, 1848); <i>semideserta</i> Bannikov, 1947; <i>suschkini </i>Satunin, 1900; see Ellerman (1940), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>, 1984), Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987, 1998), Shenbrot (1993), and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","Subgenus <i>Orientallactaga</i>. Reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), Ognev (1963<i>b</i>), and Shenbrot et al. (1995). Subspecific revision and additional distributional data provided by Shenbrot (1993). Geographic variation studied by Varshavsky (1991). Karyotype described by Vorontsov et al. (1969<i>c</i>). Detailed habitat data provided by Naumov and Lobachev (1975). For synonyms see Ellerman (1940), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet (1978c, 1984), Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987, 1998), Shenbrot (1993), and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00018","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0007-0018"
"12900019","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Scarturus","tetradactyla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1823","","Verz. Doublet. Zool. Mus. Univ. Berlin","","","2","","","Four-toed Jerboa","Libyan Desert between Siwa and Alexandria.","Coastal gravel plains of Egypt and E Libya, from near Alexandria to the Gulf of Sirte (see Ranck, 1968, and Osborn and Helmy, 1980).","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>brucii</i>  (Lesson, 1827).","Subgenus <i>Scarturus</i>.","29","29-00019","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0009-0019"
"12900020","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Allactaga","vinogradovi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Argyropulo","1941","","Fauna SSSR, Mlekopitaiushchiy, Opredelitel grizunov, Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk, SSSR","","","138","","","Vinogradov’s Jerboa","Kazakhstan, Dzhambul region, Burnoye and Rovnoye.","S Kazakhstan, E Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan (see Shenbrot, 1993; Shenbrot et al., 1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Allactaga</i>. Shenbrot (1993) showed that <i>A. vinogradovi</i> differs from <i>A. elater</i> in toothrow length and phallic morphology, and that the two are sympatric along the Talas River and in SE Betpak-Dala (Kazakhstan). While the species is recognized by most workers (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995; Shenbrot et al., 1995), Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) retained <i>vinogradovi</i> in the synonymy of <i>A. elater</i>. Reviewed by Shenbrot et al. (1995). There are no recent records of <i>A. vinogradovi</i> from Tajikistan, but the species occurred there during middle Pleistocene (G. Shenbrot, in litt., 2003).","29","29-00020","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0006-0020"
"12900021","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactaga","Paralactaga","williamsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.","20","","309","","","Williams’s Jerboa","Turkey, near Van Gölü.","Anatolian <i>Artemisia </i>steppe of Turkey except in SE, Caucasia, Afghanistan, and Iran (see Colak et al., 1994, and references therein; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001; range mapped as <i>euphratica</i> by Shenbrot et al., 1995, and recorded from N Turkey as <i>euphratica</i> by Pamukoglu and Albayrak, 1996 ).","<i>caprimulga</i> Ellerman, 1948; <i>laticeps</i> Nehring, 1903; <i>schmidti</i> Satunin, 1907.","Subgenus <i>Paralactaga</i> . From the time it was described, <i>williamsi</i> was considered a species. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:530) recognized its specific status but noted that <i>A. williamsi</i> ""is very close to <i>euphratica</i>, possibly merely a further series of larger races of that."" Based upon a sample from Syria that seemed to show traits intermediate between <i>euphratica</i> and <i>williamsi</i>, Atallah and Harrison (1968) reduced the latter to subspecific rank. Colak et al. (1994), however, using reproductive, external, morphological, cranial, chromosomal, and behavioral traits, showed that <i>euphratica</i> and <i>williamsi</i> are separate species without evidence of hybridization in any geographic region. Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998), Pavlinov et al. (1995), and Shenbrot et al. (1995) retained <i>williamsi</i> and <i>schmidti </i>in the synonymy of <i>A. euphratica</i>. Reviewed by Colak et al. (1994) and Ognev (1963<i>b</i>). Detailed habitat data provided by Naumov and Lobachev (1975). Recorded in owl pellets from E Turkey (Obuch, 1994).","","29","29-00021","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0005-0008-0021"
"12900022","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactodipus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kolesnikov","1937","","Bull. Sredne-Az. Gos. Univ.","22","29","255","","<i>Allactodipus bobrinskii</i> Kolesnikov, 1937.","","","","","","Reviewed by Shenbrot (1974, 1984), who showed that in postcranial and dental characters, particularly the height of the molars and alveolar pattern, <i>A. bobrinskii</i> falls outside the range of variation of species in the genus <i>Allactaga</i> where it was placed after Kolesnikov’s description. He restored <i>bobrinskii</i> to <i>Allactodipus</i>, which is recognized by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987, 1998), Pavlinov et al. (1995), Shenbrot et al. (1995), and Zazhigin and Lopatin (2000<i>a, b</i>). A careful phylogenetic study incorporating the traits used by Shenbrot, along with additional morphological differences, between <i>A. bobrinskii</i> and other allactagines and dipodines that also includes gene sequences would be welcome.","29","29-00022","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0022"
"12900023","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Allactodipus","","bobrinskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kolesnikov","1937","","Bull. Sredne-Az. Gos. Univ.","22","29","255","","","Bobrinski’s Jerboa","Uzbekistan, Kizil-kum (Kyzylkum) Desert, 140 km NW of Bukhara, Khala-Ata.","W and N Turkmenistan and C and W Uzbekistan, in the Kyzylkum and Karakumy deserts; figured by Kuznetsov (1965), Shenbrot et al. (1995), and Sludskii (1977).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Karyotype provided by Vorontsov et al. (1969<i>c</i>). Reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00023","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0022-0000-0023"
"12900024","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Pygeretmus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gloger","1841","","Gemeinn. Hand. Hilfsbuch. Nat.","1","","106","","<i>Dipus platurus</i> Lichtenstein, 1823 (emended to <i>D</i>. <i>platyurus</i> by Lichtenstein, 1828).","","","","","<i>Alactagulus</i>  Nehring, 1897; <i>Platycercomys</i> Brandt, 1843; <i>Pliopygerethmus</i> Topachevskii and Skorik, 1971; <i>Pseudoalactaga </i>Topachevskii, 1971; <i>Pygerethmus </i>Vinogradov, 1930; <i>Pygeretmus </i>Gloger, 1841; see McKenna and Bell (1997) and Zazhigin and Lopatin (2000<i>c</i>).","Vorontsov et al. (1969<i>b</i>) found no distinguishing karyological characters between subgenera <i>Alactagulus</i> and <i>Pygeretmus</i>; in the same study, karyotypes and morphometric comparisons of subgenus <i>Pygeretmus</i> were provided. Shenbrot's (1984) subgeneric classification is followed below. Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) recognized <i>Alactagulus</i> as a separate genus, and Kowalski (2001) used <i>Pliopygerethmus</i>, but both are considered synonyms of <i>Pygeretmus</i> (Heptner, 1984; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Shenbrot, 1984; Zazhigin and Lopatin, 2000<i>c</i>). Generic review and distribution provided by Shenbrot et al. (1995). For synonyms see McKenna and Bell (1997) and Zazhigin and Lopatin (2000c).","29","29-00024","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0024"
"12900025","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Pygeretmus","Pygeretmus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gloger","1841","","Gemeinn. Hand. Hilfsbuch. Nat.","1","","106","","<i>Dipus platurus</i> Lichtenstein, 1823 (emended to <i>D</i>. <i>platyurus</i> by Lichtenstein, 1828).","","","","","","","29","29-00025","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0024-0025"
"12900026","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Pygeretmus","Alactagulus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Nehring","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","29","29-00026","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0024-0026"
"12900027","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Pygeretmus","Pygeretmus","platyurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1823","","Naturh. Abh. Eversmann's Reise","","","121","","","Lesser Fat-tailed Jerboa","Kazakhstan, E shore of Aral Sea Kuwan-Darya River.","W, C, and E Kazakhstan, and NW Turkmenistan (G. Shenbrot, in litt., 2003; see map in Shenbrot et al., 1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>platurus</i> (Lichtenstein, 1823);<i> vinogradovi</i> Vorontsov, 1958.","Subgenus <i>Pygeretmus</i>. Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Gromov and Baranova (1981) synonymized <i>P. vinogradovi</i> with <i>P. platyurus</i> without comment. Heptner (1984) agreed because he felt the differences between the two forms were not sharp enough to warrant specific recognition, a view followed by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987, 1998), Pavlinov et al. (1995), and Shenbrot et al. (1995). Shenbrot's (1988) results indicated that <i>P. vinogradovi</i> falls within the range of variaiton of <i>P. platyurus</i>, and that <i>vinogradovi</i> should not even be recognized at the subspecific level. Reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), Shenbrot et al. (1995), Silverstov et al. (1969) and Sludskii (1977); detailed habitat data provided by Naumov and Lobachev (1975).","29","29-00027","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0024-0025-0027"
"12900028","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Pygeretmus","Alactagulus","pumilio","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","275","","","Dwarf Fat-tailed Jerboa","Kazakhstan, between Caspian Sea and Irtysh River. Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) listed Kirghiz Steppe, ""the old Russian name for Central Kazakhstan"" (G. Shenbrot, in litt., 2003) as the type locality for this species.","From the Don River (Russia) through Kazakhstan to the Irtysh River (Kuznetsov, 1965; Sludskii, 1977), south to NE Iran (Lay, 1967); E to S Mongolia (Bannikov, 1954); China: W Nei Mongol (Ma et al., 1987), N Xinjiang (Chen and Wang, 1985; Ma et al., 1987), Gansu, and Ningxia (Wang, 2003; Chinese range mapped in Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acontion</i>  (Pallas, 1811); <i>aralensis</i> (Ognev, 1948); <i>brachyotis </i>(Ostrouchov, 1889) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>dinniki</i> (Satunin, 1920); <i>minor</i> (Pallas, 1779); <i>minutus</i> (Blainville, 1817); <i>pallidus </i>(Vinogradov, 1933);<i> potanini</i> (Vinogradov, 1926); <i>pumilio</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>pygmaea</i> (Pallas, 1779); <i>tanaiticus</i> (Ognev, 1948); <i>turcomanus </i>(Heptner and Samorodov, 1939); see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet, (1978<i>c</i>), and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","Subgenus <i>Alactagulus</i> (see Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987). The name <i>pygmaeus</i> is preoccupied and is an invalid junior synonym of <i>pumilio</i>, (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951). Reviewed by Ognev (1963<i>b</i>) and Shenbrot et al. (1995). Reviewed also by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) who retained <i>Alactagulus</i> as the genus, not subgenus, for <i>pumilio</i>. For synonyms see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet, (1978c), and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00028","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0024-0026-0028"
"12900029","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Allactaginae","","Pygeretmus","Pygeretmus","shitkovi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kuznetsov","1930","","Doklady Acad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Leningrad","1930A","","623","","","Greater Fat-tailed Jerboa","SE Kazakhstan, Taldy-Kurgan district, on NW shore of Ala-Kul (Alakol) Lake, Rybalnoje.","E Kazakhstan, in region of Lake Balkhash (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Kuznetsov, 1965; Shenbrot et al., 1995; Sludskii, 1977).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>schitkovi</i>  (Vinogradov, 1930); <i>zhitkovi </i>(Vinogradov, 1937); see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987, 1998).","Subgenus <i>Pygeretmus</i>. Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) regarded the emendation of <i>shitkovi</i> to <i>zhitkovi</i> invalid, but other workers disagree; there has been no ruling by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Reviewed by Ognev (1963<i>b</i>), Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), and Shenbrot et al. (1995). For synonyms see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987, 1998).","29","29-00029","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0004-0000-0024-0025-0029"
"12900030","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Cardiocraniinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1925","","Proc. Zool. Zoc. Lond.","1925","1","578","","","","","","","Cardiocraniini Pavlinov, 1980; Salpingotinae Vinogradov, 1925 (Salpingotini Pavlinov, 1980).","Following Pavlinov (1980<i>b</i>) two tribes, Cardiocraniini and Salpingotini, are recognized. Pavlinov and Shenbrot (1983) recognized Cardiocraniinae and Salpingotinae in a Dipodidae, which was modified by Shenbrot (1992), who recognized only Cardiocraniinae within Dipodidae, an arrangement also employed by Zazhigin and Lopatin (2000<i>a</i>). Shenbrot et al. (1995) include the extinct Lophocricetinae, but other researchers recognize it as a subfamily in Zapodidae (R. A. Martin, 1994; Qiu, 1985), or tribe in Zapodinae (McKenna and Bell, 1997), or a subfamily in Dipodidae (where Zapodidae, Allactagidae, and Dipodidae are recognized; Zazhigin and Lopatin, 2000<i>a</i>). Characters of subfamily and geographic distribution reviewed by Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00030","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0030"
"12900031","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Cardiocraniinae","","Cardiocranius","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Satunin","1903","","Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg","7","","582","","<i>Cardiocranius paradoxus</i> Satunin, 1903.","","","","","","Cardiocraniini. Detailed review provided by Ognev (1963<i>b</i>) and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00031","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0030-0000-0031"
"12900032","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Cardiocraniinae","","Cardiocranius","","paradoxus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1903","","Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg","7","","584","","","Five-toed Pygmy Jerboa","China, NW Gansu, Nan Shan, Shargol-Dzhin.","China (N Xinjiang, C Nei Mongol, N Ningxia, and Gansu; see G. Shenbrot, in litt., 2003; Ma et al., 1987; Mi et al., 1990; Qin, 1991; Wang, 2003; Zhang et al., 1997, and Zhou et al., 1985); Mongolia; S Tuviskaya Oblast, and E Kazakhstan (see Ilchenko and Volodin, 1992, and Sokolov and Shenbrot, 1988). Shenbrot et al. (1995) provide overall distribution map.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","A morphometric study by Sokolov and Shenbrot (1988) indicated that the Kazakhstan population falls within the range of intraspecific variation for <i>C</i>. <i>paradoxus</i>, and is not a separate species as was suggested by Gromov and Baranova (1981). For detailed habitat data see Naumov and Lobachev (1975). Reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00032","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0030-0000-0031-0000-0032"
"12900033","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Cardiocraniinae","","Salpingotulus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Pavlinov","1980","","Vest. Zool.","2","","50","","<i>Salpingotus michaelis </i>Fitzgibbon, 1966.","","","","","","Salpingotini (Pavlinov, 1980<i>b</i>). Proposed by Pavlinov (1980<i>b</i>) based upon genital morphology, tooth characters, and shape of the condylar process on the dentary. Results of a morphometric and qualitative study of <i>Salpingotus</i> by Vorontsov and Shenbrot (1984) showed substructure within the genus based on overall morphological similarity (phenetic analyses), with <i>michaelis</i> joining the clusters of other <i>Salpingotus</i> at a high level of dissimilarity, followed by <i>S</i>. <i>kozlovi</i>. Their results indicated that generic separation of <i>michaelis</i> was not supported, particularly if <i>kozlovi</i> was retained in <i>Salpingotus</i>, so they treated <i>Salpingotulus</i> as a subgenus. Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987:162) suggested that <i>kozlovi</i> might belong in <i>Salpingotulus</i>, and the latter has either been included in <i>Salpingotus</i> (e.g., Holden, 1993; Shenbrot et al., 1995; Vorontsov and Shenbrot, 1984) or recognized as a separate genus (P... [truncated]","29","29-00033","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0030-0000-0033"
"12900034","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Cardiocraniinae","","Salpingotulus","","michaelis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fitzgibbon","1966","","Mammalia","30","3","431","","","Baluchistan Pygmy Jerboa","Pakistan, NW Baluchistan, Nushki Plateau, appox. 29EN, 66EE, 3,500 ft (1067 m).","Pakistan, SW Baluchistan (Roberts, 1977, 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Salpingotus michaelis</i>.","","For discussion of <i>Salpingotulus</i> <i>michaelis</i> versus <i>Salpingotus</i> <i>thomasi</i>, and the possible occurance of <i>Salpingotulus</i> <i>michaelis</i> in Afghanistan, see Hassinger (1973) and Roberts (1977, 1997).","29","29-00034","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0030-0000-0033-0000-0034"
"12900035","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Cardiocraniinae","","Salpingotus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1922","","<i>In</i> Kozlov, Mongolia and Amdo","","","540","","<i>Salpingotus kozlovi</i> Vinogradov, 1922.","","","","","<i>Anguistodontus</i>  Vorontsov and Shenbrot, 1984; <i>Prosalpingotus</i> Vorontsov and Shenbrot, 1984; see Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","Salpingotini. The subgeneric arrangement hypothesized by Vorontsov and Shenbrot (1984), based on morphometric analyses and skull, dental, and genital morphology, is followed here, except that <i>Salpingotulus</i> is recognized at the generic level (see that account). Comparative myology of pelvic girdle studied by Fokin (1971). Distribution of species of <i>Salpingotus</i> shown in Shenbrot et al. (1995) and Vorontsov and Shenbrot (1984). For synonyms see Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00035","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0030-0000-0035"
"12900036","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Cardiocraniinae","","Salpingotus","Salpingotus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1922","","<i>In</i> Kozlov, Mongolia and Amdo","","","540","","<i>Salpingotus kozlovi</i> Vinogradov, 1922.","","","","","","","29","29-00036","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0030-0000-0035-0036"
"12900037","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Cardiocraniinae","","Salpingotus","Anguistodontus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Vorontsov and Shenbrot","1984","","","","","","","","","","","","","","29","29-00037","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0030-0000-0035-0037"
"12900038","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Cardiocraniinae","","Salpingotus","Prosalpingotus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Vorontsov and Shenbrot","1984","","","","","","","","","","","","","","29","29-00038","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0030-0000-0035-0038"
"12900039","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Cardiocraniinae","","Salpingotus","Anguistodontus","crassicauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1924","","Zool. Anz.","61","","150","","","Thick-tailed Pygmy Jerboa","China, N Xinjiang, Altai Gobi, near Schara-sumé (Sharasume), approx. 160km S Russia-Mongolian border. Most authors list the type locality as being in W Mongolia, but it is actually in N Xinjiang, China (G. Shenbrot, pers. comm.).","Steppes and deserts of NW China (Xinjiang, Nei Mongol, and Gansu; Chen and Wang, 1985; Ma et al., 1987; Wang, 2003; Zheng and Zhang, 1990; Chinese range mapped by Zhang et al., 1997), S and SW Mongolia, and adjacent E Kazakhstan in Lake Zaysan basin (see Naumov and Lobachev, 1975; Vorontsov and Shenbrot, 1984; Vorontsov et al., 1969<i>a</i>). General distribution mapped by Shenbrot et al. (1995).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>gobicus</i>  Sokolov and Shenbrot, 1988.","Subgenus <i>Anguistodontus</i>. Populations south of Lake Balkhash and north of Aral Sea previously included in <i>S</i>. <i>crassicauda</i> now recognized as a distinct species, <i>S</i>. <i>pallidus</i>. Reviewed by Ognev (1963<i>b</i>). Taxonomic study of Mongolia and Zaysan Basin populations provided by Sokolov and Shenbrot (1988). Karyotype elaborated by Vorontsov et al. (1969<i>d</i>). Reviewed by Ognev (1963<i>b</i>), Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00039","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0030-0000-0035-0037-0039"
"12900040","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Cardiocraniinae","","Salpingotus","Prosalpingotus","heptneri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vorontsov and Smirnov","1969","","<i>In</i> Vorontsov (ed.) [The mammals: evolution, karyology, taxonomy, fauna.], Novosibirsk","","","60","","","Heptner’s Pygmy Jerboa","Uzbekistan, NW Kizil-Kum (Kyzylkum) Desert, 80 km NE Takhta-Kupir, 8 km E Gori Kok-Tobe.","Uzbekistan and S Kazakhstan, NW and N Kyzylkum desert (see Shenbrot et al., 1995; Vorontsov and Shenbrot, 1984).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Prosalpingotus</i>. Reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00040","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0030-0000-0035-0038-0040"
"12900041","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Cardiocraniinae","","Salpingotus","Salpingotus","kozlovi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1922","","<i>In</i> Kozlov, Mongolia and Amdo","","","542","","","Kozlov’s Pygmy Jerboa","Mongolia: Gobi desert, Khara-Khoto.","Deserts of S and SE Mongolia; and China: Nei Mongol, Xinjiang, Gansu, N Shaanxi, and Ningxia (see Chen and Wang, 1985; Ma et al., 1987; Mi et al., 1990; Qian et al., 1965; Qin, 1991; Wang, 1990, 2003; and Zheng and Zhang, 1990; Chinese range mapped by Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>xiangi</i> Hou and Jiang, 1994.","Subgenus <i>Salpingotus</i>. See Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) for comment regarding allocation of specimen from Irtysh River on Kazakhstan-Chinese border to <i>S</i>. <i>crassicauda</i>. Reviewed by Ognev (1963<i>b</i>). Study of geographic variation in Mongolian samples provided by Sokolov and Shenbrot (1988).","29","29-00041","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0030-0000-0035-0036-0041"
"12900042","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Cardiocraniinae","","Salpingotus","Prosalpingotus","pallidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vorontsov and Shenbrot","1984","","Zool. Zh.","63","5","740","","","Pallid Pygmy Jerboa","Kazakhstan, Aktyubinskaya, Chelkarskii, Peski Bol'shiye Barsuki.","Deserts of N Aral and S Balkhash regions (see Shenbrot et al., 1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>sludskii</i> Shenbrot and Mazin, 1989.","Subgenus <i>Prosalpingotus</i>. Shenbrot and Mazin (1989) named <i>sludskii</i> as a subspecies of <i>S. pallidus</i>, but we are not recognizing subspecies. Reviewed by Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00042","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0030-0000-0035-0038-0042"
"12900043","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Cardiocraniinae","","Salpingotus","Prosalpingotus","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1928","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10","1","","373","","","Thomas’s Pygmy Jerboa","Afghanistan or S Tibet (Ognev, 1963<i>b</i>; Vinogradov, 1928).","Known only from the type specimen, of which the country of origin, ""Afghanistan"", is questionable (see discussion in Hassinger, 1973, and Roberts, 1977, 1997). Listed as occurring in S Xizang, China by Wang (2003).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Prosalpingotus</i> (see Pavlinov and Shenbrot, 1985). Reviewed by Ognev (1963<i>b</i>).","29","29-00043","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0030-0000-0035-0038-0043"
"12900044","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer","1817","","Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow","5","","372","","","","","","","Dipsidae Gray, 1821 (Dipina Gray, 1825); Dipodes Fischer de Waldheim, 1817; (Dipodinae Murray, 1866; Dipodina Bonaparte, 1838; Dipodini Brandt, 1855; Dipodum Fischer de Waldheim, 1817); Gerboidae Waterhouse, 1839 [<i>nomen nudum</i> ]; Jaculini Brandt, 1855 (Jaculina Haeckel, 1866; Jaculinae Alston, 1876); Paradipodini Pavlinov and Schenbrot, 1983; Stylodipodina Zazhigin and Lopatin, 2000 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Stylodipodiina was proposed for <i>Stylodipus</i> by Zazhigin and Lopatin (2000<i>a</i>) but no type genus was explicitly indicated. Zazhigin and Lopatin (2001) recorded four dipodine genera as occurring in Asia by late Miocene, the extinct <i>Scirtodipus</i> and <i>Plioscirtopoda</i>, and extant <i>Dipus</i> and <i>Jaculus</i>. Those authors also noted that by late Miocene-early Pliocene times, three phylogenetic lineages were already apparent. One consists only of <i>Dipus</i>; another contains <i>Scirtodipus</i> (late Miocene), <i>Stylodipus</i>, and <i>Plioscirtopoda</i> (late Miocene to early Pleistocene; see also Kowalski, 2001); and the third is represented by <i>Jaculus</i>, <i>Eremodipus</i>, and the extinct <i>Jaculodipus</i> (early Pliocene). Both extinct and living forms are basically Eurasian in distribution, and only two species of <i>Jaculus </i>extend beyond that region to North Africa (see accounts of <i>J. jaculus</i> and <i>J. orientalis</i>).","29","29-00044","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044"
"12900045","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","Dipus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","354","","<i>Mus sagitta</i> Pallas, 1773.","","","","","<i>Dipodipus</i>  Trouessart, 1910; <i>Dipsus</i> Gray, 1821; <i>Sminthoides </i>Schlosser, 1924; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), McKenna and Bell (1997), and Zazhigin and Lopatin (2001).","Dipodini. Shenbrot et al. (1995) and Zazhigin and Lopatin (2001) included the extinct <i>Sminthoides</i> (late Miocene to late Pliocene of Asia), but McKenna and Bell (1997) retained it as a separate genus in Dipodinae. For synonyms see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), McKenna and Bell (1997), and Zazhigin and Lopatin (2001).","29","29-00045","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044-0000-0045"
"12900046","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","Dipus","","sagitta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1773","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","2","","706","","","Northern Three-toed Jerboa","N Kazakhstan, Pavlodarskaya Oblast, right bank of Irtysh River near Yamyshevskaya at Podpusknoi (see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:535).","Desert, steppe and dry woodland from Don River (Russia), NW coast of Caspian Sea, and N Iran, through Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan to S Tuva, Russia; Mongolia (Bannikov, 1954); China ( Nei Mongol, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, N Shaanxi, N Shanxi, Liaoning, and Jilin; see Chen and Wang, 1985; Liu et al., 1990; Ma et al., 1987; Mi et al., 1990; Qian et al., 1965; Qin, 1991; Shou, 1962; Wang, 1990, 2003; Zhang and Wang, 1963; Zheng and Zhang, 1990; and Zhou et al., 1985; Zhang et al., 1997, provide map for Chinese range); see Shenbrot et al. (1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aksuensis</i>  Wang, 1964; <i>austrouralensis</i> Shenbrot, 1991; <i>bulganensis</i> Shenbrot, 1991; <i>deasyi</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1900; <i>fuscocanus</i> Wang, 1964; <i>halli</i> Sowerby, 1920);<i> innae</i> (Ognev, 1930); <i>kalmikensis</i> Kazantseva, 1940; <i>lagopus</i> Lichtenstein, 1823; <i>megacranius</i> Shenbrot, 1991; <i>nogai</i> Satunin, 1907; <i>sowerbyi</i> Thomas, 1908; <i>turanicus</i> Shenbrot, 1991; <i>ubsanensis</i> Bannikov, 1947; <i>usuni</i> Shenbrot, 1991; <i>zaissanensis </i>Selevin, 1934 (see Corbet, 1984; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Shenbrot, 1991<i>a</i>, <i>c</i>; and Wang, 1964).","Karyotype described by Vorontsov et al. (1969<i>d</i>). Taxonomic study, analysis of geographic variation, and distribution throughout most of range provided by Shenbrot (1991<i>a</i>, <i>c</i>). Reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), Ognev (1963<i>b</i>), and Shenbrot et al. (1995). For synonyms see Corbet (1984), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987), Shenbrot (1991a, c), and Wang (1964).","29","29-00046","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044-0000-0045-0000-0046"
"12900047","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","Eremodipus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1930","","Izv. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Leningrad, Otdel. Phyz.-Math","","","334","","<i>Scirtopoda lichtensteini</i> Vinogradov, 1927.","","","","","","Following Vinogradov (1930), Heptner (1975), Gromov and Baranova (1981), Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987, 1998), Shenbrot (1990<i>b</i>), and Shenbrot et al. (1995), <i>Eremodipus</i> is recognized as a genus distinct from <i>Jaculus</i>. The oldest record of <i>Eremodipus</i> comes from the early Pliocene of Kazakhstan (Zazhigin and Lopatin, 2001).","29","29-00047","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044-0000-0047"
"12900048","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","Eremodipus","","lichtensteini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1927","","Z. Säugetierk.","2","1","92","","","Lichtenstein’s Jerboa","Turkmenistan, vicinity of Merv.","Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from Caspian Sea to Aral Sea, and south of Lake Balkhash (see map in Shenbrot et al., 1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>balkashensis</i>  Shenbrot, 1990; <i>jaxartensis </i>Shenbrot, 1990. See Shenbrot et al. (1995).","Reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), Ognev (1963<i>b</i>) and Shenbrot et al. (1995). Taxonomic study, distribution, and review contributed by Shenbrot (1990<i>b</i>), who described <i>balkashensis</i> and <i>jaxartensis</i> as subspecies (we do not recognize subspecies here). Detailed habitat data provided by Naumov and Lobachev (1975). Karyotype given by Vorontsov et al. (1969<i>d</i>). For synonyms see Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00048","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044-0000-0047-0000-0048"
"12900049","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","Jaculus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","404","","<i>Mus jaculus</i> Linnaeus, 1758, as fixed by Opinion 730 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1965); not <i>Jaculus orientalis</i> Erxleben, 1777.","","","","","<i>Haltomys</i>  Brandt, 1844; <i>Scirtopoda </i>Brandt, 1844 [see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; and Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>].","Dipodini. Myology, in context of adaptive and phylogenetic significance, studied by Klingener (1964). Generic review and composite distribution map of all species provided by Shenbrot et al. (1995). Evolutionary history extends back to late Miocene of Kazakhstan<i> </i>(Zazhigin and Lopatin, 2001), late Pliocene of Morocco (Jaeger, 1970) and Ethiopia (Wesselman, 1984), and Plio-Pleistocene in Kenya (Black and Krishtalka, 1986); see review by Denys (1999). For synonyms see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978c).","29","29-00049","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044-0000-0049"
"12900050","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","Jaculus","","blanfordi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Murray","1884","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","14","","98","","","Blanford’s Jerboa","Iran, Bushire.","SE coast of Caspian Sea through Turkmenistan to the Kyzylkum Desert, C Uzbekistan (Kuznetsov, 1965; Shenbrot et al., 1995), E and S Iran (Lay, 1967), S and W Afghanistan (Hassinger, 1973), and SW Pakistan (Roberts, 1977, 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>margianus</i> Shenbrot, 1990;<i> turcmenicus</i> Vinogradov and Bondar, 1949.","The taxon <i>turcmenicus </i>has been considered a separate species (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Holden, 1993; Shenbrot, 1990<i>a</i>), but Heptner (1975) treated it as conspecific with <i>J</i>. <i>blanfordi</i>, even though measurements given for the two species differ considerably, no tests of significance were performed, and only two specimens of <i>J</i>. <i>blanfordi</i> were included in the study. Holden (1993) recognized <i>J. turcmenicus</i>, as in Shenbrot (1990<i>a</i>), pending critical revision. Recent research corroborates Heptner’s view (Shenbrot et al., 1995) and <i>turcmenicus</i> is now included in <i>J. blanfordi</i> (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Shenbrot et al., 1995). Presence of spines on the bacula of <i>J</i>. <i>blanfordi</i> and <i>J</i>. <i>orientalis</i> (figured by Didier and Petter, 1960), is shared by <i>turcmenicus</i> (figured in Heptner, 1975), reinforcing its status as a geographic segment of <i>J. blanfordi</i>, and suggesting that the two species form a ... [truncated]","29","29-00050","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044-0000-0049-0000-0050"
"12900051","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","Jaculus","","jaculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","63","","","Lesser Egyptian Jerboa","Egypt, Giza Pyramids.","N Africa in Senegal (Bâ et al., 2000; Duplantier and Granjon, 1992), NE Nigeria (Happold, 1987) and Niger, from S Mauritania to Morocco (see range map in Aulagnier and Thévenot. 1986, and Bâ et al., 2001), E through Algeria (Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991), Tunisia (Vesmanis, 1984) and Libya (Ranck, 1968) to Sudan (Setzer, 1956), Ethiopia and Eritrea (Yalden et al., 1996), Egypt (Osborn and Helmy, 1980), and Somalia; throughout Arabia (Harrsion and Bates, 1991; Al-Jumaily, 1998, for Yemen), the Sinai and Israel (Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov, 1999) through Iraq (Hatt, 1959) to SW Iran (Lay, 1967). Granjon et al. (1992:272) stated that this species ""has probably only recently reached Senegal from Mauritania where it was previously known to occur.""","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aegyptius</i>  (Lichtenstein, 1827); <i>airensis</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1921; <i>arenaceous </i>Ranck, 1968; <i>butleri</i> Thomas, 1922; <i>centralis</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1921; <i>collinsi</i> Ranck, 1968; <i>cufrensis</i> Ranck, 1968; <i>darricarrerei</i> Lataste, 1883; <i>deserti</i> Loche, 1867; <i>elbaensis</i> Setzer, 1955; <i>favillus</i> Setzer, 1955; <i>favonicus</i> Thomas, 1913; <i>florentiae</i> Cheesman and Hinton, 1924; <i>fuscipes</i> Ranck, 1968; <i>gordoni</i> Thomas, 1903; <i>hirtipes</i> (Lichtenstein, 1823); <i>loftusi</i> Blanford, 1875; <i>macromystax</i> (Lichtenstein, 1828); <i>macrotarsus</i> (Wagner, 1840); <i>microtis </i>Reichenow, 1887; <i>oralis</i> Cheesman and Hinton, 1924; <i>rarus</i> Ranck, 1968; <i>schlueteri</i> Nehring, 1901; <i>sefrius</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1921; <i>syrius</i> Thomas, 1922; <i>tripolitanicus</i> Ranck, 1968; <i>vastus</i> Ranck, 1968; <i>vocator</i> Thomas, 1921; <i>vulturnus</i> Thomas, 1913; <i>whitchurchi </i>Ranck, 1968 [see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; and Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>].","Ranck (1968) recognized two species in this complex, <i>J</i>. <i>jaculus</i> and <i>J</i>. <i>deserti</i>, but Harrison (1978) showed that they are conspecific based on Ranck's criteria (see also discussion in Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:152). Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov (1999) suggested that <i>schlueteri</i> is a species because it occurs adjacent to <i>J. j. vocator</i> in Israel without apparently intergrading as was claimed by Harrison and Bates (1991). Karyotype given by Al Saleh and Khan (1984) and Granjon et al. (1992). For synonyms see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978c).","29","29-00051","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044-0000-0049-0000-0051"
"12900052","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","Jaculus","","orientalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regn. Anim.","1","","404","","","Greater Egyptian Jerboa","Egypt, in the ""mountains separating Egypt from Arabia"" (G. M. Allen, 1939:424).","Arid or semarid regions of N Africa and Israel, from Morocco (see the range map in Aulagnier and Thévenot, 1986) E through Algeria (Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991), Tunisia (Vesmanis, 1984), and Libya (Ranck, 1968) to Egypt (Osborn and Helmy, 1980), Sinai and S Israel (Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov, 1999; ""a narrow strip in northern Negev,"" G. Shenbrot, in litt., 2003).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>bipes</i>  (Lichtenstein, 1823); <i>gerboa</i> (Olivier, 1800); <i>locusta</i> (Illiger, 1815); <i>mauritanicus </i>(Duvernoy, 1841) [see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951].","<i>Jaculus</i> <i>orientalis</i> has been identified from the late Pliocene in Ethiopia (Wesselman, 1984) and Plio-Pleistocene in Kenya (Black and Krishtalka, 1986). For synonyms see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","29","29-00052","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044-0000-0049-0000-0052"
"12900053","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","Paradipus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1930","","Izv. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R.","","","333","","<i>Scirtopoda ctenodactyla</i> Vinogradov, 1929.","","","","","","Paradipodini. Shenbrot (1992) showed that <i>Paradipus</i> is highly differentiated from other genera in Dipodini (in which it has traditionally been placed) and appears to be most closely related to Cardiocraniinae, based on molar and mastoid characters. Study of the male reproductive tract by Pavlinov and Shenbrot (1983) supported molar and mastoid data, and those authors segregated <i>Paradipus</i> in its own tribe within Dipodinae, which is where Zazhigin and Lopatin (2000<i>a</i>) placed it in their classification. Shenbrot (1992) and Shenbrot et al. (1995) recognized Paradipodinae within Dipodidae. <i>Paradipus</i> was not included in Stein's (1990) study of limb myology. The tribe is represented by living <i>P. ctenodactylus</i> and extinct <i>P. badhysus</i> from early Pleistocene of Turkmenistan (Shenbrot, 1986; Zazhigin and Lopatin, 2001).","29","29-00053","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044-0000-0053"
"12900054","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","Paradipus","","ctenodactylus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1929","","Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Leningrad","1929","","248","","","Comb-toed Jerboa","E Turkmenistan, near Repetek.","Sand deserts of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and E Aral region of Kazakhstan; see Kuznetsov (1965), Sludskii (1977), and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Karyotype described by Vorontsov et al. (1969<i>d</i>). Os penis described and figured by Shenbrot (1992). Range, taxonomy, and other characteristics reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), Ognev (1963<i>b</i>), and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00054","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044-0000-0053-0000-0054"
"12900055","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","Stylodipus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1925","","Am. Mus. Novit.","161","","4","","<i>Stylodipus andrewsi</i> Allen, 1925.","","","","","<i>Halticus</i>  Brandt, 1844 [see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951].","<i>Scirtopoda</i> is often incorrectly used for this genus, but is a junior synonym of <i>Jaculus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:153; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:536). Shenbrot et al. (1995) included the extinct <i>Scirtodipus</i> (late Miocene of Kazakhstan) as a synonym, but Zazhigin and Lopatin (2001) and McKenna and Bell (1997) listed it as a separate genus in Dipodinae. Zazhigin and Lopatin (2001) also regard <i>Scirtodipus</i> as ancestral to <i>Stylodipus</i>, which is represented by Pleistocene samples (<i>S. telum</i>) and early Pliocene material from Mongolia (<i>S. iderensis</i> and <i>S. perfectus</i>). Generic review provided by Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00055","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044-0000-0055"
"12900056","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","Stylodipus","","andrewsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1925","","Am. Mus. Novit.","161","","4","","","Andrew’s Three-toed Jerboa","S Mongolia, near Mt. Uskuk (Ussuk), Camp Ondai Sair (Andrews, 1932:101).","NW, S, and C Mongolia east of Barun Khurai (Baruun Huuray) Valley; and adjacent China: Nei Mongolia, N Hebei, N Shanxi, N Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia (see Ma et al., 1987; Qin, 1991; Wang, 2003; and Zheng and Zhang, 1990).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) included <i>andrewsi</i> as a subspecies of <i>S</i>. <i>telum</i>, but Sokolov and Orlov (1980) recognized it as a distinct species. Sokolov and Shenbrot (1987<i>b</i>) showed that in addition to the retention of a rudimentary P4, <i>S</i>. <i>andrewsi</i> is differentiated from <i>S. sungorus</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>telum</i> in dental and phallic characters, and in greater bullar inflation. The ranges of <i>S. andrewsi</i> and <i>S. sungorus</i> are adjacent but do not overlap (Sokolov and Shenbrot, 1987<i>b</i>). See comments under <i>S</i>. <i>sungorus</i> and <i>S. telum</i>.","29","29-00056","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044-0000-0055-0000-0056"
"12900057","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","Stylodipus","","sungorus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sokolov and Shenbrot","1987","","Zool. Zh.","66","4","580","","","Mongolian Three-toed Jerboa","SW Mongolia, Altai Gobi, north slope Takhin-Shara-Nuru (Tahiyn-Shar-Nuruu) range, 15 km E Tsargin.","SW Mongolia, possibly Xinjiang, China (see Sokolov and Shenbrot, 1987<i>b</i>:585).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","On the basis of the length and breadth of the molar row, size of auditory bullae, and phallic characters (Sokolov and Shenbrot, 1987<i>b</i>), <i>S. sungorus</i> appears to be distinct from <i>S. telum</i>. Relationship and distribution relative to <i>S. andrewsi</i> and <i>S. telum</i> is unclear and needs further study (see Sokolov and Shenbrot, 1987<i>b</i>). See comment under <i>S. andrewsi</i>.","29","29-00057","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044-0000-0055-0000-0057"
"12900058","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Dipodinae","","Stylodipus","","telum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1823","","Naturhist. Anhang (or Eversmann's Reise Orenburg)","","","120","","","Thick-tailed Three-toed Jerboa","Kazakhstan, steppe along NE shore of Aral Sea (Ognev, 1963<i>b</i>:303).","E Ukraine, N Caucasus, W Turkmenistan, W Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan (Kuznetsov, 1965; Shenbrot, 1991<i>b</i>); E to N Xinjiang, China (see Chen and Wang, 1985; Ma et al., 1987; Mi et al., 1990; Qian et al., 1965; Shou, 1962; Wang, 2003; and Zheng and Zhang, 1990; but see comment below; Chinese range mapped by Zhang et al., 1997). See Shenbrot et al. (1995) for overall distribution","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amankaragai</i>  (Selewin, 1934); <i>birulae</i> (Martino, 1922); <i>falzfeini</i> (Brauner, 1913); <i>halticus</i> (Brandt, 1844); <i>karelini</i> (Selewin, 1934); <i>nastjukovi </i>Shenbrot, 1991;<i> proximus </i>(Fairmaire, 1853); <i>turovi</i> (Heptner, 1934); see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Shenbrot (1991<i>b</i>), Shenbrot et al. (1995).","Reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), Ognev (1963<i>b</i>) and Shenbrot et al. (1995); subspecific revision contributed by Shenbrot (1991<i>b</i>). Karyotype provided by Vorontsov et al. (1969<i>d</i>). Because <i>S. andrewsi</i> is considered a synonym of <i>S. telum</i> by some workers, some of the earlier published records of <i>S. telum</i> from China represent <i>S. andrewsi</i>. Wang (2003) records <i>S. telum</i> only from N Xinjiang. See comments under <i>S. andrewsi</i> and <i>S. sungorus</i>. European Pleistocene records reviewed by Kowalski (2001). For synonyms see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Shenbrot (1991b), Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00058","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0044-0000-0055-0000-0058"
"12900059","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Euchoreutinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Lyon","1901","","Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.","23","1228","666","","","","","","","","Based on crown structure of the molars and characters of the mastoid region, Shenbrot (1992) proposed that Euchoreutinae is most closely related to Sicistinae in Sminthidae. The results of Stein's (1990) study of limb musculature placed Euchoreutinae as a sister group of Zapodinae and Allactaginae in Dipodidae, Zazhigin and Lopatin (2000<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) arranged it as a subfamily of Allactagidae, and Potapova (2000) espoused family rank based on bullar morphology. Lyon (1901) had originally proposed Euchoreutinae as a subfamily in Dipodidae. See comment under Dipodidae.","29","29-00059","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0059"
"12900060","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Euchoreutinae","","Euchoreutes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Sclater","1890","1891","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1890","","610","","<i>Euchoreutes naso</i> Sclater, 1891.","","","","","","Detailed review provided by Ognev (1963<i>b</i>).","29","29-00060","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0059-0000-0060"
"12900061","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Euchoreutinae","","Euchoreutes","","naso","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sclater","1890","1891","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1890","","610","","","Long-eared Jerboa","NW China; W Xinjiang, W of Taklimakan Shamo (Takla-Makan Desert), near Shache (Yarkand).","S Mongolia; China (Nei Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, and Ningxia; see Chen and Wang, 1985; Liu et al., 1990; Ma et al., 1987; Qian et al., 1965; Shou, 1962; Zhang and Wang, 1963; Wang, 2003; and Zheng and Zhang, 1990; Chinese range mapped by Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>alashanicus</i>  Howell, 1928; <i>yiwuensis </i>Ma and Li, 1979 [see Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>, 1984].","For synonyms see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>, 1984).","29","29-00061","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0059-0000-0060-0000-0061"
"12900062","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1901","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","185","","","","","","","Sminthi Brandt, 1855; Sminthinae Murray, 1866; Sminthidae Schulze, 1890; Sicistidae Weber, 1928; Lophocricetinae Savinov, 1970.","<p>Some authors, mostly Russian (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995; Shenbrot, 1992; Shenbrot et al., 1995), use the family name Sminthidae for this group, because Brandt's (1855) supergeneric taxon Sminthi predates Sicistinae J. A. Allen, 1901<i>a</i>. Holden (1993) noted that the 1985 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature indicated that when two genera are united their respective type species remain the same, and the valid name of the newly formed taxon is that of the component taxon with the oldest valid name (ICZN, 1985<i>d</i>, article 66:125-127). <i>Sicista</i> Gray, 1827 predates <i>Sminthus</i> Nordmann, 1840, and thus <i>Sicista</i> is correct. Sicistinae is the valid subfamily (or family or tribe) name according to article 23 of the 1985 ICZN (p. 47). However, Article 40.2 of the 1999 ICZN states if "" a family-group name was replaced before 1961 because of the synonymy of the type genus, the substitute name is to be maintained if it is in preva... [truncated]","29","29-00062","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062"
"12900063","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","Sicista","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Anim. Kingdom","5","","228","","<i>Mus subtilis</i> Pallas, 1773.","","","","","<i>Clonomys</i> Thilesius, 1850; <i>Sminthus</i> [see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951].","Reviewed by Ognev (1963<i>b</i>). Karyological research and systematic problems in the genus reviewed by Sokolov et al. (1987<i>b</i>). Several species in the <i>S</i>. <i>concolor</i> complex (<i>S</i>. <i>armenica</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>caucasica</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>caudata</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>kazbegica</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>kluchorica</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>tianshanica</i>) have been distinguished by Sokolov and colleagues primarily by karyotypic and spermatozoal differences (Baskevich, 1996<i>a</i>, provides the most current summary of the morphological, chromosomal, and spermatozoal traits used to distinguish these species). All these species are provisionally recognized here, but need further documentation and corroborative data sets to firmly establish their specific status. Diagnoses, characteristics, distribution, geographical variation, ecology, and economic importance of species in Russia and adjacent regions extensively reviewed by Shenbrot et al. (1995). Myology, in context of adaptive and ... [truncated]","29","29-00063","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062-0000-0063"
"12900064","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","Sicista","","armenica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sokolov and Baskevich","1988","","Zool. Zh.","67","2","301","","","Armenian Birch Mouse","NW Armyanskaya, Malyy Kavkaz, Pazdanskiy Region, Pambakskiy Range, near Ankavan, head of Marmarik River, subalpine zone, 2200 m.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Sokolov and Baskevich (1988) presented karyological and spermatozoal characters that distinguished <i>S</i>. <i>armenica</i> from <i>S</i>. <i>caucasica</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>kluchorica</i>, and <i>S</i>. <i>kazbegica</i>. See also comment under <i>Sicista</i>. Recognized by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998) and reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00064","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062-0000-0063-0000-0064"
"12900065","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","Sicista","","betulina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1779","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","332","","","Northern Birch Mouse","SW Siberia, birch plain on bank of Ishim River, and Barabinskaya Step.","Boreal and montane forests from Norway and Denmark, east to Lake Baikal region, north to the Artic Circle at the White Sea and Usa River, south to Austria, Carpathian and Sayan Mtns (Corbet, 1978c). See Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), Kuznetsov (1965), Sludskii (1977), and Shenbrot et al. (1995) for range in Russia. Corbet (1978c) included the Ussuri region of SE Siberia, but Sokolov et al. (1989) considered the Ussuri region records questionable, and Pavlinov (in litt., 1994) and Shenbrot et al. (1995) indicate that the species does not extend east of Lake Baikal.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>montana</i>  Méhely, 1913; <i>norvegica</i> Chaworth-Musters, 1927; <i>taigica </i>Stroganov and Potapkina, 1950; <i>tatricus </i>Méhely, 1913 [see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; and Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>].","Sokolov et al. (1982, 1987<i>b</i>) gave karyological and spermatozoal characters that distinguished this species from <i>S</i>. <i>napaea</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>pseudonapaea</i>. Pallas' type specimen was probably not preserved (Ognev, 1963<i>b</i>:33). Review of taxonomy, characteristics, ecology, and distribution available for Europe (Pucek, 1982; Mitchell-Jones, 1999), Austria (Spitzenberger, et al., 1995), East Baltic region (Timm et al., 1998), E Carpathian Mtns of Slovakia (Danko, 1994), Sumava Mtns of SW Bohemia (And�ra and &#132;ervený, 1994), Svjatoj Nos peninsula and isthmus in Lake Baikal (Reiter et al., 1995), and Russia (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Shenbrot et al., 1995). Fragments in owl pellets from Schleswig-Holstein is the first and only record for <i>S. betulina </i>since 1950 (Borkenhagen, 1996). Miljutin (1999) provided a comprehensive review of the morphology of <i>S. betulina</i> and its phylogenetic and adaptive significance. He (Miljutin, 1997, 1998) also included... [truncated]","29","29-00065","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062-0000-0063-0000-0065"
"12900066","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","Sicista","","caucasica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1925","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1925","","584","","","Caucasian Birch Mouse","Russia, N Caucasus, Krasnodarskiy Kray (Kuban Prov.), Maykop (Maikop) District, 7000-9000 feet.","NE Turkey (E Black Sea Mtns; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001) and NW Caucasus (see Sokolov et al., 1987<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Sokolov et al. (1981<i>b</i>, 1987<i>b</i>) gave karyological and morphological characters that distinguished this species from <i>S</i>. <i>kluchorica</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>concolor</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>armenica</i> (Sokolov and Baskevich, 1988), and <i>S</i>. <i>kazbegika</i> (Sokolov et al., 1986<i>b</i>). Recognized by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998) and reviewed by Shenbrot et al. (1995). See also comment under <i>Sicista</i>, and in Corbet (1984:25).","29","29-00066","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062-0000-0063-0000-0066"
"12900067","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","Sicista","","caudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","","413","","","Long-tailed Birch Mouse","Russia, Sakhalin Oblast, Sakhalin Isl, 17 miles NW Korsakov.","Ussuri region of NE China (Heilongjiang, Jilin; Wang, 2003) and Primorski Kray, Sikhote-Alin range, N Korea, and Sakhalin Isl, Russia; see map in Shenbrot et al. (1995).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Sokolov et al. (1982, 1987<i>b</i>) and Sokolov and Kovalskaya (1990) gave karyological and spermatozooal characters that distinguished this species from <i>S</i>. <i>tianshanica</i>, and from <i>S</i>. <i>concolor</i> (Sokolov et al., 1980). See also comment under <i>Sicista</i> and <i>S. concolor</i>. Korean range is discussed by Won and Smith (1999). Populations in Russia reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00067","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062-0000-0063-0000-0067"
"12900068","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","Sicista","","concolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Büchner","1892","","Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg","35","3","107","","","Chinese Birch Mouse","China, Gansu, N slope of the mountains of Xining, Guiduisha.","China: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, W Sichuan, and Yunnan (Ma et al., 1987; Wang, 1990, 2003; Zhang et al., 1997; and Zheng and Zhang, 1990); W Kashmir and N Pakistan (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Roberts, 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>flavus</i>  (True, 1894); <i>leathemi</i> (Thomas, 1893); <i>weigoldi </i>Jacobi, 1923 [see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951].","<i>S. concolor</i> has been reported from the Chinese provinces of Heilongjinag and Jilin (Yang et al., 1991); the relationship of these populations to <i>S. caudata</i> needs further study. Does not include <i>S</i>. <i>armenica</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>caucasica</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>caudata</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>kazbegica</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>kluchorica</i>, or <i>S</i>. <i>tianshanica</i>; see comments under respective species, under <i>Sicista</i>, and in Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:149, 1984:25). For synonyms see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","29","29-00068","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062-0000-0063-0000-0068"
"12900069","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","Sicista","","kazbegica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sokolov, Baskevich, and Kovalskaya","1986","","Zool. Zh.","65","6","949","","","Kazbeg Birch Mouse","Georgia, Kazbegi District, 14 km NW Kobi, Suatisi Gap, upper reaches Terek River, subalpine zone, 2200 m.","Greater Caucasus: southern flanks in N Ossetia region of Russia, and the Kazbegi District on the northern flanks in Georgia (Shenbrot et al. 1995; Sokolov and Baskevich, 1992; Sokolov et al., 1986<i>b</i>, 1987<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Sokolov et al. (1986<i>b</i>) gave karyological and spermatozoal characters that distinguished the Georgian population of this species from <i>S</i>. <i>caucasica</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>kluchorica</i>, and <i>S</i>. <i>armenica</i> (Sokolov and Baskevich, 1988). Sokolov and Baskevich (1992) reported chromosomal, morphological, and spermatozoal data for a population from the North Ossetia region, which shows some chromosomal differences that they interpreted as simply geographic variation within <i>S. kazbegica</i>. Recognized by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998) and reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) and Shenbrot et al. (1995). See also comment under <i>Sicista</i>.","29","29-00069","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062-0000-0063-0000-0069"
"12900070","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","Sicista","","kluchorica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sokolov, Kovalskaya, and Baskevich","1980","","Gryzuny Severnovo Kavkaza.","","","38","","","Klochor Birch Mouse","Russia, N Caucasus, Karachayevo-Cherkess Autonomous Region, upper North Klukhor River at Klukhor Pass, 2100 m.","NW Caucasus; see Shenbrot et al. (1995) and Sokolov et al. (1987<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Sokolov et al. (1981<i>b</i>, 1987<i>b</i>) gave karyological and morphological characters that distinguished this species from <i>S</i>. <i>caucasica</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>concolor</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>armenica</i> (Sokolov and Baskevich, 1988), and <i>S</i>. <i>kazbegika</i> (Sokolov et al., 1986<i>b</i>). See also comment under <i>Sicista</i> and in Corbet (1984:25). Recognized by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998) and reviewed by Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00070","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062-0000-0063-0000-0070"
"12900071","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","Sicista","","napaea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1912","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","60","14","2","","","Altai Birch Mouse","Russia, Altai Krai, Altai Mtns, Seminsk Ridge, Tapuchii (Tapucha).","E Kazakhstan and Russia, Altai Krai, NW Altai Mtns; see Kuznetsov (1965), Sludskii (1977) and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Sokolov et al. (1982, 1987<i>b</i>) gave karyological, and spermatozoal characters that distinguished this species from <i>S</i>. <i>pseudonapaea</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>betulina</i>. Listed by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998) and reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00071","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062-0000-0063-0000-0071"
"12900072","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","Sicista","","pseudonapaea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Strautman","1949","","Vestn. Akad. Nauk Kazakh. SSR","5","","109","","","Gray Birch Mouse","E Kazakhstan, Altai Mtns, N slope of Narymskiy Range, Katon-Karagay.","E Kazakhstan, Taiga of S Altai Mtns; see Kuznetsov (1965), Sludskii (1977), and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Sokolov et al. (1982, 1987<i>b</i>) gave karyological, spermatozoal, and phallic characters that distinguished this species from <i>S</i>. <i>napaea</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>betulina</i>. <i>Sicista</i> <i>pseudonapaea</i> is provisionally recognized here, but requires further documentation, and the inclusion of other data sets, to establish its specific status. Recognized by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998) and reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00072","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062-0000-0063-0000-0072"
"12900073","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","Sicista","","severtzovi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1935","","Byullet. Nauchno-issled. Inst. Zool., Mosk.","2","","54","","","Severtzov’s Birch Mouse","Russia, Voronezh Oblast, Bobrov District, Kamennaya Steppe Experimental Station.","S Russia (S Voronezh Region and N Rostov Region; Koval’skaya et al., 2000) and E Ukraine (Zagorodnyk and Kondratenko, 2000). See Shenbrot et al. (1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cimlanica</i> Koval’skaya, Tikhonov, Tikhonova, Surov, and Bogomolov, 2000.","Sokolov et al. (1986<i>a</i>) separated this species from <i>S</i>. <i>subtilis</i> by its distinctive karyotype. Holden (1993) provisionally recognized <i>S. severtzovi</i> but noted the need for further documentation, and the inclusion of other data sets, to bolster its specific status. Recently, Koval’skaya et al. (2000) sampled more geographic samples and amplified the chromosomal and geographic definition of <i>S. severtzovi</i> relative to <i>S. subtilis</i>, and Zagorodnyk and Kondratenko (2000) provided more chromosomal and distributional information. Reviewed by Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00073","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062-0000-0063-0000-0073"
"12900074","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","Sicista","","strandi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Formozov","1931","","Folia Zool. Hydrob. Riga","3","","79","","","Strand’s Birch Mouse","Russia, Caucasus, Stavropol Krai, Karachayevo-Cherkess Region, Karachayevsk District, Uchkulan (Utschkulak), Igera, 2100 m; shown in Sokolov et al. (1989).","N Caucasus, north to Kursk District of S Russia; see Shenbrot et al. (1995) and Sokolov et al. (1989).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Shenbrot et al. (1995). Sokolov et al. (1989) distinguished this species from <i>S</i>. <i>betulina</i> primarily by its different karyotype. Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987, 1998) listed <i>S</i>. <i>strandi</i> as a separate species, a hypothesis provisionally followed here. Further documentation and incorporation of other character sets is essential in order to assess whether or not <i>strandi</i> should be included in <i>S</i>. <i>betulina</i>.","29","29-00074","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062-0000-0063-0000-0074"
"12900075","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","Sicista","","subtilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1773","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","1","2","705","","","Southern Birch Mouse","Russia, Kurgan Oblast, on Tobol River near Kaminskaya Kur'ya (suburb), on road from Zverinogolovskoye to Kurgan (Ognev, 1963<i>b</i>:27).","Steppes from SE Poland, Hungary, E Serbia, Romania and NE Bulgaria (see Mitchell-Jones, 1999, for European range) through S Russia, N Kazakhstan, and SW Siberia to the Altai Range, Lake Balkhash, Lake Baikal, and NW Xinjiang, China (Li and Wang, 1981; Ma et al., 1987; Wang, 2003; see distribution map for Chinese segment in Zhang et al., 1997). See Ilchenko and Volodin (1992), Kuznetsov (1965), Sludskii (1977) and Shenbrot et al. (1995) for range in Russia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>interstriatus</i>  (Petenyi, 1882); <i>interzonus</i> (Petenyi, 1882); <i>lineatus</i> (Lichtenstein, 1823); <i>loriger</i> (Nathusius, 1840); <i>nordmanni</i> (Keyserling and Blasius, 1840); <i>pallida</i> Kashkarov, 1926); <i>siberica</i> Ognev, 1935; <i>tripartitus</i> (Petenyi, 1882); <i>tristriatus</i> (Petenyi, 1882); <i>trizona</i> (Petenyi, 1882); <i>vagus </i>(Pallas, 1779); <i>virgulosus</i> [see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Shenbrot et al., 1995].","Holotype was probably not preserved (Ognev, 1963<i>b</i>:27). Karyology studied by Sokolov et al. (1986<i>a</i>). Review and distribution in Europe provided by Pucek (1982; in Mitchell-Jones, 1999), in Serbia by Petrov (1992), and in Russia by Shenbrot et al. (1995). Chromosomal characteristics of samples of <i>S. subtilis</i> in S Russia (Volgograd and E Rostov Regions) where that species ranges close to <i>S. severtzovi </i>is documented by Koval’skaya et al. (2000). See comment under <i>S</i>. <i>severtzovi</i>. For synonyms see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00075","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062-0000-0063-0000-0075"
"12900076","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Sicistinae","","Sicista","","tianshanica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Salensky","1903","","Ezheg. Zool. Muz. Akad. Nauk","8","","17","","","Tien Shan Birch Mouse","China, Xinjiang, S slope Tien Shan Mtns, between Kapchagay (Chapzagai-gol) and Tsaima (Zanma) Rivers.","Tien Shan Mtns of Kazakhstan (see Sludskii, 1977); Tien Shan Mtns and E Tarbagatay Mtns of Xinjiang, China (see Ma et al., 1987; Wang, 2003); see overall distribution map in Shenbrot et al. (1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Sokolov et al. (1982, 1987<i>b</i>) and Sokolov and Kovalskaya (1990) gave karyological and spermatozoal characters that distinguish this species from <i>S</i>. <i>caudata</i>, and from <i>S</i>. <i>concolor</i> (Sokolov et al., 1980). See also comment under <i>Sicista</i>. Listed by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998) and reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) and Shenbrot et al. (1995).","29","29-00076","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0062-0000-0063-0000-0076"
"12900077","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Zapodinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Coues","1875","","Bull. U.S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., ser. 2","5","3","253","","","","","","","","<p>The recognition of three genera of living zapodines (Ellerman, 1940; Klingener, 1963; Krutzsch, 1954; R. A. Martin, 1994), which we retain here, has been challenged by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Simpson (1945), who included <i>Eozapus</i> in <i>Zapus</i>. Higher level relationships among zapodines have been addressed by Preble (1899), who described <i>Eozapus</i> and <i>Napaeozapus</i> as new subgenera of <i>Zapus</i>, and by Krutzsch (1954), who supported generic separation based on differences in tooth number and occlusal pattern, bacula, and ear ossicles. Klingener (1964:75) found no consistant differences in the myology of <i>Zapus</i> versus <i>Napaeozapus</i> (<i>Eozapus</i> was not included in his study), but favored generic separation of the two based on dental morphology. The dental differences between <i>Eozapus</i> on one hand, and <i>Zapus </i>and <i>Napaeozapus</i> on the other, as documented in Klingener (1963), R. A. Martin (1994), Preble (1899... [truncated]","29","29-00077","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0077"
"12900078","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Zapodinae","","Eozapus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Preble","1899","","N. Am. Fauna","15","","37","","<i>Zapus setchuanus</i> Pousargues, 1896.","","","","","<i>Protozapus</i>  Bachmayer and Wilson, 1970.","Oldest record is from early Miocene of Mongolia represented by <i>E. prosimilis</i> (Lopatin and Zazhigin, 2000). <i>Eozapus similis</i> from late Miocene sediments in Nei Mongol (Ertemte and Harr Obo, N China) may be ancestral to living <i>E. setchuanus </i>(Fahlbusch, 1992), and extinct <i>E. intermedius </i>(type species of <i>Protozapus</i>) from late Miocene strata in Europe<i>. Protozapus</i>, proposed by Bachmayer and Wilson (1970) and documented from the late Miocene of Spain, Austria, and Poland (R. A. Martin, 1994; van de Weerd, 1976), has been considered a junior synonym of either <i>Eozapus</i> (van de Weerd, 1976) or <i>Sminthozapus</i> (Farjanel and Mein, 1984). Van de Weerd’s allocation of <i>Protozapus </i>has been endorsed by Fahlbusch (1992), who also noted that molar occlusal patterns of Polish <i>janossyi</i>, the type species of <i>Sminthozapus</i> (Pliocene), closely resemble those of <i>Eozapus</i>, that many late Miocene European samples identified as <i>Smintho... [truncated]","29","29-00078","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0077-0000-0078"
"12900079","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Zapodinae","","Eozapus","","setchuanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pousargues","1896","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","2","","13","","","Chinese Jumping Mouse","China, Sichuan Prov., Tatsienlu (Kangding).","China: Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and NW Yunnan; 3000-4000 m (Qin, 1991; Wang, 1990, 2003; Zhang and Wang, 1963; Zheng and Zhang, 1990; Zhang et al., 1997, provided distribution map).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>vicinus</i>  (Thomas, 1912).","Martin (1994:5) wrote ""Although distinctly more hypsodont and with lophs and lophids connecting the primary molar cusps, <i>Eozapus</i> retains the generalized, underived zapodid pattern of <i>Plesiosminthus</i>."" The latter is the oldest known scistine found in late Oligocene and Miocene sediments in both Europe and North America. Reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","29","29-00079","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0077-0000-0078-0000-0079"
"12900080","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Zapodinae","","Napaeozapus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Preble","1899","","N. Am. Fauna","15","","33","","<i>Zapus insignis</i> Miller, 1891.","","","","","","For verification of the absence of cheek pouches in <i>Napaeozapus</i> see Klingener (1971). Documented in fossil record from the middle Pleistocene (R. A. Martin, 1994; McKenna and Bell, 1997)","29","29-00080","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0077-0000-0080"
"12900081","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Zapodinae","","Napaeozapus","","insignis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1891","","Am. Nat.","25","","742","","","Woodland Jumping Mouse","Canada, New Brunswick, Restigouche River.","Canada: SE Manitoba, SW and E Ontario, S and E Quebec north to S Labrador. USA: E Minnesota, N and C Wisconsin, upper peninsular and N lower peninsular Michigan, E Ohio, Pennsylvania; north and east to NW New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, W Massachusetts (isolated population in Martha's Vinyard), Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine; south to West Virginia, W Virginia, E Kentucky, E Tennessee, W North Carolina, NW South Carolina, and NE Georgia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abietorum</i>  (Preble, 1899); <i>algonquinensis</i> Prince, 1941; <i>frutectanus</i> Jackson, 1919; <i>gaspensis</i> Anderson, 1942; <i>roanensis</i> (Preble, 1899); <i>saguenayensis</i> Anderson, 1942 [see Hall, 1981].","A specimen of <i>Napaeozapus</i> was collected in Park County, Indiana (Lyon, 1942), though subsequent trapping failed to yield further examples (Mumford, 1969). The identity of the specimen was verified by Klingener (1965:645) and Wrigley (1972:42). Systematic revision and biology provided by Wrigley (1972). Myology, in context of adaptive and phylogenetic significance, studied by Klingener (1964). Diagnosis, range map, and records provided by Hall (1981). Population in E Kentucky discussed by Meade (1992). Reviewed by Whitaker and Wrigley (1972, Mammalian Species, 14), Whitaker and Hamilton (1998), and Whitaker (1999<i>a</i>). For synonyms see Hall (1981).","29","29-00081","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0077-0000-0080-0000-0081"
"12900082","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Zapodinae","","Zapus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Coues","1875","","Bull. U.S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., ser. 2","5","3","253","","<i>Dipus hudsonius</i> Zimmermann, 1780.","","","","","","Revised by Preble (1899) and Krutzsch (1954). Myology, in context of adaptive and phylogenetic significance, studied by Klingener (1964). Dental evolution investigated by Klingener (1963). For verification of the absence of cheek pouches in <i>Zapus</i> see Klingener (1971). Phallic morphology described by Shenbrot (1992). Evolutionary history extends back to late Pliocene in North America (Klingener, 1963; R. A. Martin, 1994).","29","29-00082","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0077-0000-0082"
"12900083","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Zapodinae","","Zapus","","hudsonius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","358","","","Meadow Jumping Mouse","Canada, Ontario, Hudson Bay, Fort Severn (see Anderson, 1942<i>b</i>).","USA and Canada: S Alaska to S Coast Hudson Bay to Labrador, south to E North Carolina and NW South Carolina, southwest to NW Alabama, north to NE Mississippi and Tennessee, west to NE Oklahoma, northwest to SE Montana, northeast to SE Saskatchewan, northwest to C and S British Columbia. Isolated populations in S Wyoming, NC Colorado, N and C New Mexico, and EC Arizona.","U. S. ESA – Threatened as <i>Z. h. preblei</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>Z. h. preblei</i>, Vulnerable as <i>Z. h. campestris</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Z. h luteus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acadicus</i>  Anderson, 1942; <i>alascensis</i> Merriam, 1897; <i>americanus</i> (Barton, 1799); <i>australis</i> Bailey, 1913; <i>brevipes</i> Bole and Moulthrop, 1942; <i>campestris</i> Preble, 1899; <i>canadensis</i> (Davies, 1798); <i>hardyi</i> Batchelder, 1899; <i>intermedius</i> Krutzsch, 1954; <i>labradorius</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>ladas</i> Bangs, 1899; <i>luteus</i> Miller, 1911; <i>microcephalus</i> (Harlan, 1839); <i>ontarioensis</i> Anderson, 1943; <i>pallidus</i> Cockrum and Baker, 1950; <i>preblei</i> Krutzsch, 1954; <i>rafinesquei</i> Bole and Moulthrop, 1942; <i>tenellus</i> Merriam, 1897 [see Hall, 1981].","Distinguishing <i>Z. hudsonius </i>from <i>Z. princeps </i>using repeated cranial measurements elaborated by Conner and Shenk (2003). <i>The</i> S Rocky Mtn population originally described as <i>luteus</i>, formerly assigned to <i>princeps</i>, was shown to represent <i>hudsonius</i> by Hafner et al. (1981). Diagnosis, records and range map (excluding Mississippi), provided by Hall (1981). Mississippi record given by Kennedy et al. (1982). Results of new survey for the species in New Mexico reported by Morrison (1992), and population in NE Oklahoma reviewed by Kasper et al. (1993). Reviewed by Whitaker (1972, Mammalian Species, 11; 1999<i>b</i>), and Whitaker and Hamilton (1998). For synonyms see Hall (1981).","29","29-00083","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0077-0000-0082-0000-0083"
"12900084","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Zapodinae","","Zapus","","princeps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1893","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","5","","71","","","Western Jumping Mouse","USA, Colorado, La Plata Co., Florida.","Canada and USA: S Yukon southeast to NE South Dakota, west to C Montana, southeast to SE Wyoming, S to NC New Mexico; northwest to N and C Utah (isolated population in SE Utah), N and C Nevada, EC California north to SW, C and E Oregon, SE Washington northwest to S Yukon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alleni</i>  Elliot, 1898; <i>chrysogenys</i> Lee and Durrant, 1960; <i>cinereus</i> Hall, 1931; <i>curtatus</i> Hall, 1931; <i>idahoensis</i> Davis, 1934; <i>kootenayensis</i> Anderson, 1932; <i>major</i> Preble, 1899; <i>minor</i> Preble, 1899; <i>nevadensis</i> Preble, 1899; <i>oregonus</i> Preble, 1899; <i>pacificus</i> Merriam, 1897; <i>palatinus</i> Hall, 1931; <i>saltator</i> Allen, 1899; <i>utahensis</i> Hall, 1934 [see Hall, 1981].","Formerly included <i>luteus</i>; see comment under <i>Z. hudsonius</i>. Diagnosis, records, and range map provided by Hall (1981). Discrimination from <i>Z. </i>hudsonius by repeated cranial measurements documented by Conner and Shenk (2003). Reviewed by Cranford (1999). For synonyms see Hall (1981).","29","29-00084","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0077-0000-0082-0000-0084"
"12900085","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Dipodoidea","Dipodidae","Zapodinae","","Zapus","","trinotatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1894","1895","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","46[1894]","","421","","","Pacific Jumping Mouse","Canada, British Columbia, mouth of the Frazer River, Lulu Isl.","Canada and USA: SW British Columbia, W Washington, coastal and WC Oregon, along the N California coast south to the Marin Peninsula.","IUCN – Lower Risk (conservation dependent) as <i>Z. t. orarius</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (nt).","<i>eureka</i>  A. B. Howell, 1920; <i>montanus</i> Merriam, 1897; <i>orarius</i> Preble, 1899 [see Hall, 1981].","Diagnosis, records, synonyms and range map provided by Hall (1981). Reviewed by Gannon (1988, Mammalian Species, 315; 1999).","29","29-00085","29-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0077-0000-0082-0000-0085"
"13000001","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","","","","","","","","SUPERFAMILY","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","","","","","","","","","","","Murina Illiger, 1811 (Myoidea Gill, 1872; Muriformes Tullberg, 1899; Muroidae Miller and Gidley, 1918; Muroidea Simpson, 1945); see family or subfamily accounts for other family-group synonyms.","<p>Although a loose group concept of Muroidea emerged with Gill’s 1872 classification (as Myoidea), its contents and definition were most substantively advanced in Tullberg’s (1899) seminal monograph (as Muriformes) and its usage popularized in Miller and Gidley’s (1918) supergeneric arrangement of Rodentia (as Muroidae). The landmark classification of Simpson (1945) standardized the superfamily’s spelling, using the now familiar family-group suffix. With the exception of Gliridae, included by some early authors within Muroidea (e.g., Ellerman, 1941; Miller and Gidley, 1918), monophyly of the superfamily has been widely ratified from paleontological, morphological, and molecular perspectives (Bugge, 1970, 1971<i>a</i>; Emry, 1981; Flynn et al., 1985; Klingener, 1964; Luckett, 1985; Michaux et al., 2001<i>b</i>; Tullberg, 1899; Wilson, 1949; and see character summary and systematic review by Carleton and Musser, 1984:290-300). This same body of literature identifies Dipodoidea as sister... [truncated]","30","30-00001","30-0001-0001-0000-0001"
"13000002","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Platacanthomyidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Alston","1876","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1876","","81","","","","","","","Platacanthomyinae Alston, 1876 (Platacanthomyidae Miller and Gidley, 1918; Platacanthomyini Ognev, 1947); Typhlomyinae Ognev, 1947.","<p>Detailed diagnosis, general characteristics, and natural history provided by Carleton and Musser (1984). Since Blyth (1859) described <i>Platacanthomys</i> as a genus of Gliridae, <i>Platacanthomys</i> and <i>Typhlomys </i>have been regarded: as a subfamily of dormice (Ellerman, 1940, 1961; Ognev, 1947; Thomas, 1896); a family related to Gliridae (Simpson, 1945); a family allied with Cricetidae (G. M. Allen, 1940; Miller and Gidley, 1918; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Qiu, 1989); a subfamily or tribe within Cricetidae (Chaline et al., 1977; Engesser, 1972; Fahlbusch, 1966; Mein and Fredudenthal, 1971; Reig, 1980; Schaub and Zapfe, 1953); allied to ""the Murine family of Rodents"" (Peters, 1865); or as a subfamily of a broadly defined Muridae (Alston, 1876; Carleton and Musser, 1984; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Separation from dormice and alliance with Muroidea have been supported by paleontologists, our own examinations, and those of others (Fejfar, 1999<i>b</i>; Stehlin and Schaub, ... [truncated]","30","30-00002","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0002"
"13000003","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Platacanthomyidae","","","Platacanthomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blyth","1859","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","28","","288","","<i>Platacanthomys</i> <i>lasiurus</i> Blyth, 1859.","","","","","<i>Platyacanthomus</i>  Marschall, 1873 [<i>lapsus</i>]; <i>Platyacanthomys</i> Coues, 1890 [<i>lapsus</i>].","Although currently known only from the Indian Peninsula, the genus is represented in the Indomalayan region by the late Miocene <i>P</i>.<i> dianensis</i>, described from isolated molars in Yuanmou and Lufeng, Yunnan, China (Ni and Qiu, 2002; Qiu, 1989); the ""living <i>Platacanthomys lasiurus</i> is closely related to … <i>P. dianensis</i>, and very probably descended from it"" (Qiu, 1989:281).","30","30-00003","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"13000004","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Platacanthomyidae","","","Platacanthomys","","lasiurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1859","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","28","","289","","","Spiny Tree Mouse","India, Kerala State, Malabar, Alipi.","Forests below 3000 ft (914 m) in SW Peninsular India to 14°north latitude (Kerala and Karnataka states; Agrawal, 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Known by few museum specimens but apparently common in the right habitats. Peters (1865) redescribed the species in some detail; Ellerman (1961) also furnished an informative description, excellent cranial illustrations, and measurements of BMNH specimens. Reviewed by Agrawal (2000), who still regarded the species as ""a specialised and aberrant arboreal dormouse.""<b> </b>Jayson and Christopher (1995) encountered <i>P</i>. <i>lasiurus</i> in the Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats in Kerala State, and provided what little ecological information is known.","30","30-00004","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"13000005","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Platacanthomyidae","","","Typhlomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1877","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 6","12","","9 [1877]","","<i>Typhlomys</i> <i>cinereus</i> Milne Edwards, 1877.","","","","","","Miocene <i>Neocometes</i> is morphologically close to <i>Typhlomys</i>. Fossil <i>Typhlomys</i> are known from late Miocene in China (Lufeng and Yuanmou, Yunnan), isolated molars described as <i>T</i>. <i>primitivus</i> and <i>T</i>. <i>hipparionum</i> (Ni and Qiu, 2002; Qiu, 1989). Two additional species, <i>T</i>. <i>macrourus </i>and <i>T</i>. <i>intermedius</i>, are also represented by molars from the late Pliocene in the Sichuan-Guizhou region, and Pleistocene samples of living <i>T</i>. <i>cinereus </i>come from the same area (Zheng, 1993) and Guangxi in S China (Chen et al., 2002). Zheng (1993) postulated two lineages: one leading from the late Miocene <i>T</i>. <i>primitivus</i>, through Pleistocene <i>T</i>. <i>intermedius</i>, to extant <i>T</i>. <i>cinereus</i>; the other from late Miocene <i>T</i>. <i>hipparionum</i> to late Pliocene <i>T</i>. <i>macrourus</i>. Of the two late Miocene species, occlusal patterns of <i>T</i>. <i>primitivus</i> are most like those of <i>Neocom... [truncated]","30","30-00005","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0002-0000-0000-0005"
"13000006","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Platacanthomyidae","","","Typhlomys","","cinereus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1877","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 6","12","","9 [1877]","","","Soft-furred Tree Mouse","China, W Fujian.","Montane forests in mountains of S China (S Shaanxi, SE Gansu, W Sichuan, SW Hubei, SW Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing, Guangxi, W Hunan, Fujian, Jiangxi, W Zhejiang, and S Anhui) and NW Vietnam (northwest of the Red River); see G. M. Allen (1940 and references cited therein), Osgood (1932), Liu et al. (1985), Wang et al. (1996), Wang (2003), Wu and Wang (1984), Zhang et al. (1997).","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>T. chapensis</i> (but see below),<i> </i>Lower Risk (lc) as <i>T. cinereus</i>.","<i>chapensis</i> Osgood, 1932; <i>daloushanensis </i>Wang and Li, 1996 (in Wang et al., 1996); <i>jingdongensis </i>Wu and Wang, 1984; <i>guangxiensis</i> Wang and Chen, 1996 (in Wang et al., 1996).","<p>Since G. M. Allen’s (1940) monograph, which provided a good description of the species and its geographic range as then known, the number of specimens identified as <i>T. cinereus</i> and its distribution in S China have increased dramatically (Wang et al., 1996). The new material has substantiated considerable geographic variation in pelage coloration and morphometric traits (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Wang et al., 1996; Wu and Wang, 1984), and led to the description of three new Chinese taxa as subspecies<i> </i>(Wang, 2003; Wang et al., 1996; Wu and Wang, 1984).</p><p>The species also occurs in NW Vietnam, where it was originally described as a distinctive subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>cinereus</i> (<i>chapensis</i> Osgood, 1932). Based on study of older museum series, Musser and Carleton (1993) treated <i>chapensis</i> as a species because of its larger size (noted by Osgood), dark hind feet, and dark buffy underparts (grayish white in <i>cinereus</i>), which together distinguish it fr... [truncated]","30","30-00006","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0002-0000-0000-0005-0000-0006"
"13000007","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","Lond. Med. Repos.","15","","303","","","","","","","","<p>This family contains species of fossorial and subterranean muroids arranged in the Myospalacinae (zokors, <i>Eospalax</i> and <i>Myospalax</i>), Rhizomyinae (bamboo rats, <i>Cannomys</i> and <i>Rhizomys</i>), Spalacinae (blind mole rats, <i>Spalax</i>), and Tachyoryctinae (African mole rats, <i>Tachyoryctes</i>). All extant species are characterized by extreme morphological, physiological, and behavioral specializations associated with subterranean life in tubular burrows (Gambaryan, 1960; Gambaryan and Gasc, 1993; Nevo et al., 2001; Tullberg, 1899). Although each subfamily can be readily diagnosed by unique traits (Carleton and Musser, 1984), and although molar occlusal patterns among living species are dissimilar, all share a comparable cranial and postcranial skeletal architecture integrated with a myological system that characterizes highly specialized fossorial rodents. Such a phenotypic resemblance was interpreted as phylogenetic relationship by Tullberg (1899), who placed <i>... [truncated]","30","30-00007","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007"
"13000008","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Myospalacinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Lilljeborg","1866","","Syst. Öfversigt. Gnag. Däggdjuren","","","25","","","","","","","Mesosiphneinae Zheng, 1994; Myospalacini Lilljeborg, 1866 (Myospalacinae Miller and Gidley, 1918; Myospalacidae Kretzoi, 1961); Myotalpinae Miller, 1896; Prosiphneinae Leroy, 1940; Siphneinae Gill, 1872 (Siphneidae Zheng, 1994).","<p>All family-group names listed in the synonymy have been used at one time or another, and recently Zheng (1994) preferred to employ Siphneidae. Regardless of preference, Lilljeborg’s (1866) Myospalacinae is the oldest available name, whether used as family or subfamily. Diagnosis, morphological and chromosomal characteristics, distribution, and remarks on habits and habitat are provided by Carleton and Musser (1984). Phylogenetic arrangements of myospalacines were attempted by G. M. Allen (1940) and Leroy (1940) dealing with extant species; by Teilhard de Chardin (1942) studying extant and extinct species; by Kretzoi (1961), who reorganized the group using all named taxa up to 1961; and by Lawrence (1991) and Zheng (1994), who conducted phylogenetic analyses of living and extinct species.</p><p>Lawrence (1991) consolidated synapomorphic morphological traits defining Myospalacinae and recognized four species groups: 1) <i>M</i>. <i>psilurus</i>; 2) <i>M</i>. <i>myospalax</i>, <i>M</i>... [truncated]","30","30-00008","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0008"
"13000009","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Myospalacinae","","Eospalax","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1938","","Mammals of China and Mongolia, Nat. Hist. Central Asia","2","pt. 1","vii","","<i>Siphneus fontanieri</i> Milne-Edwards, 1867.","","","","","<i>Allosiphneus</i> Kretzoi, 1961; <i>Zokor</i> Ellerman, 1941.","<p>Extant and extinct species recorded only from China. Phylogenetic relationships reviewed by Lawrence (1991, as <i>Myospalax</i>; see above discussion) and Zheng (1994), both of whom brought together <i>fontanieri</i>, <i>rothschildi</i>, and <i>smithi</i> in a cluster defined by a suite of derived morphological features (convex occipital shield, long incisive foramina bisected by premaxillary-maxillary suture, carotid canal at basioccipital-basisphenoid suture, configuration of pterygoid fossa, hypsodent and rootless molars). All three have always been recognized as species, usually grouped at the species-group or subgeneric level (G. M. Allen, 1940; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Kuzhyakin, 1965; Leroy, 1940). The three were carefully described by G. M. Allen (1940), who also provided distributional and habitat information.</p><p>Zheng (1994) recognized <i>Allosiphneus </i>for the extinct species <i>arvicolinus</i>, which has rootless molars and belongs in this group, but the traits disting... [truncated]","30","30-00009","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0008-0000-0009"
"13000010","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Myospalacinae","","Eospalax","","fontanierii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris)","7","","376","","","Chinese Zokor","China, Kansu.","Forests, steppes, scrub, and farmland in NC China (N Qinghai, N Sichuan, NGansu, Ningxia, N Shaanxi, Henen, N Shanxi, Shandong, Beijing, Jilin, Hebei, and Nei Mongol; Qin, 1991; Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Myospalax fontanierii</i>.","<i>baileyi</i> Thomas, 1911;<i> cansus </i>Lyon, 1907;<i> fontanus </i>Thomas, 1912;<i> kukunoriensis</i> Lönnberg, 1926; <i>rufescens</i> (J. A. Allen, 1909); <i>shenseius</i> Thomas, 1911.","In same monophyletic group as <i>E</i>. <i>smithii</i> and <i>E</i>. <i>rothschildi</i>, which is comparable to Ellerman’s (1941) <i>fontanierii </i>and <i>smithii</i> groups, and Zheng’s (1994) Prosiphneinae. Fan and Shi (1982) recognized <i>cansus</i> and <i>baileyi</i> as species, but Li and Chen (1987, 1989) argued for their recognition as subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>fontanierii </i>based upon analyses of morphology, karyology, and LDH isozymes. They were included in <i>E</i>. <i>fontanierii </i>by G. M. Allen (1940) and also by Zhang et al. (1997); Wang (2003) treated <i>rufescens</i> as a species with <i>baileyi</i> as a subspecies. Burrowing behavior recorded and quantified by Wang et al. (1994, as <i>M</i>. <i>baileyi</i>).","30","30-00010","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0008-0000-0009-0000-0010"
"13000011","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Myospalacinae","","Eospalax","","rothschildi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","8","","722","","","Rothschild’s Zokor","China, Gansu, 40 mi (64 km) SE Tao-chou.","Forest, scrub, grassland and farmland in NC China (Henan, Shaanxi, N Gansu, N Sichuan, and Hubei; see Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Myospalax rothschildi</i>.","<i>hubeinensis</i> Li and Chen, 1989;<i> minor</i> Lönnberg, 1926.","The sister-species of <i>E</i>. <i>smithii</i> (Lawrence, 1991). The taxon <i>hubeinensis</i> (Li and Chen, 1989) was described as subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>rothschildi</i>.","30","30-00011","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0008-0000-0009-0000-0011"
"13000012","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Myospalacinae","","Eospalax","","smithii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","8","","720","","","Smith’s Zokor","China, Gansu, 30 mi (48 km) SE Tao-chou.","Steppe and agricultural fields in NC China; recorded from provinces of N Gansu N Shaanxi, and Ningxia (Qin, 1991; Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Myospalax smithii</i>.","","Phylogenetically closely allied to <i>E</i>. <i>rothschildi</i> and in same monophyletic group with <i>E</i>. <i>fontainierii</i> (Lawrence, 1991).","30","30-00012","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0008-0000-0009-0000-0012"
"13000013","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Myospalacinae","","Myospalax","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Laxmann","1769","","Sibirische Briefe, Gottingen","","","75","","<i>Mus</i> <i>myospalax</i> Laxmann, 1773.","","","","","<i>Aspalomys</i> Gervais, 1841;<i> Episiphneus</i> Kretzoi, 1961; <i>Myotalpa</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>Siphneus</i> Brants, 1827.","Phylogenetic relationships reviewed by Lawrence (1991) and Zheng (1994), both of whose analyses affiliated extant species listed here and extinct Pliocene and Pleistocene species in the same monophyletic group (flat occipital shield, short incisive foramina within premaxillary bone, rooted or rootless molars, and other traits considered primitive for the subfamily). Zheng (1994) revived <i>Episiphneus</i> for the extinct <i>youngi</i> and <i>pseudarmandi</i> (which he called <i>sinensis</i>) and placed rootless forms in <i>Myospalax</i>. Lawrence (1991) demonstrated the artificiality of this arrangement, and we follow her arrangement in recognizing one genus with the <i>M</i>. <i>psilurus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>myospalax</i> species groups, the latter also including the Pliocene and Pleistocene <i>M</i>. <i>youngi</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>pseudarmandi</i>. <i>Myospalax</i> as represented here is equivalent to Zheng’s (1994) Myospalacinae. Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), following Kuzhyakin (1965), tr... [truncated]","30","30-00013","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0008-0000-0013"
"13000014","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Myospalacinae","","Myospalax","","aspalax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1776","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","3","","692","","","Steppe Zokor","Russia, Transbaikalia, Dauuria (""Doldogo, on Onon River, below Atchinsk,"" Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:652).","Steppes and farmland of Russia on banks of Onon and Ingoda Rivers in the Upper Amur basin, N Mongolia (Sokolov and Orlov, 1980), and NE China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Hebei, and N Shanxi; see Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>armandii</i>  (Milne-Edwards, 1867); <i>dybowskii </i>Sherskey, 1873;<i> hangaicus </i>(Orlov and Baskevich, 1992); <i>talpinus</i> (Pallas, 1811); <i>zokor</i> (Desmarest, 1822).","<i>M. myospalax</i> species group. Listed, with a question mark, as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>myospalax</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), and unequivocally as <i>M</i>. <i>m</i>. <i>aspalax</i> by Ellerman (1941) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>). Separated as a species by Lawrence (1991) based on morphology, a status supported by karyotypic data (<i>M</i>. <i>myospalax</i>, 2n = 44, FN = 80-84; <i>M</i>. <i>aspalax</i>, 2n = 62, FN =110-114; <i>M</i>. <i>psilurus</i>, 2n = 64, FN =106-108; Martynova, 1975; Nevo, 1999; Vorontsov and Martynova, 1976) and analysis of blood proteins (Martynova et al., 1977). Closest phylogenetic relative is the early Pleistocene <i>M</i>. <i>pseudarmandi</i>, and both belong to the same species group containing the modern <i>M</i>. <i>myospalax</i> and Pliocene <i>M</i>. <i>youngi</i> (Lawrence, 1991).","30","30-00014","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0008-0000-0013-0000-0014"
"13000015","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Myospalacinae","","Myospalax","","myospalax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Laxmann","1773","","Kongl. Svenska. Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockholm","34","","134","","","Altai Zokor","Russia, Altai Krai, 100 km SE of Barnaul, Sommaren, near Paniusheva on Alei River.","Altai Mtns and upper basin of Ob and Irtysh River drainages in S Russia, and E Kazakhstan (entire N region of Cisaltai plain and foothills as well as the W and C Altai; see Ognev, 1947).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>incertus</i> Ognev, 1936;<i> komurai </i>Mori, 1927 (see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002);<i> laxmanni</i> Sherskey, 1873; <i>tarbagataicus</i> Ognev, 1936.","<i>M. myospalax</i> species group. As part of a study of 25 extant rodent genera, morphology and schmelzmuster of rootless molars in <i>M</i>. <i>myospalax</i> and their relation to jaw movement were documented (Koenigswald et al., 1994). Gambaryan and Gasc (1993) presented a cinefluorographiccal, anatomical, and biomechanical analyses of burrowing in <i>M</i>. <i>myospalax</i> to reveal the adaptive properties of its musculoskeletal system. See account of <i>M</i>. <i>aspalax</i> for chromosomal contrasts.","30","30-00015","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0008-0000-0013-0000-0015"
"13000016","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Myospalacinae","","Myospalax","","psilurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1874","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mammifères","","","126","","","North China Zokor","China, Chihli (=Hebei), south of Beijing.","Agricultural fields and grasslands from NE and C China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Henan, N Shaanxi, Ningxia, N Gansu, and Anhui; see Zhang et al., 1997) to SE Mongolia (Sokolov and Orlov, 1980), and adjacent parts of Russia in the Amur region.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>M. epsilanus</i>,<i> </i>Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M. psilurus</i>.","<i>epsilanus</i> Thomas, 1912; <i>spilurus</i> (Trouessart, 1897).","<i>M. psilurus</i> species group. Sole member of group, which is defined, except for rootless hypsodonty, by retention of the greatest number of primitive traits of any <i>Myospalax</i> studied by Lawrence (1991). The status of the taxon <i>epsilanus</i> (type locality, N Manchuria, Khingan Mtns, 3400 ft) has been variously interpreted. It was described as a species (Thomas, 1912<i>b</i>) but subsequently included in <i>M</i>. <i>myospalax</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>) or in <i>M</i>. <i>psilurus</i> (Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Ognev, 1947). Lawrence (1991) recognized <i>epsilanus</i> as a separate species, the most primitive of the <i>M</i>. <i>myospalax</i> species group, which also includes Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil species. Her viewpoint has been incorporated into mammalian checklists (Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Wang, 2003), but not all Chinese researchers have discrim... [truncated]","30","30-00016","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0008-0000-0013-0000-0016"
"13000017","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Rhizomyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Winge","1887","","E Museo Lundii","1","","109","","","","","","","Rhizomyini Winge, 1887 (Rhizomyinae Thomas, 1896; Rhizomyidae Miller and Gidley, 1918).","<p>Diagnosed and reviewed by Ellerman (1961), Carleton and Musser (1984), and also by Flynn (1990), who summarized cladistic relationships among extant and extinct genera. Differences in dentition, infraorbital canal, and zygomatic plate have been used to separate African mole rats as a subfamily from the Asian Rhizomyinae (Chaline et al., 1977; Miller and Gidley, 1918). Ellerman (1940, 1941) interpreted these distinctions as demonstrating <i>Tachyoryctes</i> to be phyletically remote from Asian rhizomyines, instead emphasized its dental similarities to the nesomyine <i>Brachyuromys</i>, a link recognized earlier by Major (1897), and combined the two genera in Tachyoryctinae of an inclusively defined Muridae. The distant relationship of <i>Tachyoryctes</i> to Asian rhizomyines was also supported by Lavocat (1978), who listed Tachyoryctinae<i> </i>as one of six subfamiles of Nesomyidae, all occurring primarily in Africa and presumably descended from afrocricetodontines rather than some ... [truncated]","30","30-00017","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0017"
"13000018","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Rhizomyinae","","Cannomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","16","","57","","<i>Rhizomys</i> <i>badius</i> Hodgson, 1841.","","","","","","The sister-genus of <i>Rhizomys</i>, a relationship based on cladistic analyses of skeletal and dental traits (Flynn, 1990). No fossil <i>Cannomys</i> have been identified.","30","30-00018","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0017-0000-0018"
"13000019","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Rhizomyinae","","Cannomys","","badius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1841","","Calcutta J. Nat. Hist.","2","","60","","","Lesser Bamboo Rat","Nepal.","E Nepal, through NE India (West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, and Mizoram; Agrawal, 2000), Bhutan, SE Bangladesh, Burma (Ellerman, 1961), S China (SW Yunnan; Zhang et al., 1997), NW Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994), Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>; Robinson et al., 1995), and Cambodia; see Kock and Posamentier (1983) and Lekagul and McNeely (1977).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>castaneus</i> (Blyth, 1843);<i> lönnbergi </i>Gyldenstolpe, 1917;<i> minor </i>(Gray, 1842);<i> pater</i> Thomas, 1915; <i>plumbescens </i>Thomas, 1915.","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992). Regional faunal treatises provide informative accounts for populations in Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>), Burma (Ellerman, 1961), and China (G. M. Allen, 1940). Agrawal (2000) reviewed Indian populations and could find no significant differences in fur coloration and other traits among the three subspecies (<i>castaneus</i>, <i>pater</i>, and <i>plumbescens</i>) recognized by Ellerman (1961) and treated them as full synonyms of <i>C</i>. <i>badius</i>.","30","30-00019","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0017-0000-0018-0000-0019"
"13000020","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Rhizomyinae","","Rhizomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1831","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1831","","95","","<i>Rhizomys</i> <i>sinensis</i> Gray, 1831.","","","","","<i>Brachyrhizomys</i> Teilhard de Chardin, 1942;<i> Nyctocleptes </i>Temminck, 1832.","Anatomy of gastrointestinal tract and comparisons with other muroids provided by Vorontsov (1979); cranium and dentition figured by Ellerman (1940). Evolutionary history extends back to the very late Miocene (5.7 million years ago) in China (Flynn, 1993). The extinct Chinese <i>shansius</i>, the genotype of <i>Brachyrhizomys</i>, is regarded as a species of <i>Rhizomys</i> with <i>Brachyrhizomys</i> conserved as a subgenus (Flynn, 1990, 1993). Other extinct Pakistan and Indian species formally allocated to <i>Brachyrhizomys</i> (Flynn, 1982<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>) are rhizomyines, not tachyoryctines, that are morphologically more closely related to <i>Rhizomys</i> than to <i>Cannomys</i> and lack a generic name (Flynn, 1990).","30","30-00020","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0017-0000-0020"
"13000021","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Rhizomyinae","","Rhizomys","","pruinosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1851","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","20","","519","","","Hoary Bamboo Rat","India, Cherrapunji, Khasi Hills.","S China (Yunnan, Ghizhou, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Fujian; Zhang et al., 1997), NE India (Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Manipur; Agrawal, 2000), E Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994), south to Perak on Malay Peninsula (Chasen, 1940; Medway, 1969); 1000 to 4000 m in mountains.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>latouchei</i> Thomas, 1915;<i> pannosus </i>Thomas, 1915;<i> prusianus </i>Shih, 1930;<i> senex </i>Thomas, 1915;<i> umbriceps</i> Thomas, 1916.","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992). Good regional reviews exist for India (Agrawal, 2000), Burma (Ellerman, 1961), Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>), and China (G. M. Allen, 1940).","30","30-00021","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0017-0000-0020-0000-0021"
"13000022","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Rhizomyinae","","Rhizomys","","sinensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1831","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1831","","95","","","Chinese Bamboo Rat","China, Guangdon, near Canton.","S China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, north to S Gansu and S Shaanxi, east and south through Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi; G. M. Allen, 1940; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Wang, 1990; Zhang et al., 1997; Zheng and Zhang, 1990), N Burma (Ellerman, 1961), and N Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chinensis</i> Swinhoe, 1870;<i> davidi </i>Thomas, 1911; <i>neowardi</i> Wang, 2003; <i>pediculus</i> Wang, 2003;<i> reductus</i> Dao and Cao, 1990; <i>vestitus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1871; <i>wardi</i> Thomas, 1921.","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992); G. M. Allen (1940) and Ellerman (1961) offered excellent portrayals concerning morphology, distribution, taxonomy, and ecology. Dao and Cao (1990) described <i>reductus</i> as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>sinensis</i> from N Vietnam. Corbet and Hill (1992) listed <i>troglodytes</i>, which is based on Chinese fossils, in the synonymy of <i>R</i>. <i>sinensis </i>following Cao (1985), but Zheng (1993) documented fossils identified as <i>R</i>. <i>sinensis</i> and <i>R</i>. <i>troglodytes</i> from Pleistocene cave sediments in the Sichuan-Guizhou region. Wang (2003) recognized<i> R</i>. <i>wardi</i> as a species, with <i>neowardi</i> as subspecies.","30","30-00022","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0017-0000-0020-0000-0022"
"13000023","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Rhizomyinae","","Rhizomys","","sumatrensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","258","","","Indomalayan Bamboo Rat","Malaysia, Malacca.","Sumatra and Malay Peninsula (Chasen, 1940; Medway, 1969), Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>), Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994), S China (SW Yunnan; Zhang et al., 1997), and Burma (Ellerman, 1961).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cinereus</i>  M’Clelland, 1842; <i>dekan </i>(Temminck, 1832); <i>erythrogenys </i>Anderson, 1877;<i> insularis </i>Thomas, 1915;<i> javanus </i>(Cuvier, 1829); <i>padangensis</i> Brongersma, 1936.","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992). Informative regional reports covering distribution, taxonomy, morphology, and natural history exist for Thailand (J. T. Marshall, 1977<i>a</i>), Burma (Ellerman, 1961), and China (G. M. Allen, 1940). Karyotype (2n = 50, FN = 100) documented by Hsu and Johnson (1963).","30","30-00023","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0017-0000-0020-0000-0023"
"13000024","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","Lond. Med. Repos.","15","","303","","","","","","","Aspalacidae Gray, 1825 (Aspalacina, Gray, 1825; Aspalacina Bonaparte, 1837); Spalacidae Gray 1821 (Spalasina Reichenbach, 1836; Spalacini Giebel, 1855; Spalacinae Thomas, 1896; Spalacini Fejfar, 1972, un-necessary renaming).","<p>First comprehensive monograph by Méhely (1909), who arranged all taxa into three subgenera of <i>Spalax</i>. A single genus had been recognized in most influential checklists and faunal accounts (Ellerman, 1940; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Ognev, 1963<i>a</i>; Simpson, 1945) until Topachevskii (1969, 1976) monographed the subfamily and defended two genera, <i>Spalax</i> and <i>Microspalax</i> (= <i>Nannospalax</i>; proposed by Palmer, 1903, to replace the preoccupied <i>Microspalax</i>). His dual arrangement is accepted by some (de Bruijn, 1984; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Kretzoi, 1970-71; Lyapunova et al., 1974; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Savi&#269;, 1982<i>a</i>; Vorontsov et al., 1977<i>b</i>) but not others (Carleton and Musser, 1984; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Kowalski, 2001; Nevo et al., 2001; Savi&#269; and Nevo, 1990; Ünay, 1996, 1999). Topachevskii (1969... [truncated]","30","30-00024","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024"
"13000025","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","Spalax","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Guldenstaedt","1770","","Nova Comm. Acad. Sci. Petropoli, ser. 14","1","","410","","<i>Spalax</i> <i>microphthalmus</i> Guldenstaedt, 1770.","","","","","<i>Anotis</i>  Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Aspalax</i> Desmarest, 1804; <i>Glis </i>Erxleben, 1777 [not Brisson, 1762]; <i>Macrospalax</i> Méhely, 1909; <i>Mesospalax </i>Méheley, 1909 [not Nehring, 1897, a <i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Microspalax</i> Méhely, 1909 [not Nehring, 1898, a <i>nomen nudum</i> preoccupied by Megnin and Trouessart, 1885];<i> Myospalax</i> Hermann, 1783 [not Laxmann, 1769, or Blyth, 1846]; <i>Nannospalax</i> Palmer, 1903;<i> Ommatostergus</i> Nordmann, 1840; <i>Talpoides </i>Lacepède, 1799; <i>Ujhelyiana </i>Strand, 1922.","<p>Vorontsov et al. (1977<i>b</i>) distinguished four species groups based upon biochemical data: the monotypic <i>S</i>. <i>nehringi</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>leucodon</i>, and <i>S</i>. <i>microphthalmus</i> groups, and the last containing <i>S</i>. <i>graecus</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>polonicus</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>arenarius</i>, and <i>S</i>. <i>giganteus</i>. The species discriminated biochemically are the same as those defined by Ognev (1963<i>a</i>) and Topachevskii (1969) using morphological traits and by Lyapunova et al. (1974) using chromosomal evidence. To these seven was added <i>S</i>. <i>ehrenbergi</i>. Although Savi&#269; and Nevo (1990:133) acknowledged eight extant species, they concluded that the systematics is unrealistic because ""it is based primarily on classical morphology, ignoring the central phenomenon of Spalacid evolution, i.e., chromosomal speciation which suggests that more than 30 living karyotypes, or species have been described and the end is not yet in sight."" Based upon ... [truncated]","30","30-00025","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024-0000-0025"
"13000026","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","Spalax","","arenarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Reshetnik","1939","","Reports Zool. Mus. Kiev","23","","11","","","Sandy Blind Mole Rat","Ukraine, Nikolaev Region, Golaya Pristan, NW shore of Black Sea.","Small range in S Ukraine (see Vorontsov et al., 1977<i>b</i>, and Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Listed as a subspecies of <i>S</i>. <i>microphthalmus</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and included in <i>S</i>. <i>giganteus </i>by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987), but elevated to species by Topachevskii (1969) and recognized as such by Lyapunova et al. (1974), Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998), and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Topachevskii (1969) viewed the restricted geographic range of <i>S</i>. <i>arenarius</i> as relictual. Chromosomal traits (2n = 62, FN = 124) documented by Lyapunova et al. (1974). Reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995).","30","30-00026","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024-0000-0025-0000-0026"
"13000027","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","Spalax","","carmeli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nevo, Ivanitskaya, and Beiles","2001","","Adaptive Radiation of Blind Subterranean Mole Rats","","","23","","","Mt Carmel Blind Mole Rat","N Israel, Mt Carmel, Muhraka.","Recorded from Kabri, Zippori, Mt Carmel, and Afiq in N Israel south of ranges of <i>S. galili</i> and <i>S. golani</i> (see Nevo et al., 2001:19).","","","Member of the <i>S</i>. <i>ehrenbergi</i> superspecies in Israel with 2n = 58 (Nevo et al., 2001). See account of <i>S</i>. <i>ehrenbergi</i>.","30","30-00027","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024-0000-0025-0000-0027"
"13000028","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","Spalax","","ehrenbergi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nehring","1897","1898","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","(for December, 1897)178","","pl. 2","","","Middle East Blind Mole Rat","Israel, Jaffa.","Middle East: SE Turkey (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001), N Iraq (Hatt, 1959), Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Jaffa, Israel. North Africa: Mediterranean coastal region from west of Nile Delta in N Egypt to N Libyan Cyrenaica (Lay and Nadler, 1972; Osborn and Helmy, 1980; Ranck, 1968).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Nannospalax ehrenbergi.</i>","<i>aegyptiacus</i>  Nehring, 1898; <i>berytensis</i> Miller, 1903; <i>fritschi</i> Nehring, 1902; <i>intermedius</i> Nehring, 1898; <i>kirgisorum </i>Nehring, 1898; <i>nevoi</i> Co&#351;kun, 1996; <i>tuncelicus</i> Co&#351;kun, 1996.","<p>A cluster of allopatric or parapatric species, each primarily diagnosed by unique chromosomal traits but lacking strong attendant morphological or other distinguishing features, expresses the current perception of <i>S</i>. <i>ehrenbergi</i>, and the reason it is referred to as the <i>S</i>. <i>ehrenbergi</i> superspecies (see reviews by Nevo, 1991; Nevo et al., 2001; Savi&#269; and Nevo, 1990). For more than 30 years, Israeli populations of this ""superspecies"" have been the subjects of intensive research concerning evolutionary theory and the processes of speciation and adaptive radiation (Nevo, 1991; Nevo et al., 2001). These studies have resulted in the exclusion of <i>ehrenbergi</i> (as historically recognized) from Israel and its replacement by four newly described species (see accounts of <i>S</i>. <i>carmeli</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>galili</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>golani</i>, and <i>S</i>. <i>judaei</i>) that Nevo et al. (2001:20) defined as ""genetically cohesive, interbreeding reproductiv... [truncated]","30","30-00028","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024-0000-0025-0000-0028"
"13000029","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","Spalax","","galili","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nevo, Ivanitskaya, and Beiles","2001","","Adaptive Radiation of Blind Subterranean Mole Rats","","","23","","","Upper Galilee Mountains Blind Mole Rat","Extreme N Israel, Upper Galilee Mtns, Kerem Ben Zimra.","Known from Ma’alot, Kerem Ben Zimra, and Qiryat Shemona in Upper Galilee Mtns near border with Lebanon (see Nevo et al., 2001:19).","","","Member of <i>S</i>. <i>ehrenbergi </i>superspecies in Israel, 2n = 52 (Nevo et al., 2001). See account of <i>S</i>. <i>ehrenbergi</i>.","30","30-00029","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024-0000-0025-0000-0029"
"13000030","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","Spalax","","giganteus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nehring","1898","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","169","","","Giant Blind Mole Rat","Russia, Daghestan, W shore of Caspian Sea, near Makhachkala (see Topachevskii, 1969).","Steppes north of the Caucuses and west of the Caspian Sea (Puzachenko, 1993). Distribution summarized by other researchers includes the Kazakhstan <i>S</i>. <i>uralensis </i>(Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Topachevskii, 1969; Vorontsov et al., 1977<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Once included in <i>S</i>. <i>microphthalmus</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), but revised by Topachevskii (1969) as a separate species and listed as such by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987, 1998) and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Geographic range is parapatric with that of <i>S</i>. <i>microphthalmus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>). The taxon <i>uralensis</i> has usually been included in <i>S</i>. <i>giganteus </i>(e. g., Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Topachevskii, 1969; Vorontsov et al., 1977<i>b</i>), but analyses of cranial dimensions and proportions indicated significant differences between populations from west of the Caspian Sea (<i>giganteus</i>) and the isolated segment in Kazakhstan (<i>uralensis</i>) and prompted the recognition of <i>uralensis</i> as a species (Puzachenko, 1993), an arrangement anticipated by Topachevskii (1969) and accepted by Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>) and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998). Chromosomal traits (2n = 64, FN = 124) documented by Lyapunova et a... [truncated]","30","30-00030","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024-0000-0025-0000-0030"
"13000031","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","Spalax","","golani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nevo, Ivanitskaya, and Beiles","2001","","Adaptive Radiation of Blind Subterranean Mole Rats","","","23","","","Golan Heights Blind Mole Rat","NE Israel, Golan Heights, Quneitra.","NE Israel, recorded from Mt Hermon, Quneitra, and El-Al on the Golan Heights (see Nevo et al., 2001:19).","","","Member of <i>S. ehrenbergi</i> superspecies in Israel, 2n = 54 (Nevo et al., 2001). See account of <i>S</i>. <i>ehrenbergi</i>.","30","30-00031","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024-0000-0025-0000-0031"
"13000032","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","Spalax","","graecus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nehring","1898","","Zool. Anz.","21","","228","","","Balkan Blind Mole Rat","Ukraine, Bukovina region, vicinity of Chernovtsy (as restriced by Topachevskii, 1969).","Romania (Suceava, Craiova, Transylvania, and lower Danube Valley) and SW Ukraine, a European endemic (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Savi&#269;, 1982<i>d</i>; Topachevskii, 1969).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>antiquus</i>  Méhely, 1909; <i>istricus</i> Méhely, 1909; <i>mezöségiensis </i>Szunyoghy, 1937.","Included in <i>S</i>. <i>microphthalmus</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), but arranged as a distinctive species by Topachevskii (1969) and so listed by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987, 1998) and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Savi&#269; (1982<i>d</i>) reviewed in detail the European segment; Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) discussed the portion the Ukraine. Topachevskii (1969) recognized <i>istricus</i>, apparently restricted to Romania, as a subspecies, and Murariu and Torcea (1984) separated it as a species based on cranial traits. Their sample, however, was small, and traits believed to discriminate <i>istricus</i> from <i>S</i>. <i>graecus</i> should be reassessed using larger samples from both Romania and the Ukraine. Chromosomal traits (2n = 62, FN = 124) illuminated by Lyapunova et al. (1974).","30","30-00032","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024-0000-0025-0000-0032"
"13000033","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","Spalax","","judaei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nevo, Ivanitskaya, and Beiles","2001","","Adaptive Radiation of Blind Subterranean Mole Rats","","","23","","","Judean Mountains Blind Mole Rat","C Israel, Judean Mtns, Lahav.","Recorded from Anza, Jerusalem, Lahav, Sede Boqer, Wadi Fara, Jiftlik, Dimona, and Ramat Hovav in Judean highlands of C Israel (see Nevo et al., 2001:19).","","","Member of <i>S. ehrenbergi</i> superspecies in Israel, 2n = 60 (Nevo et al., 2001). See account of <i>S</i>. <i>ehrenbergi</i>.","30","30-00033","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024-0000-0025-0000-0033"
"13000034","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","Spalax","","leucodon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nordmann","1840","","Demidoff Voy.","3","","34","","","Lesser Blind Mole Rat","Ukraine, near Odessa.","From E and S Hungary through Balkan region (see Petrov, 1992), Greece (including Samothraki Isl off coast of SE Thracian Greece; Vohralík and Sofianidou, 1992<i>a</i>), Romania, and Bulgaria to NW Turkey (Thrace and possibly Marmara; see Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001), to SW Ukraine just east of Dnestr River in Odessa region (see Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Savi&#269;, 1982<i>b</i>; Vorontsov, 1977<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Nannospalax leucodon.</i>","<i>bulgaricus</i> (Savi&#269; and Soldatovi&#269;, 1984) [see Kryštufek, 1997]; <i>dolbrogeae</i> Miller, 1903;<i> ehiki </i>Petrov, 1991 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> epiroticus</i> (Savi&#269;, 1982); <i>hellenicus</i> Méhely, 1909; <i>hercegovinensis</i> Méhely, 1909; <i>hungaricus</i> Nehring, 1898; <i>ilici</i> Petrov, 1992 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> insularis</i> Thomas, 1917; <i>intermedius </i>Petrov, 1992 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> makedonicus</i> Soldatovi&#269;, 1977; <i>martinoi</i> Petrov, 1971; <i>montanoserbicus</i> Soldatovi&#269;, 1977; <i>montanosyrmiensis</i> Soldatovi&#269;, 1977; <i>monticola</i> Nehring, 1898; <i>ovchepolensis</i> Soldatovi&#269;, 1977; <i>peloponnesiacus</i> Ondrias, 1966; <i>petrovi </i>Petrov, 1992 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> rhodopiensis </i>(Savi&#269; and Soldastovi&#269;, 1984) [see Kryštufek, 1997]; <i>serbicus</i> Méhely, 1909; <i>sofiensis </i>(Savi&#269; and Soldatovi&#269;, 1984) [see Kryštufek, 1997]; <i>srebarnensis </i>(Savi&#269; and Soldatovi&#269;, 1984) [see Kryštufek, 1997]; <i>strumiciensis</i> Soldatovi&#269;, 1977; <i>syrmiensis</i> Méhely, 1909; <i>thermaicus</i> Hinton, 1920; <i>thessalicus</i> Ondrias, 1966; <i>thracius</i> (Savi&#269;, 1982); <i>tranensis </i>(Savi&#269; and Soldatovi&#269;, 1984) [see Kryštufek, 1997]; <i>transsylvanicus</i> Méhely, 1909; <i>turcicus </i>Méhely, 1913.","<p>Morphologically characterized by Topachevskii (1969) and now viewed as another superspecies based on chromosomal studies (Giagia et al., 1982; Ivanitskaya et al., 1997; Peshev, 1983; Savi&#269;, 1982<i>b</i>; Savi&#269; and Nevo, 1990; Savi&#269; and Soldatovi&#269;, 1977, 1979). More than 20 chromosomal forms have been uncovered (2n ranging from 38 to 62, FN between 74 and 96 (summarized in Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999, and Nevo et al., 2001). Savi&#269; (1982<i>b</i>) delineated six clusters that he interpreted as chromosomal species: <i>leucodon</i> group (with <i>hungaricus</i>, <i>montanosyrmiensis</i>, <i>monticola</i>, and <i>transsylvanicus</i>), <i>makedonicus</i> group, <i>strumiciensis</i> group (with <i>ovchepolensis</i> and <i>serbicus</i>), <i>epiroticus</i> (with <i>hellenicus</i>), <i>turcicus</i> group (with <i>thracius</i>), and <i>montanoserbicus</i> group (with <i>hercegovinensis</i> and <i>syrmiensis</i>). Morphological and biometric analyses by Kivanç (see refer... [truncated]","30","30-00034","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024-0000-0025-0000-0034"
"13000035","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","Spalax","","microphthalmus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Guldenstaedt","1770","","Nova Comm. Acad. Sci. Petropoli","14","","1","","","Greater Blind Mole Rat","Russia, Voronezhskaya Oblast, Novokhoper Steppe.","Steppes in Ukraine and S Russia between Dnieper and Volga Rivers, north to Orel-Kursk line, and south to Ciscaucasia (see Topachevskii, 1969; Vorontsov et al., 1977<i>b</i>; clearly mapped by Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>pallasii</i>  Nordmann, 1839 [see Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i> for status]; <i>typhlus </i>(Pallus, 1779).","Monographed by Topachevskii (1969) and maintained as a species by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987, 1998) and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Zagorodnyuk (1992<i>b</i>) endorsed the synonymy. Chromosomal features (2n = 60, FN = 115-120) recorded by Lyapunova et al. (1974) and summarized by Nevo et al. (2001). Reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995). Although not currently recorded from Romania, it has been identified at Pleistocene localities in that country (Kowalski, 2001).","30","30-00035","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024-0000-0025-0000-0035"
"13000036","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","Spalax","","nehringi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1898","","Zool. Anz.","21","","314","","","Nehring’s Blind Mole Rat","Armenia, Kasikoporan.","Most of Turkey (except Thrace and SE region; also on isls of Gökçeada and Bozcaada; see Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001), Armenia, and Georgia (see Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Topachevskii, 1969; Vorontsov et al., 1977<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Nannospalax nehringi.</i>","<i>anatolicus</i>  Méhely, 1909; <i>armeniacus</i> Méhely, 1909; <i>captorum</i> Hinton, 1920; <i>cilicicus</i> Méhely, 1909; <i>corybantium </i>Hinton, 1920; <i>labaumei</i> Matschie, 1919; <i>xanthodon </i>Nordmann, 1840.","Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) listed <i>nehringi</i> as a synonym of <i>S</i>. <i>leucodon</i>, but Topachevskii (1969) treated it as a distinct species (under subgenus <i>Mesospalax</i>, genus <i>Microspalax</i>), a revision followed by Corbet (1984) and other researchers (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998). Topachevskii (1969) included <i>turcicus</i> in the synonymy, but Savi&#269; (1982<i>b</i>) placed it in <i>S</i>. <i>leucodon</i>. Analyses of morphometric, chromosomal, and genetic character sets intimate that <i>S</i>. <i>nehringi</i> and its synonyms are geographic variants of <i>S</i>. <i>leucodon</i> (Butler et al., 1993; Nevo et al., 1994<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>, 1995, 2001; Savi&#269; and Nevo, 1990; Sözen et al., 1999; Suzuki et al., 1996<i>a</i>). Russian portion reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995). See account of <i>S</i>. <i>leucodon</i>.","30","30-00036","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024-0000-0025-0000-0036"
"13000037","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","Spalax","","uralensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tiflov and Usov","1939","","Vestn. Microbiol. Epidemiol. And Parasitol.","17","","141","","","Kazakhstan Blind Mole Rat","W Kazakhstan, Chingerlauz region (see Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987:164).","Steppes in W Kazakhstan between the Ural and Emba Rivers (Puzachenko, 1993).","","","An allopatric, morphologically close relative of <i>S</i>. <i>giganteus</i>, in which it was once synonymized (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Topachevskii, 1969; Vorontsov et al., 1977<i>b</i>) until shown to be a separate entity by Puzachenko’s (1993) morphometric analyses. Distribution as summarized by other researchers includes <i>S</i>. <i>giganteus </i>from steppes west of the Caspian Sea<i> </i>(Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Topachevskii, 1969; Vorontsov et al., 1977<i>b</i>).","30","30-00037","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024-0000-0025-0000-0037"
"13000038","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Spalacinae","","Spalax","","zemni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","370-371","","","Podolsk Blind Mole Rat","Ukraine, Ternopolsk region (see Topachevskii, 1969).","SE Poland east into Ukraine between Dnestr and Dnepr Rivers and south to margin of Black Sea (see Savi&#269;, 1982<i>c</i>; Topachevskii, 1969; Vorontsov et al., 1977<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>diluvii</i> Nordmann, 1858; <i>podolicus</i> Trouessart, 1897; <i>polonicus </i>Méhely, 1909.","Included in <i>S</i>. <i>microphthalmus</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), but monographed as a distinct species (as <i>S</i>. <i>polonicus</i>) by Topachevskii (1969) and subsequently listed or reviewed as such (Corbet, 1984; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Savi&#269;, 1982<i>c</i>). This species is often referenced as <i>S</i>. <i>polonicus</i> because Topachevskii (1969) characterized <i>zemni</i> as a <i>nomen nudem</i>, but the name is properly available (Ellerman, 1949<i>b</i>) and is the earliest that can be applied (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Zagorodnyuk, 1992<i>b</i>). The synonyms are documented by Zagorodnyuk (1992<i>b</i>). Chromosomal traits (2n = 62, FN = 124) summarized in Nevo et al. (2001, as <i>S. podolicus</i>).","30","30-00038","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0024-0000-0025-0000-0038"
"13000039","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Miller and Gidley","1918","","J. Wash. Acad. Sci.","8","","437","","","","","","","Tachyoryctinae Miller and Gidley, 1918 (Tachyoryctini McKenna and Bell, 1997).","Included in Rhizomyinae (Carleton and Musser, 1984; Musser and Carleton, 1993), recognized as a subfamily of Rhizomyidae (Chaline et al., 1977; Miller and Gidley, 1918; Flynn, 1990, and references therein), or as a subfamily of Muridae (Ellerman, 1941). See also discussion under Rhizomyinae.","30","30-00039","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039"
"13000040","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","Tachyoryctes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rüppell","1835","","Neue wirbelth. Fauna Abyssin. Gehörig., Säugeth.","1","","35, footnote","","<i>Bathyergus</i> <i>splendens</i> Rüppell, 1835.","","","","","<i>Chrysomys</i> Gray, 1843.","<p>Hollister (1919:40) listed eight species of <i>Tachyorytces</i>, noted that ""all have constant characters of differentiation, and intergradation between any two of them is not indicated by this material,"" but speculated that the ""numerous forms will doubtlessly be connected by complete chains of intergrades and the final monographer of the genus will be obliged to reduce many of the named forms to the rank of subspecies."" G. M. Allen (1939) and Ellerman (1941) listed 14 species, but these were reduced to <i>T</i>. <i>macrocephalus</i> and <i>T</i>. <i>splendens</i> by Misonne (1974), an arrangement followed by Corbet and Hill (1991). Of the twenty forms described, Rahm (1980) considered about 16 of them to be valid subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>splendens</i>.</p><p>The abrupt reduction from 14 to 2 species was not based on reevaluation of morphological differences that characterize the named forms. Aside from Bekele’s (1986) inconclusive univariate analyses of craniometric data from sa... [truncated]","30","30-00040","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039-0000-0040"
"13000041","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","Tachyoryctes","","ankoliae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","545","","","Ankole African Mole Rat","SW Uganda, Burumba, Ankole.","SW Uganda (Hollister, 1919; Lunde and Sarmiento, 2002) NW Tanzania (Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951); limits unknown.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Recorded as a species by Swynnerton and Hayman (1951) but as a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>splendens</i> by Delany (1975), who nevertheless noted the cranial traits by which <i>ankoliae</i> could be distinguished from the adjacent <i>ruddi</i>, which was also treated as a subspecies of <i>T. splendens</i> by Delany. Both <i>T</i>. <i>ankoliae</i> and <i>T</i>. <i>ruddi</i> were caught in the Kalinzu forest preserve in SW Uganda (Lunde and Sarmiento, 2002) and the two species apparently occur in NW Tanzania (see account of <i>T</i>. <i>ruddi</i>).","30","30-00041","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039-0000-0040-0000-0041"
"13000042","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","Tachyoryctes","","annectens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","7","","304","","","Mianzini African Mole Rat","SW Kenya, Mianzini, E of Lake Naivasha (Hollister, 1919).","Known only from vicinity of type locality.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Hollister (1919) noted the distinctively large size of the holotype and commented that none of the large series (at USNM) from S and SW of Lake Naivasha, identified as the small-bodied <i>T</i>. <i>naivashae</i>, approached it. Apparently the type locality has never been fixed (""either Masai-land or inland British East Africa"" were given in the original description), but assumed to be in the vicinity of Mianzini because other field specimens of mammals accompanying the holotype of <i>annectens</i> were labeled with this locality. Hollister mentioned that the only other <i>Tachyoryctes</i> of so large a body size is the Mt Kenyan endemic <i>T</i>. <i>rex</i>. Locating the geographic source of the holotype of <i>T. annectens</i> and ascertaining its relationship to <i>T</i>. <i>rex </i>warrant further inquiry.","30","30-00042","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039-0000-0040-0000-0042"
"13000043","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","Tachyoryctes","","audax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","421","","","Aberdare Mountains African Mole Rat","Kenya, summit of Aberdare Range, 10,000 ft (3048 m).","Kenya, Aberdare Range, 2775-3200 m (Hollister, 1919).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","A smaller-bodied and paler-furred relative of <i>T</i>. <i>rex</i>, which is endemic to high altitudes on Mt Kenya (Hollister, 1919).","30","30-00043","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039-0000-0040-0000-0043"
"13000044","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","Tachyoryctes","","daemon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","545","","","Demon African Mole Rat","N Tanzania, Mt Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft (1524 m).","N Tanzania in foothills of Mt Kilimanjaro, the Arushu area, upper limits of forest at 4000 m on Mt Meru, and in the west at Banagi in Mara Prov near Lake Victoria; limits of distribution unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Thomas (1909<i>b</i>) remarked that <i>daemon</i> was ""markedly smaller than in <i>T</i>. <i>ibeanus</i>"" and could be distinguished from <i>T</i>. <i>ankoliae </i>by its linear sagittal crest and from <i>T</i>. <i>ruddi</i> by its ""more abruptly and widely expanded zygomata."" Genetic relationships between the small-bodied <i>T</i>. <i>daemon</i>, <i>T</i>. <i>naivashae </i>(north of Kenya-Tanzania border), and <i>T</i>. <i>ruddi</i> (SW Kenya, Mt Elgon, SW Uganda, and NW Tanzania) need to be evaluated to determine whether a single species is represented. Distribution and ecology of <i>T</i>. <i>daemon</i> on Mt Kilimanjaro reviewed by Grimshaw et al. (1995). Distributional records are from Hollister (1919) and Swynnerton and Hayman (1951), who also listed <i>daemon</i> as a species. The latter authors recorded the species from NW Tanzania but those occurrences likely represent <i>T. ruddi</i> (see that account).","30","30-00044","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039-0000-0040-0000-0044"
"13000045","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","Tachyoryctes","","ibeanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1900","","179","","","Kenyan African Mole Rat","SC Kenya, Machakos.","S Kenya, near Nairobi and western margin of the Athi Plains (Hollister, 1919); limits require resolution.","","","Musser and Carleton (1993) included <i>ibeanus </i>in <i>T</i>. <i>splendens</i> because <i>ibeanus</i> is geographically close to the range of <i>T</i>. <i>splendens</i> and was originally described as its subspecies (G. M. Allen, 1939). Since no empirical data as yet support the inclusion of <i>ibeanus</i> in <i>T</i>. <i>splendens</i>, we follow Hollister (1919) who identified series from SC Kenya as <i>T</i>. <i>ibeanus</i>. The genetic and distributional relationships between <i>T</i>. <i>ibeanus</i> and other named forms in S Kenya and N Tanzania require careful taxonomic revision.","30","30-00045","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039-0000-0040-0000-0045"
"13000046","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","Tachyoryctes","","macrocephalus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1842","","Mus. Senckenberg.","3","","97","","","Ethiopian African Mole Rat","Ethiopia, Shoa.","Ethiopia; endemic to high southern plateau, 3000-4150 m (Rupp, 1980; Yalden and Largen, 1992; Yalden et al., 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hecki</i>  Neumann and Rümmler, 1928.","Inhabitant of Afro-alpine moorland and grassland, which the species shares with the other Ethiopian endemics <i>Stenocephalemys</i> <i>albocaudata</i>, <i>Lophuromys</i> <i>melanonyx</i>, and <i>Arvicanthis</i> <i>blicki</i> (Yalden, 1988). The congenor <i>T</i>.<i> splendens</i> ranges from below 1000 m to about 3000 m, where it apparently overlaps the lower altitudinal distribution of <i>T</i>. <i>macrocephalus</i> (Rupp, 1980; Yalden et al., 1976). Yalden (1975) provided ecological observations for <i>T</i>. <i>macrocephalus</i> and morphologically contrasted it with <i>T</i>. <i>splendens</i>. Habitat selection and daily activity patterns in relation to the endangered Ethiopian wolf (<i>Canis simensis</i>) recorded by Sillero-Zubiri et al. (1995<i>b</i>). See Yalden (1985, Mammalian Species, 237).","30","30-00046","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039-0000-0040-0000-0046"
"13000047","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","Tachyoryctes","","naivashae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","547","","","Navivasha African Mole Rat","S Kenya, Lake Naivasha, 6350 ft (1935 m).","Kenya; recorded from plains S and SW of Lake Naivasha to near the Tanzanian border (Hollister, 1919); may also occur in N Tanzania.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Considered by Thomas (1909<i>b</i>:547) to be the smallest in body size of the East African <i>Tachyoryctes</i> and occurring ""quite close"" to the two largest (<i>T</i>. <i>annectens</i> and <i>T</i>. <i>storeyi</i>). ""Its small size and flattened skull will readily separate it from any other form"" (Thomas, 1909<i>b</i>). See Hollister (1919) for notes on habitat and collection localities.","30","30-00047","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039-0000-0040-0000-0047"
"13000048","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","Tachyoryctes","","rex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1910","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","56","","4","","","King African Mole Rat","Kenya, western slopes of Mt Kenya, 10,000 ft (3048 m).","Kenya, western slopes of Mt Kenya, 2600-3350 m (Hollister, 1919).","","","A large bodied and distinctive species that Hollister (1919) believed to be related to <i>T</i>. <i>audax</i>, an endemic of the Aberdare Range to the west of Mt Kenya. Hollister provided notes on habitat, habits, and coloration, and described changes in molar morphology associated with age.","30","30-00048","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039-0000-0040-0000-0048"
"13000049","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","Tachyoryctes","","ruandae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg and Gyldenstolpe","1925","","Ark. Zool.","17B","no. 5","6","","","Rwanda African Mole Rat","Rwanda, Mt Muhavura.","E Dem. Rep. Congo (Kivu), Rwanda, and Burundi.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","See Elbl et al. (1966) and Rahm (1967) for distributional and ecological information. Stomach morphology described by Rahm (1976, as <i>splendens</i>) and chromosomal data (2n = 48, FN = 54) reported by Matthey (1967<i>a</i>).","30","30-00049","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039-0000-0040-0000-0049"
"13000050","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","Tachyoryctes","","ruddi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","547","","","Rudd’s African Mole Rat","Kenya, Mt Elgon, Kirui, 6000 ft (1830 m).","SW Kenya between foothills of Mt Elgon and Port Florence on NE margin of Lake Victoria (Hollister, 1919), Ugandan and Kenyan slopes of Mt Elgon, SW Uganda (Lunde and Sarmiento, 2002), and NW Tanzania (N Kagera Prov.).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>badius</i>  Thomas, 1909.","Thomas (1909<i>b</i>) described <i>T</i>. <i>ruddi</i> as being about the same body size as <i>T</i>. <i>daemon </i>but differing in a suite of cranial traits; he also described <i>badius</i> as a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>ruddi</i>. This species and <i>T</i>. <i>ankoliae</i> have been taken together in the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, SW Uganda (Lunde and Sarmiento, 2002). Localities in NW Tanzania represent <i>T</i>. <i>daemon</i> according to Swynnerton and Hayman (1951), but we suspect that they represent <i>T</i>. <i>ruddi</i>. <i>Tachyoryctes</i> <i>ankoliae</i> has been reported from the same region in NE Tanzania (Bukoba; Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951). Ranges of the small-bodied <i>T</i>. <i>ruddi</i>,<i> T</i>. <i>naivashae</i>, and <i>T</i>. <i>daemon</i> are allopatric in mountains and high plains encircling Lake Victoria; specimens from intervening regions between the ranges and critical systematic revision should reveal the actual genetic relationships among these populations. ... [truncated]","30","30-00050","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039-0000-0040-0000-0050"
"13000051","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","Tachyoryctes","","spalacinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","547","","","Embi African Mole Rat","Kenya, Embi (=Embu), plains near base of Mt Kenya, 5400 ft (1646 m).","Kenya, plains and lower slopes of Mt Kenya (Hollister, 1919).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Body size about like <i>T</i>. <i>ruddi</i>, according to Thomas (1909<i>b</i>), but ""Readily recognizable by its sloping occipital plane."" This species occurs at the base of Mt Kenya and adjacent plains but is replaced at altitudes above 2600 m by the much larger-bodied <i>T</i>. <i>rex</i> (Hollister, 1919). Morphological, distributional, and genetic relationships between <i>T</i>. <i>spalacinus</i> and <i>T</i>. <i>ibeanus</i>, which occurs to the south along the western margin of the Athi Plains, need to be evaluated.","30","30-00051","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039-0000-0040-0000-0051"
"13000052","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","Tachyoryctes","","splendens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1835","","Neue wirbelt. Fauna Abyssin. Gehörig., Säugeth.","1","","36","","","Northeast African Mole Rat","Ethiopia, Dembea Prov., Gondar.","Ethiopia (500-3900 m; Rupp, 1980), Somalia, and NW Kenya; limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>canicaudus</i>  Osgood, 1936; <i>cheesmani</i> Thomas, 1928; <i>gallarum</i> Osgood, 1936; <i>omensis</i> Neumann and Rümmler, 1928; <i>pontifex</i> Neumann and Rümmler, 1928; <i>somalicus </i>Osgood, 1910.","Yalden et al. (1976:57) claimed that the synonyms listed here clearly apply to one species, but conceded that ""The possibility of distinct races associated with different mountain blocks, or of a cline in size with altitude, remains to be properly examined."" Osgood (1936) noted that two species, <i>splendens</i> and <i>cheesemani</i>, could be recognized among the Ethiopian samples he examined, and Bekele could distinguish samples of the two by morphometric traits but found that <i>gallarum</i> was intermediate. Early records indicated that <i>T</i>. <i>splendens</i> reached 3900 m in the Bale Mtns (Yalden et al., 1976), but Yalden et al. (1995) observed that ""neither the live animal nor its burrows have ever been observed above 3200"" and that predators may have carried the specimens (mainly extracted from owl pellets) from lower elevations. Chromosomal characteristics of an Ethiopian sample (2n = 48, FN = 62) documented and contrasted with other rhizomyine samples by Baskevich et al. ... [truncated]","30","30-00052","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039-0000-0040-0000-0052"
"13000053","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Spalacidae","Tachyoryctinae","","Tachyoryctes","","storeyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","276","","","Storey’s African Mole Rat","SW Kenya, Lake Elmenteita.","Recorded only from the type locality.","","","Thomas (1909<i>b</i>) remarked that <i>T</i>. <i>storeyi</i> ""is readily distinguishable by its comparatively large size, long and well-defined brain-case, and long nasals."" Only <i>T</i>. <i>annectens</i> exceeds <i>T</i>. <i>storeyi</i> in body size, and the relationships and stature between the two and other large-bodied taxa remain to be uncovered.","30","30-00053","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0007-0039-0000-0040-0000-0053"
"13000054","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Calomyscidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Vorontsov and Potapova","1979","","Zool. Zh.","58","","1393","","","","","","","Calomyscini Vorontsov and Potapova, 1979 (Calomyscinae Musser and Carleton, 1993).","<p>Earlier associated either with Palearctic hamsters in Cricetinae (e.g., Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951) or with the New World neotomine <i>Peromyscus</i> (Ellerman, 1941, 1961). Nomenclatural association with Palaearctic hamsters seemed to reflect more the uncertainty and indecision concerning its relationships rather than conviction of its membership in Palearctic Cricetinae (Carleton and Musser, 1984; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>). On the other hand, Ellerman (1941) did not question the close phyletic grouping of <i>Calomyscus</i> and <i>Peromyscus</i>, and Osgood (1947:166) even viewed it as being ""so similar to the American <i>Peromyscus</i> that it probably signifies a late Pleistocene invasion from North America."" An alliance with New World species was echoed by Pavlinov (1980<i>c</i>), who retained <i>Calomyscus</i> with neotomines because of close similarities between it and <i>Reithrodontomys</i> in morphology of the auditory ossicles... [truncated]","30","30-00054","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0054"
"13000055","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Calomyscidae","","","Calomyscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","24","23","","<i>Calomyscus bailwardi</i> Thomas, 1905.","","","","","","<p>Although several taxa were originally described as species, <i>Calomyscus</i> was long considered monotypic (Ellerman, 1941, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Peshev, 1991). Character variation in the genus was concisely summarized by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:89): ""There is considerable variation in colour, size and proportions but this seems to form a mosaic pattern and it seems unlikely that any major, discrete regional groups can be recognized."" However, Vorontsov et al. (1979) comprehensively revised the genus and treated most former subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>bailwardi</i> as separate species. The morphological and geographic integrity of some has been subsequently tested with additional chromosomal data (Graphodatsky et al., 2000; Malikov et al., 1999; Meyer and Malikov, 1995, 2000), mitochondrial cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Morshed and Patton, 2002), comparative postnatal growth and development (Meyer and Malikov, 1996), and multivariate analyses of cranial and dental m... [truncated]","30","30-00055","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0054-0000-0000-0055"
"13000056","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Calomyscidae","","","Calomyscus","","bailwardi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","24","23","","","Zagros Mountains Calomyscus","WC Iran, E Khuzistan Prov., Zagros Mtns, 120 km SE Ahwaz (= Ahaz), Mala-i-Mir (= Izeh).","Zagros Mtns of W Iran in the provinces of Kordistan, Ilam, W Esfahan, E Khuzistan, Luristan, Fars, and W Kerman (Vorontsov et al., 1979, and our study of specimens in AMNH, FMNH, and USNM); actual range has yet to be defined.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","True <i>C. bailwardi</i> has been recorded only from the Zagros Mtns in W Iran; the range as usually described in the literature (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>) represents other species as well. It is medium in body size (<i>C. urartensis</i>, <i>C. mystax</i>,<i> C. elburzensis</i>,<i> C. hotsoni</i>, and <i>C. tsolovi</i> smaller-bodied; <i>C. grandis</i> larger-bodied) and may be most closely allied to the medium-sized <i>C. baluchi</i>; nature of the phylogenetic affinites between <i>C. bailwardi</i> and all other named forms has yet to be resolved by careful morphometric, chromosomal, and molecular analyses. Graphodatsky et al. (2000) reported a karyotypic variability for samples from the northern Zagros Mtns in Bahtaran Prov. (2n = 37, FN = 44), southern Zagros Mtns in Fars Prov. (2n = FN = 50), and mountains of southern Kerman Prov. (2n = 52, FN = 56), just east of the southern Zagros Mtns. They could not attach a species name to any sample. Whether one or all of the karyotypes represent... [truncated]","30","30-00056","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0054-0000-0000-0055-0000-0056"
"13000057","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Calomyscidae","","","Calomyscus","","baluchi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","26","","939","","","Pakistan Calomyscus","W Pakistan, NW Balochistan, Kelat Dist.","W Pakistan west of the Indus River from N Balochistan (Kalat Dist.) in the south northward through Sibi, Quetta, Punjab, and Parachinar districts to Malakand Dist. in the northwest (Roberts, 1977; specimens in AMNH and USNM); and E and NC Afghanistan (specimens in FMNH).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>mustersi</i> Ellerman, 1948.","Originally described as a species, later included in <i>C. bailwardi</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman, 1941, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), but reinstated as a separate species by Vorontsov et al. (1979), an allocation followed by others (Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Body and cranial dimensions are similar to <i>C. bailwardi</i> but the level of their genetic relationship has yet to be uncovered. Mitochrondrial DNA differences between <i>C</i>. <i>baluchi</i> and samples identified as <i>C</i>. <i>bailwardi</i> from SE Iran documented by Moshed and Patton (2002). See Vorontsov et al. (1979) for status of <i>mustersi</i>. Distribution based on Vorontsov et al. (1979) and identification of specimens in FMNH and USNM.","30","30-00057","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0054-0000-0000-0055-0000-0057"
"13000058","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Calomyscidae","","","Calomyscus","","elburzensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1938","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1050","","1","","","Goodwin’s Calomyscus","NE Iran, N Khorasan Prov., Kurkhud Mtns, Dergermatie (""Degermatie"" in original description), 4000 ft (1220 m).","Mountains of N and NE Iran (from southern foothills of Elburz Mtns in Semnan Prov. near Semnan and adjacent Sang-i-sar eastward through N Khorasan Prov. in NE Iran to the Mashhad region), SW and S Turkmenistan (from Little Balkhan Mtn east through the Kopet Dag Mtns to east of the Tedzhen River), and NW Afghanistan (Herat Prov.). (Range based on identification of AMNH, FMNH, and USNM specimens and those used in the multivariate analysis by Lebedev et al., 1998:723).","<i>firiusaensis</i> Meyer and Malikov, 2000; <i>zykovi </i>Meyer and Malikov, 2000.","Included in <i>C. mystax </i> by Vorontsov et al. (1979; see that account) but recognized as a separate species by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998). Samples from C and E Kopet-Dag Mtns in S Turkmenistan and NE Iran (2n = 44, FN = 58; Graphodatsky et al., 2000) were first reported as <i>Calomyscus </i>sp. (Meyer and Malikov, 1995) and then described as <i>C. firiusaensis</i> (Meyer and Malikov, 2000). Specimens from C and W Kopet-Dag Mtns and Little Balkhan Mtn (2n = 30, FN = 44; Graphodatsky et al., 2000) were reported as <i>Calomyscus</i> sp. (Meyer and Malikov, 1995) and subsequently described as <i>zykovi</i>, a subspecies of <i>C. mystax </i>(Meyer and Malikov, 2000)<i>.</i> Although the two karyotypes are very different, natural hybrids were recorded in a contact zone in the central Kopet-Dag Mtns and viable hybrids were obtained in the laboratory (Graphodatsky et al., 2000). Multivariate analysis of cranial and dental measurements clustered the 2n = 44 karyotypes with samples from N Khorasan Prov. that presumably represent Goodwin’s <i>elburzensis</i>, and sorted the 2n = 30 samples into another group (Lebedev et al., 1998). Because there is natural hybridization between the two cytotypes, we treat all samples as representing a single species, for which <i>elburzensis</i> is the oldest name, as implied by Graphodatsky et al. (2000) and Lebedev et al. (1998) and suggested by Malikov (in litt.).","","30","30-00058","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0054-0000-0000-0055-0000-0058"
"13000059","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Calomyscidae","","","Calomyscus","","grandis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schlitter and Setzer","1973","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","68","","163","","","Noble Calomyscus","N Iran, Teheran Prov., foothills of Elburz Mtns, 11 km ENE Fasham.","N Iran; documented only from S foothills and ridges (8500 ft) of Mt Demavend, C Elburz Mtns (specimens in USNM), at the crest of the C Elburz Mtns (Doab, specimens in FMNH) and on the N slopes in Mazandaran Prov. at Abass-Abad (36º44' N, 51º08' E; specimens in USNM) ; limits unresolved.","","The largest, darkest, and longest-tailed species of <i>Calomyscus</i> . Originally described as a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>bailwardi</i>, as recognized by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Musser and Carleton (1993), but listed as a separate species by Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Morphometric analysis by Lebedev et al. (1998) demonstrated the great phenetic distance of <i>C</i>. <i>grandis</i> from <i>C</i>. <i>mystax </i>and <i>C</i>. <i>elburzensis</i> (S Turkmenistan and NE Iran) and <i>C. urartensis </i>(S Caucusus). Schlitter and Setzer (1973) enumerated some of these distinctions and also the contrasts between <i>grandis</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>bailwardi</i>. The much smaller-bodied <i>C. elburzensis</i> has been collected in the southern foothills of the Elburz Mtns at Semnan, about 120 km east of the localities where <i>grandis</i> was obtained, an identification we made from specimen examination and independently confirmed by the multivariate analysis of Lebedev et al. (1998). Karyotype of a specimen from Tehran Prov., south of the distribution outlined above, was reported as 2n = 44, FN = 46, which is identical to the karyotype of <i>C</i>. <i>mystax</i> (Graphodatsky et al., 2000; Malikov et al. 1999). However, Graphodatsky et al. (2000:303) noted that this karyotypic identity ""can be explained either as persistence of the ancestral karyotype in different areas of the range or as a consequence of homoplasy.""","","30","30-00059","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0054-0000-0000-0055-0000-0059"
"13000060","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Calomyscidae","","","Calomyscus","","hotsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","26","","938","","","Hotson’s Calomyscus","SW Pakistan, W Balochistan, Makran Dist., Gwambuk Kaul, 50 km SW Panjgur (26º 30'N, 63º 50'E).","Recorded from vicinity of type locality and Baluchistan Prov. of SE Iran (specimens in USNM); range extent unresolved.","IUCN – Endangered.","","A smaller-bodied <i>Calomyscus</i> (Vorontsov et al., 1979) that was described as a species but later arranged as a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>bailwardi</i>, including <i>mystax</i> as a synonym (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman, 1941, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951). Based on size, <i>C</i>. <i>hotsoni</i> is allied with <i>C</i>. <i>mystax</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>elburzensis</i> of S Turkmenistan, NW Afghanistan, and NE Iraq, not with the larger-bodied <i>C</i>. <i>baluchi</i> that occurs to the north in W Pakistan. Affinities of <i>C</i>. <i>hotsoni</i> uncertain and karyotype undocumented.","30","30-00060","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0054-0000-0000-0055-0000-0060"
"13000061","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Calomyscidae","","","Calomyscus","","mystax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kashkarov","1925","","Trans. Turkestansk. Nauch. ob-va pri Sredniaziatsk. Univ. (Tashkent)","2","","43","","","Great Balkhan Calomyscus","SW Turkmenistan, Bolshoi (= Greater) Balkan Mtn (Nibit-Dag region), Bashi-Mugur.","SW Turkmenistan: Ersarybaba (= Ersary Ridge) and Greater Balkan Mtns (Lebedev et al., 1998:723, collection localities 3 and 18).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Samples from Ersarybaba and the type locality have 2n = 44, FN = 46 (Graphodatsky et al., 2000; Malikov et al., 1999; Meyer and Malikov, 1995, 2000), which led Graphodatsky et al. (2000) to consider of <i>C. mystax</i> as endemic to the Great Balkan Mtns. This chromosomal and geographic distinction is concordant with results from multivariate discriminant analysis of cranial and dental measurements (Lebedev et al., 1998). Vorontsov’s et al. (1979) broad distributional outline of <i>C. mystax</i> extended from the Greater Balkan Mtns eastward through the Lesser Balkan and Kopet Dag Mtns of S Turkmanistan and extreme NE Iran and westward through NE (Khorassan Prov.) and NC (Mazanderan Prov.) Iran, a range that includes <i>C</i>. <i>elburzensis </i>(which they treated as a synonym of <i>C</i>. <i>mystax</i>) and <i>C</i>. <i>grandis</i> (which was not included in their study). Meyer and Malikov (1995, 2000) and Pavlinov and Rossilimo (1998) also included the Lesser Balkans and Kopet Dag M... [truncated]","30","30-00061","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0054-0000-0000-0055-0000-0061"
"13000062","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Calomyscidae","","","Calomyscus","","tsolovi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peshev","1991","","Mammalia","55","","112","","","Syrian Calomyscus","Syria, Thafas, 18 km NW Derra (= Der’a).","SW Syria; limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Described as a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>bailwardi</i>, but its small size and short tail clearly distinguish <i>C</i>. <i>tsolovi</i> from any other recognized species; such a possibility was even suggested by Peshev (1991:112). Phylogenetic affinities unstudied.","30","30-00062","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0054-0000-0000-0055-0000-0062"
"13000063","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Calomyscidae","","","Calomyscus","","urartensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vorontsov and Kartavseva","1979","","Zool. Zh.","58","","1218","","","Urar Calomyscus","Azerbaijan, Nakhichevanskaya., Alindzhachai River, 7 km N Dzhul'fa.","Extreme S Transcaucasus (Azerbaijan), far NW Iran (NW Azarbaijan Prov., specimens in FMNH).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>Calomyscus urartensis</i> (2n = 32, FN = 42; Graphodatsky et al., 2000) is morphologically similar to <i>C</i>. <i>mystax </i>(2n = 44, FN = 46) and <i>C</i>. <i>elburzensis</i> (Vorontsov et al., 1979, and material in FMNH). Meyer and Malikov (1995) cited hybridization results in addition to chromosomal distinctions to support the status of <i>C</i>. <i>urartensis</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>mystax</i> as separate species. The morphological integrity of <i>C</i>. <i>urartensis</i> and our identification of the species in NW Iran are corroborated by multivariate analysis of cranial and dental measurements (Lebedev et al., 1998).","30","30-00063","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0054-0000-0000-0055-0000-0063"
"13000064","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Major","1897","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1897","","718","","","","","","","","<p>Although a Nesomyidae per se had been earlier recognized by Tullberg (1899), Weber (1904), and later Chaline et al. (1977), theirs was essentially a grouping of the indigenous Malagasy rodents as already identified by Major (1897; Chaline et al. also included the otomyines, a clade clearly allied with murids—see those accounts). Although differing in contents, the family composition observed here owes its conceptual roots to Lavocat (1973, 1978), who identified a number of small but morphologically well-defined groups as relicts of a middle Tertiary (late Oligocene-early Miocene?) cricetodontine presence in Africa and expanded the definition of Nesomyidae to embrace their diverse descendants (also see Carleton and Musser, 1984:344). The results of DNA hybridization and mitochondrial and nuclear gene-sequence studies, although not wholly concordant, have supplied some empirical basis for Lavocat’s view of Nesomyidae, associating Cricetomyinae, Dendromurinae, Mystromyinae, and Nesomyi... [truncated]","30","30-00064","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064"
"13000065","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Cricetomyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Roberts","1951","","Mammals South Africa","","","434","","","","","","","Cricetomyinae Roberts, 1951 (Cricetomyidae Chaline, Mein, and F. Petter, 1977); Saccostomurinae Roberts, 1951.","<p>Although initially classified within Murinae (e.g., Ellerman, 1941; Simpson, 1945; Thomas, 1896), systematists have acknowledged a closer affinity of African pouched rats to one another than to other murines, a distinction later formalized by Roberts’ (1951) diagnosis of Cricetomyinae. Most subsequent systematic arrangements have followed F. Petter (1966<i>a</i>) in allying cricetomyines with cricetids (Reig, 1980, 1981; Rosevear, 1969) based on his interpretation of molar cusp homologies. Lavocat (1973, 1978) first suggested phylogenetic association with other archaic African groups in a broadly defined Nesomyidae, an interpretation generally endorsed by Carleton and Musser (1984). Configuration of molar cusps (F. Petter, 1966<i>a</i>), anatomy of internal cheek pouches (Ryan, 1989<i>b</i>), and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data (Jansa et al., 1999; Michaux et al., 2001<i>b</i>; Michaux and Catzeflis, 2000) support the monophyly of the subfamily, which forms an unresolved... [truncated]","30","30-00065","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0065"
"13000066","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Cricetomyinae","","Beamys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","107","","<i>Beamys hindei</i> Thomas, 1909.","","","","","","Cricetomyini, new rank. Two species have been generally recognized as originally described (e.g., G. M. Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman et al., 1953; Hanney, 1965; Misonne, 1974), until Hubbard (1970), without presentation of data, suggested their synonymy, a classification adopted by some (e.g., Ansell, 1978; Ansell and Ansell, 1973; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Honacki et al., 1982) but not others (Musser and Carleton, 1993). Ansell and Ansell (1973), while following Hubbard’s opinion, did present limited measurements that demonstrate the uniformly larger size of <i>major</i> compared with <i>hindei</i>. The number of species, their morphological discrimination, and vouchered distribution deserve the attention of a full generic revision. Emphasis should be given to those <i>Beamys</i> populations that occur in the Eastern Arc Mtns, whether more closely related to <i>major</i> proper from uplands in NE Zambia and Malawi or to <i>hindei</i> from lower dry coastal forest in SE Kenya and... [truncated]","30","30-00066","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0065-0000-0066"
"13000067","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Cricetomyinae","","Beamys","","hindei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","108","","","Hinde’s Pouched Rat","Kenya, Coast Prov., Taveta.","SE Kenya and E Tanzania (FitzGibbon et al., 1995:Fig. 1).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Karyotype reported (2n = 52), distribution amplified, and natural history discussed by FitzGibbon et al. (1995); univariate analyses with small sample sizes suggest clinal variation along coastal Tanzania, not the existence of two species, but the matter of synonymy was left as inconclusive.","30","30-00067","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0065-0000-0066-0000-0067"
"13000068","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Cricetomyinae","","Beamys","","major","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","14","","428","","","Greater Pouched Rat","Malawi, Southern Region, Mulanje.","Evergreen forest, 700-2000 m, in NE Zambia (Ansell, 1978) and Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988); possibly in Zambezia Dist., Mozambique (Smithers and Tello, 1976).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Most information on biology and ecology contained in the report of Hanney and Morris (1962).","30","30-00068","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0065-0000-0066-0000-0068"
"13000069","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Cricetomyinae","","Cricetomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1840","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1840","","2","","<i>Cricetomys gambianus</i> Waterhouse, 1840.","","","","","","Cricetomyini. Six nominal species were recognized (e.g., Allen, 1939) before Ellerman (1941) summarily reduced all to subspecies of C. gambianus. Genest-Villard’s (1967) revision provided evidence of two kinds, a predominantly savanna-dwelling species (C. gambianus) and a lowland forest form (C. emini), an arrangement broadly compatible with Hinton’s (1919b) perception of harsh-furred and sleek-furred groups. Her character states and univariate ratios for discriminating two species are generally workable in West Africa but break down in eastern and southern Africa; based on series in MCZ and USNM, four kinds of Cricetomys can be morphologically sorted. For studies of the gastrointestinal tract interpreted in the context of taxonomic comparisons, trophic niche, and digestive function see Knight and Knight-Eloff (1987) and Perrin and Curtis (1980).","30","30-00069","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0065-0000-0069"
"13000070","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Cricetomyinae","","Cricetomys","","ansorgei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","13","","412","","","Southern Giant Pouched Rat","Angola, Pungo Andongo.","Kenya and E and S Uganda, southwards exclusive of Congo forest block, to W and S Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998:Map 21), S Zambia, E Zimbabwe, and NE South Africa (Limpopo Province and NE KwaZulu-Natal); including Zanzibar.","","<i>adventor</i>  Thomas and Wroughton, 1907; <i>cosensi</i> Hinton, 1919;<i> cunctator</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1908;<i> elgonis</i> Thomas, 1910; <i>enguvi</i> Heller, 1912;<i> haagneri</i> Roberts, 1926; <i>kenyensis</i> Osgood, 1910; <i>luteus</i> Dollman, 1911;<i> microtis</i> Lönnberg, 1917;<i> osgoodi</i> Heller, 1912; <i>raineyi</i> Heller, 1912; <i>selindensis</i> Roberts, 1946;<i> vaughanjonesi</i> St. Leger, 1937; <i>viator</i> Thomas, 1904.","Cranial proportions simililar to <i>C</i>. <i>gambianus</i> but size larger and skull robustly constructed (LM1-3 typically 11-12 mm versus 10-11 mm), dominant tones of dorsal pelage brown compared with grayish of <i>C</i>. <i>gambianus</i>; as equally differentiated in multivariate space from <i>C</i>. <i>gambianus</i> as from <i>C</i>. <i>emini</i>. Other morphological and ecological contrasts to <i>C</i>. <i>gambianus</i> enumerated (as <i>C</i>. <i>g</i>. <i>ansorgei</i>) by Genest-Villard (1967). Even as arranged, <i>ansorgei</i> is likely a species complex. Populations that occur on mountains in East Africa (<i>elgonis</i>, <i>enguvi</i>, <i>kenyensis</i>, <i>microtis</i>), each retained as well differentiated but localized subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>gambianus</i> by Genest-Villard (1967), invite detailed investigation; certain populations may plausibly link with <i>C</i>. <i>kivuensis</i> from Western Rift Mtns. Also, <i>cosensi</i>, described as a species from Zanzibar, was con... [truncated]","30","30-00070","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0065-0000-0069-0000-0070"
"13000071","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Cricetomyinae","","Cricetomys","","emini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","269","","","Forest Giant Pouched Rat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Gadda, Monbuttu.","Lowland, closed-canopied forest—in West Africa, from W Gambia (Grubb et al., 1998), S Guinea (Barnett et al., 1996), and Sierra Leone to S Nigeria; in Central Africa, from S Cameroon to SW Uganda, through Gabon, Republic of Congo, and much of Dem. Rep. Congo, to Cabinda, Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dissimilis</i>  Rochebrune, 1885 [<i>nomen dubium</i> as per Genest-Villard, 1967:421]; <i>dolichops</i> Osgood, 1910; <i>liberiae</i> Osgood, 1910; <i>luteus</i> Dollman, 1911; <i>poensis</i> Osgood, 1910; <i>proparator</i> Wroughton, 1910; <i>sanctus</i> Hinton, 1919; <i>tephrus</i> (Rochebrune, 1885) [<i>nomen dubium</i>?].","As noted by Genest-Villard (1967), pelage color and cranial morphology are fairly conservative across the range of <i>C</i>. <i>emini</i> proper. Genest-Villard declared that Rochebrune’s <i>dissimilis</i> is a <i>nomen dubium</i> in defending Wroughton’s <i>emini</i> as the oldest available name for populations in the Guinea and Congo forest blocks. In his description of <i>C</i>. <i>ansorgei</i>, however, Thomas’ (1904<i>c</i>:413) remarks intimate that he may have seen type or topotypic specimens: ""The two forms of the group [<i>dissimilis</i> and <i>tephrus</i>], no doubt synonymous with each other, from Landana described by Rochebrune are both far smaller and have their bellies ‘albocinereis.’"" G. M. Allen (1939) followed Thomas in treating <i>tephrus</i> as full synonym of <i>dissimilis</i>, the latter as a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>gambianus</i> (as erroneously repeated by Musser and Carleton, 1993); Genest-Villard and Crawford-Cabral (1998) did not mention <i>tephrus</i>. Furt... [truncated]","30","30-00071","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0065-0000-0069-0000-0071"
"13000072","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Cricetomyinae","","Cricetomys","","gambianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1840","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1840","","2","","","Northern Giant Pouched Rat","Gambia, Gambia River.","Subsaharan savanna belt (Sudan and Guinea) and forest edges, from Gambia and Senegal eastwards to NE Dem. Rep. Congo, S Sudan, and N Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>buchanani</i>  Thomas and Hinton, 1921; <i>dichrurus</i> Osgood, 1910; <i>gambiensis</i> Temminck, 1853 [spelling <i>lapsus</i>]; <i>goliath</i> (Ruppell, 1842); <i>grahami</i> Hinton, 1919; <i>langi</i> Hatt, 1934; <i>oliviae</i> Dollman, 1911; <i>servorum</i> Hinton, 1919.","The range outlined here basically corresponds to Hinton’s (1919<i>b</i>) grouping of relatively small-bodied <i>Cricetomys</i> with gray, moderately long and hispid pelage. Morphological, behavioral, and ecological contrasts between <i>C</i>. <i>gambianus</i> proper and <i>C</i>. <i>emini</i> elucidated by Genest-Villard (1967) and Rosevear (1969).","30","30-00072","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0065-0000-0069-0000-0072"
"13000073","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Cricetomyinae","","Cricetomys","","kivuensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1917","","Kungl. Svenska Vet-Akad. Handl., Stockholm","58","art. 2","75","","","Kivu Giant Pouched Rat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Masisi.","Mountains of easternmost Dem. Rep. Congo (Kivu), S Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi; limits unknown.","","","Although Genest-Villard (1967) retained <i>kivuensis</i> as a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>emini</i>, she considered its differentiation as marginal. Compared with <i>C</i>. <i>emini</i>, examples of <i>kivuensis</i> are larger, their skulls fully as robust as the biggest <i>C</i>. <i>ansorgei</i>; dorsal color is fuscous gray (not the bright browns of <i>emini</i>) and the underparts are dull grayish-white, weakly demarcated from the dorsum (pure white and cleanly delineated in <i>emini</i>); and fur is long, its texture soft and luxurient (close-cropped and slightly hispid in <i>emini</i>). The union of such disparate morphologies under one species deserves unambiguous demonstration.","30","30-00073","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0065-0000-0069-0000-0073"
"13000074","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Cricetomyinae","","Saccostomus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1846","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","11","","258","","<i>Saccostomus campestris</i> Peters, 1846.","","","","","<i>Eosaccomys</i>  Palmer, 1903 [unjustified replacement name].","Saccostomurini, new rank. Ellerman (1941) thought that all nominal forms would prove to be races of the single species <i>S</i>. <i>campestris</i>, a speculation widely and uncritically observed in later classifications and faunal reports (e.g., Delany, 1975; Ellerman et al., 1953; Kingdon, 1974<i>b</i>; Misonne, 1974). Hubert (1978<i>a</i>), however, marshalled karyotypic and morphological evidence that differentiates an eastern African species (<i>S</i>. <i>mearnsi</i>) from a southern African one (<i>S</i>. <i>campestris</i>), as earlier intimated by G. M. Allen and Lawrence (1936) and later reinforced by Denys (1988) in her morphological study of Tanzanian populations. Relationship of the two living species to the middle Pliocene <i>S</i>. <i>major</i> evaluated by Denys (1987<i>a</i>, 1988), who placed their divergence some time after 3.7 million years ago. Geological range from middle Pliocene through the Pleistocene of Tanzania (Denys, 1988) and Plio-Pleistocene of Namibia (Senu... [truncated]","30","30-00074","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0065-0000-0074"
"13000075","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Cricetomyinae","","Saccostomus","","campestris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1846","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","11","","258","","","Southern African Pouched Mouse","Mozambique, Tete Dist., Zambezi River, Tete.","Arid to mesic southern savannahs and grasslands: from SW Tanzania across to W Angola (see Crawford-Cabral, 1998: Map 20); south through most of Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia; to S Mozambique and S South Africa (Western and Eastern Cape provinces).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anderssoni</i>  de Winton, 1898; <i>angolae</i> Roberts, 1938; <i>elegans</i> Thomas, 1897; <i>fuscus</i> Peters, 1852; <i>hildae</i> Schwann, 1906; <i>lapidarius</i> Peters, 1852; <i>limpopoensis</i> Roberts, 1914; <i>mashonae</i> de Winton, 1897; <i>pagei</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1923; <i>streeteri</i> Roberts, 1914.","A composite of two or more species as suggested by extraordinary chromosomal, morphological, and genetic variation (Corti et al., 2004; Denys, 1988; Gordon, 1986; Gordon and Rautenbach, 1980); the status of <i>anderssoni</i> and <i>mashonae</i> especially deserves attention in regard to <i>campestris</i> proper. Ellison (1993) demonstrated and discussed geographic variability in torpor response in the context of the species distribution and its karyotypic variants; Ellison et al. (1993) examined correlations between body size and climatic variables in southern Africa.","30","30-00075","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0065-0000-0074-0000-0075"
"13000076","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Cricetomyinae","","Saccostomus","","mearnsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1910","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","54","","3","","","East African Pouched Mouse","Kenya, Coast Prov., Changamwe.","Extreme S Ethiopia and S Somalia, through E Uganda and Kenya, to NE Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cricetulus</i>  G. M. Allen and Lawrence, 1936; <i>isiolae</i> Heller, 1912; <i>umbriventer</i> Miller, 1910.","Perhaps also a species complex as suggested by newly reported karyotypic, cranial, and genetic variation (Corti et al., 2004; Fadda et al., 2001<i>b</i>).","30","30-00076","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0065-0000-0074-0000-0076"
"13000077","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Delanymyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","new subfamily.","","","","","","","","","","","","","Delanomyinae McKenna and Bell, 1997 [<i>nomen nudum</i> , the cited publication (Denys et al., 1995) containing no family-group description].","<p>Type genus–<i>Delanymys</i> Hayman, 1962. Definition–very small-bodied (head and body less than 65 mm in adults, 5-7 grams), arboreal muroid with a thinly haired (caudal hairs less than two tail scales long), very long (twice as long as head and body), and semiprehensile tail (conformation of body and appendages similar to Sulawesian <i>Haeromys</i>; see Musser, 1990); four digits and rudimentary fifth on front foot (fifth very short, middle two long, second longer than fifth), five on hind foot (first short, middle three very long, and fifth two-thirds as long as middle digits and opposable), sharp and moderately curved claws on all digits; hind foot very long (relative to body size) and narrow, with four interdigital pads, thenar and hypothenar elongate and subequal in length; pelage short, dense and soft (not silky) with short guard hairs; four pairs of teats; cranium small and delicate with very short and narrow rostrum compared with the large, globular, and smooth (faint tempor... [truncated]","30","30-00077","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0077"
"13000078","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Delanymyinae","","Delanymys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hayman","1962","","Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr.","65","","2-Jan","","<i>Delanymys</i> <i>brooksi</i> Hayman, 1962.","","","","","","","30","30-00078","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0077-0000-0078"
"13000079","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Delanymyinae","","Delanymys","","brooksi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1962","","Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr.","65","","2-Jan","","","Delany’s Swamp Mouse","SW Uganda, Kigezi, near Kanaba, Echuya (or Muchuya) Swamp, 7500 ft (2286 m) (Hayman, 1962<i>a</i>).","Sedge swamps in bamboo and montane forest in SW Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo (Kivu), Rwanda (Volcanos and Nyungwe forest), and Burundi (Kibira National Park; Peterhans Kerbis, in litt., 1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Available information on morphology, distribution, and ecology covered in Hayman (1962<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>,<i> </i>1963<i>a</i>), W. Verheyen (1965<i>b</i>), Dieterlen (1969<i>b</i>), Delany (1975), and Van der Straeten and Verheyen (1983).","30","30-00079","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0077-0000-0078-0000-0079"
"13000080","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1939","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll.","83","","349","","","","","","","Dendromurinae G. M. Allen, 1939 (Dendromuridae Chaline, Mein, and F. Petter, 1977); Dendromyinae Alston, 1876.","<p>Dendromurines had been earlier allied with murines (Miller and Gidley, 1918; Simpson, 1945) but later included with ""cricetids"" (Lavocat, 1959, 1964; Lindsay, 1988) or treated as a separate family (Chaline et al., 1977). Carleton and Musser (1984) attempted a diagnosis of the subfamily as then understood and cautioned that more research was required to determine whether dendromurines represent a natural group or polyphyletic assemblage of specialized relicts. Monophyly of Dendromurinae was also questioned by Rosevear (1969). Recent analyses of morphology (Denys et al., 1995), spermatozoa (Breed, 1995<i>d</i>), and DNA sequences (Michaux et al., 2001<i>b</i>; E. Verheyen et al., 1996<i>b</i>) have exposed the polyphyletic structure of Dendromurinae and uniformly sustained a distant phylogenetic affinity between murines and dendromurines. These data collectively support removal of <i>Deomys</i> and <i>Leimacomys</i> to different subfamilies of Muridae: the former phylogenetically asso... [truncated]","30","30-00080","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080"
"13000081","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendromus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Smith","1829","","Zool. J. Lond.","4","","438","","<i>Dendromus</i> <i>typus</i> Smith, 1829 (= <i>Mus</i> <i>mesomelas</i> Brants, 1827).","","","","","<i>Chortomys</i> Thomas, 1916;<i> Dendromys </i>J. B. Fischer, 1830; <i>Dendromys </i>Smuts, 1832;<i> Poemys </i>Thomas, 1916.","<p>Rosevear (1969) thoroughly reviewed historical usages of generic names given in the synonymy. In his checklist of African mammals, G. M. Allen (1939) listed 29 species of <i>Dendromus</i>, soon after reduced to four by Bohmann’s (1942) revision. Based on morphological traits and ecological associations, Dieterlen (1971) recognized five species within the central African region. We recognize twelve based on specimen examination from North American and European museums and on literature sources; most have clear morphological and geographic characteristics, a few are heterogeneous entities and require further taxonomic revision. Chromosomal information for several species were reported by Matthey (1967<i>a</i>, 1970). The species have been traditionally segregated into the subgenera <i>Poemys</i> (hallux with a nail—<i>D. melanotis</i>, <i>D. nyikae</i>) and <i>Dendromus</i> (hallux bears a claw—all other species) (see Ansell, 1974<i>b</i>, for utility of the hallucial trait and other ... [truncated]","30","30-00081","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0081"
"13000082","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendromus","","insignis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","341","","","Montane African Climbing Mouse","Kenya, Nandi.","Discontinuous in bamboo, heath, and alpine zones, ca. 3000-4700 m, of East Africa—Ethiopia (Yalden et al., 1976, 1996; AMNH 81105) through W Kenya (Hollister, 1919; AMNH, MCZ, and USNM series) and Mt Elgon on the Kenya-Uganda border (Clausnitzer, 2001; reported as <i>mesomelas</i>), to Mt Kilimanjaro (Shore and Garbett, 1991; Grimshaw et al., 1995; FMNH specimens); also Western Rift mountains from W Uganda (Rwenzoris, Kerbis Peterhans et al., 1998) south to W Rwanda and E Dem. Rep. Congo (Kivu region; large samples in AMNH, BMNH, and FMNH); distributional extent unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abyssinicus</i> Osgood, 1936;<i> kilimandjari </i>Bohmann, 1939;<i> percivali</i> Heller, 1912.","Although <i>insignis</i> has been included in <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas</i> (Bohmann, 1942; Misonne, 1974), Thomas (1916<i>b</i>) cautioned that the ""lumping of <i>insignis</i> with the southern <i>D. mesomelas</i>"" appeared to be ""unfounded,"" an evaluation sustained by specimen study. <i>Dendromus insignis</i> is distinguished easily from the South African <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas</i> by larger body size, shorter pelage, darker upperparts with a more prominent stripe, dark gray or grayish buff underparts (white washed with buff or ochraceous in <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas</i>), larger skull and longer molar rows, and interorbital and postorbital shape. Bohmann (1939) described the large-bodied <i>kilimandjari</i> as a subspecies of <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas</i>, but the name identifies another montane population of <i>D</i>. <i>insignis</i> (study of BMNH paratypes); Thomas (1916<i>b</i>) explained why <i>percivali</i> is a synonym; and allocation of <i>abyssinicus</i> is based upon our inspection... [truncated]","30","30-00082","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0081-0000-0082"
"13000083","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendromus","","kahuziensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dieterlen","1969","","Z. Säugetierk.","34","","348-353","","","Mt Kahuzi African Climbing Mouse","Dem. Rep. Congo, Kivu, Mt Kahuzi, 2100 m.","Kivu region, E Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","A distinctive species with an extremely long tail, broad middorsal stripe, and long gracile rostrum. Still known by few specimens from montane forest-bamboo habitat (Dieterlen, 1969<i>a</i>, 1976<i>c</i>).","30","30-00083","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0081-0000-0083"
"13000084","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendromus","","leucostomus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Monard","1933","","Bull. Soc. Nat. Neuchâtel, Sci. Nat.","57","","55","","","Monard’s African Climbing Mouse","Angola, Caluquembe.","Recorded only from the type locality, EC Angola.","","","Described as a species by Monard (1933, 1935) and known only by his specimens. The name has usually been included in <i>D</i>. <i>melanotis</i>, but Crawford-Cabral (1998) questioned that allocation because the animal has no dorsal stripe and is brighter than <i>D</i>. <i>melanotis</i>. Hill and Carter (1941) treated <i>leucostomus</i> as a separate species and summarized Monard’s description (upperparts without middoral stripe and less russet than <i>D</i>. <i>mystacalis</i>, ventral fur with gray bases and yellowish white tips) and measurements (body size similar to <i>D</i>. <i>melanotis</i> and <i>D</i>. <i>mystacalis</i>). We follow Hill and Carter until the taxonomic ambiguity associated with <i>leucostomus</i> is resolved.","30","30-00084","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0081-0000-0084"
"13000085","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendromus","","lovati","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1899","1900","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1899","","986","","","Lovat’s African Climbing Mouse","Ethiopia, Managasha, near Addis Ababa.","Ethiopian Plateau, 2500-3550 m (Rupp, 1980).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","The type species of <i>Chortomys</i>, reviewed as an Ethiopian endemic by Yalden and Largen (1992) and Yalden et al. (1996). A grassland species differing from other <i>Dendromus</i> in its terrestrial habits (Yalden, 1988; Yalden et al., 1976); sample statistics of external measurements provided by Sillero-Zubiri et al. (1995<i>a</i>).","30","30-00085","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0081-0000-0085"
"13000086","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendromus","","melanotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","158","","","Gray African Climbing Mouse","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Prov., near Port Natal (Durban).","From South Africa (de Graaff, 1997<i>dd</i>; Skinner and Smithers, 1990:306; Taylor, 1998) northward in the west through Botswana (Smithers, 1971) to C Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998; AMNH specimens from Chitau); northward in the east through Zimbabwe (Smithers and Wilson, 1979), Mozambique (Smithers and Lobao Tello, 1976), Zambia (Ansell, 1978), Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988; Ansell, 1989), and Tanzania (Mt Kilimanjaro; Grimshaw et al., 1995; Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951)<b> </b>to Uganda (Delany, 1975); westward through Nigeria and Ghana (Grubb et al., 1998) to S Guinea (Rosevear, 1969); also from Ethiopia (AMNH 81119 and four other specimens as reported by Duckworth et al., 1993, and Yalden et al., 1976). Range limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arenarius</i> Roberts, 1924;<i> basuticus </i>Roberts, 1927;<i> capensis </i>Roberts, 1931;<i> chiversi </i>Roberts, 1929;<i> concinnus </i>Thomas, 1926;<i> exoneratus </i>Thomas, 1918;<i> insignis</i> (Shortridge and Carter, 1938) [not of Thomas, 1903];<i> nigrifrons </i>(True, 1892);<i> pallidus </i>(Heuglin, 1877);<i> pecilei </i>(Milne-Edwards, 1886);<i> pretoriae </i>Roberts, 1931;<i> shortridgei </i>St. Leger, 1930;<i> spectabilis </i>Heller, 1911;<i> subtilis</i> (Sundevall, 1846); <i>thorntoni</i> Roberts, 1931; <i>vulturnus</i> Thomas, 1916.","Apparently most closely related to <i>D</i>. <i>nyikae</i> (see that account). A very widespread species and one requiring taxonomic revision, especially West African populations. Specimens from Mt Nimba, on the Guinea-Côte d’Ivoire border (Heim de Balsac and Lamotte, 1958; Rosevear, 1969), have ochraceous-red upperparts with indistinct stripe and white underparts, chromatic traits that fall outside the fur color and dorsal pattern of southern African <i>D</i>. <i>melanotis</i> (dorsum gray with prominent dark stripe, venter grayish), and may represent a separate species (either undescribed or a population of <i>D</i>. <i>messorius</i>). Crawford-Cabral (1998) questioned the inclusion of <i>concinnus</i>, but Thomas’ (1926<i>e</i>) description fits within morphological variation currently accepted as <i>D. melanotis</i> (see Roberts, 1951:449).","30","30-00086","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0081-0000-0086"
"13000087","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendromus","","mesomelas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brants","1827","","Het. Geslacht der Muizen","","","122","","","Brants’s African Climbing Mouse","South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Sunday’s River, east of Port Elizabeth.","Discontinuous range in Southern African Subregion—in South Africa across Western and Eastern Cape Provs., north through KwaZulu-Natal (Taylor, 1998), to Mpumalanga and Limpopo; Okavango swamps in N Botswana and Caprivi region of NE Namibia (Smithers, 1971); NW Zambia (Ansell, 1978, as <i>D</i>. <i>m</i>. <i>major</i>); and Gorongoza Mtn in C Mozambique (Smithers and Lobao Tello, 1976); may eventually be found in wet habitats of SE Angola and SW Zambia. Not recorded north of the Zambeze River in Mozambique or north of about 12º latitude elsewhere.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ayresi</i>  Roberts, 1913;<i> major</i> St. Leger, 1930; <i>pumilio</i> (Wagner, 1841);<i> typicus</i> Smith, 1834;<i> typus</i> Smith, 1829.","Reviewed by de Graaff (1997<i>cc</i>). The indecisive shifting of <i>pumilio</i> between <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas</i> and <i>D</i>. <i>mystacalis</i> is reviewed Meester et al. (1986), who documented its proper association with the former. Some names once included in <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas</i> (see Misonne, 1974) are here treated as distinct species (see <i>D</i>. <i>insignis</i>, <i>D</i>. <i>nyasae</i>, <i>D</i>. <i>oreas</i>, and <i>D</i>. <i>vernayi</i>). Judged by specimens, <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas </i>from the Southern African Subregion is morphologically separable from northern populations in East Africa, Angola, and Cameroon. It is a larger version of, and likely closely related to, <i>D</i>. <i>mystacalis</i>. <i>Dendromus mesomelas</i> inhabits grasslands in swamps and other wet habitats; whereas, <i>D</i>. <i>mystacalis</i> and <i>D</i>. <i>melanotis</i>, which occur in the same regions, occupy dryer environments (Smithers, 1971; Smithers and Lobao Tello, 1976).","30","30-00087","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0081-0000-0087"
"13000088","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendromus","","messorius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","340","","","Banana African Climbing Mouse","Cameroon, Efulen.","Tropical lowlands and lower mountain slopes, from Ghana (Grubb et al., 1998) through Benin (USNM 422451), Nigeria (USNM 410307), and Cameroon (series in AMNH and MCZ), to N Dem. Rep. Congo (series in AMNH and USNM) and extreme S Sudan (Torit region; USNM 299833, 299834); southwards to NW (USNM 165270) and W Uganda (Ruwenzori Mtns; series in AMNH and MCZ), W Kenya near Lake Victoria (USNM series) and Mt Elgon (holotype of <i>ruddi</i>; MCZ specimens; Clausnitzer and Kityo, 2001); limits unresolved (Dieterlen, 1971).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>haymani</i> Hatt, 1934; <i>kumasi </i>Bohmann, 1939; <i>ruddi </i>Wroughton, 1910.","Treated as part of <i>D</i>. <i>mystacalis</i> by Misonne (1974), but regarded as a separate species by Hatt (1940) and Dieterlen (1971), who pointed out its sympatric occurrence with <i>D</i>. <i>mystacalis</i>. Morphology and pelage coloration similar to <i>D</i>. <i>mystacalis</i>, but body size larger, middorsal stripe absent (present but indistinct in some <i>D</i>. <i>mystacalis</i>, absent in many), and underparts white (white to buffy gray in <i>D</i>. <i>mystacalis</i>). Both species may be phylogenetically close to southern African <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas</i>. Hatt (1940) and Rosevear (1969) provided excellent descriptions of morphology and habits.","30","30-00088","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0081-0000-0088"
"13000089","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendromus","","mystacalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1863","","Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., Halle","30","2","suppl. 5","","","Chestnut African Climbing Mouse","Ethiopia, Baschlo region (Ellerman et al., 1953, offered additional comments).","Much of C and E Africa (G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1942; Ansell, 1978, 1989; Ansell and Dowsett, 1988; Delany, 1975; Lawrence and Loveridge, 1953; Smithers, 1971; Smithers and Lobao Tello, 1976; Smithers and Wilson, 1979; Stanley et al., 1998<i>b</i>), including S Sudan (Setzer, 1956) and Ethiopia (Lavrenchenko, 2000; Yalden et al., 1996), as far south as Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1966<i>b</i>, 1998) and E South Africa (de Graaff, 1997<i>ee</i>; Skinner and Smithers, 1990:308; Taylor, 1998);<b> </b>range based also on specimens in AMNH, BMNH, FMNH, and MCZ.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acraeus</i> Wroughton, 1909;<i> ansorgei </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1905;<i> capitis </i>Heller, 1912;<i> jamesoni </i>Wroughton, 1909;<i> lineatus </i>Heller, 1911;<i> nairobae </i>Osgood, 1910;<i> ochropus </i>Osgood, 1910;<i> pallescens</i> Osgood, 1910; <i>pongolensis</i> Roberts, 1931; <i>uthmoelleri </i>Bohmann, 1939;<i> whytei </i>Wroughton, 1909.","Upperparts are bright ochraceous-buff without a stripe in most samples, a faint strip in others; underparts range from white (usual) to buffy gray, the coloration typical of N Dem. Rep. Congo and AMNH series from Angola (<i>ansorgei</i>, as per Thomas and Wroughton, 1905; Hill and Carter, 1941; and Hayman, 1963<i>b</i>). Those samples without a faint middorsal stripe closely resemble <i>D</i>. <i>messorius</i> but are smaller and usually have buffy gray underparts (always white in <i>messorius</i>). This species is a morphological miniature of southern African <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas</i>, the two are probably close phylogenetic allies, and both constitute one of the two species-pairs occurring in southern Africa (Avery, 1998). Morphological variation within this widely ranging species should be investigated to determine whether more than one species is represented.","30","30-00089","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0081-0000-0089"
"13000090","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendromus","","nyasae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","18","","241","","","Kivu African Climbing Mouse","N Malawi, Nyika Plateau, 6500 ft (1981 m).","Western Rift Mtns—Ruwenzoris in E Dem. Rep. Congo and W Uganda (Kerbis Peterhans et al., 1998; Osgood, 1936; AMNH and FMNH), south through the E Dem. Rep. Congo (Kivu region; AMNH, BMNH, and MCZ) to the Marungu Mtns in SE Dem. Rep. Congo (AMNH 55735), Mbizi Mtns in W Tanzania (FMNH), SW Tanzania (Rungwe and Ukinga; AMNH, FMNH, MCZ; listed by G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1933, as <i>kivu</i>), Nyika Plateau in NE Zambia (Ansell, 1978; Ansell and Ansell, 1973) and N Malawi, and highlands in S Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988; Lawrence and Loveridge, 1953); also through the Eastern Arc Mtns, E Tanzania (Uzungwa Mtns, FMNH and MCZ; Uluguru highlands, holotype of <i>hintoni</i>; Ukaguru Mtns, FMNH; Nguru Mtns, FMNH; South Pare Mtns, Stanley et al., 1998<i>a</i>, as <i>mesomelas</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>D. kivu</i>.","<i>hintoni</i> <b> </b>Bohmann, 1939;<i> kivu</i> Thomas, 1916; <i>lunaris </i>Osgood, 1936.","<i>Dendromus nyasae </i>and the three names in synonymy (based on study of all holotypes) have been treated as subspecies of the southern African <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas</i> (Bohmann, 1942; Misonne, 1974). The latter is larger in external dimensions; has longer pelage with upperparts brighter and buffier (darker, tawny hue in <i>D</i>. <i>nyasae</i>), underparts white usually suffused with pale buff or ochraceous (dark grayish white in <i>D</i>. <i>nyasae</i>); its skull is more robust with narrow interorbital and postorbital regions and more flaring zygomatic arches (interorbit constricted but postorbit wider), longer molar rows; and occurs commonly in lowlands (<i>D</i>. <i>nyasae</i> is strictly montane). Ansell (1974<i>b</i>, 1978) noted that specimens from NW Zambia identified as <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas major </i>(= <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas</i>) were ""quite distinct"" from <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas nyasae</i> (= <i>D</i>. <i>nyasae</i>) on the Nyika Plateau, NE Zambia. In the Western Rift... [truncated]","30","30-00090","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0081-0000-0090"
"13000091","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendromus","","nyikae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","3","","248","","","Nyika African Climbing Mouse","Malawi, Nyika Plateau.","Patchy range in S Subsaharan Africa (about 5º to 24º S latitude)—SC Dem. Rep. Congo (Kananga, AMNH series), N and C Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998; Hill and Carter, 1941; FMNH), N South Africa (Tzaneen Dist. of Limpopo; de Graaff, 1997<i>bb</i>), E Zimbabwe (de Graaff, 1997<i>bb</i>), Zambia (Ansell, 1978), Malawi (Ansell, 1989<i>b</i>; Ansell and Dowsett, 1988; Chitaukali et al., 2001), and Eastern Arc Mtns, NE Tanzania (Stanley et al., 1998<i>b</i>; Udzungwa Mtns, FMNH); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angolensis</i> Roberts, 1929; <i>bernardi </i>Lundholm, 1955; <i>longicaudatus</i> Roberts, 1913.","A dark-furred and large-bodied relative of <i>D. melanotis</i>, as indicated by synapomorphic possession of a nail on the fifth hind digit (claw in all other <i>Dendromus</i>), an elongate front fifth digit (vestigial and scarely evident in others), and burrowing habit to construct underground nests (other species are better climbers and nest above ground); see Ansell, 1974<i>b</i>. The two comprise one of two species-pairs that commonly co-occur in southern Africa (Avery, 1998), in grassland and savanna woodland biomes at low and high altitudes (Chitaukali et al., 2001; Mugo et al., 1995). The report of <i>D. melanotis nyikae</i> from Ukerewe Isl in Lake Victoria (MCZ 26613; G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1933) is an example of <i>D</i>. <i>mystacalis</i>.","30","30-00091","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0081-0000-0091"
"13000092","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendromus","","oreas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1936","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.","20","","236","","","Cameroon African Climbing Mouse","Cameroon, Southwest Prov., southwest side of Mt Cameroon, 9000 ft (2743 m).","Mt Cameroon, Mts Kupe and Manenguba in the massif about 70 mi (113 km) NE Mt Cameroon (Eisentraut, 1963, 1968; Osgood, 1936; Rosevear, 1969), and possibly in mtns of extreme E Cameroon.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Although described by Osgood (1936) as a species, <i>oreas</i> was later included in <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas</i> (Bohmann, 1942; Misonne, 1974; Rosevear, 1969). Study of the holotype supports Osgood’s (1936) view that <i>oreas</i> is related to what he called <i>D</i>. <i>lunaris </i>(=<i>D</i>. <i>nyasae</i>) and is not a geographic outlier of either the montane East African <i>D</i>. <i>insignis </i>or southern African <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas </i>(see those accounts). Judged from the wide range in molar length that Rosevear (1969:472) recorded for <i>oreas</i>, his Cameroon sample is either extremely variable, which is unusual in the genus, or consists of two species.","30","30-00092","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0081-0000-0092"
"13000093","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendromus","","vernayi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill and Carter","1937","","Am. Mus. Novit.","913","","4","","","Vernay’s African Climbing Mouse","Angola, Angolan Plateau, Chitau, 4930 ft (1502 m).","Known only from the type locality (Hill and Carter, 1941; Crawford-Cabral, 1986, 1998), EC Angola.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Hill and Carter (1941) described <i>vernayi</i> as a subspecies of <i>D. mesomelas</i>, an association which has not been questioned (Bohmann, 1942; Crawford-Cabral, 1986; Misonne, 1974). Re-examination of the holotype and original series (in AMNH) reveals <i>vernayi</i> to be distinguished from <i>mesomelas</i> by its much smaller body size and strikingly shorter tail, buffy gray venter (white, often with pale buff in <i>D. mesomelas</i>), much smaller skull, postorbital region not constricted (as narrow as interorbit in <i>D. mesomelas</i>), shorter and wider rostrum, and longer molar rows relative to skull length. No morphological data supports its affiliation with <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas</i> or with the much larger <i>D</i>. <i>insignis</i>. Externally, <i>D</i>. <i>vernayi</i> resembles <i>D</i>. <i>mystacalis</i>, which also occurs at Chitau, but that species is much smaller and recalls <i>D</i>. <i>mesomelas</i> in coloration and cranial conformation. While also morphologically d... [truncated]","30","30-00093","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0081-0000-0093"
"13000094","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendroprionomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Petter","1966","","Mammalia","30","","129","","<i>Dendroprionomys</i> <i>rousseloti</i> F. Petter, 1966.","","","","","","","30","30-00094","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0094"
"13000095","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Dendroprionomys","","rousseloti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Petter","1966","","Mammalia","30","","129","","","Velvet African Climbing Mouse","SE Republic of the Congo, Brazzaville, Zoological Gardens.","Republic of the Congo, recorded only from vicinity of Brazzaville.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","A species combining features of <i>Dendromus</i> with those of <i>Prionomys</i> that is still known only by a few specimens (F. Petter, 1966<i>b</i>).","30","30-00095","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0094-0000-0095"
"13000096","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Malacothrix","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","<i>In</i> Schreber, Die Säugethiere, Suppl.","3","","496","","<i>Otomys</i> <i>typicus</i> A. Smith, 1834.","","","","","<i>Otomys</i>  Smith, 1834 [preoccupied by <i>Otomys</i> Cuvier, 1823, a murid].","Morphologically highly distinctive compared with species of <i>Dendromus</i>, <i>Megadendromus</i>, and <i>Steatomys</i> (Denys et al., 1995). See Matthey (1967<i>a</i>) for chromosomal information and karyological contrasts with other dendromurine genera. Known from late Pliocene and early Pleistocene in southern Africa (Avery, 1998; Senut et al., 1992). Generally considered monotypic (Meester et al., 1986), but this view needs affirmation by systematic revision.","30","30-00096","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0096"
"13000097","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Malacothrix","","typica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","148","","","Large-eared African Desert Mouse","South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Graaff Reinet Dist.","Eastern portion of Southern African Subregion in semidesert regions (mean annual rainfall = 150-500 mm) where sandy plains, short grassy velds, and karroid shrubs on hard substrates predominate; ranges in C and E South Africa (Eastern, Western and Northern Cape Provs., Free State, Northwest Prov.), S Botswana (Smithers, 1971), most of Namibia, and extreme SW Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>damarensis</i>  Roberts, 1932;<i> egeria</i> Thomas, 1926;<i> fryi</i> Roberts, 1917;<i> harveyi</i> Roberts, 1951;<i> kalaharicus</i> Roberts, 1932;<i> molopensis </i>Roberts, 1933.","Reviewed by Skinner and Smithers (1990) and de Graaff (1997<i>aa</i>). The species is now absent from KwaZulu-Natal in E South Africa but was present until about 60,000 years ago (Avery, 1991). Closely related to the extinct <i>M</i>. <i>makapani</i>, early Pleistocene Swartkrans cave sediments in South Africa (Avery, 1998).","30","30-00097","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0096-0000-0097"
"13000098","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Megadendromus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Dieterlen and Rupp","1978","","Z. Säugetierk.","43","","129","","<i>Megadendromus</i> <i>nikolausi</i> Dieterlen and Rupp, 1978.","","","","","","A spectacular dendromurine that resembles a giant <i>Dendromus</i>, having derived molar traits that influenced Dieterlen and Rupp (1978) to pose close relationship between Dendromurinae and Murinae. Denys et al. (1995), however, showed <i>Megadendromus</i> to be part of a clade that includes <i>Dendromus</i>, <i>Steatomys</i>, and <i>Malacothrix</i>, but excludes murines.","30","30-00098","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0098"
"13000099","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Megadendromus","","nikolausi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dieterlen and Rupp","1978","","Z. Säugetierk.","43","","131","","","Nikolaus’s African Climbing Mouse","Ethiopia, S Goba, Bale Mtns.","Bale Mtns and Mt Chilalo in Ethiopia in ericaceous scrub moorland, 3000-3800 m.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Known by less than ten specimens (Demeter and Topal, 1982; Dieterlen and Rupp, 1978; Denys et al., 1995; MCZ 57324). Morphology and ecology covered in detail by Dieterlen and Rupp (1978); Demeter and Topal (1982) provided additional habitat information. Reviewed as another Ethiopian endemic by Yalden and Largen (1992) and Yalden et al. (1996).","30","30-00099","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0098-0000-0099"
"13000100","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Prionomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Dollman","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","226","","<i>Prionomys</i> <i>batesi</i> Dollman, 1910.","","","","","","Dollman’s (1910) generic description is excellent and highlights its many unique traits among dendromurines. The interorbital and postorbital conformation, shape and size of incisive foramina, and molar patterns are similar to <i>Dendroprionomys</i>. A cladistic analysis based primarily on dental traits excludes <i>Prionomys</i> and <i>Dendroprionomys</i> from dendromurines (Denys et al., 1995), but this hypothesis should be tested with other data.","30","30-00100","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0100"
"13000101","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Prionomys","","batesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","228","","","Dollman’s African Tree Mouse","Cameroon, Ja River, Bitye, 2000 ft (610 m).","W (55 km NE Obala, AMNH 241344) and S Cameroon, and S Central African Republic; limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","F. Petter (1964, 1966<i>b</i>) discussed <i>P. batesi</i> from Central African Republic, and contrasted its morphology with that of <i>Dendroprionomys</i>.","30","30-00101","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0100-0000-0101"
"13000102","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Steatomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1846","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","11","","258","","<i>Steatomys</i> <i>pratensis</i> Peters, 1846.","","","","","","At least 18 species were recognized (G. M. Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1941) until Coetzee (1977<i>a</i>) provisionally acknowledged only three. Based upon study of relevant literature and museum specimens, we identify eight, but relationship between the three West African forms and the five outside that region has yet to be resolved and the widely distributed <i>S. pratensis</i> and <i>S. parvus</i> need systematic revision. Rosevear (1969) provided an excellent exposition of the West African species, and Swanepoel and Schlitter (1978) produced a more comprehensive revision of them. Still, their definitions are unsatisfactory and distributional limits unresolved; Coetzee (1977<i>a</i>), e.g., included some West African species recognized by Swanepoel and Schlitter (1978) in either <i>S</i>. <i>pratensis</i> or <i>S</i>. <i>parvus</i>. Fossil history extends to the Pliocene (Avery, 1998, 2000; Denys, 1987<i>a</i>) and late Miocene (Senut et al., 1992).","30","30-00102","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0102"
"13000103","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Steatomys","","bocagei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6","10","","264","","","Bocage’s African Fat Mouse","Angola, Caconda.","Moist savannas and woodlands from the Central Plateau of Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998; Hill and Carter, 1941) eastward through NE Angola to SC Dem. Rep. Congo at Luluabourg (= Kananga; type series of <i>kasaicus </i>in AMNH, see Hatt, 1934); eastern limits unresolved.","","<i>kasaicus</i>  Hatt, 1934.","<p>A distinctive species characterized by very large body size and four pairs of teats (pectoral, postaxillary, and two inguinal). Treated as a species by Hill and Carter (1941) and Ellerman et al. (1953), but synonymized with <i>S</i>. <i>pratensis</i> by Coetzee (1977<i>a</i>) and listed that way in most contemporary faunal accounts. Crawford-Cabral (1998) recognized the specific integrity of <i>bocagei</i>, and explained that it has only four pairs of teats in contrast to <i>S</i>. <i>pratensis</i> with five pairs (sometimes more; see Coetzee, 1977<i>a</i>). That distinguishing trait, its very large body size compared to <i>S</i>. <i>pratensis</i> from southern and eastern Africa, and study of the large series reported by Hill and Carter (1941) identify a species separate from <i>S</i>. <i>pratensis</i> or the large-bodied <i>S</i>. <i>opimus</i>.</p><p>Crawford-Cabral identified the large-bodied <i>Steatomys</i> from NE Angola as <i>S</i>. <i>pratensis</i> <i>kasaicus</i> (teat num... [truncated]","30","30-00103","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0102-0000-0103"
"13000104","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Steatomys","","caurinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","271","","","Northwestern African Fat Mouse","Nigeria, Panyam, 4000 ft (1219 m).","West Africa, Senegal (Duplantier and Granjon, 1992), through S Mali (Meinig, 2000) and Ghana (Grubb et al., 1998), to C Nigeria; range limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>roseveari</i>  Swanepoel and Schlitter, 1978.","Listed as a subspecies of <i>S</i>. <i>pratensis</i> by Coetzee (1977<i>a</i>), but documented as species by Rosevear (1969) and Swanepoel and Schlitter (1978). The relationship between <i>S</i>. <i>caurinus</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>pratensis</i> from southern and East Africa warrants inquiry.","30","30-00104","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0102-0000-0104"
"13000105","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Steatomys","","cuppedius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1920","","Novit. Zool.","27","","318","","","Dainty African Fat Mouse","Nigeria, Farniso (= Panisau), near Kano, 1700 ft (518 m).","West Africa, in Senegal (Duplantier and Granjon, 1992), NC Nigeria, and SC Niger; range unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Revised by Swanepoel and Schlitter (1978), who regarded <i>cuppedius</i> as a distinct species, as did Rosevear (1969), not a member of <i>S</i>. <i>parvus</i> as per Coetzee (1977<i>a</i>). Thomas and Hinton (1923<i>a</i>) thought the holotype of <i>aquilo </i>from EC Sudan was related to <i>S</i>. <i>cuppedius</i>. Whether West African <i>cuppedius</i> represents a separate species or segment of the widely ranging <i>S</i>. <i>parvus</i> has yet to be resolved. Specimens identified as <i>S</i>. <i>cuppedius</i> from SE Ghana by Yeboah (1982-1988) are examples of <i>Uranomys ruddi</i> (Grubb et al., 1998:189).","30","30-00105","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0102-0000-0105"
"13000106","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Steatomys","","jacksoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1935","1936","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1935","","930","","","Jackson’s African Fat Mouse","Ghana, Ashanti, Wenchi.","Spottily recorded from the type locality (Grubb et al., 1998), possibly Togo (Rosevear, 1969), and SW Nigeria (Anadu, 1979); limits indeterminate.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Included in <i>S</i>. <i>pratensis</i> by Coetzee (1977<i>a</i>), but provisionally retained as species by Rosevear (1969) and Swanepoel and Schlitter (1978) until significance of the diagnostic character (size and shape of interparietal) is assessed by additional specimens and other information. The relationship between <i>S</i>. <i>jacksoni</i> (females not yet collected) and the other large-bodied species, <i>S</i>. <i>bocagei</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>opimus</i>, needs to be examined.","30","30-00106","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0102-0000-0106"
"13000107","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Steatomys","","krebsii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Reise nach Mossambique, Säugethiere","","","165","","","Kreb’s African Fat Mouse","South Africa, Kaffraria.","Patchy distribution in Southern African Subregion—C and SW Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998), NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip and vicinity; specimens in USNM), N Botswana (Smithers, 1971), W Zambia (Ansell, 1978 ), and South Africa (Western, Eastern and Northern Cape Provs., E Free State, Northwest Prov., and NW KwaZulu-Natal).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angolensis</i>  Hill and Carter, 1937;<i> bensoni</i> Ansell, 1958;<i> bradleyi</i> Hill and Carter, 1937;<i> chiversi</i> Roberts, 1931;<i> mariae</i> Ansell, 1958;<i> orangiae</i> Roberts, 1929;<i> pentonyx</i> (Sclater, 1899); <i>tongensis</i> Roberts, 1931;<i> transvaalensis</i> Roberts, 1929.","A distinctive small-bodied species with a long tail and small hind feet; reviewed by Coetzee (1977<i>a</i>), Meester et al. (1986), and Ansell (1978). The holotypes of <i>angolensis</i> and <i>bradleyi</i> (in AMNH) are unproblematic examples of <i>S</i>. <i>krebsii</i>. Populations in KwaZulu-Natal Prov., E South Africa, reviewed by Taylor (1998), who transferred <i>tongensis </i>from <i>S</i>. <i>parvus</i> to <i>S</i>. <i>krebsii</i>. De Graaff (1997<i>hh</i>) mapped the spotty distribution but suspected that it reflected lack of focused collection.","30","30-00107","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0102-0000-0107"
"13000108","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Steatomys","","opimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pousargues","1894","","Bull. Soc. Zool. De France","19","","131","","","Pousargues African Fat Mouse","Central African Republic, near Balao, Dakoas Dist., 05º26'N., 17º40'E.","Moist savanna and forest margins from Cameroon, through S Central African Repbulic and N Dem. Rep. Congo (Faradje and Niangara per AMNH specimens), to extreme SW Sudan.","","<i>gazellae</i>  Thomas and Hinton, 1923.","Closely similar to the large-bodied <i>S</i>. <i>bocagei </i>in body and cranial dimensions, but with five pairs of teats (abdominal pair in addition to the other four; AMNH specimens from Faradje and Niangara). Included in <i>S</i>. <i>pratensis</i> by Coatzee (1977<i>a</i>), but <i>opimus</i> is much larger in body and cranial dimensions than samples from eastern and southern Africa. Hatt (1940<i>a</i>) redescribed <i>S</i>. <i>opimus</i> as a species based on AMNH series, emphasized traits that distinguish it from other <i>Steatomys</i>, and explained that the holotype of <i>gazellae</i> is another example of it. Status of <i>S</i>. <i>opimus</i> with respect to the large-bodied West African <i>S</i>. <i>jacksoni</i> requires resolution.","30","30-00108","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0102-0000-0108"
"13000109","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Steatomys","","parvus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1896","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","","","529","","","Tiny African Fat Mouse","Ethiopia, northern shore Lake Turkana, Rusia (see Yalden et al., 1996).","East and Southern Africa—S and EC Sudan (holotypes of <i>aquilo</i> and <i>thomasi</i>; USNM specimens), S Ethiopia, and Somalia; south through Kenya (Hollister, 1919; specimens in AMNH), Uganda (Delany, 1975; AMNH 119143), and Tanzania (Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951); to SW Angola (Coetzee, 1977<i>a</i>; Crawford-Cabral, 1998; AMNH 81949), NE Namibia, NW Botswana (Smithers, 1971), W Zambia (Ansell, 1978), and W Zimbabwe (Smithers and Wilson, 1979).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aquilo</i>  Thomas and Hinton, 1923; <i>athi</i> Heller, 1910; <i>kalaharicus </i>Roberts, 1932;<i> loveridgei </i>Thomas, 1919;<i> minutus </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1905;<i> muanzae </i>Kershaw, 1923; <i>swalius</i> Thomas, 1926; <i>thomasi</i> Setzer, 1956;<i> umbratus</i> Thomas, 1926.","Distribution and conservation status discussed as a savanna woodland species by Mugo et al. (1995). The single Ethiopian record was first listed as <i>S. pratensis</i> (Yalden et al., 1976) and later reidentified as <i>S</i>. <i>parvus</i> (Yalden et al., 1996). Coetzee (1977<i>a</i>) omitted <i>thomasi</i> from his review; Setzer’s (1956) large type series matches the range of variation in what is now regarded as <i>S</i>. <i>parvus</i>. Coetzee (1977<i>a</i>) included the holotype and only specimen of <i>aquilo</i> (EC Sudan, Jebel Marra) in <i>S</i>. <i>parvus</i>, although Thomas and Hinton (1923<i>a</i>) believed it to be related to West African <i>S</i>. <i>cuppedius</i>. Southern African records reviewed and mapped by de Graaff (1997<i>gg</i>), who included an isolate in KwaZulu-Natal, but Taylor (1998) reallocated those specimens to <i>S</i>. <i>krebsii</i>. <i>Steatomys</i> <i>parvus</i> has not been found south of NE Namibia and NW Botswana, nor have we located any samples be... [truncated]","30","30-00109","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0102-0000-0109"
"13000110","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Dendromurinae","","Steatomys","","pratensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1846","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","11","","258","","","Common African Fat Mouse","Mozambique, Zambezi River, Tete.","Southern and East Africa—S Angola (Carter and Hill, 1941) and N Namibia; eastward through N Botswana (Smithers, 1971), Zimbabwe (Smithers and Wilson, 1979), N South Africa (Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, and N KwaZulu-Natal; de Graaff, 1997<i>ff</i>; Taylor, 1998), and Mozambique (Smithers and Lobao Tello, 1976); north through Zambia (Ansell, 1978), Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988; Chitaukali et al., 2001; Lawrence and Loveridge, 1953), and Tanzania (AMNH material) to EC Ethiopia (Demeter, 1982).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>edulis</i>  Peters, 1852;<i> leucorhynchus </i>Hill and Carter, 1937;<i> maunensis </i>Roberts, 1932;<i> natalensis </i>Roberts, 1929;<i> nyasae</i> Lawrence and Loveridge, 1953.","Formerly included <i>bocagei </i>and<i> opimus</i> (see those accounts). Demeter (1982) identified the lone Ethiopian record (Sabober Plains, Awash National Park) as <i>S. pratensis</i> because of their large skull size compared with <i>S</i>. <i>parvus</i>; his range of values match those for <i>S</i>. <i>pratensis</i> in the AMNH, not the larger <i>S</i>. <i>opimus</i> which occurs no closer than extreme SW Sudan. Although <i>leucorhynchus</i> is usually included in <i>S</i>. <i>krebsii </i>(Coetzee, 1977<i>a</i>; Meester et al., 1986), Crawford-Cabral (1998) provisionally recognized it as a species because relative ear length of the holotype (Angola, Capelongo) is more similar to <i>S</i>. <i>pratensis</i>; he also suggested that <i>leucorhynchus</i> may prove to be another geographic sample of the latter. After studying the holotype of <i>leucorhynchus</i> and others from Capelongo (AMNH 85815, 85816, 86976) in S Angola, we agree with that assessment. We have not seen material betw... [truncated]","30","30-00110","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0080-0000-0102-0000-0110"
"13000111","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Mystromyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Vorontsov","1966","","Zool. Zh.","45","","437","","","","","","","Mystromyini Vorontsov, 1966 (Mystromyinae Lavocat, 1973).","<p>Phylogenetic allocation of <i>Mystromys</i> so puzzled Ellerman (1941:445) that he wrote ""I am entirely at a loss to suggest the relationships of this genus, which seems not only isolated from the Palaearctic and Neotropical genera, but to have no marked generic characters."" Based on a comprehensive study of morphological characters, Vorontsov (1966) concluded that <i>M</i>. <i>albicaudatus</i> is not closely related to Palearctic hamsters and placed it in the monotypic tribe Mystromyini. Carleton and Musser (1984:313) remarked that <i>Mystromys</i> is possibly a survivor of an ancient phyletic line, pointing out that Lavocat (1973, 1978) ""raised such a novel possibility for <i>Mystromys</i> by noting its probable derivation from afrocricetodontine rodents and by recognizing the subfamily Mystromyinae in the Nesomyidae, a family composed of archaic African cricetids that he derived from the afrocricetodontines, the African counterpart to European and Asian cricetodontines."" Pocock (... [truncated]","30","30-00111","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0111"
"13000112","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Mystromyinae","","Mystromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wagner","1841","","Gelehrte Anz. I. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., München","12","54","col. 434","","<i>Mystromys</i> <i>albipes</i> Wagner, 1841 (= <i>Otomys</i> <i>albicaudatus</i> A. Smith, 1834).","","","","","","Gross morphology of male accessory glands described by Voss and Linzey (1981). Gastric anatomy, development, and physiology thoroughly investigated and considered with respect to systematics, function, and diet (Maddock and Perrin, 1981, 1983; Perrin and Curtis, 1980; Perrin and Maddock, 1983). Spermatozoal morphology described by Breed (1995<i>d</i>), who noted that sperm head ultrastructure generally resembles that of the cricetine <i>Mesocricetus</i>.","30","30-00112","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0111-0000-0112"
"13000113","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Mystromyinae","","Mystromys","","albicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","","S Afr. Quart. J.","2","","148","","","African White-tailed Rat","S Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Albany Dist.","South Africa (relict population in Western Cape Prov., lowlands of Eastern Cape Prov., and highveld of Free State, Gauteng and Mpumalanga Provinces, and NW KwaZulu-Natal), Lesotho, and S Swaziland.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>albicaudatus</i> (Desmarest, 1822) [Meester et al. (1986) described origin and possible status of this name]; <i>albicaudatus </i>(Smith, 1834); <i>albipes</i> (Wagner, 1841); <i>antiquus</i> Broom, 1948 [probably <i>nomen nudum</i>; see Avery, 1998]; <i>fumosus</i> Thomas and Schwann, 1905);<i> hauslichtneri </i>Broom 1937; <i>lanuginosa</i> (Lichtenstein, 1842).","<p>Reviewed by de Graaff (1997<i>z</i>), Meester et al. (1986), and Skinner and Smithers (1990). The taxon <i>longicaudatus</i> was described as a species of <i>Mystromys</i> (Noack, 1887) and listed that way by G. M. Allen (1939), but Misonne (1966) determined the holotype to be an immature example of <i>Mastomys natalensis</i>,<i> </i>an identification accepted by de Graaff (1981) and Meester et al. (1986), and verified by multivariate analysis (Van der Straeten and Robbins, 1997, who noted the specimen is a young adult). See Meester et al. (1986) for type localities and taxonomic references of all described forms; Grubb (2001; see also Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2002<i>b</i>) suggested that <i>albicaudatus</i> Geoffroy, 1803, is a senior homonym of <i>Otomys</i> <i>albicaudatus</i> A. Smith, 1834, a possibility that should be formally resolved. Found in fynbos, succulent Karoo, nama-karoo, grassland, arid savanna, and savanna woodland (M... [truncated]","30","30-00113","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0111-0000-0112-0000-0113"
"13000114","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Major","1897","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1897","","718","","","","","","","Brachytarsomyes Ellerman, 1941; Brachyuromyes Ellerman, 1941; Eliuri Ellerman, 1941; Gymnuromyinae Ellerman, 1941; Nesomyinae Major, 1897 (Nesomyidae Tullberg, 1899; Nesomyini Vorontsov, 1959).","<p>Emended definition—Muroid rodents in which the jugal is large, spanning most of the middle zygomatic arch (Major, 1897); the tongue retains three circumvallate papillae (Tullberg, 1899; Vorontsov, 1967); and the enamel face of the lower incisors bears two low and inconspicuous ridges, close-set in parallel and positioned mediolaterally (confirmed by MDC in all nine genera).</p><p>Group exceedingly diverse morphologically (see Carleton and Musser, 1984:341-2), but the above characters, in combination, uniquely define nesomyines among assemblages of living muroids. Jugal size and number of circumvallate papillae are probably primitive conditions, but the acquisition of various lower incisor ornamentations is thought derived (Flynn et al., 1985; L. D. Martin, 1980). Similar longitudinal incisor ridges are also found in certain cricetomyines among extant groups, and in the extinct Miocene African genera <i>Afrocricetodon</i>, <i>Notocricetodon</i>, and <i>Protarsomys</i> (Flynn et al., ... [truncated]","30","30-00114","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114"
"13000115","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Brachytarsomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Günther","1875","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","79","","<i>Brachytarsomys albicauda</i> Günther, 1875.","","","","","","The incipient prismatic condition of the dentition persuaded Ellerman (1941) to classify <i>Brachytarsomys</i> as a primitive arvicoline. Specific discrimination and distributions reviewed by Carleton and Goodman (2003<i>a</i>).","30","30-00115","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0115"
"13000116","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Brachytarsomys","","albicauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1875","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","80","","","White-tailed Antsangy.","Madagascar, between ""Tamatave and Morondava;"" type locality requires formal restriction, which may be possible with archival research because the species occurs only in the east.","Rain forest at middle elevations, E Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00116","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0115-0000-0116"
"13000117","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Brachytarsomys","","villosa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Petter","1962","","Mammalia","26","","570","","","Hairy-tailed Antsangy","Description based on a specimen held in captivity in the ""Vivarium de Tsimbazaza;"" type locality requires formal restriction.","So far recorded only from the western slopes of the Anjanaharibe-Sud Massif, N Madagascar.","","","Named as a subspecies by F. Petter (1962<i>a</i>) based on a zoo specimen, but Carleton and Schmidt (1990) suggested that <i>villosa</i> is a distinct species. Rediscovered in the wild by Goodman et al. (2001<i>b</i>) and contrasted to <i>B</i>. <i>albicauda</i>; distributional limits unknown.","30","30-00117","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0115-0000-0117"
"13000118","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Brachyuromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Major","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","322","","<i>Brachyuromys ramirohitra</i> Major, 1896.","","","","","","Ellerman (1941) allied <i>Brachyuromys</i> as a tribe within Tachyoryctinae, an affinity earlier considered plausible by Major (1897). Cladistic interpretation of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences instead indicates close kinship with <i>Nesomys</i> (Jansa et al., 1999). Specific discrimination and distributions reviewed by Jansa and Carleton (2003<i>b</i>).","30","30-00118","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0118"
"13000119","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Brachyuromys","","betsileoensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bartlett","1879","1880","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1879","","770","","","Lesser Short-tailed Rat","Madagascar, ""S.E. Betsileo.""","Central Highlands and its eastern fringes, ca. 900-2450 m, Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Described as a species of <i>Nesomys</i> but referred to <i>Brachyuromys</i> by Major (1896). Occurs sympatrically with <i>B</i>. <i>ramirohitra</i> (Goodman and Rasolonandrasana, 2001).","30","30-00119","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0118-0000-0119"
"13000120","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Brachyuromys","","ramirohitra","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Major","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","323","","","Greater Short-tailed Rat","Madagascar, Fianarantsoa Prov., 6 hours SE Fandriana, Ampitambe forest.","Isolated records, ca. 900-1990 m, in highlands of N and C Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Extent poorly documented, but recent records paint a broader distribution in the Central Highlands (Soarimalala et al., 2001) as well as its presumably isolated occurrence in the Northern Highlands (Jansa and Carleton, 2003<i>b</i>).","30","30-00120","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0118-0000-0120"
"13000121","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Eliurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Milne Edwards","1885","","Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. Paleontol. (Paris)","20","","Art. 1 bis","","<i>Eliurus myoxinus Milne-Edwards, 1885.</i>","","","","","","Genus arrayed as a monotypic tribe within Murinae by Ellerman (1941), an affinity confuted by molecular data (Dubois et al., 1996; Jansa et al., 1999). Ellerman (1949) set the precedent for recognizing only two species, the large polytypic <i>E</i>. <i>myoxinus</i> and the small monotypic <i>E</i>. <i>minor</i>, an arrangement later followed by F. Petter (1972<i>c</i>, 1975<i>a</i>) and others (Corbet and Hill, 1991; Honacki et al., 1982). Revised by Carleton (1994), who recognized 8 species and summarized their morphological identification and distributions; interspecific relationships based on cladistic interpretation of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences studied by Jansa et al. (1999). Review of specific taxonomy and distributions, along with key to identification, provided by Carleton (2003).","30","30-00121","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0121"
"13000122","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Eliurus","","antsingy","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Carleton, Goodman, and Rakotondravony","2001","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","114","","974","","","Tsingy Tufted-tailed Rat","Madagascar, Toliara Prov., Antsingy Forest, near Bekopaka; about 19º07.5&#8242;S, 44º49.0&#8242;E.","So far known from only two localities in dry forest peculiar to karst topography (tsingy), W Madagascar.","","","Specific relationships unclear; although found in W Madagascar, <i>E</i>. <i>antsingy</i> is apparently not closely related to the more widely distributed western species, <i>E</i>. <i>myoxinus</i> (Carleton et al., 2001).","30","30-00122","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0121-0000-0122"
"13000123","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Eliurus","","ellermani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Carleton","1994","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3087","","39","","","Ellerman’s Tufted-tailed Rat","Madagascar, Toamasina Prov., near Hiaraka, about 18 km ESE Maroantsetra, 850 m; about 15º30&#8242;S, 49º56&#8242;E (as amended by Carleton and Goodman, 1998:181).","Known only from two widely separated localities in NE Madagascar.","","","Status uncertain; provisionally retained as distinct from the morphologically similar <i>E</i>. <i>tanala</i> (see Carleton and Goodman, 1998).","30","30-00123","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0121-0000-0123"
"13000124","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Eliurus","","grandidieri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Carleton and Goodman","1998","","Fieldiana Zool., N.S.","90","","165","","","Grandidier’s Tufted-tailed Rat","Madagascar, Antsiranana Prov., Reserve Speciale d’Anjanaharibe-Sud, 11 km WSW Befingitra, 1550 m; 14º44.5&#8242;S, 49º27.5&#8242;E.","Middle to upper montane forest, 1250-1875 m, in the Northern Highlands and northern portion of the Central Highlands, E Madagascar.","","","Certain morphological features suggest that the species is most closely related to <i>E</i>. <i>petteri</i>.","30","30-00124","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0121-0000-0124"
"13000125","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Eliurus","","majori","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","164","","","Major’s Tufted-tailed Rat","Madagascar, Fianarantsoa Prov., Ambohimitambo forest, 4500 ft (1372 m).","Middle to upper montane forest, 1000-2000 m, E Madagascar, from Montagne d’Ambre in the north to the Anosyenne Mountains in the south.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Morphologically similar to and presumably closely related with <i>E</i>. <i>penicillatus</i> (Carleton, 1994).","30","30-00125","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0121-0000-0125"
"13000126","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Eliurus","","minor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Major","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","462","","","Lesser Tufted-tailed Rat","Madagascar, Fianarantsoa Prov., Ampitambe.","Humid forests of E Madagascar, near sea level to 1875 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Co-occurs regionally with most other species of Eliurus. Extensive size variation and broad altitudinal occurrence suggest a species composite.","30","30-00126","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0121-0000-0126"
"13000127","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Eliurus","","myoxinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1885","","Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. Paleontol. (Paris)","20","","Art. 1 bis","","","Western Tufted-tailed Rat","Madagascar, Toliara Prov., Tsilambana.","Dry deciduous forest and xerophilous habitats, W Madagascar, from the vicinity of Ankarafantsika to the island’s southernmost tip (Carleton et al., 2001:Fig. 3).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Although endemic to western biotopes, the range of <i>E. myoxinus</i> closely approaches that of eastern species in the extreme south (Carleton et al., 2001; Goodman et al., 1999). Sister species of <i>E</i>. <i>minor</i> according to phylogenetic interpretation of mitochondrial DNA sequences (Jansa et al., 1999).","30","30-00127","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0121-0000-0127"
"13000128","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Eliurus","","penicillatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","453","","","White-tipped Tufted-tailed Rat","Madagascar, Fianarantsoa Prov., Ampitambe.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Morphologically like <i>E</i>. <i>majori</i> except for possession of a white-tipped caudal tuft. Tentatively retained as a species by Carleton (1994); specific status maintained based on morphometric comparisons with <i>E</i>. <i>majori</i> and <i>E</i>. <i>tanala</i> by Carleton and Goodman (2000).","30","30-00128","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0121-0000-0128"
"13000129","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Eliurus","","petteri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Carleton","1994","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3087","","37","","","Petter’s Tufted-tailed Rat","Madagascar, Toamasina Prov., 8 km from Fanovana.","Restricted region in foothills, 450-530 m, EC Madagascar.","","","To date, the recent biological surveys have not uncovered a wider distribution of <i>E</i>. <i>petteri</i> in eastern forests.","30","30-00129","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0121-0000-0129"
"13000130","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Eliurus","","tanala","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Major","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","462","","","Tanala Tufted-tailed Rat","Madagascar, Fianarantsoa Prov., 30 mi (48 km) S Fianarantsoa, near Vinanitelo.","Middle elevations in humid forest, 775-1625 m, from Northern Highlands to the S Anosyenne Mountains, E Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Distribution overlaps that of its morphologically similar congener <i>E</i>. <i>webbi</i> at lower elevations. Geographic variation evaluated by Carleton and Goodman (1998).","30","30-00130","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0121-0000-0130"
"13000131","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Eliurus","","webbi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ellerman","1949","","Families and Genera of Living Rodents","3","App. II","163","","","Webb’s Tufted-tailed Rat","Madagascar, Fianarantsoa Prov., 20 mi (32 km) S Farafangana.","Lowland rainforest, sea level-1150 m, E Madagascar, from Montagne d’Ambre in the north to southernmost reaches of the Anosyenne and Vohimena Mountains, including littoral forests in the extreme southeast.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Geographic variation evaluated by Carleton and Goodman (2000). Sister species of <i>E</i>. <i>tanala</i> according to phylogenetic interpretation of mitochondrial DNA sequences (Jansa et al., 1999).","30","30-00131","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0121-0000-0131"
"13000132","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Gymnuromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Major","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","324","","<i>Gymnuromys roberti</i> Major, 1896.","","","","","","Ellerman (1941) created the subfamily Gymnuromyinae in recognition of the distinctive features of this species, which he believed to be derived from a Nesomys-like ancestor. Molecular data fail to support this independent status and instead generally relate the genus to other nesomyines (Jansa et al., 1999). Contrasts with Eliurus and distribution reviewed by Carleton and Goodman (2003b).","30","30-00132","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0132"
"13000133","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Gymnuromys","","roberti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Major","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","324","","","Voalavoanala","Madagascar, Fianarantsoa Prov., Ampitambe forest.","E Madagascar humid forest, 500-1625 m, from the Northern Highlands, along the eastern flank of the central highlands, to the southern limits of the Anosyenne Mountains.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Some have voiced concern that populations of <i>G</i>. <i>roberti</i> are being supplanted by introduced <i>Rattus</i> (see Carleton and Schmidt, 1990; Goodman, 1995).","30","30-00133","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0132-0000-0133"
"13000134","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Hypogeomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","A. Grandidier","1869","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","21","","338","","<i>Hypogeomys antimena</i> A. Grandidier, 1869.","","","","","","Retained by Ellerman (1941) within Cricetinae as a genus of obscure relationships. Sister genus to the <i>Macrotasomys</i> <i>Monticolomys</i> clade according to phylogenetic assessment of mitochondrial DNA sequences (Jansa et al., 1999). The fossil <i>Hypogeomys boulei</i> G. Grandidier (1912) proved to be an example of <i>Plesiorycteropus</i>, member of the extinct order Bibymalagasia (see MacPhee, 1994). Ecology, behavior, and conservation status reviewed by Sommer (2003).","30","30-00134","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0134"
"13000135","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Hypogeomys","","antimena","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Grandidier","1869","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","21","","339","","","Votsovotsa","Madagascar, Toliara Prov., between the banks of the Tsiribihina and Andranomena Rivers.","Narrow coastal zone in deciduous dry forest with sandy soils, WC Madagascar.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Although its present range is greatly restricted, <i>H</i>. <i>antimena</i> was more widespread in SW Madagascar until the late Holocene, 1400 years before present (Goodman and Rakotodravony, 1996). Ecology, breeding biology, and conservation status of extant populations addressed by Cook et al. (1991) and Sommer (1997, 2001). Most closely related to <i>H</i>. <i>australis</i>, known as subfossils from cave deposits in C and extreme S Madagascar, and documented as a valid species by Goodman and Rakotodravony (1996), who discussed its possible survival into the period of the island’s early human colonization.","30","30-00135","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0134-0000-0135"
"13000136","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Macrotarsomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards and G. Grandidier","1898","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 1","4","","179","","<i>Macrotarsomys bastardi</i> Milne Edwards and G. Grandidier, 1898.","","","","","","Retained within Cricetinae by Ellerman (1941) but more closely related to other nesomyines, in particular <i>Monticolomys</i> (Carleton and Goodman, 1996; Jansa et al., 1999). Lavocat (1978), Chaline et al. (1977), and F. Petter (1990) aligned <i>Macrotarsomys</i> with the Kenyan Miocene fossil <i>Protarsomys</i>, a relationship questioned by Carleton and Schmidt (1990) and Carleton and Goodman (1996). Specific discrimination, distributions, and biology reviewed by Carleton and Goodman (2003<i>c</i>).","30","30-00136","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0136"
"13000137","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Macrotarsomys","","bastardi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards and G. Grandidier","1898","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 1","4","","179","","","Lesser Big-footed Mouse","Madagascar, Fianarantsoa Prov., east of Ihosy River, near Ravori; see Carleton and Schmidt (1990:14).","Dry deciduous forest and open savannah in NW, W, and S Madagascar, from the vicinity of Ankarafantsika to the island’s southernmost tip.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>occidentalis</i>  Ellerman, 1949.","Ellerman (1949) described <i>occidentalis</i> as a subspecies; its status has yet to be critically assessed.","30","30-00137","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0136-0000-0137"
"13000138","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Macrotarsomys","","ingens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Petter","1959","","Mammalia","23","","140","","","Greater Big-footed Mouse","Madagascar, Mahajanga Prov., Ankarafantsika Reserve, near Ampijoroa.","Known only from the type locality and its vicinity, NW Madagascar.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Occurs sympatrically with <i>M</i>. <i>bastardi</i>.","30","30-00138","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0136-0000-0138"
"13000139","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Monticolomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Carleton and Goodman","1996","","Fieldiana Zool., N.S.","85","","233","","<i>Monticolomys koopmani</i> Carleton and Goodman, 1996.","","","","","","Sister genus to <i>Macrotarsomys</i> according to morphological (Carleton and Goodman, 1996) and molecular (Jansa et al., 1999) information.","30","30-00139","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0139"
"13000140","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Monticolomys","","koopmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Carleton and Goodman","1996","","Fieldiana Zool., N.S.","85","","235","","","Koopman’s Montane Voalavo","Madagascar, Antananarivo Prov., Manjakatompo, 1800 m; ca. 19º20&#8242;S, 47º26&#8242;E.","Spottily distributed in sclerophyllous montane forest, 1625-2000 m, of the Central and Southern Highlands, E Madagascar.","","","","30","30-00140","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0139-0000-0140"
"13000141","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Nesomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1870","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr., Berlin","","","54","","<i>Nesomys rufus</i> Peters, 1870.","","","","","<i>Hallomys</i>  Jentink, 1879.","Major (1897) synonymized Jentink’s (1879<i>a</i>) <i>Hallomys</i> (type species = <i>H</i>. <i>audeberti</i>) under <i>Nesomys</i> and allocated the genus to the Cricetinae, as did Ellerman (1941). Sister genus of <i>Brachyuromys</i> according to phylogenetic interpretation of mitochondrial DNA sequences (Jansa et al., 1999). Ellerman (1941, 1949) accepted <i>audeberti</i> and <i>lambertoni</i> as species as described, but F. Petter (1972<i>c</i>, 1975<i>a</i>) arranged them as subspecies of <i>N</i>. <i>rufus</i>, synonymies observed in systematic checklists (Corbet and Hill, 1991; Honacki et al., 1982; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Carleton and Schmidt (1990) indicated that each is morphologically highly distinctive, and Ryan et al. (1993) encountered <i>N</i>. <i>audeberti</i> and <i>N</i>. <i>rufus</i> in sympatry. Distributions, ecology, and behavior reviewed by Ryan (2003).","30","30-00141","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0141"
"13000142","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Nesomys","","audeberti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1879","","Notes Leyden Mus.","1879","","107","","","White-bellied Nesomys","""Maisine and Savary.—N. E. Madagascar;"" type locality requires formal restriction.","Low to middle elevation rain forest, sea level-1000 m, from vicinity of Antongil Bay to Vohimena Mtns, E Madagascar.","","","Carleton and Schmidt (1990:18) discussed the indeterminate nature of Audebert’s collecting localities.","30","30-00142","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0141-0000-0142"
"13000143","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Nesomys","","lambertoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Grandidier","1928","","Bull. Acad. Malgache, Nouv. Ser.","11","","95","","","Western Nesomys","Madagascar, Toliara Prov., vicinity of Maintirano (as amended by F. Petter, 1962<i>a</i>:571).","Documented only from the type locality, WC Madagascar, but certainly more widely distributed in the west.","","","So far known by only three specimens.","30","30-00143","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0141-0000-0143"
"13000144","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Nesomys","","rufus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1870","","Sitb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","55","","","Rufous Nesomys","Madagascar, Antsiranana Prov., Vohima.","Broadly distributed in montane forest, 900-2300 m, from the Northern Highlands to the southern Anosyenne Mtns, E Madagascar.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00144","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0141-0000-0144"
"13000145","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Voalavo","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Carleton and Goodman","1998","","Fieldiana Zool., N.S.","90","","182","","<i>Voalavo gymnocaudus</i> Carleton and Goodman, 1998.","","","","","","Sister genus to <i>Eliurus</i> based on morphological features (Carleton and Goodman, 1998). Generic status questioned by phylogenetic study of cytochrome <i>b</i> data, in which <i>Voalavo gymnocaudus</i> is grouped as sister species to <i>Eliurus grandidieri</i>, the two forming a basal clade to all other <i>Eliurus</i> (Jansa et al., 1999).","30","30-00145","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0145"
"13000146","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Nesomyinae","","Voalavo","","gymnocaudus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Carleton and Goodman","1998","","Fieldiana Zool., N.S.","85","","182","","","Naked-tailed Voalavo","Madagascar, Antsiranana Prov., Reserve Speciale d’Anjanaharibe-Sud, 12.2 km WSW Befingitra, 1950 m; 14º44.8&#8242;S, 49º26.0&#8242;E.","Upper montane and sclerophyllous forest of the Anjanaharibe-Sud and Marojejy massifs, 1250-1950 m, N Madagascar; may occur on other mountains in the Northern Highlands.","","","","30","30-00146","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0114-0000-0145-0000-0146"
"13000147","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Petromyscinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Roberts","1951","","Mammals of South Africa","","","434","","","","","","","","<p>Emended definition—Small-bodied (76-112 mm), terrestrial muroids with large ears, short limbs, short hind feet and digits, hairy tail (caudal hairs as long as 2-3 scale rows) equal to or moderately longer than head and body, and two pairs inguinal mammae; front feet with stubby thumb and four clawed digits (two outer nearly as long as the two inner); hind foot with five clawed digits (first very short, next three subequal in length, fifth slightly shorter) and full complement of plantar pads (hypothenar much smaller than thenar); pelage long, soft and silky; rostrum long and slender, interorbit broad and smooth, braincase wide and flat without temporal ridging; zygomatic plate wide with prominent projecting anterior spine (deep zygomatic notch) and inconspicuous masseteric tubercle; incisive foramina narrow and reaching anterior margins of M1s or extending beyond them, posterior palatine foramina at middle of M2s; bony palate wide and projecting past posterior margin of M3s to form ... [truncated]","30","30-00147","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0147"
"13000148","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Petromyscinae","","Petromyscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","17","","179","","<i>Praomys</i> <i>collinus</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1925.","","","","","","Most faunal lists, either with or without reservations, have recognized only two species (Ellerman et al., 1953; Meester et al., 1986; Misonne, 1974). We retain our earlier arrangement (Musser and Carleton, 1993), based on study of museum specimens and original descriptions, and continue to recognize four morphologically distinctive species, a conclusion also recorded by Skinner and Smithers (1990). Comprehensive systematic revision should be undertaken.","30","30-00148","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0147-0000-0148"
"13000149","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Petromyscinae","","Petromyscus","","barbouri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shortridge and Carter","1938","","Ann. S. Afr. Mus.","32","","288","","","Barbour’s Pygmy Rock Mouse","South Africa, W Northern Cape Prov., Little Namaqualand, Witwater, Kamiesberg, 3500-3800 ft (1067-1158 m).","Known only from rocky areas in the Springbok and Kamiesberg regions and Loeriesfontein area in Little Namaqualand, W Northern Cape Prov., South Africa; limits unknown.","IUCN – Least Concern.","","Reviewed by Skinner and Smithers (1990) and de Graaff (1997<i>ii</i>). Although listed as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>collinus</i> (Meester et al., 1986), <i>P</i>. <i>barbouri</i> can be separated by the diagnostic short and bicolored tail, as noted by Shortridge and Carter (1938), its smaller skull and relatively shorter rostrum, much shorter molar rows, and lack of postaxillary teats.","30","30-00149","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0147-0000-0148-0000-0149"
"13000150","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Petromyscinae","","Petromyscus","","collinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1925","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1925","","237","","","Pygmy Rock Mouse","Namibia, Damaraland, Karibib, northwest of Windhoek, 3142 ft (958 m).","SW Angola (along the Inselberge belt between Namib and mopani areas; Crawford-Cabral, 1966<i>b</i>, 1998) and Kaokoveld region in N Namibia, south through Namibia, to W Limpopo of South Africa south of the Orange River in Goodhouse and Pella areas; also recorded from Western Cape Prov.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bruchus</i> (Thomas and Hinton, 1925);<i> capensis </i>Shortridge and Carter, 1938;<i> kaokoensis </i>Roberts, 1938;<i> kurzi </i>Lehmann, 1955;<i> namibensis </i>Roberts, 1948;<i> rufus</i> Lundholm, 1955; <i>variabilis </i>Lundholm, 1955.","Reviewed by Skinner and Smithers (1990) and de Graaff (1997<i>jj</i>). Roberts (1951) listed <i>capensis</i>, known only from Goodhouse, as a species, and Meester et al. (1986) treated it as a full synonym of <i>P</i>. <i>collinus</i> <i>barbouri</i>. In arranging <i>capensis</i> as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>collinus</i>, however, Shortridge and Carter (1938) properly reflected its affinity and appreciated that its morphology is unlike <i>P</i>. <i>barbouri</i>, which they described in the same paper and knew well. Roberts (1951) also treated <i>bruchus</i> (S Namibia, Great Brukkaros Mtn) as a separate species, merging the northern <i>shortridgei</i> as a subspecies. The latter is clearly a species separate from <i>P</i>. <i>collinus</i> (see comments under <i>shortridgei</i>), but the status of <i>bruchus</i> will have to be illuminated in a revision; the few specimens we have seen from Great Brukkaros Mtn are examples of <i>P</i>. <i>collinus</i>.","30","30-00150","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0147-0000-0148-0000-0150"
"13000151","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Petromyscinae","","Petromyscus","","monticularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1925","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1925","","238","","","Brukkaros Pygmy Rock Mouse","Namibia, Great Namaqualand, Great Brukkaros Mtn, near Berseba.","S Namibia (vicinity of type locality and south of there between Aus region in the west and South African border near Rietfontein area in the east) and N South Africa (extreme Northern Cape Prov. on south bank of the Orange River at Augrabies Falls; USNM 452333).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Geographic limits of this distinctive species have yet to be determined. Reviewed by de Graaff (1997<i>kk</i>), who claimed that it was known only from vicinity of the Great Brukkaros Mtn but speculated that the range may extend southward into the Northern Cape Prov.","30","30-00151","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0147-0000-0148-0000-0151"
"13000152","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Nesomyidae","Petromyscinae","","Petromyscus","","shortridgei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1926","","302","","","Shortridge’s Pygmy Rock Mouse","Extreme S Angola, Ruacana Falls, 3350 ft (1021 m).","W and S Angola and N Namibia (S to Erongo Mtns and Okahandja region); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Skinner and Smithers (1990) and de Graaff (1997<i>ll</i>). Roberts (1951) treated <i>shortridgei</i> as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>bruchus</i>, and Meester et al. (1986) listed it as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>collinus</i>. However, Thomas’ species description correctly expressed the distinctness of the animal; also see Schlitter (<i>in</i> Meester et al., 1986) and Skinner and Smithers (1990). The larger size of <i>P</i>. <i>shortridgei</i>, darker fur with a less silky texture, and lack of postaxillary teats clearly separate it from <i>P</i>. <i>collinus</i>, a judgement based upon AMNH and FMNH specimens, which also inform our estimate of its geographic range. Crawford-Cabral (1998) recorded <i>P</i>. <i>shortridgei</i> only from the vicinity of Ruacana Falls, S Angola near the Namibia border, and speculated that the specimen (AMNH 81915) from farther north at Coporolo represented <i>P</i>. <i>collinus</i>. External and cranial morphology of the Coporolo specimen fal... [truncated]","30","30-00152","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0064-0147-0000-0148-0000-0152"
"13000153","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer","1817","","Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow","5","","372","","","","","","","","<p>The cricetid-murid question has persisted as the dominant theme, or uncertainty, involving the higher level classification of muroid rodents over the past century (see summaries in Carleton, 1980, and Carleton and Musser, 1984): in essence, should the various subfamilies be approximately equally apportioned between Cricetidae and Muridae (Miller and Gidley, 1918; Simpson, 1945) or should most be placed under an all encompassing Muridae (Alston, 1876; Ellerman, 1940; Thomas, 1896—even these studies, however, accorded the fossorially specialized forms separate familial rank; i.e., the spalacines, rhizomyines, and myospalacines in various combinations). While the inclusive view of Muridae has gained acceptance over the latter half of the 20th century (Hershkovitz, 1962; Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>a</i>; McKenna and Bell, 1997), there are notable departures (Chaline et al., 1977; Lavocat, 1978), and Reig (1980, 1981, 1984), in particular, has steadfastly espoused recognition of a separat... [truncated]","30","30-00153","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153"
"13000154","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","Lond. Med. Repos.","15","","303","","","","","","","Alticoli Gromov, 1977; Arvicolidae Gray, 1821 (Arvicolina Bonaparte, 1837; Arvicolini Giebe, 1855; Arvicolinae Baird, 1857; Arvicolae Winge, 1887; Arvicolini Kretzoi, 1955, unnecessary naming); Braminae Miller and Gidley, 1918; Clethrionomyini Hooper and Hart, 1962 (Clethrionomyi Gromov, 1977; Clethriomyina Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987); Dicrostonychini Kretzoi, 1955 (Dicrostonyxini Gromov, 1972; Dicrostonychinae Chaline, 1973; Dicrostonychina Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987); Dolomyinae Chaline, 1975; Ellobiusini Gill, 1872, justified emendation by Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>  (Ellobiinae Gill, 1872, not Ellobiinae Adams, 1858; Ellobii Weber, 1928; Ellobiini Simpson, 1945); Fibrini Mehely, 1914; Lagurini Kretzoi, 1955 (Lagurina Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987); Lemnina Gray, 1825 (Lemmi Miller, 1896; Lemmini Simpson, 1945; Lemminae Kretzoi, 1955); Microtidae Cope, 1891 (Microtinae Miller, 1896; Microti Miller, 1896; Microtini Simpson, 1945); Myodini Kretzoi, 1969; Neofibrini Hooper and Hart, 1962; Ondatrini Gray, 1825 (Ondatrini Kretzoi, 1955, unnecessary naming; Ondatrinae Repenning, 1982; Ondatrina Pavlinov et al., 1995); Phenacomyini Zagorodnyuk, 1990 (<i>nomen nudum</i>); Pitymyini Repenning, 1983; Pliomyini Kretzoi, 1969 (Pliomyini Chaline, 1975, unnecessary naming; Pliomyi Gromov, 1977); Pliophenacomyini Repenning, Fejfar, and Heinrich, 1990; Prometheomyinae Kretzoi, 1955 (Prometheomyini Hooper and Hart, 1962; Prometheomyina Pavlinov et al., 1995); Synaptomyini Koenigswald and L. D. Martin, 1984.","<p>See Kretzoi (1955, 1962, 1969) for family-group priority of Arvicolidae Gray, 1821, instead of Microti Miller, 1896. Although some have intentionally maintained the latter name (e.g., Repenning, 1992, 1998), a group concept of arvicoline rodents, recognized as Arvicolinae, actually had emerged long prior to Miller’s (1896) seminal monograph (e.g., Baird, 1857; Coues, 1874; Murray, 1866; Alston, 1876; Lataste, 1887). Carleton and Musser (1984) generally defined and reviewed the limits and contents of the subfamily. Hinton’s (1926<i>a</i>) classic monograph, although never completed, still remains the most authoritative systematic, morphological, and biogeographic review for many genera. Synthetic taxonomic treatments are available for broad regions, including the Palearctic (Agadzhanyan and Yatsenko, 1984; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>, 1984; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), Eurasia (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Ognev, 1963, 1964; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Pavl... [truncated]","30","30-00154","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154"
"13000155","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blanford","1881","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","50","","96","","<i>Arvicola stoliczkanus</i> Blanford, 1875.","","","","","<i>Aschizomys</i>  Miller, 1899; <i>Platycranius</i> Kastschenko, 1901.","<p>Myodini. Or placed in subtribe Myodina, Prometheomyini (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). <i>Alticola</i> is broadly related to <i>Myodes</i>, an affinity early acknowledged by Hooper and Hart (1962), who associated <i>Alticola</i> with <i>Clethrionomys</i> (= <i>Myodes</i>), <i>Eothenomys</i>, <i>Hyperacrius</i>, <i>Dinaromys</i>, and <i>Phenacomys</i> in Clethrionomyini, a grouping later supported by Gromov and Polyakov (1977) and Mezhzherin et al. (1995). Appendicular myological and osteological traits reinforce the monophyly of <i>Alticola</i> and its close association with <i>Myodes</i> and <i>Eothenomys</i> (Stein, 1987). We follow Gromov and Polyakov (1977) and others (Hille and Stubbe, 1996; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>) who recognize the subgenera <i>Alticola</i>, <i>Aschizomys</i>, and <i>Platycranius</i>.</p><p><i>Alticola</i> is implicated as polyphyletic in DNA-DNA hybridization studies that disclose <i>Alticola... [truncated]","30","30-00155","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155"
"13000156","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Alticola","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Blanford","1881","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","50","","96","","<i>Arvicola stoliczkanus</i> Blanford, 1875.","","","","","","","30","30-00156","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0156"
"13000157","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Aschizomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00157","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0157"
"13000158","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Platycranius","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Kastschenko","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00158","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0158"
"13000159","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Alticola","albicaudus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1894","","Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.","17","","12","","","White-tailed Mountain Vole","India, Baltistan, Braldu Valley.","Himalayan portions of Baltistan (Braldu Valley, Nahr Nulla) and Ladakh (Phyang Nulla), NW India (Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1992; Rossolimo et al., 1994).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>acmaeus</i>  Schwarz, 1939.","Subgenus <i>Alticola</i>, <i>A. roylei-A. argentatus</i> species group (Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1992). Although usually included in <i>A</i>. <i>roylei</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977), Hinton (1926<i>a</i>) earlier pointed out the diagnostic specific traits of <i>albicaudus</i>. Rossolimo and Pavlinov (1992) verified this ranking, fully redescribed the species, and contrasted it with morphologically similar forms. Schwarz’s (1939) <i>acmaeus</i> represents another population of <i>A. albicaudus</i> (Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1992; our study of holotype).","30","30-00159","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0156-0159"
"13000160","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Alticola","argentatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Severtzov","1879","","Izv. Soc. Nat. Anthrop. Etnogr.","8","2","82","","","Silver Mountain Vole","Tajikistan, Pamir Mountains, Murgab District, Alichur.","Tien Shan mountains from Xinjiang in NW China (Ma et al., 1987); southwest through mountains of E Kazakhstan (Dzhungarskiy Alatau and other highlands) and Kyrgyzstan (Talasskiy Alatau and other local ranges); to Pamir Mtns of S Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, NW India (Agrawal, 2000, discussed under <i>A. blanfordi</i>), and the Hindu Kush of NW Pakistan and N Afghanistan; not present in Tibet or Himalayas.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alaica</i>  Rosanov, 1935; <i>argurus</i> (Thomas, 1909); <i>blanfordi</i> (Scully, 1880); <i>gracilis</i> Kashkarov, 1923; <i>lahulius</i> Hinton, 1926; <i>leucurus</i> (Severtsov, 1873) [not Gerbe, 1852]; <i>longicauda</i> Kashkarov, 1923; <i>longicaudata</i> Ognev, 1950; <i>parvidens</i> Schlitter and Setzer, 1973; <i>phasma</i> Miller, 1912; <i>rosanovi</i> Ognev, 1940; <i>saurica</i> Afanasiev and Bazhanov, 1948; <i>shnitnikovi</i> Ognev, 1940; <i>severtzovi</i> (Tichomirov and Korchagin, 1889); <i>subluteus</i> Thomas, 1914; <i>tarasovi </i>Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1992; <i>villosa</i> Kashkarov, 1923; <i>worthingtoni</i> Miller, 1906.","Subgenus <i>Alticola</i>, <i>A. roylei-A. argentatus</i> species group. Included under <i>A</i>. <i>roylei</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), but separated as a species by Rossolimo (1989) and Rossolimo and Pavlinov (1992). Rossolimo and Pavlinov (1992) speculated that <i>A. argentatus</i> descended from a Himalayan form morphologically similar to <i>A. roylei</i>, and in turn was the ancestor to northern <i>A. tuvinicus</i>. Trait-frequency data of m1s and M3s among 10 geographic samples documented by Tokmergenov (1992); M3 variation analyzed with geometric techniques by Pavlinov et al. (1994). See Rossolimo et al. (1994) for recognized subspecies.","30","30-00160","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0156-0160"
"13000161","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Alticola","barakshin","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bannikov","1947","","Bull. Moscow Soc. Nat., Biol.","52","4","217","","","Gobi Altai Mountain Vole","S Mongolia, Gobi Altai, Gurvan Saihan Ridge, Dzun Saihan.","Low to middle altitudes in Tuva region (Kyzyl Valley), Russia; southward through Gobi and Mongol Altais, rocky outcrops over transAltai Gobi Desert and Barun Khurai Valley, to S Mongolia and adjacent China (Hou et al., 1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Alticola</i>. Included in <i>A</i>. <i>stoliczkanus</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987). Subsequently revised as species and morphologically contrasted with the geographically adjacent <i>A. semicanus</i> in N Mongolia and <i>A. stoliczkanus </i>in China (Rossolimo et al., 1988, 1994; Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1992; those authors described the range overlap of <i>A. barakshin</i> and <i>A. tuvinicus</i> and the possibile contact between the former and <i>A. argentatus</i>. Chromosomal data provided by Yatsenko (1980).","30","30-00161","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0156-0161"
"13000162","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Aschizomys","lemminus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","1898","","369","","","Lemming Mountain Vole","Russia, Siberia, Bering Strait, Plover Bay, Kelsey Station.","NE Siberia from Chukotskiy (Chukotka) Peninsula to Kamchatka, westward through the Kolyma Plateau (Khrebei Kolymskiv) to N, C, and S Yakutskaya (the River Lena basin from the Laptev Sea Coast to the Olekma River).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>lemniscus</i>  (Satunin, 1908); <i>vicina</i> Portenko, 1963; <i>yakutensis</i><b> </b>Vasil’eva,<b> </b>1993 [<i>nomen</i> <i>nudum</i>].","<p>Subgenus <i>Aschizomys</i>. Stature as species and genus-group allocation highly varied. Retained in <i>Aschizomys</i> as genus by Ellerman (1941). Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) transferred <i>lemminus</i> to <i>Eothenomys</i>, but Russian workers continue to refer it to <i>Alticola</i> (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Ognev, 1964; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987). Earlier, Hinton (1926<i>a</i>:279) recognized <i>Aschizomys</i> but speculated that the species is a member of the <i>Myodes</i> <i>rufocanus</i> group; Miller (1940<i>a</i>:94) identified the holotype as ""nothing more than an alcohol-discolored specimen of the extreme East Asian representative of <i>Myodes rufocanus</i>,"" an opinion followed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951). Some have treated <i>lemminus</i> as a subspecies of <i>A. macrotis</i> (Bolshakov et al., 1985; Gromov and Baranova, 1981; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977), whereas others have maintained the two as separate (Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pav... [truncated]","30","30-00162","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0157-0162"
"13000163","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Aschizomys","macrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Radde","1862","","Reise in den Suden von Ost-Sibierien","1","","196","","","Large-eared Mountain Vole","Russia, S Siberia, S Krasnoyarsk Krai, Vostochnyy Sayan Mtns.","Altai of extreme NW Xinjiang and S Siberia, eastward through Tuvinskaya (Tuva region) and Sayan Mtns, to highlands in Lake Baikal region.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>altaica</i>  Vinogadov, 1933; <i>fetisovi</i> Galkina and Epifantseva, 1988; <i>vinogradovi</i> Rasorenova, 1933.","Subgenus <i>Aschizomys</i>. Closely related to the northern <i>A. lemminus</i> (see above), and either not allocated to subgenus (Ellerman, 1941), placed it in the subgenus <i>Alticola</i> (Ognev, 1964), or considered under the subgenus <i>Aschizomys</i> (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987). Galkina and Epifantseva (1988) described <i>fetisovi</i> as species, but others have included it in <i>A. macrotis</i> or considered its status unclear (Vasil’eva, 1999); Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>) and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998) persuasively treated <i>fetisovi</i> as a synonym. Chromosomal variation reported by Bolshakov et al. (1985).","30","30-00163","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0157-0163"
"13000164","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Alticola","montosa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1894","","Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.","17","","11","","","Kashmir Mountain Vole","N India, C Kashmir, 11,000 ft (3353 m).","Jammu and Kashmir, ca. 2450-4000 m (Agrawal, 2000; Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>; Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1992).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>imitator</i> (Bonhote, 1905).","Subgenus <i>Alticola</i>, <i>A. roylei-A. argentatus</i> species group (Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1992). Usually incorporated in <i>A</i>. <i>roylei</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977), but the diagnostic traits of <i>montosa</i> clearly distinguish it from geographically adjacent <i>roylei</i>, as Hinton (1926<i>a</i>) long ago noted and Rossolimo and Pavlinov (1992) verified. Reviewed by Agrawal (2000).","30","30-00164","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0156-0164"
"13000165","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Aschizomys","olchonensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Litvinov","1960","","Zool. Zhurn.","39","12","1889","","","Lake Baikal Mountain Vole","S Russia, Irkutskaya Oblast, Olkhon Isl, EC Lake Baikal.","Endemic to Olkhon and Ogoi Isls, Lake Baikal.","","<i>baicalensis</i>  Litvinov, 1961.","Subgenus <i>Aschizomys</i>. Originally described as a species, later included in <i>A. tuvinicus</i> (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Rossolimo, 1988; Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1992), and eventually reinstated as species (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Gromov and Polyakov (1977) suggested that <i>olchonensis</i> belonged in <i>Aschizomys</i>, as did Litinov (1960), but all subsequent revisions and checklists have associated <i>olchonensis </i>with the subgenus <i>Alticola</i>. Pavlinov (2002, in litt.) indicated that <i>olchonensis</i> does not belong in <i>A. tuvinicus</i> and should be returned to <i>Aschizomys</i> following the original describer. Both its specific status and subgeneric relationships deserve reassessment.","30","30-00165","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0157-0165"
"13000166","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Alticola","roylei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [ser. 1]","10","","265","","","Royle’s Mountain Vole","India, Kumaon.","W Himalayas, 2600-3900 m, from Kulu Valley in Himachal Pradesh to N Kumaon in Uttar Pradesh, N India (Agrawal, 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>cautus</i> Hinton, 1926.","Subgenus <i>Alticola</i>. Once considered the broadest-ranging species of <i>Alticola</i> in central Asia, encompassing <i>A. argentatus</i> and many of its synonyms (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951). With removal of the latter (Rossolimo, 1989; Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1992), the geographic and morphological definition of <i>A</i>. <i>roylei</i> conforms to that presented by Hinton (1926<i>a</i>) and Ellerman (1941).","30","30-00166","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0156-0166"
"13000167","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Alticola","semicanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1924","","Am. Mus. Novit.","133","","6","","","Mongolian Mountain Vole","Mongolia, SE Khangai Mtns, upper reaches of Ongyin Gol River ""Sain Noin Khan.""","S Tuva region, Russia, throughout most of N and C Mongolia to adjacent Nei Mongol, N China.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alleni</i>  Argyropulo, 1933.","Subgenus <i>Alticola</i>. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>Microtus worthingtoni</i> and listed as a subspecies of <i>Alticola worthingtoni</i> by Ellerman (1941); later synonymized with <i>A</i>.<i> roylei</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>) or <i>A. argentatus</i> (see taxonomic history in Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1992). Reinstatement as a species (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987) vindicated by the revisions of Rossolimo et al. (1988, 1994), and Rossolimo and Pavlinov (1992). The geographic range of <i>A. semicanus</i> approaches but does not overlap <i>A. tuvinicus</i> and <i>A. bararshin</i>; Rossolimo and Pavlinov (1992) morphologically contrasted the latter two and <i>A. semicanus</i>.","30","30-00167","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0156-0167"
"13000168","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Alticola","stoliczkanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1875","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","44","","107","","","Stoliczka’s Mountain Vole","NW India, Ladakh (Kashmir), Kuenlun Mtns, Nubra Valley (as restricted by neotype designated by Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1992:172).","N India (Jammu, Kashmir; Himachal Pradesh; Agrawal, 2000), Nepal and N Sikkim, northward through Xizang (Tibet) to Kunlun Shan in S Xinjiang and Qinghai, N China (Zhang et al., 1997); probably does not extend farther north than the Nan Shan and Qilian Shan (Rossilimo and Pavlinov, 1992; Rossilimo et al., 1994).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>A. stoliczkanus </i>and <i>A. stracheyi</i>.","<i>acrophilus</i>  (Miller, 1899); <i>bhatnagari </i>Biswas and Khajuria, 1955; <i>cricetulus </i>(Miller, 1899); <i>kaznakovi </i>(Satunin, 1903); <i>lama</i> (Barret-Hamilton, 1900); <i>nanschanicus</i> (Satunin, 1903); <i>stracheyi</i> (Thomas, 1880).","Subgenus <i>Alticola</i>. The taxon <i>stracheyi</i> was conventionally included in <i>A. stoliczkanus</i> (Schwarz, 1939; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1992) until reinstated as a species by Feng et al. (1986), as earlier arranged by Hinton (1926<i>a</i>) and Ellerman (1941). Rossolimo and Pavlinov (1992) tentatively recognized three geographic clusters: one centered in Kashmir (typical <i>stoliczkanus</i>), another along S Himalayan slopes from Nepal to Sikkim (<i>bhatnagari</i>), and the last ranging over Tibet and Kuen Lun Shan (<i>lama</i>). We follow their synonymy but emphasize that inquiries into the taxonomic significance of this geographic variation are warranted.","30","30-00168","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0156-0168"
"13000169","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Platycranius","strelzowi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kastchenko","1899","","Izv. Imp. Tomsk. Univ.","16","","50","","","Strelzow’s Mountain Vole","Russia, Altai Krai, Altai Mtns, near Lake Teniga.","Altai of NW Mongolia, Siberia, and Xinjiang in NW China (Ma et al., 1987), west through Kazakhstan to Karaganda region.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>depressus</i>  (Ognev, 1944); <i>desertorum</i> (Kastschenko, 1901); <i>desertorum </i>Ognev, 1950.","Subgenus <i>Platycranius</i>. Citations and synonyms are discussed by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) and Gromov and Erbajeva (1995).","30","30-00169","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0158-0169"
"13000170","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Alticola","Alticola","tuvinicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1950","","[Mammals of USSR and Adjacent Countries]","7","","520","","","Tuva Mountain Vole","Russia, Tuvinskaya (Tuva), Barun-Kemtchik District, Kyzyl Mozhalyk (= Kyzyr).","Discontinuous in the Altai of Russia and NW Mongolia, east through Tuva region and N part of Khubsugul Lake Valley, to SW shore of Lake Bailkal (Rossolimo et al., 1988; Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>khubsugulensis</i>  Litvinov, 1973; <i>kosogol</i> Litvinov, 1973.","Subgenus <i>Alticola</i>, <i>A. roylei-A. argentatus</i> species group (Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1992). Originally described as a species, as regarded by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987), then synonymized under the ubiquitous <i>A</i>. <i>roylei </i>(Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>), or listed as a subspecies of <i>A. argentatus</i> (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995). Thoroughly revised by Rossolimo et al. (1988) and Rossolimo and Pavlinov (1992), who recognized <i>kosogol</i> and <i>olchonensis</i> as subspecies (latter now a species; see account). Rossolimo and Pavlinov (1992) noted that <i>A. tuvinicus</i> has the northernmost distribution of any in the subgenus <i>Alticola</i> and overlaps the range of <i>A. barakshin</i> in NW Mongolia and SW Tuva; southern range is separated from <i>A. argentatus</i> by the broad Zayson depression between Kazakhstan and NW China. They considered <i>A. tuvinicus</i> to be descended from a form similar to <i>A. argentatus</i>, its closest relative.","30","30-00170","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0155-0156-0170"
"13000171","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Arborimus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Taylor","1915","","Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4","5","","119","","<i>Phenacomys longicaudus</i> True, 1890.","","","","","<i>Paraphenacomys</i>  Repenning and Grady, 1988.","Phenacomyine (see remarks under <i>Phenacomys</i>). Described as a subgenus of <i>Phenacomys</i> and conventionally recognized as such or as a complete synonym (Carleton and Musser, 1984; Hall, 1981; Howell, 1926). Evidence for generic stature marshalled by Johnson (1968, 1973), but opinion on the validity of this rank has vacillated in recent systematic works (yes, as per George, 1999, Jones et al., 1997, and Musser and Carleton, 1993; no, as per McKenna and Bell, 1997, Repenning and Grady, 1988, and Verts and Carraway, 1998). Whether <i>Arborimus</i> is most closely related to <i>Phenacomys</i> or to some other arvicoline has not been cladistically substantiated with sampling that includes problematic species like <i>albipes</i> and other archaic arvicolines; the methodologies and critical information bases are here, but an informative sampling design must be assembled. Specific and subspecific classification basically set forth by Howell (1926) and Hall and Cockrum (1953), as part o... [truncated]","30","30-00171","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0171"
"13000172","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Arborimus","","albipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","125","","","White-footed Vole","USA, California, Humboldt Co., Humboldt Bay, redwood forest near Arcata.","Pacific coastal zone south of Columbia River, from W Oregon to extreme NW California, USA.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","More generalized terrestrial form and habits have suggested a closer relationship to <i>Phenacomys intermedius</i> (e.g., Hall, 1981, placed <i>albipes</i> and <i>intermedius</i> together in subgenus <i>Phenacomys</i>). Johnson and Maser (1982) enumerated character states that instead support closer congruence of <i>albipes</i> with species of <i>Arborimus</i>. However, see Repenning and Grady (1988), who diagnosed the subgenus <i>Paraphenacomys</i> of <i>Phenacomys</i> to contain <i>albipes</i>, which they viewed as more distantly related to the sister species <i>intermedius</i> and <i>longicaudus</i>; <i>Paraphenacomys</i> is known by fossil forms from the late Pliocene of North America and Beringian Asia (Repenning and Grady, 1988; Repenning et al., 1987). See Verts and Carraway (1995, Mammalian Species, 494).","30","30-00172","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0171-0000-0172"
"13000173","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Arborimus","","longicaudus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1890","","Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.","13","","303","","","Red Tree Vole","USA, Oregon, Coos Co., Marshfield.","Coastal area and Western Cascade Mtns, W Oregon (Verts and Carraway, 1998:Fig. 11-106), USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>silvicola</i>  (A. B. Howell, 1921).","Although Howell (1926) recognized <i>silvicola</i> as a nominal species, subsequent research has favored its synonymy under <i>A</i>. <i>longicaudus</i> (Johnson, 1968), where it has been maintained as a subspecies (Hall, 1981; Johnson and George, 1991). Formerly included populations in California assigned to the new species <i>A</i>. <i>pomo</i> (see next account). See Hayes (1996, Mammalian Species, 532).","30","30-00173","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0171-0000-0173"
"13000174","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Arborimus","","pomo","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Johnson and George","1991","","Los Angeles Co. Nat. Hist. Mus., Contr. Sci.","429","","12","","","Sonoma Tree Vole","USA, California, Sonoma Co., 0.8 km N Jenner, Jenner Ridge; 38°27'N, 123°06'W.","Coastal coniferous forests of NW California, south of Klamath Mtns as far as Sonoma Co., USA.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Closely related to <i>A</i>. <i>longicaudus</i> (Johnson and George, 1991). See Adam and Hayes (1998, Mammalian Species, 593).","30","30-00174","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0171-0000-0174"
"13000175","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Arvicola","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lacepede","1799","","Tab. Div. Subd. Orders Genres Mammifères","","","10","","<i>Mus amphibius</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Alviceola</i>  de Blainville, 1817; <i>Hemiotomys</i> de Sélys Longchamps, 1836; <i>Ochetomys</i> Fitzinger, 1867; <i>Paludicola</i> Blasius, 1857 [not Wagner, 1830, or Hodgson, 1837]; <i>Praticola</i> Fatio, 1867 [not Swainson, 1837].","<p>Arvicolini, subtribe Arvicolina (Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). <i>Arvicola</i> is phylogenetically close to <i>Microtus</i> (Burgos et al., 1989; Chaline and Graf, 1988; Graf, 1982; Mezhzherin et al., 1993). Excludes the North American <i>Microtus richardsoni</i> (see that account), placed in <i>Arvicola</i> by Hooper and Hart (1962).</p><p>Heinrich (1990) hypothesized that <i>Arvicola</i> evolved from the extinct <i>Mimomys</i>, a view already presented by Hinton (1926<i>a</i>). Many studies summarize the rich European fossil history, with differing emphases on the transition leading from Pliocene <i>Mimomys </i>or<i> Cromeromys </i>to the early Pleistocene <i>Mimomys savini</i>, and eventually to modern species of <i>Arvicola</i> (Chaline, 1990; Chaline et al., 1999; Desclaux et al., 2000; Maul et al., 2000; Neraudeau et al., 1995; Rekovets, 1990). The European middle Pleistocene <i>A. mosbachensis </i>is the oldest species of <i>Arvicola</i>, as known to date, from which the li... [truncated]","30","30-00175","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0175"
"13000176","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Arvicola","","amphibius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","61","","","Eurasian Water Vole","England.","Europe (excluding C and S Spain but including N Spain and N Portugal) east through Siberia to Lena River Basin (Yakutskaya); from Arctic Sea south to Lake Baikal and N Tien Shan Mtns of NW China (Xinjiang) through NW Iran, Iraq, N Israel, Caucasus, and Turkey (Harrison and Bates, 1991; Lay, 1967); also in Great Britain except Ireland (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>A. terrestris</i>.","<i>abbotti</i> Hinton, 1910; <i>abrukensis</i> Reinwaldt, 1927; <i>americana</i> Gray, 1842; <i>antiquus </i>Pomel, 1853;<i> aquaticus </i>(Cuvier, 1817); <i>aquaticus</i> (Billberg, 1827); <i>argyropus</i> Cabrera, 1901; <i>armenius</i> (Thomas, 1907); <i>ater</i> (Billberg, 1827); <i>ater </i>Macgillivray, 1832; <i>bactonensis </i>Hinton, 1926; <i>barabensis</i> (Heptner, 1948); <i>brigantium</i> Thomas, 1928; <i>cantiana </i>Hinton, 1910; <i>caucasicus</i> Ognev, 1933; <i>cernjavskii</i> Petrov, 1949; <i>chosaricus<b> </b></i>Alexandrova, 1976;<i> cubanensis</i> Ognev, 1933; <i>destructor</i> Savi, 1839; <i>djukovi</i> Ognev and Formosov, 1927; <i>ferrugineus</i> Ognev, 1933; <i>fuliginosus</i> de Sélys Longchamps, 1845 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>gracilis </i>Heller, 1955; <i>greenii </i>Hinton, 1926; <i>hintoni</i> Aharoni, 1932; <i>hunasensis </i>Carls, 1986; <i>hyperryphaeus</i> (Heptner, 1948); <i>illyricus</i> (Barrett-Hamilton, 1899); <i>italicus</i> Savi, 1839; <i>jacutensis</i> Ognev, 1933; <i>jenissijensis</i> Ognev, 1933; <i>kalmankensis</i> Zažigin, 1980;<b><i> </i></b><i>karatshaicus</i> (Heptner, 1948); <i>korabensis</i> Martino, 1937; <i>kuruschi</i> Heptner and Formosov, 1928; <i>kuznetzovi</i> Ognev, 1933; <i>littoralis</i> (Billberg, 1827); <i>martinoi</i> Petrov, 1949; <i>moenana </i>Heller, 1969; <i>meridionalis</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>minor </i>de Sélys Longchamps, 1845 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>musignani</i> de Sélys Longchamps, 1839; <i>nigricans</i> Sélys Longchamps, 1845 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>obensis</i> Egorin, 1939; <i>ognevi</i> Turov, 1926; <i>pallasi</i> Ognev, 1913; <i>pallasi </i>Ognev, 1913; <i>paludosus</i> (Linneaus, 1771); <i>persicus</i> de Filippi, 1865; <i>pertinax</i> Savi, 1839; <i>praeceptor </i>Hinton, 1926; <i>reta</i> Miller, 1910; <i>rufescens</i> (Satunin, 1908) [not de Sélys Longchamps, 1836]; <i>scythicus </i>Thomas, 1914; <i>stankovici</i> Petrov, 1949; <i>tanaitica</i> Kalabuchov and Raevsky, 1930; <i>tataricus</i> Ognev, 1933; <i>taurica</i> Ognev, 1923; <i>terrestris</i> (Linnaeus, 1758); <i>turovi</i> Ognev, 1933; <i>uralensis</i> Egorin, 1940; <i>variabilis</i> Ognev, 1933 [not Rörig and Börner, 1905]; <i>volgensis</i> Ognev, 1933; <i>weinheimensis</i> Heller, 1952.","<p>Linnaeus’ <i>amphibius</i> and <i>terrestris</i>, both proposed in 1758 on the same page, are now considered conspecific by most researchers, but which name should be properly used is unsettled. Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:105) noted that ""<i>amphibius</i> should have priority (presumably following Blasius (1857) as first reviser). Although strictly correct this is contrary to long-established usage and would cause considerable confusion and ambiguity"" (also see discussion in Corbet et al., 1970:315). The usage is not so long established since the two forms were considered separate species through the middle 1900s (Ellerman, 1941; Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>; Miller, 1910, 1912<i>a</i>), and in the first work that considered them as conspecific, Blasius (1857) placed <i>terrestris</i> as a subjective synonym of <i>A</i>. <i>amphibius</i>. The reminder of Blasius’ role as first revisor dates from Van den Brink (1967), who employed <i>A</i>. <i>amphibius</i> as the valid name as have other systemat... [truncated]","30","30-00176","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0175-0000-0176"
"13000177","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Arvicola","","sapidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","195","","","Southwestern Water Vole","Spain, Burgos Prov., Santo Domingo de Silos.","Portugal, Spain, and France.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>musiniani</i>  (Lataste, 1884); <i>tenebricus</i> Miller, 1908.","<p>Although arranged as a subspecies of <i>terrestris</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), <i>A</i>. <i>sapidus</i> is strongly differentiated in morphological, morphometric, and chromosomal traits (Panteleyev, 1996; Reichstein, 1982<i>a</i>; Ventura and Sans-Fuentes, 1997). Phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome><i>b</i> segregated <i>A. sapidus</i> from European samples of <i>A</i>.<i> amphibius</i> at a high level of percent sequence divergence (Taberlet et al., 1998, as <i>terrestris</i>).</p><p>Reviewed by Hinton (1926<i>a</i>), Corbet et al. (1970), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), Reichstein (1982<i>a</i>), and Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999). New information covering morphology, discrimination from <i>A. amphibius</i>, and ecology supplied by Garde et al. (1993), Garde and Escala (1994, 1996, 1999), Ventura (2000), Ventura and Gosalbez (1990, 1992<i>a</i>), and Ventura et al. (1989, 1994). Population in NE Spain documented by owl pellet remains (Torre et al., 1996); distribution in N Spa... [truncated]","30","30-00177","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0175-0000-0177"
"13000178","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Arvicola","","scherman","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1801","","Gen. Zool.","II","Pt. 1","75","","","Montane Water Vole","Germany, Strassburg.","Mountains of N Spain, through C Europe (S Netherlands to SC France and eastwards to Slovakia), to C Romania (Panteleyev, 2000:Fig. 2).","","<i>albus</i>  (Bechstein, 1801);<i> argentoratensis</i> Desmarest, 1822;<i> buffonii</i> (Fischer, 1829);<i> cantabriae</i> Ventura and Gosálbez, 1989;<i> canus</i> (Bechstein, 1801);<i> castaneus</i> de Sélys Longchamps, 1845 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>exilis</i> Lydekker, 1910; <i>exitus</i> Miller, 1910; <i>gutsulius</i> Zagorodnyuk, 2000;<i> monticola</i> de Sélys Longchamps, 1838;<i> minor</i> (Leske, 1779) [listed as <i>nomen dubium</i> by Miller, 1912<i>a</i>, and Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>];<i> niger</i> de Sélys Longchamps, 1845 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> schermaus</i> (Hermann, 1804).","Earlier recognized as a species (Trouessart, 1910; Miller, 1912<i>a</i>; Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>; Ognev, 1950) until Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) reassigned <i>scherman</i> as another subspecies of an all-embracing <i>terrestris</i>, a classification observed through the late 1900s (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>, 1984; Honacki et al., 1982; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Musser and Carleton, 1993). However, the two long known ecological morphotypes clearly correspond to two biological species: an amphibious form (<i>A</i>. <i>amphibius</i>) that is widely distributed in Eurasia, and a smaller fossorial species (<i>A</i>. <i>scherman</i>) isolated in certain European mountains (Alps, Carpathians, Cantabrian, Massif Central, Pyrenees). They contrast in body mass, pelage coloration, social behavior, mating system, use of space, cranial size and shape, and incisor protrusion (LaVille, 1989; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Panteleyev, 1996; Sausy, 2000; Warmerdam, 1982). In the Ne... [truncated]","30","30-00178","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0175-0000-0178"
"13000179","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Blanfordimys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Argyropulo","1933","","Z. Säugetierk.","8","","182","","<i>Microtus bucharensis</i> Vinogradov, 1930.","","","","","","<p>Arvicolini, subtribe Arvicolina (Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Originally proposed as a subgenus of <i>Microtus</i>, a ranking traditionally acknowledged by Russian authors (Golenishchev and Sablina, 1991; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Ognev, 1964; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987). In other taxonomic variations, Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) assigned <i>afghanus</i> and <i>bucharensis</i>, the type-species of <i>Blanfordimys</i>, to the genus <i>Pitymys</i>, and Chaline (1974) placed it in <i>Neodon</i>, subgenus <i>Microtus</i>. Ellerman (1941, 1948) considered the diagnostic traits of <i>afghanus</i> so impressive that he recognized the genus, an appreciation shared by many others (Ellerman and Morrison- Scott, 1951; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Zagorodnyuk, 1990).</p><p><i>Blanfordimys</i> is emphasized as <i>Allophaiomys</i> like in retaining certain primitive traits, notably the simple M3 and m1 patterns ... [truncated]","30","30-00179","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0179"
"13000180","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Blanfordimys","","afghanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","9","","349","","","Afghan Vole","Afghanistan, Badkhiz, Gulran.","High steppes and semi-desert in S Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and C Afghanistan; isolated population in Great Balkhan Mtns on E coast of Caspian Sea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>afganensis</i> Agadzhanyan and Yatsenko, 1984; <i>balchanensis</i> (Heptner and Shukurov, 1950); <i>dangarinensis</i> Golenishchev and Sablina, 1991.","Taxonomy and distribution of Afghanistan populations reported by Niethammer (1970) and Hassinger (1973), karyotype (2n = 58, FN = 60 or 61) documented by Lyapunova and Zagorodnyuk (1990), and morphometric and karyological analyses provided by Golenishchev and Sablina (1991), who recognized three subspecies.","30","30-00180","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0179-0000-0180"
"13000181","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Blanfordimys","","bucharensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1930","","Rukovodstvok opredeleniyu gryzunov Srednei Azii [Key to Determine Rodents of Central Asia]","","","45","","","Bucharian Vole","Tajikistan, Zeravshan Range, 8 km S Pendzhikent, near village of Zivan, 2200 m.","Mountains of SW Tajikistan, possibly N Afghanistan; limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>bucharicus</i>  (Vinogradov, 1931);<i> davydovi</i> Golenishchev and Sablina, 1991.","Reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995). Ellerman (1941) listed <i>bucharensis</i> as species, but it is usually included in <i>afghanus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Ognev, 1964; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987). Morphometric analyses and chromosomal complement (2n = 48, FN = 52) indicate that <i>bucharensis</i> is distinct, with two morphological and geographical components, one newly described as the subspecies <i>davydovi</i> (Golenishchev and Sablina, 1991). See Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987:195) for use of <i>bucharensis</i> instead of <i>bucharicus</i>.","30","30-00181","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0179-0000-0181"
"13000182","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Caryomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","","4","","<i>Microtus</i>(<i>Eothenomys</i>) <i>inez</i> Thomas, 1908.","","","","","","<p>Myodini. Thomas (1911<i>c</i>, <i>d</i>) proposed <i>Caryomys</i> as a subgenus of <i>Microtus</i> to contain the Chinese species <i>eva</i>,<i> inez</i>,<i> </i>and <i>nux </i>(now included in <i>inez</i>; see below). Hinton (1923) at first elevated <i>Caromys</i> to genus but later (1926<i>a</i>) included it in <i>Evotomys</i> (= <i>Myodes</i>) because he considered the holotypes of <i>eva</i>,<i> inez</i>, and <i>nux</i> to be young examples of <i>E</i>. <i>rufocanus shanseius</i>, a synonymy followed by others (Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977). A. B. Howell (1929), however, realigned <i>Caryomys</i> as a subgenus of <i>Microtus</i> and adamantly declared <i>inez</i> to be valid and different from any <i>Clethrionomys</i> (= <i>Myodes</i>); G. M. Allen (1940) concurred in recognizing <i>eva</i> and <i>inez</i> as species but in the subgenus <i>Caryomys</i> of <i>Eothenomys</i>. While the specific validity of both is currently accepted ... [truncated]","30","30-00182","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0182"
"13000183","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Caryomys","","eva","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","90","4","","","Eva’s Red-backed Vole","China, Gansu (Kansu), SE of Tauchow, 10,000 ft (3028 m).","China, mountains of S Gansu and adjoining Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Hubei, 2400-3600 m; Zhang et al. (1997) included Ningxia and Qinghai provinces in the distribution.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eothenomys eva</i>.","<i>alcinous</i>  (Thomas, 1911); <i>aquilus</i> (G. M. Allen, 1912).","Listed as a member of <i>Evotomys</i> or <i>Clethrionomys</i> <i>rufocanus </i>by Hinton (1926<i>a</i>), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), and Gromov and Polyakov (1977). Correctly acknowledged and revised as a species (of <i>Eothenomys</i>) by G. M. Allen (1940), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Kaneko (1992<i>c</i>), as followed by Musser and Carleton (1993) and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Phallic morphology described by Yang et al. (1992) and contrasted with species of <i>Eothenomys</i>. Corbet and Hill (1992) noted that the southern populations (<i>alcinous</i>) have much darker upperparts and underparts than the slight frosting of typical <i>eva</i>. Kaneko’s (1991) morphometric analysis associated the holotypes of <i>alcinous</i> and <i>aquilus</i> among samples of <i>eva</i>.","30","30-00183","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0182-0000-0183"
"13000184","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Caryomys","","inez","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1908","63","45","","","Inez’s Red-backed Vole","China, Shanxi (Shansi), mtns 12 mi (19 km) NW Kolanchow, 7000 ft (2134 m).","N Sichuan and SE Shaanxi through Shanxi provinces, China, possibly farther east.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eothenomys inez</i>.","<i>nux</i>  (Thomas, 1910).","Following Hinton (1926<i>a</i>), <i>inez</i> was synonymized with <i>Clethrionomys rufocanus</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977), but its distinctive status is well documented, typically within <i>Eothenomys</i> (G. M. Allen, 1940; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Kaneko, 1992<i>c</i>). Hinton (1926<i>a</i>) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) allocated <i>nux</i> to <i>Clethrionomys rufocanus shanseius</i>, but G. M. Allen (1940) treated it as a subspecies of <i>Eothenomys inez</i>. Kaneko’s (1991) morphometric analysis identified the holotype of <i>nux</i> as an example of <i>inez</i>, as concluded earlier by A. B. Howell (1929). Kaneko restricted the range to Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces, but Zhang et al. (1997) mapped a far broader distribution.","30","30-00184","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0182-0000-0184"
"13000185","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Chionomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","97","","<i>Arvicola nivalis</i> Martins, 1842.","","","","","","<p>Arvicolini, subtribe Arvicolina (Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). We provisionally retain <i>Chionomys</i> in Arvicolini, following Gromov and Polyakov (1977), but stress that its tribal affinities are unresolved. Others have viewed the genus as a member of Myodini, as based on allozymic data (Mezhzherin et al., 1995) or on the stratigraphic sequence of fossils that suggest common ancestry with <i>Myodes</i> (Kretzoi, 1969; Chaline, 1987).</p><p>Miller (1912<i>a</i>), although describing <i>Chionomys</i> as a genus, later employed it as subgenus, a status that became entrenched in the literature (Chaline et al., 1999; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Krapp, 1982<i>a</i>; Neuhäuser, 1936) with rare dissent (e.g., Gromov and Polyakov, 1977). A diverse information base, however, depicts <i>Chionomys</i> as a lineage apart from <i>Microtus</i> (Chaline and Graf, 1988; Graf, 1982; Kryštufek, 1999<i>c</i>; Mezhzherin et al., 1993, 1995; Nadachowski, 1990<i>a</i>; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; P... [truncated]","30","30-00185","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0185"
"13000186","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Chionomys","","gud","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1909","","Izv. Kavkas. Mus.","4","","272","","","Gudaur Snow Vole","Georgia, Caucasus Mtns, Gudaur, near Krestovskii Pass.","Caucasus in Russia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, and the E Black Sea Mtns of NE Turkey.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>gotschobi</i>  (Shidlovsky, 1919) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>ighesicus </i>(Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951); <i>lasistanius </i>(Neuhäuser, 1936); <i>lghesicus</i> (Shidlovsky, 1919); <i>lucidus</i> (Shidlovsky, 1919) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>nenjukovi</i> Formosov, 1931; <i>oseticus</i> (Shidlovsky, 1919).","Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) listed <i>gotschobi</i> and <i>lghesicus</i> as synonyms of <i>nivalis</i>, but Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987, 1998) and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>) included them in <i>C</i>. <i>gud</i>. Dental traits indicate a closer relationship to <i>C. roberti</i> than to <i>C. nivalis</i> (Nadachowski, 1991). In Turkey, the species has been collected at the same localities as <i>C. nivalis</i> but prefers more mesic habitats (Kryštufek, 1999<i>c</i>).","30","30-00186","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0185-0000-0186"
"13000187","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Chionomys","","nivalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Martins","1842","","Rev. Zool. Paris","","","331","","","European Snow Vole","Switzerland, Berner Oberland, Faulhorn.","Mountains of S Europe (Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians, Balkan mountains, Pindhos Range and Mt Olimbos), east to Turkey, W Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia), Lebanon, W Syria, Zagros and Elburz Mtns of W and N Iran, and Kopet Dag of S Turkmenistan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>abulensis</i>  (Agacino, 1936); <i>aleco</i> Paspalev, Martino and Peshev, 1952;<b><i> </i></b><i>alpinus</i> (Wagner, 1843); <i>appenninicus </i>(Dal Piaz, 1929); <i>aquitanius</i> (Miller, 1908); <i>cedrorum </i>Spitzenberger, 1973; <i>dementievi</i> (Heptner, 1939); <i>hermonis</i> (Miller, 1908); <i>lebruni</i> (Crespon, 1844); <i>leucurus</i> (Gerbe, 1852) [not Blyth, 1863]; <i>loginovi</i> (Ognev, 1950); <i>malyi</i> (Bolkay, 1925); <i>mirhanreini </i>(Schäfer, 1935); <i>nivicola</i> (Schinz, 1845); <i>olympius</i> (Neuhäuser, 1936); <i>petrophilus</i> (Wagner, 1853); <i>pontius</i> (Miller, 1908); <i>radnensis</i> (Ehik, 1942); <i>satunini</i> (Shidlovsky, 1919); <i>spitzenbergerae</i> Nadachowski, 1990; <i>trialeticus</i> (Shidlovsky, 1919); <i>ulpius</i> (Miller, 1908); <i>wagneri</i> Martino, 1940.","<p>European populations reviewed by Krapp (1982<i>a</i>) and Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999), those in Russia and nearby regions by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995). Other regional and geopolitical accounts of distribution and taxonomy include the Navarra region, N Spain (Castien and Gosalbez, 1992, as <i>Microtus nivalis</i>); Switzerland (Hausser, 1995; Maurizio, 1994); Italy (Amori et al., 1999), especially N Italy (Cantini, 1991; Cresti et al., 1994; Locatelli and Paolucci, 1996<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>; Paolucci et al., 1993); Alpic, Dinaric, and Shara-Pindic mountain systems in Serbia and Montenegro (Petrov, 1992); Slovakia (Mošanský, 1994; Stanko and Mošanský, 1994, 2000); Slovenia (Kryštufek, 1991); Turkey (Kryštufek, 1999<i>c</i>); Greece (Niethammer, 1987<i>b</i>); the Middle East (Harrison and Bates, 1991); and Iran (Lay, 1967).</p><p>Kratochvíl (1981<i>a</i>) analyzed intraspecific variation among Carpathian samples and reviewed European and Turkish subspecies. The subspecies <i>spitzenber... [truncated]","30","30-00187","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0185-0000-0187"
"13000188","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Chionomys","","roberti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","418","","","Robert’s Snow Vole","Turkey, Sumela (=Meryemana), south of Trebizond (Kryštufek, 1999<i>c</i>).","Forests in W Caucasus (Georgia and Azerbaijan), and in E Black Sea Mtns, NE Turkey.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>circassicus</i>  (Heptner, 1948); <i>occidentalis </i>(Turov, 1928);<i> personatus</i> Ognev, 1924; <i>pshavus</i> (Shidlovski, 1919); <i>turovi</i> (Hoffmeister, 1949).","Distributional and biological aspects of Turkish populations reported by Kryštufek (1999<i>c</i>), who noted slight chromosomal differences between those and Caucasus populations.","30","30-00188","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0185-0000-0188"
"13000189","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Dicrostonyx","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gloger","1841","","Gemein Hand.- Hilfsbuch. Nat.","1","","97","","<i>Mus hudsonius</i> Pallas, 1778.","","","","","","<p><i>Borioikon</i> Poliakov, 1881; <i>Cuniculus</i> Wagler, 1830 [not of Brisson, 1762, Gronovius, 1763, or Mayer, 1790]; <i>Misothermus</i> Hensel, 1855; <i>Tylonyx </i>Schulze, 1897.</p><p>Dicrostonychini. <i>Dicrostonyx</i> was initially grouped with other lemmings following Miller’s (1896) classic Lemmi-Microti division (e.g., Ellerman, 1941; Hinton, 1926; Ognev, 1963; Simpson, 1945). A large and diverse information base, however, requires its tribal separation from the true lemmings (Lemmini) and suggests that the cladistic origin of <i>Dicrostonyx</i> dates to the earliest radiation of arvicolines (Carleton, 1981; Chaline and Graf, 1988; Conroy and Cook, 1999; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>; Hooper and Hart, 1962; Kretzoi, 1969; Mezhzherin et al., 1995; Modi, 1987, 1996). Various aspects of taxonomy, karyology, distribution, and ecology are summarized by Stenseth and Ims (1993). Pliocene-Pleistocene changes in molar complexity traced by Agadzhanyan (1986); Quate... [truncated]","30","30-00189","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0189"
"13000190","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Dicrostonyx","","groenlandicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Traill","1823","","<i>In</i> Scoresby, J. Voy. to Northern Whale-Fishery...","","","416","","","Nearctic Collared Lemming","Greenland, Jamesons Land.","N Greenland and Queen Elizabeth Isls, islands in the District of Franklin, and Southampton Isl; N North America above treeline, from NE District of Keewatin, Canada, to N Alaska, USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>D. groenlandicus</i>,<i> D. kilangmiutak</i>, and <i>D. rubricatus</i>.","<i>alascensis</i>  Stone, 1900; <i>clarus</i> Handley, 1953; <i>kilangmiutak</i> Anderson and Rand, 1945; <i>lentus</i> Handley, 1953; <i>rubricatus</i> (Richardson, 1889).","<p>In their broad specific concept, Jarrell and Fredga (1993) viewed all North American taxa, except <i>D</i>. <i>hudsonius</i>, as junior synonyms, including the insular forms <i>exsul</i> and <i>vinogradovi</i>. Morphological, distributional, breeding, chromosomal, and-or molecular evidence, albeit uneven and incomplete, persuades us to maintain <i>D</i>. <i>nelsoni</i>, <i>D</i>. <i>nunatakensis</i>, <i>D</i>. <i>richardsoni</i>, <i>D</i>. <i>unalascensis</i>, and <i>D</i>. <i>vinogradovi</i> as distinct (see those accounts).</p><p>Standard and banded chromosomal comparisons reported by Borowik and Engstrom (1993), who supported the synonymy of <i>clarus</i> and <i>lentus</i>. Engstrom et al. (1993) reported <i>kilangmiutak</i> (2n = 47-50) as karyotypically separable from <i>D</i>. <i>groenlandicus</i> (2n = 38-44), calling them ""cytospecies,"" but found the two to be only marginally differentiated in mitochrondrial DNA sequences; samples drawn from the range of <i>kilangmiutak</i> ... [truncated]","30","30-00190","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0189-0000-0190"
"13000191","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Dicrostonyx","","hudsonius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","208","","","Ungava Collared Lemming","Canada, Labrador.","NE Labrador, N Quebec, and Belcher Isls in Hudson Bay, Canada.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Unbanded karyotype resembles that of <i>D</i>. <i>richardsoni</i> (see Krohne, 1982); lack of XY-autosomal fusion believed to be primitive within the genus (Borowik and Engstrom, 1993). Relatively early origination, possibly well before the Wisconsin glaciation, proposed from collared lemming stock isolated in periglacial tundra to the southeast of the continental ice sheet (Borowik and Engstrom, 1993; Eger, 1995). Geographic and nongeographic variation evaluated by Eger (1995).","30","30-00191","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0189-0000-0191"
"13000192","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Dicrostonyx","","nelsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","2","","25","","","Nelson’s Collared Lemming","USA, Alaska, Norton Sound, St. Michael.","W Alaska and Alaska Peninsula, USA.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>D. exsul</i>,<i> </i>Lower Risk (lc) as <i>D. nelsoni</i>.","<i>exsul</i>  G. M. Allen, 1919; <i>peninsulae</i> Handley, 1953.","Rausch and Rausch (1972) noted successful mating among F1 progeny of <i>D</i>. <i>nelsoni</i> and collared lemmings on St. Lawrence Isl (<i>exsul</i>), while Jarrell and Fredga (1993) reported meiotic incompatibility and reduced fertility between stocks of <i>D</i>. <i>nelsoni</i> and <i>rubricatus</i> (= <i>D.</i> <i>groenlandicus</i>). In view of the complex appearance of Beringia refugia in space and time and the possibility of isolation from northern or southern stocks (e.g., see MacDonald and Cook, 1996), the homogeneity of populations in western Alaska (<i>D</i>. <i>nelsoni</i>) and those of <i>D</i>. <i>groenlandicus</i> should be empirically demonstrated, including samples from Beringean landbridge islands (<i>exsul</i> and <i>D</i>. <i>vinogradovi</i>), the Alaska Peninsula (<i>peninsulae</i>), and Aleutian chain (<i>D</i>. <i>unalascensis</i>).","30","30-00192","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0189-0000-0192"
"13000193","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Dicrostonyx","","nunatakensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Youngman","1967","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","80","","31","","","Ogilvie Mountains Collared Lemming","Canada, Yukon Territory, Ogilvie Mtns, 20 mi (32 km) S Chapman Lake, 5500 ft (1646 m); 64°35'N, 138°13'W.","Known only from the Ogilvie Mtns, NC Yukon Territory, Canada.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","As remarked by Youngman (1967, 1975), this form contrasts markedly with nearby <i>rubricatus</i> and <i>kilangmiutak</i> (both = <i>D</i>. <i>groenlandicus</i>); tentatively retained as a species by Honacki et al. (1982), Musser and Carleton (1993), and Jones et al. (1997). The geographic isolation of this form, in rocky alpine tundra south of the High Arctic tunda zone, invites testing of refugial hypotheses using multiple data sets and applying a phylogeographic approach.","30","30-00193","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0189-0000-0193"
"13000194","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Dicrostonyx","","richardsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","2","","26","","","Richardson’s Collared Lemming","Canada, Manitoba, Fort Churchill.","W coast of Hudson Bay west to vicinity of Great Slave Lake, District of MacKenzie, Canada; extent of westward distribution unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Autosomal polymorphisms and distinctive sex chromosomes based on standard karyotypes reported by Van Wynsberghe and Engstrom (1992), who retained <i>richardsoni</i> as distinct from <i>D</i>. <i>groenlandicus</i> and postulated its differentiation in a SC periglacial refugium. Strong divergence of mitochrondrial DNA genotypes, based on restriction fragment analysis, indicates that the origination of <i>D</i>. <i>richardsoni</i> predated the Wisconsin glaciation (Engstrom et al., 1993).","30","30-00194","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0189-0000-0194"
"13000195","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Dicrostonyx","","torquatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","206","","","Palearctic Collared Lemming","Russia, Siberia, mouth of Ob River.","Palearctic tundra from White Sea, W Russia, to Chukotski Peninsula, NE Siberia, and Kamchatka (Nikanorov, 2000); including Novaya Zemlya and New Siberian isls, Arctic Ocean (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Jarrell and Fredga, 1993:Fig. 5).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chionopaes</i>  G. M. Allen, 1914; <i>lenae</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>lenensis</i> (Pallas, 1779); <i>pallida</i> (Middendorff, 1853); <i>ungulatus</i> (Von Baer, 1841).","Once believed to encompass most or all New World populations (e.g., Rausch, 1953, 1963<i>b</i>), but karyotypic and breeding evidence (summarized by Jarrell and Fredga, 1993) supports the strict application of <i>D</i>. <i>torquatus</i> for only Eurasian populations (also see Fedorov et al., 1999<i>a</i>). Chromosomal traits of populations from the Polar Urals (<i>torquatus</i>), and those from the Laptev Sea coast, and Rautan Isl off the coast of the Chukotka Peninsula (<i>chionopaes</i>) are similar, and crosses between these two subspecies yield fertile progeny (Gileva, 1980). Unusual sex-chromosome constitution and other chromosomal information summarized by Gileva et al. (1980), Gileva (1983), and Zima and Král (1984). Phylogeographic clades identified from restriction-site analysis of mitochrondrial DNA are mostly congruent with chromosomal races (Fedorov et al., 1999<i>a</i>). Although absent from Great Britain’s modern fauna, the species occurred there during Pleistocene and La... [truncated]","30","30-00195","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0189-0000-0195"
"13000196","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Dicrostonyx","","unalascensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","2","","25","","","Unalaska Collared Lemming","USA, Alaska, Umnak Isl.","Umnak and Unalaska isls of Aleutian Archipelago, Alaska, USA.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>stevensoni</i>  Nelson, 1929.","Conventionally viewed as a form of <i>D</i>. <i>groenlandicus</i> (Hall, 1981; Hall and Cockrum, 1953; Jarrell and Fredga, 1993); retained as a species based on its distinctive pelage, craniodental form, and lack of specialized nival pelage and foreclaws, traits thought to be unique among <i>Dicrostonyx</i> (Gilmore, 1933; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Nelson, 1929; Rausch and Rausch, 1972). The most cranially divergent among the North American forms that Eger (1995) included in her morphometric analyses.","30","30-00196","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0189-0000-0196"
"13000197","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Dicrostonyx","","vinogradovi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1948","","Zveri S.S.S.R. i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie) [Mammals of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries]","6","","509","","","Wrangel Island Collared Lemming","Russia, SE Siberia, Wrangel Isl (Os. Vrangelya), off coast of Anadyr region.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Included in <i>D</i>. <i>torquatus</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), but Chernyavskii and Kozlovskii (1980) interpreted chromosomal data (2n = 28), morphological traits, and infertility with Siberian populations to validate <i>vinogradovi</i> as a separate species. Jarrell and Fredga (1993) speculated that such hybrid depression is unlikely with Alaskan populations having similar derived karyotypes (fewest telocentric chromosomes) and so synonymized <i>vinogradovi</i> under <i>D</i>. <i>groenlandicus</i> <i>sensu lato</i>; mitochondrial DNA haplotypes also link the Wrangel Isl form with specimens (provenience and taxon not specified) from Alaska (Fedorov, 1999; Fedorov et al., 1999<i>a</i>). Given the antiquity and endemism of <i>Lemmus</i> populations on Wrangel Isl (<i>L</i>. <i>portenkoi</i>, see Chernyavskii et al., 1993), the island’s remoteness from the Alaskan mainland, and the complexity of Beringian landscapes, this proposed synonymy deserves confirmation with broader taxonomic sa... [truncated]","30","30-00197","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0189-0000-0197"
"13000198","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Dinaromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kretzoi","1955","","Acta Geol. Acad. Sci. Hung.","3","","351","","<i>Microtus</i> (<i>Chionomys</i>) <i>marakovici</i> Bolkay, 1924 (= <i>Microtus bogdanovi</i> Martino, 1922).","","","","","","Pliomyini. Formerly referenced as <i>Dolomys</i> until Kretzoi (1955; also see Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>) explained the correct usage of <i>Dinaromys</i> for <i>bogdanovi</i>. Past tribal associations emphasize the archaic characteristics of this enigmatic genus, allocated to a monotypic subfamily Dolomyinae (Chaline, 1975), or to Ondatrini (see Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>), Clethrionomyini (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Hooper and Hart, 1962; McKenna and Bell, 1997), or Prometheomyini (Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Koenigswald (1980) uncovered no close resemblance between its molar enamel microstructure and that of any living arvicoline and suggested relationship with an extinct species of <i>Propliomys</i> (= <i>Pliomys</i>), a late Pliocene genus also placed in Pliomyini by Kretzoi (1969). Chaline et al. (1999) actually derived <i>Dinaromys</i> from the Pliocene <i>Pliomys hungaricus</i>. Kretzoi’s (1969) referral of <i>Dinaromys</i> to the Pliomyini (or subtribe Pliomyi as per Gromov and Polyak... [truncated]","30","30-00198","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0198"
"13000199","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Dinaromys","","bogdanovi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Martino","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","413","","","Balkan Snow Vole","W Serbia and Montenegro, Rijeka Prov., Montenegro, Cetinje.","Isolated pockets in karst mountains, sea level to 2200 m, of W Balkans—Dinaric Alps in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Kosovo; and the Šara-Pindus Mtns of Macedonia; probably occurs in Albania and Greece.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>coeruleus</i>  Miri&#263;, 1960; <i>grebenscikovi</i> (Martino, 1935); <i>korabensis</i> (Martino, 1937); <i>longipedis</i> Dulic and Vidimic, 1967; <i>marakovici</i> (Bolkay, 1924); <i>preniensis</i> (Martino, 1940); <i>trebevicensis</i> Gligi&#263;, 1959.","Petrov (1992) and Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999) provided informative reviews. Zoogeographic aspects discussed by Petrov (1979); distribution in Montenegro and its zoological significance reported by Kryštufek and Vohralík (1992). Chromosomal data presented by Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>) and Zima et al. (1997<i>a</i>). Eight subspecies have been recognized, forming two groups that are distinguished by M1 patterns and genetic divergence (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999); Kryštufek et al. (2000<i>b</i>) provided information on age determination and molar structure. The extant species is closely related to two Pleistocene species—<i>D</i>. <i>dalmatinus</i> from N Italy, Serbia and Montenegro, and S Greece (Petrov and Todorovic, 1982) and <i>D</i>. <i>topachevskii</i> from Uzbekistan (Nesin and Skorik, 1989)—and to the late Pliocene <i>D. allegranzii</i> from NE Italy (Sala, 1996). Middle Pleistocene fossils of <i>D. bogdanovi</i> in N Italy (Zanalda, 1994) underscore the relictual character o... [truncated]","30","30-00199","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0198-0000-0199"
"13000200","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Ellobius","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia","3","","72","","<i>Mus talpinus</i> Pallas, 1770.","","","","","<i>Afganomys</i>  Topachevski, 1965; <i>Afghanomys</i> Baryshnikov and Baranova, 1983; <i>Chthonergus</i> Nordmann, 1839; <i>Lemmomys</i> Lesson, 1842; <i>Myospalax</i> Blyth, 1846 [not Laxmann, 1769, or Hermann, 1783].","Ellobiusini (emended by Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>, because Ellobiini Gill 1872 is a junior homonym of Ellobiinae Adams, 1858, whose type genus <i>Ellobium</i> is a mollusk). Gromov and Polyakov (1977) excluded <i>Ellobius</i> from arvicolines; Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) viewed the genus as Cricetidae <i>incertae sedis</i>, questioning whether it belonged in Arvicolinae or Cricetinae; and Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) included it in Cricetinae. Most workers, however, have recognized <i>Ellobius</i>, albeit highly specialized morphologically, as the only extant member of a tribe within Arvicolinae (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Hooper and Hart, 1962; Kretzoi, 1969; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Topachevskii and Rekovets, 1982), an affiliation supported by DNA sequence (Just et al., 1995) and allozymic analyses (Mezhzherin et al., 1995). Ultrastructure and evolution of sex chromosomes discussed by Kolomiets et al. (1991). Two subgenera ar... [truncated]","30","30-00200","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0200"
"13000201","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Ellobius","Ellobius","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia","3","","72","","<i>Mus talpinus</i> Pallas, 1770.","","","","","","","30","30-00201","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0200-0201"
"13000202","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Ellobius","Afganomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Topachevski","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00202","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0200-0202"
"13000203","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Ellobius","Ellobius","alaicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vorontsov et al.","1969","","<i>In</i> Vorontsov (ed.), [The Mammals: Evolution, karyology, taxonomy, fauna], Novosibirsk","","","127","","","Alai Mole Vole","Kyrgyzstan, Alai Valley, between Sary-Tashem and Bardabo, 3300 m.","Recorded only from the Alai Mtns, S Kyrgyzstan.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Ellobius</i>. Included, with reservation, in <i>E</i>. <i>talpinus</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), an assignment contradicted by chromosomal data and breeding results that reveal its closer relationship to <i>E</i>. <i>tancrei</i>, with which it is parapatric (Corbet, 1984; Lyapunova et al., 1990, and references therein); provisionally placed in that species by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987).","30","30-00203","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0200-0201-0203"
"13000204","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Ellobius","Afganomys","fuscocapillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1843","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","11","","887","","","Southern Mole Vole","Pakistan, Baluchistan Region, Quetta Div., Quetta.","E Iran, Afghanistan, W Pakistan, and S Turkmenistan in the Kopet Dag Mtns; outlying population in E Turkmenistan, 500 km northeast of the central range (Marochkina, 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>farsistani</i>  Ugarov, 1928; <i>intermedius</i> Scully, 1887.","Subgenus <i>Afganomys</i>. Chromosomal data presented by Vorontsov et al. (1980) and Lyapunova et al. (1980); in contrast to <i>E. lutescens</i> and <i>E. tancrei</i>, <i>E. fuscocapillus</i> has the standard mammalian XX/XY sex chromosomes (Just et al., 1995). <i>Ellobius fuscocapillus</i> does not occur today in the S Levant (Israel), but fossils document its former presence during Pleistocene intervals, about 220,000-110,000 and 80,000-60,000 years ago (see Tchernov, 1992, 1994, and references therein).","30","30-00204","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0200-0202-0204"
"13000205","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Ellobius","Afganomys","lutescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","20","","308","","","Transcaucasian Mole Vole","Turkey, Kurdistan, Van.","S Caucasus south through E Turkey and NW Iran.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>legendrei</i> Goodwin, 1940;<i> woosnami</i> Thomas, 1905.","Subgenus <i>Afganomys</i>. Treated by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) as a synonym of <i>E</i>. <i>fuscocapillus</i> but shown to be a distinct species (Corbet, 1984; Vorontsov et al., 1980, and references therein), as earlier listed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951). The low diploid number (17) and ""weird"" mode of sex determination (both sexes XO, X unpaired in male meiosis, apparent lack of genomic differentiation between males and females) continue to stimulate inquiry (Baumstart et al., 2001; Just et al., 1995, 2002; Vogel et al., 1988, 1998; Zima and Kral, 1984<i>a</i>; and references cited in each). Vogel et al. (1998) concluded that the entire Y chromosome is lost in <i>E. lutescens</i>, and Baumstart et al. (2001) found evidence for a yet unknown gene responsible for testes determination. After extensive synthesis of the literature and equivocal search for other genes effecting gonadal differentiation, Just et al. (2002) remarked that the mechanism of sex determination in <i>E</i>. <... [truncated]","30","30-00205","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0200-0202-0205"
"13000206","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Ellobius","Ellobius","talpinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1770","","Nova Comm. Acad. Sci. Petropoli","14","I","568","","","Northern Mole Vole","Russia, W Bank of Volga River, between Kuibyshev (= Samara) and Kostychi.","Steppes of S Ukraine and Crimea, east through Kazakhstan to N of Balkhash Lake, and in Turkmenistan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ciscaucasicus</i>  Sviridenko, 1936 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>murinus</i> (Pallas, 1770); <i>rufescens</i> (Eversmann, 1850); <i>tanaiticus</i> Zubko, 1940; <i>transcaspiae</i> Thomas, 1912.","Subgenus <i>Ellobius</i>. Chromosomal polymorphism among samples from the Pamir-Alai Mtns analyzed by Lyapunova et al. (1980); other chromosomal data summarized by Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>). Cytological determination of Turkmenian populations as <i>E</i>. <i>talpinus</i> and comparisons with <i>E</i>. <i>tancrei</i> provided by Yakimenko and Lyapunova (1986); distribution and habitat preference in the Crimea detailed by Tovpinets (1993); in E Turkmenistan, <i>E. talpinus</i> and <i>E. tancrei</i> are separated by the Amudarya River (Marochkina, 1996).","30","30-00206","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0200-0201-0206"
"13000207","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Ellobius","Ellobius","tancrei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blasius","1884","","Zool. Anz.","7","","197","","","Eastern Mole Vole","Kazakhstan, Zaysan Lake Valley, Kendyrlik (= Przevalskoie).","E Turkmenistan (Yakimenko and Lyapunova, 1986; Marochkina, 1996) and Uzbekistan, east through E Kazakhstan, to Mongolia and adjacent China in NW Xinjiang, Nei Mongol, N Shaanxi, N Gansu, and Ningxia (Zhang et al., 1997, as <i>E. talpinus</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albicatus<b> </b></i> Thomas, 1912; <i>coenosus</i> Thomas, 1912; <i>fusciceps</i> Thomas, 1909; <i>fuscipes</i> Vinogradov, 1936; <i>kastschenkoi</i> Thomas, 1912; <i>larvatus </i>G. M. Allen, 1924; <i>ognevi</i> Dukelsky, 1927; <i>orientalis</i> G. M. Allen, 1924; <i>ursulus</i> Thomas, 1912.","Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) included <i>tancrei</i> in <i>E</i>. <i>talpinus</i>, but the former is morphologically and chromosomally distinct and its geographic range is allopatric to that of <i>E</i>. <i>talpinus</i> (see Corbet, 1984; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Yakimenko and Lyapunova, 1986). Chromosomal contrasts with <i>E</i>. <i>talpinus</i> reported by Yakimenko and Lyapunova (1986) and with <i>E</i>. <i>alaicus</i> by Lyapunova et al. (1990). This species has a 2n = 32-54, with an XX sex chromosome combination in both males and females, and like <i>E. lutescens</i>, has lost its Y chromosome (Just et al., 1995; Vogel, 1998).","30","30-00207","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0200-0201-0207"
"13000208","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Eolagurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Argyropulo","1946","","Vestn. Akad. Nauk Kazakh. SSR","8-Jul","","44","","<i>Georychus luteus</i> Eversmann, 1840.","","","","","","<p>Lagurini (see account of <i>Lagurus</i>). Also placed variously in subtribe Lagurina, Prometheomyini (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>), or in Arvicolini (McKenna and Bell, 1997). Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) viewed <i>Eolagurus</i> as part of <i>Lagurus</i>, but subsequent authorities have considered them separate genera (Corbet and Hill, 1991; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Descent of <i>Eolagurus</i> from the early Pleistocene, its inferred derivation from a rooted Pliocene ancestor, and elaboration of the enamel schmelzmuster summarized by Koenigswald and Tesakov (1997).</p><p>Taxonomic confusion surrounding origin and application of the generic name discussed by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987). Pavlinov (2002, in litt.) explained that Argyropulo (1946) based the genus on <i>luteus</i> and <i>przewalskii</i> but did not explicitly designate a type speci... [truncated]","30","30-00208","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0208"
"13000209","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Eolagurus","","luteus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eversmann","1840","","Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow","","","25","","","Yellow Steppe Lemming","Kazakhstan, NW of Aral Sea.","Dry steppes, semideserts, and stable sand dunes in Zaysan Lake basin of E Kazakhstan, NW Xinjiang, and W Mongolia north of the Gobi Desert (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Gromov and Polyakov, 1997; Ma et al., 1987).","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>gromovi</i>  Topatchevski, 1963; <i>praeluteus</i> Schevtschenko, 1965; <i>volgensis</i> Alexandrova, 1976.","Gromov and Polyakov (1977) and Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) excellently covered morphology, geographic distribution, and phylogeny; cranial and dental morphology also described by Hinton (1926<i>a</i>). The three synonyms were originally appied as species to samples of <i>Eolagurus</i> from early and middle Pleistocene sediments, but are now regarded as extinct subspecies of <i>E. luteus</i> (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977).","30","30-00209","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0208-0000-0209"
"13000210","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Eolagurus","","przewalskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Büchner","1889","","Wiss. Res. Przewalski Cent.-Asien, Reisen, Zool.","I: (Säugeth.)","","127","","","Przewalski’s Steppe Lemming","China, Qinghai, Tsaidam region, shore of Iche-zaidemin Nor.","Montane meadows and river banks, from S Xinjiang and N Xizang, W China, east through Quinghai and N Gansu to W and S Mongolia and Nei Mongol; limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A distinctive species united with <i>E. luteus</i> by Corbet (1978c) but treated as separate by most systematists (G. M. Allen, 1940; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995a). Gromov and Polyakov’s (1977) redescription of <i>E. przewalskii</i> and illustrations of crania and dentitions unequivocally discriminate the two, whose ranges overlap in the lakes region of W Mongolia.","30","30-00210","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0208-0000-0210"
"13000211","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Eothenomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1896","","N. Am. Fauna","12","","45","","<i>Arvicola melanogaster</i> Milne-Edwards, 1871.","","","","","<i>Anteliomys</i>  Miller, 1896.","<p>Myodini. Closely related to <i>Alticola</i>, <i>Caryomys</i>, <i>Hyperacrius</i>, and <i>Myodes</i>, all of which are usually placed in Clethrionomyini (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Hooper and Hart, 1962; Koenigswald, 1980) or the subtribe Myodina, Prometheomyini (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Under <i>Eothenomys</i>, Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) included <i>Phaulomys</i> (placed by Ye et al., 2002, in <i>Clethrionomys</i> and by Japanese systematists in <i>Eothenomys</i>), <i>Aschizomys</i> (listed here in <i>Alticola</i>), and <i>Caryomys </i>(treated as a separate genus). <i>Anteliomys </i>was proposed as a subgenus of <i>Microtus </i>(Hinton, 1923), then tranferred to <i>Evotomys </i>(Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>), and finally treated as a subgenus of <i>Eothenomys</i> (Osgood, 1932; G. M. Allen, 1940); recently, Ye et al. (2002) also observed subgeneric usage for <i>Anteliomys</i>, although they suggested its reinstatement as genus. Phallic morphology of <i>E</i>... [truncated]","30","30-00211","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0211"
"13000212","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Eothenomys","","cachinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","27","","504","","","Kachin Red-backed Vole","NE Burma, Kachin State, Imaw Bum, 9000 ft (2743 m).","Montane forest, 2300-3200 m, west of the Salween River Valley in NE Burma (Thomas, 1921<i>g</i>, the holotype; Anthony, 1941), and adjacent NW Yunnan (holotype of <i>confinii</i> Hinton, 1923); range may extend farther south to extreme W Yunnan and EC Burma.","","<i>confinii</i>  Hinton, 1923.","<p><i>E</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> species group. Described by Thomas (1921<i>g</i>) as a species but subsequently included either in <i>E. melanogaster </i>(Hinton, 1923; Ellerman, 1941, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>) or <i>E. miletus</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Comparisons of Anthony’s (1941) large AMNH sample, obtained at the type locality of <i>cachinus</i> and vicinity, with <i>E</i>. <i>miletus </i>and <i>E</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> proper confirm Thomas’ view that <i>cachinus</i> is a distinctive species. Adult <i>E</i>. <i>cachinus</i> are large-bodied and long-tailed, with soft, long and thick fur, the upperparts bright tawny brown and the underparts gray washed with hues ranging from pale buff to ochraceous (the only species in the <i>E. melanogaster</i> group with such bright venters). They are about the same body size as the large <i>E</i>. <i>miletus</i>, but have longer tails (mean = 5... [truncated]","30","30-00212","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0211-0000-0212"
"13000213","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Eothenomys","","chinensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","8","","117","","","Sichuan Red-Backed Vole","China, W Sichuan Province, Kia-ting-fu (= Leshan; see Kaneko, 1996<i>b</i> for additional information).","Recorded only between 1500 and 3000 m ""on both sides of the River Datu He near Omei Shan, Sichuan Province at 29-30° N"" (Kaneko, 1996<i>b</i>:104, 105).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>tarquinus</i>  (Thomas, 1912).","<i>E</i>. <i>chinensis</i> species group. The type-species of <i>Anteliomys</i> (Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>) and recognized as a species since its description by Thomas in the usual 20<sup>th</sup-<century systematic compendia. This large-bodied species, with the longest tail of any <i>Eothenomys</i> (up to 76 mm), is allopatric to the ranges of <i>E</i>. <i>custos</i>, <i>E</i>. <i>proditor</i>, and <i>E</i>. <i>wardi</i>, and reaches lower altitudes (see Kaneko, 1996<i>b</i>). Kaneko (1996<i>b</i>) arranged <i>tarquinus</i> as a synonym.","30","30-00213","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0211-0000-0213"
"13000214","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Eothenomys","","custos","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","9","","517","","","Southwest China Red-backed Vole","China, Yunnan, A-tun-tsi (= Dequen Xian; see Kaneko, 1996<i>b</i> for additional information), 11,500-12,500 ft (3505-3810 m).","Recorded only ""from the extreme north-west of Yunnan, the Likiang Range, the loop of the Jinsha Jiang River, and from central Sichuan,"" 2500-4800 m (Kaneko, 1996<i>b</i>:108).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cangshanensis</i> Wang and Li, 2000;<b> </b><i>hintoni</i> Osgood, 1932; <i>ninglangensis </i>Wang and Li, 2000; <i>rubelius</i> Hinton, 1932; <i>rubellus</i> (G. M. Allen, 1924).","<i>E. chinensis</i> species group. Listed as a species of <i>Anteliomys</i> by Hinton (1926<i>a</i>). Whether in <i>Eothenomys</i> or <i>Anteliomys</i>, this distinct Chinese endemic has always been recognized as a species in faunal reports and checklists. Kaneko (1996<i>b</i>) explained why the holotypes of <i>hintoni</i> and <i>rubelius</i> represent examples of <i>E</i>. <i>custos</i>; inclusion of <i>cangshanensis</i> and <i>ninglangensis </i>follows Ye et al. (2002).","30","30-00214","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0211-0000-0214"
"13000215","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Eothenomys","","melanogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1871","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","7","","93","","","Père David’s Red-backed Vole","China, W Sichuan, Moupin.","Mountains of SE China in S Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian (AMNH, MCZ, USNM), NE Jiangxi, N Guangodong, W Hubei (MCZ), Ghizhou (FMNH, USNM), Sichuan (AMNH, FMNH, MCZ, USNM), S Gansu, and W Yunnan (AMNH, FMNH, USNM) (as per specimens examined, G. M. Allen, 1940, and Zhang et al., 1997). Also in Taiwan (M.-J. Yu, 1996); NE India (Mishmi Hills in Arunachal Pradesh; Agrawal, 2000); N Burma (Ellerman, 1961, identified as <i>cachinus</i>; BMNH, FMNH); NE Burma and Chin Hills, EC Burma (Anthony, 1941; AMNH); N Thailand (summit Doi Inthanon, Chiengmai Prov.; Marshall, 1977<i>a</i>; MCZ, USNM); and extreme NW Vietnam west of the Red River (Osgood, 1932; Dang et al., 1994; FMNH, MCZ). Known altitudinal range 700-3000 m (Kaneko, 2002).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aurora</i>  (G. M. Allen, 1912);<i> bonzo</i> (Cabrera, 1922); <i>chenduensis </i>Wang and Li, 2000; <i>colurnus</i> (Thomas, 1911); <i>eleusis</i> (Thomas, 1911); <i>kanoi</i> Tokuda, 1937;<i> libonotus</i> Hinton, 1923; <i>mucronatus</i> (G. M. Allen, 1912); <i>yingjiangensis</i> Wang and Li, 2000.","<p><i>E. melanogaster</i> species group. Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) suspected that more than one species is represented in what he identified as <i>E</i>. <i>melanogaster</i>, and Corbet and Hill (1992:401) posed their treatment of the species as ""very tentative."" After checking large museum series, extracting <i>E. cachinus </i>and <i>E. miletus</i> along with their synonyms, we believe most synonyms listed here actually belong with <i>E</i>. <i>melanogaster</i>, allocations in most part concordant with Kaneko’s (2002) revision. Specimens of <i>E</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> are generally small-bodied with small skulls, have dark brown to blackish upperparts, slate gray underparts (washed with buff or brown in some specimens), and possess a short to medium tail (21-42 mm) relative to body length. Cranial size varies geographically, with specimens from Sichuan and Yunnan averaging smaller than those from E China, Burma, N Thailand, and NW Vietnam. Three lingual salient angles on each M3 were co... [truncated]","30","30-00215","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0211-0000-0215"
"13000216","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Eothenomys","","miletus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","14","","474","","","Yunnan Red-backed Vole","SW China, W Yunnan, 10 m W Yang-pi, 7000 ft (2134 m).","Mountains of SW Sichuan and W to C Yunnan east of the Salween River Valley. S China (as per specimens examined in AMNH, BMNH, FMNH, MCZ, and USNM); limits unresolved (in Ghizhou according to Zhang et al., 1997, but verification needed).","","<i>fidelis</i>  Hinton, 1923.","<p><i>E</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> species group, its largest-bodied member (Kaneko, 1996<i>b</i>). Described as a subspecies of <i>melanogaster</i>, a placement commonly observed throughout the 1900s, less commonly regarded as distinct (G. M. Allen, 1940; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Ye et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 1997). The account of <i>miletus</i> by Thomas (1914<i>c</i>) and of <i>fidelis</i> by Hinton (1923) described examples of the same species, as G. M. Allen (1940) later perceived; pelage coloration and measurements of each holotype fall within the variation observed in the large AMNH and FMNH series from Yunnan and W Sichuan. Kaneko (2002) used <i>mucronatus</i> as the oldest name for this species and included <i>libonotus</i> from NW India as well as samples from C Burma, N Thailand, and N Vietnam; we identify this material as <i>E</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> (see account).</p><p><i>Eothenomys miletus</i> occurs in the same regions as <i>E</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> but is usually large... [truncated]","30","30-00216","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0211-0000-0216"
"13000217","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Eothenomys","","olitor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","100","50","","","Black-eared Red-backed Vole","China, Yunnan, Chao-tung-fu (= Zhaotong Xian), 6700 ft [2042 m] (Kaneko, 1999<i>b</i>, provided additional information).","NE Yunnan at the type locality and SW Yunnan between the Mekong and Salween River valleys, 1800-3350 m (Kaneko, 1996<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hypolitor</i>  Wang and Li, 2000.","<i>E. chinensis</i> species group. The smallest <i>Eothenomys</i> in body size. Hinton (1926<i>a</i>) allocated <i>olitor</i> to the subgenus <i>Eothenomys</i>, as did Corbet and Hill (1992), but others have placed it in <i>Anteliomys</i> (G. M. Allen, 1940; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977) or in the subgenus <i>Caryomys</i> (Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). G. M. Allen (1940) extended the range to W Yunnan, but Kaneko (1996<i>b</i>) explained why this record is not <i>olitor</i>; inclusion of <i>hypolitor</i> observes the summary of Ye et al. (2002).","30","30-00217","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0211-0000-0217"
"13000218","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Eothenomys","","proditor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1923","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","11","","152","","","Yulongxuen Red-backed Vole","China, Yunnan, Lichiang Range (=Yulongxuen), 13,000 ft (Kaneko, 1996<i>b</i>, provided additional information).","""Restricted to the border between Sichuan and Yunnan, at around 27-28°N and 100-102°E, and that it lives in meadows and in rocky areas"" (Kaneko, 1996<i>b</i>:109); known altitudinal range 2500-4200 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>E</i>. <i>chinensis </i>species group. Morphologically a giant version of <i>E</i>. <i>olitor</i> (Kaneko, 1996<i>b</i>). Treated as a species of <i>Eothenomys</i> (G. M. Allen, 1940; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>), but placed in <i>Anteliomys</i> (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977), and in subgenus<i> Caryomys</i> (Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). In his account of <i>E</i>. <i>proditor</i>, Osgood (1932) explained why <i>Anteliomys</i> deserves at most subgeneric status within <i>Eothenomys</i>. Karyotype of <i>E. proditor </i>(2n = 32, FN = 56) differs from other <i>Eothenomys</i> so far reported (Yang et al., 1998), and Ye et al. (2002) would exclude it from the genus.","30","30-00218","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0211-0000-0218"
"13000219","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Eothenomys","","wardi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","9","","516","","","Ward’s Red-backed Vole","China, NW Yunnan, Chamutong (= Tra-mu-tang), west of Atunsi, 13,000 ft (Kaneko, 1996<i>b</i>, provided additional information).","Extreme NW Yunnan in the Mekong and Salween valleys, 2400-4250 m (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Kaneko, 1996<i>b</i>).","","","<i>E</i>. <i>chinensis</i> species group. Placed in the genus <i>Anteliomys</i> by Hinton (1923). Described as a species by Thomas, recognized as such by Hinton (1923, 1926<i>a</i>) and Ellerman (1941), but usually included in <i>E</i>. <i>chinensis</i> (G. M. Allen, 1940; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Corbet and Hill (1992) and Kaneko (1996<i>b</i>), however, followed Thomas because <i>wardi </i>has a much shorter tail and hind feet, and appreciably smaller auditory bulla than specimens of <i>chinensis</i>, and is latitudinally isolated from that species.","30","30-00219","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0211-0000-0219"
"13000220","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Hyperacrius","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1896","","N. Am. Fauna","12","","54","","<i>Arvicola fertilis</i> True, 1894.","","","","","","Myodini. Assigned to Clethrionomyini by Hooper and Hart (1962) and Gromov and Polyakov (1977); placed in subtribe Myodina, Prometheomyini, by Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>) and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998). Phylogenetically near <i>Alticola</i> but more fossorial (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Corbet and Hill, 1992). Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and subspecific classification monographed by Phillips (1969).","30","30-00220","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0220"
"13000221","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Hyperacrius","","fertilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1894","","Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.","17","","10","","","Subalpine Kashmir Vole","India, Kashmir, Pir Panjal Mtns, 8500 ft (2591 m).","Subalpine scrub and meadows, 2450-3600 m, N India (Jammu and Kashmir) and N Pakistan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aitchisoni</i> (Miller, 1897); <i>brachelix</i> (Miller, 1899); <i>zygomaticus</i><b> </b>Phillips, 1969.","Indian populations reviewed by Agrawal (2000).","30","30-00221","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0220-0000-0221"
"13000222","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Hyperacrius","","wynnei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1881","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","49","","244","","","Conifer Kashmir Vole","Pakistan, Murree, 7000 ft (2134 m) (as fixed by lectotype selection by Phillips, 1969:462).","Coniferous forests and associated grasslands, 1850-3050 m, in N India (Jammu and Kashmir) and Pakistan (Murree Hills in the lower Kahgan Valley E of Indus River, and west of the Indus in Swat).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>traubi</i>  Phillips, 1969.","Indian populations reviewed by Agrawal (2000) and Pakistan by Phillips (1969).","30","30-00222","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0220-0000-0222"
"13000223","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Lagurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gloger","1841","","Gemein Hand.-Hilfsbuch. Nat.","1","","97","","<i>Mus lagurus</i> Pallas, 1773.","","","","","<i>Eremiomys</i>  Poliakov, 1881; <i>Eremomys</i> Heude, 1898; <i>Lagurodon </i>Kretzoi, 1956; <i>Laguropsis </i>Kretzoi, 1956; <i>Prolagurus</i> Kormos, 1938.","Lagurini. Closely related to <i>Eolagurus</i>, which together constitute the extant members of Lagurini (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Hooper and Hart, 1962; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Also arranged as subtribe Lagurina within Prometheomyini (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>), Clethrionomyini (Mezhzherin et al., 1995), or Arvicolini (McKenna and Bell, 1997). Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) clarified the status of <i>Mus lagurus</i> as the type species, instead of <i>L</i>. <i>migratorius</i> as misindicated by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>). Koenigswald and Tesakov (1997) documented the enamel microstructure of <i>Lagurus</i> and related its significance for reconstructing relationships among extant and fossil lagurines, from the Pliocene to Recent. Excludes North American <i>Lemmiscus curtatus</i> (see that account).","30","30-00223","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0223"
"13000224","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Lagurus","","lagurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1773","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","2","","704","","","Steppe Vole","Kazakhstan, mouth of Ural River.","Steppes, mountains, and northern deserts from Ukraine through Kazakhstan to W Altai steppes of S Russia, adjacent W Mongolia, and NW China (NW Xinjiang; Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abacanicus</i>  Serebrennikov, 1929; <i>agressus</i> Serebrennikov, 1929; <i>altorum</i> Thomas, 1912; <i>major </i>Zazhigin, <i>in</i> Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; <i>migratorius</i> Gloger, 1841; <i>occidentalis</i> Migulin, 1938; <i>saturatus</i> Ognev, 1950 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Morphology, geographic range, and phylogenetic history described by Gromov and Polyakov (1977) and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Chromosomal data reviewed by Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>). Using geometric morphometry, Courant et al. (1997) noted cranial shape convergence between <i>L. lagurus</i> and lemmings (<i>Lemmus</i> and <i>Dicrostonyx</i>) and discussed ecological parallels between these two groups. Although the present range of <i>L</i>. <i>lagurus</i> does not extend west of Ukraine, the species occurred in Europe and S England during the last interglacial and glacial cycle (Kowalski, 1967; Sutcliffe and Kowalski, 1976).","30","30-00224","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0223-0000-0224"
"13000225","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Lasiopodomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lataste","1887","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","2a","4","268","","<i>Arvicola brandtii</i> Radde, 1861.","","","","","<i>Lemmimicrotus</i>  Tokuda, 1941.","<p>Arvicolini. Although systematists agree that <i>Lasiopodomys</i> belongs in this tribe, they have disputed its generic status. G. M. Allen (1940) treated <i>Lasiopodomys</i> as a full synonym of <i>Phaiomys</i>, included in <i>Microtus </i>as a subgenus. Others have relegated it to a separate subgenus of <i>Microtus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951). Hinton (1926<i>a</i>) enumerated the many features that isolate <i>Lasiopodomys</i>: very short pinnae; elongate front claws; claw rather than nail on thumb; plantar surfaces densely furred; three labial salient angles on a simple M3, not four on a relatively elaborate molar; anterolabial margin of M3 concave, not angular; cusps elongate, not triangular; and m1 cap with only lingual secondary wing, not labial and lingual wings (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977, offered additional traits). Both neontologists and paleontologists have broadly acknowledged Hinton’s treatment (Ellerman, 1941; Gromo... [truncated]","30","30-00225","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0225"
"13000226","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Lasiopodomys","","brandtii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Radde","1861","","Melanges Biol. Acad. St. Petersbourg","3","","683","","","Brandt’s Vole","NE Mongolia, near Tarei-Nor (G. M. Allen, 1940).","Mongolia and adjacent Transbaikalia, Russia; Nei Mongol, Jilin, and Hebei provinces, NE China (Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aga</i>  (Kastschenko, 1912); <i>hangaicus<b> </b></i>Bannikov, 1948; <i>warringtoni</i> (Miller, 1913).","G. M. Allen (1940) provided a detailed description of the species; phallic morphology documented by Yang et al. (1992).","30","30-00226","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0225-0000-0226"
"13000227","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Lasiopodomys","","fuscus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Büchner","1889","","Wiss. Res. Przewalski Cent.-Asien Reisen, Zool.","I:(Säuget.)","","125","","","Smokey Vole","China, S Qinghai Prov., Yushu Autonomous Prefecture, Zhidoi Co., upper reaches of Zi Qu (also as Zhi Qu or Tongtian He) River, a tributary of the Yangtze; 33º40'N, 96º15'E (as restricted by lectotype designation by Hoffmann, 1996<i>a</i>).","E Tibetan Plateau, western Qinghai Prov., C China; limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Included in <i>Phaiomys leucurus</i>, whether as <i>Pitymys</i> or <i>Microtus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Zhang and Wang, 1963), but separated as a species and transferred to <i>Lasiopodomys</i> by Zheng and Wang (1980; also Musser and Carleton, 1993). USNM specimens of <i>fuscus</i> verify its membership in <i>Lasiopodomys</i>, not <i>Phaiomys</i>. Hoffmann (1996<i>a</i>) carefully described old expedition routes and collecting sites, selected a lectotype of <i>fuscus</i>, and documented sympatry between it and the wider ranging<i> Phaiomys leucurus</i>.","30","30-00227","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0225-0000-0227"
"13000228","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Lasiopodomys","","mandarinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1871","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mammifères","","","129","","","Mandarin Vole","China, Shanxi (Shansi), probably near Saratsi.","NE and C China (Nei Mongol, Liaoning, Beijing, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Jiangsu, and Anhui; Zhang et al., 1997); N Mongolia; Transbaikal region and E and SE Siberia of Russia; Korea (Won and Smith, 1999); range limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>faeceus</i>  (G. M. Allen, 1924); <i>jeholensis</i> (Mori, 1939); <i>johannes</i> (Thomas, 1910); <i>kishidai</i> (Mori, 1930); <i>mandrianus </i>(Miller, 1896); <i>pullus</i> (Miller, 1911); <i>vinogradovi</i> (Fetisov, 1936).","External, cranial, dental, and distributional characteristics presented by G. M. Allen (1940). G-banding of sex chromosomes and its significance described by Zhu et al. (1994). Structural and functional comparisons of the masticatory complex in <i>L</i>. <i>mandarinus</i> and <i>Myospalax</i> undertaken by Li and Wang (1999). Aspects of reproductive biology documented by Zorenko et al. (1994).","30","30-00228","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0225-0000-0228"
"13000229","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Lemmiscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","9","","401","","<i>Arvicola curtata</i> Cope, 1868.","","","","","","Arvicolini. Named as a subgenus of <i>Lagurus</i> to segregate New World sagebrush voles from Old World steppe voles. Davis (1939) underscored the morphological separation between New and Old World forms and raised <i>Lemmiscus</i> to a genus, a view endorsed by Carleton’s (1981) study of gastric anatomy. Subsequent faunal studies and checklists have variously listed <i>Lemmiscus</i> as a genus (Carleton and Musser, 1984; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Musser and Carleton, 1993) or as a subgenus of <i>Lagurus</i> (Hall, 1981; Honacki et al., 1982). Certain morphological traits associate <i>Lemmiscus</i> with <i>Microtus</i> (Carleton, 1981; Davis, 1939), a relationship supported by phylogenetic evaluation of long repetitive DNA segments (Modi, 1996); chromosomal banding patterns provided little resolution of its affinity (Modi, 1987). Some paleontologists continue to view New World sagebrush voles as lagurines that migrated to North America in the Pleistocene (Chalin... [truncated]","30","30-00229","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0229"
"13000230","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Lemmiscus","","curtatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cope","1868","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","20","","2","","","Sagebrush Vole","USA, Nevada, Esmeralda Co., Mt Magruder, Pigeon Spring.","Sagebrush steppe and desert from S Alberta and SE Saskatchewan, Canada, south to EC California and NW Colorado (Fitzgerald et al., 1994), including the Columbia Basin of interior Oregon (Verts and Carraway, 1998) and Washington, USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>artemisiae</i>  (Anthony, 1913); <i>decurtata</i> (Coues, 1877); <i>intermedius</i> (Taylor, 1911); <i>levidensis</i> Goldman, 1941; <i>orbitus</i> (Dearden and Lee, 1955); <i>pallidus</i> (Merriam, 1888); <i>pauperrimus</i> (Cooper, 1868).","See Carroll and Genoways, 1980 (Mammalian Species, 124, as <i>Lagurus curtatus</i>).","30","30-00230","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0229-0000-0230"
"13000231","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Lemmus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Link","1795","","Beitr. Naturgesch.","1","2","75","","<i>Mus lemmus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Brachyurus</i>  Fischer, 1813; <i>Hypudaeus</i> Illiger, 1811; <i>Lemnus</i> Gray, 1825; <i>Lemmus </i>Rochebrune, 1843; <i>Mirus </i>Brunner, 1938 [not Albers, 1850]; <i>Miromus</i> Brunner, 1951.","<p>Lemmini. Nominative genus of Miller's (1896) classic tribe Lemmi, then including <i>Dicrostonyx</i> (see that account). Distinctiveness still recognized within a tribe, including <i>Myopus</i> and <i>Synaptomys</i>, a clade believed to represent an early line of arvicoline evolution (Abramson, 1993; Carleton, 1981; Chaline and Graf, 1988; Graf, 1982; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>; Hooper and Hart, 1962; Jarrell and Fredga, 1993; Koenigswald, 1980). The monophyly of true lemmings, excluding <i>Dicrostonyx</i>, is also supported by recent cladistic evaluations of allozymes (Mezhzherin et al., 1995), nuclear repetitive DNA elements (Modi, 1996), and mitochrondrial DNA sequences (Conroy and Cook, 1999). <i>Myodes</i> Pallas, 1811, usually placed in the synonymy of <i>Lemmus</i> (e.g., Hall, 1981; Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>; Miller, 1896), is the oldest name for <i>Clethrionomys</i> (see that account); also see account of <i>Myopus</i>, once treated as a subgenus of <i>Lemmus... [truncated]","30","30-00231","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0231"
"13000232","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Lemmus","","amurensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vinogradov","1924","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","14","","186","","","Amur Brown Lemming","Russia, Siberia, Pikan, on Zeya River, a tributary of the Amur River.","Larch taiga of E Siberia; from the Arctic coast between the Lena and Kolyma Rivers southeastward onto the Kamchatka Peninsula, and southward through the Verkhoyansk and Cherskogo Mtns and the Omolon River to the upper Amur River basin and region east of Lake Baikal; also on islands in the New Siberian Arch. (Novosibirskiye Ostrova) (Chernyavskii et al., 1980, 1993; Federov, 1999<i>a</i>; Jarrell and Fredga, 1993:Fig. 2).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chrysogaster</i>  J. A. Allen, 1903; <i>flavescens</i> Vinogradov, 1925;<i> ognevi</i> Vinogradov, 1933; <i>xanthotrichus</i> Vinogradov, 1925 [<i>nomen nudum</i>, see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:656].","<p>Revised by Chernyavskii et al. (1980); additional chromosomal data analyzed by Gileva et al. (1984). The distinctiveness of <i>L. amurensis</i> has been reaffirmed by Chernyavskii et al. (1993), who studied karyotypes, craniodental traits, and pelage coloration and reported its range extension in the Kamchatka Peninsula. Fedorov et al. (1999<i>b</i>) similarly demonstrated its genetic isolation relative to <i>L. trimucronatus </i>and <i>L. sibiricus</i> based on mitochondrial DNA analyses. Their study highlights the biogeographic importance of the Lena-Kolyma catchment, with <i>L. trimucronatus </i>ranging east of the Kolyma River, <i>L</i>. <i>sibiricus</i> ranging to the west of the Lena River, and <i>L</i>. <i>amurensis</i> found in-between; discontinuities in mitochondrial DNA sequences among samples of <i>Dicrostonyx</i> are also localized in the region of the Kolyma and Lena Rivers (Federov, 1999; Federov et al., 1999<i>a</i>).</p><p>Includes <i>chrysogaster</i>, a form someti... [truncated]","30","30-00232","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0231-0000-0232"
"13000233","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Lemmus","","lemmus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","59","","","Norway Lemming","Sweden, Lappmark.","Mountains of Scandinavia and tundra from W Norway and Sweden to Kola (Kolskiy) Peninsula at W margin of the White Sea (NW Russia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>borealis</i>  Nilsson, 1829; <i>iterator</i> (Gistel, 1850); <i>norvegicus</i> Desmarest, 1822.","European populations reviewed by Tast (1982<i>a</i>) and Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999); Russia segment reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995). Phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome <i>b</i> haplotypes has revealed appreciable nucleotide divergence between Scandinavian and Siberian samples (Fedorov et al., 1999<i>b</i>); that genetic characterization, in combination with unique pelage coloration, supports the specific integrity of <i>L. lemmus </i>relative to the geographically allopatric <i>L. sibiricus</i>. Although now absent from the British Isles, the species occurred there during the Pleistocene and Late Glacial (Late Palaeolithic) times (Sutcliffe and Kowalski, 1976; Yalden, 1999).","30","30-00233","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0231-0000-0233"
"13000234","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Lemmus","","portenkoi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tchernyavsky","1967","","Zool. Zhur.","46","","12","","","Wrangel Island Lemming","Russia, SE Siberia Magadanskaya Oblast, Ostrov Vrangelya (Wrangel Isl).","Endemic to Wrangel Isl.","","","Jarrell and Fredga (1993) included <i>portenkoi</i> in <i>L. sibiricus</i>, observing their convention of synonymizing insular taxa with mainland species. However, Chernyavskii et al. (1993) interpreted the cytogenetic and morphological peculiarities of the Wrangel Isl form to reflect an old Palearctic origin and regarded it as a separate species. Although Wrangel Isl lies close to the Chukotskiy mainland, where <i>L</i>. <i>trimucronatus</i> occurs, cytochrome <i>b </i>sequence data instead link the island populations with those farther west that we recognize as <i>L. amurensis</i> (Fedorov et al., 1999<i>b</i>); the percent sequence divergence between the Wrangel Isl lemming and <i>L</i>. <i>amurensis</i> approximates that distinguishing <i>L. lemmus</i> and <i>L. sibiricus</i>, which together with the information provided by Chernyavskii et al. (1993), lends support to its recognition as a species. Wrangel Isl provides habitat for another endemic lemming, <i>Dicrostonyx</i> <i>vinog... [truncated]","30","30-00234","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0231-0000-0234"
"13000235","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Lemmus","","sibiricus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","241","","","Siberian Brown Lemming","Russia, Yamalo-Nenetskaya Nats. Okr., between Polar Ural Mtns and lower course of Ob River.","Palearctic tundra landscapes—from Arkhangel region on eastern border of White Sea, W Russia, eastward to W border of the Lena River.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bungei</i>  Vinogradov, 1924; <i>kittlitzi </i>(Brandt, 1845); <i>kittlitzi</i> (Middendorf, 1853); <i>minor</i> (Pallas, 1811) [<i>nomen nudum</i>, as discussed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:656]; <i>migratorius</i> (Illiger, 1815); <i>novosibiricus</i> Vinogradov, 1924; <i>obensis</i> Brants, 1827; <i>paulus</i> G. M. Allen, 1914.","This species was formerly defined broadly to encompass not only most Palearctic forms but also North American taxa here retained as <i>L</i>. <i>trimucronatus</i> (see next). Within Eurasia, the geographic range was thought to extend eastward beyond the Lena River to the Kolymskaya region, E Siberia (e.g., Jarell and Fredga, 1993); however, phylogeographic patterns based on cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences substantiate a pronounced division between samples west<i> </i>(<i>L. sibiricus</i>) and east (<i>L. amurensis</i>, see above) of the Lena River (Fedorov et al., 1999<i>b</i>), a frontier coincident with significant haplotype discontinuities among samples of <i>Dicrostonyx </i>(Fedorov et al., 1999<i>a</i>). Fedorov et al. (1999<i>b</i>) interpreted the level of sequence divergence to indicate cladogenesis prior to the last glaciation and implicated the formation of montane and continental ice sheets near the Lena River as the historical barrier driving this divergence. <i>Lemmus sibiri... [truncated]","30","30-00235","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0231-0000-0235"
"13000236","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Lemmus","","trimucronatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1825","","<i>In</i>Parry, Journal of a second voyage …","App.","","309","","","Nearctic Brown Lemming","Canada, District of Mackenzie, Point Lake.","N Chukotskiy region in far NE Siberia (coastal region east of Kolyma River, not inland); in North America, from W Alaska east to Baffin Isl and Hudson Bay, and south in the Rocky Mtns to C British Columbia, Canada; also Nunivak and St. George isls in the Bering Sea, Pribilof Isls, and Canadian Archipelago (Jarrell and Fredga, 1993:Fig. 2).","<i>alascensis</i> Merriam, 1900; <i>harroldi</i> Swarth, 1931; <i>helvolus</i> (Richardson, 1828); <i>minusculus</i> Osgood, 1904; <i>nigripes</i> (True, 1894); <i>phaiocephalus</i> Manning and Macpherson, 1958; <i>subarticus</i> Bee and Hall, 1956; <i>yukonensis</i> Merriam, 1900.","Rausch (1953) proposed the synonymy of <i>trimucronatus</i>  and <i>nigripes</i> under Old World <i>L</i>. <i>sibiricus</i>, a taxonomic arrangement elaborated by Rausch and Rausch (1975<i>b</i>) and maintained in subsequent faunal and systematic works (Banfield, 1974; Hall, 1981; Honacki et al., 1982; Jones et al., 1986, 1997; Musser and Carleton, 1993). As now understood, <i>L</i>. <i>trimucronatus </i>is the only true lemming to exhibit a recent transberingian geographic distribution; see Chernyavskii et al. (1993) and Federov et al. (1999<i>a</i>), who speculated about Beringian history and possible dispersion pathways for lemmings. North American subspecies revised by Davis (1944) and retained as such by Hall and Cockrum (1953) and Hall and Kelson (1959); North American populations reviewed by Batzli (1999). Corbet and Hill (1991) continued to recognize the St. George Isl form <i>nigripes</i> as a species.","<p>Rausch (1953) proposed the synonymy of <i>trimucronatus</i> and <i>nigripes</i> under Old World <i>L</i>. <i>sibiricus</i>, a taxonomic arrangement elaborated by Rausch and Rausch (1975<i>b</i>) and maintained in subsequent faunal and systematic works (Banfield, 1974; Hall, 1981; Honacki et al., 1982; Jones et al., 1986, 1997; Musser and Carleton, 1993). As now understood, <i>L</i>. <i>trimucronatus </i>is the only true lemming to exhibit a recent transberingian geographic distribution; see Chernyavskii et al. (1993) and Federov et al. (1999<i>a</i>), who speculated about Beringian history and possible dispersion pathways for lemmings. North American subspecies revised by Davis (1944) and retained as such by Hall and Cockrum (1953) and Hall and Kelson (1959); North American populations reviewed by Batzli (1999). Corbet and Hill (1991) continued to recognize the St. George Isl form <i>nigripes</i> as a species.</p><p>Among Eurasian <i>Lemmus</i>, hybridization results (Pokrovski et a... [truncated]","30","30-00236","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0231-0000-0236"
"13000237","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Schrank","1798","","Fauna Boica","1","1","72","","<i>Microtus terrestris</i> Schrank, 1798 (= <i>Mus arvalis</i> Pallas, 1778).","","","","","<i>Agricola</i>  Blasius, 1857; <i>Alexandromys</i> Ognev, 1914; <i>Ammomys</i> Bonaparte, 1831; <i>Arbusticola</i> Shidlovsky, 1919; <i>Arvalomys</i> Chaline, 1974; <i>Aulacomys</i> Rhoads, 1894; <i>Bicunedens </i>Hodgson, 1863; <i>Campicola</i> Schulze, 1890 [not Swainson, 1827]; <i>Campicoloma </i>Strand, 1928; <i>Chilotus</i> Baird, 1857; <i>Euarvicola</i> Acloque, 1899; <i>Herpetomys</i> Merriam, 1898; <i>Iberomys</i> Chaline, 1972; <i>Isodelta </i>Cope, 1871; <i>Meridiopitymys</i> Chaline, 1974; <i>Micrurus</i> Major, 1877 [not Ehrenberg, 1831]; <i>Mynomes</i> Rafinesque, 1817; <i>Oecomicrotus </i>Rabeder, 1981; <i>Orthriomys</i> Merriam, 1898; <i>Pallasiinus</i> Kretzoi, 1964; <i>Parapitymys</i> Chaline, 1978; <i>Pedomys</i> Baird, 1857; <i>Pinemys</i> Lesson, 1836; <i>Pitymys</i> McMurtrie, 1831; <i>Psammomys</i> Le Conte, 1830 [not Cretzschmar, 1828], <i>Steneocranius </i>Trouessart, 1904; <i>Stenocranius</i> Kastschenko, 1901; <i>Sumeriomys</i> Argyropulo, 1933; <i>Suranomys</i> Chaline, 1972; <i>Sylvicola</i> Fatio, 1867 [not Harris, 1782, or Humphrey, 1797]; <i>Terricola</i> Fatio, 1867 [not Fleming, 1828]; <i>Tetramerodon</i> Rhoads, 1894; <i>Tibercola</i> Koenigswald, Fejfar, and Tchernov, 1992; <i>Tyrrhenicola </i>Major, 1905.","<p>Arvicolini. Nowhere are the explosiveness and recency of arvicoline evolution more dramatically highlighted than by the inconsistency of systematic treatment of genus-group taxa to be subsumed by <i>Microtus</i>. Little consensus exists concerning the morphological limits or monophyly of many of these taxa, a situation that partly reflects the overly narrow reliance of our classifications on dental characters undergoing rapid change (see Guthrie, 1971; Koenigswald, 1980). The recency of speciation is another contributory factor—Conroy and Cook (2000<i>a</i>) dated the major pulse of diversification within <i>Microtus</i> as only 1.3 million years ago. See accounts of <i>Blanfordimys</i>, <i>Chionomys</i>, <i>Lasiopodomys</i>, <i>Neodon</i>, <i>Phaiomys</i>, and <i>Proedromys</i>, often included in <i>Microtus</i> but which are here treated as genera.</p><p>North American forms revised by Bailey (1900) and taxonomy updated by Hall and Cockrum (1953) and Hall (1981); many aspects of a... [truncated]","30","30-00237","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237"
"13000238","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Schrank","1798","","Fauna Boica","1","1","72","","<i>Microtus terrestris</i> Schrank, 1798 (= <i>Mus arvalis</i> Pallas, 1778).","","","","","","","30","30-00238","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238"
"13000239","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Fatio","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","[not Fleming, 1828]","30","30-00239","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239"
"13000240","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Mynomes","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00240","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0240"
"13000241","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Alexandromys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Ognev","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00241","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0241"
"13000242","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Stenocranius","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Kastschenko","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00242","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0242"
"13000243","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Pitymys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","McMurtrie","1831","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00243","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0243"
"13000244","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Pedomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Baird","1857","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00244","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0244"
"13000245","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","See comments.","abbreviatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1899","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","13","","13","","","Insular Vole","USA, Alaska, Bering Sea, Hall Isl.","Hall and St. Matthew Isls, Bering Sea (Alaska, USA).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>fisheri</i>  Merriam, 1900.","An insular relative of <i>M</i>. <i>miurus</i> of the Alaskan mainland, generally retained as a species (Fedyk, 1970; Jones et al., 1997; Rausch and Rausch, 1968) but separate status questioned (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>). Also see accounts of <i>M</i>. <i>gregalis</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>miurus</i>.","30","30-00245","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0000-0245"
"13000246","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","agrestis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1761","","Fauna Suecica, 2nd ed.","","","11","","","Field Vole","Sweden, Uppsala.","Britain and nearby small islands (except Ireland); continental distribution extends from Scandinavia and Baltic region (Miljutin, 1997, 1998; Timm et al., 1998) east through Siberia to the Lena River; in the south from N and C Portugal, Pyrennes of N Spain (Brunet-Lecomte, 1991; Castiens and Gosalbez, 1992; Torre et al., 1996), France, Belgium, Netherlands (Lange, 1992), Germany (Dolch et al., 1994), Switzerland (Hausser, 1995), Austria, Czech Republic (And&#277;ra and &#268;ervený, 1994; Šmaha, 1996), Slovakia (Danko, 1994; Kminiak, 1996; Mošanský, 1994; Stanko, 1995; Stanko and Mošanský, 1994, 2000; Stanko et al., 2000), N Italy (Amori et al., 1999; Locatelli and Paolucci, 1996<i>a</i>), Poland, Hungary, Slovenia (Kryštufek, 1991), east through N Croatia and N Bosnia and Herzegovina (Petrov, 1992), N Serbia, Romania, Ukraine, and Kazhakstan to S Urals, Altai Mtns, NW China (NW Xinjiang; Zhang et al., 1997), and Lake Baikal region (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Krapp and Niethammer, 1982; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>agrestoides</i>  Hinton, 1910; <i>angustifrons</i> (Fatio, 1905); <i>arcturus</i> Thomas, 1912; <i>argyropoli</i> Ognev, 1944; <i>argyropuli</i> Ognev, 1950; <i>argyropuloi</i> Ognev, 1952; <i>armoricanus</i> Heim de Balsac and Beaufort, 1966; <i>bailloni</i> (de Sélys Longchamps, 1841); <i>britannicus</i> (de Sélys Longchamps, 1847); <i>bucklandii</i> (Giebel, 1847); <i>carinthiacus</i> Kretzoi, 1958; <i>enez-groezi</i> Heim de Balsac and Beaufort, 1966; <i>estiae</i> Reinwaldt, 1927; <i>exsul</i> Miller, 1908; <i>fiona</i> Montagu, 1922; <i>gregarius</i> (Linneaus, 1766); <i>hirta</i> (Bellamy, 1839); <i>insul</i> Lydekker, 1909; <i>insularis</i> (Nilsson, 1844); <i>intermedia</i> (Bonaparte, 1845); <i>latifrons</i> (Fatio, 1905); <i>levernedii</i> (Crespon, 1844); <i>luch</i> Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton, 1913; <i>macgillivrayi</i> Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton, 1913; <i>mial</i> Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton, 1913; <i>mongol</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>neglectus</i> (Jenyns, 1841); <i>nigra</i> (Fatio, 1869); <i>nigricans</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>ognevi</i> Scalon, 1935; <i>orioecus</i> Cabrera, 1924; <i>pannonicus</i> Ehik, 1924; <i>pallida </i>Melander, 1938; <i>punctus</i> Montagu, 1923; <i>rozianus</i> (Bocage, 1865); <i>rufa</i> (Fatio, 1900); <i>scaloni</i> Heptner, 1948; <i>tridentinus</i> Dal Piaz, 1924; <i>wettsteini</i> Ehik, 1928.","<p>Subgenus <i>Microtus</i>, <i>agrestis</i> species group <i>sensu</i> Zagorodnyuk (1990). Considered a member of subgenus <i>Microtus </i>by Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>), Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), and Meyer et al. (1996), but placed in subgenus <i>Agricola</i> by Zagorodnyuk (1990). Although once regarded as conspecific with North American <i>M</i>. <i>pennsylvanicus</i> on morphological grounds (Klimkiewicz, 1970), chomosomal differences indicate those similarities to represent convergence, not phylogenetic alliance (Vorontsov and Lyapunova, 1976; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Phylogenetic inference based on cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences also widely separated <i>M. agrestis</i> from any North American <i>Microtus</i> (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>), and allozymic analysis isolated it by large genetic distances from nine other Eurasian <i>Microtus</i> sampled (Mezhzherin et al., 1993).</p><p>Distribution in Portugal, Spain and France and morphometric discrimination from other <i>Microtus</... [truncated]","30","30-00246","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0246"
"13000247","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","anatolicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kryštufek and Kefelio&#287;lu","2002","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","50","","8","","","Anatolian Vole","Turkey, Konya, Cihanbeyli, Yapali köyü.","Known only from the type locality and vicinity.","","","Subgenus <i>Microtus</i>, <i>socialis</i> species group. When Kefelio&#287;lu and Kryštufek (1999) first identified this 2n = 60 population, they refrained from designating it a new species until the characterization of <i>M</i>.<i> irani</i> was improved; such was later accomplished by Kryštufek and Kefelio&#287;lu (2002), who described significant morphological traits that distinguish it from their new species, <i>M. anatolicus</i> (no chromosomal data are available for <i>M. irani</i> from its type locality). <i>Microtus anatolicus</i> is chromosomally close to Turkish samples of <i>M. socialis</i> (2n = 62, FN = 60), but Kryštufek and Kefelio&#287;lu (2002) claimed that ""categorical cranial differences provide strong evidence against restricting the new species to a merely Robertsonian population of <i>M. socialis</i>.""","30","30-00247","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0247"
"13000248","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","arvalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","Nova Spec. Quadr. Glir. Ord.","","","78","","","Common Vole","Russia, Leningrad Oblast, Pushkin-town (as restricted by neotype selection by Malygin and Yatsenko, 1986; formerly as ""Germany,"" e.g., Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951).","NE Portugal and C and N Spain (Brunet-Lecomte, 1991; Castien and Gosalbez, 1992; Gonzalez-Esteban et al., 1995) through France, Belgium, Netherlands (Jonkers, 1992, mapped distributional changes between 1850 and 1988), Germany (Dolch et al., 1994), Switzerland (Hausser, 1995; Maurizio, 1994), N Italy (Amori et al., 1999; Bigini and Turini, 1995; Cantini, 1991, Paolucci et al., 1993), Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic (And&#277;ra and &#268;ervený, 1994; Šmaha, 1996), Slovakia (Danko, 1994; Kminiak, 1996; Mošanský, 1994; Stanko, 1995; Stanko and Mošanský, 1994, 2000; Stanko et al., 1994, 2000), Poland, the Baltic region (Miljutin, 1997, 1998; Timm et al., 1998), and Denmark (but not most of Fennoscandia), and eastward to C and S Urals in Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, and Orenburg districts in Russia (Gileva et al., 1996); south through Slovenia (Kryštufek, 1991), Serbia and Montenegro (Petrov, 1991), Romania, N and W Bulgaria; east through Russia from Krym (Crimea) and E Ukraine through Siberia to the upper Yenesei River; south through NW Mongolia, NW China (NW Xinjiang; Zhang et al., 1997), the Altai Mtns and Kazhakstan (Kovalskaya, 1994), to the Caucasus, N and E Turkey (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001; Pamukoglu and Albayrak, 1996), NW Iran and east through the Elburz Mtns to N Khorassan Prov. of NE Iran (Lay, 1967; type series of <i>khorkoutensis</i> and holotype of <i>hyrcania</i>; see below). Also insular populations on the Orkney Isls (Channel Isls, but not the British Isles), and Yeu (France).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M. arvalis </i>and <i>M. obscurus</i>.","<i>albus</i>  (Bechstein, 1801); <i>arvensis</i> (Schinz, 1840); <i>angularis</i> Miller, 1908; <i>assimilis</i> (Rörig and Börner, 1905) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>assimilis </i>Miller, 1912; <i>asturianus</i> Miller, 1908;<i> ater</i> (de Sélys Longchamps, 1845) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>brevirostris</i> Ognev, 1924;<i> calypsus</i> Montagu, 1923; <i>campestris</i> (Blasius, 1853);<i> caucasicus</i> Satunin, 1896; <i>cimbricus</i> Stein, 1931; <i>contigua</i> (Rörig and Börner, 1905); <i>corneri</i> Hinton, 1910; <i>cunicularius</i> (Ray, 1847); <i>depressa</i> (Rörig and Börig, 1905) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>depressa </i>Miller, 1912; <i>duplicatus</i> Rörig and Börner, 1905) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>duplicatus </i>Miller, 1912; <i>flava</i> (Fatio, 1905); <i>fulva </i>(Fatio, 1869, not Millet, 1828); <i>fulvus</i> Geoffroy, 1803 [not Desmarest, 1816]; <i>fulvus</i> (Miller, 1912) [not Millet, 1828 or Fatio, 1869; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:697 for status of this name]; <i>galliardi</i> (Fatio, 1905); <i>ghalgai </i>(Krassovsky, 1929) [<i>nomen nudum</i>; see Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>];<i> grandis</i> Martino and Martino, 1948; <i>gudauricus</i> Ognev, 1929;<i> hawelkae</i> Bolkay, 1925;<i> heptneri</i> Hamar, 1963; <i>hyrcania </i>Goodwin, 1940;<i> igmanensis</i> Bolkay, 1919; <i>incertus</i> (de Sélys Longchamps, 1841); <i>incognitus</i> Stein, 1931; <i>iphigeniae</i> Heptner, 1946;<i> khorkoutensis </i>Goodwin, 1940; <i>macrocranius</i> Ognev, 1924;<i> meldensis</i> Delost, 1955; <i>meridianus</i> Miller, 1908; <i>mystacinus </i>(de Filippi, 1865);<i> obscurus</i> (Eversmann, 1841);<i> orcadensis</i> Millais, 1904; <i>oyaensis</i> Heim de Balsac, 1940; <i>principalis</i> (Rörig and Börig, 1905) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>principalis</i> Miller, 1912; <i>rhodopensis </i>Heinrich, 1936; <i>ronaldshaiensis</i> Hinton, 1913; <i>rousiensis</i> Hinton, 1913; <i>rufescentefuscus</i> (Schinz, 1845); <i>ruthenus</i> Ognev, 1950; <i>sandayensis</i> Millais, 1905; <i>sarnius</i> Miller, 1909; <i>simplex</i> (Rörig and Börig, 1905) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>simplex </i>Miller, 1912; <i>terrestris</i> (Schrank, 1798, not Linnaeus, 1758), <i>transcaucasicus</i> Ognev, 1924; <i>transuralensis</i> Serebrennikov, 1929;<i> variabilis</i> (Rörig and Börner, 1905) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>variabilis </i>Miller, 1912; <i>vulgaris</i> (Desmarest, 1822); <i>westrae</i> Miller, 1908. Some synonyms listed and much of the southern and eastern distribution outlined for <i>M</i>. <i>arvalis</i> by Ellerman and Morriscon-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) actually refer to <i>M</i>. <i>levis </i>(formerly <i>rossiaemeridionalis</i>); see that account.","<p>Subgenus <i>Microtus</i>, <i>arvalis</i> species group (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Most closely related to<i> M. levis </i>(formerly <i>rossiaemeredionalis</i>),<i> M. transcaspicus</i>, and <i>M. ilaeus </i>(Meyer et al., 1996). Phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences reinforces the strong alliance between <i>M. arvalis</i> and <i>M. levis</i> (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>).</p><p>Monograph edited by Sokolov and Bashenina (1994) encapsulates karyology, geographic distribution, taxonomy, morphology, ecology, and contrasts with <i>M. levis </i>(as <i>rossiaemeridionalis</i>). So broadly a distributed species has spawned numerous karyotypic studies on chromosomal variation, genomic mapping, and interspecific comparisons (Baskevich, 1996<i>b</i>; Burgos et al., 1989; Gileva et al., 1996; Mazurok et al., 1996<i>a</i>; Mitev and Mitev, 1991<i>c</i>; Zima and Kral, 1984<i>a</i>; Zima et al., 1997<i>a</i>). Morphol... [truncated]","30","30-00248","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0248"
"13000249","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","bavaricus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Konig","1962","","Senckenberg. Biol.","43","","2","","","Bavarian Pine Vole","Germany, Bavarian Alps, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 730 m.","Germany, Bavarian Alps (N margin of E Alps at type locality and across the border in Tyrol region of Austria; Haring et al., 2000; Konig, 1982).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, <i>subterraneus</i> species group <i>sensu</i> Chaline et al. (1988) and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Taxonomic history reviewed by Haring et al. (2000) and Spitzenberger et al. (2000). The morphological separation of <i>bavaricus</i> from its close relatives, <i>M</i>. <i>multiplex</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>liechtensteini</i>, was confirmed by Spitzenberger et al. (2000) in a multivariate analysis of m1s. In another morphometric analysis of m1s, <i>M. bavaricus</i> (only three teeth) was phenetically closest to <i>M. tatricus </i>(Brunet-Lecomte and Nadachowski, 1998), but phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences (mitochondrial control region, <i>CR</i>) discounts close affinity with <i>M. tatricus</i> (Haring et al., 2000) and instead allies <i>M. bavaricus </i>with <i>M. liechtensteini</i> (see account). <i>Microtus bavaricus </i>is extinct at the type locality (Haring et al., 2000; Spitzenberger et al., 2000), but still lives in the N Tyrol region of the Alps... [truncated]","30","30-00249","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239-0249"
"13000250","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","brachycercus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lehmann","1961","","Zool. Anz.","167","","223","","","Calabria Pine Vole","S Italy, Calabrian Peninsula, Camigliatello Silano.","Calabrian Peninsula of S Italy (Krapp, 1982<i>c</i>; Galleni et al., 1998).","","","Subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, <i>savii</i> species group (Chaline et al., 1988; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Initially described as a subspecies of <i>M. savii</i> (Lehmann, 1961) and usually retained in that species (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Krapp, 1982<i>c</i>; Krapp and Winking, 1976; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Karyotype of samples from Calabrian region is similar to those from elsewhere on the Italian Peninsula and Sicily (2n = 54), but the X chromosome is larger and submetacentric (small metacentric in <i>M</i>. <i>savii</i>) and the Y is twice the size (Galleni et al., 1992, 1998; Niethammer, 1981). F1 hybrids obtained between <i>savii</i> and <i>brachycercus</i>, but F2 offspring were not produced because F1 males are sterile; those data, the gonosomal differences, and morphological traits (Lehmann, 1961) prompted Galleni et al. (1994, 1998) to recognize <i>brachycercus</i> as a species endemic to the Calabrian Peninsula of S Italy.","30","30-00250","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239-0250"
"13000251","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Mynomes","breweri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1857","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","525","","","Beach Vole","USA, Massachusetts, Muskeget Isl, off Nantucket.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Mynomes</i>, <i>pennsylvanicus</i> species group <i>sensu</i> Zagorodnyuk (1990). An insular vicariant of <i>M</i>. <i>pennsylvanicus</i>, the two are inseparable karyotypically (Fivush et al., 1975; Modi, 1986), marginally distinct electrophoretically (Kohn and Tamarin, 1978), but morphologically sharply discrete (Bailey, 1900; Miller, 1896; Moyer et al., 1988). Although posited as conspecific with <i>M</i>. <i>pennsylvanicus</i> (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1991; Jones et al., 1986; Modi, 1986; Whitaker and Hamilton, 1998), Moyer et al. (1988) mustered convincing evidence for the retention of <i>breweri</i> as a species. See Tamarin and Kunz (1974, Mammalian Species, 45).","30","30-00251","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0240-0251"
"13000252","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","cabrerae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","576","","","Cabrera’s Vole","Spain, Madrid Prov., Sierra de Guadarrama, near Rascafria.","Fragmented range in Spain and Portugal; and; subfossils document past occurrence of <i>M. cabrerae</i> in French side of the Pyrenees, which is outside its modern range (Corbet, 1984; Fernández-Salvador, 1998, 2000; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Niethammer, 1982<i>f</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>dentatus</i>  Miller, 1910.","Subgenus <i>Microtus</i>, <i>agrestis</i> species group (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Placed in subgenus <i>Agricola </i>by Zagorodnyuk (1990); Chaline (1974) used the subgenus <i>Iberomys</i>, a name superceded by <i>Agricola</i>, for <i>dentatus</i> and <i>brecciensis</i>. Biochemical and chromosomal data reported by Millet et al. (1982), Burgos et al. (1989), and Jimenez et al. (1991); other chromosomal data contributed by Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>); molecular and cytogenetic characteristics of satellite DNA and heterochromatin reported by Modi (1993). Biological and morphometric traits of Spanish samples and their significance evaluated by Ventura et al. (1998); occurrence in Spain, Portugal and France (subfossils) and morphometric discrimination from other <i>Microtus</i> and <i>Chionomys</i> in the same region documented by Madureira (1983). Closely related to the Pleistocene <i>M</i>. <i>brecciensis</i>, recorded from Spain, SE France, an... [truncated]","30","30-00252","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0252"
"13000253","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","See comments.","californicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peale","1848","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","","46","","","California Vole","USA, California, Santa Clara Co., vicinity of San Francisco Bay, San Francisquito Creek near Palo Alto (as fixed by Kellogg, 1918:5).","Oak woodlands and grasslands of Pacific coast, from SW Oregon through California, USA, to N Baja California Norte, México.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>M. c. mohavensis </i>and <i>M. c. scirpensis</i>, Data Deficient as <i>M. c. stephensi</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>M. c. vallicola</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aequivocatus</i>  Osgood, 1928; <i>aestuarinus</i> Kellogg, 1918; <i>constrictus</i> Bailey, 1900;<i> edax</i> (Le Conte, 1853); <i>eximius</i> Kellogg, 1918; <i>grinnelli</i> Huey, 1931; <i>halophilus</i> Von Bloeker, 1937; <i>hyperuthrus</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>kernensis</i> Kellogg, 1918; <i>mariposae</i> Kellogg, 1918; <i>mohavensis</i> Kellogg, 1918;<i> neglectus</i> Kellogg, 1918; <i>paludicola</i> Hatfield, 1935;<i> perplexabilis</i> Grinnell, 1926; <i>sanctidiegi</i> Kellogg, 1918 [replacement name for <i>neglectus</i> Kellogg, 1918]; <i>sanpabloensis</i> Thaeler, 1961; <i>scirpensis</i> Bailey, 1900; <i>stephensi</i> Von Bloeker, 1932;<i> trowbridgii</i> (Baird, 1857); <i>vallicola</i> Bailey, 1898.","Broadly affiliated with other North American <i>Microtus</i>, but evidence for nearest specific relative contradictory (compare assessments of Anderson, 1959; Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>; Hooper and Hart, 1962; Moore and Janecek, 1990). Zagorodnyuk (1990) acknowledged enigmatic phyletic stature as sole member of <i>californicus</i> species group, subgenus <i>Mynomes</i>. Geographic races delineated by Kellogg (1918); Gill (1980) recorded instances of sterility in hybrids between <i>M</i>. <i>c</i>. <i>californicus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>c</i>. <i>stephensi</i>.","30","30-00253","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0000-0253"
"13000254","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Mynomes","canicaudus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","67","","","Gray-tailed Vole","USA, Oregon, Polk Co., Willamette Valley, McCoy.","Willamette Valley, NW Oregon (Verts and Carraway, 1998:Fig. 11-111) and adjacent Washington, USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Mynomes</i>. Reduced to a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>montanus</i> by Hall and Kelson (1951); resurrected to specific status based on karyotypic and electrophoretic evidence (Hsu and Johnson, 1970; Johnson, 1968; Modi, 1986). Sibling species to <i>M</i>. <i>montanus</i> (Hoffmann and Koeppl, 1985; Modi, 1986, 1987; Zagorodnyuk, 1990) or to <i>M</i>. <i>townsendii</i> (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>; Conroy et al., 2001). See Verts and Carraway (1987, Mammalian Species, 267).","30","30-00254","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0240-0254"
"13000255","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","See comments.","chrotorrhinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1894","","Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.","26","","190","","","Rock Vole","USA, New Hampshire, Coos Co., Mt Washington, head of Tuckerman's Ravine, 5300 ft (1615 m).","S Labrador south through S Quebec and Ontario, Canada, to NE Minnesota, N New York, and N New England states, USA; isolated segments in the C (S New York, NE Pennsylvania) and S Appalachian Mtns (W Maryland to E Tennessee and W North Carolina).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>M. c. ravus</i>,<i> </i>Lower Risk (nt) as <i>M. c. carolinensis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>carolinensis</i>  Komarek, 1932; <i>ravus</i> Bangs, 1898.","Although conventionally viewed as closely related to (Anderson, 1960), if not conspecific with (Hall and Kelson, 1959), <i>M</i>. <i>xanthognathus</i>, morphological, chromosomal, and molecular information reveals their more distant kinship (Bailey, 1900; Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>; Guilday, 1982; R. A. Martin, 1973, 1979; Rausch and Rausch, 1974). The expanded definition of the subgenus <i>Aulacomys</i> (= <i>M</i>. <i>chrotorrhinus</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>longicaudus</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>richardsoni</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>xanthognathus</i>) as conceived by Zagorodnyuk (1990) is decidedly polyphyletic on parsimony and likelihood trees generated from mitochondrial DNA sequences (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>). Genic variation evaluated by Kilpatrick and Crowell (1985). See Kirkland and Jannett (1982, Mammalian Species, 180).","30","30-00255","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0000-0255"
"13000256","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Alexandromys","clarkei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1923","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","11","","158","","","Clarke’s Vole","China, Yunnan, divide between the Kuikiang and Salween Rivers, 11,000 ft (3353 m); 28°N.","High mountains, ca. 3300-4300 m, of W and S Yunnan (G. M. Allen, 1940; Zhang et al., 1997), SE Xizang (Feng et al., 1986, as <i>M. millicens</i>), SE Tibet (China) and N Burma (Ellerman, 1961; also FMNH 40960-40963).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Volemys clarkei</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Alexandromys</i>. Placed in <i>Volemys</i> by Zagorodnyuk (1990) as the only member of the <i>clarkei</i> species group, an arrangement followed by Musser and Carleton (1993) and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Hinton (1923), however, compared <i>M. clarkei </i>with <i>M. calamorum</i>, now a synonym of <i>M. fortis</i>, and thought the two to be closely related, an alliance also implied by G. M. Allen (1940). Specimen examination leads us to concur: molar patterns are very similar in <i>M. clarkei</i> and <i>M. fortis </i>(see illustrations in Hinton, 1923), as are general skull conformation and body and tail proportions. In contrast to species of <i>Volemys</i>, <i>M</i>.<i> clarkei</i> lacks a low, smooth cranium, has smaller auditory bullae, and possesses M1-2 and m1-2 occlusal patterns like those of most other <i>Microtus</i>, not the configurations unique to <i>Volemys</i> (see that account). Although morphologically close to <i>M. fortis</i>, both Hinton’s (1923) and... [truncated]","30","30-00256","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0241-0256"
"13000257","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","daghestanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shidlovsky","1919","","Raboty Zemskoi Opytnoi Stantsi","2","","12","","","Caucasus Pine Vole","Russia, Daghestan, Caucasus Mtns, Karda.","N Caucasus Mtns (S Russia) and S Caucasus from Georgia south to S Armenia and Azerbaijan (Achverdjan et al., 1992) and in adjacent E Black Sea Mtns of NE Turkey (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001); possibly occurs in NW Iran.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>M. nasarovi</i>,<i> </i>Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M. doghestanicus</i>.","<i>intermedius</i>  Shidlovsky, 1919 [not Bonaparte, 1845, or Taylor, 1911]; <i>nasarovi</i> (Schidlovsky, 1938); <i>suramensis</i> Heptner, 1948 [see Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>, for origin of this replacement name].","<p>Subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, <i>subterraneus</i> species group (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Included in <i>Pitymys subterraneus</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) or in <i>P</i>. <i>majori</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>). However, Kratochvíl and Kral (1974), Baskevich et al. (1984), Achverdjan et al. (1992), and Baskevich (1997) provided evidence that supports <i>daghestanicus</i> as a separate species, a stature broadly endorsed (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Closely related to <i>M. subterraneus </i>and <i>M. majori</i> (Baskevich, 1997; Macholán et al., 2001; Mezhzherin et al., 1995). Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>) reviewed chromosomal information. Bashkevich (1997) contributed other karyotypic and spermatozoal analyses and identified morphological traits potentially useful for discriminating <i>M</i>. <i>daghestanicus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>majori</i> in sympatry.<... [truncated]","30","30-00257","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239-0257"
"13000258","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","dogramacii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kefelio&#287;lu and Kryštufek","1999","","J. Nat. Hist.","33","","301","","","Do&#287;ramaci’s Vole","NC Turkey, Amasya, Suluova, Boyali köyü, 900 m; 35°36'E, 41°40'N)","Recorded only from two places on the Anatolian Plateau, the type locality and near Konya in the south (Kefelio&#287;lu and Kryštufek, 1999).","","","Subgenus <i>Microtus</i>, <i>socialis</i> species group. A distinctive species similar in body size and morphology to Turkish <i>M. socialis</i> but different in a combination of external and cranial proportions and in karyotype (2n = 48, FN = 46, 48, 50 in <i>M</i>. <i>dogramacii</i>; 2n and FN = 62 in <i>M. socialis</i>). Kefelio&#287;lu and Kryštufek (1999) and Kryštufek and Kefelio&#287;lu (2002) provided chromosomal, phenetic, and morphometric analyses that critically contrast <i>M. dogramacii</i> with <i>M. anatolicus</i> and Turkish <i>M. socialis</i> and <i>M. guentherii</i>. Çolak et al. (1997) identified <i>M. irani</i> from SE Turkey with 2n = 46; Kryštufek and Vohralík (2001) suggested that their sample may be close to <i>M. dogramacii</i>, which is chromosomally polymorphic.","30","30-00258","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0258"
"13000259","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","duodecimcostatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Selys-Longchamps","1839","","Rev. Zool. Paris","","","8","","","Mediterranean Pine Vole","France, Gard, Montpellier.","S Portugal, Spain (except NW region; Brunet-Lecomte, 1991; Castiens and Gosalbez, 1992; Torre et al., 1996), and SE France.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>centralis</i>  (Miller, 1908); <i>flavescens</i> (Cabrera, 1924); <i>fuscus</i> (Miller, 1908); <i>ibericus</i> (Gerbe, 1854); <i>pascuus</i> (Miller, 1911); <i>provincialis</i> (Miller, 1909); <i>regulus</i> (Miller, 1908).","Subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, <i>duodecimcostatus</i> species group (Chaline et al., 1988; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Reviewed by Niethammer (1982<i>i</i>) and Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999). Mathias (1996) morphometrically analyzed cranial variation within <i>M. duodecimcostatus</i> and compared it with <i>M. lusitanicus</i>; craniometric analyses contrasting <i>M. duodecimcostatus</i> with <i>M</i>. <i>gerbii</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>lusitanicus</i> documented by Spitz (1978). Chromosomal data summarized by Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>); meiotic behavior of sex chromosomes reported by Carnero et al. (1991). Garcia (1992) reported complete albinism in a population from SW Spain, the only instance of abnormal pelage coloration so far known. Presence of both <i>M. duodecimcostatus</i> and <i>M. lusitanicus</i>&nbsp;recorded from Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic cave sediments in central Portugal; only the latter is present in the modern fauna (Brunet-Lecomte and Povoas, 1993). The proficient ... [truncated]","30","30-00259","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239-0259"
"13000260","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Alexandromys","evoronensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kovalskaya and Sokolov","1980","","Zool. Zh.","59","","1410","","","Evoron Vole","Russia, Khabarovsk Krai, Lake Evoron (= Zvoron) basin, Devyatka River.","Known only from the type locality (Meyer et al., 1996).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Alexandromys</i>, <i>maximowiczii</i> species group (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Placed in subgenus <i>Microtus</i> by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) and Meyer et al. (1996). Considered closely related to <i>M</i>. <i>mujanensis</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>maximowiczii</i> (Meyer, 1983); close kinship to <i>M</i>. <i>mujanensis</i> sustained by molar variation within the <i>M. maximowiczii</i> species group (Pozdnyakov, 1993) and by data accumulated from morphological, karyological, and hybridization studies (Meyer et al., 1996).","30","30-00260","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0241-0260"
"13000261","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","felteni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Malec and Storch","1963","","Senckenberg. Biol.","44","","171","","","Balkan Pine Vole","Macedonia, Pelister Mtns, near Trnovo-Magarevo.","Endemic to the Balkan region: S Serbia, Macedonia (Zima et al., 1997<i>a</i>), Albania, and N Greece; Niethammer (1982<i>h</i>, 1987<i>b</i>); Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, <i>savii</i> species group (Chaline et al., 1988; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Reviewed by Niethammer (1982<i>h</i>) and Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999). Chromosomal data consolidated by Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>); biochemical comparisons among <i>M</i>. <i>felteni</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>subterraneus</i>, and other species conducted by Gill et al. (1987).","30","30-00261","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239-0261"
"13000262","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Alexandromys","fortis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Büchner","1889","","Wiss. Res. Przewalski's Cent.- Asien. Reisen, Zool.","I:(Säugeth.)","","99","","","Reed Vole","China, Nei Mongol, Ordos Desert, Huang Ho Valley, Sujan.","Lowlands of Transbaikalia and Amur region (Kovalskaya et al., 1988; Meyer et al., 1996), south through E and C China (Heilongjiang and Nei Mongol; south through Jilin, Liaoning, and Shandong to Ningxia, Shaanxi, Gansu, NE Sichuan, and C Guizhou; east through N Guangxi and Hunan to N Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and S Anhui; Zhang et al., 1997); also on Sakhalin Isl (Dobson, 1994; Voronov, 1992) and the Korean Peninsula (Won and Smith, 1999).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>calamorum</i>  Thomas, 1902; <i>dolichocephalus</i> Mori, 1930; <i>fujianensis</i> Hong, 1981; <i>michnoi</i> Kastschenko, 1910; <i>pelliceus</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>superus </i>Thomas, 1911; <i>uliginosus</i> James and Johnson, 1955.","<p>Subgenus <i>Alexandromys</i> (Zagorodnyuk, 1990) or subgenus <i>Microtus</i> (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Meyer et al., 1996; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987). Most researchers view this species as phylogenetically close to <i>M</i>. <i>mongolicus</i> (Meyer, 1983; Meyer et al., 1996; Radjabli et al., 1984). Zagorodnyuk (1990) listed <i>M</i>. <i>fortis</i> as the only member of its species group and related to the <i>M</i>. <i>middendorfii</i> group, which contains <i>M</i>. <i>middendorffii</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>miurus</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>mongolicus</i>, and <i>M</i>. <i>sachaliensis</i>. This association is supported by allozymic analysis (Mezhzherin et al., 1993); data integrated from chromosomal, morphological and hybridization studies (Meyer et al., 1996); and phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome <i>b</i>, also including <i>M. montebelli</i>,<i> M. kikuchii</i>, and <i>M. oeconomus</i> (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>). Chromosomal variation and its significance assessed by Kovalskaya et a... [truncated]","30","30-00262","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0241-0262"
"13000263","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","gerbei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gerbe","1879","","Le Naturaliste","1","","51","","","Pyreneean Pine Vole","France, Loire-Inferieure, Dreneuf.","SW France north to the Loire, and south through the Pyrenees Mtns of France and N Spain (Castien and Gosalbez, 1992; Krapp, 1982<i>d</i>; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brunneus</i>  (Miller, 1908); <i>planiceps</i> (Miller, 1908); <i>pyrenaicus</i> (de Sélys Longchamps, 1847).","<p>Subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, <i>savii</i> species group (Chaline et al., 1988; Zagorodnyuk, 1990; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Reviewed by Krapp (1982<i>d</i>) under the name <i>pyrenaicus</i>; according to Spitz (1978), the latter is a <i>nomen dubium</i> and <i>gerbei</i> assumes priority, an opinion currently maintained (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999). Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) included <i>gerbei</i> in <i>M</i>. <i>savii</i>, but chromosomal and craniometric studies underscore its specific integrity (Kratochvíl and Kral, 1974; Spitz, 1978). Chromosomal data (as <i>pyrenaicus</i>) summarized by Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>).</p><p>Brunet-Lecomte and Chaline (1993) and Brunet-Lecomte et al. (1995) identified <i>gerbei</i> and <i>pyrenaicus</i> as subspecies based on morphometric analysis of molar morphology. Another multivariate analysis of dental measurements phenetically placed <i>M</i>. <i>gerbei</i> (as <i>pyrenaicus</i>) between <i>M. duodecimcostatus</i> and <i>M. subterraneus</i>... [truncated]","30","30-00263","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239-0263"
"13000264","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Stenocranius","gregalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1779","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","238","","","Narrow-headed Vole","Russia, Siberia, E of Chulym River.","Discontinuous distribution in four regions. Largest range is in forests or steppes from Volga River eastward through Kazakhstan, across the Pamirs, Tien Shan and Altai Mtns, NW China (NW Xinjiang), N Mongolia, and Transbaikalia to Amur area and NE China (Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Hebei, and Henan; Zhang et al., 1997); another area is to the north in the Lena River Basin; last two are farther north in the Siberian tundra, where one area stretches from the Kolyma River area west to Taymyr Peninsula, the other from mouth of the Ob River to the White Sea. Absent from the British Isles.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angelicus</i>  Hinton, 1910; <i>angustus</i> Thomas, 1908; <i>brevicauda</i> Kastschenko, 1901; <i>buturlini</i> (Ognev, 1922); <i>castaneus</i> Kashkarov, 1923; <i>dolguschini</i> Afanasiev, 1939; <i>dukelskiae</i> Ognev, 1950; <i>egorovi </i>Baranov and Feigin, 1980; <i>eversmanni</i> (Poljakov, 1881); <i>kossogolicus</i> (Ognev, 1923); <i>kriogenicus </i>Rekovets, 1978; <i>major</i> (Ognev, 1923); <i>montosus</i> Argyropulo, 1932; <i>nordenskioldi</i> (Poljakov, 1881); <i>pallasii</i> Kastschenko, 1901 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>raddei</i> (Poljakov, 1881); <i>ravidulus</i> Miller, 1899; <i>sirtalaensis</i> Yung, 1966; <i>slowzowi</i> (Poljakov, 1881); <i>talassicus</i> Heptner, 1948; <i>tarbagataicus</i> Ognev, 1944; <i>tianschanicus</i> Buchner, 1889; <i>tundrae</i> Ognev, 1944; <i>unguiculatus</i> (Vinogradov, 1935); <i>zachvatkini</i> Heptner, 1945.","<p>Subgenus <i>Stenocranius</i>, the only included species (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) claimed that <i>M. abbreviatus</i> on Hall and St Matthews Isls in the Bering Sea and <i>M. miurus</i> in Alaska are closely related vicariant species; based on morphological and zoogeographic criteria, Rausch (1964) considered North American <i>miurus</i> to be conspecific with Asian <i>gregalis</i>. Ample studies and an array of data convincingly refute this connection and reveal the morphological similarities between <i>M. gregalis </i>and <i>M. miurus</i> as convergent (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>; Fedyk, 1970; Vorontsov and Lyapunova, 1976; Zagorodnyuk, 1990; also see <i>M</i>. <i>miurus</i>). Allozymic analysis by Mezhzherin et al. (1993) placed <i>M</i>. <i>gregalis</i> in a clade with <i>M</i>.<i> oeconomus</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>middendorfii</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>fortis</i>, and <i>Lasiopodo... [truncated]","30","30-00264","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0242-0264"
"13000265","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","See comments.","guatemalensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","108","","","Guatemalan Vole","Guatemala, Huehuetenango Dept., Todos Santos, 10,000 ft (3048 m).","Highland meadows of C Chiapas, México, and C Guatemala.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Type species of <i>Herpetomys</i>, usually placed in <i>Microtus</i>, with (Bailey, 1900) or without (Hall, 1981) subgeneric division; or placed in <i>Pitymys</i> when used as a genus (Honacki et al., 1982; R. A. Martin, 1974). Sister species to <i>M</i>. <i>oaxacensis</i> according to cladistic interpretation of molar characters (R. A. Martin, 1995) and cytochrome b sequence data (Conroy et al., 2001). The latter evidence indicates that <i>Herpetomys</i> should be considered a junior synonym of <i>Pitymys</i>, whether used as subgenus or genus.","30","30-00265","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0000-0265"
"13000266","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","guentheri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Danford and Alston","1880","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1880","","62","","","Guenther’s Vole","Turkey, Maras Prov., Taurus Mtns, near Maras (= Marash).","Lowlands and foothills of SE Europe (Niethammer, 1982<i>e</i>) in S Serbia and Macedonia (Petrov, 1992), SE Bulagaria, Greece (Vohralík, 1992), and Turkish Thrace (also on isls of St. Thomas and Lesbos); extends across Anatolia, except E Black Sea Mtns (Kefelio&#287;lu and Kryštufek, 1999; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001), into coastal region of Syria, Lebanon and C Israel near Jaffa (Qumsiyeh, 1996); NE Iraq and NW Iran (south to Alïgûrdarz in Lurestan Prov and eastward to Tehran Prov; specimens identified by Kryštufek and Kefelio&#287;lu, 2002, as ""non<i>socialis</i>"" voles); also on Cyrenaican Plateau and adjacent coastal plain of N Libya (Ranck, 1968); Kryštufek (in litt., 2002) outlined the range in the Near East.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>ankaraensis</i>  Yi&#287;it and Çolak, 2002; <i>hartingi</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1903; <i>lydius</i> Blackler, 1916; <i>macedonicus</i> Kretzoi, 1964; <i>machintoni </i>Bate, 1937;<i> martinoi</i> Petrov, 1939; <i>mustersi</i> Hinton, 1926; <i>philistinus</i> Thomas, 1917;<i> shevketi</i> Neuhäuser, 1936;<i> strandzensis</i> Markov, 1960. See Golenishchev et al. (2000<i>b</i>) for map of most type localities.","<p>Subgenus <i>Microtus</i>, <i>socialis</i> species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990) or subgenus <i>Sumeriomys</i> (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) initially included <i>guentheri</i> in <i>M</i>. <i>socialis</i> but later (1984) recognized its specific distinctness, a status earlier demonstrated by Neuhäuser (1936), Felten et al. (1971), and Morlok (1978). Harrison and Bates (1991) continued to unite <i>guentheri</i> with <i>M</i>. <i>socialis</i>. C- and G-banding chromosomal patterns in SE Bulgarian reported by Belcheva et al. (1980), and standard karyotype documented for SE Turkey by Çolak et al. (1997); molecular and cytogenetic characteristics of satellite DNA and heterochromatin reported by Modi (1993). Greater breadth of chromosomal data integrated by Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>) and Zima (in litt., 2002); 2n = 54, FN = 52-56 in <i>M</i>. <i>guentheri</i> and 2n and FN = 62<i> </i>for <i>M</i>. <i>socialis... [truncated]","30","30-00266","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0266"
"13000267","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","ilaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","9","","348","","","Kazakhstan Vole","Kazakhstan, Semirechyia, Djarkent, banks of Ussek River.","W Uzbekistan just south of the Aral Sea, eastward through S Kazakhstan nearly to border south of Lake Balkhash (Meyer et al., 1996:128) and into NW Xinjiang Prov., NW China (Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M. kirgisorum.</i>","<i>igromovi</i> Meir, Golenischev, Radjably, and Sablina, 1996; <i>ileos</i> Vinogradov, 1930;<i> innae</i> Ognev, 1950;<i> kirgisorum </i>(Ognev, 1950).","Subgenus <i>Microtus</i>, <i>arvalis</i> species group (Meyer et al., 1996; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Described as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>arvalis</i> and later elevated to species (Meyer, 1983; Meyer et al., 1981), as now observed (Corbet, 1984; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1995; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Kovalskaya (1994) documented its distribution in E Kazakhstan, reported probable sympatry between <i>M</i>. <i>kirgisorum</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>arvalis</i> ""<i>obscurus</i>"" in the Ili River valley, and noted that the region circumscribed the type locality of Thomas’ <i>ilaeus</i>. Meyer et al. (1996) revised <i>M</i>. <i>ilaeus</i>, synonymizing <i>kirgisorum</i> and describing <i>igromovi</i> as a subspecies; Malygin and Luis (1996) associated <i>innae</i> with <i>M. ilaeus</i>. Chromosomal data (2n = 54, FN = 78) presented by Orlov et al. (1983), Kovalskaya (1994), and Meyer et al. (1996) in phylogenetic studies of the <i>... [truncated]","30","30-00267","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0267"
"13000268","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","irani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","27","","580","","","Iranian Vole","WC Iran, NW Fars Prov, Shiraz, 5200 ft (see Kryštufek and Kefelio&#287;lu, 2002).","Recorded only from the type locality.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<p>Subgenus <i>Microtus</i>, <i>socialis</i> species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Most closely related to <i>M</i>. <i>paradoxus</i>,<i> M</i>. <i>socialis</i>, and<i> M</i>. <i>guentheri</i>. Described by Thomas (1921<i>h</i>) as a species known only from Shiraz, as recognized by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), but included in <i>M</i>. <i>socialis</i> by Ellerman (1941), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), and Harrison and Bates (1991). Although Kock et al. (1972) and Kock and Nader (1983) reaffirmed the species integrity of <i>M</i>. <i>irani</i>, they uncritically expanded its geographic range to extend from Israel to W Iran, a definition later perpetuated by others (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Zagorodnyuk, 1990; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Kryštufek and Kefelio&#287;lu (2002), however, documented <i>M</i>. <i>socialis</i> proper as extending south into W Iran, along the Zagros Mtns to a locality 38 km west of Shiraz, where samples maintain an identity markedly unlike the type series ... [truncated]","30","30-00268","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0268"
"13000269","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Alexandromys","kikuchii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1920","","Dobuts. Zasshi","32","","40-41","","","Taiwan Vole","Taiwan, Mt Morrison, 10,000 ft (3048 m).","Highlands of Taiwan, usually above 3000 m (Lin et al., 1987; H.-T. Yu, 1993; M.-J. Yu, 1996).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Volemys kikuckii</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Alexandromys</i>. Zagorodnyuk (1990) listed this species as the only member of the <i>kikuchii</i> species group, genus <i>Volemys</i>, an arrangement followed by Musser and Carleton (1993); treated as a species of <i>Microtus</i> by Corbet and Hill (1992), or listed in <i>Microtus</i>, subgenus <i>Volemys</i>, by Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Contrast in cranial conformation between <i>M</i>. <i>kikuchii</i> and <i>Volemys musseri</i>, as well as their striking coronal dissimilarities, earlier emphasized by Lawrence (1982); Corbet and Hill (1992) speculated that <i>M. kikuchii</i> is closely allied to <i>M. fortis</i>, a kinship certainly indicated by molar patterns. Phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences arranged <i>M. kikuchii</i> as sister species of <i>M</i>. <i>oeconomus</i>, in a clade that includes <i>M</i>. <i>fortis</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>middendorffii</i>, and <i>M</i>. <i>montebelli</i> (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>); furthermore, the standard kary... [truncated]","30","30-00269","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0241-0269"
"13000270","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","levis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","197","","","East European Vole","Romania, Prahova, Gageni, in foothills of S Carpathian Mtns north of Bucharesti (after Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:698).","S Finland and Baltic region (Miljutin, 1997, 1998; Timm et al., 1998), eastwards through S Urals (Gileva et al., 1996) and Novosibirsk suburbs in W Siberia (Yakimenko and Kryukov, 1997) to SW margin of Lake Baikal, south through the Caucasus (Baskevich, 1996<i>b</i>) and probably NW Iran, and across the Ukraine in the north and Turkey in the south (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001) to E Slovakia (Mošanský, 1994), E and S Romania (Zima et al., 1981), Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia and S Serbia and Montenegro (Petrov, 1992), and E Albania; accidentally introduced to the Arctic Svalbard Archipelago (Fredga et al., 1990; Yoccoz et al., 1993; as <i>epiroticus</i>). Meyer et al. (1996) provide the best map.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Microtus rossiaemeridionalis.</i>","<i>caspicus</i>  Ognev, 1950; <i>epiroticus</i> Ondrias, 1966; <i>ghalgai</i> Krassovsky, 1929; <i>muhlisi</i> Neuhäuser, 1936; <i>relictus</i> Neuhäuser, 1936; <i>rhodopensis</i> Heinrich, 1936; <i>rossiaemeridionalis</i> Ognev, 1924;<i> subarvalis</i> Meyer, Orlov, and Skholl, 1972 [not Heller, 1930].","<p>Subgenus <i>Microtus</i>, <i>arvalis</i> species group (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Populations referable to this E European species (2n = 54, FN = 56), first separated from <i>M</i>. <i>arvalis</i> by Meyer et al. (1972), have been listed or discussed as <i>subarvalis</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>), <i>epiroticus</i> (Petrov and Ruzic, 1982), or <i>rossiaemeridionalis</i> (Sokolov and Bashenina, 1994). Nomenclatural usage reviewed by Fredga (1995); Masing (1999) consolidated reports over the last 30 years spread under those epithets. The senior status of <i>levis</i> remains provisional.</p><p><i>Microtus rossiaemeridionalis</i> is accepted by most researchers (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Zagorodnyuk, 1991<i>a</i>), following the assertions of Malygin and Yatsenko (1986), but others still prefer <i>subarvalis</i> (Mazurok et al., 1995) or <i>epiroticus </i>(Vohralík and Sofianidou, 1992<i>a</i>). Voh... [truncated]","30","30-00270","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0270"
"13000271","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","liechtensteini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wettstein","1927","","Anz. Akad. Wiss., Wien","20","","2","","","Liechtenstein’s Pine Vole","Croatia, northwestern segment of Dinaric Alps, Velebit Mtns, summit of Mali Rajinac, 1699 m (Brunet-Lecomte and Kryštufek, 1993).","SE Alps in N Italy (east of Adige River valley in Trentino), S and C Austria, and Slovenia; south to the NW Dinaric Alps in Croatia; southern isolates in Pannonian Plain in Croatia, C Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Mt Tara in W Serbia (Brunet-Lecomte and Kryštufek, 1993; Haring et al., 2000).","","<i>petrovi</i>  Kryštufek, 1983.","Subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>subterraneus </i>species group (placed in the <i>duodecimcostatus</i> species group by Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Listed as a subspecies of <i>Pitymys subterraneus</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), included in <i>M</i>. <i>multiplex</i> (Krapp, 1982<i>b</i>; Petrov, 1992), or viewed as a species (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Kryštufek, 1983; Petrov and Zivkovic, 1971). Taxonomic treatment of <i>liechtensteini</i> reviewed by Brunet-Lecomte and Kryštufek (1993) and Spitzenberger et al. (2000). Two distinctive karyotypes exist, one (2n = 46-48, FN = 48-50) characteristic of <i>M</i>. <i>multiplex </i>(Brunet-Lecomte and Volobouev, 1994; Graf and Meylan, 1980), the other (2n = 46, FN = 46) referrable to <i>M</i>. <i>liechtensteini </i>(Graf and Meylan, 1980; Storch and Winking, 1977). Chromosomal data and hybridization reports have questioned the specific status of <i>liechtensteini</i> (Graf and Meylan, 1980; Storch and Winking, 1977; Zima and... [truncated]","30","30-00271","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239-0271"
"13000272","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Alexandromys","limnophilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Büchner","1889","","Wiss. Res. Przewalski Cent.-Asien. Reis. Zool.","I: (Säugeth.)","","110","","","Lacustrine Vole","China, Qinghai.","NC China (from N Sichuan, E Qinghai, Gansu, and Shaanxi northeast through Ningxia to C Nei Mongol and NW Xinjiang; Zhang et al., 1997, as <i>M</i>. <i>oeconomus</i>) to W Mongolia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>flaviventris</i>  Satunin, 1903;<i> malcolmi</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>malygini</i> Courant et al., 1999.","Subgenus <i>Alexandromys </i>(including subgenus <i>Pallasiinus sensu</i> Zagorodnyuk, 1990, and Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Formerly included in <i>M</i>. <i>oeconomus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), but Malygin et al. (1990, and references therein) separated <i>limnophilus</i> as a parapatric species in W Mongolia; further evidence of interspecific distinction and of intraspecific karyotypic variation presented by Courant et al. (1999). Correlation and interdependence among non-metric traits with sex, age, and body size discussed by Markowski (1995).","30","30-00272","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0241-0272"
"13000273","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","See comments.","longicaudus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1888","","Am. Nat.","22","","934","","","Long-tailed Vole","USA, South Dakota, Custer Co., Black Hills, Custer, 5500 ft (1676 m).","Rocky Mountains and adjacent foothills, from E Alaska and N Yukon, south through British Columbia and SW Alberta, Canada, to E California and W Colorado; including Pacific coastal taiga to N California; disjunct southern pockets in S California, Arizona, and New Mexico, USA.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>M. l. bernardinus</i>,<i> M. l. coronarius</i>,<i> </i>and <i>M. l. leucophaeus</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abditus</i>  A. B. Howell, 1923; <i>alticola</i> (Merriam, 1890); <i>angusticeps</i> Bailey, 1898;<i> angustus</i> Hall, 1931; <i>baileyi</i> Goldman, 1938; <i>bernardinus</i> Merriam, 1908;<i> cautus</i> J. A. Allen, 1899; <i>coronarius</i> Swarth, 1911; <i>halli</i> Hayman and Holt, 1941 [replacement name for <i>angustus</i> Hall, 1931]; <i>incanus</i> Lee and Durrant, 1960; <i>latus</i> Hall, 1931; <i>leucophaeus</i> (J. A. Allen, 1894); <i>littoralis</i> Swarth, 1933; <i>macrurus</i> Merriam, 1898;<i> mordax</i> (Merriam, 1891); <i>sierrae</i> Kellogg, 1922; <i>vellerosus</i> J. A. Allen, 1899.","<p>Sometimes viewed as a Nearctic member of <i>Chionomys</i> (Anderson, 1959), or allocated to subgenus <i>Microtus</i> (Chaline, 1974; Hall, 1981), or to subgenus <i>Aulacomys</i> (Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Although strongly differentiated relative to other North American <i>Microtus</i> (e.g., Hooper and Hart, 1962; Modi, 1987; Moore and Janecek, 1990), the phyletic affinity of <i>M</i>. <i>longicaudus</i> lies with this complex and not Old World <i>Chionomys</i> (Chaline and Graf, 1988; Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Zagorodnyuk, 1990).</p><p>Extensive karyotypic (Judd and Cross, 1980) and molecular (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>b</i>) variation reported, albeit not necessarily concordant, which invites continued taxonomic investigation. Well-defined geographic groupings of cytochrome <i>b</i> haplotypes interpreted in light of Pleistocene climatic changes, possible refugia, and likely isolation during northward reexpansion along different colonizing routes (Conroy a... [truncated]","30","30-00273","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0000-0273"
"13000274","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","lusitanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gerbe","1879","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, Ser. 3","7","","44","","","Lusitanian Pine Vole","Portugal.","Portugal, N and C Spain (Brunet-Lecomte, 1991; Castien and Gosalbez, 1992), and SW France.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>depressus</i>  (Miller, 1908); <i>gerritmilleri</i> Kretzoi, 1958; <i>hurdanensis</i> (Agacino, 1938); <i>mariae</i> Major, 1905; <i>pelandonius</i> (Miller, 1908).","Subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, <i>duodecimcostatus</i> species group (Chaline et al., 1988). Graf (1982) and Chaline and Graf (1988) apparently used <i>mariae</i> for this species, which reflected Winking’s (1976) opinion in separating the latter from <i>M</i>. <i>duodecimcostatus</i>; Niethammer (1982<i>j</i>) explained the priority of <i>lusitanicus</i>. Chromosomal data reviewed by Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>). Morphometric analyses of variation within <i>M</i>. <i>lusitanicus</i> and multivariate contrasts with <i>M</i>. <i>duodecimcostatus</i> and-or <i>M</i>. <i>gerbii</i> conducted by Spitz (1978) and Mathias (1996). Brunet-Lecomte and Povoas (1993) successfully separated isolated molars of <i>M. lusitanicus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>duodecimcostatus</i> using morphometric analyses of extant and Upper Palaeolithic-Neolithic samples in C Portugal. The fossorial <i>M</i>. <i>lusitanicus</i> is an adept swimmer (Giannoni et al., 1993), like its fossorial relative <i>M</i>. <i>duodecimcostat... [truncated]","30","30-00274","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239-0274"
"13000275","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","majori","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","419","","","Major’s Pine Vole","Turkey, Trabzon Prov., Sumelas (= Meryemana), 30 mi (48 km) S Trabzon.","NE Turkey (humid forest along southern shore of Black Sea east of type locality; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001; Macholán et al., 2001<i>a</i>), N Caucasus (Russia), S Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia, and W Azerbaijan), and NW Iran.","","<i>ciscaucasicus</i>  (Ognev, 1924); <i>colchicus</i> Shidlovsky, 1919; <i>dinniki</i> Satunin, 1903 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>labensis</i> Heptner, 1948; <i>rubelianus</i> Shidlovsky, 1919; <i>transcaucasicus</i> (Khatukhov and Tembotov, 1982); <i>vinogradovi</i> Sviridenko, 1936 [<i>nomen nudum</i>; not of Fetisov, 1936].","<p>Subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, <i>subterraneus</i> species group (Chaline et al., 1988) or <i>majori</i> species group (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Morphologically and genetically closely related to <i>M</i>. <i>subterraneus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>daghestanicus </i>(Baskevich, 1997; Macholán et al., 2001<i>a</i>; Mezhzherin et al., 1995). Geographic range once thought to extend into the Balkans, S Greece, and W Turkey (Kivanc, 1986; Niethammer, 1987<i>b</i>), but a diverse character base aligns those populations with <i>M. subterraneus</i> and excludes <i>M. majori</i> from the European fauna (Kryštufek et al., 1994).</p><p>Reviewed by Storch (1982) and comparative chromosomal data summarized by Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>). Macholán et al. (2001<i>a</i>) documented karyotypic and allozymic contrasts between Turkish and European <i>M. subterraneus</i> and Turkish <i>M. majori</i>; their ranges approach closely in NW Turkey but sympatry ... [truncated]","30","30-00275","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239-0275"
"13000276","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Alexandromys","maximowiczii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schrenk","1859","","Reisen und Forsch., <i>in</i> Säugeth. Amurlande St. Petersburg.","1","","140","","","Maximowicz’s Vole","Russia, Chita Oblast, upper Amur region, mouth of Omutnaya River.","E shore of Lake Baikal to upper Amur region (Meyer et al., 1996), E Mongolia, and NE China (Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Jilin, Hebei, and N Shaanxi; Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gromovi</i> Vorontsov, Boeskorov, Ljapunova, and Revin, 1988; <i>ungurensis</i> Kastschenko, 1912.","Subgenus <i>Alexandromys</i>, <i>maximowiczii</i> species group (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Included in subgenus <i>Microtus </i>by Gromov and Polyakov (1977), Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987), and Meyer et al. (1996). Karyotypic, morphological and hybridization evidence closely relates <i>M</i>. <i>maximowiczii </i>to <i>M</i>. <i>mujanensis</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>evorensis</i> (Meyer et al., 1996). Reviewed by Orlov and Kovalskaya (1978) and Meyer (1983). Populations in Russia revised by Meyer et al. (1996), who attributed the two synonyms. Additional intraspecific chromosomal polymorphisms analysed by Kovalskaya (1977). Molar variation in the <i>M. maximowiczii</i> species group, as analyzed by Pozdnyakov (1993), reveals significant differences between <i>maximowiczii</i> from the Amur region and other geographic samples.","30","30-00276","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0241-0276"
"13000277","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","See comments.","mexicanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1861","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, Ser. 2","13","","3","","","Mexican Vole","México, Puebla, Volcán de Orizaba.","Patchy occurrence in mountains from extreme S Utah and extreme S Colorado (Fitzgerald et al., 1994:9-102) to C Arizona and New Mexico (Frey and LaRue, 1993, for new records), USA; south in Sierra Madres through interior México to C Oaxaca.","U.S. ESA and IUCN—Endangered as <i>M. m. hualpaiensis</i>; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>M. mexicanus </i>and <i>M. mongollonensis hualpaiensis</i>.","<i>fulviventer</i>  Merriam, 1890; <i>fundatus</i> Hall, 1948; <i>guadalupensis</i> Bailey, 1902; <i>hualpaiensis</i> Goldman, 1938; <i>madrensis</i> Goldman, 1938; <i>mogollonensis</i> (Mearns, 1890); <i>navaho</i> Benson, 1934; <i>neveriae</i> Hooper, 1955; <i>ocotensis</i> T. Alvarez and Hernández-Chávez, 1993; <i>phaeus</i> (Merriam, 1892); <i>salvus</i> Hall, 1948; <i>subsimus</i> Goldman, 1938.","<p>Interspecific affinities unclear: affiliated with <i>Microtus</i> <i>sensu stricto</i>, in particular <i>M</i>. <i>californicus</i> (Anderson, 1959, 1960; Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>; Conroy et al., 2001) or <i>M</i>. <i>montanus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>pennsylvanicus</i> (Moore and Janecek, 1990); associated with the subgenus <i>Pitymys</i> by Hooper and Hart (1962); chromosomal banding data uninformative (Modi, 1987); also see Hoffmann and Koeppl (1985). Morphometric, electrophoretic, and karyotypic variation among isolated populations in SW USA studied by Wilhelm (1982); nongeographic variation of US and Mexican populations evaluated by Frey and Moore (1990); geographic variation of populations in C México assessed by Alvarez and Hernández-Chávez (1993), who considered the regional subspecies as valid (<i>fundatus</i>, <i>mexicanus</i>, and <i>salvus</i>) and described a new one (<i>ocotensis</i>).</p><p>Critical overhaul of the <i>mexicanus</i> complex is needed. Musser (1964) re... [truncated]","30","30-00277","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0000-0277"
"13000278","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Alexandromys","middendorffii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Poljakov","1881","","Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg","39","","70","","","Middendorf’s Vole","Russia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Taimyr Peninsula.","N Siberia, from the Polar Ural Mtns east through the Yenisey River basin past the N Lena River region to the N Kolyma River area, south in Urals to 62ºN, and in the Lena Valley near Yakutsk (Meyer et al., 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M. middendorfii </i>and <i>M. hyperboreus</i>.","<i>hyperboreus</i> Vinogradov, 1934; <i>obscurus</i> (Middendorf, 1853) [not Eversmann, 1841]; <i>ryphaeus</i> Heptner, 1948; <i>swerevi</i> Scalon, 1935;<i> tasensis</i> Skalon, 1935; <i>uralensis</i> Skalon, 1935 [not Poliakoff, 1881].","<p>Subgenus <i>Alexandromys </i>(Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998). Also variously included in subgenus <i>Pallasiinus</i> (Zagorodnyuk, 1990) or subgenus <i>Microtus</i> (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Meyer et al., 1996). Meyer (1983) considered <i>M</i>. <i>middendorffii</i> to be phylogenetically distant from other northern and central Asian species of <i>Microtus</i>, but close relationship to <i>M</i>. <i>oeconomus</i> broadly supported by analyses of allozymes (Mezhzherin et al., 1993), karyology and morphology (Meyer et al., 1996), and DNA sequences (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>). Vorontsov and Lyapunova (1976) considered <i>M</i>. <i>middendorffii</i> (and <i>hyperboreus</i>) to be chromosomally closely related to North American <i>M</i>. <i>miurus</i>, but cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences group <i>M</i>. <i>middendorffi</i> with <i>M</i>. <i>fortis</i> and Palaearctic species, not <i>M</i>.<i> miurus</i> and North American endem... [truncated]","30","30-00278","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0241-0278"
"13000279","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","See comments.","miurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1901","","N. Am. Fauna","21","","64","","","Singing Vole","USA, Alaska, Cook Inlet, Turnagain Arm, head of Bear Creek in mountains near Hope City.","Alaska, USA, except the central portion and Alaska Peninsula; eastwards through much of Yukon Territory to westernmost Northwest Territories and extreme NW British Columbia, Canada.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>andersoni</i>  Rand, 1945; <i>cantator</i> Anderson, 1947; <i>muriei</i> Nelson, 1931; <i>oreas</i> Osgood, 1907; <i>paneaki</i> Rausch, 1950.","Subgenus indeterminate. Classically treated as a member of the subgenus <i>Stenocranius</i> (e.g., Hall, 1981; Miller and Kellogg, 1955), an association that purported close affinity to Old World <i>M</i>. <i>gregalis</i> (see that account); synonymized with same to form a Holarctic species by Rausch (1964) and Rausch and Rausch (1968). Other data convincingly argue their specific distinctiveness and distant kinship (Anderson, 1960; Fedyk, 1970; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Vorontsov and Lyapunova, 1986), and phylogenetic studies of chromosomes (Zagorodnyuk, 1990) and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>) require the removal of <i>M</i>. <i>miurus</i> (along with <i>M</i>. <i>abbreviatus</i>) from <i>Stenocranius</i> proper. Zagorodnyuk (1990) had emphasized this divergence by placing <i>M</i>. <i>miurus</i> in the subgenus <i>Alexandromys</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>middendorfii</i> species group, along with <i>M</i>. <i>mongolicus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>sachalinensis</i>. Acc... [truncated]","30","30-00279","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0000-0279"
"13000280","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Alexandromys","mongolicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Radde","1861","","Melange Biol. Acad. St. Petersbourg","3","","681","","","Mongolian Vole","Russia, Transbaikalia (Chitinskaya Oblast), Omutnaya River, a tributary to the Amur River.","Transbaikalia, Mongolia, and NE China (N Nei Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>baicalensis</i>  Fetisov, 1941; <i>poljakovi</i> Kastschenko, 1901; <i>xerophilus</i> Skalon, 1936.","Subgenus <i>Alexandromys</i>, <i>middendorffi</i> species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990) or <i>mongolicus</i> species group (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Meyer et al. (1996) placed <i>M. mongolicus</i> in the subgenus <i>Microtus</i>, and their integrated study of karyotypes, morphology, and hybridization reveals <i>M. mongolicus</i> to be closely related to <i>M. fortis</i>, by implication a member of the <i>maximowiczii </i>species group. Karyotypic analyses by Orlov et al. (1983), Yatsenko et al. (1980), and Radjabli et al. (1984) include phylogenetic inferences among Asian species of <i>Microtus</i>.","30","30-00280","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0241-0280"
"13000281","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Mynomes","montanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peale","1848","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","","44","","","Montane Vole","USA, California, Siskiyou Co., headwaters of Sacramento River, near Mt Shasta.","Cascade, Sierra Nevada, and Rocky Mountain ranges: SC British Columbia, Canada, south to EC California, S Utah, and NC New Mexico, USA; disjunct populations in S Nevada, EC Arizona, and WC New Mexico (Frey et al., 1995).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>M. m. codiensis </i>and<i> M. m. zygomaticus</i>,<i> </i>Vulnerable as <i>M. m. fucosus </i>and <i>M. m. nevadensis</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>M. m. arizonensis </i>and <i>M. m. rivularis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amosus</i>  Hall and Hayward, 1941; <i>arizonensis</i> Bailey, 1898; <i>canescens</i> Bailey, 1898;<i> caryi</i> Bailey, 1917; <i>codiensis</i> S. Anderson, 1954; <i>dutcheri</i> Bailey, 1898; <i>fucosus</i> Hall, 1935; <i>fusus</i> Hall, 1938;<i> longirostris</i> (Baird, 1857); <i>micropus</i> Hall, 1935; <i>nanus</i> (Merriam, 1891); <i>nevadensis</i> Bailey, 1898;<i> nexus</i> Hall and Hayward, 1941; <i>pratincolus</i> Hall and Kelson, 1951; <i>rivularis</i> Bailey, 1898; <i>undosus</i> Hall, 1935;<i> yosemite</i> Grinnell, 1914; <i>zygomaticus</i> S. Anderson, 1954.","Subgenus <i>Mynomes</i>, <i>montanus</i> species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Geographic variation and subspecific classification assessed by Anderson (1959), who viewed <i>M</i>. <i>oeconomus</i> as its sister species. Hooper and Hart (1962) arranged <i>M</i>. <i>montanus</i> with <i>M</i>. <i>pennsylvanicus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>townsendii</i>, a general relationship corroborated by karyotypic and genic analyses (Modi, 1987; Moore and Janecek, 1990). Two karyotypic morphs reported by Judd et al. (1980), who raised the question of their specific distinction. See Sera and Early (2003, Mammalian Species, 716).","30","30-00281","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0240-0281"
"13000282","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Alexandromys","montebelli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1872","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mammifères","","","285","","","Japanese Grass Vole","Japan, Honshu Isl, Fusiyama.","Endemic to the Japanese islands of Honshu, Sado, and Kyushu; not currently found on Hokkaido, Shikoku or the Ryukyu Isl (Dobson, 1994; Kaneko, 1994) but may have occurred on Shikoku in the Pleistocene (Kawamura, 1988).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brevicorpus</i>  Tokuda, 1933; <i>hatanedzumi</i> (Sasaki, 1904).","<p>Subgenus <i>Alexandromys </i>(including <i>Pallasiinus</i>, as per Zagorodnyuk, 1990, and Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>) or subgenus <i>Microtus</i> (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977). Phylogenetic interpretation of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences allies <i>M. montebelli</i> in a tight clade with <i>M</i>. <i>fortis</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>middendorffii</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>kikuchii</i>, and <i>M</i>. <i>oeconomus</i> (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>); karyotypic information also indicates special relationship to <i>M</i>. <i>oeconomus</i> (Borodin et al., 1997; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Other chromosomal data summarized by Tsuchiya (1981) and Satoh and Obara (1995). Gastric musculature documented by Ohuchi et al. (1992). Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) included Sikotan Isl in the Kuriles within the species range, but this record is erroneous (Kawamura, 1988, and references therein).</p><p>Kawamura (1988, 1991, 1994) exhaustively summarized molar variation of Holocene and middle-late Pleistocene samples and defined Qu... [truncated]","30","30-00282","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0241-0282"
"13000283","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Alexandromys","mujanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Orlov and Kovalskaya","1978","","Zool. Zh.","57","","1224","","","Muya Valley Vole","Russia, Buryat, Bauntovski Dist., Vitim River Basin, Muya Valley.","Known only from vicinity of the type locality (Meyer et al., 1996).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Alexandromys</i>, <i>maximowiczii</i> species group (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). A member of subgenus <i>Microtus</i> according to Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) and Meyer et al. (1996). Analysis of molar variation in the <i>M</i>. <i>maximowiczii </i>species group indicates close relationship between <i>M. mujanensis </i>(2n = 38, FN = 50-53) and <i>M. evoronensis </i>(2n = 40, FN = 58) (Pozdnyakov, 1993), as does integration of morphological, karyological, and hybridization data (Meyer, 1983; Meyer et al., 1996).","30","30-00283","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0241-0283"
"13000284","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","multiplex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fatio","1905","","Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. Geneve, Ser. 4","19","","193","","","Alpine Pine Vole","Switzerland, Ticino Canton, near Lugano.","Western and Central Alps in E France, Switzerland (Maurizio, 1994; Hausser, 1995), far W Austria, and N Italy, including N Italian Apennines (Amori et al., 1999; Cantini, 1991; Paolucci et al., 1994). The Adige River Valley (Trentino region) in the Alps of NE Italy is apparently the boundary between ranges of <i>M. multiplex </i>(to the west) and <i>M. liechtensteini</i> (eastward); see Brunet-Lecomte and Volobouev (1994), Haring et al. (2000), and Spitzenberger et al. (2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>druentius</i>  (Miller, 1911); <i>fatioi</i> (Mottaz, 1909); <i>leponticus </i>Thomas, 1906; <i>niethammeri</i> Brunet-Lecomte and Volobouev, 1994;<i> orientalis</i> Dal Piaz, 1924; <i>vuillemeyi</i> Brunet-Lecomte, Chaline, and Campy, 1993.","Subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, <i>subterraneus</i> species group (Chaline et al., 1988; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>) or <i>multiplex</i> species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Most closely related to <i>M</i>. <i>bavaricus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>liechtensteini</i> (see latter account for discussion of relationships). Brunet-Lecomte and Volobouev (1994) and Brunet-Lecomte (1995) identified populations from the W French Alps and Rhone Valley, at the western margin of the geographic range, as the subspecies <i>niethammeri</i> based on m1 morphology and chromosomes. The taxon <i>vuillemeyi</i> was described as a fossil subspecies from the Pleistocene of E France (Brunet-Lecomte et al., 1993).","30","30-00284","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239-0284"
"13000285","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Pitymys","oaxacensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1966","","Am. Mus. Novit.","2243","","1","","","Tarabundí Vole","México, Oaxaca, Ixtlán Dist., near Vista Hermosa, Tarabundí Ranch, 5000 ft (1524 m).","Eastern slopes, Sierra de Juárez, 1600-2500 m, NC Oaxaca, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Pitymys</i>. Differentially diagnosed with respect to <i>M</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>umbrosus</i> by Goodwin (1966); description amplified and resemblance to <i>M</i>. <i>guatemalensis</i> noted by Jones and Genoways (1967), an affinity supported by their dental and genetic similarity (Conroy et al., 2001; R. A. Martin, 1995). Grouped with other relictual ""pitymyine"" species found at southern edge of the Nearctic <i>Microtus</i> distribution by Hoffmann and Koeppl (1985), a biogeographic interpretation supported by Conroy et al. (2001). Karyotype reported by Cervantes et al. (1997), who noted its derived condition compared with other New World <i>Microtus</i>. Altitudinally parapatric distribution with respect to <i>M</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> illuminated by Sánchez H. et al. (1996). See Frey and Cervantes (1997, Mammalian Species, 556).","30","30-00285","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0243-0285"
"13000286","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Pedomys","ochrogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","<i>In</i> Schreber, Die Säugethiere","Suppl. 3","","592","","","Prairie Vole","USA, Indiana, Posey Co., New Harmony (as fixed by Bole and Moulthrop, 1942:157).","Northern and Central Great Plains—EC Alberta to S Manitoba, Canada; south to N Texas Panhandle (Choate and Killebrew, 1991), SW Oklahoma (Smith, 1992), and Arkansas; eastwards to C Tennessee, westernmost West Virginia, and W Ohio, USA; relictual populations in C Colorado, N New Mexico, and coastal prairies (<i>ludovicianus</i>) of SW Louisiana and adjacent Texas, USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>austerus</i>  (Le Conte, 1853); <i>cinnamonea</i> (Biard, 1858); <i>haydenii</i> (Baird, 1857); <i>ludovicianus</i> Bailey, 1900; <i>minor</i> (Merriam, 1888);<i> ohioensis</i> Bole and Moulthrop, 1942; <i>similis</i> Severinghaus, 1977; <i>taylori</i> Hibbard and Rinker, 1943.","<p>Subgenus <i>Pedomys</i>, which has been employed as a subgenus of <i>Microtus</i> (Bailey, 1900; R. A. Martin, 1995; Van der Meulen, 1978), as a full synonym of <i>Microtus</i> (Hall, 1981), or as a synonym of <i>Pitymys</i> whether ranked as a genus (Repenning, 1983) or subgenus (Hooper and Hart, 1962; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). The purported close affinity of <i>M</i>. (<i>Pedomys</i>) <i>ochrogaster</i> with North American pitymyine species (subgenus <i>Pitymys</i>) has received little support from allozymic and gene-sequence studies (Chaline and Graf, 1988; Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>; Conroy et al., 2001; Moore and Janacek, 1990). R. A. Martin (1995) retained the two as indigenous North American subgenera based on cladistic analysis of dental traits.</p><p>Geographic variation over the Central Great Plains studied by Choate and Williams (1978). The strong morphometric segregation of <i>minor</i> from other <i>M</i>. <i>ochrogaster</i> advises renewed scrutiny of its status (Severing... [truncated]","30","30-00286","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0244-0286"
"13000287","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Alexandromys","oeconomus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1776","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","3","","693","","","Root Vole","Russia, Siberia, Ishim Valley.","Holarctic in tundra, northern taiga, and grassy meadows. In Palearctic, from Fennoscandia across N European Russia and Siberia to Kamchatka Peninsula (Nikanorov, 2000) and borderlands of Bering Sea; south through through Baltic region (Miljutin, 1997, 1998; Timm et al., 1998) to NE Germany (Dolch, 1994), Poland (Salata-Pilacinska, 1990), Belarus, Ukraine, N Kazakhstan, transbaikal region (Reiter et al., 1995, documented occurrence on Svjatoj Nos peninsula and isthmus in Lake Baikal), N Mongolia, NE China (N Nei Mongol), and discontinuously in the Ussuri region bordering the Japanese Sea, including, Sakhalin and Kurile Isls; relict populations in Netherlands (Ligtvoet, 1992; Ligtvoet and Wijngaarden, 1994), S Norway and C Sweden, Finnish Baltic Coast, E Austria, SW Slovakia (Mošanský, 1994; Stanko and Mošanský, 2000), and W Hungary; absent from the British Isls but present on St. Lawrence Isl in Bering Sea. In Nearctic, from Alaska through Yukon Territory, eastwards to W Northwest Territories, and southwards to extreme NW British Columbia and Alexander Archipelago, Alaska (see records by MacDonald and Cook, 1996:579).","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>M. o. arenicola</i>,<i> </i>Vulnerable as <i>M. o. mehelyi</i>, Data Deficient as <i>M. o. amakensis</i>,<i> M. o. elymocetes</i>,<i> M. o. innuitus</i>,<i> M. o. popofensis</i>,<i> M. o. punukensis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>M. o. sitkensis</i>, otherwise Least Concern.","<i>altaicus</i>  Ognev, 1944; <i>amakensis</i> Murie, 1930; <i>anikini</i> Egorin, 1939; <i>arenicola</i> (de Sélys Longchamps, 1841); <i>dauricus</i> Kastschenko, 1910; <i>elymocetes</i> Osgood, 1906; <i>endoecus</i> Osgood, 1909; <i>epiratticeps </i>Young, 1934; <i>finmarchicus</i> Siivonen, 1967; <i>flaviventris</i> Satunin, 1903; <i>gilmorei</i> Setzer, 1952; <i>hahlovi</i> Skalon, 1935; <i>innuitus</i> Merriam, 1900; <i>kadiacensis</i> Merriam, 1897; <i>kamtschatica</i> (Pallas, 1779);<i> karaginensis</i> Kostenko, 1984 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>karaginensis </i>Kostenko, 1989; <i>kharanurensis</i> Courant et al., 1999; <i>kjusjurensis</i> Koljuschev, 1935; <i>koreni</i> G. M. Allen, 1914; <i>macfarlani</i> Merriam, 1900; <i>medius</i> (Nilsson, 1844); <i>mehelyi</i> Ehik, 1928; <i>montiumcaelestinum</i> Ognev, 1944; <i>naumovi</i> Stroganov, 1936; <i>operarius</i> (Nelson, 1893); <i>ouralensis</i> (Poliakov, 1881); <i>petshorae</i> Ognev, 1944; <i>popofensis</i> Merriam, 1900; <i>punukensis</i> Hall and Gilmore, 1932; <i>ratticeps</i> (Keyserling and Blasius, 1841); <i>shantaricus</i> Ognev, 1929; <i>sitkensis</i> Merriam, 1897; <i>stimmingi</i> (Nehring, 1899); <i>suntaricus</i> Dukelski, 1928; <i>tschuktschorum</i> Miller, 1899; <i>uchidae</i> Kuroda, 1924; <i>unalascensis</i> Merriam, 1897; <i>uralensis</i> (Poljakov, 1881); <i>yakutatensis</i> Merriam, 1900.","<p>Subgenus <i>Alexandromys</i>. Earlier included in the subgenus<i> Pallasiinus</i> (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Zagorodnyuk, 1990), also containing <i>M</i>. <i>montebelli</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>limnophilus</i>, or arranged in subgenus <i>Microtus</i> (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987). Based on morphometric, chromosomal and hybridization analyses, Meyer et al. (1996) placed <i>M. oeconomus</i> in a clade containing <i>M</i>. <i>middendorffii</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>mongolicus</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>fortis</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>sachalinensis</i>,<i> M</i>. <i>maximowiczii</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>jujanensis</i>, and <i>M</i>. <i>evoronensis</i>; according to phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences, member of a clade that includes the Taiwanese <i>M</i>. <i>kikuchii</i> as sister-species, along with <i>M</i>. <i>montebelli</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>middendorffii</i>, and <i>M</i>. <i>fortis</i> (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>... [truncated]","30","30-00287","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0241-0287"
"13000288","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Mynomes","oregoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","8","","60","","","Creeping Vole","USA, Oregon, Clatsop Co., Astoria.","Moist coniferous forest seres of Pacific Northwest, from SW British Columbia, Canada, south to NW California, USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>adocetus</i>  Merriam, 1908; <i>bairdii</i> Merriam, 1897;<i> cantwelli</i> Taylor, 1920; <i>morosus</i> Elliot, 1899; <i>serpens</i> Merriam, 1897.","Subgenus <i>Mynomes</i>, sole member of <i>oregoni</i> species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Type species of <i>Chilotus</i>, conventionally recognized as a subgenus of <i>Microtus</i> (see Anderson, 1959, 1960; Bailey, 1900), and occasionally including Old World <i>M</i>. <i>socialis</i> as a comember (Chaline, 1974; Ognev, 1964) or not (Anderson, 1959). Hooper and Hart (1962), however, found the morphological evidence insufficient to warrant subgeneric segregation of <i>oregoni</i> from North American species of <i>Microtus</i>, a viewpoint sustained by genetic distance comparisons (Moore and Janecek, 1990) and reflected in the classification of Zagorodnyuk (1990); sister species to <i>M</i>. <i>longicaudus</i> according to mitochondrial DNA sequence data (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>) or to the <i>M</i>. <i>chrotorrhinus</i> <i>M</i>. <i>pinetorum</i> clade according to repetitive DNA fragments (Modi, 1996). Diploid number and sex-determining mechanism unique among North American <i>M... [truncated]","30","30-00288","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0240-0288"
"13000289","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","paradoxus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev and Heptner","1928","","Zool. Anz.","75","","263","","","Paradox Vole","S Turkmenistan, Kopet Dag Mtns, Chuli, near Ashkhabad.","Kopet Dag Mtns, S Turkmenistan, and mountains of NE Iran in N Khorassan Prov. (near Dasht, Gowadoh, Dergematie, Kaur, and Gorgan; series in AMNH and USNM; Kryštufek and Kefelio&#287;lu, 2002); may also occur in N Afghanistan, identified as <i>M. guentheri</i> (Hassinger, 1973), but the two cited specimens need to be reexamined.","","Subgenus <i>Microtus</i> , <i>socialis</i> species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Placed in subgenus <i>Sumeriomys</i> by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995). Described as a species, later relegated to <i>M. socialis</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987). Specific status reasserted by Zykov and Zagorodnyuk (1988), whose morphometric analysis distinguished it from both <i>M</i>. <i>socialis</i> (karyotype also 2n = 62, FN = 60, but much larger in body and cranial dimensions) and <i>M</i>. <i>guentheri </i>(2n = 54, FN = 56); Golenishchev et al. (2002) amplified and endorsed their action. Goodwin (1940) had identified Iranian series from Dasht, Gowadoh and Dergematie as <i>M</i>. <i>socialis paradoxus</i>, the name combination at the time. Kryštufek and Kefelio&#287;lu (2002) and Kryštufek (in litt., 2002) demonstrated that those samples are not the smaller-bodied <i>M</i>. <i>socialis</i>, and although morphologically similar to the ""non<i>socialis</i>"" group in Iran, they differ strikingly in certain cranial traits and likely represent <i>M.</i> <i>paradoxus</i>. Although examining Goodwin’s AMNH specimens and the large USNM series leads us to concur, we suspect that <i>M</i>. <i>guentheri</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>paradoxus</i> will prove to be more closely related than now appreciated; the nature of the genetic relationship between the two warrants further study.","","30","30-00289","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0289"
"13000290","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Mynomes","pennsylvanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ord","1815","","<i>In</i> Guthrie, New Geogr., Hist., Comml., Grammar, Philadelphia, 2nd ed.","2","","292","","","Meadow Vole","USA, Pennsylvania, ""meadows below Philadelphia.""","Meadowlands interspersed across boreal and mixed coniferous-deciduous biomes of North America: C Alaska to Labrador, including Newfoundland and Prince Edward Isl, Canada; south in Rocky Mountains to N New Mexico, in Great Plains to N Kansas (see Frey and Moore, 1990), and in Appalachians and along eastern seaboard to N Georgia and South Carolina, USA; outlier populations in W New Mexico and peninsular Florida, USA, and in N Chihuahua, México.","U.S. ESA—Endangered as M. p. dukecampbelli; IUCN – Vulnerable as M. p. dukecampbelli, Lower Risk (nt) as M. p. admiraltiae, M. p. kincaidi, M. p. provectus, and M. p. shattucki, not evaluated as M. p. chihuahuensis, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acadicus</i>  Bangs, 1897; <i>admiraltiae</i> Heller, 1909;<i> alborufescens</i> (Emmons, 1840); <i>alcorni</i> Baker, 1951; <i>aphorodemus</i> Preble, 1902; <i>arcticus</i> Cowan, 1951;<i> aztecus</i> (J. A. Allen, 1893); <i>chihuahuensis</i> Bradley and Cockrum, 1968; <i>copelandi</i> Youngman, 1967; <i>dekayi</i> (Audubon and Bachman, 1854); <i>drummondii</i> (Audubon and Bachman, 1853); <i>stonei</i> J. A. Allen, 1899; <i>dukecampbelli</i> Woods, Post, and Kilpatrick, 1982; <i>enixus</i> Bangs, 1896; <i>finitus</i> S. Anderson, 1956; <i>fontigenus</i> Bangs, 1896;<i> fulva</i> (Audubon and Bachman, 1841); <i>funebris</i> Dale, 1940;<i> hirsutus</i> (Emmons, 1840); <i>inspectus</i> (J. A. Allen, 1899); <i>insperatus</i> (J. A. Allen, 1894);<i> insularis</i> Bailey, 1898; <i>kincaidi</i> Dalquest, 1941; <i>labradorius</i> Bailey, 1898;<i> longipilis</i> (Baird, 1857); <i>magdalenensis</i> Youngman, 1967; <i>microcephalus</i> (Rhoads, 1894); <i>modestus</i> (Baird, 1857);<i> nasuta</i> (Audubon and Bachman, 1841); <i>nesophilus</i> Bailey, 1898 [replacement name for <i>insularis</i> Bailey, 1898]; <i>nigrans</i> Rhoads, 1897;<i> noveboracensis</i> (Rafinesque, 1820);<i> oneida</i> (DeKay, 1842); <i>palustris</i> (Harlan, 1825); <i>pratensis</i> (Rafinesque, 1817); <i>provectus</i> Bangs, 1908; <i>pullatus</i> S. Anderson, 1956;<i> riparius</i> (Ord, 1825); <i>rubidus</i> Dale, 1940;<i> rufescens</i> (DeKay, 1842); <i>rufidorsum</i> (Baird, 1857); <i>shattucki</i> Howe, 1901; <i>tananaensis</i> Baker, 1951; <i>terraenovae</i> (Bangs, 1894); <i>uligocola</i> S. Anderson, 1956;<i> wahema</i> Bailey, 1920.","Subgenus <i>Mynomes</i>, <i>pennsylvanicus</i> species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Proposed as conspecific with Old World <i>M</i>. <i>agrestis</i> by Klimkiewicz (1970), but G-banded chromosomal differences support their recognition as distinct species (Modi, 1987; Vorontsov and Lyapunova, 1986). Aside from the probable insular derivative <i>M</i>. <i>breweri</i> (see that account), <i>pennsylvanicus</i> is closely related to <i>M</i>. <i>montanus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>townsendii</i> among New World species (see Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>; Hooper and Hart, 1962; Modi, 1987; Moore and Janecek, 1990). Insular form <i>provectus</i> relegated to subspecific status by Chamberlain (1954) and Moyer et al. (1988), and <i>nesophilus</i> by Jones et al. (1986). Regional studies of variation undertaken (e.g., Anderson, 1956; Anderson and Hubbard, 1971; Weddle and Choate, 1983), but comprehensive review of entire species warranted. Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetational and climatic changes ... [truncated]","30","30-00290","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0240-0290"
"13000291","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Pitymys","pinetorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Le Conte","1830","","Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.","3","","133","","","Woodland Vole","USA, Georgia, Liberty Co., old LeConte plantation near Riceboro (as interpreted by Bailey, 1900:63).","Temperate deciduous forest zone of E USA—eastern shoreline from S Maine to NC Florida, west to C Wisconsin and E Texas; isolated population (<i>auricularis</i>) on the Edwards Plateau, C Texas, may be extinct (Goetze, 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>apella</i>  (Le Conte, 1853); <i>auricularis</i> Bailey, 1898; <i>carbonarius</i> (Handley, 1952);<i> kennicottii</i> (Baird, 1857); <i>nemoralis</i> Bailey, 1898; <i>parvulus</i> (A. H. Howell, 1916); <i>scalopsoides</i> (Audubon and Bachman, 1841); <i>schmidti</i> (Jackson, 1941).","<p>Type species of <i>Pitymys</i>, a taxon sometimes accorded generic status, particularly by European mammalogists and paleontologists (e.g., Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Koenigswald, 1980; Repenning, 1983, 1992; Van der Meulen, 1978). <i>Pitymys</i> is more often viewed as a subgenus of <i>Microtus</i> (e.g., Chaline et al., 1999; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Hall, 1981; Miller and Kellogg, 1955), a relationship and ranking convincingly endorsed by a variety of morphological, chromosomal, and molecular studies (Carleton, 1981; Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>; Conroy et al., 2001; Hooper and Hart, 1962; Modi, 1996; Moore and Janacek, 1990; Zagorodnyuk, 1990).</p><p>Van der Meulen (1978) regarded <i>nemoralis</i> and <i>parvulus</i> as species distinct from <i>pinetorum</i>, an evaluation shared by Repenning (1983) and Brunet-LeComte and Chaline (1992) for <i>nemoralis</i>; R. A. Martin (1991) did not view <i>parvulus</i> as separate. Whitaker and Hamilton (1998), on the other hand, regarded both... [truncated]","30","30-00291","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0243-0291"
"13000292","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","qazvinensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Golenishchev","2003","","Russian J. Theriol.","1","","118","","","Qazvin Vole","Iran, Qazvin Prov., 65 km S Qazvin City, Bu’in-Zahra; 49º58&#8242;N, 35º39&#8242;E.","Known only from the type locality, N Iran.","","","Subgenus <i>Microtus</i>, <i>socialis</i> species group (our allocation), or subgenus <i>Sumeriomys</i> (Golenishchev et al., 2002). A close relative of <i>M</i>. <i>guentheri</i> distinguished by pelage coloration, bacular morphology, and more complex occlusal pattern; F1 hybrids of <i>M</i>. <i>guentheri</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>qazvinensis</i> proved sterile (Golenishchev et al., 2002<i>b</i>). Relationship of <i>M</i>. <i>qazvinensis</i> to populations of <i>M</i>. <i>guentheri</i> will remain obscure until much-needed revision of the latter is available (see above account).","30","30-00292","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0292"
"13000293","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Pitymys","quasiater","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Coues","1874","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","26","","191","","","Jalapan Vole","México, Veracruz, Jalapa.","Eastern slopes of the Sierra Madre Oriental, 500-2150 m, SE San Luis Potosi to N Oaxaca, México (Ramírez-Pulido et al., 1991:Fig. 1).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Pitymys</i>. Named as a variety of <i>M</i>. <i>pinetorum</i> but specific status affirmed thereafter (Bailey, 1900; Hall and Cockrum, 1953; Repenning, 1983). Typically viewed as most closely related to <i>pinetorum</i> in subgenus or genus <i>Pitymys</i> (Anderson, 1960; Hall and Cockrum, 1953; van der Meulen, 1978), a convention challenged by Repenning (1983) and Moore and Janecek (1990), who supported sister-group kinship between <i>ochrogaster</i> and <i>quasiater</i>. Closest kinship with <i>M</i>. <i>pinetorum</i>, however, reaffirmed in phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences that included <i>M</i>. <i>ochrogaster</i> and 16 other species of North American <i>Microtus</i> (Conroy et al., 2001). Nongeographic variation, distribution, and natural history summarized by Ramírez-Pulido et al. (1991); nonbanded karyotype reported by Cervantes et al. (1994) and compared with other Mexican species.","30","30-00293","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0243-0293"
"13000294","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","See comments.","richardsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","DeKay","1842","","Zoology of New York","Part I, Mammals","","91","","","North American Water Vole","Canada, Alberta Prov., vicinity of Jasper House (as interpreted by Bailey, 1900:60).","Wet subalpine and alpine meadows of Rocky Mountains, from S British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, to W Wyoming and C Utah, USA; and of Cascade Mountains, from SW British Columbia south through WC Oregon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arvicoloides</i>  (Rhoads, 1894);<i> macropus</i> (Merriam, 1891); <i>myllodontus</i> Rasmussen and Chamberlain, 1959; <i>principalis</i> Rhoads, 1895.","Senior synonym of the type (= <i>arvicoloides</i>) of <i>Aulacomys</i>. In early classifications (Bailey, 1900; Miller, 1896), <i>richardsoni</i> was placed with Old World water voles in the subgenus <i>Arvicola</i> (including <i>Aulacomys</i>) of <i>Microtus</i>, a relationship reaffirmed by Hooper and Hart (1962) and followed by others, with <i>Arvicola</i> employed either at the subgeneric (Hall, 1981) or generic level (Jones et al., 1975). Substantial evidence argues the retention of <i>richardsoni</i> within <i>Microtus</i> and the restriction of <i>Arvicola</i> to Old World forms (Carleton, 1981; Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>; Jannett, 1997; Koenigswald, 1980; Repenning, 1980; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Hoffmann and Koeppel (1985) further suggested the autochthonous origin of <i>M</i>. <i>richardsoni</i> in North America from an early stock that also gave rise to <i>M</i>. <i>xanthognathus</i>, an idea consistent with the biochemical simi... [truncated]","30","30-00294","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0000-0294"
"13000295","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Alexandromys","sachalinensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vasin","1955","","Zool. Zh.","34","","427","","","Sakhalin Island Vole","Russia, Sakhalin Isl, Poronaysk region, Olen River.","Endemic to Sakhalin Isl (Dobson, 1994).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Alexandromys</i>, <i>middendorfii</i> species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990) or <i>maximowiczii</i> species group (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). The latter species group association more accurately reflects data synthesized from karyological, morphological, and hybirdization studies, which phylogenetically link <i>M</i>. <i>sachalinensis</i> most closely to <i>M</i>. <i>maximowiczii</i> within the subgenus <i>Alexandromys</i> (Meyer et al., 1996).","30","30-00295","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0241-0295"
"13000296","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","savii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Selys-Longchamps","1838","","Rev. Zool. Paris","","","248","","","Savi’s Pine Vole","Italy, near Pisa.","Italian peninsula (except NE and Calabrian Peninsulan in the south) and Sicily (Amori et al., 1999; Cerone and Aloise, 1994; Cresti et al., 1994; Paolucci et al., 1993), South Tessin in S Switzerland (Hausser, 1995), and marginally in SE France; thought to occur on Elba but that record is unconfirmed; sea level to 2000 m (Cheylan, 1991).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nebrodensis</i>  Mina-Palumbo, 1868; <i>niethammericus</i> Contoli, 2003; <i>selysii </i>(Gerbe, 1852); <i>tolfetanus</i> Contoli, 2003.","Subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, <i>savii</i> species group (Chaline et al., 1988; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Revised by Contoli (2003) and Krapp and Winking (1976) and reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>, 1984), Krapp (1982<i>c</i>), and Mitchell Jones et al. (1999). Chromosomal data consolidated by Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>); karyology of Italian samples documented by Galleni et al. (1992, 1994, 1998). Closely related to the living <i>M</i>. <i>brachycercus</i> on the Calabrian Peninsula (see species account) and two extinct species: <i>M</i>. <i>henseli</i> from Sardinia and Corsica (Brunet-Lecomte and Chaline, 1991; Krapp, 1982<i>c</i>) and <i>M</i>. <i>melitensis</i> from Malta (Brunet-Lecomte and Chaline, 1991; Burgio and Kotsakis, 1986).","30","30-00296","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239-0296"
"13000297","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","schelkovnikovi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1907","","Izv. Kavkas. Mus.","3","1","242","","","Schelkovnikov’s Pine Vole","SE Azerbaijan, Talysk Mtns, near village of Dzhi.","S Azerbaijan (Talysk Mtns) and NW Iran (Elburz Mtns), in mountains bounding southern margin of Caspian Sea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dorothea</i>  (Ellerman, 1948).","Subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, sole member of <i>schelkovnikovi</i> species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990), or the <i>majori</i> species group with connate <i>M</i>. <i>majori</i> (Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998). Although lumped under <i>Pitymys subterraneus</i> by Ellerman Morrison-Scott (1951), its specific validity is well documented (Kratochvíl, 1970; Kratochvíl and Kral, 1974). Chromosomal data summarized by Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>). Karyotypic contrasts between Caucasus <i>M</i>. <i>schelkovnikovi</i> (2n = 54, FN = 62), <i>M</i>. <i>majori</i> (2n = 54, FN = 60), and <i>M</i>. <i>daghestanicus</i> (2n = 38-54, FN = 58) and inferences on pine vole chromosomal evolution (subgenus <i>Terricola</i>) in the Caucasus offered by Achverdjan et al. (1992); see account of <i>M</i>. <i>daghestanicus</i>. The name <i>kaznakovi</i> was thought to be potentially valid for this species (see reference in Corbet, 1984), but Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) avoided its use, ... [truncated]","30","30-00297","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239-0297"
"13000298","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","schidlovskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Argyropulo","1933","","Z. Säugetierk.","8","","182","","","Schidlovsky’s Vole","Transcaucasia, NW Armenia, Leninakan Dist., ""vicinity of Nalband railway station, 35 km E from Leninakan"" (Golenishchev et al., 2002:53), 1200 m.","Transcaucasia, recorded from W Armenia and Georgia (Ahverdyan et al., 1991<i>b</i>); limits unresolved.","","<i>colchicus</i>  Argyropulo, 1932 [not Shidlovsky, 1919]; <i>goriensis</i> Argyropulo, 1935.","Subgenus <i>Microtus</i>, <i>socialis </i>species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Placed in subgenus <i>Sumeriomys</i> by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995). Long included in <i>M</i>. <i>socialis</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998) and Kryštufek and Kefelio&#287;lu (2002) also questioned the separate status for <i>schidlovskii</i>, and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998) placed it in the synonymy of <i>M</i>. <i>socialis</i> with reservation. Reinstated as species by Ahverdyan et al. (1991<i>a</i>, 1991<i>b</i>), who demonstrated that hybridization between <i>schidlovskii</i> (2n and FN = 60-62) and <i>M</i>. <i>socialis</i> (2n and FN = 62) produced only sterile F1s and analyzed supportive chromosomal and morphological data. Species status reaffirmed by Golenishchev et al. (2002) based on bacular morphology and hybridization trials. Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) listed <i>goriensis</i> (a replacement name for <... [truncated]","30","30-00298","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0298"
"13000299","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","socialis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1773","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","2","","705","","","Social Vole","Kazakhstan, probably Gur'evsk Oblast (Gur’ev Dist.) between Volga and Ural Rivers (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001).","Palearctic steppe from Dneper River and Crimea east to Lake Balkhash and NW Xinjiang in China (Zhang et al., 1997), south through Caucasus and E half of Turkey (Kizilirmak River may be W boundary; Kefelio&#287;lu and Kryštufek, 1999; Kryštufek and Kefelio&#287;lu, 2002) to NW Syria, Lebanon (restricted to Mt Lebanon), N Iraq, and NW Iran (Kryštufek and Kefelio&#287;lu, 2002, mapped range in the Near East).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aristovi</i>  Golenishchev, 2002; <i>astrachanensis</i> (Erxleben, 1777); <i>binominatus</i> Ellerman, 1941; <i>bogdoensis</i> Wang and Ma, 1982; <i>gravesi</i> Goodwin, 1934; <i>nikolajevi</i> Ognev, 1950; <i>parvus</i> Satunin, 1901; <i>satunini</i> Ognev, 1924 [not Shidlovksy, 1919]; <i>syriacus</i> (Brants, 1827); <i>zaitsevi</i> Golenishchev, 2002.","<p>Subgenus <i>Microtus</i>, <i>socialis</i> species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Subgenus <i>Sumeriomys</i> according to Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987, 1998), Gromov and Polyakov (1977), Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Chromosomal data reviewed by Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>) and Golenishchev et al. (2002); Kefelio&#287;lu and Kryštufek (1999) reported karyotypes for Turkish samples (2n and FN = 62). Harrison and Bates (1991) included <i>guentheri</i> and <i>irani</i> under <i>M</i>. <i>socialis</i> because they could not discriminate the three but provided no substantiating data (see <i>M</i>. <i>guentheri</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>irani</i>). Range of <i>M</i>. <i>socialis</i> proper has been obscured because researchers indiscriminantly lumped all voles more or less matching the description of <i>socialis</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Harrison and Bates, 1991; Lay, 1967; Ognev, 1964); however, at least seven (<i>M</i>. <i>anat... [truncated]","30","30-00299","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0299"
"13000300","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","subterraneus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Selys-Longchamps","1836","","Essai Monogr. sur les Campagnols des Env. de Liege.","","","10","","","Common Pine Vole","Belgium, Liege, Waremme.","Atlantic coasts of N and C France through S Netherlands (Ligtvoet and Straetmans, 1992), across C Europe (SW Bohemia [And&#277;ra and &#268;ervený, 1994]; Switzerland [Maurizio, 1994; Hausser, 1995]; Slovakia [Danko, 1994; Kminiak, 1996; Mošanský, 1994; Stanko, 1995; Stanko and Mošanský, 1994, 2000; Stanko et al., 2000]; Czech Republic [Šmaha, 1996]; Italy [Amori et al., 1999; Locatelli and Paolucci, 1996<i>a</i>]) to Ukraine and the Don River (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995), south through Romania and Balkan region into N and SE Greece, and Turkey (mountains in N, W and S but not on Anatolian Plateau; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001) eastward to south of Trabzon (Macholán et al., 2001<i>a</i>); isolated populations in Russia (near St Petersburg; Zagorodnyuk, 1989) and Estonia (Miljutin, 1997, 1998; Timm et al., 1998). Absent from Mediterranean coast and islands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>atratus</i>  (Stein, 1931); <i>brauneri</i> Martino, 1926;<i> capucinus</i> (Miller, 1908); <i>dacius</i> (Miller, 1908); <i>dinaricus</i> Kretzoi, 1959; <i>ehiki</i> (Wettstein, 1927); <i>fingeri</i><b> </b>(Neuhäuser, 1936);<i> fusca</i> (Fatio, 1900) [not Buchner, 1889]; <i>grafi </i>Brunet-Lecomte, Nadarowski, and Chaline, 1992; <i>hercegovinensis </i>(Martino, 1940); <i>hungaricus</i> (Ehik, 1926); <i>incertoides</i> (Wettstein, 1927); <i>incertus </i>(Sélys-Longchamps, 1841); <i>klozeli</i> (Ehik, 1942); <i>kupelwieseri</i> (Wettstein, 1925); <i>martinoi</i> (Ehik, 1935); <i>matrensis</i> (Ehik, 1930); <i>mustersi</i> (Martino, 1937) [not Hinton, 1926]; <i>neglectus </i>Petrov, 1992 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> neuhauseri </i>(Martino and Paspalev, 1955); <i>nyirensis</i> (Ehik, 1930); <i>rufescente-fuscus</i> (Schinz, 1845); <i>rufofuscus</i> (Schinz, 1845) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>subterraneoides </i>Petrov, 1992 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> transsylvanicus</i> (Ehik, 1924); <i>transvolgensis</i> (Schaposchnikov and Schanev, 1958); <i>ukrainicus</i> (Vinogradov, 1922); <i>wettsteini</i> (Ehik, 1926); <i>zimmermanni</i> (Matschie, 1924).","<p>Subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, <i>subterraneus</i> species group (Chaline et al., 1988; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Reviewed by Niethammer (1982<i>g</i>). Karyotypic information available in Sablina et al. (1989), Zima (1986), Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>), and Zima et al. (1997<i>a</i>); biochemical comparisons among <i>M</i>. <i>subterraneus</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>felteni</i>, and other voles implemented by Gill et al. (1987). Synonyms follow Zagorodnyuk (1989), who speculated that the Romanian <i>dacius</i> is a separate species, but Brunet-Lecomte et al. (2001) regarded the minor cytogenetic differences as inconclusive. The taxon<i> grafi</i> was described as a species from late Pleistocene fossils from Bulgaria (Brunet-Lecomte et al., 1992) but is now regarded as a chronological subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>subterraneus</i> (Brunet-Lecomte et al., 2001). Present in the British Isles during early Pleistocene interglacials (Yalden, 1999).</p><p>Regional studies have addressed the discrimination of <... [truncated]","30","30-00300","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239-0300"
"13000301","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","tatricus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kratochvíl","1952","","Acta Acad. Sci. Nat. Moravo-Siles.","24","","155-194","","","Tatra Vole","Czech Republic, Poprad Dist., Velka Studena Dolina valley, High Tatra Mtns.","W and E Carpathian Mtns, 800-2350 m; isolated populations in montane spruce forests and meadows of Tatra Mtns between Czech Republic, Slovakia (Mošanský, 1994) and S Poland, Pilsko Mtn, and Beslksid Ziwiecki Mtns; also W Ukraine and N Romania (Zagorodnyuk, 1988; Zagorodnyuk and Zima, 1992); possibly also in the S Carpathians, Romania (Zagorodnyuk and Zima, 1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>zykovi</i> Zagorodnyuk, 1989.","<p>Subgenus <i>Microtus</i>. Formerly placed in subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, <i>subterraneus</i> species group (Chaline et al., 1988; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). A distinctive species reviewed by Niethammer (1982<i>l</i>) and Zagorodnyuk and Zima (1992); karyotype with 2n = 32, lower than any species of <i>Terricola</i> (Zima and Kral, 1984<i>a</i>). Zagorodnyuk (1989) systematically reviewed species in the subgenus <i>Terricola</i> and described <i>zykovi</i>, now recognized as the subspecies occurring in the E Carpathians (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999). Presence in those mountains originally based on morphology until Zagorodnyuk and Zima (1992) added chromosomal evidence to conclusively identify <i>M</i>. <i>tatricus</i>. Zagorodnyuk et al. (1992) also documented <i>M</i>. <i>tatricus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>subterraneus</i> in the E Carpathian Mtns in the Ukraine, corrected misidentifications as <i>M</i>. <i>agrestis</i> or <i>M</i>. <i>arvalis</i>, and d... [truncated]","30","30-00301","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0301"
"13000302","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Terricola","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","306","","","Thomas’s Pine Vole","Montenegro, Vranici.","Endemic to SW Balkans, from the Neretva River in Herzegovina through Montenegro, Albania and mainland Greece to the Peloponessos (including Euboea Isl).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>atticus</i>  (Miller, 1910); <i>byroni </i>(Bolkay, 1926).","Subgenus <i>Terricola</i>, <i>duodecimcostatus</i> species group (Chaline et al., 1988; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>) or sole member of <i>thomasi</i> species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Generally reviewed by Niethammer (1982<i>k</i>) and Petrov (1992); taxonomic history reviewed by Brunet-Lecomte and Nadachowski (1994). Karyotype is polymorphic, 2n = 40 to 44 and FN = 42 to 46 (Giagia-Athanasopoulou et al., 1995; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Zima and Kral, 1984<i>a</i>). Based on morphometric analysis of m1s, <i>M</i>. <i>thomasi</i> is strongly divergent from six other species examined in subgenus <i>Terricola</i> (Brunet-Lecomte and Nadachowski, 1994), a finding that supports species-group isolation (Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Synonymy of <i>atticus</i> confirmed by microcomplement fixation comparisons of albumin (Nikoletopoulos et al., 1992), m1 morphometry (Brunet-Lecomte and Nadachowski, 1994), and morphometric and allozymic variation (Tsekoura et al., 2002).","30","30-00302","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0239-0302"
"13000303","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Mynomes","townsendii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","8","","60","","","Townsend’s Vole","USA, Oregon, Multnomah Co., Wappatoo (Sauvie) Isl, lower Columbia River near mouth of Willamette River (as located by Bailey, 1900:46).","Wet meadows and marshes of Pacific Northwest, from extreme SW British Columbia, Canada, to NW California, USA, including Vancouver and neighboring islands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as <i>M. t. cowani</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (nt).","<i>cowani</i>  Guiguet, 1955; <i>cummingi</i> Hall, 1936; <i>laingi</i> Anderson and Rand, 1943;<i> occidentalis</i> (Peale, 1848); <i>pugeti</i> Dalquest, 1940; <i>tetramerus</i> (Rhoads, 1894).","Subgenus <i>Mynomes</i>, <i>pennsylvanicus</i> species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Broadly allied with <i>M</i>. <i>pennsylvanicus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>montanus</i> (Anderson, 1959; Hooper and Hart, 1962; Modi, 1987); sister species to <i>M</i>. <i>canicaudus</i> according to phyletic reconstructions of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>). See Cornely and Verts (1988, Mammalian Species, 325).","30","30-00303","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0240-0303"
"13000304","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","Microtus","transcaspicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1905","","Izv. Kavkas. Mus.","2","","57","","","Middle East Vole","Turkmenistan, Kopet Dag Mtns, Chuli Valley, near Ashkhabad.","Dry montane steppe habitats on isolated mountains from N slopes of Kopet-Dag Mtns in S Turkmenistan (Meyer et al., 1996), mountains in E Iran in the NE (Khorassan Prov, 5 km N Kashmar, USNM) and S (Kuh-e Laleh-Zar and Kuh-e Hazar Mtns south of Kerman; Roguin, 1988), and the Hindu Kush of N Afghanistan (Ellerman, 1948; Parvan Prov, Shibar Pass, FMNH).","IUCN – Endangered as <i>M. kermanensis</i>,<i> </i>Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M. transcaspicus</i>.","<i>kermanensis</i>  Roguin, 1988.","<p>Subgenus <i>Microtus</i>, <i>arvalis</i> species group (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Based on banding chromosomal data, Mazurok et al. (1996<i>b</i>) closely allied <i>M</i>. <i>transcaspicus</i> with <i>M</i>. <i>levis</i> among species in the <i>M</i>. <i>arvalis</i> group, an association also supported by allozymic data (Mezhzherin et al., 1993) and syntheses of karyology, morphology, and hybridization (Meyer et al., 1996). Taxonomy reviewed by Malygin (1978), Meyer et al. (1981, 1996), and Meyer (1983).</p><p>Roguin (1988) described <i>kermanensis</i> as a species, recognized as part of the <i>M. arvalis</i> group (Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). His description and specimen measurements fall within the range of variation typical of <i>M</i>. <i>transcaspicus </i>(see review of <i>M</i>. <i>transcaspicus</i> in Turkmenistan by Meyer et al., 1996), as do those large-bodied spec... [truncated]","30","30-00304","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0238-0304"
"13000305","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","See comments.","umbrosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","107","","","Zempoaltépec Vole","México, Oaxaca, Mt Zempoaltépec, 8200 ft (2500 m).","Cerro Zempoaltépec, 1800-3000 m, NC Oaxaca, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Type species and sole member of <i>Orthriomys</i>, a taxon typically identified as a subgenus of <i>Microtus</i> (Anderson, 1959; Bailey, 1900; Hall and Cockrum, 1953; R. A. Martin, 1995; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Nonbanded karyotype reported by Cervantes et al. (1994), who noted its agreement with the complement hypothesized as ancestral for Arvicolinae. Viewed as cladistically basal to other North American pitymyines (subgenera <i>Herpetomys</i>, <i>Pedomys</i>, and <i>Pitymys</i>) based on phylogenetic study of molar traits (R. A. Martin, 1995); more removed from pitymyine species according to mitochrondrial gene sequences and weakly associated with <i>M</i>. <i>chrotorrhinus</i> (Conroy et al., 2001). Conroy et al. (2001) suggested that <i>M</i>. <i>umbrosus</i> represents an independent invasion of southern latitudes, the other consisting of species related to <i>M</i>. <i>pinetorum</i>, subgenus <i>Pitymys</i> (<i>M</i>. <i>guatemalensis</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>oaxacensis</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>q... [truncated]","30","30-00305","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0000-0305"
"13000306","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Microtus","See comments.","xanthognathus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Leach","1815","","Zool. Misc.","1","","60","","","Taiga Vole","Canada, Manitoba, Hudson Bay.","Western boreal taiga zone, from EC Alaska to W Northwest Territories, southeastwards to C Alberta and W coast of Hudson Bay, Canada.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Relationships obscure—apparently not a sister species to <i>M</i>. <i>chrotorrhinus</i> as once believed (see that account and Lidicker and Yang, 1986) nor closely related to <i>M</i>. <i>richardsoni</i>, subgenus <i>Aulacomys</i>, as arranged by Zagorodnyuk (1990; see Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>). Karyotype reported and affinities discussed by Rausch and Rausch (1974). Late Pleistocene distribution reached C and E USA, as far south as S Nebraska, N Arkansas, and Virginia (Graham and Lundelius, 1994).","30","30-00306","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0237-0000-0306"
"13000307","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myodes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Pallas","1811","","Zoographia Rosso Asiatica","I","","173","","<i>Mus rutilus</i> Pallas, 1779 (as subsequently designated by Lataste, 1883<i>b</i>:349).","","","","","<i>Clethrionomys</i>  Tilesius, 1850; <i>Craseomys</i> Miller, 1900; <i>Evotomys</i> Coues, 1874; <i>Glareomys </i>Rasorenova, 1952; <i>Neoaschizomys</i> Tokuda, 1935; <i>Phaulomys</i> Thomas, 1905.","<p>In the early systematic literature, red-backed voles were commonly listed under <i>Evotomys</i> (e.g., Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>; Miller, 1896, 1924; Miller and Rehn, 1901; Trouessart, 1880-1881), until Palmer (1928) argued the priority of <i>Clethrionomys</i> Tilesius, 1850. Most subsequent systematic authorities and faunal works throughout the 1900s have adopted Palmer’s correction in recognizing <i>Clethionomys</i> as the valid name (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Ellerman, 1941; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Hall, 1981; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Miller and Kellogg, 1955; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Wilson and Ruff, 1999). In his deliberate search of the early European literature, Palmer (1928) had anticipated that he would discover an older synonym for <i>Evotomys</i>.</p><p>Regrettably, Palmer overlooked Pallas’ (1811) <i>Myodes</i> and Lataste’s (1883<i>b</i>) subsequent designation of <i>Mus rutilus</i> as its type species, the same one that he... [truncated]","30","30-00307","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0307"
"13000308","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myodes","","andersoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","23","18","","","Anderson’s Red-backed Vole","Japan, Honshu, Iwate Prefecture, Tsunagi, near Morioka.","Known only from C and N Honshu Isl (Kaneko, 1994).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Phaulomys andersoni.</i>","<i>niigatae</i>  (Anderson, 1909).","<p>Originally named as a species of <i>Evotomys</i>, later included in the synonymy of <i>C</i>. <i>rufocanus smithii</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), and eventually revised by Aimi (1980) as a species of <i>Eothenomys</i>. Subsequently arranged as a species of <i>Phaulomys</i> (Musser and Carleton, 1993), <i>Eothenomys</i> (Kaneko, 1994), or <i>Clethrionomys</i> (Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Evidence for treatment under <i>Myodes</i> is explained in account of <i>M</i>. <i>smithii</i>. Species reviewed by Kaneko (1994, as <i>Eothenomys</i>).</p><p>Kaneko et al. (1992<i>a</i>) documented vertical distributions, zone of overlap (650-1325 m), and morphological separation of <i>M</i>. <i>andersoni</i> (alpine habitats generally above 1000 m) and <i>M</i>. <i>smithii</i> in C Honshu (also see Kimura et al., 1994, 1999). Honshu specimens of problematic identification can be confidently associated using Y-chromosome morphology, certain external proportions and cranial traits, and ... [truncated]","30","30-00308","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0307-0000-0308"
"13000309","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myodes","","californicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","N. Am. Fauna","4","","26","","","Western Red-backed Vole","USA, California, Humboldt Co., Eureka.","Coastal coniferous forest from the Columbia River south through W Oregon (Verts and Carraway, 1998:Fig. 11-97) to NW California, USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Clethrionomys californicus</i>.","<i>mazama</i>  (Merriam, 1897); <i>obscurus</i> (Merriam, 1897).","The name <i>occidentalis</i> was formerly applied to this species (e.g., Hall and Cockrum, 1953), but populations north of the Columbia River, which include <i>occidentalis</i> and <i>caurinus</i>, have been reassigned to <i>M</i>. <i>gapperi</i> (Cowan and Guiguet, 1965; Johnson and Ostenson, 1959). See Alexander and Verts, 1992 (Mammalian Species, 406).","30","30-00309","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0307-0000-0309"
"13000310","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myodes","","centralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","373","","","Tien Shan Red-backed Vole","Kazakhstan, W Tien Shan Mtns, Koksu valley, 9000 ft (2743 m).","Known only from Tien Shan in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and adjacent NW Xinjiang, China (Zhang et al., 1997, as <i>C. frater</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Clethrionomys centralis</i>.","<i>frater</i>  (Thomas, 1908).","A distinctive species related to <i>M</i>. <i>glareolus</i>. Recognized as valid by Hinton (1926<i>a</i>) and most subsequent systematists (Corbet, 1984; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>), but Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) included it in <i>M</i>. <i>glareolus</i>. Some Russian (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977) and Chinese (Ma and Jiang, 1996; Ma et al., 1987; Zhang et al., 1997) researchers still use <i>frater</i> for the species or retain both as distinct (Wang, 2003). Chromosomal data recorded by Vorontsov et al. (1978), Sokolov et al. (1990), and Ma and Jiang (1996). Not surprisingly, allozymic analyses cluster <i>M</i>. <i>centralis</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>glareolus</i> apart from other continental species (Mezhzherin and Serbenyuk, 1992).","30","30-00310","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0307-0000-0310"
"13000311","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myodes","","gapperi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vigors","1830","","Zool. J.","5","","204","","","Southern Red-backed Vole","Canada, Ontario, between York (= Toronto) and Lake Simcoe.","Most of Canada from N British Columbia to Labrador, excluding Newfoundland; south in the Appalachians to N Georgia and NW South Carolina (Laerm et al., 1995), in the Great Plains to N Iowa, and in the Rockies to C New Mexico and EC Arizona, USA; extralimital isolates in NW and E Pennsylvania and S New Jersey.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>M. g. solus </i>(sic), Lower Risk (nt) as <i>C. g. maurus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arizonensis</i>  (Cockrum and Fitch, 1952); <i>athabascae</i> (Preble, 1908); <i>brevicaudus</i> (Merriam, 1891); <i>carolinensis</i> (Merriam, 1888); <i>cascadensis</i> (Booth, 1945); <i>caurinus</i> (Bailey, 1898);<i> fuscodorsalis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1894); <i>galei</i> (Merriam, 1890); <i>gaspeanus</i> (Anderson, 1943); <i>gauti</i> (Cockrum and Fitch, 1952); <i>hudsonius</i> (Anderson, 1940); <i>idahoensis</i> (Merriam, 1891); <i>limitis</i> (Bailey, 1913); <i>loringi</i> (Bailey, 1897); <i>maurus</i> (Kellogg, 1939); <i>nivarius</i> (Bailey, 1897); <i>occidentalis</i> (Merriam, 1890); <i>ochraceus</i> (Miller, 1894); <i>pallescens</i> (Hall and Cockrum, 1940) [a replacement name for <i>rufescens</i> Smith, 1940]; <i>paludicola</i> (Doutt, 1941); <i>phaeus</i> (Swarth, 1911); <i>proteus</i> (Bangs, 1897); <i>pygmaeus</i> (Rhoads, 1894); <i>rhoadsii</i> (Stone, 1893);<i> rufescens</i> (Smith, 1940); <i>rupicola</i> (Poole, 1949); <i>saturatus</i> (Rhoads, 1894); <i>soleus</i> (Hall and Cockrum, 1952); <i>stikinensis</i> (Hall and Cockrum, 1952);<i> uintaensis</i> (Doutt, 1941); <i>ungava</i> (Bailey, 1897); <i>wrangeli</i> (Bailey, 1897).","<p>Close relationship to, but genetic segregation from, <i>M</i>. <i>rutilus</i> supported by allozymic data (Mezhzherin and Serbenyuk, 1992; Nadler et al., 1978), although some had earlier suggested, without presentation of data, that <i>gapperi</i> and <i>rutilus</i> are conspecific (Bee and Hall, 1956; Youngman, 1975). In laboratory crosses with Eurasian <i>M</i>. <i>glareolus</i>, the partially infertile hybrids led Grant (1974) to view the two as semispecies of recent divergence. In a narrower taxonomic survey, Nadler et al. (1978) viewed Old World <i>rufocanus</i> as closely related to the New World <i>gapperi</i> <i>rutilus</i> complex, but broader analysis of allozyme polymorphisms indicated the <i>gapperi</i> <i>rutilus</i> clade to share common ancestry with <i>glareolus</i> <i>centralis</i>, not <i>rufocanus</i> (Mezhzherin and Serbenyuk, 1992).</p><p>Most highly variable in gastric morphology among species of <i>Myodes</i> studied by Carleton (1981) and differing from <i>M<... [truncated]","30","30-00311","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0307-0000-0311"
"13000312","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myodes","","glareolus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1780","","Die Säugethiere","4","","680","","","Bank Vole","Denmark, Lolland Isl.","W Palaearctic forests from France and Scandinavia to Lake Baikal, south to N Spain, N Italy (isolated montane populations farther south), the Balkans (but not most of Greece), W and N Turkey, N Kazakhstan and the Altai and Sayan Mtns; also occurs on Britain and SW Ireland.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alstoni</i>  (Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton, 1913); <i>arvalis </i>(Geoffroy, 1803) [not Desmarest, 1816; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:663, for status]; <i>bernisi</i> (Rey, 1972); <i>bicolor </i>(Fatio, 1862); <i>bosniensis</i> (Martino, 1945); <i>britannicus</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>caesarius</i> (Miller, 1908); <i>cantueli</i> (Saint Girons, 1969); <i>curcio</i> (Lehman, 1961); <i>devius</i> (Stroganov, 1948); <i>erica</i> (Barret-Hamilton, 1913); <i>fulvus</i> (Millet, 1828); <i>garganicus</i> (Hagen, 1958); <i>gorka</i> (Montagu, 1923); <i>hallucalis</i> (Thomas, 1906); <i>harrisoni</i> (Hinton, 1926); <i>helveticus</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>hercynicus</i> (Mehlis, 1831); <i>insulaebellae</i> (Heim de Balsac, 1940); <i>intermedius</i> (Burg, 1923); <i>istericus</i> (Miller, 1909); <i>italicus</i> (Dal Piaz, 1924); <i>jurassicus</i> (Burg, 1923); <i>kennardi</i> (Hinton, 1926); <i>makedonicus</i> (Felten and Storch, 1965); <i>minor</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>nageri</i> (Schinz, 1845); <i>norvegicus</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>ognevi</i> (Serebrennikov, 1927); <i>petrovi</i> (Martino, 1945); <i>pirenaica</i> (Cabrera, 1924); <i>pirinus</i> (Wolf, 1940); <i>ponticus</i> (Thomas, 1906); <i>pratensis</i> (Baillon, 1834); <i>pratensis </i>(Bell, 1837) [not Baillon, 1834]; <i>reinwaldti</i> (Hinton, 1921); <i>riparia</i> (Yarrell, 1832) [not Ord, 1825]; <i>rubidus</i> (Baillon, 1834); <i>rufescens</i> (de Sélys Longchamps, 1836); <i>ruttneri</i> (Wettstein, 1926); <i>saianicus</i> (Thomas, 1911); <i>sibiricus</i> (Egorin, 1936) [not Poliakoff, 1881]; <i>skomerensis</i> (Barrett-Hamilton, 1903); <i>sobrus</i> (Montagu, 1923); <i>suecicus</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>tomensis</i> (Heptner, 1948); <i>variscicus</i> (Wettstein, 1954); <i>vasconiae</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>vesanus</i> (Hinton, 1926); <i>wasjuganensis</i> (Egorin, 1939).","<p>European populations reviewed by Viro and Niethammer (1982) and Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999), those in Russia and adjacent regions by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995). Regional reports covering range, taxonomy, and ecology are available for: N Turkey (Pamukoglu and Albayrak, 1996), Greece (Thrace; Vohralík and Sofianidou, 1992<i>a</i>), Serbia and Montenegro (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 1992; Petrov, 1992), Slovenia (Kryštufek, 1991), NE Spain (Torre et al., 1996) and Navarra region of N Spain (Castien and Gosalbez, 1992), Netherlands (Bergers and Bussink, 1995; Mostert, 1992<i>a</i>), E Baltic region (Miljutin, 1997, 1998; Timm et al., 1998), Italia (Amori et al., 1999; Cantini, 1991; Cerone and Aloise, 1994; Cresti et al., 1994; Locatelli and Paolucci, 1996<i>a</i>), Slovakia (Danko, 1994; Kminiak, 1996; Mošanský, 1994; Stanko, 1995; Stanko and Mošanský, 1994, 2000; Stanko et al., 1994, 2000), Czech Republic (Šmaha, 1996), N Germany (Dolch et al., 1994), Sumava Mtns of SW Bohemia (And&#277;... [truncated]","30","30-00312","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0307-0000-0312"
"13000313","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myodes","","imaizumii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jameson","1961","","Pacific Sci.","15","","599","","","Imaizumi’s Red-backed Vole","Japan, Honshu, Kii Peninsula, Wakayama Prefecture, Nachi.","Recorded only from the S end of the Kii Peninsula.","","","<p>Described as a species of <i>Clethrionomys</i>, <i>imaizumii</i> was demoted to a subspecies of <i>andersoni</i> by Aimi (1967) and afterwards placed in full synonymy of <i>Eothenomys andersoni</i> (Aimi, 1980; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). See <i>M. smithii</i> account for association of <i>imaizumii</i> with <i>Myodes </i>rather than <i>Eothenomys</i>. Kitahara (1995) exhaustively studied molar patterns and craniometric data of C Honshu voles and also concluded that the Kii populations represent <i>M</i>. <i>andersoni</i>; lab-breeding trials between <i>imaizumii</i> and <i>andersoni</i> have produced fertile hybrids (Kitahara and Kimura, 1995). Suzuki et al. (1999<i>b</i>) postulated a biogeographic scenario to explain the southward extension of <i>andersoni</i> into the Kii Peninsula, followed by their isolation, as<i> imaizumii</i>, when climates warmed and <i>M</i>. <i>smithii</i> expanded from west to the east.</p><p>Detailed chromosomal (Iwasa et... [truncated]","30","30-00313","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0307-0000-0313"
"13000314","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myodes","","regulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","1907","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","","863","","","Korean Red-backed Vole","Korea, Mingyong, 110 mi (177 km) SE Seoul.","Korean Peninsula (Won and Smith, 1999, as <i>Eothenomys</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eothenomys regulus.</i>","","<p>Usually included in <i>M</i>. <i>rufocanus</i> (G. M. Allen, 1940; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>; also see references in Kaneko, 1990) but treated as a separate species by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>). In a study of red-backed voles from Russia, NE China, and Korea, Kaneko (1990) thoroughly documented morphological distinctions between <i>M</i>. <i>rufocanus</i> and <i>M. regulus</i>, considering the latter to be a Korean endemic and suggesting (p. 129) that ""the true geographical demarcation line between the two species lies on the western and southern boundary of the Kaima Plateau, North Korea."" Kaneko also discovered that adult and old <i>regulus</i> lack molar roots, a key character for separating <i>Myodes </i>from <i>Eothenomys</i>, and so transferred the Korean endemic to <i>Eothenomys</i>.</p><p>Subsequent mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA analyses conclusively demonstrate that <i>M</i>. <i>regulus</i> is distinct but phylo... [truncated]","30","30-00314","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0307-0000-0314"
"13000315","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myodes","","rex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Imaizumi","1971","","J. Mammal. Soc. Japan","6","","99","","","Hokkaido Red-backed Vole","Japan, Rishiri Isl (off NW coast of Hokkaido), Mt Rishiri, Kanrosen.","Hokkaido and small islets of Rishiri and Rebun off NW coast of Hokkaido (Kaneko et al., 1998:25, 28).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>montanus</i>  (Imaizumi, 1972).","<p>Treated as a distinct species (Abe, 1973<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, 1984) until Aimi (1980) included <i>rex</i> in <i>M. rufocanus</i>, an allocation followed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Musser and Carleton (1993). Kaneko and Sato (1993), however, presented morphological traits that distinguish the two as species on Rishiri Isl (also Kaneko et al., 1998) and demonstrated their sympatry and habitat affinities. Subsequent evaluation of ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences clearly sustains the specific integrity of <i>M</i>. <i>rex</i> (Suzuki et al., 1999<i>b</i>; Wakana et al., 1996). Imaizumi’s (1971) description of <i>M. rex</i>, differential comparisons with <i>M</i>. <i>rufocanus</i>, and records of habitat segregation (<i>M. rufocanus</i> in open grassy fields, <i>M. rex</i> in coniferous forest) are lucid and thorough.</p><p>Imaizumi (1972) described <i>montanus</i> (Hidaka Mtns, Hokkaido) as the other species in his <i>M</i>. <i>rex</i> group. A wealth of morphological (Abe, 197... [truncated]","30","30-00315","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0307-0000-0315"
"13000316","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myodes","","rufocanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1846","","Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. Stockholm","3","","122","","","Gray Red-backed Vole","Sweden, Lappmark.","N Palearctic from Scandinavia through Siberia to Kamchatka (Nikanorov, 2000), Sakhalin, and Taraku (south of Shikotan Isl in the S Kuril Isls) in Russia, south to S Ural Mtns, the Altai Mtns, Transbaikal, N China (NW Xinjiang in the west, and Nei Mongol, Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang in the NE), N portion of Korean peninsula, N Japan (Hokkaido and the offshore islets of Rishiri, Daikoku, Teuri, and Yagishiri), and the S Kurile Isls of Kunashiri, Shikotan, Shibotsu and others.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>akkeshii</i>  (Imaizumi, 1949); <i>arsenjevi</i> (Dukelsky, 1928); <i>bargusinensis</i> (Turov, 1924); <i>bedfordiae</i> (Thomas, 1905); <i>bromleyi</i> Kostenko [date unknown, <i>nomen nudum</i>; see Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995]; <i>changbaishanensis</i> (Jang, Ma, and Luo, 1993); <i>irkutensis</i> (Ognev, 1924); <i>kamtnschaticus</i> (Poliakov, 1881); <i>kolymensis</i> (Ognev, 1922); <i>kurilensis</i> (Tokuda, 1932); <i>latastei</i> (J. A. Allen, 1903); <i>microtinus</i> (Kuzyakin, 1963) [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> siberica</i> (Poliakov, 1881); <i>sikotanensis </i>(Tokuda, 1935); <i>wosnessenskii</i> (Poliakov, 1881); <i>yesomontanus</i> (Kishida, 1931).","<p>Chromosomal and molecular evidence relates <i>M. rufocanus</i> most closely to Korean <i>M</i>. <i>regulus</i> and Japanese <i>M</i>. <i>rex</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>andersoni</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>smithii</i>,<i> </i>and <i>M</i>. <i>imaizumii </i>(Iwasa et al., 1999<i>a</i>; Suzuki et al., 1999<i>b</i>; Wakana et al., 1996); it is also morphologically similar to the Chinese <i>M</i>. <i>shanseius </i>(see that account). Allozymic (Mezhzherin and Serbenyuk, 1992) and chromosomal data (Sokolov et al., 1990) reveal <i>M</i>. <i>rufocanus</i> as highly differentiated from other <i>Myodes</i> sampled (<i>M</i>. <i>centralis</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>glareolus</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>gapperi</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>rutilus</i>). DNA/DNA hybridization and homologous landmark analyses also distantly isolate <i>M. rufocanus</i> from <i>M</i>. <i>glareolus</i> and New World <i>M</i>. <i>rutilus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>gapperi</i> (Din et al., 1993). <i>Myodes</i> <i>rufocanus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>rex</i> have rooted molars ... [truncated]","30","30-00316","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0307-0000-0316"
"13000317","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myodes","","rutilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1779","","Nova Spec. Quadr. Glir. Ord.","","","246","","","Northern Red-backed Vole","Russia, Siberia, center of Ob River delta.","Holarctic—in Old World, from N Scandinavia east to Chukotski Peninsula, and south to N Kazakhstan, Transbaikalia, Mongolia, N China (NW Xinjiang in the west, Nei Mongol and Ningxia in northcentral, and Jilin and Heilongjiang in the northeast; Zhang et al., 1997), extreme N Korean Peninsula (Won and Smith, 1999), and Sakhalin and Hokkaido Isls (Dobson, 1994; Henttonen and Peiponen, 1982; Nikanorov, 2000); St. Lawrence Isl, Bering Sea; in New World, from Alaska east to Hudson Bay, and south to N Alaska Panhandle, N British Columbia, and NE Manitoba, Canada.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alascensis</i>  (Miller, 1898); <i>albiventer</i> (Hall and Gilmore, 1932); <i>amurensis</i> (Schrenk, 1859); <i>baikalensis</i> (Ognev, 1924); <i>dawsoni</i> (Merriam, 1888); <i>dorogostaiskii</i> (Vinogradov, 1933) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>finmarchius</i> (Siivonen, 1967); <i>glacialis</i> (Orr, 1945); <i>hintoni</i> (Vinogradov, 1933) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>hintoni</i> (Zolotarev, 1936); <i>insularis</i> (Heller, 1910); <i>jacutensis</i> (Vinogradov, 1927); <i>jochelsoni</i> (J. A. Allen, 1903); <i>laticeps</i> (Ognev, 1924); <i>latigriseus</i> (Argyropulo and Afanasiev, 1939); <i>lenaensis</i> (Koljuschev, 1936); <i>mikado</i> (Thomas, 1905); <i>mollessonae</i> (Kastschenko, 1910); <i>narymensis</i> (Argyropulo and Afanasiev, 1939); <i>orca</i> (Merriam, 1900); <i>otus</i> (Turov, 1924); <i>parvidens</i> (Ognev, 1924); <i>platycephalus</i> (Manning, 1957); <i>rjabovi</i> (Beljaeva, 1953); <i>rossicus</i> (Dukelsky, 1928); <i>russatus</i> (Radde, 1862); <i>salairicus</i> (Egorin, 1936); <i>tugarinovi</i> (Vinogradov, 1933) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>tundrensis</i> (Bolshakov and Schwarz, 1965); <i>uralensis</i> (Vinogradov, 1933) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>uralensis</i> (Koljusch, 1936); <i>vinogradovi</i> (Naumov, 1933); <i>volgensis</i> (Kaplanov and Raevsky, 1928); <i>washburni</i> (Hanson, 1952); <i>watsoni</i> (Orr, 1945).","<p>Conspecificity of Old (<i>rutilus</i>) and New World (<i>dawsoni</i>) populations advanced by Rausch (1953) and corroborated by subsequent studies (e.g., Nadler et al., 1976, 1978; Rausch and Rausch, 1975<i>a</i>). Phylogenetic interpretation of allozymes indicates that <i>M</i>. <i>rutilus</i> is most closely related to <i>M</i>. <i>gapperi</i>, the two forming a monophyletic group along with <i>M</i>. <i>glareolus</i> <i>M</i>. <i>centralis</i> but excluding <i>M</i>. <i>rufocanus</i> (Mezhzherin and Serbenyuk, 1992). Analyses of autosomes (Iwasa et al., 1999<i>b</i>) and mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA (Suzuki et al., 1999<i>b</i>; Wakana et al., 1996) also emphasize the phyletic distance between <i>M</i>. <i>rutilus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>rufocanus</i> and its allies (<i>M</i>. <i>andersoni</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>smithii</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>rex</i>,<i> M</i>. <i>regulus</i>).</p><p>North American populations revised, as <i>Clethrionomys</i> <i>dawsoni</i>, by Orr (1945), and, as ... [truncated]","30","30-00317","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0307-0000-0317"
"13000318","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myodes","","shanseius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1908","","643","","","Shanxi Red-backed Vole","China, Shanxi, Chao Cheng Shan, ""Mo-er-Shan"" (= Mt Nanyanshan or Mt Guandi Shan), 9296 ft (2789 m); 37º54&#8242;N, 111º30&#8242;E (as fixed by Kaneko, 1992<i>c</i>:95).","NC China: C Nei Mongol, S Gansu, N Shanxi, N Shaanxi, Beijing, and Hebei provinces (Kaneko, 1992<i>c</i>; Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eothenomys shanseius</i>.","<i>jeholicus</i>  (Kuroda, 1939).","<p>Usually regarded as a subspecies of <i>rufocanus</i> (G. M. Allen, 1940; Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>; Howell, 1929; Wang, 2003; Ye et al., 2002). Because adults possess rootless molars, Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) reassociated <i>shanseius</i> with <i>Eothenomys</i>, an allocation followed by Corbet and Hill (1992), Musser and Carleton (1993), and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Karyotype matches that of other <i>Myodes</i> (Ma and Jiang, 1996). Species revised by Kaneko (1992<i>c</i>), as <i>Eothenomys</i> <i>shanseius</i>, who judged the holotype of <i>jeholicus</i> to be a young example.</p><p>Pelage texture, hair length, and color pattern in <i>shanseius</i>, however, are typical of species of <i>Myodes</i>, strikingly unlike the dark brown, short-furred <i>Eothenomys</i> (comparative series in AMNH and USNM). Like other <i>Myodes</i>, female <i>shanseius</i> have four pairs of mammae (one pectoral, one axillary, a... [truncated]","30","30-00318","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0307-0000-0318"
"13000319","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myodes","","smithii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","15","","493","","","Smith’s Red-backed Vole","Japan, Honshu, Hyogo Prefecture, Kobe.","Japanese islands of Dogo, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu (Kaneko, 1992<i>b</i>, 1994).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Phaulomys smithii.</i>","<i>kageus</i>  (Imaizumi, 1957); <i>okiensis</i> (Tokuda, 1932).","<p>Type species of <i>Phaulomys</i> Thomas (1905<i>b</i>), diagnosed as a subgenus of <i>Evotomys</i>. Imaizumi (1949) transferred <i>Phaulomys</i> to <i>Eothenomys</i>, an action largely ignored (e.g., Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951) until adopted by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Aimi (1980). <i>Phaulomys</i> was reinstated as a genus, containing <i>andersoni</i> and <i>smithii</i>, by Kawamura (1988), who thought the two extant species with rootless molars (a key trait of <i>Eothenomys</i>) were derived from the middle Pleistocene <i>japonicus</i>, which has rooted molars. Molar and external traits also led Tanaka (1971) to recognize <i>Phaulomys</i> as a genus distinct from <i>Eothenomys</i>, primarily because <i>smithii</i> combined characteristics of both <i>Myodes</i> and <i>Eothenomys</i>. Chromosomal analyses of <i>smithii</i> suggest that <i>Myodes</i> and <i>Phaulomys</i> are derived from a common ancestor (Ando et al., 1988).</p><p>We (1993:532) previously recognized <i>Phaul... [truncated]","30","30-00319","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0307-0000-0319"
"13000320","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myopus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1910","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","52","","497","","<i>Myodes schisticolor</i> Lilljeborg, 1844.","","","","","","Lemmini. Conventionally treated as a genus until Chaline (1972) regarded the molar differences between <i>schisticolor</i> and <i>Lemmus</i> to reflect species-level distinctions (also Chaline and Mein, 1979; Chaline et al., 1989). Koenigswald and L. D. Martin (1984) also cited fundamental molar similarity for their arrangement of <i>Myopus</i> as a subgenus of <i>Lemmus</i>. Others, however, have maintained their generic segregation (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Jarrel and Fredga, 1993; Niethammer and Henttonen, 1982; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>), as we do here. Although <i>Lemmus</i> and <i>Myopus</i> share certain dental resemblances, they are readily distinguished by karyotype, a profoundly different sex chromosome mechanism, body size, fur coloration, morphology (feet, skull and eyes), habitat, and behavior (Jarrell and Fredga, 1993); such contrasts have not been addressed in a phylogenetic context along with other forms comprising these genus-g... [truncated]","30","30-00320","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0320"
"13000321","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Myopus","","schisticolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lilljeborg","1844","","Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. Stockholm","I","","33","","","Wood Lemming","Norway, Gulbrandsdal, N end of Mjosen, near Lillehammer.","Coniferous taiga zone from Norway and Sweden through Siberia to Kolyma River and Kamchatka (Nikanorov, 2000), south to the Altai Mtns, N Mongolia and NE China (N Heilongjiang and N Nei Mongol; Zhang et al., 1997), and the Sikhote Alin Range (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>); also a southern isolate in the Ural Mtns, near source of Ural River, about 450 km south of previously recorded limit at 58ºN.","IUCN – Near Threatened.","<i>middendorfii</i>  Vinogradov, 1922; <i>morulus</i> Hollister, 1912; <i>saianicus</i> Hinton, 1914; <i>thayeri</i> G. M. Allen, 1914; <i>vinogradovi</i> Skalon and Raevski, 1940.","<p>Described in detail by Miller (1912<i>a</i>) and Hinton (1926<i>a</i>); reviewed by Gromov and Polyakov (1977) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>, 1984). Intraspecific chromosomal variation and extraordinary genetic system of sex determination leading to female-biased sex ratio documented by Gropp et al. (1976), Kozlovskij (1986), Fredga et al. (1976, 1977, 1993), and Gileva and Fedorov (1991). Departures from the usual 2n = 32 documented for Siberian samples (Gileva et al., 1983; Kozlovsky, 1985), but the chromosomal difference does not signify more than a single species (Jarrell and Fredga, 1993). Genetic variation is low in populations from Western Siberia and Scandinavia (Fedorov, 1990, 1993; Fredga et al., 1993). Using isozyme analysis, Fedorov et al. (1994) recorded significant genetic divergence between the Fennoscandian, Western Siberian, and Eastern Siberian regions but little differentiation among populations within each. Age and geographic variation among Norwegian populations asse... [truncated]","30","30-00321","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0320-0000-0321"
"13000322","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Neodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Horsfield","1841","","A Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company","","","145-146 (as corrected by Kaneko and Smeenk, 1996; not Hodgson, 1849, as entrenched in the literature)","","<i>Neodon sikimensis </i>Horsfield, 1841.","","","","","<i>Bicunedens</i>  Hodgson, 1863.","<p>Arvicolini. Included in Pitymyini by Repenning et al. (1990) and Repenning (1992). Maintained as a genus by some specialists (Ellerman, 1941; Hinton, 1923, 1926<i>a</i>; Zagorodnyuk, 1990, 1992<i>c</i>), as a subgenus of <i>Pitymys</i> by others (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), or a subgenus of <i>Microtus</i> (G. M. Allen, 1940; Gromov and Erjabeva, 1995; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Hinton (1923, 1926<i>a</i>) enumerated cranial traits that characterize <i>Neodon</i> and considered it to be closely related to <i>Pitymys</i>, primarily based on the m1 occlusal pattern; species of Nearctic <i>Pitymys</i> and Palearctic <i>Terricola</i> (here treated as subgenera of <i>Microtus</i>) and <i>Neodon</i> <i>sikimensis</i> all possess this pitymyine m1 configuration (as defined by Repenning, 1992:65). Both <i>N. sikimensis</i> and pitymyine forms also have an elongate and complex M3, general... [truncated]","30","30-00322","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0322"
"13000323","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Neodon","","forresti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1923","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","11","9","156","","","Forrest’s Mountain Vole","S China, NW Yunnan, Divide between Mekong and Yangtze Rivers (27º30' N), 11,000-12,000 ft (3350-3660 m).","Extreme NW Yunnan, China (Hinton, 1923), and northernmost Burma (Ellerman, 1961), 3350-3660 m.","","","Morphologically close to <i>N</i>. <i>irene</i> but body size larger, pelage longer and darker (Hinton, 1923). Monographed as species by G. M. Allen (1940), but he noted that <i>forresti</i> may be only a southern subspecies of <i>irene</i>, as later recognized by Ellerman (1947<i>a</i>, 1961); <i>forresti</i> was subsequently arranged as a subspecies of <i>N. sikimensis </i>(Weigel, 1969). Intergradation between <i>forresti</i> and <i>irene</i> has never been demonstrated. None of the 112 specimens of <i>irene</i> we studied from NW Sichuan (see measurements in Lawrence, 1982), or those documented by G. M. Allen from S Gansu and N Yunnan, overlap in size with specimens of <i>forresti</i> of comparable age.","30","30-00323","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0322-0000-0323"
"13000324","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Neodon","","irene","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","90","5","","","Irene’s Mountain Vole","China, Sichuan, Tatsienlu.","High mountains in the Chinese provinces of E Qinghai, S Gansu, W Sichuan, NE Xizang, and NW Yunnan (G. M. Allen, 1940; Feng et al., 1986; Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Microtus irene</i>.","<i>oniscus</i>  Thomas, 1911.","Member of the <i>sikimensis</i> species group (Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Ellerman (1941, 1947<i>b</i>, 1961) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) listed <i>irene</i> as a valid species, but Weigel (1969) allocated it to <i>Pitymys sikimensis</i> as did Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), citing Gruber’s (1969) ""detailed study"" as substantiation. However, the union of <i>irene</i> and <i>sikimensis</i> is insufficiently demonstrated by Gruber’s study, whose data actually underscore the trenchant differences in size and dentition between the two. Ellerman (1947<i>b</i>, 1961) highlighted these marked differences in body size and m1 patterns in his keys and descriptions, contrasts reinforced by Feng et al. (1986), who recorded <i>irene</i> from NE Tibet and <i>sikimensis</i> just to the west, without evidence of character overlap. Lawrence (1982) recorded localities and habitat information for a large AMNH series of <i>N. irene </i>collected in Qionglai Shan (2900-3660 m), Sichuan.","30","30-00324","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0322-0000-0324"
"13000325","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Neodon","","juldaschi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Severtzov","1879","","Sap. Turk. Otd. Obsh.Lubit. Estestv.","1","","63","","","Juniper Mountain Vole","NE Tajikistan, Pamir Mtns, Kara-Kul Lake basin, near Aksu.","W Tien Shan (Talasskiy Altai), south to Gissar and Turkestan ranges in E Tajikistan and SW Kyrgyzstan and east though the Pamir Mtns in E Tajikistan to NW Xizang (Tibet; Feng et al, 1986) and SW Xinjiang (Zhang et al., 1997); farther south in N Pakistan (Roberts, 1977) and NE Afghanistan (Hassinger, 1973; Niethammer, 1970).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Microtus juldaschi</i>.","<i>carruthersi</i> Thomas, 1909; <i>pamirensis</i> Miller, 1899; <i>thalassensis </i>Sludsky, 1988 [<i>nomen nudum</i>; see Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998];<i> yuldaschi </i>(Severtzov, 1879) [original spelling but alteration to <i>juldaschi</i> unclear; see Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>].","<p>M3 occlusal patterns range from slightly more elaborate than <i>Allophaiomys</i> to a configuration resembling <i>N. sikimensis</i> (see Hinton, 1923; Nadachowski and Zagorodnyuk, 1996). The taxon <i>carruthersi</i> was treated as a separate species (Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Ognev, 1964) until synonymized with <i>juldaschi</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>), a synonymy thereafter observed (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Bolshakov and Pokrovskii (1969) questioned the morphological distinction of <i>carruthersi</i> and <i>juldaschi</i> and demonstrated unhindered hybridization between the two with completely fertile offspring. Gromov and Polyakov (1977), however, remained skeptical, noting that Bolshakov and Pokrovskii’s sample of <i>carruthersi</i> was not topotypic (Tajikistan, Gissar Mtns, 100 miles east of Samarkand, 9000-10,000 ft) but from the M... [truncated]","30","30-00325","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0322-0000-0325"
"13000326","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Neodon","","sikimensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1841","","A Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company","","","145-146 (as corrected by Kaneko and Smeenk, 1996; not Hodgson, 1849, as entrenched in the literature)","","","Sikkim Mountain Vole","India, Sikkim.","Himalayas from W to E Nepal (based on FMNH series), through NE India (Sikkim and Darjeeling Dist.) to E Bhutan (Ellerman, 1947<i>a</i>, 1961); also SC and E Xizang (Tibet; Feng et al., 1986; Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Microtus sikimensis</i>.","<i>thricolis</i> (Gray, 1863).","Geographic distribution of <i>N. sikimensis</i> on the E Tibetan Plateau is parapatric with the smaller-bodied and morphologically different <i>N.</i> <i>irene</i> (see account), once included in <i>N. sikimensis</i>. Banded karyotype (2n = 48, FN = 56) described by Mekada et al. (2002), who postulated its derivation from that characterizing <i>N</i>. <i>juldaschi</i> (as <i>Microtus carruthersi</i>). Indian population reviewed by Agrawal (2000); aspects of habitat, individual and age variation reported by Abe (1971) and Gruber (1969).","30","30-00326","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0322-0000-0326"
"13000327","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Neofiber","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","True","1884","","Science","4","","34","","<i>Neofiber alleni</i> True, 1884.","","","","","<i>Schistodelta</i>  Cope, 1899.","Neofibrini. A relictual form once more widespread in the E USA (Frazier, 1977; Hibbard and Dalquest, 1973). Although sometimes placed with Ondatra in Ondatrini (Chaline and Mein, 1979; Repenning et al., 1990), various morphological features suggest a more distant relationship (Carleton, 1981; Hooper and Hart, 1962; Koenigswald, 1980), as does some fossil evidence (R. A. Martin, 1975; Zakrzewski, 1974). Alternatively, Neofiber either has been cited as Arvicolinae incertae sedis (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Koenigswald, 1980; Kretzoi, 1969) or affiliated with Arvicola and Microtus in a broadly-defined Arvicolini (Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Also see remarks under Ondatra.","30","30-00327","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0327"
"13000328","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Neofiber","","alleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1884","","Science","4","","34","","","Round-tailed Muskrat","USA, Florida, Brevard Co., Georgiana.","Most of peninsular Florida, extralimitally in extreme SE Georgia and Florida panhandle, USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>apalachicolae</i>  Schwartz, 1953; <i>exoristus</i> Schwartz, 1953<i> nigrescens</i> A. H. Howell, 1920; <i>struix</i> Schwartz, 1952.","Geographic races initially delimited by Schwartz (1953), but Whitaker and Hamilton (1998) recommended <i>nigrescens</i> and <i>struix</i> as synonyms of <i>N</i>. <i>a</i>. <i>alleni</i>. See Birkenholz (1972, Mammalian Species, 15).","30","30-00328","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0327-0000-0328"
"13000329","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Ondatra","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Link","1795","","Beytrage zur Naturgeschichte","1","2","76","","<i>Castor zibethicus</i> Linnaeus, 1766.","","","","","<i>Fiber</i>  G. Cuvier, 1800; <i>Moschomys</i> Billberg, 1827; <i>Mussacus</i> Oken, 1816; <i>Neondatra</i> Hibbard, 1937; <i>Pliopotamys</i> Wilson, 1933; <i>Simotes</i> Fischer, 1817.","Ondatrini. Assigned either as sole tribal member (Hooper and Hart, 1962; Koenigswald, 1980) or with <i>Neofiber</i> (Chaline and Mein, 1979; Repenning et al., 1990); or placed in subtribe Ondatrina, Arvicolini (Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Based on allozymic analysis, Mezhzherin et al. (1995) recognized Ondatrini as the first group to have diverged from the basal arvicoline stock during the late Miocene. Evidence from fossil history and morphology indicates that the two genera of ""muskrats"" are more distantly related than their inclusion in the same tribe would connote (Carleton, 1981; Hooper and Hart, 1962; Koenigswald, 1980; R. A. Martin, 1975, 1979); analysis of long interspersed nucleotide elements, on the other hand, unites <i>Ondatra</i> and <i>Neofiber</i> as sister genera (Modi, 1996). Originated from the Pliocene form <i>Pliopotamys minor</i> (Eshelman, 1975; Zakrzewski, 1974); Pliocene-Pleistocene changes in dentition and size (""chronomorphs"") leading to extant species are... [truncated]","30","30-00329","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0329"
"13000330","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Ondatra","","zibethicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","79","","","Common Muskrat","E Canada.","North America, north to the treeline, including Newfoundland; south to the Gulf of México, Rio Grande and lower Colorado River valleys. Introduced to Czech Republic in 1905 and now widespread in the Palearctic, including C and N Europe, most of Ukraine, Russia, and Siberia, adjacent parts of Mongolia and scattered throughout China, NE Korea, and Honshu Isl, Japan (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995, for Eurasian range; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999, for European range); also into southernmost Argentina (Galliari et al., 1996; Olrog and Lucero, 1981).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>O. z. ripensis</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albus</i>  (Sabine, 1823); <i>americana</i> Tiedemann, 1808; <i>aquilonius</i> (Bangs, 1899); <i>bernardi</i> Goldman, 1932; <i>cinnamominus</i> (Hollister, 1910);<i> hudsonius</i> (Preble, 1902); <i>goldmani</i> Huey, 1938;<i> maculosa</i> (Richardson, 1829); <i>macrodon</i> (Merriam, 1897); <i>mergens</i> (Hollister, 1910);<i> niger</i> (Fitzinger, 1867);<i> niger</i> (Brass, 1911);<i> nigra</i> (Richardson, 1829); <i>obscurus</i> (Bangs, 1894); <i>occipitalis</i> (Elliot, 1903); <i>osoyoosensis</i> (Lord, 1863); <i>pallidus</i> (Mearns, 1890); <i>ripensis</i> (Bailey, 1902); <i>rivalicius</i> (Bangs, 1895); <i>spatulatus</i> (Osgood, 1900);<i> varius</i> (Fitzinger, 1867); <i>zalophus</i> (Hollister, 1910).","<p>Subspecific classification revised, under the name <i>Fiber</i>, by Hollister (1911); Whitaker and Hamilton (1998) regarded <i>macrodon</i> as inseparable from <i>O</i>. <i>z</i>. <i>zibethicus</i>. Comprehensive summaries of systematics, ecology, population biology, and economic status provided by Pietsch (1982), Perry (1982), and Sokolov and Lavrov (1993). Correlation between masticatory muscles and cranial architecture monographed by Vendeloo (1953). Viriot et al. (1993) used digital imaging to analyze molar ontogeny and wear effects in extant samples; the technique may quantitatively refine the evolutionary chronocline as traced in the stratigraphic record (e.g., Chaline et al., 1999; R. A. Martin, 1996).</p><p>History of introductions, mostly for fur farming, and early population spread in Eurasia and USA reviewed by Storer (1937) and Willner (1984). Recent faunal studies—including records of introduction, distribution, and population expansion—collectively underscore the muskr... [truncated]","30","30-00330","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0329-0000-0330"
"13000331","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Phaiomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blyth","1863","","J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal","32","1","89","","<i>Phaiomys leucurus</i> Blyth, 1863.","","","","","","<p>Arvicolini. Variably recognized as a genus (Ellerman, 1941; Hinton, 1923, 1926<i>a</i>; R. A. Martin, 1987, 1989<i>b</i>; Repenning, 1992; Repenning et al., 1990); a subgenus of <i>Microtus</i> (G. M. Allen, 1940; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Ognev, 1950); a subgenus of <i>Pitymys</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman, 1947<i>a</i>, 1961; Zheng and Wang, 1980); or a subgenus of <i>Neodon</i> (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Zagorodnyuk, 1990, 1992<i>c</i>). Nadachowski and Zagorodnyuk (1996) identified <i>Phaiomys leucurus</i> as a Pleistocene relict because its M3 and m1 occlusal patterns are simple and closely similar to the extinct <i>Allophaiomys</i>. Chaline (1987:253) proclaimed that ""an isolate of the ancestral <i>Allophaiomys pliocaenicus </i>stayed in the Himalayas and survives as <i>Phaiomys leucurus</i>."" R. A. Martin (1987, 1989<i>b</i>) thought the m1 patterns in <i>Allophaiomys pliocaenicus </i>and <i>Phaiomys</i> to be so similar that he incl... [truncated]","30","30-00331","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0331"
"13000332","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Phaiomys","","leucurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1863","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","32","","89","","","Blyth’s Mountain Vole","NW India, Ladakh, near Lake Chomoriri (= Tsomoriri).","Chinese provinces of S Xinjiang (Zhang et al., 1997), S Qinghai (Zheng and Wang, 1980) and Xizang (Feng et al., 1986) on the Tibetan Plateau (Hoffmann, 1996<i>a</i>), and high altitudes in the Himalayas west to NW India (Jammu, Kashmir, and Himachal Pradesh, above 4500 m; Agrawal, 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Microtus leucurus</i>.","<i>blythi</i> (Blanford, 1875); <i>everesti</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1922; <i>petulans</i> (Wroughton, 1911); <i>strauchi</i> (Büchner, 1889); <i>tsaidamensis </i>(Satunin, 1903); <i>waltoni</i> (Bonhote, 1905); <i>zadoensis</i> (Zheng and Wang, 1980).","Revised by Zheng and Wang (1980); allocation of <i>tsaidamensis</i> to <i>P. leucurus</i> documented by Hoffmann (1996<i>a</i>). Hoffmann provided a detailed historical review of expeditionary routes and collection sites of <i>P. leucurus</i> on the Tibetian Plateau, and recorded places of sympatry with <i>Lasiopodomys fuscus</i> (formerly included in <i>leucurus</i>). Feng et al. (1986) also discussed and mapped distribution on the Tibetan Plateau (molar rows they illustrate are either incorrectly drawn or from another vole). Zheng and Wang (1980) recognized <i>leucurus</i>, <i>waltoni</i>, and <i>zadoensis</i> as subspecies. The older <i>leucurus</i> Gerbe, 1852, is a synonym of <i>nivalis</i>, a species transferred from <i>Microtus</i> to <i>Chionomys</i> (see that account). Should <i>nivalis</i> ever be returned to <i>Microtus</i>, the name <i>blythi</i> would have to replace <i>leucurus</i>, a doubtful eventuality considering the great phylogenetic distance between <i>Chionomys</i... [truncated]","30","30-00332","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0331-0000-0332"
"13000333","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Phenacomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","2","","32","","<i>Phenacomys intermedius</i> Merriam, 1889.","","","","","<i>Propliophenacomys</i>  L. D. Martin, 1975.","<p>Phenacomyine. Apart from <i>Arborimus</i>, nearest generic kin uncertain—placed as Arvicolinae <i>incertae sedis</i> (Chaline et al., 1999; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977); or with Phenacomyini, including <i>Arborimus</i> (Zagorodnyuk, 1990); Arvicolini, including <i>Phaiomys</i> and certain extinct genera (Repenning et al., 1990); or Myodini (McKenna and Bell, 1997). The rooted molars and lack of cement in reentrant angles are plesiomorphic traits that suggest an early differentiation of <i>Phenacomys</i> within the arvicoline radiation, and paleontologists have proposed its origin from a lineage of Beringian <i>Mimomys</i> in the early Pliocene (Repenning and Grady, 1988; Repenning et al. 1987). Early cladistic separation is also suggested by phylogenetic analysis of highly repetitive DNA (LINE-1) elements, in which <i>Phenacomys</i> forms an unresolved basal trichotomy with <i>Dicrostonyx</i> and a third branch subtending seven other genera surveyed (Modi, 1996). Revised by Howell (19... [truncated]","30","30-00333","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0333"
"13000334","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Phenacomys","","intermedius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","2","","32","","","Western Heather Vole","Canada, British Columbia Prov., 20 mi (32 km) NNW Kamloops.","NW British Columbia and SW Alberta, Canada, south to N New Mexico, C Utah, and N California, USA; disjunct populations in EC California and W Nevada, USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>celsus</i>  A. B. Howell, 1923;<i> constablei</i> J. A. Allen, 1899; <i>laingi</i> Anderson, 1942; <i>levis</i> A. B. Howell, 1923;<i> olympicus</i> Elliot, 1899; <i>oramontis</i> Rhoads, 1895;<i> orophilus</i> Merriam, 1891;<i> preblei</i> Merriam, 1897; <i>pumilus</i> (Elliot, 1899);<i> truei</i> J. A. Allen, 1894.","Howell (1926) originally recognized three species (<i>intermedius</i>, <i>mackenzii</i>, and <i>ungava</i>) of heather voles, later reduced to two (<i>intermedius</i> and <i>ungava</i> including <i>mackenzii</i>) by Anderson (1942, 1947). Crowe (1943) further lumped all under <i>intermedius</i> based on suspected intergrades from SW Alberta, and the recognition of a single species has been generally followed (e.g., Banfield, 1974; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Hall and Cockrum, 1953) but not exclusively so (Cowan and Guiguet, 1965; Miller and Kellogg, 1955; Peterson, 1966). Foster and Peterson (1961) questioned Crowe’s appreciation of age-effects in his identification of the alleged intergrades between <i>intermedius</i> and <i>ungava</i>. As remarked by Cowan and Guiguet (1965), the matter of their synonymy ""requires more detailed examination before a decision can be reached,"" an appraisal which stands equally valid today. See McAllister and Hoffmann (1988, Mammalian Species, 305, including ... [truncated]","30","30-00334","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0333-0000-0334"
"13000335","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Phenacomys","","ungava","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","2","","35","","","Eastern Heather Vole","Canada, Quebec Prov., Fort Chimo, near Ungava Bay.","S Yukon across much of Canada to E Labrador; southwards skirting the E Rocky Mountains to S Alberta, along the N Great Lakes and lower St. Lawrence River, SE Quebec.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>celatus</i>  Merriam, 1889; <i>crassus</i> Bangs, 1900;<i> latimanus</i> Merriam, 1889; <i>mackenzii</i> Preble, 1902; <i>soperi</i> Anderson, 1942.","See remarks under <i>P</i>. <i>intermedius</i> and McAllister and Hoffmann (1988) on proper usage of <i>ungava</i> for this form. Distributional limits in late Pleistocene much farther south, as far as N Arkansas, C Tennessee, and Virginia (Graham and Lundelius, 1994).","30","30-00335","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0333-0000-0335"
"13000336","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Proedromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","90","4","","<i>Proedromys bedfordi</i> Thomas, 1911.","","","","","","Arvicolini. Although included in <i>Microtus</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), most systematists have maintained <i>Proedromys</i> as genus (G. M. Allen, 1940; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>; Wang et al., 1966; Zhang et al., 1997). The taxon’s diagnostic traits, as enumerated by Thomas (1911<i>d</i>— massive cranium with wide, heavy, and grooved upper incisors and remarkably short lower incisors, and molar peculiarities), identify it as an independent lineage derived from some as yet unidentified ancestral arvicoline stock. Gromov and Polyakov (1977) considered <i>Proedromys</i> a relict of unidentifiable affinites, and Repenning (1992:65), based on molar occlusal patterns, speculated that ""an origin out of <i>Allophaiomys</i> or early <i>Lasiopodomys</i> seems apparent but is not as yet documented.""","30","30-00336","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0336"
"13000337","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Proedromys","","bedfordi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","90","4","","","Duke of Bedford’s Vole","China, S Gansu, 60 mi (97 km) SE Minchow.","Recorded from S Gansu and N Sichuan (Wang et al., 1966; Zhang et al., 1997), China.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","The only extant species of the genus. Pleistocene fragments from Shanxi, Hebei, and Shandong provinces have been identified as <i>P</i>. cf. <i>bedfordi</i> (Zheng and Li, 1990).","30","30-00337","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0336-0000-0337"
"13000338","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Prometheomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Satunin","1901","","Zool. Anz.","24","","572","","<i>Prometheomys schaposchnikowi</i> Satunin, 1901.","","","","","","<p>Prometheomyini. The only extant member of an archaic line that most specialists isolate as a tribe within Arvicolinae (Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Hooper and Hart, 1962; Kretzoi, 1955, 1969; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Repenning et al. (1990), however, aligned <i>Prometheomys</i> with another presumed relic, <i>Ellobius</i>, in Prometheomyinae. A third view was offered by Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>) and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1998), who sequestered <i>Prometheomys</i> within its own subtribe of a broadly defined Prometheomyini (also <i>Alticola</i>, <i>Clethrionomys</i> [= <i>Myodes</i>], <i>Dicrostonyx</i>,<i> Dinaromys</i>, <i>Eolagurus</i>, <i>Eothenomys</i>, <i>Hyperacrius</i>, and <i>Lagurus</i> in other subtribes).</p><p>Fossil occurrences date from the late Pleistocene of W Asia (Agadzhanyan, 1993; McKenna and Bell, 1997). <i>Stachomys</i>, which ranged widely from Germany to the Lake Baikal region du... [truncated]","30","30-00338","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0338"
"13000339","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Prometheomys","","schaposchnikowi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1901","","Zool. Anz.","24","","572","","","Long-clawed Mole Vole","Georgia (Gruzinskaya), Caucasus Mtns, Gudaur, S of Krestovyi Pass, 6500 ft (as given by Ognev, 1963<i>b</i>).","Alpine zone of Caucasus Mtns, Georgia, and extreme NE Turkey (E Black Sea Mtns; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Cranial and dental morphology detailed by Hinton (1926<i>a</i>); chromosomal data summarized by Zima and Kral (1984<i>a</i>); karyotype in sample from NE Turkey reported by Colak et al. (1999).","30","30-00339","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0338-0000-0339"
"13000340","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Synaptomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Baird","1857","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","558","","<i>Synaptomys cooperi</i> Baird, 1857.","","","","","<i>Kentuckomys</i>  Koenigswald and L. D. Martin; 1984; <i>Metaxyomys</i> Zakrzewski, 1972; <i>Mictomys</i> True, 1894; <i>Praesynaptomys</i> Kowalski, 1977.","<p>Lemmini. Many taxonomic characters associate <i>Synaptomys</i> with the true lemmings (<i>Lemmus</i> and <i>Myopus</i>) in a clade, usually regarded as Lemmini and believed to represent an early line of arvicoline evolution (Carleton, 1981; Chaline and Graf, 1988; Conroy and Cook, 1999; Graf, 1982; Gromov and Polyakov, 1977; Hinton, 1926<i>a</i>; Hooper and Hart, 1962; Koenigswald, 1980). Fossil history reviewed by Koenigswald and L. D. Martin (1984), Abramson (1993), Fejfar and Repenning (1998), Kowalski (2001), and Martin et al. (2003). The last authors segregated <i>Synaptomys</i> (and <i>Mictomys</i> as genus), together with a European fossil (<i>Tobienia</i>), as Synaptomyini, apart from Lemmini (<i>Lemmus</i>, <i>Myopus</i>, and <i>Plioctomys</i>), both groups thought to be descendants from an ancestral <i>Mimomys</i> stock in the early Pliocene.</p><p>Although described as a genus, Miller (1896) arranged <i>Mictomys</i> as a subgenus of <i>Synaptomys</i>, as conventionally re... [truncated]","30","30-00340","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0340"
"13000341","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Synaptomys","Synaptomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Baird","1857","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","558","","<i>Synaptomys cooperi</i> Baird, 1857.","","","","","","","30","30-00341","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0340-0341"
"13000342","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Synaptomys","Mictomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","True","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00342","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0340-0342"
"13000343","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Synaptomys","Mictomys","borealis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1828","","Zool. J.","3","","517","","","Northern Bog Lemming","Canada, District of Mackenzie, Great Bear Lake, Fort Franklin.","Patchy occurrence in boreal habitats, from Alaska to N Washington, USA, eastwards across much of interior Canada to Labrador; disjunct range segment from Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, to C New Hampshire, USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>andersoni</i>  J. A. Allen, 1903; <i>artemisiae</i> Anderson, 1932;<i> bullatus</i> Preble 1902; <i>chapmani</i> J. A. Allen, 1903; <i>dalli</i> Merriam, 1896; <i>innuitus</i> (True, 1894); <i>medioximus</i> Bangs, 1900; <i>smithi</i> Anderson and Rand, 1943; <i>sphagnicola</i> Preble, 1899; <i>truei</i> Merriam, 1896;<i> wrangeli</i> Merriam, 1896.","Subgenus <i>Mictomys</i>. Pleistocene records establish the species in the Great Basin, far to the south of its current range (see Mead et al., 1992).","30","30-00343","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0340-0342-0343"
"13000344","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Synaptomys","Synaptomys","cooperi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1857","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","558","","","Southern Bog Lemming","USA, New Hampshire, Carroll Co., Jackson (as fixed by Bole and Moulthrop, 1942:146).","Midwestern and E USA through SE Canada, including Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Isl; as far south as W North Carolina and NE Arkansas; outlying populations in SW Kansas, W Nebraska, and the Dismal Swamp region of SE Virginia-NE North Carolina.","IUCN – Extinct as <i>S. c. paludis </i>and <i>S. c. relictus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fatuus</i>  Bangs, 1896; <i>gossii</i> (Coues, 1877); <i>helaletes</i> Merriam, 1896; <i>jesseni</i> Long, 1987; <i>kentucki</i> Barbour, 1956; <i>paludis</i> Hibbard and Rinker, 1942; <i>relictus</i> Jones, 1958;<i> saturatus</i> Bole and Moulthrop, 1942; <i>stonei</i> Rhoads, 1893.","Subgenus <i>Synaptomys</i>. Geographic diversification within the species evaluated by Wetzel (1955), who refined the subspecific arrangement. Geographic variation among populations in the C Great Plains studied by Wilson and Choate (1997), who retained subspecies defined within the region and commented upon the conservation status of the relictual races (<i>paludis</i> and <i>relictus</i>) isolated at the western margin of the species distribution; for new range reports and biogeographic discussion of populations (<i>helaletes</i>) at the eastern periphery of the species distribution, see Lee and Clark (1993) and Clark et al. (1993). Using landmark data, Courant et al. (1997) demonstrated stronger convergence in cranial shape between <i>S</i>. <i>cooperi</i> and surface dwelling voles like <i>Myodes</i> rather than its lemming relatives. See Linzey (1983, Mammalian Species, 210).","30","30-00344","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0340-0341-0344"
"13000345","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Volemys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Zagorodnyuk","1990","","Vestn. Zool.","2","","28","","<i>Microtus musseri</i> Lawrence, 1982.","","","","","","<p>Arvicolini. <i>Volemys</i> circumscribes two species restricted to the alpine-subalpine zone in S China that may be part of an older fauna (Lawrence, 1982). Both have traditionally been placed in <i>Microtus</i>, although their phylogenetic relationships were regarded as obscure or equivocal (G. M. Allen, 1940; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Corbet and Hill (1992) did not recognize <i>Volemys</i>, and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>) arranged it as a subgenus of <i>Microtus</i>. In his generic description, Zagorodnyuk (1990) added two other species: Taiwanese <i>kikuchii</i> and <i>clarkei</i> from the mountains of Yunnan, N Burma, and SE Tibet. Phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome <i>b </i>sequences demonstrated that <i>kikuchii</i> is sister-species of <i>M</i>.<i> oeconomus</i> (Conroy and Cook, 2000<i>a</i>), within a clade embracing<i> M</i>. <i>montebelli</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>middendorffii</i>, and <i>M</i>. <i>fortis</i>, all members of <i>Microtus</i>, subgenus <i>Alexandromys</i> (see accou... [truncated]","30","30-00345","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0345"
"13000346","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Volemys","","millicens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","100","49","","","Sichuan Vole","China, NW Sichuan, Weichoe, Si-ho River Valley, 12,000 ft (3658 m).","Known only from the type locality and SE Xizang, Tibet (Feng et al., 1986).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Detailed descriptions provided by Thomas (1911<i>e</i>), G. M. Allen (1940), and Ellerman (1961); Lawrence (1982) described traits that distinguish it from <i>V</i>. <i>musseri</i>. Gromov and Polyakov (1977) provisionally allocated <i>millicens</i> to subgenus <i>Neodon</i> of <i>Microtus</i>. Feng et al. (1986) identified ten specimens from SE Xizang (Tibet) as <i>millicens</i>, although their measurements average larger than those of the type series (compare Feng et al., 1986:396, with Lawrence, 1982:16). All of the Tibetan specimens are morphologically similar to <i>V. millescens</i>, not <i>V. musseri</i>, according to Darrin Lunde (pers. comm., 2004) who examined the sample at IZAS in Beijing. The locality of <i>millicens</i> mapped by Zhang et al. (1997) in S Yunnan needs verification; the site is more plausible for <i>Microtus</i> <i>clarkei</i>.","30","30-00346","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0345-0000-0346"
"13000347","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Arvicolinae","","Volemys","","musseri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lawrence","1982","","Am. Mus. Novit.","2745","","6","","","Marie’s Vole","China, W Sichuan, Qionglai Shan, 30 mi (48 km) W Wenquan, 9000 ft (2743 m).","Qionglai Shan, W Sichuan, 2318-3660 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Lawrence (1982) located the type locality of <i>V</i>.<i> musseri</i> about 35 miles southwest from that of <i>V</i>.<i> millicens</i>, the two separated by the Chehshieh Shan. The 45 examples of <i>V. musseri</i> were trapped in the same lines as <i>Neodon irene</i> and <i>Eothenomys melanogaster</i> (Lawrence, 1982).","30","30-00347","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0154-0000-0345-0000-0347"
"13000348","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer","1817","","Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow","5","","372","","","","","","","Cricetini Fischer, 1817 (Cricetinorum Fischer, 1817; Cricetina Gray, 1825; Cricetinae Murray, 1866; Cricetidae Rochebrune, 1883; Criceti Winge, 1887; Cricetoidea Thaler, 1966); Ischymomyini Topachevskii, 1992.","<p>Carleton and Musser (1984) diagnosed the subfamily using morphological traits and reviewed general characters, major fossil groups, and past association with New World sigmodontines. Living hamsters form a monophyletic group bounded by unambiguously derived morphological traits. Their cladistic integrity is reinforced by phylogenetic analysis of nuclear gene sequences (Michaux and Catzeflis, 2000; Michaux et al., 2001<i>b</i>), which associate hamsters as a monophyletic clade within a major lineage that includes Neotominae and Arvicolinae (and Myospalacinae, but see that subfamily), apart from other muroid groups.</p><p>Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:88) noted that ""generic divisions within the group are rather unstable and a fresh, comprehensive classification is required,"" a conclusion we echo after studying specimens and literature. One of these problematic divisions is <i>Cricetulus</i>, and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:90) acknowledged that some species are frequently placed in <i>Allocricetulus... [truncated]","30","30-00348","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348"
"13000349","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Allocricetulus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Argyropulo","1932","","Trudy Zoologich. Inst. AN SSSR","1","","242 (<i>fide</i> Pavlinov, 2002, in litt.)","","<i>Cricetus</i> <i>eversmanni</i> Brandt, 1859.","","","","","","Considered valid as a subgenus of <i>Cricetulus</i> by Ellerman (1941, 1961) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","30","30-00349","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0349"
"13000350","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Allocricetulus","","curtatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1925","","Am. Mus. Novit.","179","","3","","","Mongolian Hamster","China, W Nei Mongol, Iren Dabasu (= Ehrlien).","Mongolian steppes north of the Altai and in adjacent China in NW Xinjiang, N Gansu, N Ningxia (Qin, 1991), Anhui (Liu et al., 1985), and Nei Mongol; see Zhang et al. (1997, mapped as <i>C. eversmanni</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Although some systematists have treated <i>curtatus</i> as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>eversmanni</i> (G. M. Allen, 1940; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Ma et al., 1987), most have continued to recognize it as a separate species (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). A fresh perspective is required to validate its specific status.","30","30-00350","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0349-0000-0350"
"13000351","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Allocricetulus","","eversmanni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brandt","1859","","Melanges. Biol. Acad. St. Petersbourg","","","210","","","Eversmann’s Hamster","Russia, Orenburg Oblast, near Orenburg.","Steppes of N Kazakhstan from Volga River to the upper Irtysh River at Zaysan Lake in E Kazakhstan; also N Xinjiang Prov., NW China (Wang, 2003).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>beljawi</i>  (Argyropulo, 1933); <i>belajevi</i> (Selevin, 1934); <i>beljaevi</i> (Kuznetzov, 1944); <i>microdon</i> (Ognev, 1925); <i>pseudocurtatus </i>Vorontsov and Kryukova, 1969 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","See Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) for allocation of <i>pseudocurtatus</i>.","30","30-00351","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0349-0000-0351"
"13000352","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Cansumys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1928","","J. Mammal.","9","","244","","<i>Cansumys</i> <i>canus</i> G. M. Allen, 1928.","","","","","","Formerly considered a synonym of <i>Cricetulus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951) or <i>Tscherskia</i> (Carleton and Musser, 1984; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987). Ross (1988) underscored the combination of unusual pelage pattern, large body size, long hairy tail, and high-crowned (but rooted) selenodont-like molars that makes <i>Cansumys</i> unique among cricetines, and subsequent workers have supported its obvious generic separation from <i>Cricetulus</i> and <i>Tscherskia</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Zhang et al. (1997) recognized <i>canus</i> but retained <i>Cansumys</i> in <i>Cricetulus</i>, without explanation.","30","30-00352","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0352"
"13000353","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Cansumys","","canus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1928","","J. Mammal.","9","","245","","","Gansu Hamster","China, S Gansu Prov., Jonê (=Choni or Cho-Ni), ""around 2500 m"" (Corbet and Hill, 1992:393).","Known only from the type locality and possibly Henan Prov., NC and EC China; limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Viewed either as a form of <i>Cricetulus</i> <i>triton</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951) or as a valid species of <i>Cansumys</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1991, 1992; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Zhang et al. (1997) and Wang (2003) included Shaanxi Prov. within the distribution of <i>canus </i>(as a species of <i>Cricetulus</i> or <i>Cansumys</i>, respectively) because they regarded <i>ningshaanensis</i> as its subspecies; in fact, Song (1985) had described <i>ningshaanensis</i> from Shaanxi as a subspecies of <i>Tscherskia triton</i>. The tail in <i>ningshaanensis</i> has a longer white segment and is longer relative to head and body as compared with <i>triton</i>, but no other features in the original description implicate <i>ningshaanensis</i> as a form of <i>canus</i>. <i>Cansumys canus</i> possesses long semi-hypsodont molar rows (6.4-6.6 mm; based on the holotype and two topotypes in AMNH and FMNH), but <i>ningsha... [truncated]","30","30-00353","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0352-0000-0353"
"13000354","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Cricetulus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris)","7","","376","","<i>Cricetulus</i> <i>griseus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1867 (= <i>Mus barabensis</i> Pallas, 1773).","","","","","<i>Allocricetus</i> Schaub, 1930; <i>Cricetinus </i>Zdansky, 1928; <i>Moldavimus </i>Samson and Radulesco, 1973; <i>Urocricetus </i>Satunin, 1903.","See comments under subfamily. Genus documented from the late Miocene of Europe and early Pliocene of Asia (McKenna and Bell, 1997).","30","30-00354","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0354"
"13000355","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Cricetulus","","alticola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","19","","455","","","Ladak Dwarf Hamster","India, Ladak (Kashmir), Shushul, 13,500 ft (4115 m).","NE India in Jammu and Ladak (Agrawal, 2000), Nepal (Lim and Ross, 1992), and western part of Tibetan Plateau (Xizang) in China (Feng et al., 1986).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Conventionally recognized as a species (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Ellerman, 1941, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>), but Feng et al. (1986) considered <i>alticola</i> to be a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>kamensis</i> that occurs in W Xizang Prov. (an allocation followed by Zhang et al., 1997, and Wang, 2003).","30","30-00355","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0354-0000-0355"
"13000356","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Cricetulus","","barabensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1773","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","2","","704","","","Striped Dwarf Hamster","Russia, W Siberia, banks of Ob River, Kasmalinskii Bor (village in Altai Mtns; <i>fide</i> Pavlinov, 2002, in litt).","Steppes of S Siberia from Irtysh River to Ussuri region, south through Transbaikalia to Mongolia (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995), NE China (Zhang et al., 1997), and Korean Peninsula (Won and Smith, 1999).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ferrugineus</i> Argyropulo,<i> </i>1941:<i> fumatus </i>Thomas, 1909;<i> furunculus</i> (Pallas, 1779); <i>griseus</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1867) [not Kashkarov, 1923];<i> manchuricus</i> Mori, 1930 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>mongolicus</i> (Thomas, 1888); <i>obscurus</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1867); <i>pseudogriseus</i> Iskhakova, 1974 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>pseudogriseus</i> Orlov and Iskhakova, 1975; <i>tuvinicus</i> Iskhakova, 1974 [see Corbet, 1984, and Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>, for status of this name]; <i>xinganensis </i>Wang, 1980.","Status of <i>griseus</i> remains unsettled: originally described as a species (Milne-Edwards, 1867), later submerged as a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>barabensis</i> (G. M. Allen, 1940; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), then reelevated as distinct (Corbet and Hill, 1991; Malygin et al., 1992; Orlov and Iskhakova, 1975; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Wang, 2003). Orlov and Iskhakova (1975) had specifically separated <i>griseus </i>(2n = 22, FN = 38) from <i>C</i>. <i>barabensis</i> (2n = 20, FN = 38) and described the closely related <i>C</i>. <i>pseudogriseus </i>(2n = 24, FN = 38) based only on chromosomal traits. Kral et al. (1984) had difficulty in karyotypically characterizing the three because of the extensive homology among chromosomal arms and questioned their distinctiveness. Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) also discussed the problem and included <i>pseudogriseus</i> and <i>griseus</i> in <i>C</i>. <i>barabensis</i>, as did Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</... [truncated]","30","30-00356","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0354-0000-0356"
"13000357","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Cricetulus","","kamensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1903","","Ann. Zool. Mus. St. Petersbourg","7","","574","","","Tibetan Dwarf Hamster","China, NE Tibet (Xizang Prov.), Mekong Dist., Moktschjun River.","China, Tibetan Plateau (SE Xinjiang, Xizang, and adjacent parts of Qinghai and Gansu; Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kozlovi</i>  Satunin, 1903; <i>lama</i> Bonhote, 1905; <i>tibetanus </i>Thomas, 1922.","Some workers would include <i>alticola</i> as a subspecies (Feng et al., 1986; Wang, 2003; Zhang et al., 1997; see account of <i>C</i>. <i>alticola</i>). G. M. Allen (1940) treated <i>kozlovi</i> as a synonym of <i>C</i>. <i>barabensis</i>, and <i>lama</i> was listed as a species by Ellerman (1941) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951). See Wang and Zheng (1973) for the association of <i>kozlovi</i>, <i>lama</i>, and <i>tibetanus</i> as subjective synonyms of <i>C. kamensis</i>.","30","30-00357","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0354-0000-0357"
"13000358","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Cricetulus","","longicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mammifères","","","13","","","Long-tailed Dwarf Hamster","China, N Shanxi (Shansi), near Saratsi.","Altai and Tuva regions of Russia and Kazakhstan (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995), NW China (Xinjiang), Mongolia, and adjacent Chinese regions in Nei Mongol, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Henan, N Shanxi, Ningxia, N Sichuan, and N Xizang (Tibet); see Feng et al. (1986), Qin (1991), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wang (2003), and Zhang et al. (1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>andersoni</i>  Thomas, 1908; <i>chiumalaiensis </i>Wang and Cheng, 1973; <i>dichrootis </i>Satunin, 1902; <i>griseiventris</i> (Satunin, 1903) [not Thomas, 1917]; <i>kozhantschikovi</i> Vinogradov, 1927; <i>nigrescens </i>G. M. Allen, 1925.","G. M. Allen (1940) listed <i>dichrootis</i> as a synonym of <i>C. barabensis</i>, but Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) included it in <i>C. longicaudatus</i>. Revised by Wang and Zheng (1973).","30","30-00358","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0354-0000-0358"
"13000359","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Cricetulus","","migratorius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1773","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","2","","703","","","Gray Dwarf Hamster","W Kazakhstan, lower Ural River.","SE Greece, NW Romania, SE Bulgaria, and S European Russia (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999); eastwards through Kazakhstan to S Mongolia and N China (Xinjiang, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Gansu, and Qinghai; Qin, 1991; Wang, 2003; Zhang et al., 1997); southwards through Turkey (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001; Osborn, 1965; Pamukoglu and Albayrak, 1996) and Transcaucasia to Israel (Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov, 1999; Qumsiyeh, 1996), Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran (Lay, 1967), Afghanistan (Hassinger, 1973), Pakistan (Roberts, 1977), and N India (Jammu and Kashmir; Agrawal, 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>accedula</i>  (Pallas, 1779); <i>arenarius</i> (Pallas, 1773); <i>atticus</i> Nehring, 1902; <i>bellicosus</i> Scharleman, 1915; <i>caesius</i> Kashkarov, 1923; <i>cinerascens</i> (Wagner, 1848); <i>cinereus</i> Kashkarov, 1926; <i>coerulescens</i> (Severtzov, 1879); <i>elisarjewi</i> Afanasiev, 1953; <i>falzfeini</i> Matschie, 1918; <i>fulvus</i> (Blanford, 1875); <i>griseiventris</i> (Thomas, 1917) [not Satunin, 1902]; <i>griseus</i> (Kashkarov, 1923) [not Milne-Edwards, 1867]; <i>isabellinus</i> (de Filippi, 1865); <i>murinus</i> (Severtzov, 1876); <i>myosurus </i>Argyropulo, 1932 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> neglectus</i> Ognev, 1916; <i>ognevi</i> Argyropulo, 1932 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>ognevi </i>Argyropulo, 1941; <i>pamirensis</i> Ognev, 1923 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>phaeus</i> (Pallas, 1779); <i>pulcher</i> Ognev, 1924; <i>sviridenkoi</i> Pidoplitschka, 1928 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>tauricus</i> Satunin, 1908 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>vernula</i> Thomas, 1917; <i>zvierezombi</i> Pidoplitschka, 1928. (See Zagordnyuk, 1992<i>b</i>, for comments regarding scientific names applied to Ukranian samples).","Major compendia summarize the systematic biology of the species in Europe and Russia (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Niethammer, 1982<i>d</i>). Allozymic variation between <i>isabellinus </i>from Kopet Dag Mtns and <i>bellicosus</i> from Ukranian steppes discussed by Mezhzherin (2001<i>b</i>). <i>Cricetulus migratorius</i> has occurred in the southern Levant since 80,000-70,000 years before present and apparently replaced two fossil species (recorded as <i>Allocricetus</i>), <i>C. magnus</i> (70,000-60,000 years before present) and <i>C. jesreelicus </i>(not recorded later than 120,000 years before present) (Tchernov, 1992, 1994, and cited references). See Zagordnyuk (1992<i>b</i>), for comments regarding scientific names applied to Ukranian samples.","30","30-00359","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0354-0000-0359"
"13000360","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Cricetulus","","sokolovi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Orlov and Malygin","1988","","Zool. Zh.","67","","305","","","Sokolov’s Dwarf Hamster","W Mongolia, Bayan Hongor, SW shore Orog Nuur Lake (<i>fide</i> Pavlinov, 2002, in litt).","W and S Mongolia, C Nei Mongol of N China.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A species well defined by chromosomal and pelage traits (Malyguin et al., 1992; Orlov and Malygin, 1988). Samples from Mongolia had been identified as <i>C</i>. <i>obscurus</i> (Kral et al., 1984, and references therein; Orlov and Malygin, 1988); true <i>obscurus</i> is a form of <i>C</i>. <i>barabensis</i>.","30","30-00360","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0354-0000-0360"
"13000361","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Cricetus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Leske","1779","","Anfansgr. Naturg.","1","","168","","<i>Mus</i> <i>cricetus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Hamster</i>  Lacepède, 1799; <i>Heliomys </i>Gray, 1873.","Only one living species, but others are represented by fossils in an evolutionary radiation that dates from the middle Miocene of N Africa and late Miocene of Europe (McKenna and Bell, 1997).","30","30-00361","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0361"
"13000362","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Cricetus","","cricetus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","60","","","Common Hamster","Germany.","Belgium across C Europe, W Siberia, and N Kazakhstan to the upper Yenesei and Altai region and NW China (NW Xinjiang; Wang, 2003; Zhang et al., 1997); see Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999) for former European range.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albus</i>  Fitzinger, 1867; <i>babylonicus</i> Nehring, 1903; <i>canescens</i> Nehring, 1899; <i>frumentarius</i> Pallas, 1811; <i>fulvus</i> (Bechstein, 1801); <i>fuscidorsis</i> Argyropulo, 1932 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>fuscidorsis </i>Argyropulo, 1936; <i>germanicus</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>jeudii</i> (Gray, 1873); <i>latycranius</i> Ognev, 1923; <i>nehringi</i> Matschie, 1901; <i>niger</i> Fitzinger, 1867; <i>niger </i>Bogdanov, 1871 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> niger </i>(Simroth, 1906); <i>nigricans</i> (Lacépède, 1799) [not Brandt, 1832]; <i>polychroma</i> Krulikovski, 1916; <i>rufescens</i> Nehring, 1899; <i>stavropolicus</i> Satunin, 1907; <i>tauricus</i> Ognev, 1924; <i>tomensis</i> Ognev, 1924; <i>varius</i> Fitzinger, 1867; <i>vulgaris</i> Geoffroy, 1803 [see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:629].","Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999) recounted the drastic reduction in W Europe due to persecution and hunting. Other regional taxonomic synopses and chronicles of the species’ decline are available for the Netherlands (Lenders and Pelzers, 1982; Pelzers and Lenders, 1992), Sumava Mtns of SW Bohemia (And&#277;ra and &#268;ervený, 1994), Northrhine-Westphalia in Germany (Hutterer and Geiger-Roswora, 1997), Slovakia (Mošanský, 1994; Stanko and Mošanský, 2000), Slovenia (Kryštufek, 1991), Serbia and Montenegro (Petrov, 1992), and Czech Republic (Šmaha, 1996). Morphological variability among European samples evaluated by Grulich (1987<i>a, b</i>, 1991, and references therein). Recent reports emphasize conservation status and reintroduction attempts for various European countries (Godmann and Kasabi, 2001; Hellwig, 2001; Jordan, 2001; Losinger, 2001; Mercelis, 2001; Schreiber, 2001; Ulbrich and Kayser, 2001). Once present in the British Isles during the Pleistocene (Kowalski, 1967; Yalden, 1999). ... [truncated]","30","30-00362","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0361-0000-0362"
"13000363","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Mesocricetus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Nehring","1898","","Zool. Anz.","21","","49","","<i>Cricetus</i> <i>nigricans</i> Brandt, 1832 (= <i>Cricetus raddei</i> Nehring, 1894).","","","","","<i>Mediocricetus</i>  Nehring, 1898 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Semicricetus </i>Nehring, 1898 [<i>nomen nudum</i>; see Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>].","Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) recognized one extant species with six subspecies. Morphological and karyological differences, however, led Hamer and Schutowa (1965) to recognize four genetically isolated species (<i>auratus</i>, <i>brandti</i>, <i>newtoni</i>, and <i>raddei</i>). Popular checklists have recognized either three living species (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Corbet and Hill, 1991) or four living and one recently extinct (Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Pieper (1984) described <i>M. rathgeberi </i>based on Holocene fossils from the Greek island of Armathia (off coast of Kasos Isl between Kriti and Rodhos). Known from the late Pliocene of Asia and late Pleistocene of Europe (Kowalski, 2001; McKenna and Bell, 1997).","30","30-00363","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0363"
"13000364","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Mesocricetus","","auratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1839","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1839","","57","","","Golden Hamster","Syria, Aleppo.","Vicinity of type locality and SE Turkey.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Lyman and O’Brien (1977) discussed the geographic range of <i>auratus</i> and evidence for segregating it from <i>M. brandti</i>; also see Kryštufek and Vohralík (2001). Based upon chromosomal data, Do&#287;ramaci et al. (1994<i>b</i>) recorded <i>M. auratus</i> from SE Turkey, and Yi&#287;it et al. (2000<i>b</i>) later identified only one sample from 10 km E Kilis Prov., SE Turkey, after intensive survey efforts. They recorded <i>M. brandti</i> from throughout Turkey and contrasted its morphology and chromosomes (2n = 42, FN = 82 and 84) with those of <i>M. auratus</i> (2n = 44, FN = 82). Adler (1948) and Murphy (1985) recorded the origin of the laboratory stocks of <i>M. auratus </i>and history of their distributions to various laboratories in France, India, and the United States. Coronary arteries are described by Sans-Coma et al. (1993) and infraorbital glands by Kühnel (1983).","30","30-00364","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0363-0000-0364"
"13000365","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Mesocricetus","","brandti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nehring","1898","","Zool. Anz.","21","","331","","","Brandt’s Hamster","Georgia, near Tbilisi.","Anatolian Turkey and Black Sea Mtns in N Turkey, east into the Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995), and south to NW Iran (Lay, 1967), N Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and N Israel (Qumsiyeh, 1996, as <i>auratus</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>koenigi</i>  Nehring, 1898.","Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) reservedly included <i>brandti</i> in <i>M</i>. <i>auratus</i>, following the traditional view (Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951). Hamer and Schutowa (1965) earlier established the specific integrity of <i>M</i>. <i>brandti</i> and Lyman and O’Brien (1977) exhaustively revised the species; additional chromosomal data provided by Fang and Jagiello (1992). Population and range in C Anatolian Turkey documented by Spitzenberger (1972) and summarized by Kryštufek and Vohralík (2001). Yi&#287;it et al. (2000<i>b</i>) broadly inventoried <i>M. brandti</i> in Turkey and contrasted its morphology and karyotype with those of <i>M. auratus</i> in SE Turkey (see above account).","30","30-00365","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0363-0000-0365"
"13000366","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Mesocricetus","","newtoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nehring","1898","","Zool. Anz.","21","","329","","","Romanian Hamster","Bulgaria, Kolarovgrad (= Schumla or Shumen).","Restricted to right side of Danube River in SE Romania and N Bulgaria.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Systematic summaries and comparisons with other species are provided by Niethammer (1982<i>c</i>) and Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999); 2n = 38 (Raicu and Bratosin, 1965). Hosey (1982) postulated origin of this species around 20,000-10,000 years before present, resulting from dispersion of Near East <i>Mesocricetus</i> across a Bosphorus land bridge and subsequent isolation due to post-Pleistocene sea level increase.","30","30-00366","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0363-0000-0366"
"13000367","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Mesocricetus","","raddei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nehring","1894","","Zool. Anz.","18","","148","","","Ciscaucasian Hamster","Russia, N Caucasus, Dagestan, Samur River.","Russia, steppes along N slopes of Caucasus from Dagestan to Don River and Sea of Azov.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>avaricus</i>  Ognev and Heptner, 1927; <i>nigricans</i> (Brandt, 1832) [not Lacépède, 1799]; <i>nigriculus </i>Nehring, 1898.","Convincingly separated as a species on morphological and chromosomal grounds by Hamer and Schutowa (1965).","30","30-00367","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0363-0000-0367"
"13000368","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Phodopus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1910","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","52","","498","","<i>Cricetulus</i> <i>bedfordiae</i> Thomas, 1908 (= <i>Cricetulus roborovskii</i> Satunin, 1903).","","","","","<i>Cricetiscus</i> Thomas, 1917.","Chromosomal data reported by Spyropoulos et al. (1982) and Schmid et al. (1986). Fossil documentation only for the Pleistocene of Eurasia (McKenna and Bell, 1997).","30","30-00368","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0368"
"13000369","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Phodopus","","campbelli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","15","","322","","","Campbell’s Desert Hamster","NE Mongolia, Shaborte (see Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, for additional comments).","Transbaikalia in Russia, Mongolia, and adjacent China (W Xinjiang, N Hebei, and N Nei Mongol).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>crepidatus</i>  Hollister, 1912; <i>tuvinicus </i>Orlov and Iskharova, 1974 [see Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987:171].","Included in <i>P</i>. <i>sungorus</i> by some researchers (G. M. Allen, 1940; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Wang, 2003; Zhang et al., 1997), but regarded as distinct by others (Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Separation of <i>campbelli</i> is supported by chromosomal differences (Safronova et al., 1992).","30","30-00369","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0368-0000-0369"
"13000370","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Phodopus","","roborovskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1903","","Ann. Zool. Mus. St. Petersbourg","7","","571","","","Roborovski’s Desert Hamster","China, Nan Shan Mtns, upper part of Shargol Dzhin River.","Tuva (Russia) and E Kazakhstan; W and S Mongolia; adjacent regions of China from NW Xinjiang east through N Gansu, N Qinghai, Ningxia, N Shaanxi, N Shanxi, and Nei Mongolia to Liaoning and Jilin (Ma et al., 1987; Qin, 1991; Wang, 2003; Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bedfordiae</i>  (Thomas, 1908); <i>praedilectus</i> Mori, 1930 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>przewalskii </i>Vorontsov and Kriukova, 1969.","The status of <i>przewalskii</i> is discussed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987). G. M. Allen (1940) treated <i>bedfordiae</i> as a separate species, but most have included it in <i>P</i>. <i>roborovskii</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>).","30","30-00370","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0368-0000-0370"
"13000371","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Phodopus","","sungorus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1773","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","2","","703","","","Striped Desert Hamster","E Kazakhstan, 100 km west of Semipalatinsk, near Grachevsk.","E Kazakhstan and SW Siberia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Safronova et al. (1992) referenced chromosomal data to justify the separation of <i>campbelli </i>from <i>P. sungorus</i>.","30","30-00371","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0368-0000-0371"
"13000372","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Tscherskia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ognev","1914","","Moskva Dnev. Zool. otd. obsc. liub. jest.","2","","102","","<i>Tscherskia</i> <i>albipes</i> Ognev, 1914 (= <i>Cricetulus</i> <i>triton</i> de Winton, 1899).","","","","","<i>Asiocricetus</i>  Kishida, 1929.","Although many have included <i>Tscherskia</i> in <i>Cricetulus</i> (G. M. Allen, 1940; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Zhang et al., 1997), its distinctive morphology suggests distant relationship to the dwarf hamsters and generic segregation (Carleton and Musser, 1984; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Oldest records date to Late Pliocene of Europe (McKenna and Bell, 1997).","30","30-00372","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0372"
"13000373","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Cricetinae","","Tscherskia","","triton","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1899","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1899","","575","","","Greater Long-tailed Hamster","China, N Shantung.","Upper Ussuri, Russia; NE China from Heilongjiang and Nei Mongol southeast through Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, and Anhui (Liu et al., 1985) and west through Shanxi to Shaanxi (north and south of Qinling Mtns) (Wang, 2003; Zhang et al., 1997); also Korean Peninsula (Won and Smith, 1999).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albipes</i>  Ognev, 1914; <i>arenosus</i> (Mori, 1939) [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>bampensis</i> (Kishida, 1929) [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>collinus</i> (G. M. Allen, 1925); <i>fuscipes</i> (G. M. Allen, 1925); <i>incanus</i> (Thomas, 1908); <i>meihsienensis</i> (Ho, 1935); <i>nestor</i> (Thomas, 1907); <i>ningshaanensis</i> Song, 1985; <i>yamashinai</i> (Kishida, 1929) [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002].","G. M. Allen (1940) thoroughly redescribed the species, but whether one or more species are represented among the named forms remains to be resolved. Two sibling chromosomal species have been recognized (<i>albipes</i> and <i>triton</i>) but soon after refuted based on additional chromosomal data (see Corbet, 1984, and references therein). Song (1985) proposed <i>ningshaanensis</i> for a sample of <i>T</i>. <i>triton</i> from Shaanxi, but Wang (2003) and Zhang et al. (1997) listed it as a subspecies of <i>Cansumys canus</i> (see that account). Karyotypes and B chromosomes from several Chinese samples described by Wang et al (1999). A related fossil species, <i>T</i>. <i>rusa</i>, has been described from Holocene material in NW Iran (Storch, 1974), far outside the range of extant <i>Tscherskia</i>.","30","30-00373","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0348-0000-0372-0000-0373"
"13000374","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Lophiomyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Milne Edwards","1867","","Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","Memoires C","III","81-116","","","","","","","Lophiomides Milne Edwards, 1867 (Lophiomyidae Gill, 1872; Lophiomyoidea Gill, 1872; Lophiomyinae Thomas, 1896).","<p>See Carleton and Musser (1984) for diagnosis, general characterisitics, habits, and habitat. The unique morphological adaptations of <i>Lophiomys</i> have always been recognized at either the family or subfamily level. Past estimates of phylogenetic relationships, or rather uncertainty, were expressed by arranging <i>Lophiomys</i> in its own family (Alston, 1876; Ellerman, 1941; Gill, 1872; Reig, 1981; Tullberg, 1899) or in a subfamily of either Muridae (Carleton and Musser, 1984; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Thomas, 1896; Weber, 1904; Winge, 1924), Cricetidae (G. M. Allen, 1939; Chaline et al., 1977; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Miller and Gidley, 1918; Simpson, 1945),<b> </b>or Nesomyidae (Lavocat, 1973).</p><p>Lavocat (1973) regarded <i>Lophiomys</i> as a possible derivative from the Miocene Afrocricetodontinae. Wahlert (1984) postulated a close phylogenetic alliance, based upon dental morphology, between <i>Lophiomys</i> and <i>Cricetops</i> <i>dormitor</i> from the early Oligocene of Mo... [truncated]","30","30-00374","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0374"
"13000375","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Lophiomyinae","","Lophiomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","L’Institut, Paris","35","","46","","<i>Lophiomys</i> <i>imhausii</i> Milne-Edwards, 1867.","","","","","<i>Phractomys</i>  Peters, 1867; <i>Phragmomys</i> Peters, 1867.","Closest relatives are the fossil taxa noted in subfamily account.","30","30-00375","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0374-0000-0375"
"13000376","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Lophiomyinae","","Lophiomys","","imhausi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","L’Institut, Paris","35","","46","","","Maned Rat","Somalia (""Probably from African coast opposite Aden, where it was purchased,"" G. M. Allen, 1939:315; also see Thomas, 1910<i>c</i>:222).","E Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, NE Uganda, and W Tanzania (Kock and Künzel, 1999); sea level to 3300 m in Ethiopia (Yalden et al., 1976), in lowland forests in Djibouti (Pearch et al., 2001), but apparently restricted to mountain forest in Kenya and Uganda (Delany, 1975; Clausnitzer and Kityo, 2001; Hollister, 1919).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aethiopicus</i>  (Peters, 1867); <i>bozasi </i>Oustalet, 1902;<i> hindei </i>Thomas, 1910;<i> ibeanus</i> Thomas, 1910; <i>smithi</i> Rhoads, 1896; <i>testudo </i>Thomas, 1905;<i> thomasi</i> Heller, 1912.","Thomas (1910<i>c</i>) recognized four species of <i>Lophiomys</i>, but Ellerman (1940:636) noted that ""Thomas evidently came to the conclusion that all the East African ‘species’ were one, as there is a note in his tracts to this effect. I am inclined to go further and think that until more material comes to hand all forms must be treated as races of the earliest name <i>imhausi</i>."" G. M. Allen (1939:315) independently noted that ""All the recognizable forms are doubtless races of <i>L</i>.<i> imhausi</i>."" Ellerman’s view prevails today and has yet to be tested by careful taxonomic revision. Distribution in the isolated Harenna Forest, S Ethiopia, documented by Lavrenchenko (2000); range and habitat in Djibouti reported by Pearch et al. (2001); Kock and Künzel (1999) included a detailed map and list of all collection localities covering known range of the species, which is disjunct. No records exist in the Danakil Desert between Djibouti-Sudan and Ethiopia, or in the expansive arid r... [truncated]","30","30-00376","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0374-0000-0375-0000-0376"
"13000377","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","Proc. Philadelphia Acad. Sci","1894","","228","","","","","","","Baiomyini new tribe (see <i>Baiomys </i> account); Neotominae Merriam 1894 (Neotomini Vorontsov, 1959); Ochrotomyini new tribe (see <i>Ochrotomys </i>account); Onychomyini Vorontsov, 1959; Peromyscini Hershkovitz, 1966<i>b</i>; Reithrodontomyini Vorontsov, 1959.","<p>Merriam’s (1894) definition of the subfamily included North American woodrats and certain South American fossils with high-crowned molars (<i>Ptyssophorus</i> and <i>Tretomys</i>, now considered synonyms of <i>Reithrodon</i> by Pardiñas, 2000<i>a</i>). Usage as a formal subfamily was observed (e.g., Miller and Rehn, 1901; Miller, 1912<i>b</i>) until Miller and Gidley (1918) considered the genera to be members of a diverse Cricetinae, as did Ellerman (1940) and Simpson (1945). A broadened family-group concept reemerged in an informal way as the ""neotomine-peromyscines"" (Hooper, 1960; Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>a</i>; Carleton, 1980) and was eventually nomenclaturally recognized as distinct from sigmodontines, whether as a tribe (Hershkovitz, 1966<i>b</i>, as Peromyscini) or subfamily (Reig, 1980, 1981, as Neotominae). Phylogenetic diagnosis and cladistic demonstration of neotomine monophyly remain ambiguous based on taxonomically broad surveys of morphological traits (Carleton, 1973, ... [truncated]","30","30-00377","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377"
"13000378","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Baiomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","True","1893","1894","Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.","16","","758","","<i>Hesperomys taylori</i> Thomas, 1887.","","","","","","<p>Baiomyini new tribe. Type genus—<i>Baiomys</i> True, 1894. Definition—small terrestrial muroid rodents with tail shorter than head-and-body (Hooper, 1972; Osgood, 1909; Packard, 1960); hindfoot narrow with digits I and V short relative to II-IV, plantar pads 1 and 4 proximally positioned compared with 2-3 (Carleton, 1980; Osgood, 1909); cranium small but stoutly built, rostrum short, interorbit and braincase lacking ridges; interparietal compressed, wedge-shaped, not contacting squamosal; carotid circulation derived (character state 3 per Carleton, 1980); tegmen tympani adnate to squamosal (Voss, 1993), alisphenoid strut present; M3 cylindrical, less than ½ size of M2; vertebral column with 13 thoracic and 6 lumbar vertebrae, 1<sup>st</sup> rib articulating 7<sup>th</sup> cervical and 1<sup>st</sup> thoracic, humerus lacking entepicondylar foramen (Carleton, 1980); trochlear process of calcaneum distal (Carleton, 1980); two complete and five incomplete transverse palatal ridges (Car... [truncated]","30","30-00378","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0378"
"13000379","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Baiomys","","musculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1892","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","7","","170","","","Southern Pygmy Mouse","México, Colima, Colima.","SW Nayarit and C Veracruz, México, to NW Nicaragua, excluding Yucatán Peninsula and Caribbean tropical lowlands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brunneus</i>  (J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1897); <i>grisescens</i> Goldman, 1932; <i>handleyi</i> Packard, 1958; <i>infernatis</i> Hooper, 1952;<i> nebulosus</i> Goodwin, 1959; <i>nigrescens</i> (Osgood, 1904); <i>pallidus</i> Russell, 1952; <i>pullus</i> Packard, 1958.","See Packard and Montgomery (1978, Mammalian Species, 102).","30","30-00379","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0378-0000-0379"
"13000380","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Baiomys","","taylori","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","19","","66","","","Northern Pygmy Mouse","USA, Texas, Duval Co., San Diego.","SE Arizona and SW New Mexico (see Stuart and Scott, 1992), SW Oklahoma (see Tumlison et al., 1993), and E Texas (see Roberts et al., 1997), USA, south to Michoacán, C Hidalgo, and C Veracruz, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>allex</i>  (Osgood, 1904); <i>analogus</i> (Osgood, 1909); <i>ater</i> Blossom and Burt, 1942; <i>canutus</i> Packard, 1960; <i>fuliginatus</i> Packard, 1960; <i>paulus</i> (J. A. Allen, 1903); <i>subater</i> (Bailey, 1905).","Range expanding northwardly and westwardly in Texas and Oklahoma as documented by recent collections (L. Choate et al., 1990; L. Choate and Jones, 1998; Roberts et al., 1997; Tumlison et al., 1993). See Eshelman and Cameron (1987, Mammalian Species, 285).","30","30-00380","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0378-0000-0380"
"13000381","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Habromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hooper and Musser","1964","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan","635","","12","","<i>Peromyscus lepturus</i> Merriam, 1898.","","","","","","Reithrodontomyini. Genus circumscribes species originally placed with the <i>Peromyscus mexicanus</i> complex, subgenus <i>Peromyscus</i> (Osgood, 1909). Hooper and Musser (1964<i>b</i>) acknowledged their distinctive morphology as the subgenus <i>Habromys</i> of <i>Peromyscus</i> (and Hooper, 1968), a clade that Carleton (1980, 1989) viewed at the generic level. Systematic evidence weakly supports common ancestry of <i>Habromys</i> with <i>Neotomodon</i> and/or <i>Podomys</i> (Carleton, 1980; Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>b</i>; Stangl and Baker, 1984<i>b</i>). Male reproductive tract examined by Hooper (1958), Hooper and Musser (1964<i>b</i>), and Linzey and Layne (1969, 1974). Species definitions revised and vouchered distributions summarized by Carleton et al. (2002).","30","30-00381","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0381"
"13000382","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Habromys","","chinanteco","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robertson and Musser","1976","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas","47","","1","","","Chinanteco Deermouse","México, Oaxaca, north slope Cerro Pelón, 31.6 km S Vista Hermosa, 2650 m.","The type locality and its vicinity on gulf-facing slopes, 2080-2650 m, of the Sierra de Juárez, NC Oaxaca, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A small-bodied species morphologically similar to H. simulatus and sympatric with H. lepturus (see Robertson and Musser, 1976). Possible status as a junior synonym of H. simulatus needs resolution (see Carleton et al., 2002).","30","30-00382","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0381-0000-0382"
"13000383","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Habromys","","delicatulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Carleton, Sánchez, and Urbano Vidales","2002","","Proc. Bio. Soc. Wash.","115","","491","","","Delicate Deermouse","México, México, Municipio Jilotepec, Dexcaní Alto, 2 km E and 3.5 km S Jilotepec, Cañada de la Ermita, 2570 m; 19º56&#8242;N, 99º30&#8242;W.","Known only from the type locality.","","","Smallest species of <i>Habromys</i> currently known.","30","30-00383","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0381-0000-0383"
"13000384","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Habromys","","ixtlani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1964","","Am. Mus. Novit.","2183","","3","","","Ixtlán Deermouse","México, Oaxaca, District of Ixtlán, Cerro Machín, 5 mi (8 km) NE Macuiltianguis, 9000 ft (2743 m).","Upper elevations of Sierra de Juárez, 2350-3150 m, NC Oaxaca, México.","","","Originally described as a species but regarded as a well marked subspecies of <i>H</i>. <i>lepturus</i> by Musser (1969). Morphological differentiation from <i>H</i>. <i>lepturus</i> and other <i>Habromys</i> reevaluated by Carleton et al. (2002), who returned <i>ixtlani</i> to specific rank.","30","30-00384","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0381-0000-0384"
"13000385","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Habromys","","lepturus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","118","","","Zempoaltepec Deermouse","México, Oaxaca, Cerro Zempoaltépec, 8200 ft (2500 m).","Humid montane forest on Sierra de Zempoaltépec, 2500-3000 m, NC Oaxaca, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Formerly included <i>ixtlani</i> as a subspecies (Musser, 1969).","30","30-00385","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0381-0000-0385"
"13000386","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Habromys","","lophurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","72","","","Crested-tailed Deermouse","Guatemala, Huehuetenango Dept., Todos Santos, 10,000 ft (3048 m).","Highlands, 1950-3110 m, of Chiapas, México, C Guatemala, and NW El Salvador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Although Robertson and Musser (1976) noted much diversity among their samples of <i>H</i>. <i>lophurus</i>, Carleton et al. (2002) interpreted their range of variation as consonant with recognition of a single species.","30","30-00386","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0381-0000-0386"
"13000387","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Habromys","","simulatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","72","","","Jico Deermouse","México, Veracruz, near Jico, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Eastern middle slopes of Sierra Madre Oriental, 1830-2200 m, from S Hidalgo and C Veracruz to extreme NW Oaxaca, México.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Distribution summarized by Carleton et al. (2002) but enhancement of range limits needed. For example, the status of the form reported as <i>Peromyscus</i> affinity <i>simulatus</i> from the Sierra de Taxco, N Guerrero (León Paniagua and Romo Vázquez, 1993), needs clarification; the presence of <i>H</i>. <i>simulatus</i> proper in the Cordillera Transvolcanica seems zoogeographically implausible.","30","30-00387","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0381-0000-0387"
"13000388","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Hodomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","46","","232","","<i>Neotoma alleni</i> Merriam, 1892.","","","","","","Neotomini. Maintained as a genus (e.g., Goldman, 1910; Ellerman, 1941) until arranged as a subgenus of <i>Neotoma</i> by Burt and Barkalow (1942). Carleton (1980) expressed relationships and morphological differentiation of <i>Hodomys</i> at the generic rank, perhaps closely related to <i>Xenomys</i> (also see Carleton, 1973; Hooper, 1960; and Schaldach, 1960); parsimony and likelihood evaluations of cytochrome <i>b</i> data also support this rank and interpretation of kinship (Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>).","30","30-00388","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0388"
"13000389","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Hodomys","","alleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1892","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","7","","168","","","Allen’s Woodrat","México, Colima, Manzanillo.","S Sinaloa to Oaxaca; interior México along basins of Río Balsas to C Puebla and Río Tehuacán to N Oaxaca.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>elattura</i>  Osgood, 1904; <i>guerrerensis</i> Goldman, 1938; <i>vetulus</i> Merriam, 1894.","Kelson (1952) placed <i>vetulus</i> as a subspecies of <i>N</i>. <i>alleni</i>. See Genoways and Birney, 1974 (Mammalian Species, 41, as <i>Neotoma alleni</i>), who first reported the karyotype (2n=48).","30","30-00389","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0388-0000-0389"
"13000390","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Isthmomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hooper and Musser","1964","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan","635","","12","","<i>Megadontomys flavidus</i> Bangs, 1902.","","","","","","Reithrodontomyini. Species associated here were originally classified in Megadontomys, used either as a genus or as a subgenus of Peromyscus (Osgood, 1909). Isthmomys was later diagnosed as a subgenus of Peromyscus (Hooper and Musser, 1964b) and maintained at this rank by Hooper (1968); diagnosis emended and accorded generic status by Carleton (1980, 1989). Sister-group relationship with Megadontomys proposed by Carleton (1980) but unsupported by chromosomal banding data (Stangl and Baker, 1984b). Aspects of morphology considered by Carleton (1973, 1980), Hooper and Musser (1964b), and Linzey and Layne (1969, 1974); karyology by Stangl and Baker (1984b).","30","30-00390","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0390"
"13000391","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Isthmomys","","flavidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1902","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","9","","27","","","Yellow Deermouse","Panamá, Chiriquí Prov., Volcán de Chiriquí, Boquete, 4000 ft (1219 m).","Intermediate elevations in W Panamá (Chiriquí region) and on Azuero Peninsula (see Handley, 1966<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00391","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0390-0000-0391"
"13000392","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Isthmomys","","pirrensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1912","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","60","2","5","","","Mt Pirri Deermouse","Panamá, Darién Prov., Mt Pirri, headwaters of Río Limón, 4500 ft (1372 m).","Easternmost Panamá and Serranía del Darién, extreme NW Colombia (see Alberico et al., 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Whether <i>I</i>. <i>pirrensis</i> is a junior synonym of <i>I</i>. <i>flavidus</i>, as opined by Hooper (1968), has yet to be assessed.","30","30-00392","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0390-0000-0392"
"13000393","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Megadontomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","115","","<i>Peromyscus thomasi</i> Merriam, 1898.","","","","","","Reithrodontomyini. Used variably as a genus until Osgood (1909) stabilized its taxonomic ranking as a subgenus of <i>Peromyscus</i>, and so followed by Hooper and Musser (1964<i>b</i>) and Hooper (1968). Carleton (1980, 1989) viewed the relationships and differentiation of <i>Megadontomys</i> at the generic level (but see Rogers, 1983). Aspects of morphology studied by Carleton (1973, 1980), Hooper and Musser (1964<i>b</i>), and Linzey and Layne (1969, 1974). Karyological affinities evaluated by Rogers (1983), Rogers et al. (1984), and Stangl and Baker (1984). Werbitsky and Kilpatrick (1987) reported relatively low levels of genetic similarity among the nominal forms.","30","30-00393","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0393"
"13000394","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Megadontomys","","cryophilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser","1964","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan","636","","13","","","Oaxacan Big-toothed Deermouse","México, Oaxaca, Distrito de Ixtlán, 13 mi (21 km) NE Llano de las Flores, south slope Cerro Pelón, 9200 ft (2804 m).","Cloud and pine-oak forests in highlands of N Oaxaca, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Named as a subspecies of <i>Peromyscus thomasi</i>. Citing morphological traits and genetic differentiation reported by Werbitsky and Kilpatrick (1987), Carleton (1989) arranged <i>cryophilus</i> as a species. Recent elevational surveys by Briones-Salas et al. (2001) in the Sierra Mazteza and Sánchez-Cordero (2001) in the Sierra Mixteca amplify the geographic occurrence of this species in Oaxaca.","30","30-00394","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0393-0000-0394"
"13000395","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Megadontomys","","nelsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","116","","","Nelson’s Big-toothed Deermouse","México, Veracruz, Jico, 6000 ft (1830 m).","E slopes of Sierra Madre Oriental, from SE Hidalgo to C Veracruz, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Relegated to a subspecies of <i>Peromyscus thomasi</i> by Musser (1964); reinstated to species rank by Carleton (1989).","30","30-00395","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0393-0000-0395"
"13000396","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Megadontomys","","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","116","","","Thomas’ Big-toothed Deermouse","México, Guerrero, mountains near Chilpancingo, 9700 ft (2957 m).","High Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly encompassed <i>cryophilus</i> and <i>nelsoni</i> as subspecies (Musser, 1964); see above accounts.","30","30-00396","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0393-0000-0396"
"13000397","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Nelsonia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","277","","<i>Nelsonia neotomodon</i> Merriam, 1897.","","","","","","Neotomini. Viewed as a basal member of clade including <i>Neotoma</i> and related genera (Carleton, 1980; Engel et al., 1998; Hooper, 1954, 1960). Phylogenetic significance of banded karyotype discussed by Engstrom and Bickham (1983). Revised initially by Hooper (1954), who recognized a single species, and later by Engstrom et al. (1992), who resurrected <i>N</i>. <i>goldmani</i> as distinct from <i>N</i>. <i>neotomodon</i>.","30","30-00397","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0397"
"13000398","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Nelsonia","","goldmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1903","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","16","","80","","","Goldman’s Diminutive Woodrat","México, Michoacán, Mt Tancítaro.","Cordillera Transvolcanica, México, from Colima and S Jalisco eastwards through N Michoacán to N Estado de México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cliftoni</i>  Genoways and Jones, 1968.","Engstrom et al. (1992) retained <i>cliftoni</i> as a valid subspecies.","30","30-00398","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0397-0000-0398"
"13000399","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Nelsonia","","neotomodon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","278","","","Western Diminutive Woodrat","México, Zacatecas, mountains near Plateado, 8200 ft (2500 m).","Sierra Madre Occidental from S Durango to N Jalisco and Aguascalientes, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00399","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0397-0000-0399"
"13000400","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Say and Ord","1825","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","4","","345","","<i>Mus floridana</i> Ord, 1818.","","","","","<i>Homodontomys</i>  Goldman, 1910; <i>Parahodomys</i> Gidley and Gazin, 1933; <i>Parneotoma</i> Hibbard, 1967; <i>Teanopus</i> Merriam, 1903; <i>Teonoma</i> Gray, 1843.","<p>Neotomini. Phylogenetic relationships of the genus considered by Hooper and Musser (1964<i>a</i>), Carleton (1980), and Edwards and Bradley (2002<i>b</i>). Anatomical systems described by Arata (1964), Burt and Barkalow (1942), Carleton (1973, 1980), Hooper (1960), and Howell (1926); fossil taxa (Miocene-Recent) and trends in dental evolution reviewed by Zakrewski (1993). Karyotypic variation and evolution assessed by Mascarello and Hsu (1976) and Koop et al. (1985); multispecific surveys of molecular variation and its systematic implications covered by Planz et al. (1996), Edwards and Bradley (2001, 2002<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), and Edwards et al. (2001), especially for temperate forms.</p><p>Revised by Goldman (1910), then including only <i>Homodontomys</i>, <i>Teonoma</i>, and the nominate subgenus. Burt and Barkalow (1942) established the prevailing subgeneric framework (e.g., Hall, 1981), also relegating <i>Hodomys</i> and <i>Teanopus</i> to subgenera. Carleton (1973, 1980) reinstat... [truncated]","30","30-00400","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400"
"13000401","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Say and Ord","1825","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","4","","345","","<i>Mus floridana</i> Ord, 1818.","","","","","","","30","30-00401","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401"
"13000402","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Teonoma","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00402","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0402"
"13000403","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Teanopus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00403","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0403"
"13000404","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","albigula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hartley","1894","","Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2","4","","157","","","White-throated Woodrat","USA, Arizona, Pima Co., vicinity of Fort Lowell, near Tucson.","SW Colorado and W New Mexico west of the Río Grande to SE California, USA, south to N Sinaloa and S Chihuahua west of the Río Conchos, México, including islands in the Sea of Cortez (see Edwards, et al. 2001:Fig. 4).","IUCN – Endangered as <i>N. varia</i>,<i> </i>Lower Risk (lc) as <i>N. albigula</i>.","<i>angusticeps</i>  Merriam, 1894; <i>brevicauda</i> Durrant 1934; <i>cumulator</i> Mearns, 1897; <i>grandis</i> Elliot, 1904; <i>laplataensis</i> F. W. Miller, 1933; <i>mearnsi</i> Goldman, 1915; <i>melanura</i> Merriam, 1894; <i>seri</i> Townsend, 1912; <i>sheldoni</i> Goldman, 1915; <i>varia</i> Burt, 1932; <i>venusta</i> True, 1894.","<p>Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>floridana</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Closely related to <i>N</i>. <i>floridana</i> and <i>N</i>. <i>micropus</i> (Birney, 1976; Hooper, 1960; Planz et al., 1996), the three considered semispecies by Zimmerman and Nejtek (1977). Formerly included populations recognized as <i>N</i>. <i>leucodon</i> (see below) based on DNA restriction-site (Planz et al., 1996) and gene-sequence (Edwards et al., 2001) investigations. Patterns of conventional morphometric variation (Rogers and Schmidly, 1981), however, do not intelligibly correspond to the specific limits as drawn by Edwards et al. (2001); denser geographic sampling across the river barriers identified by those authors is warranted to bolster evidence for specific separation and to refine distributional limits. Sister species to the <i>N</i>. <i>floridana</i> <i>N</i>. <i>magister</i> clade based on parsimony and likelihood distillations of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequence... [truncated]","30","30-00404","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0404"
"13000405","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","angustapalata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baker","1951","","Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ.","5","","217","","","Tamaulipan Woodrat","México, Tamaulipas, 70 km (by highway) S Ciudad Victoria and 6 km W Panamerican Highway, El Carrizo.","SW Tamaulipas and adjacent San Luis Potosí, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>mexicana</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Specific status maintained by Birney (1973) but level of relationship to <i>N</i>. <i>mexicana</i> or to <i>N</i>. <i>micropus</i> unclear.","30","30-00405","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0405"
"13000406","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","anthonyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1898","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","10","","151","","","Anthony’s Woodrat","México, Baja California Norte, Todos Santos Isl.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>lepida</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Listed as nominal species of <i>N</i>. <i>lepida</i> group by Goldman (1932); also see Mascarello (1978). Not collected since 1910; judged ""extinct or very close to extinction"" by Mellink (1992:139) probably due to the introduction of domestic cats. See Cortés-Calva et al. (2001, Mammalian Species, 663).","30","30-00406","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0406"
"13000407","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","bryanti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1887","","Am. Nat.","21","","191","","","Bryant’s Woodrat","México, Baja California Norte, Cedros Isl.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>lepida</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Listed as nominal species of <i>N</i>. <i>lepida</i> group by Goldman (1932); also see Mascarello (1978). Genetically unremarkable compared with samples of <i>N</i>. <i>lepida</i> from Baja California and may represent the oldest name available for those populations from deserts of coastal California and the Baja peninsula (see Patton and Alvarez-Castañeda, In Press, and remarks under <i>N</i>. <i>lepida</i>). See Alvarez-Castañeda and Yensen (1999, Mammalian Species, 619).","30","30-00407","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0407"
"13000408","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","bunkeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1932","","Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.","7","","181","","","Coronados Island Woodrat","México, Baja California Sur, Coronados Isl; 26°06'N, 111°18'W.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>lepida</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Likely conspecific with <i>N</i>. <i>lepida</i> according to Mascarello (1978). Not collected since 1932; judged ""extinct for years or even decades"" by Smith et al. (1993:152), probably due to a combination of habitat destruction and domestic cat predation (also see Alvarez-Castañeda and Ortega-Rubio, 2003).","30","30-00408","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0408"
"13000409","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","chrysomelas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1908","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","24","","653","","","Nicaraguan Woodrat","Nicaragua, Matagalpa Dept., Matagalpa.","NW Nicaragua, Honduras.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>mexicana</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Hall (1981) suggested that <i>chrysomelas</i> is conspecific with <i>N</i>. <i>mexicana</i>, a proposal that should be considered apropos of a much needed revision of the latter.","30","30-00409","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0409"
"13000410","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Teonoma","cinerea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ord","1815","","<i>In</i> Guthrie, New Geogr., Hist., Comml., Grammar, Philadelphia, 2nd ed.","2","","292","","","Bushy-tailed Woodrat","USA, Montana, Cascade Co., Great Falls.","SE Yukon and westernmost Northwest Territories, south through Alaskan Panhandle, British Columbia and W Alberta, Canada; in W USA, from Washington to W Dakotas as far south as EC California, S Nevada, N Arizona, and NW New Mexico.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acraea</i>  (Elliot, 1904); <i>alticola</i> Hooper, 1940;<i> apicalis</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>arizonae</i> Merriam, 1893; <i>cinnamomea</i> J. A. Allen, 1895;<i> columbiana</i> Elliot, 1899; <i>drummondii</i> (Richardson, 1828); <i>fusca</i> True, 1894;<i> grangeri</i> J. A. Allen, 1894; <i>lucida</i> Goldman, 1917; <i>macrodon</i> Kelson, 1949; <i>occidentalis</i> Baird, 1855; <i>orolestes</i> Merriam, 1894; <i>pulla</i> Hooper, 1940; <i>rupicola</i> J. A. Allen, 1894; <i>saxamans</i> Osgood, 1900.","Subgenus <i>Teonoma</i>. Type species of <i>Teonoma</i>, conventionally acknowledged as a distinctive subgenus of <i>Neotoma</i> (e.g., Burt and Barkalow, 1942; Goldman, 1910; Hall, 1981; Hooper, 1960). Cladistically basal to all other species of <i>Neotoma</i> surveyed by Planz et al. (1996) and Edwards and Bradley (2002<i>b</i>); the latter authors discussed the possible generic elevation of <i>Teonoma</i> but demurred pending cladistic examination of <i>N</i>. (<i>Teanopus</i>) <i>phenax</i>. Late Quaternary changes in body size as correlated with temperature fluctuations documented by Smith et al. (1995). See Smith (1997, Mammalian Species, 564).","30","30-00410","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0402-0410"
"13000411","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","devia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1927","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","40","","205","","","Arizona Woodrat","USA, Arizona, Painted Desert, Tanner Tank, 5200 ft (1585 m).","W Arizona, USA, east and south of the Colorado River; NW Sonora, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aureotunicata</i>  Huey, 1937; <i>auripila</i> Blossom, 1933; <i>bensoni</i> Blossom, 1933; <i>flava</i> Benson, 1935; <i>harteri</i> Huey, 1937.","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>lepida</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Once ranked as a subspecies of <i>N</i>. <i>lepida</i>, from which several data sources support its specific&#8209;level divergence (Koop et al., 1985; Mascarello, 1978; Patton and Alvarez-Castañeda, In Press). But see Hoffmeister (1986), who disputed the specific status of <i>devia</i> based on his interpretation of morphological integration among Arizona populations. Unequivocal discrimination from <i>N</i>. <i>lepida</i>, verification of species&#8209;group synonyms, delimitation of geographic range, and delineation of subspecies, if defensible, all require further attention. Planz (1999) noted only <i>auripila</i> as synonym; others provisionally listed here conform to the geographic range as depicted by Riddle et al. (2000<i>b</i>:Fig. 1).","30","30-00411","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0411"
"13000412","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","floridana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ord","1818","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1818","","181","","","Eastern Woodrat","USA, Florida, Duval Co., St. Johns River, near Jacksonville.","SC and SE USA (see Monty et al., 1995, for range enhancement in Illinois), from EC Colorado to C Texas, eastwards to the Atlantic seaboard, from S North Carolina to peninsular Florida; isolated population on Florida Keys (<i>smalli</i>).","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>N. f. smalli</i>; IUCN – Endangered <i>N. f. smalli</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>N. f. baileyi </i>and <i>N. f. haematoreia</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>attwateri</i>  Mearns, 1897; <i>baileyi</i> Merriam, 1894; <i>campestris</i> J. A. Allen, 1894; <i>haematoreia</i> A. H. Howell, 1934; <i>illinoensis</i> A. H. Howell, 1910; <i>osagensis</i> Blair, 1939; <i>rubida</i> Bangs, 1898; <i>smalli</i> Sherman, 1955.","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>floridana</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Hybridization with <i>N</i>. <i>micropus</i> possible but introgression along narrow contact zone judged insubstantial (Birney, 1973). See Planz et al. (1996) and Edwards et al. (2001) for studies of kinship and phylogeography based on DNA information. Whitaker and Hamilton (1998) implied that eastern populations (except <i>smalli</i>) are all synonymous with the nominate subspecies, a possibility consistent with the study of Edwards et al. (2001), who noted well-marked western and eastern clades among the subspecies sampled, coincident with the Mississippi River; denser geographic sampling is required. Few records from the Edwards Plateau, C Texas, reviewed by Goetze (1998); genetic differentiation and status of populations in S Illinois assessed by Monty et al. (2003). Formerly included <i>magister</i> as a subspecies (see below). See Wiley (1980, Mammalian Species, 139).","30","30-00412","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0412"
"13000413","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","fuscipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1857","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","495","","","Dusky-footed Woodrat","USA, California, Sonoma Co., Petaluma.","Coastal and Cascade mountains, W Oregon, southwards to Inner Coastal Range, WC California, and N Sierra Nevadas, EC California, USA.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>N. f. riparia</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>N. f. riparia</i>, Data Deficient as <i>N. f. annectens</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>affinis</i>  Elliot, 1898;<i> annectens</i> Elliot, 1898; <i>bullatior</i> Hooper, 1939; <i>monochroura</i> Rhoads, 1894; <i>perplexa</i> Hooper, 1938; <i>riparia</i> Hooper, 1938; <i>splendens</i> True, 1894.","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>lepida</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Type species of <i>Homodontomys</i>. Sister&#8209;group relationship subject to conflicting interpretations, either <i>N</i>. <i>cinerea</i> (Carleton, 1980; Cudmore, 1986; Koop et al., 1985) or the <i>N</i>. <i>lepida</i> complex (Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>); the former kinship supports synonymy of <i>Homodontomys</i> under subgenus <i>Teonoma</i>, the latter under subgenus <i>Neotoma</i> as enacted by Burt and Barkalow (1942). Subspecific classification revised by Hooper (1938). Patterns of morphological and genetic variation broadly evaluated by Matocq (2003), who demonstrated specific level divergence of southern populations and reinstated those as <i>N</i>. <i>macrotis</i> (see below). See Carraway and Verts (1991, Mammalian Species, 386).","30","30-00413","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0413"
"13000414","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","goldmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1903","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","16","","48","","","Goldman’s Woodrat","México, Coahuila, Saltillo, 5000 ft (1524 m).","Mexican Plateau, 1160-2320 m, from SE Chihuahua to S San Luis Potosí and N Querétaro, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>floridana</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Chomosomal formula viewed as primitive for the genus (Harris and McCullough, 1988; Lee and Elder, 1977). Species group affinity variously interpreted, associated with <i>N</i>. <i>lepida</i> (Goldman, 1910) or <i>N</i>. <i>albigula</i> (Rainey and Baker, 1955); cytochrome <i>b</i> evaluations decidedly relate <i>N</i>. <i>goldmani</i> to the <i>N</i>. <i>albigula</i> <i>N</i>. <i>floridana</i> clade (Edwards et al., 2001; Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). See Hrachovy et al. (1996, Mammalian Species, 545).","30","30-00414","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0414"
"13000415","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","lepida","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","12","","235","","","Desert Woodrat","USA, ""Simpson’s Route"" between Camp Floyd (= Fairfield), Utah and Carson City, Nevada (as restricted by Goldman, 1932:61).","SE Oregon to C Utah and WC Colorado, south through Nevada, NW Arizona, and S California, USA, to S Baja California Sur, México.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>N. l. intermedia</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abbreviata</i>  Goldman, 1909; <i>arenacea</i> J. A. Allen, 1898; <i>aridicola</i> Huey, 1957;<i> bella</i> Bangs, 1899; <i>californica</i> Price, 1894;<i> desertorum</i> Merriam, 1894; <i>egressa</i> Orr 1934; <i>felipensis</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>gilva</i> Rhoads, 1894; <i>grinnelli</i> Hall, 1942; <i>insularis</i> Townsend, 1912; <i>intermedia</i> Rhoads, 1894; <i>latirostra</i> Burt, 1932; <i>marcosensis</i> Burt, 1932; <i>marshalli</i> Goldman, 1939; <i>molagrandis</i> Huey, 1945; <i>monstrabilis</i> Goldman, 1932; <i>nevadensis</i> Taylor, 1910; <i>notia</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <i>nudicauda</i> Goldman, 1905; <i>perpallida</i> Goldman, 1909; <i>petricola</i> von Bloeker, 1938; <i>pretiosa</i> Goldman, 1909; <i>ravida</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <i>sanrafaeli</i> Kelson, 1950;<i> sola</i> Merriam, 1894; <i>vicina</i> Goldman, 1909.","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>lepida</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Even with removal of <i>N</i>. <i>devia</i>, ""<i>lepida</i>"" may still represent a composite of two species (Mascarello, 1978; Riddle et al., 2000<i>b</i>). As underscored in the phylogeographic study of Patton and Alvarez-Castañeda (In Press), based on cytochrome <i>b</i> data, populations from the coastal region of W California and the Baja California peninsula (= <i>intermedia</i>) are more genetically differentiated from <i>lepida</i> proper than are those of <i>N</i>. <i>devia</i>. Taxonomic stature of these coastal-peninsular populations, and the possible nomenclatural priority of the insular form <i>bryanti</i> for this complex, await integrated morphological and molecular confirmation (see Patton and Alvarez-Castañeda, In Press). As with <i>N</i>. <i>devia</i>, explicit allocation of species-group synonyms is needed. See Verts and Carraway (2002, Mammalian Species, 699).","30","30-00415","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0415"
"13000416","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","leucodon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1894","","Proc. Bio. Soc. Wash.","9","","120","","","White-toothed Woodrat","México, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí.","SE Colorado, E New Mexico, and W Texas, USA, south in the Mexican Plateau to N Jalisco and N México.","","<i>durangae</i>  J. A. Allen, 1903;<i> latifrons</i> Merriam, 1894; <i>melas</i> Dice, 1929; <i>montezumae</i> Goldman, 1905;<i> robusta</i> Blair, 1939;<i> subsolana</i> Alvarez, 1962; <i>warreni</i> Merriam, 1908; <i>zacatecae</i> Goldman, 1905.","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>micropus</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Rearranged as a subspecies of <i>N</i>. <i>albigula</i> by Goldman (1910), but specific status defended by Edwards et al. (2001) based on phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome<i>b</i> sequences. Hybridization (reported as <i>N</i>. <i>albigula</i>) suspected with <i>N</i>. <i>micropus</i> in Colorado (Finley, 1958) and apparent intergradation of the two in Coahuila (Anderson, 1969); sister species to <i>N</i>. <i>micropus</i> supported by mitochondrial DNA data (Edwards et al., 2001). With changes in specific definitions and geographic ranges, meaningful delimitation of subspecies is currently unwarranted, as noted by Edwards et al. (2001); provisional allocation of other species-group epithets not sampled by those authors should be confirmed.","30","30-00416","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0416"
"13000417","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","macrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser.6","12","","234","","","Big-eared Woodrat","USA, California, San Diego Co., San Diego.","Santa Lucia Range, WC California, and Sierra Nevada, EC California, southwards to N Baja California Norte, México; isolated population in SE California.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>N. fuscipes luciana</i>.","<i>cnemophila</i>  Elliot, 1904; <i>dispar</i> Merriam, 1894; <i>luciana</i> Hooper, 1938; <i>martirensis</i> Orr, 1934;<i> mohavensis</i> Elliot, 1904; <i>simplex</i> True, 1894; <i>streatori</i> Merriam, 1894.","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>lepida</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Intergradation with <i>N</i>. <i>fuscipes</i> maintained by Hooper (1938), who retained <i>macrotis</i> and related populations as subspecies of the former (e.g., see Hall, 1981). Purported hybridization zones reexamined by Matocq (2003), who uncovered pronounced and concordant differentiation in morphology, microsatellite genotypes, and mitochondrial DNA sequences between northern (<i>fuscipes</i>) and southern (<i>macrotis</i>) populations in the mountains flanking the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley and elevated the latter set to a species. Matocq (2002) elaborated upon phylogeographic patterns of inter- and intraspecific diversification in the context of glacial and hydrographic changes that occurred in the Sierra Nevadas during the late Pliocene-Pleistocene.","30","30-00417","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0417"
"13000418","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","magister","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1857","","Mammals, <i>in</i> Repts. Expl. Surv.","8","","498","","","Allegheny Woodrat","USA, Pennsylvania, cave near Carlisle (Cumberland Co.) and Harrisburg (Dauphin Co.).","Allegheny Mountains, E USA, along a southwesterly tract from extreme SE New York and NW New Jersey to N Alabama and NW Georgia; isolated pockets in S Indiana and S Ohio.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>pennsylvanica</i>  Stone, 1893.","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>floridana</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Originally described as a species, retained as such by Goldman (1910), later placed as a subspecies of <i>N</i>. <i>floridana</i> by Burt and Barkalow (1942). Birney (1976), however, noted that <i>magister</i> may prove distinct from <i>N</i>. <i>floridana</i>, an assessment borne out by subsequent morphological and genetic studies (Edwards and Bradley, 2001; Hayes and Harrison, 1992; Hayes and Richmond, 1993; Planz et al., 1996). Historical biogeography and timing of divergence from <i>N</i>. <i>floridana</i> postulated by Hayes and Harrison (1992) and Edwards and Bradley (2001).","30","30-00418","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0418"
"13000419","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","martinensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1905","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","18","","28","","","San Martín Woodrat","México, Baja California Norte, San Martín Isl.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>lepida</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Listed as nominal species of <i>N</i>. <i>lepida</i> group by Goldman (1932); also see Mascarello (1978). Not collected since 1963, possibly extinct due to domestic cat predation (see Alvarez-Castañeda and Cortés-Calva, 1999). See Cortés-Calva et al. (2001, Mammalian Species, 657).","30","30-00419","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0419"
"13000420","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","mexicana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","333","","","Mexican Woodrat","México, Chihuahua, mountains near Chihuahua.","SE Utah and C Colorado, USA, southwards through W and interior México, to highlands of Guatemala, El Salvador, and W Honduras.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>atrata</i>  Burt, 1939; <i>bullata</i> Merriam, 1894; <i>chamula</i> Goldman, 1909; <i>distincta</i> Bangs, 1903; <i>eremita</i> Hall, 1955; <i>fallax</i> Merriam, 1894; <i>ferruginea</i> Tomes, 1862; <i>fulviventer</i> Merriam, 1894; <i>griseoventer</i> Dalquest, 1951; <i>inopinata</i> Goldman, 1933; <i>inornata</i> Goldman, 1938; <i>isthmica</i> Goldman, 1904; <i>madrensis</i> Goldman, 1905; <i>navus</i> Merriam, 1903; <i>ochracea</i> Goldman, 1905; <i>orizabae</i> Merriam, 1894; <i>parvidens</i> Goldman, 1904; <i>picta</i> Goldman, 1904; <i>pinetorum</i> Merriam, 1893; <i>scopulorum</i> Finley, 1953; <i>sinaloae</i> J. A. Allen, 1898; <i>solitaria</i> Goldman, 1905; <i>tenuicauda</i> Merriam, 1892; <i>torquata</i> Ward, 1891; <i>tropicalis</i> Goldman, 1904; <i>vulcani</i> Sanborn, 1935.","<p>Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>mexicana</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Goldman (1910) recognized the synonyms listed here under seven species, an early view on diversity uncritically overturned during the broad-brushed application of the biological species concept (Hall, 1955; Hooper, 1955). However, a composite of three or more species, e.g., as indicated by the comments of Sánchez-Hernández et al. (1999) on the morphological distinctiveness of <i>tenuicauda</i> and <i>torquata</i> in Michoacán, and by the findings of Edwards and Bradley (2002<i>a</i>) on the large genetic distances recorded among US and Méxican populations. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences, Edwards and Bradley (2002<i>b</i>) subsequently elevated two epithets, <i>isthmica</i> and <i>picta</i>, to species, but the few specimens examined and very limited geographic representation of each raise questions about their eventual application to the genetic groups identified. The status o... [truncated]","30","30-00420","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0420"
"13000421","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","micropus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","333","","","Southern Plains Woodrat","México, Tamaulipas, Charco Escondido.","SE Colorado and SW Kansas through W Texas and most of New Mexico, USA; south in México to N Chihuahua, E San Luis Potosí, and S Tamaulipas.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>canescens</i>  J. A. Allen, 1891; <i>leucophaea</i> Goldman, 1933; <i>littoralis</i> Goldman, 1905; <i>planiceps</i> Goldman, 1905;<i> surberi</i> Elliot, 1899.","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>micropus</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Limited hybridization documented with <i>N</i>. <i>floridana</i> in Oklahoma (Birney, 1973) and believed probable with <i>N</i>. <i>leucodon</i> (reported as <i>N</i>. <i>albigula</i>) in Colorado (Finley, 1958) and Coahuila (Anderson, 1969); also see commentary under <i>N</i>. <i>albigula</i>, <i>N</i>. <i>floridana</i>, and <i>N</i>. <i>leucodon</i>. Genetically distinct from but generally related to the <i>N</i>. <i>albigula</i> complex (<i>sensu</i> Planz et al., 1996), in particular <i>N</i>. <i>leucodon</i> (<i>micropus</i> species group <i>sensu</i> Edwards et al., 2001). See Braun and Mares (1989, Mammalian Species, 330).","30","30-00421","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0421"
"13000422","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","nelsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1905","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","18","","29","","","Nelson’s Woodrat","México, Veracruz, Perote, 7800 ft (2377 m).","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>. Affiliated with <i>N</i>. <i>albigula</i> but stature as a separate species uncertain (see Hall and Genoways, 1970). The removal, as <i>N</i> . <i>leucodon</i>, of southern populations formerly associated with <i>albigula</i> necessitates reevalution of the status of <i>nelsoni</i> and its affinity with repect to the <i>floridana</i> and <i>micropus</i> species groups (see Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>).","30","30-00422","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0422"
"13000423","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","palatina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1905","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","18","","27","","","Bolaños Woodrat","México, Jalisco, Bolaños, 2800 ft (853 m).","EC Jalisco, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>. Specific distinctiveness from <i>N</i>. <i>albigula</i> reasserted by Hall and Genoways (1970), but see above comments under <i>N</i>. <i>nelsoni</i>.","30","30-00423","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0423"
"13000424","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Teanopus","phenax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1903","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","16","","81","","","Sonoran Woodrat","México, Sonora, Río Mayo, Camoa.","SW Sonora and NW Sinaloa, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Teanopus</i>. Type species of <i>Teanopus</i>, a taxon recognized as genus until reduced to a subgenus by Burt and Barkalow (1942). Karyotype interpreted as highly derived (Koop et al., 1985); highly differentiated from and cladistically basal to most species surveyed by Planz et al. (1996) using mitochondrial DNA restriction site analyses. See Jones and Genoways (1978, Mammalian Species, 108).","30","30-00424","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0403-0424"
"13000425","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotoma","Neotoma","stephensi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1905","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","18","","32","","","Stephen’s Woodrat","USA, Arizona, Mohave Co., Hualapai Mtns, 6300 ft (1920 m).","Extreme SC Utah, N Arizona, and NW New Mexico, USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>relicta</i>  Goldman, 1932.","Subgenus <i>Neotoma</i>, <i>lepida</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). Morphological separation from <i>N</i>. <i>lepida</i> and geographic variation reviewed by Hoffmeister and de la Torre (1960). Sister taxon to <i>N</i>. <i>mexicana</i> <i>sensu lato</i> based on phallic morphology (Hooper, 1960) and restriction-site analysis of mitochondrial DNA (Planz et al., 1996), but associated with the <i>lepida</i> complex based on cytochrome <i>b</i> sequence data (Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>). See Jones and Hildreth (1989, Mammalian Species, 328).","30","30-00425","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0400-0401-0425"
"13000426","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotomodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","127","","<i>Neotomodon alstoni</i> Merriam, 1898.","","","","","","Reithrodontomyini. Conventionally ranked as a genus, later judged closely related to <i>Peromyscus</i> <i>sensu lato</i> (Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>b</i>). Synonymy as a subgenus of <i>Peromyscus</i> advocated by Yates et al. (1979) and Patton et al. (1981), whereas Carleton (1980, 1989) retained <i>Neotomodon</i> as a genus. Various kinds of evidence suggest the phyletic association of <i>Neotomodon</i>, <i>Podomys</i>, and perhaps <i>Habromys</i> (Carleton, 1980; Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>b</i>; Linzey and Layne, 1969; Patton et al., 1981; Stangl and Baker, 1984), although the cladistic results among these studies conflict in detail and on conclusions about rank.","30","30-00426","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0426"
"13000427","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Neotomodon","","alstoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","128","","","Volcano Deermouse","México, Michoacán, Nahuatzen, 8500 ft (2591 m).","Endemic to the Cordillera Transvolcanica, México, from WC Michoacán eastwards to C Veracruz.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>orizabae</i>  Merriam, 1898; <i>perotensis</i> Merriam, 1898.","Williams and Ramírez-Pulido's (1984) evaluation of geographic variation disclosed no basis for subspecific divisions. See Williams et al. (1985, Mammalian Species, 242, as Peromyscus alstoni).","30","30-00427","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0426-0000-0427"
"13000428","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Ochrotomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Osgood","1909","","N. Am. Fauna","28","","222","","<i>Arvicola nuttalli</i> Harlan, 1832.","","","","","","<p>Ochrotomyini new tribe. Type genus—<i>Ochrotomys</i> Osgood, 1909. Definition—medium-sized semiarboreal muroid rodents with tail about equal to head-and-body (Packard, 1969); hindfoot short and broad, digit V nearly as long as II-IV, plantar pads large and close set; carotid circulation complete (character state 0 per Carleton, 1980); skull with amphoral interorbit and smooth braincase; zygomatic plate narrow, no formation of dorsal notch; tegmen tympani adnate to squamosal (Voss, 1993), alisphenoid strut present; molars more brachyodont than <i>Peromyscus</i>, enamel thick, accessory lophs(ids) well developed (Hooper, 1957); m3 slightly smaller than m2, enteroconid and posterolophid usually discrete elements; vertebral column with 13 thoracic and 6 lumbar vertebrae, 1<sup>st</sup> rib articulating 7<sup>th</sup> cervical and 1<sup>st</sup> thoracic (Carleton, 1980); humerus lacking entepicondylar foramen (Manville, 1961); three complete and four incomplete transverse palatal ridges... [truncated]","30","30-00428","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0428"
"13000429","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Ochrotomys","","nuttalli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Harlan","1832","","Mon. Am. J. Geol. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","","","446","","","Golden Mouse","USA, Virginia, Norfolk Co., Norfolk.","SE USA, from SE Missouri across to E West Virginia and S Virginia, south to E Texas, the Gulf coast, and C Florida.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aureolus</i>  (Audubon and Bachman, 1841); <i>flammeus</i> (Goldman, 1941); <i>floridanus</i> Packard, 1969;<i> lewisi</i> (A. H. Howell, 1939); <i>lisae</i> Packard, 1969.","Subspecific classification revised by Packard (1969), but Whitaker and Hamilton (1998) saw no basis for recognizing any. See Linzey and Packard (1977, Mammalian Species, 75).","30","30-00429","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0428-0000-0429"
"13000430","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Onychomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Baird","1857","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","458","","<i>Hypudaeus leucogaster Wied-Neuwied, 1841.</i>","","","","","","<p>Reithrodontomyini. While Vorontsov (1959) arranged <i>Onychomys</i> as sole member of its own tribe, apart from Reithrodontomyini, a robust body of data now supports its close phyletic affinity with <i>Peromyscus</i> and related genera (Allard and Honeycutt, 1991; Carleton, 1980; Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>b</i>; Stangl and Baker, 1984<i>b</i>; Sullivan et al., 1995), in particular <i>Osgoodomys</i> (Engel et al., 1998), and recommends the synonymy of these two family-group taxa (Reithrodontomyini having line priority).</p><p>Revised by Hollister (1914), with later regional reviews by Engstrom and J. Choate (1979), Riddle and J. Choate (1986), and Van Cura and Hoffmeister (1966). Status of fossil forms (early Pliocene-Holocene) and affinity with living species evaluated by Carleton and Eshelman (1979). Chromosomal evolution among three species investigated by Baker et al. (1979), allozymic differentiation by Sullivan et al. (1986), and molecular relationships by Allard and Honeycutt ... [truncated]","30","30-00430","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0430"
"13000431","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Onychomys","","arenicola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1896","","Preliminary diagnosis of new mammals from the Mexican border of the U. S.","","","3 (preprint of Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 19:137-140)","","","Chihuahuan Grasshopper Mouse","USA, Texas, El Paso Co., 6 mi (10 km) above El Paso.","Chihuahuan Desert: SE Arizona, SC New Mexico, and W Texas, USA, south to Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosí, and W Tamaulipas, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>canus</i>  Merriam, 1904; <i>surrufus</i> Hollister, 1914.","Placed in full synonymy of O. t. torridus by Hollister (1914). Sympatry with O. torridus and karyotypic discrimination reported by Hinesley (1979), who raised O. arenicola to species (also see Baker et al., 1979). Sullivan et al. (1986) and Riddle and Honneycutt (1990) viewed O. arenicola and O. leucogaster as sister taxa, but Allard and Honeycutt (1991) depicted the cladistic topography, based on ribosomal DNA analyses, as (O. arenicola (O. leucogaster-O. torridus)). Synonymy follows Riddle (1999), who did not indicate subspecies; specimen-based amplification of geographic range still highly welcomed.","30","30-00431","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0430-0000-0431"
"13000432","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Onychomys","","leucogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1841","","Reise in Nord America","2","","99","","","Northern Grasshopper Mouse","USA, North Dakota, Oliver Co., Mandan village near Fort Clark.","S Alberta, S Saskatchewan, and SW Manitoba, Canada, south through much of Great Plains and Great Basin region of USA, to NC Sonora and N Tamaulipas, México.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>O. l. durranti</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albescens</i>  Merriam, 1904; <i>arcticeps</i> Rhoads, 1898; <i>breviauritus</i> Hollister, 1913; <i>brevicaudus</i> Merriam, 1891;<i> capitulatus</i> Hollister, 1913; <i>durranti</i> Riddle and J. Choate, 1986; <i>fuliginosus</i> Merriam, 1890;<i> fuscogriseus</i> Anthony, 1913; <i>longipes</i> Merriam, 1889; <i>melanophrys</i> Merriam, 1889; <i>missouriensis</i> (Audubon and Bachman, 1851); <i>pallescens</i> Merriam, 1890;<i> pallidus</i> Herrick, 1885; <i>ruidosae</i> Stone and Rehn, 1903; <i>utahensis</i> Goldman, 1939.","Geographic variation and subspecific taxonomy reviewed for C Great Plains (Engstrom and J. Choate, 1979) and for Great Basin region (Riddle and J. Choate, 1986). Biogeographic implications of intraspecific differentiation explored by Riddle and J. Choate (1986) and Riddle et al. (1993). See McCarty (1978, Mammalian Species, 87).","30","30-00432","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0430-0000-0432"
"13000433","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Onychomys","","torridus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Coues","1874","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","26","","183","","","Southern Grasshopper Mouse","USA, Arizona, Graham Co., Camp Grant.","C California, S Nevada, and extreme SW Utah, USA, south to N Baja California Norte, Sonora, and N Sinaloa, México.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>O. t. ramona </i>and <i>O. t. tularensis</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>clarus</i>  Hollister, 1913; <i>knoxjonesi</i> Hollander and Willig, 1992; <i>longicaudus</i> Merriam, 1889; <i>macrotis</i> Elliot, 1903;<i> perpallidus</i> Mearns, 1896; <i>pulcher</i> Elliot, 1904; <i>ramona</i> Rhoads, 1893; <i>tularensis</i> Merriam, 1904; <i>yakiensis</i> Merriam, 1904.","See comments under <i>O</i>. <i>arenicola</i>. See McCarty (1975, Mammalian Species, 59, including <i>arenicola</i>).","30","30-00433","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0430-0000-0433"
"13000434","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Osgoodomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hooper and Musser","1964","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan","635","","12","","<i>Peromyscus banderanus</i> J. A. Allen, 1897.","","","","","","Reithrodontomyini. Diagnosed as a subgenus of <i>Peromyscus</i> by Hooper and Musser (1964<i>b</i>) and retained there by Hooper (1968); proposed as a distinct genus by Carleton (1980). Anatomy of male reproductive system detailed by Linzey and Layne (1969, 1974). Relationships assessed based on chromosomal banding (Rogers et al., 1984), protein electrophoresis (Schmidly et al., 1985), and mitochondrial DNA sequencing (Engel et al., 1998).","30","30-00434","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0434"
"13000435","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Osgoodomys","","banderanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1897","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","51","","","Osgood’s Deermouse","México, Nayarit, Valle de Banderas.","Coastal plain of S Nayarit to S Guerrero, interior of Michoacán and Guerrero along the basin of the Río Balsas, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>vicinior</i>  Osgood, 1904.","The forms <i>angelensis</i>, <i>coatlanensis</i>, and <i>sloeops</i> had been mistaken as subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>banderanus</i> and were reassigned to <i>Peromyscus mexicanus</i> by Musser (1969).","30","30-00435","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0434-0000-0435"
"13000436","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gloger","1841","","Gemein Hand. Hilfsbuch. Nat.","1","","95","","<i>Peromyscus arboreus</i> Gloger, 1841 (= <i>Mus leucopus</i> Rafinesque, 1818).","","","","","<i>Haplomylomys</i>  Osgood, 1904; <i>Sitomys</i> Fitzinger, 1867; <i>Vesperimus</i> Coues, 1874; <i>Trinodontomys</i> Rhoads, 1894.","<p>Reithrodontomyini. The <i>Drosophila</i> of North American mammalogy—the alpha-level classification of the genus has been revised three times (Osgood, 1909; Hooper, 1968; Carleton, 1989) and its biology and evolution have been twice monographed (King, 1968; Kirkland and Layne, 1989). Multispecies surveys have broadly sampled morphology of the genus (Carleton, 1973, 1980; Hooper, 1957, 1958; Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>b</i>; Linzey and Layne, 1969, 1974), its karyology (Robbins and Baker, 1981; Robbins et al., 1983; Rogers et al., 1984; Stangl and Baker, 1984<i>b</i>), biochemical variation (Avise et al., 1974, 1979; Brownell, 1983; Fuller et al., 1984; Patton et al., 1981; Rogers and Engstrom, 1992; Schmidly et al., 1985; Zimmerman et al., 1978), and geographical ecology (Glazier, 1980). See especially Greenbaum et al. (1994) for compilation of chromosomal banding data on the genus (2n = 48 in all species) and review of its cytosystematic applications.</p><p>Greater emphasis on phylo... [truncated]","30","30-00436","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436"
"13000437","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","attwateri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1895","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","7","","330","","","Texas Deermouse","USA, Texas, Kerr Co., Turtle Creek.","Edwards Plateau (see Goetze, 1998) and E Llano Estacado (see L. Choate, 1997) of C and N Texas, eastwards through SW and E Oklahoma, to SE Kansas, SW Missouri, and NW Arkansas, USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bellus</i>  Bangs, 1896; <i>cansensis</i> Long, 1961; <i>laceyi</i> Bailey, 1905.","<i>P</i>. <i>truei</i> species group. Cognate relationship to <i>P</i>. <i>difficilis</i> (and <i>nasutus</i>) suggested by allozymic data (Janecek, 1990; Sullivan et al. 1991), a relationship bolstered by restriction-site (DeWalt et al., 1993<i>b</i>) and gene-sequence analyses (Tiemann-Boege et al., 2000) of mitochondrial DNA. Classified as a geographic race of <i>P</i>. <i>boylii</i> (Osgood, 1909) until rediagnosed as a species by Schmidly (1973). Biochemical evolution studied by Kilpatrick (1984); morphometric variation among Arkansas populations evaluated by Sugg et al. (1990). Populations found along the eastern escarpment of the Llano Estacado, N Texas, reidentified as <i>P</i>. <i>attwateri</i>, not <i>P</i>. <i>boylii</i> (L. Choate, 1997). See Schmidly (1974, Mammalian Species, 48).","30","30-00437","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0437"
"13000438","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","aztecus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, Ser. 2","12","","105","","","Aztec Deermouse","México, Veracruz, vicinity of Mirador, about 3800 ft ([~1158 m] as designated by Osgood, 1909:156).","Humid montane and cloud forests, 800-3140 m, from C Veracruz and C Guerrero, through Oaxaca and E Chiapas, México, to Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cordillerae</i>  Dickey, 1928; <i>evides</i> Osgood, 1904;<i> hondurensis</i> Goodwin, 1941; <i>oaxacensis</i> Merriam, 1898; <i>yautepecus</i> Goodwin, 1955.","<i>P</i>. <i>aztecus</i> species group. Traditionally viewed as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>boylii</i> (Osgood, 1909; Hall and Kelson, 1959). Species status recognized by Alvarez (1961); morphological recognition, distribution, and synonymies clarified by Musser (1969) and Carleton (1979). Systematic relationships examined by Bradley and Schmidly (1987), Smith (1990), Sullivan and Kilpatrick (1991), and Sullivan et al. (1997). Formerly included <i>P</i>. <i>hylocetes</i> (see account); other junior synonyms (<i>evides</i>, <i>hondurensis</i>, <i>oaxacensis</i>) have been treated as species (Hooper, 1968; Osgood, 1909) and their inclusion under <i>P</i>. <i>aztecus</i> deserves further scrutiny, especially those populations that occupy highlands south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (e.g., see Sullivan et al., 1997, 2000). Segregated together with <i>P</i>. <i>hylocetes</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>spicilegus</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>winkelmanni</i> as the <i>aztecus</i> species group (Carleton, 1989;... [truncated]","30","30-00438","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0438"
"13000439","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","beatae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","485","","","Orizaba Deermouse","México, Veracruz, Mt Orizaba.","C Veracruz and C Guerrero to Oaxaca and Chiapas, México, southwards through highlands of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras.","","<i>sacarensis</i>  Dickey, 1928.","<i>P</i>. <i>boylii</i> species group. Formerly arranged as a synonym of <i>P</i>. <i>boylii levipes</i> (Hooper, 1968; Osgood, 1909) or <i>P</i>. <i>levipes</i> (Carleton, 1989). Specific status, including <i>sacarensis</i> as junior synonym and recognized subspecies, reasserted based on karyotypic, morphologic, and genetic evidence (Bradley and Schmidly, 1987; Bradley et al., 1989, 2000; Houseal et al. 1987; Schmidly et al., 1988). Sister taxon of <i>P</i>. <i>levipes</i>; taxonomic level of differentiation of populations west (<i>beatae</i>) and east (<i>sacarensis</i>) of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec requires additional study (see Bradley et al., 2000).","30","30-00439","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0439"
"13000440","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","boylii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","335","","","Brush Deermouse","USA, California, Eldorado Co., Middle Fork of American River, near Auburn.","Much of SW USA, from N California to westernmost Oklahoma, south to N Baja California Norte and Trans-Pecos Texas (see Bradley et al., 1999<i>a</i>), along the Sierra Madre Occidental and W Central Plateau to Queretaro and W Hidalgo, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gaurus</i>  Elliot, 1903; <i>glasselli</i> Burt, 1932; <i>major</i> (Rhoads, 1893); <i>metallicola</i> Elliot, 1904; <i>parasiticus</i> Elliot, 1904; <i>pinalis</i> (Miller, 1893);<i> robustus</i> (J. A. Allen, 1893);<i> rowleyi</i> (J. A. Allen, 1893); <i>utahensis</i> Durrant, 1946.","<p><i>P</i>. <i>boylii</i> species group. Many taxa previously consigned as subspecies or full synonyms by Osgood (1909) or Hall (1981) have been elevated to species: namely <i>P</i>. <i>attwateri</i> (see Schmidly, 1973), <i>P</i>. <i>aztecus</i> (see Alvarez, 1961; Carleton, 1979; Hooper, 1968), <i>P</i>. <i>baetae</i> (see Bradley and Schmidly, 1987; Schmidly et al., 1988), <i>P</i>. <i>levipes</i> (see Schmidly et al., 1988), <i>P</i>. <i>madrensis</i> (see Carleton, 1977; Carleton et al., 1982), <i>P</i>. <i>simulus</i> (see Carleton, 1977), <i>P</i>. <i>sagax</i> (see Bradley et al., 1996<i>a</i>), and <i>P</i>. <i>spicilegus</i> (see Carleton, 1977). Others have been realigned with other species—<i>cordillerae</i> and <i>evides</i> under <i>P</i>. <i>aztecus</i> (Carleton, 1979); <i>ambiguus</i> under <i>P</i>. <i>levipes</i> (Castro-Campillo et al, 1999; Schmidly et al., 1988); <i>sacarensis</i> under <i>P</i>. <i>baetae</i> (Bradley et al., 2000); and <i>penicillatus</i> under... [truncated]","30","30-00440","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0440"
"13000441","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","bullatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","63","","","Perote Deermouse","México, Veracruz, Perote.","Known from only two localities in Veracruz, EC México.","IUCN – Endangered.","","<i>P</i>. <i>truei</i> species group. Retained as a species since its discovery (Carleton, 1989; Hoffmeister, 1951; Osgood, 1909), although Hooper (1968) suspected that it would prove to be a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>truei</i>, a possibility that has yet to be addressed.","30","30-00441","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0441"
"13000442","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","californicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gambel","1848","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","4","","78","","","California Deermouse","USA, California, Monterey Co., Monterey.","C and S California, USA, excluding San Joaquin Valley, to NW Baja California Norte, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>benitoensis</i>  Grinnell and Orr, 1934; <i>insignis</i> Rhoads, 1895; <i>mariposae</i> Grinnell and Orr, 1934; <i>parasiticus</i> (Baird, 1857).","<i>P</i>. <i>californicus</i> species group. Electrophoretic and morphometric variation investigated by Smith (1979), who retained only a northern (<i>californicus</i>) and southern (<i>insignis</i>) subspecies. See Merritt (1978, Mammalian Species, 85).","30","30-00442","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0442"
"13000443","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","caniceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1932","","Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.","7","","174","","","Monserrat Island Deermouse","México, Baja California Sur, Monserrat Isl; 25°38'N, 111°02'W.","Known only from Monserrat Isl.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> species group. Although membership in <i>Haplomylomys</i> is generally recognized (Avise et al., 1971; Burt, 1932; Hooper, 1968), nearest kin and specific stature unresolved. Affinity to <i>P</i>. <i>eva</i> highlighted by Lawlor (1971<i>b</i>), who suggested its possible ranking as a subspecies thereof, but later (1983) maintained it as an insular species. Strongly and about equally differentiated from examples of <i>P</i>. <i>eva</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>fraterculus</i> based on allozymic comparisons by Avise et al. (1974). Listed, without explanation, in the <i>crinitus</i> species group by Hall (1981). Reassigned as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>fraterculus</i> based on mitochondrial DNA similarity by Hafner et al. (2001). Nevertheless, the bacular contrasts to <i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> <i>P</i>. <i>fraterculus</i>, as recorded by Lawlor (1971<i>b</i>), are impressive and recommend additional morphological and molecular comparisons t... [truncated]","30","30-00443","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0443"
"13000444","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","crinitus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1891","","N. Am. Fauna","5","","53","","","Canyon Deermouse","USA, Idaho, Jerome Co., Shoshone Falls, north side of Snake River.","E Oregon and SW Idaho, south through Nevada and parts of Utah and W Colorado, USA, to EC Baja California Norte and NW Sonora, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>auripectus</i>  (J. A. Allen, 1893); <i>delgadilli</i> Benson, 1940; <i>disparilis</i> Goldman, 1932;<i> doutii</i> Goin, 1944;<i> pallidissimus</i> Huey, 1931; <i>pergracilis</i> Goldman, 1939;<i> peridoneus</i> Goldman, 1937;<i> petraius</i> Elliot, 1904; <i>rupicolus</i> Benson, 1940; <i>scitulus</i> Bangs, 1899;<i> scopulorum</i> Benson, 1940; <i>stephensi</i> Mearns, 1897.","<i>P</i>. <i>crinitus</i> species group. Revised by Osgood (1909); subspecific taxonomy updated by Hall and Hoffmeister (1942). Initially placed in subgenus <i>Haplomylomys</i> (Osgood, 1909); later transferred to subgenus <i>Peromyscus</i> (Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>b</i>). Karyotype viewed as primitive for the genus (Greenbaum and Baker, 1978; Stangl and Baker, 1984<i>b</i>). Population on Isla San Luís Gonzaga (<i>pallidissimus</i>), N Sea of Cortez, genetically similar to mainland <i>P</i>. <i>crinitus</i> and retained as subspecies (Hafner et al., 2001). A composite of at least two species, the status of long-tailed forms (e.g., <i>disparilis</i> and <i>delgadilli</i>) in particular meriting reassessment. See Johnson and Armstrong (1987, Mammalian Species, 287).","30","30-00444","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0444"
"13000445","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","dickeyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1932","","Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.","7","","176","","","Dickey’s Deermouse","México, Baja California Sur, Tortuga Isl; 27°21'N, 111°54'W.","Known only from Tortuga Isl.","IUCN – Endangered.","","<i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> species group. Genically similar to <i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>merriami</i> (Avise et al., 1974) and presumably originated from an <i>eremicus</i> like progenitor (Lawlor, 1983), but gene sequence data decisively portray mice on Tortuga Isl as derivatives of <i>P</i>. <i>merriami</i> (Hafner et al., 2001). The last authors have recommended the recognition of <i>dickeyi</i> as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>merriami</i>. Cranium and fur traits of <i>dickeyi</i> do closely resemble those of <i>P</i>. <i>merriami</i> but the bullae appear smaller and the tail relatively shorter, diagnostic features noted by Burt (1932). A sounder footing for its synonymy and possible subspecific retention should involve broader morphological and molecular surveys within the range of <i>P</i>. <i>merriami</i>, together with the original type series of the island form. See Cortés-Calva and Alvarez-Castañeda (2001, Mammalian Species, 659).","30","30-00445","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0445"
"13000446","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","difficilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1891","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","298","","","Southern Rock Deermouse","México, Zacatecas, Sierra de Valparaíso.","W Chihuahua and SE Coahuila, south to C Oaxaca, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amplus</i>  Osgood, 1904; <i>felipensis</i> Merriam, 1898; <i>petricola</i> Hoffmeister and de la Torre, 1959; <i>saxicola</i> Hoffmeister and de la Torre, 1959.","<i>P</i>. <i>truei</i> species group. Revised by Hoffmeister and de la Torre (1961) to include <i>nasutus</i> (see species account below) and <i>comanche</i> (transferred to <i>P</i>. <i>truei</i>—Schmidly, 1973). Karyologic and biochemical evidence has suggested that <i>P</i>. <i>difficilis</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>nasutus</i> are sibling species (Avise et al., 1979; Zimmerman et al., 1975, 1978); classified as such by Carleton (1989), but see Janecek (1990), who continued to view <i>nasutus</i> populations as part of <i>P</i>. <i>difficilis</i>. DeWalt et al. (1993<i>b</i>) also noted the somewhat low levels of genetic divergence among <i>attwateri</i>, <i>difficilis</i>, and <i>nasutus</i> (e.g., less than <i>P</i>. <i>gratus</i> versus <i>P</i>. <i>truei</i>) but retained them as species, as did Tiemann-Boege et al. (2000). The matter of their synonymy merits reconsideration and decisive resolution. Gaona (1997) evaluated sex and age variation of populations in Veracruz and Puebla.","30","30-00446","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0446"
"13000447","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","eremicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1857","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","479","","","Cactus Deermouse","USA, California, Imperial Co., Old Fort Yuma, Colorado River opposite Yuma, Arizona.","SE California, S Nevada, and SW Utah east to Trans-Pecos Texas, USA; south along mainland coast to C Sinaloa, and on the Mexican Plateau to N Zacatecas and S San Luis Potosí, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alcorni</i>  Anderson, 1972; <i>anthonyi</i> (Merriam, 1887);<i> arenarius</i> Mearns, 1896; <i>avius</i> Osgood, 1909; <i>cedrosensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1898; <i>cinereus</i> Hall, 1931; <i>collatus</i> Burt, 1932; <i>insulicola</i> Osgood, 1909; <i>papagensis</i> Goldman, 1917; <i>phaeurus</i> Osgood, 1904; <i>polypolius</i> Osgood, 1909; <i>pullus</i> Blossom, 1933; <i>sinaloensis</i> Anderson, 1972; <i>tiburonensis</i> Mearns, 1897.","<i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> species group. Once included <i>P</i>. <i>merriami</i> (see Hoffmeister and Lee, 1963<i>a</i>), <i>P</i>. <i>eva</i> (see Lawlor, 1971<i>b</i>), and <i>P</i>. <i>fraterculus</i> (see Riddle et al., 2000<i>a</i>, <i>c</i>). Even following removal of these several species confused under <i>eremicus</i>, mitochondrial DNA variation delineates well-marked W (Sonoran) and E (Chihuahuan) lineages whose taxonomic status should be explored (see Walpole et al., 1997; Riddle et al., 2000<i>c</i>). Lawlor (1971<i>a</i>) relegated the population on Isla Turner, <i>collatus</i>, to subspecies, a relationship and ranking bolstered by molecular analyses (Hafner et al., 2001), but Hall (1981) and Alvarez-Castañeda and Cortés-Calva (1999) continued to list it as a species. Relationships of <i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> to various insular forms in Gulf of California elucidated first by Lawlor (1971<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, 1983) and later Hafner et al. (2001). Genetic variation broadly s... [truncated]","30","30-00447","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0447"
"13000448","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","eva","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","44","","","Southern Baja Deermouse","México, Baja California Sur, San José del Cabo.","Most of Baja California Sur and Carmen Isl, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>carmeni</i>  Townsend, 1912.","<i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> species group. Ranked by Osgood (1909) as a race of <i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i>, but Lawlor (1971<i>b</i>), noting morphological differences and sympatry of the two, resurrected <i>P</i>. <i>eva</i> as a species, including the population on nearby Isla Carmen as a subspecies (also see Hafner et al., 2001). Specific differentiation sustained by electrophoretic and gene-sequence analyses (Avise et al., 1974; Riddle et al., <i>2000a, c</i>); sister species to <i>P</i>. <i>fraterculus</i> (Riddle et al., 2000<i>c</i>), another member of the Baja California Peninsular Desert fauna (e.g., Hafner and Riddle, 1997; Riddle et al., 2000<i>a, b</i>). See Alvarez-Castañeda and Cortés-Calva (2003, Mammalian Species, 738).","30","30-00448","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0448"
"13000449","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","fraterculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1892","","Amer. Nat.","26","","261","","","Northern Baja Deermouse","USA, California, San Diego Co., Dulzura.","SW California, USA, through Baja California Norte, to EC Baja California Sur, México.","","<i>herroni</i>  (Rhoads, 1893); <i>homochroia</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>nigellus</i> (Rhoads, 1894); <i>propinquus</i> J. A. Allen, 1898.","<i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> species group. Long considered a geographic race of <i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> following the revision of Osgood (1909; e.g., also and Hall, 1981, Lawlor, 1971<i>a</i>). Studies of allozymic (Avise et al., 1974) and mitochondrial DNA variation (Walpole et al., 1997) within <i>eremicus</i> as conceived by Osgood have intimated that western and eastern moieties are specifically distinct. Riddle et al. (2000<i>a</i>, <i>c</i>) have confirmed this pronounced genetic divergence, reinstated <i>fraterculus</i> to species, demonstrated its common ancestry with <i>P</i>. <i>eva</i>, and interpreted its Pleistocene origination in a phylogeographic context. Synonyms follow Riddle et al. (2000<i>c</i>).","30","30-00449","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0449"
"13000450","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","furvus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen and Chapman","1897","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","201","","","Blackish Deermouse","México, Veracruz, 1.5 mi (2.4 km) E Jalapa, 4400 ft (1341 m).","Wet and cool forests along E flanks of Sierra Madre Oriental from extreme SE San Luis Potosí to NC Oaxaca, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angustirostris</i>  Hall and Alvarez, 1961; <i>latirostris</i> Dalquest, 1950.","<i>P</i>. <i>furvus</i> species group. Morphological limits, geographic variation, and distribution reviewed by Huckaby (1980), nongeographic variation by Martínez-Coronel et al. (1997). Full synonyms include <i>latirostris</i> (see Hall, 1971) and <i>angustirostris</i> (see Musser, 1964), a conclusion supported by electrophoretic study of allozymes (Harris and Rogers, 1999). Specific homogeneity of taxon questioned by phylogeographic analysis of cytochrome <i>b </i>sequences (Harris et al., 2000), which suggests that the status and identity of populations in northernmost Oaxaca be reconsidered. Considered a member of the <i>mexicanus</i> group by Hooper (1968); segregated as <i>P</i>. <i>furvus</i> species group, tentatively including <i>P</i>. <i>mayensis</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>ochraventer</i>, by Carleton (1989). Although well differentiated from other <i>mexicanus</i> group forms, based on very limited taxonomic sampling, kinship with <i>P</i>. <i>ochraventer</i> is more distant acco... [truncated]","30","30-00450","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0450"
"13000451","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","gossypinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Le Conte","1853","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","6","","411","","","Cotton Deermouse","USA, Georgia, Liberty Co., near Riceboro, probably Le Conte Plantation.","SE USA, from SE Oklahoma, extreme S Illinois (see Feldhammer et al., 1998) and SE Virginia, southwards, skirting the S Appalachians, to E Texas, the Gulf States, and peninsular Florida.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>P. g. allapaticola</i>; IUCN – Extinct as <i>P. g. restrictus</i>,<i> </i>Vulnerable as <i>P. g. allapaticola</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>allapaticola</i>  Schwartz, 1952;<i> anastasae</i> Bangs, 1898;<i> cognatus</i> (Le Conte, 1855); <i>insulanus</i> Bangs, 1898; <i>megacephalus</i> (Rhoads, 1894); <i>mississippiensis</i> Rhoads, 1896;<i> nigriculus</i> Bangs, 1896; <i>palmarius</i> Bangs, 1896; <i>restrictus</i> A. H. Howell, 1939; <i>telmaphilus</i> Schwartz, 1952.","<i>P</i>. <i>leucopus</i> species group. Lectotype based on MCZ specimen collected by Le Conte designated by Helgen (in Helgen and McFadden, 2001). Hybridization in lab documented with <i>P</i>. <i>leucopus</i> (Bradshaw, 1968), but genetic integrity of <i>P</i>. <i>gossypinus</i> is strongly corroborated in most field studies (Engstrom et al., 1982; Price and Kennedy, 1980; Robbins et al., 1985); limited hybridization of the two may occur in S Illinois (Barko and Feldhammer, 2002). Subspecific realignments based on morphometric and allozymic variation of insular and continental populations presented by Boone et al. (1993); in another survey, Boone et al. (1999) documented broad geographic patterns of genetic variation and discussed their general lack of correspondence to subspecific boundaries. See Wolfe and Linzey (1977, Mammalian Species, 70).","30","30-00451","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0451"
"13000452","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","grandis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1932","","Am. Mus. Novit.","560","","4","","","Large Deermouse","Guatemala, Alta Verapaz Dept., Finca Concepción, 3 mi (5 km) S San Miguel Tucurú, 3750 ft (1143 m).","S Alta Verapaz and NE Baja Verapaz, Guatemala; limits of distribution unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> species group. Maintained as a species by Huckaby (1980). The level of relationship of this species to the allopatric forms <i>P</i>. <i>guatemalensis</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>zarhynchus</i> requires investigation.","30","30-00452","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0452"
"13000453","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","gratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","123","","","Saxicoline Deermouse","México, Distrito Federal, Tlalpan.","SW New Mexico, USA, south from W Chihuahua and SE Coahuila, through interior México to C Oaxaca.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>erasmus</i>  Finley, 1952; <i>gentilis</i> Osgood, 1904;<i> pavidus</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>zapotecae</i> Hooper, 1957;<i> zelotes</i> Osgood, 1904.","<i>P</i>. <i>truei</i> species group. Mexican populations revised, as part of <i>P</i>. <i>truei</i>, by Hoffmeister (1951). Divergent karyotypes and genetic distances had questioned unity of <i>P</i>. <i>truei</i> (Lee et al., 1972; Zimmerman et al., 1978); sympatry documented in New Mexico by Modi and Lee (1984), who raised <i>P</i>. <i>gratus</i> to a species (also see DeWalt et al., 1993<i>b</i>; Janecek, 1990; Tiemann-Boege et al., 2000).","30","30-00453","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0453"
"13000454","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","guardia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Townsend","1912","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","31","","126","","","La Guarda Deermouse","México, Baja California Norte, Ángel de la Guarda Isl, 29°33'N, 113°35'W.","Isls of Ángel de la Guarda, Granito, and Mejía, N Gulf of California, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>harbisoni</i>  Banks, 1967; <i>mejiae</i> Burt, 1932.","<i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> species group. Status and relationships with respect to <i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>interparietalis</i> illuminated by Brand and Ryckman (1969), Lawlor (1971<i>a</i>), and Avise et al. (1974); also see remarks on those studies by Hafner et al. (2001:785). Formerly included <i>P</i>. <i>interparietalis</i> (see Banks, 1967, and Lawlor, 1971<i>a</i>). Extinction or critical endangerment of various island populations, principally due to domestic cat introduction, evaluated by Mellink et al. (2002) and Alvarez-Castañeda and Ortega-Rubio (2003).","30","30-00454","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0454"
"13000455","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","guatemalensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","118","","","Guatemalan Deermouse","Guatemala, Huehuetenango Dept., Todos Santos, 10,000 ft (3048 m).","Intermediate to high elevations in mountains of S Chiapas, México, and SW Guatemala.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> species group. Morphological variation and distribution clarified by Huckaby (1980). Level of relationship to morphologically similar allopatric forms <i>P</i>. <i>grandis</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>zarhynchus</i> unresolved. Formerly included <i>altilaneus</i> Osgood, 1904, here removed to <i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> (see that account).","30","30-00455","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0455"
"13000456","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","gymnotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","365","","","Naked-eared Deermouse","""Guatemala.""","Pacific coastal plain and adjacent foothills, near sea level-1675 m, from S Chiapas, México, to S Nicaragua, west of Lake Nicaragua (after Huckaby, 1980; Jones and Yates, 1983; Owen et al., 1990).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>allophylus</i>  Osgood, 1904.","<i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> species group. Formerly classified as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> (Osgood, 1909); Musser (1971) elevated <i>gymnotis</i> to species and pointed out the junior status of <i>allophylus</i>. Differentiation from <i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> sustained by Huckaby (1980) and Jones and Yates (1983), who also amplified the southern range and morphological recognition of <i>P</i>. <i>gymnotis</i>. As noted by Carleton (1989), the northward distribution in the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec now needs clarification, particularly in light of the report of a <i>mexicanus</i> sample from near Berriozábal, Chiapas, that genetically links with <i>P</i>. <i>gymnotis</i> (Rogers and Engstrom, 1992).","30","30-00456","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0456"
"13000457","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","hooperi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lee and Schmidly","1977","","J. Mammal.","58","","263","","","Hooper’s Deermouse","México, Coahuila, 2.5 mi (4 km) W, 21 mi (34 km) S Ocampo, 3500 ft (1067 m).","Grassland transition zone, 1000-2000 m, from C Coahuila to northernmost Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>P</i>. <i>hooperi</i> species group. Allocated, with reservation, to the subgenus <i>Peromyscus</i> as sole member of <i>P</i>. <i>hooperi</i> species group (Schmidly et al., 1985). See Alvarez-Castañeda (2002, Mammalian Species, 709).","30","30-00457","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0457"
"13000458","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","hylocetes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","124","","","Transvolcanic Deermouse","México, Michoacán, Patzcuaro, 7000 ft (2134 m).","Endemic to the Cordillera Transvolcanica, 1980-3085 m, from WC Jalisco eastwards to Distrito Federal and N Morelos, México.","","","<i>P</i>. <i>aztecus</i> species group. Described and early maintained as a species (Merriam, 1898; Osgood, 1909), suggested as conspecific with <i>oaxacensis</i> (Hooper, 1968), and subsequently synonymized as one of five montane subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>aztecus</i>, including <i>oaxacensis</i> (Carleton, 1979). Cladistic interpretation of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequence data indicates the earlier separation of a <i>hylocetes</i> lineage relative to other populations of <i>P</i>. <i>aztecus</i> (Sullivan and Kilpatrick, 1991; Sullivan et al., 1997, 2000), and genetic divergence levels favor its reinstatement as a species.","30","30-00458","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0458"
"13000459","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","interparietalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1932","","Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.","7","","175","","","San Lorenzo Deermouse","México, Baja California Norte, San Lorenzo Sur Isl; 28°36'N, 112°51'W.","North and South San Lorenzo Isls, and Salsipuedes Isl, N Gulf of California, México.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>lorenzi</i>  Banks, 1967; <i>ryckmani</i> Banks, 1967.","<i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> species group. Considered distinct from <i>P</i>. <i>guardia</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> (<i>sensu lato</i>) by Banks (1967) and Lawlor (1971<i>a</i>; also see Avise et al., 1974, and Brand and Ryckman, 1969). Marginally differentiated from <i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> based on all characters surveyed by Lawlor (1971<i>a</i>) but retained as species; phyletic relations, as divulged by mitochondrial DNA (COIII) sequences, indicate derivation from a <i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> (<i>sensu stricto</i>) stock and suggest only subspecific differentiation from those mainland populations (Hafner et al., 2001).","30","30-00459","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0459"
"13000460","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","keeni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1894","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","46","","258","","","Northwestern Deermouse","Canada, British Columbia, Queen Charlotte Isls, Graham Isl, Massett.","S Alaska, W British Columbia, and W Washington, west of the Coastal and Cascade mountain ranges and including continental shelf islands and archipelagos.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P. oreas </i>and <i>P. sitkensis</i>.","<i>algidus</i>  Osgood, 1909; <i>beresfordi</i> Guiguet, 1955; <i>cancrivorus</i> McCabe and Cowan, 1945; <i>carli</i> Guiguet, 1955; <i>doylei</i> McCabe and Cowan, 1945; <i>hylaeus</i> Osgood, 1908; <i>interdictus</i> Anderson, 1932; <i>isolatus</i> Cowan, 1935; <i>macrorhinus</i> (Rhoads, 1894); <i>maritimus</i> McCabe and Cowan, 1945; <i>oceanicus</i> Cowan, 1935; <i>oreas</i> Bangs, 1898; <i>pluvialis</i> McCabe and Cowan, 1945; <i>prevostensis</i> Osgood, 1901; <i>rubriventer</i> McCabe and Cowan, 1945; <i>sartinensis</i> Guiguet, 1955; <i>sitkensis</i> Merriam, 1897; <i>triangularis</i> Guiguet, 1955.","<i>P. maniculatus</i> species group. Relegated to a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus</i> by Osgood (1909) and thereafter maintained as a junior synonym (Hall, 1981; Hooper, 1968; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Specific status, synonymies, and distribution with respect to <i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus</i> clarified by Hogan et al. (1993), who reassigned <i>oreas</i> and <i>sitkensis</i>, taxa formerly regarded as species, to subspecific rank; much morphological, genetic, and karyological information has been reported under those names (e.g., Allard and Greenbaum, 1988; Allard et al. 1987; Calhoun and Greenbaum, 1991; Cowan and Guiguet, 1965; Gunn and Greenbaum, 1986; Osgood, 1909; Pengilly et al., 1983; Sheppe, 1961; Sullivan et al., 1990; Thomas, 1973). About half of the synonyms listed are associated on the basis of distributional proximity and literature reports (see Hogan et al., 1993:829), a zoogeographically plausible supposition that deserves firsthand specimen examination and empi... [truncated]","30","30-00460","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0460"
"13000461","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","leucopus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1818","","Am. Mon. Mag.","3","","446","","","White-footed Deermouse","USA, Kentucky, Ballard Co., near mouth of Ohio River (as restricted by Osgood, 1909:115-116).","S Alberta and to S Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia, Canada; throughout much of C and E USA, excluding Florida; southwards to N Durango and along Caribbean coast to Isthmus of Tehuantepec and NW Yucatán Peninsula, México.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>P. l. ammodytes</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>affinis</i>  (J. A. Allen, 1891); <i>ammodytes</i> Bangs, 1905;<i> arboreus</i> Gloger, 1841; <i>aridulus</i> Osgood, 1909; <i>arizonae</i> (J. A. Allen, 1894);<i> brevicaudus</i> Davis, 1939;<i> campestris</i> (Le Conte, 1853);<i> canus</i> Mearns, 1896; <i>castaneus</i> Osgood, 1904; <i>caudatus</i> Smith, 1939; <i>cozulmelae</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>easti</i> Paradiso, 1960;<i> emmonsi</i> (DeKay, 1840);<i> flaccidus</i> J. A. Allen, 1903; <i>fuscus</i> Bangs, 1905; <i>incensus</i> Goldman, 1942; <i>lachiguiriensis</i> Goodwin, 1956;<i> mearnsii</i> (J. A. Allen, 1891); <i>mesomelas</i> Osgood, 1904;<i> michiganensis</i> (Audubon and Bachman, 1842); <i>minnesotae</i> Mearns, 1901;<i> musculoides</i> Merriam, 1898;<i> myoides</i> (Gapper, 1830); <i>noveboracensis</i> (Fischer, 1829); <i>ochraceus</i> Osgood, 1909; <i>texanus</i> (Woodhouse, 1853);<i> tornillo</i> Mearns, 1896.","<p><i>P</i>. <i>leucopus</i> species group. Revised by Osgood (1909). Morphometric discrimination of <i>P</i>. <i>leucopus</i> from <i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus</i> studied in central US and New England (J. Choate, 1973; J. Choate et al., 1979); Rich et al. (1996) combined salivary amylase genotypes with discriminant function analyses to confidently separate these morphologically similar species (also see account of <i>P</i>. <i>gossypinus</i>). Distinctive eastern (<i>leucopus</i>) and southwestern (<i>texanus</i>) cytotypes reported (Baker et al., 1983), with introgression across hybrid zone in central Oklahoma intensively studied (Nelson et al., 1987; Schmidt, 1999; Simmons et al., 1992; Stangl, 1986; Stangl and Baker, 1984<i>a</i>; Van Den Bussche et al., 1993<i>b</i>); possible mechanisms of heterochromatic chromosomal change that would produce the different cytotypes examined by Bowers et al. (1998).</p><p>Morphometric variation examined over microgeographic scale in various regions ... [truncated]","30","30-00461","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0461"
"13000462","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","levipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","123","","","Nimble-footed Deermouse","México, Tlaxcala, Mt Malinche, 8400 ft (2560 m).","C Nuevo León and W Tamaulipas, in and along the Sierra Madre Oriental, to C Veracruz, Tlaxcala, Distrito Federal, and Morelos, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ambiguus</i>  Alvarez, 1961.","<i>P</i>. <i>boylii</i> species group. Systematic studies have confirmed sympatry of <i>P</i>. <i>boylii rowleyi</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>levipes</i> in Queretaro and Hidalgo and supported its elevation to species (Houseal et al., 1987; Rennert and Kilpatrick, 1987; Schmidly et al., 1988; Sullivan et al., 1991). The taxon <i>baetae</i> was provisionally retained by Carleton (1989) under <i>P</i>. <i>levipes</i>, whereas Schmidly et al. (1988) viewed it as a cryptic species distinct from <i>P</i>. <i>levipes</i>, a treatment borne out by subsequent studies (see above account). Includes <i>ambiguus</i> as a definable subspecies based on morphometric and gene-sequence evidence (Castro-Campillo et al., 1999); geographic and nongeographic variation, subspecific distributions, and nomenclatural changes summarized by Castro-Campillo et al. (1999).","30","30-00462","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0462"
"13000463","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","madrensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","16","","","Tres Marías Deermouse","México, Nayarit, Tres Marías Isls, María Madre Isl.","Tres Marías Isls, México.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>P</i>. <i>boylii</i> species group. Treated as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>boylii</i> by Osgood (1909) but considered distinct by Carleton (1977) in a revision of <i>boylii</i> group forms in W México. Viewed as closely related to <i>P</i>. <i>simulus</i> by Carleton et al. (1982), but cladistically basal to most other <i>boylii</i> group species in trees generated from cytochrome <i>b</i> data (Tiemann-Boege et al., 2000). Perhaps extirpated on María Magdalena Isl, where <i>Rattus rattus</i> is now abundant (Carleton et al., 1982; Wilson, 1991).","30","30-00463","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0463"
"13000464","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","maniculatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1845","","Arch. Naturgesch.","11","1","148","","","North American Deermouse","Canada, Labrador, Moravian settlements.","Panhandle of Alaska and across N Canada, south through most of continental USA, excluding the SE and E seaboard, to southernmost Baja California Sur and to NC Oaxaca, México; including many landbridge islands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>P. m. anacapae </i>and <i>P. m. clementis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abietorum</i>  Bangs, 1896; <i>akeleyi</i> Elliot, 1899; <i>alpinus</i> Cowan, 1937; <i>anacapae</i> von Bloeker, 1942; <i>angustus</i> Hall, 1932; <i>anticostiensis</i> Moulthrop, 1937; <i>arcticus</i> (Coues, 1877); <i>arcticus</i> (Mearns, 1890); <i>argentatus</i> Copeland and Church, 1906; <i>artemisiae</i> (Rhoads, 1894); <i>assimilis</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <i>austerus</i> (Baird, 1855); <i>bairdii</i> (Hoy and Kennicott, 1857); <i>bairdii</i> (Coues, 1877); <i>balaclavae</i> McCabe and Cowan, 1945; <i>blandus</i> Osgood, 1904; <i>borealis</i> Mearns, 1911 [renaming of <i>arcticus</i> Mearns, 1890]; <i>canadensis</i> (Miller, 1893); <i>catalinae</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>cineritius</i> J. A. Allen, 1898; <i>clementis</i> Mearns, 1896; <i>coolidgei</i> Thomas, 1898; <i>deserticolus</i> (Mearns, 1890); <i>dorsalis</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <i>dubius</i> J. A. Allen, 1898; <i>elusus</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <i>eremus</i> Osgood, 1909; <i>exiguus</i> J. A. Allen, 1898; <i>exterus</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <i>fulvus</i> Osgood, 1904; <i>gambelii</i> (Baird, 1857); <i>georgiensis</i> Hall, 1938; <i>geronimensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1898; <i>gracilis</i> (Le Conte, 1855); <i>gunnisoni</i> Goldman, 1937; <i>hollisteri</i> Osgood, 1909; <i>hueyi</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1932; <i>imperfectus</i> Dice, 1925; <i>inclarus</i> Goldman, 1939; <i>insolatus</i> (Rhoads, 1894); <i>labecula</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>luteus</i> Osgood, 1905; <i>magdalenae</i> Osgood, 1909; <i>margaritae</i> Osgood, 1909; <i>martinensis</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <i>medius</i> Mearns, 1896; <i>nebrascensis</i> (Coues, 1877); <i>nebrascensis</i> (Mearns, 1890); <i>nubiterrae</i> Rhoads, 1896; <i>oresterus</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>osgoodi</i> Mearns 1911 [renaming of <i>nebrascensis</i> Mearns, 1890]; <i>ozarkiarum</i> Black, 1935; <i>pallescens</i> J. A. Allen, 1896; <i>perimekurus</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>plumbeus</i> C. F. Jackson, 1939; <i>rubidus</i> Osgood, 1901; <i>rufinus</i> (Merriam, 1890); <i>sanctaerosae</i> von Bloeker, 1940; <i>santacruzae</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <i>saturatus</i> Bangs, 1897; <i>saxamans</i> McCabe and Cowan, 1945; <i>serratus</i> Davis, 1939; <i>sonoriensis</i> (Le Conte, 1853); <i>streatori</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <i>subarcticus</i> J. A. Allen, 1899; <i>thurberi</i> (J. A. Allen, 1893); <i>umbrinus</i> Miller, 1897","<p><i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus</i> species group. A broadly distributed and morphologically highly variable form once confused with many taxa now reallocated to <i>P</i>. <i>leucopus</i> (see Osgood, 1909). Formerly included long-tailed populations in NW North America recently separated as <i>P</i>. <i>keeni</i>. Status and relationships of <i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus</i> have been extensively addressed with regard to <i>P</i>. <i>keeni</i> (or as its junior synonyms <i>oreas</i> and <i>sitkensis</i>—Allard et al., 1987; Allard and Greenbaum, 1988; Gunn and Greenbaum, 1986; Hogan et al., 1993, 1997; Zheng et al., 2003), <i>P</i>. <i>melanotis</i> (Bowers, 1974; Bowers et al., 1973; Greenbaum and Baker, 1978), <i>P</i>. <i>polionotus</i> (Avise et al., 1979; Hogan et al., 1997; Robbins and Baker, 1981), and <i>P</i>. <i>sejugis</i> (Avise et al., 1979; Hafner et al., 2001; Hogan et al., 1997; Lawlor, 1983); see those accounts.</p><p>Regional studies of geographic variation have clarified dist... [truncated]","30","30-00464","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0464"
"13000465","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","mayensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Carleton and Huckaby","1975","","J. Mammal.","56","","444","","","Mayan Deermouse","Guatemala, Huehuetenango Dept., about 7 km NW Santa Eulalia, Yaiquich, 2950 m.","Known only from the type locality and close vicinity, WC Guatemala.","IUCN – Endangered.","","<i>P</i>. <i>furvus</i> species group. Nearest specific relatives obscure; provisionally aligned with the <i>P</i>. <i>furvus</i> species group (Carleton, 1989).","30","30-00465","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0465"
"13000466","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","megalops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","119","","","Broad-faced Deermouse","México, Oaxaca, La Cieneguilla Ranch, near Santa María Ozolotepec, 10,000 ft (3048 m).","Humid forests in mountains of C Guerrero, S and NC Oaxaca, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>auritus</i>  Merriam, 1898; <i>comptus</i> Merriam, 1898.","<i>P</i>. <i>megalops</i> species group. Following Osgood (1909), Hall (1981) continued to maintain <i>melanurus</i> as a subspecies, a form that Huckaby (1980) documented as a species distinct from <i>P</i>. <i>megalops</i>. Distribution and ecology reviewed by Musser (1964); Briones-Salas et al. (2001) recently documented the species in the Sierra Mazteca, NC Oaxaca. Carleton (1989) observed Osgood’s (1909) earlier arrangement of a <i>megalops</i> species group (including <i>P</i>. <i>melanocarpus</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>melanurus</i>) apart from the <i>mexicanus</i> species group; segregation from <i>mexicanus</i> complex receives support from genic data, but not including <i>melanocarpus</i> (Rogers and Engstrom, 1992).","30","30-00466","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0466"
"13000467","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","mekisturus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","124","","","Puebla Deermouse","México, Puebla, Chalchicomula, 8400 ft (2560 m).","SE Puebla, México.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>P</i>. <i>melanophrys</i> species group. A distinctive species known only by two specimens, the type and one from Tehuacán, Puebla (Hooper, 1947). Provisionally retained with the <i>melanophrys</i> species group (Carleton, 1989).","30","30-00467","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0467"
"13000468","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","melanocarpus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","73","","","Black-wristed Deermouse","México, Oaxaca, Cerro Zempoaltépec, above Yacochi.","Humid montane forests of Sierras de Zempoaltépec, Juárez, and Mazteca, ca. 1500-2500 m, NC Oaxaca, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Species group indeterminate. Restricted range and distinctive morphology substantiated by Huckaby (1980); recently documented in the Sierra Mazteca, NC Oaxaca, by Briones-Salas et al. (2001). Age, sex, and individual variation assessed by Cervantes et al. (1993<i>b</i>). Nearest specific relatives uncertain: initially segregated in the <i>megalops</i> species group apart from the <i>mexicanus</i> complex by Osgood (1909) and later Carleton (1989); or arranged within an expanded <i>mexicanus</i> species group by Hooper (1968) and Huckaby (1980). Neither of these associations finds support in phenetic and cladistic analyses of allozymes (Rogers and Engstrom, 1992), a result that leaves the species group assignment of <i>melanocarpus</i> as <i>incertae sedis</i>. See Rickart and Robertson (1985, Mammalian Species, 241).","30","30-00468","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0468"
"13000469","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","melanophrys","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Coues","1874","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","26","","181","","","Plateau Deermouse","México, Oaxaca, Santa Efigenia.","S Durango and Coahuila, south through interior México to Chiapas.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>coahuilensis</i>  Baker, 1952; <i>consobrinus</i> Osgood, 1904; <i>micropus</i> Baker, 1952; <i>xenurus</i> Osgood, 1904; <i>zamorae</i> Osgood, 1904.","<i>P</i>. <i>melanophrys</i> species group. Revised by Baker (1952) to include <i>xenurus</i>, which Osgood (1909) had retained as a species. Relationships evaluated by Schmidly et al. (1985) and Stangl and Baker (1984<i>b</i>). The level of differentiation of <i>micropus</i> in Jalisco and Nayarit deserves reconsideration.","30","30-00469","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0469"
"13000470","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","melanotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen and Chapman","1897","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","203","","","Black-eared Deermouse","México, Veracruz, Las Vigas, 8000 ft (2438 m).","Cordillera Transvolcanica in C México (E Jalisco to C Veracruz), northwards along Sierra Madre Oriental to S Nuevo León and along Sierra Madre Occidental to W Chihuahua; isolated populations in SE Arizona, USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cecilii</i>  Thomas, 1903; <i>zamelas</i> Osgood, 1904.","<i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus</i> species group. Genetic, karyotypic, and geographic variation studied by Bowers et al. (1973), who included populations in S Arizona previously identified as <i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus rufinus</i>. However, see Hoffmeister (1986) who disputed their conclusions and maintained all Arizona populations as <i>P. maniculatus</i>. Bowers (1974) discerned no basis for subspecific divisions; geographic and nongeographic variation of populations inhabiting the Cordillera Transvolcanica evaluated by Martínez-Coronel et al. (1991).","30","30-00470","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0470"
"13000471","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","melanurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1909","","N. Am. Fauna","28","","215","","","Black-tailed Deermouse","México, Oaxaca, below Pluma Hidalgo, 3000 ft (914 m).","Pacific slopes of the Sierra Madre del Sur of Oaxaca, México.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>P</i>. <i>megalops</i> species group. Although named as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>megalops</i>, Huckaby (1980) substantiated the specific status and range of <i>melanurus</i>. Banded karyotype described by Smith et al. (1986).","30","30-00471","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0471"
"13000472","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","merriami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1896","","Preliminary diagnoses of new mammals from the Mexican border of the United States","","","p. 2; preprint of Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19:138","","","Merriam’s Deermouse","México, Sonora, Sonoyta, on Sonoyta River.","SC Arizona, USA, through W Sonora to C Sinaloa, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>goldmani</i>  Osgood, 1904.","<i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> species group. Osgood (1909) placed <i>merriami</i> under <i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i>, a synonymy overturned by Hoffmeister and Lee (1963<i>a</i>), who documented their sympatric occurrence and morphological differentiation. Geographic variation evaluated by Hoffmeister and Diersing (1973), who retained <i>goldmani</i> as a subspecies; Lawlor (1971<i>b</i>) did not. Generally related to to <i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> <i>sensu lato</i> (Avise et al., 1974; Lawlor, 1971<i>a</i>) and to <i>P</i>. <i>pembertoni</i> (Lawlor, 1971<i>a</i>, 1983); based on mitochondrial DNA sequences, viewed as cognate species to <i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> <i>sensu stricto</i>, which together form a sister group to the clade <i>P.</i> <i>eva</i> <i>P</i>. <i>fraterculus</i> (Riddle et al., 2000<i>a</i>, <i>c</i>). Includes the insular form <i>dickeyi</i> according to mitochondrial DNA (COIII) comparisons (Hafner et al., 2001).","30","30-00472","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0472"
"13000473","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","mexicanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, Ser. 2","12","","103","","","Mexican Deermouse","México, Veracruz, 10 km E Mirador (as restricted by Dalquest, 1950:8).","In México, along the Atlantic coast from S San Luis Potosí to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and along the Pacific coast, from the Guerrero-Oaxaca border to C Chiapas; upper foothills and middle-elevation mountains in Guatemala, through El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, to highlands in Costa Rica and W Panamá (Chiriquí region).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>altilaneus</i>  Osgood, 1904; <i>angelensis</i> Osgood, 1904; <i>azulensis</i> Goodwin, 1956; <i>cacabatus</i> Bangs, 1902; <i>coatlanensis</i> Goodwin, 1956; <i>hesperus</i> Harris, 1940; <i>nicaraguae</i> J. A. Allen, 1908; <i>nudipes</i> (J. A. Allen, 1891); <i>orientalis</i> Goodwin, 1938; <i>orizabae</i> Merriam, 1898; <i>philombrius</i> Dickey, 1928; <i>putlaensis</i> Goodwin, 1964; <i>salvadorensis</i> Dickey, 1928; <i>sloeops</i> Goodwin, 1955; <i>teapensis</i> Osgood, 1904; <i>tehuantepecus</i> Merriam, 1898; <i>totontepecus</i> Merriam, 1898; <i>tropicalis</i> Goodwin, 1932.","<p><i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> species group. Geographic range, variation, and taxonomic synonymy summarized by Huckaby (1980), the species construct followed here. Includes forms formerly viewed as members of <i>Osgoodomys banderanus</i> (<i>angelensis</i>, <i>coatlanensis</i>, and <i>sloeops</i>—see Musser, 1969), <i>P</i>. <i>guatemalensis</i> (<i>tropicalis</i>—see Musser, 1969), and <i>P</i>. <i>megalops</i> (<i>azulensis</i>—see Huckaby, 1980); and see account of <i>P</i>. <i>gymnotis</i>, which had been arranged as a race of <i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i>. Euchromatic banding patterns identical in <i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> and related species so far examined (Smith et al., 1986), and levels of genic divergence are similarly unremarkable (Rogers and Engstrom, 1992).</p><p>The conspecific status of populations now arranged under <i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> direly needs corroboration. For one, the status of <i>altilaneus</i>, described by Osgood (1904) from Todos Santos, Guatemala, also... [truncated]","30","30-00473","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0473"
"13000474","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","nasutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1891","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","229","","","Northern Rock Deermouse","USA, Colorado, Larimer Co., Estes Park.","C Colorado and SE Utah, south through New Mexico and Trans-Pecos Texas, USA, to NW Coahuila, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>griseus</i>  Benson, 1932; <i>penicillatus</i> Mearns, 1896.","<i>P</i>. <i>truei</i> species group. Considered a distinct species (Osgood, 1909) until synonymized under <i>P</i>. <i>difficilis</i> by Hoffmeister and de la Torre (1961). Separated as a sibling species of <i>P</i>. <i>difficilis</i> by Zimmerman et al. (1975, 1978), as also recognized by Carleton (1989); however, the weak genic divergence persuaded Janecek (1990) to retain <i>nasutus</i> within <i>P</i>. <i>difficilis</i>. DeWalt et al. (1993<i>b</i>) also uncovered low levels of genetic divergence among <i>attwateri</i>, <i>difficilis</i>, and <i>nasutus</i> (e.g., less than <i>P</i>. <i>gratus</i> versus <i>P</i>. <i>truei</i>) but retained them as species, as did Tiemann-Boege et al. (2000) based on a broader survey of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences among members of the <i>boylii</i> and <i>truei</i> species groups. Also see remarks under <i>P</i>. <i>difficilis</i>. Includes <i>penicillatus</i>, which Osgood (1909) had misclassified under <i>P</i>. <i>boylii</i> (see Diersing, 19... [truncated]","30","30-00474","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0474"
"13000475","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","ochraventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baker","1951","","Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ.","5","","213","","","El Carrizo Deermouse","México, Tamaulipas, El Carrizo, 70 km (by highway) S Ciudad Victoria and 6 km W Panamerican Highway, 2800 ft (853 m).","Moist forests of S Tamaulipas and adjacent San Luis Potosí, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Species group indeterminate. Revised by Huckaby (1980) as part of the <i>mexicanus</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Hooper, 1968), an assignment not supported by allozymic analyses (Rogers and Engstrom, 1992). Departs from conservative karyotypic pattern exhibited by species of the <i>mexicanus</i> group (Robbins and Baker, 1981; Smith et al., 1986). Provisionally assigned to the <i>furvus</i> species group by Carleton (1989), but this association too is questioned by cytochrome <i>b</i> data, which indicate <i>P</i>. <i>ochraventer</i> to be strongly divergent genetically from both <i>P</i>. <i>furvus</i> and <i>mexicanus</i> group species (<i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>melanocarpus</i>) (Harris et al., 2000).","30","30-00475","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0475"
"13000476","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","pectoralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","59","","","White-ankled Deermouse","México, Querétaro, Jalpan.","SE New Mexico and C Texas, USA, south along the Mexican Plateau and Cordillera Oriental to N Jalisco and Hidalgo, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>collinus</i>  Hooper, 1952; <i>eremicoides</i> Osgood, 1904; <i>laceianus</i> Bailey, 1906.","Species group indeterminate. Although traditionally arranged as a member of the <i>boylii</i> species group (Carleton, 1989; Hooper, 1968; Osgood, 1909), a robust variety of other systematic data leaves the matter of its affinity as unresolved (e.g., Rogers et al., 1984; Sullivan and Kilpatrick, 1991; Tiemann-Boege et al., 2000). Revised by Schmidly (1972), who recognized three subspecies that correspond to patterns of genetic differentiation (Kilpatrick and Zimmerman, 1976); consanguinity of included populations nevertheless suspect (see Avise et al., 1974). See Schmidly (1974, Mammalian Species, 49).","30","30-00476","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0476"
"13000477","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","pembertoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1932","","Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.","7","","176","","","Pemberton’s Deermouse","México, Sonora, San Pedro Nolasco Isl; 27°58'N, 111°24'W.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Extinct.","","<i>P. eremicus species group. Derivation from a P. merriami-like ancestor postulated by Lawlor (1971a). Probably extinct—see Lawlor (1983) and Alvarez-Castañeda and Ortega-Rubio (2003). See Alvarez-Castañeda and Cortés-Calva (2003, Mammalian Species, 734).</i>","30","30-00477","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0477"
"13000478","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","perfulvus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1945","","J. Mammal.","26","","299","","","Tawny Deermouse","México, Michoacán, 10 km W Apatzingán, 1040 ft (317 m).","Coastal lowlands of Jalisco and Colima, along Río Balsas to interior Michocán and northernmost Guerrero, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chrysopus</i>  Hooper, 1955.","<i>P</i>. <i>melanophrys</i> species group. Placed with <i>P</i>. <i>melanophrys</i> group by Hooper (1968), an association supported by electrophoretic data (Schmidly et al., 1985). The geographic range and ecological affinity of <i>P</i>. <i>perfulvus</i> and <i>Osgoodomys banderanus</i> are tightly congruent and suggest similar biogeographic histories.","30","30-00478","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0478"
"13000479","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","polionotus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","Arch. Naturgesch.","9","2","52","","","Oldfield Deermouse","USA, Georgia.","SE USA, from SC Tennessee to W South Carolina, south through Alabama and Georgia, to panhandle and N peninsular Florida, USA.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>P. p. allophrys</i>,<i> P. p. ammobates</i>,<i> P. p. peninsularis</i>,<i> P. p. phasma</i>, and <i>P. p. trissyllepsis</i>, Threatened and as <i>P. p. niveiventris</i>; IUCN – Extinct as <i>P. p. decoloratus</i>, Critically Endangered as <i>P. p. trissyllepsis</i>,<i> </i>Endangered as <i>P. p. allophrys</i>,<i> P. p. ammobates</i>,<i> P. p. peninsularis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>P. p. phasma</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>P. p. leucocephalus </i>and <i>P. p. niveiventris</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albifrons</i>  Osgood, 1909; <i>allophrys</i> Bowen, 1968; <i>ammobates</i> Bowen, 1968;<i> arenarius</i> Bangs, 1898;<i> baliolus</i> Bangs, 1898; <i>colemani</i> Schwartz, 1954; <i>decoloratus</i> A. H. Howell, 1939; <i>griseobracatus</i> Bowen, 1968; <i>leucocephalus</i> A. H. Howell, 1920; <i>lucubrans</i> Schwartz, 1954; <i>niveiventris</i> (Chapman, 1889); <i>peninsularis</i> A. H. Howell, 1939; <i>phasma</i> Bangs, 1898; <i>rhoadsi</i> Bangs, 1898; <i>subgriseus</i> (Chapman, 1893); <i>sumneri</i> Bowen, 1968; <i>trissyllepsis</i> Bowen, 1968.","<i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus</i> species group. Revised by Osgood (1909). Pleistocene origination of subspecies hypothesized by Bowen (1968); intraspecific genetic differentiation surveyed by Selander et al. (1971). See commentary on subspecific variation and ranges by Whitaker and Hamilton (1998), who considered <i>colemani</i> and <i>subgriseus</i> as inseparable from the nominate subspecies. Membership within <i>maniculatus</i> group and relationships to other <i>Peromyscus</i> assessed by Avise et al. (1979), Greenbaum et al. (1978), Rogers et al. (1984), and Stangl and Baker (1984<i>b</i>).","30","30-00479","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0479"
"13000480","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","polius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","61","","","Chihuahuan Deermouse","México, Chihuahua, Colonia García.","WC Chihuahua, México.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Species group indeterminate. A distinctive species of enigmatic relationships: initially placed with the <i>truei</i> group (Osgood, 1909) but provisionally reassigned to the <i>boylii</i> group by Hoffmeister (1951; also see Bradley and Schmidly, 1987, and commentary by Anderson, 1972:348). Allozymic distance data weakly support the latter association (Bradley et al., 1996; Kilpatrick and Zimmerman, 1975; Schmidly et al., 1985), but mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome <i>b</i>) interpretations of its kinship are inconclusive (Tiemann-Boege et al., 2000).","30","30-00480","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0480"
"13000481","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","pseudocrinitus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1932","","Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.","7","","173","","","Coronados Deermouse","México, Baja California Sur, Coronados Isl; 26°06'N, 111°18'W.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","<i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> species group. Tentatively allocated to <i>crinitus</i> species group by Hooper (1968); affinities to <i>P</i>. <i>eremicus</i> asserted by Lawlor (1971<i>a</i>) and believed derived therefrom (Lawlor, 1983). See Alvarez-Castañeda (1998, Mammalian Species, 601).","30","30-00481","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0481"
"13000482","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","sagax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1903","","Field Columbian Mus. Publ. 71, Zool. Ser.","3","","142","","","Michoacán Deermouse","México, Michoacán, La Palma.","NC Michoacán, México; limits uncertain.","","","Species group indeterminate. Recognition long obscured as a full synonym first of <i>P</i>. <i>truei gratus</i> (Osgood, 1909) and later of <i>P</i>. <i>boylii levipes</i> (Hoffmeister, 1946), but morphometric, karyotypic, and electrophoretic information demonstrates the form’s specific separation from <i>P</i>. <i>boylii</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>levipes</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>gratus</i> (Bradley et al., 1996). Gene-sequence data indicate that <i>P</i>. <i>sagax</i> is as much differentiated from the <i>boylii</i> complex as from the <i>aztecus</i> and <i>truei</i> species groups (Tiemann-Boege et al., 2000).","30","30-00482","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0482"
"13000483","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","sejugis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1932","","Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.","7","","171","","","Santa Cruz Deermouse","México, Baja California Sur, Santa Cruz Isl; 25°17'N, 110°43'W.","Santa Cruz and San Diego Isls, S Gulf of California, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>P. maniculatus</i> species group. Highly differentiated morphologically and allozymically from mainland <i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus</i> (Avise et al., 1974, 1979; Burt, 1932), though considered a derivative from a <i>maniculatus</i> like ancestor (Lawlor, 1983), a relationship supported by sequence data from several mitochondrial DNA genes (Hafner et al., 2001; Hogan et al., 1997). Banded karyotype described by Smith et al. (2000), who reported a unique heterochromatin addition in <i>sejugis</i> as compared with <i>P</i>. <i>maniculatis</i> and recommended retention of the former as species. Hafner et al. (2001:787), on the other hand, viewed the sequence divergence between the two as minimal and predicted that additional study ""will demonstrate that <i>P</i>. <i>sejugis</i> should be included as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus</i>."" Ultimate decision on its status will hinge upon a broader context of taxonomic inquiry that includes peninsular populations of <i>P</i>. <i>manic... [truncated]","30","30-00483","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0483"
"13000484","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","simulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","64","","","Sinaloan Deermouse","México, Nayarit, San Blas.","Coastal plain and lower river valleys, sea level-200 m, from WC Sinaloa through W Nayarit, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>P</i>. <i>boylii</i> species group. Previously classified as a geographic race of <i>P</i>. <i>boylii</i> (Hall, 1981; Osgood, 1909); elevated to species by Carleton (1977). Nongeographic and geographic variation evaluated by Schmidly and Bradley (1995), who provided new distributional records. Status and interspecific relationships within the <i>boylii</i> group addressed by Carleton et al. (1982), Bradley and Schmidly (1987), Sullivan et al. (1991), and Tiemann-Boege et al. (2000). See Roberts et al. (2001, Mammalian Species, 669).","30","30-00484","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0484"
"13000485","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","slevini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mailliard","1924","","Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4","12","","1221","","","Catalina Deermouse","México, Baja California Sur, Santa Catalina Isl, 17 mi (27 km) NE Punta San Marcial, 25°43'50""N.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Species group indeterminate. Proposed derivation from a <i>maniculatus</i> like ancestor (Lawlor, 1983) has been questioned on morphological (Carleton, 1989), chromosomal (Smith et al., 2000), and genetic grounds (Hogan et al., 1997; Hafner et al., 2001). The latter molecular studies conflict in representing <i>slevini</i> either as a species cladistically basal to the <i>P</i>. <i>leucopus</i> <i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus</i> species groups (Hogan et al., 1997) or as another possible synonym of <i>P</i>. <i>fraterculus</i> (Hafner et al., 2001). Examination of vouchers used by Hafner et al. (2001) reveals those specimens (CIB 703-708, 711, 714-717) to be examples of <i>P</i>. <i>fraterculus</i>, not the species described by Mailliard (1924) and later reported by Burt (1934) based on his 1931 fieldwork (M. Carleton and T. Lawlor, in prep.). Those used by Hogan et al. (1997) and Smith et al. (2000) do prove to be <i>P</i>. <i>slevini</i> proper (specimens in TCWC). As noted by Carleton (198... [truncated]","30","30-00485","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0485"
"13000486","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","spicilegus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1897","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","50","","","Gleaning Deermouse","México, Jalisco, Mascota, Mineral San Sebastián.","Low to middle elevations, 15-1980 m, along the W flanks of the Sierra Madre Occidental, México, from SE Sonora and extreme SW Chihuahua to NE Colima and WC Michoacán.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>P</i>. <i>aztecus</i> species group. Arranged as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>boylii</i> by Osgood (1909; and Hall, 1981). Morphological, chromosomal, molecular, and distributional data support its recognition as a species having closer affinity to <i>P</i>. <i>aztecus</i> and its allies (see Bradley and Schmidly, 1987; Carleton, 1977, 1979; Carleton et al., 1982; Hooper, 1968; Sullivan and Kilpatrick, 1991; Sullivan et al., 1997; Tiemann-Boege et al., 2000). Includes populations in Michoácan once identified as <i>evides</i> (see Carleton, 1977; Smith et al., 1989); Bradley et al. (1996) substantially extended the northern occurrence of the species as far as SE Sonora. Variation with altitude investigated by Sánchez-Cordero and Villa-Ramírez (1988); geographic and nongeographic variation evaluated by Bradley et al. (1996<i>b</i>), who regarded patterns and levels of interpopulational divergence as insufficient to delimit subspecies. See Roberts et al. (1998, Mammalian Species, 596).","30","30-00486","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0486"
"13000487","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","stephani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Townsend","1912","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","31","","126","","","San Esteban Deermouse","México, Sonora, San Esteban Isl, 28°34'N, 113°21'W.","Known only from Isla San Esteban.","IUCN – Endangered.","","<i>P. boylii species group. Lawlor (1971a) demonstrated the boylii-like traits of P. stephani, which was previously classified in the subgenus Haplomylomys (Hooper, 1968), and favored its recognition as species. Electrophoretic investigations have sustained this affinity and status (Avise et al., 1974), but mitochondrial COIII gene sequences imply subspecific recognition within P. boylii (Hafner et al., 2001). In a denser taxonomic survey of boylii group forms, using the cytochrome b gene and including several subspecies of P. boylii sensu stricto, Tiemann-Boege et al. (2000) viewed P. stephani as sister taxon to the P. boylii-P. simulus clade and argued its status as species, an interpretation that best reflects the information sources so far consulted.</i>","30","30-00487","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0487"
"13000488","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","stirtoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dickey","1928","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","41","","5","","","Stirton’s Deermouse","El Salvador, La Unión Dept., Río Goascorán, 13º30' N, 100 ft (30.5 m).","Intermittently found in dry to semiarid lowlands of SE Guatemala, SE El Salvador, Honduras, and W Nicaragua.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> species group. Although Hooper (1968) questioned the specific recognition of <i>P</i>. <i>stirtoni</i>, others have substantiated its distinctive morphology and habitat (Huckaby, 1980; Jones and Yates, 1983). Association with the <i>mexicanus</i> complex considered tentative by Carleton (1989), but G-banded karyotype identical to that reported for the core members of the <i>mexicanus</i> group (Peppers et al., 1999). Late Holocene remains from Guanacaste Prov., Costa Rica, have been interpreted as evidence of recent range contraction (Woodman, 1988), but new records of the species from nearby SW Nicaragua as much suggest inadequacy of basic field survey in parts of Central America (Woodman et al., 2002). See Jones (1990, Mammalian Species, 361).","30","30-00488","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0488"
"13000489","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","truei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shufeldt","1885","","Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.","8","","407","","","Piñon Deermouse","USA, New Mexico, McKinley Co., Fort Wingate.","USA, SW and C Oregon to W and SE Colorado, south to N Baja California Norte (México), Arizona, and New Mexico; isolated populations in N Texas (<i>comanche</i>) and S Baja California Sur (<i>lagunae</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>P. t. comanche</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chlorus</i>  Hoffmeister, 1941; <i>comanche</i> Blair, 1943; <i>dyselius</i> Elliot, 1898; <i>gilberti</i> (J. A. Allen, 1893); <i>hemionotis</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>lagunae</i> Osgood, 1909;<i> lasius</i> Elliot, 1904; <i>martirensis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1893);<i> megalotis</i> Merriam, 1890; <i>montipinoris</i> Elliot, 1904; <i>nevadensis</i> Hall and Hoffmeister, 1940; <i>preblei</i> Bailey, 1936; <i>sequoiensis</i> Hoffmeister, 1941.","<i>P</i>. <i>truei</i> species group. Revised by Hoffmeister (1951), who included Mexican populations subsequently recognized as <i>P</i>. <i>gratus</i> (see above species account). Schmidly (1973) reallocated <i>comanche</i> as a geographic variant of <i>P</i>. <i>truei</i>, a synonymy supported by an array of information (e.g., DeWalt et al., 1993<i>b</i>; Janecek, 1990; Modi and Lee, 1984); localized distribution and conservation status of this subspecies addressed by Yancey et al. (1996). Geographic variation in pelage color among Great Basin populations evaluated by Carraway and Verts (2002), who discussed results apropos recognized subspecies. Range extension and locality records in Oregon verified by Carraway et al. (1993) and Verts and Carraway (1998:Fig. 11-79). See Hoffmeister (1981, Mammalian Species, 161).","30","30-00489","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0489"
"13000490","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","winkelmanni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Carleton","1977","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan","675","","2","","","Coalcomán Deermouse","México, Michoacán, 6.3 mi (= 10.1 km, by road) WSW Dos Aguas, 8000 ft (2438 m).","Isolated localities in the Sierra de Coalcomán, Michoacán, and in the Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>P</i>. <i>aztecus</i> species group. Karyotype reported by Smith et al. (1989); relationships evaluated by Bradley and Schmidly (1987), Sullivan and Kilpatrick (1991), and Sullivan et al. (1997). The occurrence of the species in Guerrero, as reported in several studies (e.g., Smith et al., 1989; Sullivan and Kilpatrick, 1991; Sullivan et al., 1997), seems biogeographically implausible; identification of these vouchers should be reconfirmed (We were unsuccessful in trying to locate them). Removed to <i>aztecus</i> species group by Carleton (1989), an allocation supported by other evidence (e.g., Sullivan et al., 1997; Tiemann-Boege et al., 2000).","30","30-00490","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0490"
"13000491","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","yucatanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen and Chapman","1897","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","8","","","Yucatán Deermouse","México, Yucatán, Chichén Itzá.","N Yucatán Peninsula, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>badius</i>  Osgood, 1904.","<i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> species group. The notion that <i>P</i>. <i>yucatanicus</i> is most closely related to <i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> (e.g., Hooper, 1968; Lawlor, 1965) has not found support from morphological information (Carleton, 1973; Huckaby, 1980); the weak differentiation in chromosomes and allozymes offers little resolution of their level of kinship, as is true among <i>mexicanus</i> group species in general (Rogers and Engstrom, 1992; Rogers et al., 1984; Smith et al., 1986). Huckaby (1980) followed Lawlor (1965) in treating <i>P</i>. <i>yucatanicus</i> as monotypic; Hall (1981) accepted Osgood’s (1909) subspecific arrangement. See Young and Jones (1983, Mammalian Species, 196).","30","30-00491","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0491"
"13000492","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Peromyscus","","zarhynchus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","117","","","Chiapan Deermouse","México, Chiapas, mountains above Tumbalá, 5500 ft (1076 m).","Middle to high elevation cloud forest, 1000-2900 m, in C and SE Chiapas, México.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>cristobalensis</i>  Merriam, 1898.","<i>P</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> species group. Distribution and morphological variation reviewed by Huckaby (1980). Allozymic (Rogers and Engstrom, 1992) and chromosomal (Smith et al., 1986) comparisons convey little differentiation of <i>P.</i> <i>zarhynchus</i> from other members of the <i>mexicanus </i>group. The recent report (Horath and Navarrete-Gutierrez, 1997) of <i>P</i>. <i>zarhynchus</i> from SE Chiapas, near the range of <i>P</i>. <i>guatemalensis</i>, invites additional study of their relationship and taxonomic status. See McClellan and Rogers (1997, Mammalian Species, 562).","30","30-00492","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0436-0000-0492"
"13000493","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Podomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Osgood","1909","","N. Am. Fauna","28","","226","","<i>Hesperomys floridanus</i> Chapman, 1889.","","","","","","Reithrodontomyini. Named as a subgenus of <i>Peromyscus</i> by Osgood (1909) and maintained as such by Hooper (1968). Carleton (1980, 1989) argued for generic recognition, a ranking disputed by others (Rogers et al., 1984; Stangl and Baker, 1984<i>b</i>). Various morphological features suggest relationship to <i>Neotomodon</i> and-or <i>Habromys</i> (Carleton, 1980; Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>b</i>; Linzey and Layne, 1969). Accessory reproductive glands and spermatozoan morphology described by Linzey and Layne (1969, 1974).","30","30-00493","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0493"
"13000494","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Podomys","","floridanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Chapman","1889","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","2","","117","","","Florida Deermouse","USA, Florida, Alachua Co., Gainesville.","Allopatric segments in panhandle and peninsular Florida, USA.","IUCN – Vulnerable. Considered threatened by Florida agencies due to disappearance of scrub habitat (see Layne, 1990).","","Smith et al. (1973) noted low heterozygosity levels within populations and high genetic similarity among them.","30","30-00494","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0493-0000-0494"
"13000495","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Giglioli","1874","","Bull. Soc. Geogr. Ital., Roma","11","","326","","<i>Reithrodon megalotis</i> Baird, 1857.","","","","","<i>Aporodon</i>  Howell, 1914; <i>Cudahyomys</i> Hibbard, 1944; <i>Ochetodon</i> Coues, 1874.","<p>Reithrodontomyini. Genus viewed as closely related to <i>Peromyscus</i>, whether defined broadly (Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>b</i>) or narrowly (Carleton, 1980). Cladistic interpretations of banded chromosomes have not corroborated so close an affinity (Rogers et al., 1984; Stangl and Baker, 1984<i>b</i>), but those of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences continue to support near kinship (Allard and Honeycutt, 1991; D’Elía, 2003; Engel et al., 1998; Smith and Patton, 1999), although the sampling of critical exemplars in the latter studies can be much improved.</p><p>Alpha taxonomy revised by Allen (1895), Howell (1914), and Hooper (1952), the last of whom framed the currently-used subgeneric division (<i>Aporodon</i> and <i>Reithrodontomys</i>) and species groups (<i>megalotis</i>, <i>fulvescens</i>, <i>mexicanus</i>, and <i>tenuirostris</i>). For comparative studies of morphology, see Arata (1964), Carleton (1973, 1980), and Hooper (1952, 1959); of karyology, see Carleton and My... [truncated]","30","30-00495","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495"
"13000496","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Reithrodontomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Giglioli","1874","","Bull. Soc. Geogr. Ital., Roma","11","","326","","<i>Reithrodon megalotis</i> Baird, 1857.","","","","","","","30","30-00496","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0496"
"13000497","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Aporodon","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Howell","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00497","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0497"
"13000498","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Aporodon","brevirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1943","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1231","","1","","","Short-nosed Harvest Mouse","Costa Rica, Alajuela Prov., canyons above Villa Quesada, 5000 ft (1524 m).","Allopatric populations in highlands of NC Nicaragua (see Jones and Genoways, 1970) and C Costa Rica.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nicaraguae</i>  Jones and Genoways, 1970.","Subgenus <i>Aporodon</i>, <i>mexicanus</i> species group. Status of the Nicaraguan form, which Jones and Genoways considered describing as a species, should be reevaluated. See Jones and Baldassarre (1982, Mammalian Species, 192).","30","30-00498","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0497-0498"
"13000499","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Reithrodontomys","burti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Benson","1939","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","52","","147","","","Sonoran Harvest Mouse","México, Sonora, Río Sonora, Rancho de Costa Rica.","WC Sonora to WC Sinaloa, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Reithrodontomys</i>, <i>megalotis</i> species group. A relict species having close affinity to <i>R</i>. <i>montanus</i> (Hooper, 1952).","30","30-00499","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0496-0499"
"13000500","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Reithrodontomys","chrysopsis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","13","","152","","","Volcano Harvest Mouse","México, México, Volcán Popocatépetl, 11,500 ft (3505 m).","Cordillera Transvolcanica, SE Jalisco to WC Veracruz, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>colimae</i>  Merriam, 1901; <i>orizabae</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>perotensis</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>tolucae</i> Merriam, 1901.","Subgenus <i>Reithrodontomys</i>, <i>megalotis</i> species group.","30","30-00500","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0496-0500"
"13000501","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Aporodon","creper","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1902","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","39","","39","","","Talamancan Harvest Mouse","Panamá, Chiriquí Prov., Volcán de Chiriquí, 11,000 ft (3353 m).","Upper elevations, 1300-3350 m, in the Cordilleras Tilarán, Central, and Talamanca, Costa Rica, to Chiriquí region, W Panamá.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Aporodon</i>, <i>tenuirostris</i> species group. See Hopp and Rogers (1994, Mammalian Species, 482).","30","30-00501","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0497-0501"
"13000502","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Aporodon","darienensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pearson","1939","","Not. Naturae, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","6","","1","","","Darien Harvest Mouse","Panamá, Darién Prov., Santa Cruz de Cana, upper Río Tuyra, 2000 ft (610 m).","E Panamá, including Azuero Peninsula, and perhaps adjacent Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Aporodon</i>, <i>mexicanus</i> species group. Hooper (1952) viewed <i>R</i>. <i>darienensis</i> as closely related to <i>R</i>. <i>gracilis</i>.","30","30-00502","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0497-0502"
"13000503","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Reithrodontomys","fulvescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1894","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","6","","319","","","Fulvous Harvest Mouse","México, Sonora, Oposura, 2000 ft (610 m).","SC Arizona, NC, S and E Texas, to SW Missouri and W Mississippi, USA; south through much of México, to W Nicaragua; excluding Yucatán Peninsula and Caribbean coastal lowlands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amoenus</i>  (Eliot, 1905); <i>aurantius</i> J. A. Allen, 1895; <i>canus</i> Benson, 1939; <i>chiapensis</i> A. H. Howell, 1914;<i> chrysotis</i> Elliot, 1899; <i>difficilis</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>griseoflavus</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>helvolus</i> Merriam, 1901;<i> inexspectatus</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>infernatis</i> Hooper, 1950; <i>intermedius</i> J. A. Allen, 1895; <i>laceyi</i> J. A. Allen, 1896; <i>meridionalis</i> Anderson and Jones, 1960; <i>mustelinus</i> A. H. Howell, 1914; <i>nelsoni</i> A. H. Howell, 1914; <i>tenuis</i> J. A. Allen, 1899; <i>toltecus</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>tropicalis</i> Davis, 1944.","Subgenus <i>Reithrodontomys</i>, <i>fulvescens</i> species group. Chromosomal complement (2n = 50) interpreted as primitive for the genus (Robbins and Baker, 1980). Genetically strongly divergent from six other species of the subgenus <i>Reithrodontomys</i> based on cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences<i> </i>(Bell et al., 2001). Westerly dispersion along grassy railway borders onto Llano Estacado, NC Texas, documented by Yancey and Jones (1997); also see Peppers et al. (1998) for records of northward extension in Texas. Appreciable fixed allelic differences detected among certain samples from the US and Mexico advise the need for taxonomic review of included synonyms (Arellano et al., 2003; Arnold et al., 1983). See Spencer and Cameron (1982, Mammalian Species, 174).","30","30-00503","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0496-0503"
"13000504","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Aporodon","gracilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen and Chapman","1897","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","9","","","Slender Harvest Mouse","México, Yucatán, Chichén Itzá.","Yucatán Peninsula and coastal Chiapas, México, south along Pacific watershed to WC Costa Rica (see Reid and Langtimm, 1993).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anthonyi</i>  Goodwin, 1932; <i>harrisi</i> Goodwin, 1945; <i>insularis</i> Jones, 1964; <i>pacificus</i> Goodwin, 1932.","Subgenus <i>Aporodon</i>, <i>mexicanus</i> species group. In the allozymic study of Arellano et al. (2003), samples of <i>R</i>. <i>gracilis</i> emerged as paraphyletic with regard to <i>R</i>. <i>spectabilis</i> on Cozumel Isl; their results identify the need for critical review of the <i>gracilis</i> <i>spectabilis</i> complex. See Young and Jones (1984, Mammalian Species, 218).","30","30-00504","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0497-0504"
"13000505","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Reithrodontomys","hirsutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","3","","553","","","Hairy Harvest Mouse","México, Jalisco, Ameca, 4000 ft (1219 m).","SC Nayarit and NW Jalisco, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>levipes</i>  Merriam, 1901.","Subgenus <i>Reithrodontomys</i>, <i>fulvescens</i> species group.","30","30-00505","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0496-0505"
"13000506","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Reithrodontomys","humulis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1841","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","1","","97","","","Eastern Harvest Mouse","USA, South Carolina, Charleston Co., vicinity of Charleston.","SE USA, from E Oklahoma and E Texas eastwards to the Atlantic seaboard, from S Maryland to peninsular Florida.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>carolinensis</i>  (Audubon and Bachman, 1842); <i>dickinsoni</i> Rhoads, 1895; <i>impiger</i> Bangs, 1898; <i>lecontii</i> (Audubon and Bachman, 1842); <i>merriami</i> J. A. Allen, 1895; <i>virginianus</i> A. H. Howell, 1940.","Subgenus <i>Reithrodontomys</i>, <i>megalotis</i> species group. The standard and banded karyotypes depart markedly from other species of the <i>megalotis</i> group, and substantial variation in fundamental numbers has been reported among populations (Bradley et al, 1988; Carleton and Myers, 1979; Engstrom et al., 1981; Robbins and Baker, 1980). Genetically strongly divergent from six other species of the subgenus <i>Reithrodontomys</i> based on cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences<i> </i>(Bell et al., 2001). Whitaker and Hamilton (1998) regarded the subspecies <i>virginianus</i> and <i>humulis</i> as broadly intergrading and synonymized the former; L. Choate and Jones (1998) mentioned possible westward expansion of <i>R</i>. <i>h</i>.<i> merriami</i> in Oklahoma. See Stalling (1997, Mammalian Species, 565).","30","30-00506","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0496-0506"
"13000507","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Reithrodontomys","megalotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1857","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","451","","","Western Harvest Mouse","México-USA boundary region, between Janos, Chihuahua, and San Luis Springs, Grant Co., New Mexico.","SC British Columbia and SE Alberta, Canada; through much of W and NC USA; south to N Baja California Norte and through interior México to C Oaxaca.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alticolus</i>  Merriam, 1901; <i>amoles</i> A. H. Howell, 1914; <i>arizonensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1895; <i>aztecus</i> J. A. Allen, 1893; <i>caryi</i> A. H. Howell, 1935; <i>catalinae</i> (Elliot, 1904);<i> cinereus</i> Merriam, 1901;<i> deserti</i> J. A. Allen, 1895; <i>distichlis</i> von Bloeker, 1937; <i>dychei</i> J. A. Allen, 1895; <i>hooperi</i> Goodwin, 1954;<i> klamathensis</i> Merriam, 1899; <i>limicola</i> von Bloeker, 1932; <i>longicaudus</i> (Baird, 1857);<i> nebrascensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1895;<i> nigrescens</i> A. H. Howell, 1914; <i>pallidus</i> Rhoads, 1893;<i> pectoralis</i> Hanson, 1944; <i>peninsulae</i> (Elliot, 1903); <i>ravus</i> Goldman, 1939; <i>santacruzae</i> Pearson, 1951; <i>saturatus</i> J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1897;<i> sestinensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1903.","Subgenus <i>Reithrodontomys</i>, <i>megalotis</i> species group. Formerly included <i>R</i>. <i>zacatecae</i>, which Hood et al. (1984) identified as a separate species. The substantial chromosomal variation reported (see Engstrom et al., 1981) cautions that yet other species are lumped under <i>R</i>. <i>megalotis</i>. Multivariate discrimination from <i>R</i>. <i>montanus</i> in Kansas demonstrated by Hoofer et al. (1999). Recent range expansions into NE Illinois (see Pigage and Pigage, 1994) and within N Texas (Yancey and Jones, 1997) reported; L. Choate (1997) discussed the clinal intergradation between the subspecies <i>aztecus</i> and <i>megalotis</i> on the Llano Estacado, Texas-New Mexico; southern range extension on Baja Peninsula reported by Rios and Alvarez-Castañeda (2002). See Webster and Jones (1982, Mammalian Species, 167).","30","30-00507","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0496-0507"
"13000508","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Aporodon","mexicanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, Ser. 2","12","","109","","","Mexican Harvest Mouse","México, Veracruz, Mirador (as restricted by Hooper, 1952:140).","S Tamaulipas and WC Michoacán, México, south through Middle American highlands to W Panamá; Andes of W Colombia and N Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cherrii</i>  (J. A. Allen, 1891); <i>costaricensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1895; <i>garichensis</i> Enders and Pearson, 1940;<i> goldmani</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>howelli</i> Goodwin, 1932;<i> jalapae</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>lucifrons</i> A. H. Howell, 1932; <i>milleri</i> J. A. Allen, 1912;<i> minusculus</i> A. H. Howell, 1932; <i>ocotepequensis</i> Goodwin, 1937; <i>orinus</i> Hooper, 1949; <i>potrerograndei</i> Goodwin, 1945; <i>riparius</i> Hooper, 1955; <i>scansor</i> Hooper, 1950.","Subgenus <i>Aporodon</i>, <i>mexicanus</i> species group. A species composite requiring detailed revision, as underscored by the large genetic distances disclosed among Middle American populations and the polyphyly of nominal ""<i>mexicanus</i>"" in the resultant cladogram (Arellano et al., 2003).","30","30-00508","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0497-0508"
"13000509","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Aporodon","microdon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","3","","548","","","Small-toothed Harvest Mouse","Guatemala, Huehuetenango Dept., Todos Santos, 10,000 ft (3048 m).","Isolated pockets in highlands of N Michoacán and Distrito Federal, N Oaxaca, and C and S Chiapas (see Espinosa M. et al., 1999<i>a</i>), México, and WC Guatemala.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>albilabris</i>  Merriam, 1901; <i>wagneri</i> Hooper, 1950.","Subgenus <i>Aporodon</i>, <i>tenuirostris</i> species group. Included forms doubtfully conspecific; e.g., in cladistic reconstructions based on allozymic data, Guatemalan and Mexican samples of <i>R</i>. <i>microdon</i> are paraphyletic with respect to <i>R</i>. <i>tenuirostris</i> (Arellano et al., 2003).","30","30-00509","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0497-0509"
"13000510","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Reithrodontomys","montanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1855","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","335","","","Plains Harvest Mouse","USA, Colorado, Saguache Co., upper part of the San Luis Valley (as restricted by Allen, 1895:125; also see Armstrong’s, 1972:190, lucid summary of the contradictory references to the type locality).","High Plains of C USA, from W South Dakota and E Wyoming to EC Texas and extreme SE Arizona; NE Sonora and Chihuahua to N Durango, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albescens</i>  Cary, 1903; <i>griseus</i> Bailey, 1905.","Subgenus <i>Reithrodontomys</i>, <i>megalotis</i> species group. Multivariate discrimination from <i>R</i>. <i>megalotis</i> in Kansas demonstrated by Hoofer et al. (1999). New records on Edwards Plateau, EC Texas, documented by Goetze et al. (1993). See Wilkins (1986, Mammalian Species, 257).","30","30-00510","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0496-0510"
"13000511","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Aporodon","paradoxus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jones and Genoways","1970","","Occas. Pap. W. Found. Vert. Zool.","2","","12","","","Nicaraguan Harvest Mouse","Nicaragua, Carazo Dept., 3 mi (5 km) NNW Diriamba, about 660 m.","Isolated records from SW Nicaragua and WC Costa Rica.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Aporodon</i>, <i>mexicanus</i> species group. Morphologically closest to <i>R</i>. <i>brevirostris</i>; extent of distribution unknown. See Jones and Baldassarre (1982, Mammalian Species, 192).","30","30-00511","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0497-0511"
"13000512","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Reithrodontomys","raviventris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dixon","1908","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","21","","197","","","Salt-marsh Harvest Mouse","USA, California, San Mateo Co., Redwood City.","Salt marshes around San Francisco Bay, California, USA.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered as <i>R. r. raviventris</i>, Lower Risk (cd) as <i>R. r. halicoetes</i>.","<i>halicoetes</i>  Dixon, 1909.","Subgenus <i>Reithrodontomys,</i> <i>megalotis</i> species group. Morphological and chromosomal differentiation between the subspecies <i>raviventris</i> and <i>halicoetes</i> thought to represent terminal stages of speciation (Fisler, 1965; Shellhammer, 1967). Chromosomal banding, allozymic, and DNA data reveal sister-group relationship to <i>R. montanus</i> (Bell et al., 2001; Hood et al., 1984; Nelson et al., 1984). See Shellhammer (1982, Mammalian Species, 169).","30","30-00512","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0496-0512"
"13000513","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Aporodon","rodriguezi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1943","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1231","","1","","","Rodriguez’s Harvest Mouse","Costa Rica, Cartago Prov., Volcán de Irazú, 9400 ft (2865 m).","Patchily recorded in the Cordilleras Central and Talamancae, C Costa Rica (see McPherson, 1985; Timm et al., 1989).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Aporodon</i>, <i>tenuirostris</i> species group.","30","30-00513","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0497-0513"
"13000514","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Aporodon","spectabilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jones and Lawlor","1965","","Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist.","16","","413","","","Cozumel Harvest Mouse","México, Quintana Roo, Isla Cozumel, 2.5 km N San Miguel.","Restricted to Cozumel Isl, México.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Aporodon</i>, <i>mexicanus</i> species group. A large insular species, posited to share common ancestry with <i>R</i>. <i>gracilis</i> (Jones and Lawlor, 1965), a relationship generally supported by allozymic data (Arellano et al., 2003). See Jones (1982, Mammalian Species, 193).","30","30-00514","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0497-0514"
"13000515","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Reithrodontomys","sumichrasti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1861","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, Ser. 2","13","","3","","","Sumichrast’s Harvest Mouse","México, Veracruz, Mirador (as restricted by Hooper, 1952:72).","Allopatric segments in Middle American highlands: SW Jalisco and S San Luis Potosí to C Guerrero and EC Oaxaca, México; C Chiapas, México, to NC Nicaragua; C Costa Rica to W Panamá.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alleni</i>  A. H. Howell, 1914; <i>australis</i> J. A. Allen, 1895; <i>dorsalis</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>luteolus</i> A. H. Howell, 1914; <i>modestus</i> Thomas, 1907; <i>nerterus</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>otus</i> Merriam, 1901;<i> rufescens</i> J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1897; <i>seclusus</i> Hall and Villa, 1949;<i> underwoodi</i> Goodwin, 1937; <i>vulcanius</i> Bangs, 1902.","Subgenus <i>Reithrodontomys</i>, <i>megalotis</i> species group. Reconstruction of historical biogeography based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data intimates that ""<i>sumichrasti</i>"" as defined by Hooper (1952) is a composite of two or more species (Sullivan et al., 2000), a finding that should be expanded within the context of a full revision. Sister species (<i>sensu lato</i>) to the <i>R</i>. <i>megalotis</i> <i>R</i>. <i>zacatecae</i> clade based on cytochrome­ <i>b</i> data (Bell et al., 2001).","30","30-00515","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0496-0515"
"13000516","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Aporodon","tenuirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","3","","547","","","Narrow-nosed Harvest Mouse","Guatemala, Huehuetenango Dept., Todos Santos, 10,000 ft (3048 m).","Mountains of Chiapas, México, and C Guatemala (see Arellano and Rogers, 1994:Fig. 3; Rogers et al., 1983).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aureus</i>  Merriam, 1901.","Subgenus <i>Aporodon</i>, <i>tenuirostris</i> species group. Karyotype similar to those of <i>R</i>. <i>creper</i> and <i>R</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> (Rogers et al., 1983). See Arellano and Rogers (1994, Mammalian Species, 477).","30","30-00516","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0497-0516"
"13000517","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Reithrodontomys","Reithrodontomys","zacatecae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","3","","557","","","Zacatecan Harvest Mouse","México, Zacatecas, Sierra de Valparaíso.","W Chihuahua to WC Michoacán, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>obscurus</i>  Merriam, 1901.","Subgenus <i>Reithrodontomys,</i> <i>megalotis</i> species group. Hooper (1952) noted the phenetic distinction of <i>zacatecae</i> from <i>R. megalotis saturatus</i> in Jalisco and Michoacán but elected to retain it as a subspecies. Karyotypic divergence of <i>zacatecae</i> reported by Hood et al. (1984), who proposed its elevation to species; status sustained by genetic distance levels, as sister species to <i>R. megalotis</i> (Bell et al., 2001). Distributional limits, morphological discrimination, and assignment of species-group synonyms deserve amplification.","30","30-00517","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0495-0496-0517"
"13000518","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Scotinomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","408","","<i>Hesperomys teguina</i> Alston, 1877.","","","","","","Baiomyini. Until diagnosed by Thomas, species associated here had been affiliated with <i>Akodon</i> (e.g., Bangs, 1902) and later the genus with akodontines (Vorontsov, 1959). Common ancestry with <i>Baiomys</i> inferred on the basis of shared morphological traits (Carleton, 1980; Carleton et al., 1975; Hooper, 1960; Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>b</i>) and phylogenetic evaluation of mitochondrial and nuclear genes (D’Elía, 2003; Engel et al., 1998), a relationship weakened by karyological banding data (Rogers and Heske, 1984). Also see comments under <i>Baiomys</i>. Revised by Hooper (1972); for other aspects of biology and systematics, see Carleton et al. (1975), Hooper and Carleton (1976), and Rogers and Heske (1984).","30","30-00518","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0518"
"13000519","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Scotinomys","","teguina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Alston","1876","1877","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1876","","755","","","Short-tailed Singing Mouse","Guatemala, Alta Verapaz Dept., Cobán.","Intermediate elevations of Middle America from E Oaxaca, México, to W Panamá.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>apricus</i>  (Bangs, 1902);<i> cacabatus</i> Goodwin, 1945; <i>endersi</i> Goodwin, 1946; <i>episcopi</i> Enders and Pearson, 1939;<i> escazuensis</i> Goodwin, 1945; <i>garichensis</i> Enders and Pearson, 1939;<i> irazu</i> (J. A Allen, 1904);<i> leridensis</i> Enders and Pearson, 1939; <i>rufoniger</i> Sanborn, 1935;<i> stenopygius</i> Buchanan and Howell, 1967;<i> subnubilis</i> Goldman, 1935.","Level of differentiation and status of populations north (<i>teguina</i>) and south (<i>irazu</i>) of the Nicaraguan Depression merit reconsideration. Hooper (1972) recognized four subspecies.","30","30-00519","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0518-0000-0519"
"13000520","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Scotinomys","","xerampelinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1902","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","39","","41","","","Long-tailed Singing Mouse","Panamá, Chiriquí Prov., Volcán de Chiriquí, 10,300 ft (3139 m).","High elevations in Cordilleras Central and Talamancae of Costa Rica to Volcán Chiriquí region in W Panamá.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>harrisi</i>  Goodwin, 1945; <i>longipilosus</i> Goodwin, 1945.","Hooper (1972) synonymized <i>harrisi</i> and <i>longipilosus</i>, forms described as species, under <i>S</i>. <i>xerampelinus</i> and deemed the intraspecific variation as insufficient to retain subspecies.","30","30-00520","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0518-0000-0520"
"13000521","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Xenomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1892","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","7","","160","","<i>Xenomys nelsoni</i> Merriam, 1892.","","","","","","Neotomini. Retained as a genus since its description. Among woodrats believed to share common ancestry with <i>Hodomys</i> (Carleton, 1980); banded karyotype reported by Haiduk et al. (1988), who noted its resemblance to those of <i>Onychomys</i> and <i>Peromyscus</i>; restriction-site analyses of mitochrondrial DNA portrayed <i>Xenomys</i> and <i>Ototylomys</i> as a clade basal to nine <i>Neotoma</i> species studied, including <i>N</i>. <i>cinerea</i> (subgenus <i>Teonoma</i>) and <i>N</i>. <i>phenax</i> (subgenus <i>Teanopus</i>) (Planz et al., 1996). Sister-group kinship with <i>Hodomys</i> and generic rank reaffirmed based on broad molecular survey (cytochrome <i>b</i>) of <i>Neotoma</i> species, including <i>N</i>. (<i>Teonoma</i>) <i>cinerea</i> (Edwards and Bradley, 2002<i>b</i>).","30","30-00521","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0521"
"13000522","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Neotominae","","Xenomys","","nelsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1892","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","7","","161","","","Magdalena Woodrat","México, Colima, Hacienda Magdalena (= Pueblo Juárez, as per Schaldach, 1960), between Ciudad Colima and Manzanillo.","Tropical coastal lowlands, sea level-450 m, of Colima and SW Jalisco, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Most natural history information contained in the reports of Schaldach (1960) and Ceballos (1990). See Ceballos et al. (2002<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 704).","30","30-00522","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0377-0000-0521-0000-0522"
"13000523","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","<i>In</i> Schreber, Die Säugethiere","Suppl.","3","398","","","","","","","Akodontini Vorontsov, 1959; Hesperomyinae Murray, 1866 (Hesperomyes Winge, 1887; Hesperomyidae Ameghino, 1889; Hesperomyini, Simpson, 1945); Ichthyomyini Vorontsov, 1959; Oryzomyini Vorontsov, 1959; Phyllotiini Vorontsov, 1959 (Phyllotini Reig, 1980); Reithrodonini Vorontsov, 1959 (Reithrodontini Reig, 1980; Reithrodontina, Steppan, 1995); Scapteromyini Massoia, 1979; Sigmodontes Wagner, 1843 (Sigmodontinae Thomas, 1896; Sigmodonini Vorontsov, 1959; Sigmodontini Hershkovitz, 1966); Thomasomyini Steadman and Ray, 1982; Wiedomyini Reig, 1980; Zygodontomyini Eisenberg, 1989 [<i>nomen nudum</i> ].","<p>Priority of family-group name Sigmodontinae, dating from Sigmodontes Wagner, 1843, established by Hershkovitz (1966<i>c</i>) and Reig (1980). Taxonomic and nomenclatural histories of many forms compiled by Tate (1932<i>a-h</i>). Comprehensive and influential alpha-level classifications presented by Gyldenstolpe (1932), Ellerman (1941), and Cabrera (1961). The studies of Carleton (1980), Gardner and Patton (1976), Hershkovitz (1962, 1966<i>b</i>, <i>c</i>), Hooper and Musser (1964), and Reig (1980, 1981, 1984, 1987) contain information on higher-level relationships and classificatory arrangements. For critical overviews of phylogenetic and biogeographic issues, see Hershkovitz (1966<i>b</i>, 1972), Reig (1981, 1984, 1986), D’Elía (2000, 2003), and Pardiñas et al. (2002). Also see commentaries for Neotominae and Tylomyinae, whose genera were formerly arranged within Sigmodontinae, with or without indication of tribal distinction (Carleton and Musser, 1984; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Muss... [truncated]","30","30-00523","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523"
"13000524","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Abrawayaomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Souza Cunha and Cruz","1979","","Bol. Mus. Biol. Prof. Mello-Leitao Zool.","96","","2","","<i>Abrawayaomys ruschii</i> Cunha and Cruz, 1979.","","","","","","Sigmodontinae <i>incertae sedis</i>. Diagnostic traits seem to combine aspects of <i>Neacomys</i>, <i>Oryzomys</i>, and <i>Akodon</i>, and both Reig (1987) and Smith and Patton (1999) acknowledged the enigmatic affinities of <i>Abrawayaomys</i> as uncertain. Certain cranial features of <i>Abrawayaomys</i> suggest an archaic ""thomasomyine,"" perhaps distantly related to the other endemic genera of SE Brazil (e.g., see comments under <i>Delomys</i>).","30","30-00524","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0524"
"13000525","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Abrawayaomys","","ruschii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cunha and Cruz","1979","","Bol. Mus. Biol. Prof. Mello-Leitao Zool.","96","","2","","","Ruschi’s Rat","Brazil, Espírito Santo, Forno Grande, Castelo.","Known from scattered localities in Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais, Brazil, and Misiones Prov., Argentina (see Massoia et al., 1991).","IUCN – Endangered.","","","30","30-00525","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0524-0000-0525"
"13000526","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Abrothrix","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","21","","<i>Mus longipilis</i> Waterhouse, 1837.","","","","","<i>Chroeomys</i>  Thomas, 1916; <i>Habrothrix</i> Wagner, 1843 [misspelling].","<p>Akodontini (S Andean clade). An assemblage of species whose level of taxonomic recognition has come full circle: early employed as a genus (Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Thomas, 1916); later viewed as subgenus of <i>Akodon</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Ellerman, 1941; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Reig, 1978, 1981, 1987) or even a full synonym of <i>Microxus</i> (Hershkovitz, 1966<i>c</i>); and recently reinstated to genus based on congruence of morphological, karyological, and genetic traits that set it apart from typical <i>Akodon</i> (Apfelbaum and Reig, 1989; Barrantes et al., 1993; Gallardo et al., 1988; Smith and Patton, 1993, 1999; Spotorno et al., 1990). See Reig (1987), Spotorno et al. (1990), and Barrantes et al. (1993) for a review of the treatment of <i>Abrothrix</i> and its specific contents. Sister genus to the long-clawed akodonts (<i>Chelemys</i>, etc.) according to cladistic interpretations of allozymic and cytochrome <i>b</i> data (Barrantes et al., 1993; D’Elía, 2003; D’Elía et al., 200... [truncated]","30","30-00526","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0526"
"13000527","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Abrothrix","","andinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1858","","Arch. Naturgesh.","23","1","77","","","Andean Akodont","Chile, Santiago Prov., Altos Andes.","Altiplano, generally above 3500 m, from SC Perú, through extreme W Bolivia, to NW Argentina and C Chile (as far as 34ºS; Muñoz Pedreros, 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Chroeomys andinus</i>.","<i>cinnamomea</i>  (Philippi, 1896); <i>dolichonyx</i> (Philippi, 1896); <i>gossei</i> (Thomas, 1920); <i>jucundus</i> (Thomas, 1913);<i> polius</i> Osgood, 1944.","Anderson (1997) employed <i>dolichonyx</i> as subspecies for Bolivian populations but emphasized the need for fresh evaluation of intraspecific variation.","30","30-00527","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0526-0000-0527"
"13000528","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Abrothrix","","hershkovitzi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Patterson, Gallardo, and Freas","1984","","Fieldiana Zool., N. S.","23","","8","","","Hershkovitz’s Akodont","Chile, Magallanes Prov., Isla Capitán Aracena, head of Bahía Morris, 60 m; 54°14'S, 71°30'W.","Outer islands of the Chilean Archipelago.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Akodon hershkovitzi</i>.","","A member of <i>A</i>. (<i>Akodon</i>) after Patterson et al. (1984) and also Muñoz Pedreros (2000); subgenus or genus <i>Abrothrix</i> according to Reig (1987) and others (e.g., Pearson and Smith, 1999; Smith and Patton, 1999). Pearson and Smith (1999) suspected that <i>hershkovitzi</i> will prove to be another synonym of <i>A</i>. <i>olivaceus</i>, including <i>xanthorhinus</i>; this possibility should be demonstrated rather than assumed in view of the morphological separation presented in its diagnosis (Patterson et al., 1984).","30","30-00528","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0526-0000-0528"
"13000529","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Abrothrix","","illuteus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","15","","582","","","Gray Akodont","Argentina, Tucumán Prov., Sierra de Aconquija, 3000-4000 m.","NW Argentina (Jujuy, Tucumán, and Catamarca; see Díaz, 2000; Mares et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Akodon illuteus.</i>.","","Variably placed with <i>Abrothrix</i>, usually as a subgenus (Cabrera, 1961; Reig, 1987), or with <i>Akodon</i> <i>sensu stricto</i> (Gardner and Patton, 1976). Morphological and karyological resemblances to other species of <i>Abrothrix</i> affirmed by Liascovich et al. (1989).","30","30-00529","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0526-0000-0529"
"13000530","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Abrothrix","","jelskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","360","","","Ornate Akodont","Perú, Junín Dept., Junín.","Altiplano, about 2200-5000 m, from C Perú (see Arana-Cardó and Ascorra, 1994) to W Bolivia and NW Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Chroeomys jelskii</i>.","<i>bacchante</i>  (Thomas, 1902); <i>cayllomae</i> (Thomas, 1901); <i>cruceri</i> (Thomas, 1901); <i>inambarii</i> (Thomas, 1901); <i>inornatus</i> (Thomas, 1917); <i>ochrotis</i> (Sanborn, 1947); <i>pulcherrimus</i> (Thomas, 1897); <i>pyrrhotis</i> (Thomas, 1894); <i>scalops</i> (Thomas, 1884); <i>sodalis</i> (Thomas, 1913).","Revised by Sanborn (1947<i>b</i>); Anderson (1997) observed Sanborn’s subspecific boundaries for Bolivian samples. Patton and Smith (1992) questioned whether chromatically highly differentiated northern and southern populations really belong to a single species.","30","30-00530","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0526-0000-0530"
"13000531","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Abrothrix","","lanosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","20","","218","","","Woolly Akodont","Chile, Magallanes Prov., Straits of Magellan, Monteith Bay.","Southernmost Chile and Argentina, as far north as NW Santa Cruz Prov. (see Galliari and Pardiñas, 1999).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Akodon lanosis</i>.","","Relegated to a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>longipilis</i> by Mann (1978) but others have affirmed its specific status (Osgood, 1943; Yañez et al., 1978). Earlier associated with <i>Microxus</i> (e.g., Gyldenstolpe, 1932) but later allocated to subgenus <i>Abrothrix</i> of <i>Akodon</i> (Osgood, 1943; Reig, 1987); maintained with <i>Akodon</i> by Muñoz Pedreros (2000).","30","30-00531","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0526-0000-0531"
"13000532","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Abrothrix","","longipilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","16","","","Long-haired Akodont","Chile, Coquimbo Prov., Coquimbo.","C to S Chile and Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Akodon longipilis</i>.","<i>angustus</i>  (Thomas, 1927); <i>apta</i> (Osgood, 1943); <i>brachytarsus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>castaneus</i> Osgood, 1943; <i>francei</i> (Thomas, 1908); <i>fusco-ater</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>hirtus</i> (Thomas, 1895); <i>melampus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>modestior</i> Thomas, 1919; <i>moerens</i> Thomas, 1919; <i>nubila</i> Thomas, 1929; <i>porcinus</i> (Philippi, 1858); <i>suffusus</i> (Thomas, 1903).","Species closely related to, perhaps conspecific with <i>sanborni</i> (see Osgood, 1943; Pine et al., 1979); also see <i>A</i>. <i>lanosus</i>. Pearson (1984) assigned <i>Chelemys angustus</i> to synonymy of <i>A</i>. <i>longipilis</i>; other synonyms follow Osgood (1943) and Reig (1987). Subspecific distributions in Chile sketched by Muñoz Pedreras (2000); easternmost records in Patagonian Argentina (Río Negro and Chubut Provs.) reported by Teta et al. (2002).","30","30-00532","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0526-0000-0532"
"13000533","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Abrothrix","","markhami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pine","1973","","Ann. Inst. Patagonia","4","1-3","423-426","","","Wellington Akodont","Chile, Magallanes Prov., Isla Wellington, about 1.2 km NW Puerto Eden.","Isla Wellington, S Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Akodon markhami</i>.","","Considered a species of the subgenus <i>Akodon</i> by its describer (also Muñoz Pedreros, 2000); referred to <i>Abrothrix</i> by Smith and Patton (1999).","30","30-00533","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0526-0000-0533"
"13000534","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Abrothrix","","olivaceus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","16","","","Olive-colored Akodont","Chile, Aconcagua Prov., Valparaíso.","N Chile, south through C Chile and bordering area of westernmost Argentina, to Patagonian region of S Chile and Argentina, including Tierra del Fuego.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Akodon olivaceus</i>,<i> Akodon mansoensis</i>, and <i>Akodon xanthorhinus</i>.","<i>atratus</i>  (Philippi, 1900); <i>beatus</i> Thomas, 1919; <i>brachiotis</i> (Waterhouse, 1837); <i>brevicaudatus</i> (Philippi, 1872);<b><i> </i></b><i>canescens</i> (Waterhouse, 1837); <i>chonoticus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>foncki</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>germaini</i> (Philippi, 1900);<i> infans</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>landbecki</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>lepturus</i> (Philippi, 1900);<i> llanoi</i> Pine, 1976; <i>longibarbus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>macronychos</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>mansoensis</i> (De Santis and Justo, 1980); <i>mochae</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>nasica</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>nemoralis</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>pencanus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>psilurus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>renggeri</i> (Waterhouse, 1839); <i>ruficaudus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>senilis</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>trichotis</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>vinealis</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>xanthopus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>xanthorhinus</i> (Waterhouse, 1837).","<p>Systematists have either viewed <i>olivaceus</i> and <i>xanthorhinus</i> as distinct species, based on their apparent morphological and ecological separation in local settings (Osgood, 1943; Patterson et al., 1984; Pearson, 1995); or treated <i>olivaceus</i> as a polytypic species, also embracing southern <i>xanthorhinus</i>, based on broader regional trends of morphological and morphometric variation (Mann, 1978; Yañez et al., 1979). In an allozymic study drawing upon limited geographic sampling, Barrantes et al. (1993) depicted <i>xanthorhinus</i> as more differentiated from <i>A</i>. <i>longipilis</i> than is <i>olivaceus</i> and represented the three as species. Recently, detailed transects in two regions where Valdivian rainforest (<i>olivaceus</i> morphotype) grades into Patagonian steppe (<i>xanthorhinus</i> morphotype) have disclosed evidence of demic intergradation, results that strongly argue their synonymy (Smith et al., 2001; Pearson and Smith, 1999). Smith et al. (2001)... [truncated]","30","30-00534","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0526-0000-0534"
"13000535","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Abrothrix","","sanborni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1943","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","30","","194","","","Sanborn’s Akodont","Chile, Chiloé Prov., south end of Isla de Chiloé, mouth of Río Inio.","S Chile and possibly adjacent Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Akodon sanborni</i>.","","Perhaps conspecific with <i>A</i>. <i>longipilis</i>, a possibility that requires formal documentation (see Pearson, 1995; Pine et al., 1979).","30","30-00535","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0526-0000-0535"
"13000536","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Aepeomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","452","","<i>Oryzomys lugens</i> Thomas, 1896.","","","","","","Thomasomyini. Synonymized under <i>Thomasomys</i> by Osgood (1933<i>c</i>), an arrangement followed by Ellerman (1941), Cabrera (1961), and Handley (1976); generic status maintained by Gyldenstolpe (1932), Gardner and Patton (1976), and Musser and Carleton (1993). Morphological recognition contrasted to <i>Thomasomys</i> <i>sensu stricto</i> by Ochoa G. et al. (2001); karyology reported by Gardner and Patton (1976) and Aguilera et al. (1994, 2000). Diagnosis and specific contents amended by Voss et al. (2002), who removed <i>Aepeomys fuscatus</i> J. A. Allen (1912) to <i>Handleyomys</i> and <i>Aepeomys vulcani</i> Thomas (1898) to <i>Thomasomys</i> (see those accounts).","30","30-00536","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0536"
"13000537","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Aepeomys","","lugens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","306","","","Mérida Aepeomys","Venezuela, Mérida State, La Loma del Morro, 3000 m.","Mérida Andes of Venezuela to Andean Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ottleyi</i>  (Anthony, 1932).","Karyotype (2n = 28) reported by Aguilera et al. (2000), who noted its strong divergence from other Venezuelan series (2n = 44) later described as <i>A</i>. <i>reigi</i> (see next). Voss et al. (2002) confirmed the allocation of <i>ottleyi</i> as an example of <i>A</i>. <i>lugens</i>.","30","30-00537","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0536-0000-0537"
"13000538","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Aepeomys","","reigi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ochoa G., Aguilera, Pacheco, and Soriano","2001","","Z. Saugetierk.","66","","230","","","Reig’s Aepeomys","Venezuela, Lara State, Parque Nacional Yacambu, 17 km SE Sanare, El Blanquito, 1600 m; 09º40&#8242;N, 69º37&#8242;W.","Venezuelan Andes (Lara and Trujillo), 1600-3230 m, W Venezuela.","","","Morphologically similar to <i>A</i>. <i>lugens</i> but size larger and chromosomal formula very different, 2n =44 versus 2n = 28 in <i>A</i>. <i>lugens</i> (Aguilera et al., 1994, 2000).","30","30-00538","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0536-0000-0538"
"13000539","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Meyen","1833","","Verhandl. Kais. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Wiss.","16","2","599","","<i>Akodon boliviensis</i> Meyen, 1833.","","","","","<i>Acodon</i>  Agassiz, 1846; <i>Axodon</i> Giebel, 1855; <i>Chalcomys</i> Thomas, 1916; <i>Hypsimys</i> Thomas, 1918; <i>Microxus</i> Thomas, 1909; <i>Plectomys</i> Borchert and Hansen, 1983 [<i>nomen nudum</i> as per Hershkovitz, 1990<i>c</i>].","<p>Akodontini. The morphotypical akodontine genus stands at the nexus of a host of specific-and generic-level taxonomic problems, but a review of all classificatory variations would be more confusing than enlightening. The nomenclatural history of the following genus-group taxa has been significantly, at times confusingly, intertwined with that of <i>Akodon</i>: <i>Abrothrix</i>, <i>Bolomys</i>, <i>Chalcomys</i>, <i>Chroeomys</i>, <i>Deltamys</i>, <i>Hypsimys</i>, <i>Microxus</i>, <i>Necromys</i>, <i>Thalpomys</i>, and <i>Thaptomys</i> (especially see Cabrera, 1961; Ellerman, 1941; Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Massoia and Pardiñas, 1993; Reig, 1984, 1987; Tate, 1932<i>g</i>; Thomas, 1916<i>c</i>). See accounts of <i>Abrothrix</i> (including <i>Chroeomys</i>), <i>Deltamys</i>, <i>Necromys</i> (including <i>Bolomys</i>), <i>Thalpomys</i>, and <i>Thaptomys</i> for history and arguments on their generic status. Divorced of these taxa, those <i>Akodon</i> species thus far surveyed in allozymic and g... [truncated]","30","30-00539","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539"
"13000540","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Meyen","1833","","Verhandl. Kais. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Wiss.","16","2","599","","<i>Akodon boliviensis</i> Meyen, 1833.","","","","","","","30","30-00540","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540"
"13000541","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Hypsimys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00541","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0541"
"13000542","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Microxus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00542","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0542"
"13000543","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","See comments.","aerosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","406","","","Yungas Akodont","Ecuador, Tungurahua Prov., upper Río Pastaza, Mirador, 1500 m.","Upper montane forests along E Andean slopes, 1200-2000 m, in Ecuador, Perú, and C Bolivia (Anderson, 1997; Patton and Smith, 1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>baliolus</i>  Osgood, 1915.","Type species of <i>Chalcomys</i>, usually placed as a synonym of the subgenus <i>Akodon</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Reig, 1987). Formerly included as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>urichi</i> by Cabrera (1961), but Gardner and Patton (1976), noting the pronounced difference in diploid number, listed the two as separate species; we include <i>urichi</i> under <i>Necromys</i> (see that account). Probably more than one species yet masquerades under the name of <i>A</i>. <i>aerosus</i> (see Patton and Smith, 1992; Patton et al., 1990); status of <i>surdus</i> as a possible junior synonym needs resolution (see Patton and Smith, 1992). Anderson (1997) recognized <i>baliolus</i> as a valid subspecies for Bolivian populations.","30","30-00543","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0000-0543"
"13000544","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","affinis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1912","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","31","","89","","","Cordillera Occidental Akodont","Colombia, Valle del Cauca Dept., San Antonio, near Cali, 8000 ft (2438 m).","Cordillera Occidental of W Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>tolimae</i>  J. A. Allen, 1913.","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>. Tentatively affiliated with <i>Microxus</i> by Gyldenstolpe (1932), but Anthony (1924) had intimated its membership in <i>Akodon</i> and Cabrera (1961) arranged it as such.","30","30-00544","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0544"
"13000545","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","albiventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","20","","217","","","White-bellied Akodont","Argentina, Salta Prov., Bajo Río Cachí.","SE Perú, through SW Bolivia, to N Argentina and extreme NE Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>berlepschii</i>  Thomas, 1898.","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>. Sometimes referenced as a member of <i>Bolomys</i> (Bianchi et al., 1971; Gardner and Patton, 1976), but its inclusion, together with <i>berlepschii</i>, within <i>Akodon</i> proper is more strongly supported based on morphlogical comparisons and molecular analyses (D’Elía et al., 2003; Pine et al., 1979; Reig, 1987). Anderson (1997) retained <i>berlepschii</i> as a valid subspecies.","30","30-00545","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0545"
"13000546","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","aliquantulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Díaz, Barquez, Braun, and Mares","1999","","J. Mammal.","80","","788","","","Diminutive Akodont","Argentina, Tucumán Prov., Tafí Viejo Dept., Las Aguitas, Cumbres del Tafícillo, 1700 m; 26º42&#8242;S, 65º22&#8242;W.","Known only from the type locality.","","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis</i> species group (Myers et al., 1990). A small species related to <i>A</i>. <i>puer</i> (here = <i>A</i>. <i>lutescens</i>) but morphological differentiation from that form unimpressive based on multivariate ordinations and univariate overlap (Díaz et al., 1999:Fig. 2, Table 1). The differing treatments of species limits and affinities among these small akodonts (especially <i>aliquantulus</i>, <i>alterus</i>, <i>boliviensis</i>, <i>caenosus</i>, <i>lutescens</i>, <i>spegazzinii</i>, <i>subfuscus</i>, and <i>tucumanensis</i>—see Hershkovitz, 1990<i>c</i>, vis a vis Myers et al., 1990, and overview by Díaz et al., 1999) signal the need for concerted regional examination using multiple data sources, larger sample sizes, specimens from intermediate regions, and detailed transects across habitat types, e.g., following the revisionary model of Myers et al. (1990).","30","30-00546","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0546"
"13000547","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","azarae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fischer","1829","","Synopsis Mamm.","","","325","","","Azara’s Akodont","Argentina, Entre Ríos Prov., about 30°30'S latitude between the Uruguay and Paraná Rivers.","NE and EC Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and extreme S Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arenicola</i>  (Waterhouse, 1837); <i>bibianae</i> Massoia, 1971; <i>hunteri</i> Thomas, 1917.","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis</i> species group (Hershkovitz, 1990<i>c</i>). Olrog and Lucero (1981) maintained <i>arenicola</i> as a species distinct from <i>A</i>. <i>azarae</i>, but karyotypic and other data support their union (Vitullo et al., 1986; Ximenez et al., 1972). Species documented in the early-middle Pleistocene of Argentina by Pardiñas (1993), who discussed its biogeographic implications.","30","30-00547","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0547"
"13000548","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","See comments.","bogotensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","369","","","Bogotá Akodont","Colombia, Cundinamarca Dept., Bogotá region, 8750 ft (2667 m).","Andes of NW Venezuela, E and C Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","This form has been conventionally treated as a member of <i>Microxus</i> (e.g., Cabrera, 1961). As noted by Patton et al. (1989), the representation of <i>Microxus</i> as generically distinct from <i>Akodon</i> is more often based on traits of the Andean species <i>bogotensis</i> (e.g., Linares, 1998), not the type species of <i>Microxus</i> (= <i>Akodon mimus</i>; see below). If not a <i>Microxus</i>, the distinctiveness of <i>bogotensis</i> remains an issue (e.g., see Reig, 1987; Ventura et al., 2000), and like those authors, we are impressed by the non><i>Akodon</i> characteristics of the species. Attention to other possible phylogenetic connections may prove fruitful: e.g., Pérez-Zapata et al. (1992) have identified certain similarities between <i>bogotensis</i> and <i>Podoxomys roraimae</i>. Male reproductive glands described by Voss and Linzey (1981), who noted that the species possessed a single pair of ventral prostates compared with two in most akodonts dissected.","30","30-00548","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0000-0548"
"13000549","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","boliviensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Meyen","1833","","Verhandl. Kais. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Wiss.","16","2","600, pl. 43, fig. 1","","","Bolivian Akodont","Perú, Puno Dept., Pichu-Pichun, 14,000 ft (location clarified by Myers et al., 1990:49).","Altiplano of SE Perú to SC Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pacificus</i>  Thomas, 1902.","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis</i> species group (Myers et al., 1990). Karyology and geographic variation evaluated by Myers et al. (1990), who more narrowly defined the morphological and distributional boundaries of <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis</i>, excluding <i>spegazzinii</i> and <i>subfuscus</i>, forms which had been arranged as subspecies (e.g., Cabrera, 1961). Southern range limits poorly understood (see Myers et al., 1990).","30","30-00549","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0549"
"13000550","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Hypsimys","budini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","1","","191","","","Budin’s Akodont","Argentina, Jujuy Prov., Leon, 1500 m.","Mountains of NW Argentina and SC Bolivia (see Emmons, 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>deceptor</i>  (Thomas, 1921).","Type species of <i>Hypsimys</i>, which Cabrera (1961), Reig (1987), and Smith and Patton (1999) recognized as a subgenus of <i>Akodon</i>; listed as a genus by Galliari et al. (1996) without comment. Karyotype reported by Vitullo et al. (1986) and biochemical divergence by Apfelbaum and Reig (1989).","30","30-00550","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0541-0550"
"13000551","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","cursor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Winge","1887","","E Museo Lundii","1","3","25","","","Cursorial Akodont","Brazil, Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa, Rio das Velhas.","Atlantic Forest formations in SE Brazil (Bahia to Paraná) and perhaps NE Argentina (Misiones Prov., see Pardiñas et al., 2003<i>a</i>); limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>mollis</i> species group (Hershkovitz, 1990<i>c</i>) or <i>A</i>. <i>cursor</i> species group (Geise et al., 2001; Rieger et al., 1995). Earlier recognized as a subspecies of <i>arviculoides</i> (e.g., Cabrera, 1961; Gyldenstolpe, 1932), which Reig (1978, 1987) reallocated to <i>Bolomys lasiurus</i> (see <i>Necromys</i>). Species characterized by an unusually low diploid number (2n = 14-15) and exhibiting substantial chromosomal variation (Fagundes et al., 1998; Sbalqueiro and Nascimento, 1996); however, as noted by Geise et al. (2001), application of <i>cursor</i> to this karyomorph (2n = 14-15, FN = 18-20) requires critical study of type specimens since the <i>A</i>. <i>montensis</i> karyomorph (2n = 24, FN = 42) occurs in sympatry at the type locality. Phylogeographic structure poorly defined based on cytochrome <i>b</i> haplotypes (Geise et al., 2001). Chromosomal, allozymic, and genetic studies have referenced an unnamed form from Pernambuco an... [truncated]","30","30-00551","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0551"
"13000552","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","dayi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1916","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","208","","","Dusky Akodont","Bolivia, Cochabamba Dept., Todos Santos, Río Chaparé.","Lowland to intermediate elevations (up to 2450 m), S Pando to WC Santa Cruz, Bolivia (Anderson, 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>varius</i> species group (Myers, 1989). Interpreted as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>tapirapoanus</i> (= <i>Bolomys lasiurus</i>) by Cabrera (1961); considered a species closely related to <i>A</i>. <i>toba</i> by Myers (1989).","30","30-00552","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0552"
"13000553","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","dolores","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","18","","324","","","Córdoba Akodont","Argentina, Córdoba Prov., near Villa Dolores, Yacanto, 900 m.","C Argentina (Catamarca, Córdoba, and Santiago del Estero).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>varius</i> species group (Myers, 1989). Considered closely related to <i>A</i>. <i>molinae</i> (Bianchi et al., 1979; Myers, 1989; Wittouck et al., 1995), if not conspecific with it (Hershkovitz, 1990<i>c</i>), but karyological differences (2n = 34-40 in <i>A</i>. <i>dolores</i> versus 42-44 in <i>A</i>. <i>molinae</i>)<i> </i>and generally non-overlapping distributions suggest distinctive species, as clarified by Tiranti (1998<i>b</i>).","30","30-00553","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0553"
"13000554","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","fumeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","137","","","Smoky Akodont","Bolivia, Cochabamba Dept., Río Secure, El Choro, 3500 m.","E Andean slopes, about 1000-3500 m, of SE Perú, WC Bolivia (Anderson, 1997), and NW Argentina (Jujuy, see Díaz and Barquez, 1999).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>fumeus</i> species group (Myers and Patton, 1989). Treated as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>mollis</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Hershkovitz, 1990<i>c</i>); viewed as a distinct species more closely related to <i>A</i>. <i>kofordi</i> by Myers and Patton (1989).","30","30-00554","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0554"
"13000555","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","iniscatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","3","","205","","","Patagonian Akodont","Argentina, Chubut Prov., Valle del Lago Blanco, Koslowsky region, 100 m.","WC to EC Argentina (Buenos Aires Prov., see Pardiñas and Galliari, 1999), as far south as Santa Cruz Prov.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>collinus</i>  Thomas, 1919; <i>nucus</i> Thomas, 1926.","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>. The form <i>nucus</i> has been variously listed as a species (Galliari et al., 1996; Hershkovitz, 1990<i>c</i>; Reig, 1987), but Barros et al. (1990) and Pearson (1995) retained it as a subspecies pending critical revision of this complex. Karyotype (2n = 33-34) reported by Barros et al. (1990), who noted its extensive banding homologies with samples of <i>A</i>. <i>puer</i> (here = <i>A</i>. <i>lutescens</i>).","30","30-00555","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0555"
"13000556","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","juninensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Myers, Patton, and Smith","1990","","Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan","177","","41","","","Junín Akodont","Perú, Junín Dept., 22 km (by road) N La Oroya (at junction of Hwy 3 to Junín and Hwy 20 to Tarma), 4040 m.","E and W Andean slopes, above 2700 m, of C Perú, south along W slopes to Dept. Ayacucho.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis</i> species group (Myers et al., 1990).","30","30-00556","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0556"
"13000557","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","kofordi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Myers and Patton","1989","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan","721","","14","","","Koford’s Akodont","Perú, Puno Dept., 9 km (by road) N Limbani, Agualani, 2840 m.","Depts. Cusco and Puno, SE Perú, 2750 to 2900 m, and Cochabamba Dept., C Bolivia, 1833-3700 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>fumeus</i> species group (Myers and Patton, 1989). Distribution and ecological associations amplified by Salazar-Bravo et al. (2002<i>b</i>).","30","30-00557","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0557"
"13000558","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Microxus","latebricola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1924","","Am. Mus. Novit.","139","","3","","","Ecuadorean Akodont","Ecuador, Tungurahua Prov., east of Ambato on Río Cusutagua, Hacienda San Francisco, 8000 ft (2438 m).","Cordillera Oriental, ca. 2400-3840, NC Ecuador (Pichincha and Tungurahua Provs.).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Microxus</i> (see remarks under <i>Akodon</i> <i>bogotensis</i> and <i>A</i>.<i> mimus</i>). Anthony (1924) described the species based on a single specimen under <i>Microxus</i>, as genus, and critically compared it with <i>bogotensis</i>. Additional specimens reported, range extended northwardly, and morphological description expanded by Voss (2003).","30","30-00558","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0542-0558"
"13000559","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","leucolimnaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1926","","Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat.","30","","320","","","Catamarca Akodont","Argentina, Catamarca Prov., Laguna Blanca, 3100 m.","NW Argentina; limits unknown.","","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis</i> species group (Galliari et al., 1996). Reassigned as a subspecies of <i>lactens</i> (Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Cabrera, 1961) and thereafter associated as a member of <i>Bolomys</i> (Reig, 1987; Hershkovitz, 1990<i>c</i>). Reassigned as a species of <i>Akodon</i> by Galliari and Pardiñas (1995), its status considered provisional pending an emended diagnosis and clarification of its relationship.","30","30-00559","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0559"
"13000560","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","lindberghi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1990","","Fieldiana Zool., N.S.","57","","16","","","Lindbergh’s Akodont","Brazil, Distrito Federal, 20 km NW Brasília, Parque Nacional de Brasília, Matosa, 1100 m.","Cerrado habitat, C and SE Brazil.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis</i> species group (Hershkovitz, 1990<i>c</i>). Morphology, karyotype, and habitat described by Hershkovitz (1990<i>c</i>); additional karyotypic and distributional information reported by Svartman and Almeida (1994) and Geise et al. (1996, 2001). Hershkovitz (1990<i>c</i>) discussed the <i>nomen nudum Plectomys paludicola</i> and its possible equivalence to the species <i>A</i>. <i>lindberghi</i>.","30","30-00560","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0560"
"13000561","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","lutescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1901","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","14","","46","","","Altiplano Akodont","Perú, Puno Dept., Tirapata, 15,000 ft (4572 m).","High altiplano of C Perú (Puno), through W Bolivia, to NW Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>A. puer.</i>","<i>caenosus</i>  Thomas, 1918; <i>puer</i> Thomas, 1902.","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis</i> species group (Myers et al., 1990). Anderson (1997) noted the earlier availability of <i>lutescens</i> for this species. Karyologic and morphometric variation presented, as <i>A</i>. <i>caenosus</i>, by Bárquez et al. (1980). In their revision of the <i>boliviensis</i> group, Myers et al. (1990) referred <i>caenosus</i>, maintained as a species by Cabrera (1961), and <i>lutescens</i>, classified as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>andinus</i> by Cabrera (1961), to subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>puer</i> (also see Vitullo et al., 1986). Hershkovitz (1990<i>c</i>) listed <i>caenosus</i> as a species, as did Mares et al. (1997), but Anderson (1997) retained it, along with <i>lutescens</i> and <i>puer</i>, as formal subspecies. Also see remarks under <i>A</i>. <i>aliquantulus</i>.","30","30-00561","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0561"
"13000562","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Microxus","mimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","183","","","Hocicudo-like Akodont","Perú, Puno Dept., Limbane, 2600 m.","Upper E Andean slopes, about 2000-3700 m, from SE Perú (Puno Dept.; Patton and Smith, 1992) to WC Bolivia (Cochabamba Dept.; Anderson, 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Type species of <i>Microxus</i>, a taxon arranged either as a subgenus of <i>Akodon</i> (Cabrera, 1961), as a distinct akodontine genus (Ellerman, 1941; Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Reig, 1987; Thomas, 1916<i>c</i>), or as a synonym of the ""oxymycterine"" genus <i>Abrothrix</i> (Hershkovitz, 1966<i>c</i>). Allozymic and cytochrome <i>b</i> evidence reveals that <i>mimus</i> is phyletically closer to species of <i>Akodon</i> <i>sensu stricto</i> than to those of <i>Abrothrix</i> (including <i>Chroeomys</i>) and <i>Bolomys</i> (= <i>Necromys</i>) and doubtfully warrants even subgeneric recognition based on these data (see Patton and Smith, 1992; Patton et al., 1989; Smith and Patton, 1991, 1993).","30","30-00562","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0542-0562"
"13000563","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","molinae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Contreras","1968","","Zool. Platense","1","2","12-Sep","","","Molina’s Akodont","Argentina, Buenos Aires Prov., Partido de Villarino, Laguna Chasicó.","S Argentina (Mendoza to Buenos Aires Provs., south to Chubut).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>varius</i> species group (Myers, 1989). Chromosomal polymorphism (2n = 42-44) and distributional extent with regard to <i>A</i>. <i>dolores</i> (also see remarks therein) reported by Tiranti (1998<i>b</i>).","30","30-00563","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0563"
"13000564","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","mollis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","363","","","Soft-furred Akodont","Perú, Piura Dept., Tumbes.","Pacific lowlands and adjoining montane regions of N Ecuador to WC Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>altorum</i>  Thomas, 1913; <i>fulvescens</i> Hershkovitz, 1940.","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>mollis</i> species group. Extensive altitudinal range and substantial interpopulational differentiation suggest a composite of two or more species (Patton and Smith, 1992; Smith and Patton, 1993; study of specimens in AMNH); status of highland form <i>altorum</i> as synonym questioned by Voss (2003). Also see remarks under <i>A</i>. <i>fumeus</i>, once included as a subspecies.","30","30-00564","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0564"
"13000565","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","montensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","405","","","Montane Akodont","Paraguay, Paraguarí Dept., Sapucái.","E Paraguay (Gamarra de Fox and Martin, 1996), NE Argentina (Pardiñas et al., 2003<i>a</i>), and SE Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul, including gallery forest settings in Minas Gerais and Goiás; Geise et al., 2001; Rieger et al., 1995).","","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>cursor</i> species group (Rieger et al., 1995). Named as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>arviculoides</i>, a ranking observed by Gyldenstolpe (1932) and Cabrera (1961). Morphologically similar to <i>A</i>. <i>cursor</i>, under which it has been included (e.g., Musser and Carleton, 1993; Reig, 1987; Ximénez and Langguth, 1970), but karyotypically, allozymically, and genetically distinct from that species (D’Elía et al., 2003; Geise et al., 1998, 2001; Rieger et al., 1995). Where <i>A</i>. <i>cursor</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>montensis</i> occur in proximity, the latter species is found at higher elevations, 800 m and above (Geise et al., 2001); past reports for this species in Uruguay (e.g., Ximénez and Langguth, 1970) have proven to be <i>A</i>. <i>reigi</i> (González et al., 1998). Pardiñas et al. (2003<i>a</i>) reviewed the taxon’s involved historical treatment and summarized evidence for its discrimination from <i>A</i>. <i>cursor</i> (also see that accou... [truncated]","30","30-00565","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0565"
"13000566","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","mystax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1998","","Bonn Zool. Beitr.","47","","220","","","Caparaó Akodont","Brazil, Minas Gerais, Pico da Bandeira, W slope Mt Caparaó, Arrozal, 2300 m.","Known only from highland localities, 2000-2700 m, in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil.","","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis</i> species group (Hershkovitz, 1990<i>c</i>) or <i>A</i>. <i>cursor</i> species group (Geise et al., 2001). Described as related to <i>A</i>.<i> sanctipaulensis</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>lindberghi</i>, and <i>A</i>. <i>azarae</i> (Hershkovitz, 1998), but gene-sequence data suggest closer affinity to <i>A</i>. <i>cursor</i> <i>A</i>. <i>montensis</i> (Geise et al., 2001). Status with respect to <i>A</i>. <i>paranaensis</i> and to <i>A</i>. <i>reigi</i>, which are morphologically very similar and have the same diploid number (Christoff et al., 2000; González et al., 1998), should be reviewed and their morphological definition and distributional limits as three separate species verified.","30","30-00566","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0566"
"13000567","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","neocenus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","3","","213","","","Neuquén Akodont","Argentina, Neuquén Prov., upper Río Negro, Río Limay.","WC Argentina; limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>varius</i> species group (Myers, 1989). A subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>varius</i> according to Cabrera (1961); a species more closely related to <i>A</i>. <i>dolores</i> or <i>A</i>. <i>toba</i> according to Myers (1989).","30","30-00567","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0567"
"13000568","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","oenos","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Braun, Mares, and Ojeda","2000","","Z. Saugetierk.","65","","218","","","Monte Akodont","Argentina, Mendoza Prov., Dept. La Valle, La Pega; 32º48&#8242;S, 68º40&#8242;W.","Known only from the type locality and vicinity, 600-1200 m, WC Argentina.","","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>varius</i> species group (Myers, 1989). A medium-size species compared with <i>A</i>. <i>molinae</i>. Braun et al. (2000) noted that their new species corresponds to a <i>nomen nudum</i> (<i>minoprioi</i>) that had appeared in a meeting abstract (also see Galliari et al., 1996).","30","30-00568","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0568"
"13000569","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","orophilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1913","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","98","","","Utcubamba Akodont","Perú, Amazonas Dept., Leimabamba, Alto Utcubamba, 2400 m.","Upper E Andean slopes, C Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>orientalis</i>  Osgood, 1913.","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>. Although initially described as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>mollis</i>, Osgood (1943:197) later reinstated <i>orophilus</i> as a distinct species, at which rank it has since remained (Cabrera, 1961; Reig, 1987; Patton and Smith, 1992). Formerly included <i>torques</i> as a subspecies (Cabrera, 1961).","30","30-00569","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0569"
"13000570","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","paranaensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Christoff, Fagundes, Sbalqueiro, Mattevi, and Yonenaga-Yassuda","2000","","J. Mammal.","81","","844","","","Paraná Akodont","Brazil, Paraná State, Piraquara, Estação Ecologica Canguiri.","NE Argentina (Misiones Prov.), SE Brazil (Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul).","","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>. Populations assigned to this species had been formerly identified as <i>A</i>. <i>serrensis</i> (e.g., Liascovich and Reig, 1989), but karyotypic and morphometric separation from that form clarified by Christoff et al. (2000). Similar in size to members of the <i>A</i>. <i>mollis</i> species group (<i>sensu</i> Hershkovitz, 1990<i>c</i>), but Christoff et al. (2000) left the assignment of <i>A</i>. <i>paranaensis </i>as species group indeterminate pending additional study of its relationship. Also see remarks under <i>A</i>. <i>mystax</i> and involved discussion by Pardiñas et al. (2003<i>a</i>) on the tenuous basis for segregating <i>paranaensis</i> and <i>reigi</i>; resolution is needed.","30","30-00570","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0570"
"13000571","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","pervalens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","15","","579","","","Tarija Akodont","Bolivia, Tarija Dept., Caraparí, 1000 m.","SC Bolivia, 900-2100 m (presumably into N Argentina).","","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>. Status and relationship variously recognized: named as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>sylvanus</i> by Thomas (1925; as followed by Musser and Carleton, 1993); reallocated to a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>varius</i> by Cabrera (1961); retained as a nominal species similar to <i>A</i>. <i>cursor</i> by Myers (1989); placed as a synonym of <i>A</i>. <i>serrensis</i> by Hershkovitz (1990<i>c</i>). As dryly noted by Anderson (1997), who also listed <i>pervalens</i> as species, the want of unanimity in its treatment underlines the need for taxonomic resolution.","30","30-00571","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0571"
"13000572","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","reigi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","González, Langguth, and Oliveira","1998","","Comun. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo","12","191","2","","","Reig’s Akodont","Uruguay, Lavalleja Dept., Paso Averias; 33º60&#8242;S, 54º40&#8242;W.","Gallery forests of E Uruguay and extreme S Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).","","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>cursor</i> species group <i>sensu</i> Rieger et al. (1995). Principally contrasted to <i>A</i>. <i>cursor</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>serrensis</i>; see remarks by González et al. (1998) on karyotype (2n = 44) and misattributed reports of this new species as <i>A</i>. <i>serrensis</i>. Status and distributional limits with regard to <i>A</i>. <i>mystax</i> and especially <i>A</i>. <i>paranaensis</i> deserve careful review (see those accounts and discussion by Pardiñas et al., 2003<i>a</i>).","30","30-00572","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0572"
"13000573","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","sanctipaulensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1990","","Fieldiana Zool., N. S.","57","","23","","","São Paulo Akodont","Brazil, São Paulo, Primeiro Morro.","Serra do Mar, SE Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis</i> species group (Hershkovitz, 1990<i>c</i>). Morphological separation from <i>A</i>. <i>cursor</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>serrensis</i> amplified by Christoff et al. (2000).","30","30-00573","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0573"
"13000574","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","serrensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","61","","","Serra do Mar Akodont","Brazil, Paraná State, Serra do Mar, Roca Nova, 1000 m.","SE Brazil; distributional limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>leucogula</i>  Miranda Ribeiro, 1905.","<p>Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>mollis</i> species group (Hershkovitz, 1990<i>c</i>). Recognized as a species since its description (Cabrera, 1961; Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Moojen, 1952). Most strongly differentiated, based on cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences, of six Brazilian <i>Akodon</i> species examined by Geise et al. (2001). The single example of <i>A</i>. <i>serrensis</i> studied by D’Elía et al. (2003) is genetically (cytochrome <i>b</i>) most similar to <i>Thaptomys nigrita</i>, a finding that recommends expansion of sampling and review of the taxon’s assignment within <i>Akodon</i> proper.</p><p>New records of sympatry with <i>A</i>. <i>cursor</i> reported by Hershkovitz (1998), who amplified the discrimination of these two morphologically similar species (also see Liascovich and Reig, 1989). Karyotypic and morphometric separation from <i>A</i>. <i>paranaensis</i> illuminated by Christoff et al. (2000) and from <i>A</i>. <i>reigi</i> by González et al. (1998); strong genetic ... [truncated]","30","30-00574","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0574"
"13000575","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Hypsimys","siberiae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Myers and Patton","1989","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan","720","","4","","","Cochabamba Akodont","Bolivia, Cochabamba Dept., 28 km (by road) W Comarapa, 2800 m; 17°51'S, 64°40'W.","Known only from the vicinity of the type locality, about 1800-3000 m, Cochabamba and W Santa Cruz Depts., C Bolivia (Anderson, 1997).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Hypsimys</i>. Morphology and chromosomes suggest that <i>A</i>. <i>siberiae</i> is closely related to <i>A</i>. <i>budini</i>, the type species of <i>Hypsimys</i> (see Myers and Patton, 1989).","30","30-00575","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0541-0575"
"13000576","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","simulator","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","18","","335","","","White-throated Akodont","Argentina, Tucumán Prov., San Pablo, Villa Nouges, 1200 m.","E lower Andean slopes, 650-2400 m, from SC Bolivia (Tarija; Anderson, 1997) to NW Argentina (Jujuy to Catamarca; Mares et al., 1997; Ortiz et al., 2000<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>glaucinus</i>  Thomas, 1919; <i>tartareus</i> Thomas, 1919.","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>varius</i> species group (Myers, 1989). Named as a species but later placed as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>varius</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Thomas, 1926). Returned to species rank by Myers (1989), who emphasized the need for continued study of their level of differentiation; he recognized <i>glaucinus</i> and <i>tartareus</i> as distinctive subspecies. Karyology and morphometrics reviewed, as <i>A</i>. <i>varius</i>, by Bárquez et al. (1980); age variation in a large Argentinian sample analysed by Eschevarria (1995).","30","30-00576","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0576"
"13000577","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","spegazzinii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","20","","216","","","Spegazzini’s Akodont","Argentina, Salta Prov., lower Río Cachí.","E Andean slopes, 400 to 1000 m, NW Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alterus</i>  Thomas, 1919; <i>tucumanensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1901.","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis</i> species group (Myers et al., 1990). Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis</i> (Cabrera, 1961); Myers et al. (1990) segregated <i>spegazzinii</i> as a species, retaining <i>tucumanensis</i> as a subspecies. Karyology and morphometrics reviewed, as <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis tucumanensis</i>, by Barquez et al. (1980). Cabrera (1961) placed <i>alterus</i> in full synonymy with <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis tucumanensis</i>; karyotypes of <i>alterus</i> and <i>tucumanensis</i> reported as identical (2n = 40, FN = 40) by Blaustein et al. (1992), who also discussed their weak allozymic and morphological divergence. Mares et al. (1997) listed <i>alterus</i> and <i>tucumanensis</i> as species principally based on their different ecological associations. Another complex of small akodonts in need of revision; also see remarks under <i>A</i>. <i>aliquantulus</i>.","30","30-00577","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0577"
"13000578","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","subfuscus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1944","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","29","","195","","","Puno Akodont","Perú, Puno Dept., drainage of Río Inambari, Limbani, 9000 ft (2743 m).","E Andean upper slopes, about 2000-4500 m, from SC Perú (Puno) to WC Bolivia (Cochabamba) (see Anderson, 1997:Fig. 717; Patton and Smith, 1992:Fig. 3).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arequipae</i>  Myers, Patton, and Smith, 1990.","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis</i> species group (Myers et al., 1990). Described as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>boliviensis</i>; raised to specific level and another subspecies named by Myers et al. (1990).","30","30-00578","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0578"
"13000579","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","surdus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","68","4","2","","","Slate-bellied Akodont","Perú, Cuzco Dept., Huadquiña, 5000 ft (1524 m).","E Andes of SE Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>. Retained as a species by Reig (1987), Myers (1989), and Hershkovitz (1990<i>c</i>), but considered a possible synonym of <i>A</i>. <i>aerosus</i> by Patton and Smith (1992); reconciliation of these differing treatments needed.","30","30-00579","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0579"
"13000580","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","sylvanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","184","","","Woodland Akodont","Argentina, Jujuy Prov., Sierra de Santa Barbara, Sunchal, 1200 m.","NW Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>. Retained as a species until Cabrera (1961) synonymized it as a race of <i>A</i>. <i>azarae</i>; Myers (1989) tentatively listed <i>sylvanus</i> and <i>azarae</i> as separate species. Formerly included <i>pervalens</i> (see that account).","30","30-00580","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0580"
"13000581","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","toba","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","178","","","Toba Akodont","Paraguay, Presidente Hayes Dept., northern Chaco, Jesematathla, 100 m.","Chaco of W Paraguay, SE Bolivia, and contiguous N Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>varius</i> species group (Myers, 1989). Relegated to a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>varius</i> by Cabrera (1961); karyotypic and morphological discrimination from <i>varius</i> proper summarized by Myers (1989).","30","30-00581","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0581"
"13000582","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","torques","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","68","","3","","","Cloud Forest Akodont","Perú, Cuzco Dept., Machu Picchu, 10,000 ft (3048 m).","E Andean cloud forest, 2000-3500 m, SE Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>. Relegated to a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>orophilus</i> (e.g., Cabrera, 1961), but recent studies have revealed that <i>torques</i> is a genetically distinctive form more closely related to <i>A</i>. <i>mollis</i> (Patton and Smith, 1992; Patton et al., 1989, 1990). Described as a species of <i>Microxus</i> but considered a member of <i>Akodon</i> proper by later authors (Ellerman, 1941; Thomas, 1927), placement vindicated by allozymic and cytochrome <i>b</i> data (Patton et al., 1989; Smith and Patton, 1993).","30","30-00582","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0582"
"13000583","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Akodon","Akodon","varius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","134","","","Variable Akodont","Bolivia, Cochabamba Dept., Cochabamba, 2400 m.","E Andean slopes, 2000-3000 m, of W Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Akodon</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>varius</i> species group. Cabrera (1961) included as subspecies <i>neocenus</i>, <i>simulator</i>, and <i>toba</i>, forms here arranged as species according to the preliminary revision of Myers (1989).","30","30-00583","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0539-0540-0583"
"13000584","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Amphinectomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Malygin","1994","","(in Malygin et al., 1994) Zool. Zhur.","73","","198","","<i>Amphinectomys savamis </i>Malygin, 1994 (in Malygin et al., 1994).","","","","","","Oryzomyini. A water rat morphologically similar to <i>Nectomys</i> but with more expansive interdigital webbing and broader interorbital region (Malygin et al., 1994). The new genus was differentially diagnosed with respect to nearby populations of <i>Nectomys squamipes</i> <i>sensu</i> Hershkovitz (1944), now well known to be a heterogeneous composite (see below); the relationship and generic status of <i>savamis</i> should be confirmed within a broader sampling of <i>Nectomys</i> species and other oryzomyines. The karyotype (2n = 52; Malygin et al., 1994) fits within the range of variation documented for species of <i>Nectomys</i> (2n = 38-59; e.g., Andrades-Miranda et al., 2001<i>b</i>), but critical banding comparisons are needed; genetically closely related to <i>Nectomys squamipes</i> based on nuclear gene (IRBP) sequences (Weksler, 2003). Anatomy of male reproductive tract reported by Malygin and Rosmiarek (1997) and compared with other oryzomyines.","30","30-00584","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0584"
"13000585","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Amphinectomys","","savamis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Malygin","1994","","(in Malygin et al., 1994) Zool. Zhur.","73","","203","","","Ucayali Water Rat","Perú, Loreto Dept., Requena Prov., right bank Río Ucayali, 7 km E Henaro Errera; 04º55&#8242;S, 73º45&#8242;W.","Known only by the holotype.","","","","30","30-00585","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0584-0000-0585"
"13000586","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Andalgalomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Williams and Mares","1978","","Ann. Carnegie Mus.","47","","197","","<i>Andalgalomys olrogi</i> Williams and Mares, 1978.","","","","","","<p>Phyllotini. Includes forms formerly associated with <i>Graomys</i>; morphological and karyotypic traits summarized by Olds et al. (1987), who emended the generic diagnosis. Closely related to <i>Graomys</i> (e.g., Olds et al., 1987), but recent phylogentic colloquy has centered on the monophyly and ergo the generic validity of the taxon. Braun (1993) and Steppan (1993, 1995), using morphological characters, found that exemplars of <i>Andalgalomys</i> associated among those of <i>Graomys</i>; the former author retained <i>Andalgalomys</i> as genus whereas the latter formally merged it under <i>Graomys</i> (in a reanalysis, Steppan and Sullivan, 2000, provisionally retained both as genera). Taxonomically narrow (Anderson and Yates, 2000) and broad (D’Elía et al., 2003) surveys of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences do convey the monophyly of <i>Andalgalomys</i>, well delineated from species of <i>Graomys</i>, on resultant trees.</p><p>The issue has become more complex commensurate with the ... [truncated]","30","30-00586","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0586"
"13000587","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Andalgalomys","","olrogi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Williams and Mares","1978","","Ann. Carnegie Mus.","47","","203","","","Olrog’s Pericote","Argentina, Catamarca Prov., 15 km (on route 62) W Andalgala, west bank Río Amanao.","Known only from the vicinity of the type locality.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","30","30-00587","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0586-0000-0587"
"13000588","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Andalgalomys","","pearsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Myers","1977","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan","676","","1","","","Pearson’s Pericote","Paraguay, Boquerón Dept., 410 km (by road) NW Villa Hayes.","Chaco of W Paraguay and SE Bolivia (Santa Cruz Dept.).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dorbignyi</i>  Olds, Anderson, and Yates, 1987.","Diploid count differs by one pair (76 versus 78) in the two subspecies (Myers, 1977; Olds et al., 1987).","30","30-00588","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0586-0000-0588"
"13000589","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Andalgalomys","","roigi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mares and Braun","1996","","J. Mammal.","77","","929","","","Roig’s Pericote","Argentina, San Luis Prov., 8 km W La Botija, Pampa de las Salinas, 510 m; 36º12&#8242;27&#8243;S, 66º39&#8242;35&#8243;W.","Semiarid thorn scrub from Catamarca Prov. south to San Luis Prov. (Mares et al., 1997), NC Argentina.","","","Mares and Braun (1996) contrasted their new species with <i>A</i>. <i>olrogi</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>pearsoni</i>.","30","30-00589","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0586-0000-0589"
"13000590","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Andinomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1902","1","116","","<i>Andinomys edax</i> Thomas, 1902.","","","","","","Phyllotini. Revised by Hershkovitz (1962). Standard karyotype reported and compared to other phyllotines by Pearson and Patton (1976) and Simonetti and Spotorno (1980). Based on homologous chromosomal bands, Spotorno et al. (1994) suggested the primitive nature of <i>Andinomys</i> and its early divergence within the phyllotine radiation; cladistic studies of morphological traits indicate a later genesis, in a clade variously containing <i>Chinchillula</i>, <i>Irenomys</i>, and <i>Punomys</i> (Braun, 1993; Steppan, 1995).","30","30-00590","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0590"
"13000591","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Andinomys","","edax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1902","1","116","","","Andean Mouse","Bolivia, Potosí Dept., between Potosí and Sucre, El Cabrado, 3700 m.","Altiplano of extreme S Perú (Puno) and N Chile (Pine et al., 1979; Spotorno, 1976), through WC Bolivia (Anderson, 1997), to NW Argentina (Jujuy to La Rioja; Díaz and Barquez, 1999; Mares et al., 1997; Ortiz et al., 2000<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>lineicaudatus</i>  Yepes, 1935.","Díaz and Barquez (1999) remarked on subspecific distribution in N Argentina and urged revision to resolve whether two species are represented.","30","30-00591","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0590-0000-0591"
"13000592","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Anotomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","86","","<i>Anotomys leander</i> Thomas, 1906.","","","","","","Ichthyomyini. Formerly included <i>trichotis</i> (Handley, 1976), which Voss (1988) removed to the new genus <i>Chibchanomys</i>. Phylogenetic relationships studied by Voss (1988).","30","30-00592","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0592"
"13000593","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Anotomys","","leander","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","87","","","Ecuadoran Ichthyomyine","Ecuador, Pichincha Prov., Volcán Pichincha, 11,500 ft (3505 m).","N Ecuador at high elevations.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Diploid number (2n = 92) reported by Gardner (1971); taxonomy and distribution reviewed by Voss (1988).","30","30-00593","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0592-0000-0593"
"13000594","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Auliscomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Osgood","1915","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","190","","<i>Reithrodon pictus</i> Thomas, 1884.","","","","","<i>Maresomys</i>  Braun, 1993.","Phyllotini. Diagnosed as a subgenus of <i>Phyllotis</i> and variably recognized afterwards at that rank (Osgood, 1947; Pearson, 1958) or as a genus (Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Thomas, 1926<i>a</i>). Recent evidence supports the monophyly and probable earlier divergence of <i>Auliscomys</i> (Pearson and Patton, 1976; Simonetti and Spotorno, 1980), usually as closely related to <i>Galenomys</i> (Braun, 1993; Steppan, 1993, 1995; Steppan and Sullivan, 2000). Includes <i>Maresomys</i> whose type species (= <i>boliviensis</i>) Braun (1993) interpreted as sister group to <i>Galenomys</i>, but which Steppan (1995) viewed as cognate to other species of <i>Auliscomys</i> and placed as synonym of the latter. The critical nodes on which these nomenclatural decisions hinge reflect slightly different coding schemes of morphological traits and rely upon consensus depictions of numerous equal-length trees; as such, the issue invites additional testing with other information sources. Anderson (1997) used <i>... [truncated]","30","30-00594","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0594"
"13000595","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Auliscomys","","boliviensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1846","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1846","","9","","","Bolivian Pericote","Bolivia, Potosí Dept., ""a few leagues"" south of Potosí, 12,000 ft (3658 m).","Altiplano from S Perú (Arequipa Dept.) to extreme N Chile and WC Bolivia (3450-4770 m).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>flavidior</i>  (Thomas, 1902).","Type species of <i>Maresomys</i> Braun (1993).","30","30-00595","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0594-0000-0595"
"13000596","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Auliscomys","","pictus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1884","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1884","","457","","","Colorful Pericote","Perú, Junín Dept., Junín, 13,700 ft (4176 m).","High Andes, ca. 3500-4800 m, from C Perú (Ancash Dept.) to NW Bolivia (La Paz Dept.).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>decoloratus</i>  (Osgood, 1915).","","30","30-00596","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0594-0000-0596"
"13000597","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Auliscomys","","sublimis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","6","","467","","","Lofty Pericote","Perú, Arequipa Dept., Rinconado Malo Pass, between Cailloma and Calalla, 18,000 ft (5486 m).","Altiplano from S Perú (Ayacucho Dept.), through W Bolivia (3800-4740 m) and adjacent Chile, to NW Argentina (Jujuy and Salta; Díaz, 1999).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>leucurus</i>  (Thomas, 1919).","Anderson (1997) retained subspecific divisions for Bolivian populations.","30","30-00597","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0594-0000-0597"
"13000598","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Bibimys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Massoia","1979","","Physis, sec. C.","38","95","2","","<i>Bibimys torresi</i> Massoia, 1979.","","","","","","<p>Akodontini. Diagnosed as a third genus of scapteromyines, along with <i>Kunsia</i> and <i>Scapteromys</i> (see Hershkovitz, 1966<i>c</i>), and so maintained by Reig (1980, 1981, 1984, 1986). More closely related to <i>Akodon</i> and kin than to <i>Kunsia</i> <i>Scapteromys</i> according to parsimony distillations of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequence data (D’Elía et al., in press). In analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, D’Elía (2003) recognized <i>Bibimys</i> as one of five major clades within Akodontini.</p><p>Generic diagnosis emended, alpha taxonomy reviewed, and known fossil and recent occurrences consolidated by D’Elía et al. (in press). They provisionally retained three species, given the inadequacies of sample size and geographic representation, but acknowledged that morphological, karyotypic, and genetic evidence for their separation is unpersuasive. Karyology reported by Dyzenchauz and Massarini (1999) and Gonçalves et al. (in press). Fossil records (early Pleistocene to... [truncated]","30","30-00598","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0598"
"13000599","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Bibimys","","chacoensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shamel","1931","","J. Wash. Acad. Sci.","21","","247","","","Chacoan Akodont","Argentina, Chaco Prov., Las Palmas.","NE Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Described as a species of <i>Akodon</i>; transferred to <i>Bibimys</i> by Massoia (1980<i>a</i>), who noted the need to clarify the differentiation of this form from <i>B</i>. <i>torresi</i>.","30","30-00599","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0598-0000-0599"
"13000600","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Bibimys","","labiosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Winge","1887","","E Museo Lundii","1","3","25","","","Lagoa Santa Akodont","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Pleistocene cave deposits near Lagoa Santa.","Minas Gerais, Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Described as a species of <i>Scapteromys</i>, referred to <i>Akodon</i> by Hershkovitz (1966<i>c</i>), and confirmed as a species of <i>Bibimys</i> by Massoia (1980<i>a</i>). Although described as a fossil (Winge, 1887) from the Lagoa Santa caves, the species survives in the region of Minas Gerais (D’Elía et al., in press; Paglia et al., 1995). Diploid number (2n = 70) same as <i>B</i>. <i>torresi</i> but fundamental numbers differ (FN = 76 versus 80; Gonçalves et al., in press).","30","30-00600","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0598-0000-0600"
"13000601","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Bibimys","","torresi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Massoia","1979","","Physis, sec. C.","38","95","3","","","Torres’ Akodont","Argentina, Buenos Aires Prov., Paraná River delta at the confluence of Arroyo Las Piedras with Arroyo Cucarachas, Campana, Estación Experimental del INTA, Canal 6 (as refined by Pardiñas, 1996).","EC Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Karyotype (2n = 70) reported by Dyzenshauz and Massarini (1999) and contrasted to species of <i>Scapteromys</i>.","30","30-00601","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0598-0000-0601"
"13000602","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Blarinomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","310","","<i>Oxymycterus breviceps</i> Winge, 1887.","","","","","","Akodontini. Sister genus to <i>Brucepattersonius</i> according to phylogenetic evaluations of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (D’Elía et al., 2003;<i> </i>Smith and Patton, 1999) or to the clade <i>Brucepattersonius</i> <i>Lenoxus</i> using cytochrome <i>b</i> and IRBP (D’Elía, 2003).","30","30-00602","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0602"
"13000603","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Blarinomys","","breviceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Winge","1887","","E Museo Lundii","1","3","34","","","Blarinine Akodont","Brazil, Minas Gerais, Rio das Velhas, Pleistocene cave deposits near Lagoa Santa.","Atlantic Forest region of SE Brazil (Bahia to São Paulo; Silva et al., 2003) and NE Argentina (Misiones Prov.; Massoia, 1993).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Based on compilation of old and new records, Silva et al. (2003) suggested that <i>B</i>. <i>breviceps</i> is extinct at the type locality, now set within Cerrado vegetation, and confined to the more mesic Atlantic Forest zone. See Matson and Abravaya (1977, Mammalian Species, 74).","30","30-00603","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0602-0000-0603"
"13000604","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Brucepattersonius","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1998","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","47","","227","","<i>Brucepattersonius soricinus</i> Hershkovitz, 1998.","","","","","","Akodontini. Morphological traits resemble those of <i>Oxymycterus</i>, considered its probable nearest generic relative by Hershkovitz (1998). Parsimony and likelihood trees derived from cytochrome <i>b</i> data instead most closely relate the genus to <i>Blarinomys</i>, within a clade that includes <i>Lenoxus</i>, <i>Kunsia</i>, and <i>Scapteromys</i> (D’Elía et al., 2003; Smith and Patton, 1999). With recognition of this distinctive genus, attention should be directed to documenting the status and distributions of the newly described forms, most known only from their type locality and based on differentiating traits that intimate age and-or individual variation.","30","30-00604","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0604"
"13000605","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Brucepattersonius","","albinasus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1998","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","47","","235","","","White-nosed Akodont","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Parque Nacional de Caparaó, Pico de Bandeira, 2700 m.","Known only from the type locality.","","","","30","30-00605","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0604-0000-0605"
"13000606","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Brucepattersonius","","griserufescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1998","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","47","","233","","","Gray-bellied Akodont","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Parque Nacional de Caparaó, Terreirao, 2400 m","Humid montane forest and scrub, 1300-2700 m, E Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo to Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil.","","","Distribution amplified and karyotype reported by Bonvicino et al. (1998<i>b</i>), who noted that it (2n = 52, FN = 52-53) differs from all <i>Oxymycterus</i> species so far examined (2n = 54, FN = 64; see Bonvicino et al., 1998<i>b</i>).","30","30-00606","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0604-0000-0606"
"13000607","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Brucepattersonius","","guarani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mares and Braun","2000","","Occas. Pap. Sam Noble Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","9","","","Guaraní Akodont","Argentina, Misiones Prov., Guaraní Dept., 6 km NE (by Hwy 2) junction of Hwy 2 and Arroyo Paraíso, 360 m.","Known only from the type locality.","","","","30","30-00607","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0604-0000-0607"
"13000608","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Brucepattersonius","","igniventris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1998","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","47","","232","","","Red-bellied Akodont","Brazil, São Paulo State, Iporanga (Petar) State Park, 200 m; 24º35&#8242;S, 48º35&#8242;W.","Known only from the type locality.","","","","30","30-00608","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0604-0000-0608"
"13000609","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Brucepattersonius","","iheringi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","308","","","Ihering’s Akodont","Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, Rio dos Linos, Taquara do Mundo Novo.","NE Argentina (Misiones) and SE Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Oxymycterus iheringi</i>.","","A distinctive species of varied generic associations—included in <i>Microxus</i> or <i>Akodon</i> (e.g., Avila-Pires, 1994; Cabrera, 1961; Ellerman, 1941; Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Moojen, 1952); reallocated to <i>Oxymycterus</i> by Massoia (1963<i>b</i>) and thereafter classified (Corbet and Hill, 1991; Honacki et al., 1982; Musser and Carleton, 1993); recently assigned to the new genus <i>Brucepattersonius</i> by Hershkovitz (1998), an allocation seconded by Bonvicino et al. (1998<i>b</i>). Morphological recognition amplified by Massoia and Fornes (1969).","30","30-00609","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0604-0000-0609"
"13000610","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Brucepattersonius","","misionensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mares and Braun","2000","","Occas. Pap. Sam Noble Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","7","","","Misiones Akodont","Argentina, Misiones Prov., Guaraní Dept., ca. 2 km W Parque Provincial Moconá, junction of Hwy 21 and Arroyo Oveja Negra.","Known only from the type locality.","","","","30","30-00610","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0604-0000-0610"
"13000611","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Brucepattersonius","","paradisus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mares and Braun","2000","","Occas. Pap. Sam Noble Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","3","","","Arroyo of Paradise Akodont","Argentina, Misiones Prov., Guaraní Dept., junction of Hwy 2 and Arroyo Paraíso, 197 m.","Known only from the type locality.","","","","30","30-00611","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0604-0000-0611"
"13000612","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Brucepattersonius","","soricinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1998","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","47","","232","","","Soricine Akodont","Brazil, São Paulo State, Ribeirão Fundo, 30 m; 24º15&#8242;S, 47º45&#8242;W.","Known only from several localities in São Paulo, SE Brazil.","","","","30","30-00612","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0604-0000-0612"
"13000613","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Calomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","21","","<i>Mus</i> <i>bimaculatus</i> Waterhouse, 1837 (= <i>Mus laucha</i> Fischer, 1814).","","","","","<i>Hesperomys</i>  Waterhouse, 1839.","<p>Phyllotini. Generally viewed as a primitive clade relative to other phyllotine genera (Hershkovitz, 1962; Pearson and Patton, 1976; Reig, 1986), a viewpoint corroborated by phylogenetic analyses of trait data, both morphological (Braun, 1993; Steppan, 1993; 1995) and molecular (Smith and Patton, 1999). Those morphological studies differ in disclosing the basal position of <i>Calomys</i> spp. as monophyletic (Braun, 1993) or paraphyletic (Steppan, 1993); gene-sequence data convincingly ratify the taxon’s monophyly (Salazar-Bravo et al., 2001, 2002<i>a</i>). Salazar-Bravo et al. (2001) dated the initial cladogenesis among <i>Calomys</i> species to ca. 9 million years ago, possibly spurred by the early development of South American grasslands, and reviewed hypotheses and data that concern the Great American Interchange and areas of origination. Known from Pleistocene of Argentina (e.g., Pardiñas, 1999). Status of North American Miocene-Pliocene form <i>Bensonomys</i> as a subgenus of <... [truncated]","30","30-00613","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0613"
"13000614","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Calomys","","boliviae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","253","","","Bolivian Laucha","Bolivia, La Paz Dept., Río Solocame, 1200 m.","E Andean slopes, ca. 600-2700 m, in WC Bolivia and NW Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fecundus</i>  (Thomas, 1926).","Conventionally arranged as a subspecies or synonym of <i>C</i>. <i>callosus</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Hershkovitz, 1962). Use here follows informal listing of Reig (1986), who included <i>fecundus</i> as a subjective synonym, an attribution supported by their morphological similarity (Olds, 1988). Anderson (1997), following Olds (1988), treated <i>boliviae</i> and <i>fecundus</i> as synonyms of <i>C</i>. <i>venustus</i>, type locality in Córdoba, Argentina. The specific segregation of <i>fecundus</i> (2n = 54), as based strictly on S Bolivian and NW Argentinian samples, from <i>C. venustus</i> (2n = 56) is<i> </i>sustained by differentiation in karyotypes and mitochondrial DNA sequence analyses (Salazar-Bravo et al., 2001, 2002<i>a</i>); however, the proper application of <i>boliviae</i> as senior synonym or its recognition as another valid species distinct from <i>fecundus</i> deserves concrete demonstration, as does its distributional extent with regard to <i>C</i>. <i>venustus</i> in NW A... [truncated]","30","30-00614","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0613-0000-0614"
"13000615","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Calomys","","callidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","17","","182","","","Reclusive Laucha","Argentina, Corrientes Prov., Goya, 600 ft (183 m).","EC Argentina and E Paraguay.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Diagnosed as a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>venustus</i> and recognized as such (e.g., Cabrera, 1961) until Hershkovitz (1962) placed both in synonymy with <i>C</i>. <i>callosus</i> <i>callosus</i>. Specific status of <i>callidus</i> affirmed by Corti et al. (1987), who summarized its distribution, karyotypic traits, and morphometric discrimination; banded chromosomal comparisons with <i>C</i>. <i>venustus</i> and systematic commentary provided by Vitullo et al. (1990).","30","30-00615","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0613-0000-0615"
"13000616","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Calomys","","callosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rengger","1830","","Naturgesch. Säugeth. Paraguay","","","231","","","Big Laucha","Paraguay, Neembucú Dept., banks of Río Paraguay about 27º S latitude (refined as opposite mouth of Río Bermejo by Hershkovitz, 1962:172, and restricted as vicinity of Ciudad Pilar by Contreras, 1992:2).","Dry and subhumid areas in E Bolivia, N Argentina, Paraguay, and contiguous WC Brazil; isolated records in SE and E Brazil (see Salazar-Bravo et al., 2002<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>muriculus</i>  (Thomas, 1921).","According to Hershkovitz (1962), <i>callosus</i> also encompassed <i>boliviae</i> (see species account), <i>callidus</i> (see species account), <i>fecundus</i> (see <i>C</i>. <i>boliviae</i>), and <i>venustus</i> (see species account). Others have referenced, without explanation, <i>muriculus</i> (Williams and Mares, 1978) as a separate species, although Reig (1986) did not; specimens collected near the type locality of <i>muriculus</i> are interspersed among samples of <i>C</i>. <i>callosus</i> proper in cytochrome <i>b</i> sequence analyses (Salazar-Bravo et al., 2002<i>a</i>). Especially see Salazar-Bravo et al. (2002<i>a</i>:194-195) for karyotypic amendment of <i>C</i>. <i>callosus</i> (2n = 50, FN = 66; not 2n = 36, FN = 48 as reported by Pearson and Patton, 1976). Also see Contreras (1992) for review of conflicting interpretations of the type locality and the need to obtain topotypic material to confirm the identity of the species as currently understood. His recommendation is e... [truncated]","30","30-00616","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0613-0000-0616"
"13000617","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Calomys","","expulsus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1841","","K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl.","8","","280","","","Caatinga Laucha","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Rio das Velhas, Lagoa Santa.","Caatinga and Cerrado formations from Pernambuco southwestwardly through Goiás, C Brazil.","","","Morphologically similar to but karyotypically strongly divergent (2n = 66, FN = 68) from <i>C</i>. <i>callosus</i> (Bonvicino and Almeida, 2000), the species with which it had been previously synonymized (Hershkovitz, 1962; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Morphometric, karyotypic, distributional, and ecological distinctions from <i>C</i>. <i>tener</i> summarized by Bonvicino and Almeida (2000); those authors also noted that past faunal and ecological reports on <i>Calomys</i> from C Brazil, identified as <i>C</i>. <i>callosus</i> (e.g., Mares et al., 1981<i>a</i>, 1989<i>a</i>), probably refer to this species and-or to <i>C</i>. <i>tener</i>, which may occur sympatrically in ecotonal settings between the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes. Ontogeny of cranial shape variation analyzed by Hingst-Zaher et al. (2000).","30","30-00617","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0613-0000-0617"
"13000618","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Calomys","","hummelincki","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Husson","1960","","Stud. Faun. Curacao Carib. Isl.","43","","34","","","Hummelinck’s Laucha","Netherlands West Indies, Curaçao, Klein Santa Martha.","Llanos of NE Colombia (La Guajira), N and C Venezuela, and the continental-shelf islands Curaçao and Aruba.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Originally named as a species of <i>Baiomys</i>; reidentified as <i>Calomys</i> and included in <i>C</i>. <i>laucha</i> by Hershkovitz (1962), who considered the Venezuelan populations to be introductions. Indigenous status and specific distinctiveness reasserted by Handley (1976) and underscored by subsequent research (Garcia et al., 1999; Martino and Capanna, 2002; Pérez-Zapata et al., 1987); biogeographic scenario for derivation of <i>C</i>. <i>hummelincki</i> from southern populations of <i>Calomys</i> developed by Martino et al. (2002). Cytogenetics, allozymic and morphometric variation, and natural history monographed by Martino (2000); distribution discussed by Voss (1991<i>a</i>) in the context of biogeographic comparisons with other small mammals inhabiting nonforest vegetation in N South America.","30","30-00618","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0613-0000-0618"
"13000619","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Calomys","","laucha","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fischer","1814","","<i>In</i> Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek. Reisenb.","15","2","209","","","Little Laucha","Paraguay, Central Dept., vicinity of Asunción (as restricted by Hershkovitz, 1962:153).","Dry biotopes in SC Bolivia (Chaco), N and EC Argentina, W Paraguay, WC and extreme S Brazil, and Uruguay (González et al., 1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bimaculatus</i>  (Waterhouse, 1837); <i>bonariensis</i> (Osgood, 1933); <i>dubius</i> (Fischer, 1829); <i>gracilipes</i> (Waterhouse, 1837); <i>pusillus</i> (Philippi, 1858).","Formerly included <i>hummelincki</i> (See Handley, 1976), <i>musculinus</i> (see Massoia et al., 1968), and <i>tener</i> (see species account). Attribution of <i>pusillus</i> follows Hershkovitz (1962; also see Osgood, 1943:239); that of <i>bimaculatus</i> as per Brum-Zorilla et al. (1990). Allozymic variability and differentiation among samples in EC Argentina assayed by Chiappero et al. (2002) and Gardenal et al. (2002).","30","30-00619","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0613-0000-0619"
"13000620","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Calomys","","lepidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1884","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1884","","454","","","Graceful Laucha","Perú, Junín Dept., Junín.","Altiplano of C Perú, through W Bolivia (2950-4820 m), to NE Chile and NW Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, and Tucúman; Díaz, 1999; Ortiz et al., 2000<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>argurus</i>  (Thomas, 1919); <i>carilla</i> (Thomas, 1902); <i>ducilla</i> (Thomas, 1901); <i>marcarum</i> (Thomas, 1917); <i>montanus</i> (Sanborn, 1950).","Revised by Hershkovitz (1962). Populations in Jujuy, NW Argentina, exhibit a different chromosomal complement (2n = 44, FN = 68), as reported by Espinosa et al. (1997), from those described from Peru (2n = 36, FN = 68) by Pearson and Patton (1976); Espinosa et al. (1997) offered a Robertsonian explanation to account for such the karyotypic differences between chromosomal races of a single species, but also acknowledged that two species may be involved. Anderson (1997) regarded <i>carillus</i> and <i>ducillus</i> as valid subspecies in the Bolivian Andes.","30","30-00620","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0613-0000-0620"
"13000621","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Calomys","","musculinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","138","","","Drylands Laucha","Argentina, Jujuy Prov., Maimará, 2230 m.","Arid habitats over wide elevations in WC Bolivia (see Anderson, 1997: Fig. 738), W Paraguay, and Argentina (Jujuy and Salta as far south as Chubut; Díaz, 2000; Mares et al., 1997; Ortiz et al., 2000<i>a</i>; Pearson, 1995); limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cordovensis</i>  (Thomas, 1916); <i>cortensis</i> (Thomas, 1920); <i>murillus</i> (Thomas, 1916).","Included in <i>C</i>. <i>laucha</i> by Hershkovitz (1962) but morphological and karyotypic evidence supports its specific status (Corti et al., 1987; Massoia et al., 1968). Sister species to <i>C</i>. <i>lepidus</i> according to phylogenetic interpretation of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Salazar-Bravo et al., 2001). Morphometric variation among select phytogeographic samples examined by Provensal and Polop (1993); allozymic variability among samples in EC Argentina investigated by Gardenal et al. (2002) and contrasted with sympatric <i>C</i>. <i>laucha</i>. Synonymy follows Massoia et al. (1968) and Contreras and Rosi (1980), who considered <i>murillus</i> a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>musculinus</i>; others have treated the former as a species (Olds, 1988; Reig, 1986). In the molecular study of Salazar-Bravo et al. (2001), it is noteworthy that their sample of <i>C</i>. <i>musculinus</i> from Buenos Aires Province, presumably referable to <i>murillus</i> proper (type locality La Plat... [truncated]","30","30-00621","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0613-0000-0621"
"13000622","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Calomys","","sorellus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","6","","297","","","Peruvian Laucha","Perú, Libertad Dept., 8 mi (13 km) S Huamachuco, 3500 m.","Peruvian Andes, above 2000 m, from Libertad to Puno Depts.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>frida</i>  (Thomas, 1917); <i>miurus</i> (Thomas, 1926).","Classified as a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>lepidus</i> (Cabrera, 1961); discrimination from and sympatry with <i>C</i>. <i>lepidus</i> documented by Hershkovitz (1962), who relegated <i>frida</i> and <i>miurus</i> to synonymy under <i>C</i>. <i>sorellus</i> (also see Pearson and Patton, 1976).","30","30-00622","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0613-0000-0622"
"13000623","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Calomys","","tener","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Winge","1887","","E Museo Lundii","1","3","15","","","Delicate Laucha","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Rio das Velhas, Lagoa Santa.","Atlantic Forest region and habitats bordering the Cerrado, SE Brazil (S Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo), and in NE Argentina (Misiones Prov., Massoia, 1988) and E Bolivia (Anderson, 1997); range limits need refinement.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Arranged as a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>laucha</i> by Hershkovitz (1962), but others have retained <i>tener</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>laucha</i> as distinct species (Cabrera, 1961; Mares et al., 1989<i>a</i>; Moojen, 1952; Olds, 1988). Karyotypic identity (2n = 66, FN = 66) clarified by Bonvicino and Almeida (2000), who expanded upon its morphological and ecological separation from <i>C</i>. <i>expulsus</i>. Anderson (1997) considered identification of the Bolivian specimens as tentative and advised further review of series presently allocated to <i>C</i>. <i>callosus</i>.","30","30-00623","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0613-0000-0623"
"13000624","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Calomys","","tocantinsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonvicino, Lima, and Almeida","2003","","Rev. Bras. Zool.","20","","301","","","Tocantins Laucha","Brazil, Tocantins State, 33 km SW Formoso do Araguaia, Rancho Beira Rio; 11º47&#8242;S, 49º45&#8242;W.","Cerrado habitat, states of Mato Grosso and Tocantins, C Brazil.","","","A large species, similar in size to <i>C</i>. <i>callosus</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>expulsus</i> but morphometrically and karyotypically (2n = 46, FN = 66) well differentiated from those species and from <i>C</i>. <i>tener</i> (Bonvicino et al., 2003<i>c</i>). The new form was first detected based on its distinctive karyotype (Lima and Kasahara, 2001).","30","30-00624","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0613-0000-0624"
"13000625","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Calomys","","venustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","359","","","Córdoba Laucha","Argentina, Córdoba Prov., Cosquín.","WC Argentina; limits uncertain.","","","Earlier retained as a species as described (Cabrera, 1961; Gyldenstolpe, 1932), but swept under Hershkovitz’s (1962) broad concept of <i>callosus</i> and provisionally retained as such by Musser and Carleton (1993). Olds (1988; also Anderson, 1997) recognized <i>C</i>. <i>venustus</i> as separate from <i>C</i>. <i>callosus</i> proper, and defined it broadly to include <i>boliviae</i> and <i>fecundus</i> in Bolivia and NW Argentina (also see account of <i>C</i>. <i>boliviae</i>); others have more narrowly applied the name to the C Argentinian populations (e.g., Salazar-Bravo et al., 2001, 2002<i>a</i>; Vitullo et al., 1990) as distinct from <i>fecundus</i> (here = <i>C</i>. <i>boliviae</i>). Banded chromosomal comparisons with <i>C</i>. <i>callidus</i> provided by Vitullo et al. (1990), who considered the two, along with <i>fecundus</i> (here = <i>C</i>. <i>boliviae</i>) to form a closely related group, as did Espinosa et al. (1997). Salazar-Bravo et al. (2002<i>a</i>) similarly recogni... [truncated]","30","30-00625","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0613-0000-0625"
"13000626","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Chelemys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","242","","<i>Akodon megalonyx</i> Waterhouse, 1845.","","","","","","Akodontini (S Andean clade). Named as a subgenus of <i>Akodon</i>, later ranked as a genus (Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Reig, 1987; Thomas, 1927) or consolidated under <i>Notiomys</i>, together with <i>Geoxus</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Ellerman, 1941; Osgood, 1925, 1943). Trees derived from cytochrome <i>b</i> data consistently disclose close kinship among these three long-clawed, semifossorial taxa (and <i>Pearsonomys</i>—Smith and Patton, 1999), a finding that is cladistically harmonious with their monophyly as perceived by Osgood (1925), who arranged the species under the one genus <i>Notiomys</i>. However, morphological differentiation among them is pronounced, as emphasized by Thomas (1927), Gyldenstolpe (1932), Pearson (1984), and Reig (1987). The latter two authors enumerated diagnostic traits and amplified their morphological definition as genera; also see Patterson (1992<i>b</i>) for other morphological and morphometric comparisons and a key to the genera and species of long-clawed akodonts.... [truncated]","30","30-00626","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0626"
"13000627","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Chelemys","","delfini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1905","","Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat.","9","","15","","","Magellanic Long-clawed Akodont","Chile, Magallanes Prov., Straits of Magellan, Punta Arenas.","Southernmost Chile.","","","Taxonomic status and distributional extent require refinement—treated as a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>megalonyx</i> by Mann (1978) and Tamayo and Frassinetti (1980); retained as a species by Osgood (1943) and Reig (1987). Johnson et al. (1990) recognized <i>C.</i> <i>delfini</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>macronyx</i> as definable forms, separable by body size, in the Patagonian region of extreme S Chile.","30","30-00627","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0626-0000-0627"
"13000628","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Chelemys","","macronyx","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","362","","","Andean Long-clawed Akodont","Argentina, Mendoza Prov., near Volcán Peteroa (not Fort San Rafael, as corrected by Pearson and Lagiglia, 1992).","S Andes along Chile-Argentina boundary, about 34°S latitude south to Straits of Magellan. Distribution in C Chile augmented by Pine et al. (1979) and in Argentina by Pearson (1995) and Teta et al. (2002).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alleni</i>  (Osgood, 1925); <i>connectens</i> (Osgood, 1925); <i>fumosus</i> Thomas, 1927); <i>vestitus</i> (Thomas, 1903).","Treated as a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>megalonyx</i> by Mann (1978) and Tamayo and Frassinetti (1980); recognized as species by Osgood (1943) and Pearson (1984, 1995). Osgood (1943) designated the skin of <i>Notiomys connectens</i> as the holotype of this composite specimen (skull an <i>Abrothrix</i>) and synonymized it with <i>macronyx vestitus</i>.","30","30-00628","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0626-0000-0628"
"13000629","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Chelemys","","megalonyx","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1844","1845","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1844","","154","","","Large Long-clawed Akodont","Chile, Valparaíso Prov., Lake Quintero.","C Chile, coastal region from Coquimbo Prov. south to Cautín Prov.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>microtis</i>  (Philippi, 1900); <i>niger</i> (Philippi, 1872); <i>scalops</i> (Gay, 1847).","Tamayo and Frassinetti (1980) listed <i>delfini</i> (see above account) as a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>megalonyx</i>.","30","30-00629","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0626-0000-0629"
"13000630","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Chibchanomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Voss","1988","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","188","","321","","<i>Ichthyomys trichotis</i> Thomas, 1897.","","","","","","Ichthyomyini. Described as a species of <i>Ichthyomys</i>, <i>trichotis</i> was thereafter associated first with <i>Rheomys</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Tate, 1932<i>h</i>) and then <i>Anotomys</i> (Handley, 1976). Generic distinctiveness and phylogenetic relationships substantiated by Voss (1988); also see Jenkins and Barnett (1997). Anderson (1997) reported a single specimen of <i>Chibchanomys</i> species indeterminate from NW Bolivia (La Paz).","30","30-00630","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0630"
"13000631","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Chibchanomys","","orcesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jenkins and Barnett","1997","","Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond.","63","","124","","","Las Cajas Ichthyomyine","Ecuador, Azuay Prov., Las Cajas, Lake Luspa, 3700 m; 02°50’S, 79°30’W.","Páramo, 3100-4000 m, of the Las Cajas Plateau, S Ecuador.","","","Although exhibiting certain similarities to <i>Neusticomys</i>, the brunt of apomorphic traits substantiates the placement of <i>orcesi</i> in <i>Chibchanomys</i>. Phylogenetic relationships to other ichthyomyine genera examined by Jenkins and Barnett (1997); behavioral and ecological observations supplied by Barnett (1997).","30","30-00631","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0630-0000-0631"
"13000632","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Chibchanomys","","trichotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","20","","220","","","Chibchan Ichthyomyine","Colombia, ""W. Cundinamarca.""","Andean highlands in far W Venezuela, Colombia, and C Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Provenience of type, taxonomy, and distribution reviewed by Voss (1988).","30","30-00632","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0630-0000-0632"
"13000633","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Chilomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","19","","500","","<i>Oryzomys instans</i> Thomas, 1895.","","","","","","Thomasomyini. Arranged with oryzomyines (Reig, 1984) or suggested as more closely related to thomasomyines (Musser and Carleton, 1993); molecular analyses (cytochrome <i>b</i>) support the latter tribal affinity, in a clade composed of (<i>Rhipidomys</i> (<i>Chilomys</i> <i>Thomasomys</i>)) (D’Elía et al., 2003; Smith and Patton, 1999). Aspects of morphology reported by Carleton (1973) and Voss and Linzey (1981).","30","30-00633","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0633"
"13000634","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Chilomys","","instans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","368","","","Andean Chilomys","Colombia, Cundinamarca Dept., Bogotá region, Hacienda de La Selva, 4600 ft (1402 m).","N Andes, from C Ecuador (Musser et al., 1998:106), through C and N Colombia, to W Venezuela (Handley, 1976; Linares, 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fumeus</i>  Osgood, 1912.","Osgood (1912) described <i>fumeus</i> (type locality: Colombia, Norte de Santander, Páramo de Tamá) as a species distinct from <i>C</i>. <i>instans</i>; however, Cabrera (1961) relegated it to subspecific status, as also observed by Linares (1998), and the genus has thereafter been viewed as monotypic (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1991; Honacki et al., 1982; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Osgood’s employment of subspecies was especially robust so that he chose to diagnose <i>fumeus</i> as a species is by itself instructive. In view of the other valid species described from the Páramo de Tamá region (e.g., <i>Oligoryzomys griseolus</i>, <i>Thomasomys hylophilus</i>), the status of <i>fumeus</i> invites another appraisal.","30","30-00634","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0633-0000-0634"
"13000635","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Chinchillula","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","280","","<i>Chinchillula sahamae</i> Thomas, 1898.","","","","","","Phyllotini. Revised by Hershkovitz (1962); karyology reviewed by Pearson and Patton (1976).","30","30-00635","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0635"
"13000636","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Chinchillula","","sahamae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","280","","","Achallo","Bolivia, La Paz Dept., 50 km N Mt Sajama, Esperanza, Pacajes, 4200 m.","Altiplano region of S Perú, W Bolivia (above 4000 m), and N Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","The presence of this species in NW Argentina, as reported in many faunal works and checklists (Cabrera, 1961; Díaz, 2000; Musser and Carleton, 1993), is not based on confirmed identification of any vouchered specimen (see Galliari et al., 1996; Ortiz et al., 2000<i>a</i>).","30","30-00636","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0635-0000-0636"
"13000637","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Delomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","20","","196","","<i>Hesperomys dorsalis</i> Hensel, 1873.","","","","","","<p>Sigmodontinae <i>incertae sedis</i>. <i>Delomys</i> has variously stood as a genus (Avila-Pires, 1960<i>c</i>; Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Tate, 1932<i>f</i>) or merged under <i>Thomasomys</i>, with or without subgeneric division (Ellerman, 1941; Moojen, 1952; Osgood, 1933<i>d</i>). As remarked by Osgood (1933<i>d</i>), Thomas in part created <i>Delomys</i> to taxonomically underscore the geographic disjunction between thomasomyines in SE Brazil and the diverse radiation of typical <i>Thomasomys</i> in the N Andes (e.g., see Reig, 1986). Defining morphological traits consolidated and contrasted with types species of <i>Thomasomys</i> and <i>Oryzomys</i> by Voss (1993); chromosomal variation reported by Zanchin et al. (1992<i>b</i>) and Bonvicino and Geise (1995). While the morphological differentiation of <i>Delomys</i> is comparable to that of other sigmodontine genera, its cladistic stature with regard to Andean thomasomyines—and that of other SE Brazilian endemics like <i>Juliomys</i>, <... [truncated]","30","30-00637","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0637"
"13000638","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Delomys","","collinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","20","","197","","","Montane Delomys","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State, Itatiaya, 4800 ft (1463 m).","Middle to upper elevations, 1000-2700 m, in disjunct mountain ranges (E Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro), SE Brazil.","","","Voss (1993) noted the usual absence of pectoral mammae in this form, but absent clear mensural differentiation, elected to retain it under <i>D</i>. <i>dorsalis</i>, perhaps as a subspecies as originally placed by Thomas (1917<i>c</i>); whereas, Bonvicino and Geise (1995) obtained different fundamental numbers from <i>collinus</i> samples compared with those of <i>D</i>. <i>dorsalis</i> (2n = 82 in both) and recommended specific recognition. The concordance of these independent traits, and others, should be verified with larger samples as a basis for reinforcing their status as distinct species.","30","30-00638","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0637-0000-0638"
"13000639","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Delomys","","dorsalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hensel","1873","","Abh. König. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1872","","42","","","Striped Delomys","Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, Taquara (as restricted by Avila-Pires, 1994:372).","Atlantic Forest region of SE Brazil (Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul) and NE Argentina (Misiones).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>lechei</i>  (Trouessart, 1904); <i>obscura</i> (Leche, 1886) [not <i>obscurus</i> Wagner, 1843].","","30","30-00639","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0637-0000-0639"
"13000640","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Delomys","","sublineatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","240","","","Pallid Delomys","Brazil, Espírto Santo State, Engenheiro Reeve (= Rive), 500 m.","Atlantic Forest region of SE Brazil (Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo to Santa Catarina).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00640","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0637-0000-0640"
"13000641","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Deltamys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","20","","98","","<i>Deltamys kempi</i> Thomas, 1917.","","","","","","Akodontini. Described as a genus, but usually treated as a subgenus of <i>Akodon</i> (e.g., Cabrera, 1961; Ellerman, 1941; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Reig, 1987; Smith and Patton, 1999), though not uniformly (Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Massoia, 1980<i>b</i>). Status of <i>Deltamys</i> recently argued as a genus (Bianchini and Delupi, 1994) and diagnosis so emended (González and Massoia, 1995). In cladistic analyses of allozymes (Barrantes et al., 1993) and gene sequences (D’Elía, 2003; D’Elía et al., 2003), <i>D</i>. <i>kempi</i> emerges as a basal sister-group to other <i>Akodon</i> <i>sensu stricto</i>. By itself, this cladistic dichotomy is ambiguous with regard to its ranking as merely distinctive subgenus or separate genus; the issue deserves further consideration based on a broader sampling of akodonts and other information.","30","30-00641","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0641"
"13000642","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Deltamys","","kempi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","20","","98","","","Kemp’s Akodont","Argentina, Buenos Aires Prov., Río Paraná Delta, La Plata Estuary, Isla Ella, 1 m.","EC Argentina, Uruguay, and SE Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul—González and Massoia, 1995; also see D’Elía et al., 2003:Fig. 1).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) <i>as Akodon kempi.</i>","<i>langguthi</i>  Massoia, 1980 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>langguthi</i> González and Massoia, 1995.","Distribution and ecology reviewed by Massoia (1964); karyotype (2n = 35-38, FN = 38) and unique sex-determining mechanism described by Sbalqueiro et al. (1984) and Castro et al. (1991). Status of populations exhibiting different karyotypes (Castro et al., 1991) warrants further investigation. See González and Pardiñas (2002, Mammalian Species, 711).","30","30-00642","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0641-0000-0642"
"13000643","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Eligmodontia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1837","","Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), ser. 2","7","","169","","<i>Eligmodontia typus</i> F. Cuvier, 1837.","","","","","<i>Elimodon</i>  Fitzinger, 1867; <i>Eligmodon</i> Wagner, 1841; <i>Heligmodontia</i> Aggasiz, 1846.","<p>Phyllotini. Morphologically similar to <i>Calomys</i> (Hershkovitz, 1962; Williams and Mares, 1978), but cladistic interpretations of morphological and molecular data represent the genus as more highly derived, usually as a basal clade to <i>Phyllotis</i> and various kin depending upon the taxa sampled (Braun, 1993; Engel et al., 1998; Spotorno et al., 2001; Steppan, 1993; Smith and Patton, 1999).</p><p>Revised by Hershkovitz (1962), who synonymized all forms as <i>E</i>. <i>typus</i>, but morphological, chromosomal, and distributional evidence supports greater species diversity (e.g., Kelt et al., 1991; Mann, 1978; Mares et al., 1989<i>b</i>; Osgood, 1943; Zambelli et al., 1992). The thrust of recent revisionary research has overwhelmingly reinforced the latter view (Hillyard et al., 1997; Sikes et al., 1997; Sportorno et al., 1994; Tiranti, 1997) and collectively indicates the number of species as at least four. Others are occasionally listed (Braun, 1993; Díaz and Barquez, 1999; ... [truncated]","30","30-00643","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0643"
"13000644","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Eligmodontia","","moreni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","307","","","Monte Laucha","Argentina, La Rioja Prov., Chilecito, 1200 m.","Atlantic-facing Andean slopes at intermediate elevations, NW Argentina (Salta to Neuquén Prov.); limits poorly documented.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Mares et al. (1981<i>b</i>, 1989<i>b</i>) noted the morphological, distributional, and ecological distinction of <i>E</i>. <i>moreni</i> and <i>E</i>. <i>puerulus</i> in Salta Prov., Argentina, and Spotorno et al. (1994) substantiated their pronounced karyotypic divergence (2n = 34 versus 2n = 50, respectively).","30","30-00644","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0643-0000-0644"
"13000645","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Eligmodontia","","morgani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1901","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","14","","409","","","Western Patagonian Laucha","Argentina, Santa Cruz Prov., basaltic canyons 50 mi (80 km) SE Lago Buenos Aires.","W Patagonian region of S Argentina (C Neuquén and SC Río Negro Provs. south to NW Santa Cruz; see Hillard et al., 1997:Fig. 2) and adjacent Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","This species epithet was used by Kelt et al. (1991) for the 2n = 32 chromosomal form as compared with 2n = 44 in <i>E</i>. <i>typus</i> proper; the same contrast holds for other populations in sympatry or parapatry in SC Argentina (Tiranti, 1997; Zambelli et al., 1992). Multivariate analysis of craniodental variables underscores the strong morphological divergence of specimens with known karyotype and cytochrome <i>b</i> haplotype (Hillard et al., 1997; Sikes et al., 1997). Historical biogeography with regard to <i>E. typus</i> discussed by Hillard et al. (1997), who elaborated upon the complementarity of their present-day distributions to biotic provinces within Patagonia.","30","30-00645","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0643-0000-0645"
"13000646","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Eligmodontia","","puerulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1896","","Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, Zool. Ent.","13a","","20","","","Altiplano Laucha","Chile, Antofagasta Prov., San Pedro de Atacama, 3223 m.","Altiplano, usually above 3000 m, of extreme S Perú, through NE Chile and WC Bolivia, to NW Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hirtipes</i>  (Thomas, 1902); <i>jacunda</i> Thomas, 1919; <i>marica</i> Thomas, 1918; <i>tarapacensis</i> Mann, 1945.","Reduced to a subspecies of <i>E</i>. <i>typus</i> by Hershkovitz (1962), but morphological (Mann, 1978; Osgood, 1943) and karyotypic (Kelt et al., 1991; Ortells et al., 1989; Spotorno et al., 1994) data sustain the specific recognition of <i>E</i>. <i>puerulus</i>. Further systematic review is required: e.g., Braun (1993) and Díaz and Barquez (1999) viewed <i>hirtipes</i> as a separate species but Anderson (1997) did not; and Galliari et al. (1996) and Mares et al. (1997) listed <i>marica</i> as distinct.","30","30-00646","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0643-0000-0646"
"13000647","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Eligmodontia","","typus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1837","","Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), ser. 2","7","","169","","","Eastern Patagonian Laucha","Argentina, ""Buenos Aires.""","E Patagonian region of S Argentina, Buenos Aires and La Pampa Provs. southwards to Santa Cruz.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>elegans</i>  (Waterhouse, 1837); <i>hypogaeus</i> (Cabrera, 1934);<i> pamparum</i> Thomas, 1913.","Hershkovitz (1962:185) discussed the uncertainty of the type locality (also see Ortells et al., 1989:138), which should be formally restricted in order to settle the morphological identification of <i>E</i>. <i>typus</i> and promote a critical definition of the species within the genus. See account of <i>E</i>. <i>morgani</i> for references on the morphometric, karyotypic, and molecular differentiation of the two species where their ranges approach one another or overlap. Cabrera (1961) referred <i>Graomys</i> <i>hypogaeus</i> Cabrera (1934) as a full synonym of <i>Phyllotis griseoflavus medius</i>, Massoia (1976) placed it in synonymy under <i>E</i>. <i>typus</i> <i>sensu lato</i>, and Williams and Mares (1978) questioned whether the type is a composite specimen; critical restudy of the holotype and new field collections are required to finally ascertain its status.","30","30-00647","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0643-0000-0647"
"13000648","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Euneomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Coues","1874","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","26","","185","","<i>Reithrodon chinchilloides</i> Waterhouse, 1839.","","","","","<i>Chelemyscus</i>  Thomas, 1925.","Reithrodontini. Sister genus to <i>Neotomys</i> <i>Reithrodon­</i> based on cladistic evaluation of morphological characters (Ortiz et al., 2000<i>b</i>; Pardiñas, 1997; Steppan, 1995; Steppan and Sullivan, 2000). See remarks under <i>Reithrodon</i> on tribal affiliation. Relatively few specimens exist to substantiate the specific taxonomy and distribution of the genus. Revised by Hershkovitz (1962), who acknowledged several nominal species but indicated their probable synonymy under <i>E</i>. <i>chinchilloides</i>, as Mann (1978) later formalized for Chilean populations. Yañez et al. (1987) summarized extant specimen data for <i>Euneomys</i> and similarly concluded that only one species is represented. Others have recognized two or more (e.g., Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Osgood, 1943; Pearson and Christie, 1991; Pine et al., 1979; Reise and Gallardo, 1990). The latter arrangement is more nearly correct but must be documented by rigorous revisions.","30","30-00648","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0648"
"13000649","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Euneomys","","chinchilloides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1839","","Zool. Voy. H. M. S. ""Beagle,""","Mammalia","","72","","","Tierra del Fuego Euneomys","Chile, Magallanes Prov., Tierra del Fuego, Straits of Magellan, south shore near E entrance.","Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, neighboring islands, and southernmost Chile (Magallanes); limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ultimus</i>  Thomas, 1916.","Hershkovitz (1962) had suggested that other nominal species would all prove to be synonyms of <i>E</i>. <i>chinchilloides</i>. His supposition has been taxonomically observed (Mann, 1978; Yañez et al., 1987) but misrepresents species diversity in the genus (see Pearson and Christie, 1991; Reise and Gallardo, 1990). Includes <i>petersoni</i> (see account below) according to Pearson and Christie (1991), Pearson (1995), and Reise and Gallardo (1990), but this synonymy requires more persuasive documentation. Also includes <i>noei</i> (see <i>E</i>. <i>mordax</i> account) according to Reise and Gallardo (1990), but this referral is incorrect.","30","30-00649","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0648-0000-0649"
"13000650","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Euneomys","","fossor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","4","","280","","","Burrowing Euneomys","Argentina, ""Prov. Salta.""","Known only from the type locality, which is questionable as <i>Euneomys</i> is otherwise unrecorded this far north in Argentina (see Mares et al., 1989<i>b</i>).","","","Holotype of <i>Reithrodon fossor</i> Thomas, 1899, type species of <i>Chelemyscus</i> Thomas, 1925, is a composite, the designated type skull referable to <i>Euneomys</i> (Osgood, 1943:164; Pearson, 1984:231). Status is doubtful —""the name <i>Chelemyscus fossor</i> should be attached to an appropriate species of <i>Euneomys</i> by some future revisor"" (Pearson, 1984:231). Galliari et al. (1996) considered it a <i>nomen dubium</i>.","30","30-00650","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0648-0000-0650"
"13000651","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Euneomys","","mordax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","410","","","Large Euneomys","Argentina, Fort San Rafael; location uncertain, probably not the San Rafael in Mendoza Prov. (see remarks by Pearson and Christie, 1991:126, and Reise and Gallardo, 1990:79).","WC Argentina (Mendoza and Neuquen Provs.) and adjacent region of Chile (Santiago, Bío-Bío, and Araucanía Provs.), apparently at higher elevations (1740-3000 m); range limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>noei</i>  Mann, 1944.","Clearly a species distinct from the <i>chinchilloides</i> <i>petersoni</i> complex as conveyed by its large size, singular pattern of incisor grooving, and chromatic differences (Pearson and Christie, 1991; Reise and Gallardo, 1990). Pearson and Christie (1991) treated <i>noei</i> as conspecific with <i>E</i>. <i>mordax</i>, but Reise and Gallardo (1990) considered it a subjective synonym of <i>E</i>. <i>chinchilloides</i>. The former allocation is supported by the sulcation of the upper incisors (a wide, shallow trough about centrally positioned) that characterizes the holotype (USNM 391817); although a subadult, the dimensions of the molars, interorbit, and braincase describe a large animal, one fully as robust as <i>E</i>. <i>mordax</i> (e.g., examples from La Parva; USNM 399400, 399401). At the type locality (Valle de la Junta, Lo Valdes, 2500 m), the holotype was collected with another specimen (USNM 391818) that is referable to the <i>chinchilloides</i> <i>petersoni</i> complex, ... [truncated]","30","30-00651","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0648-0000-0651"
"13000652","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Euneomys","","petersoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1903","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","19","","192","","","Peterson’s Euneomys","Argentina, Santa Cruz Prov., upper Río Chico, near the Cordilleras.","WC Argentina (Neuquen Prov.) and C Chile (Santiago Prov.) southwards to extreme S Argentina and adjacent Chile, excluding Tierra del Fuego; limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dabbeni</i>  Thomas, 1919.","Relegated to a subspecies or full synonym of <i>E</i>. <i>chinchilloides</i> by most systematists (Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Hershkovitz, 1962; Mann, 1978; Muñoz Pedreros, 2000; Pearson, 1995; Pearson and Christie, 1991; Reise and Gallardo, 1990; Yañez et al., 1987). While examples of both <i>E</i>.<i> chinchilloides</i> (e.g., FMNH 50600, 50601, 50736; USNM 482138-482140) and <i>E</i>.<i> petersoni</i> (e.g., FMNH 50583, 50584-50593, 50595-50599; USNM 84197, 84200, 84202) possess upper incisors with distinct mediolateral grooves, the series otherwise differ in size and color, abrupt contrasts over relatively short geographic distances that persuaded Osgood (1943) to maintain each as species. A strong size separation is actually conveyed in the morphometric analysis of Reise and Gallardo (1990:Fig. 3), which employed all variables and in which samples of <i>chinchilloides</i> proper are non-overlapping in multivariate space (Note that certain operational taxonomic units defined by those auth... [truncated]","30","30-00652","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0648-0000-0652"
"13000653","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Galenomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","17","","143","","<i>Phyllotis garleppi</i> Thomas, 1898.","","","","","","Phyllotini. Named as a subgenus of <i>Euneomys</i>, later elevated to genus (Thomas, 1926<i>a</i>), and reassociated as a subgenus of <i>Phyllotis</i> (Ellerman, 1941; Osgood, 1947; Corbet and Hill, 1991). Revised by Hershkovitz (1962), who considered <i>Galenomys</i> a distinct genus, as did Pearson (1958); phylogenetic evaluation of morphological characters depicts <i>Galenomys</i> as closely related to species of <i>Ausliscomys</i> (Braun, 1993; Steppan, 1995).","30","30-00653","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0653"
"13000654","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Galenomys","","garleppi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","279","","","Garlepp’s Pericote","Bolivia, La Paz Dept., northeast of Mt Sajama, Esperanza, 4140 m.","Altiplano, generally above 3000 m, of S Perú, N Chile, and adjacent Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00654","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0653-0000-0654"
"13000655","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Geoxus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","3","","207","","<i>Oxymycterus valdivianus</i> Philippi, 1858.","","","","","","Akodontini (S Andean clade). Revised by Osgood (1925, 1943) as part of <i>Notiomys</i>—see remarks under <i>Chelemys</i>. Sister genus to <i>Pearsonomys</i> according to maximum parsimony and likelihood analyses of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Smith and Patton, 1999).","30","30-00655","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0655"
"13000656","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Geoxus","","valdivianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1858","","Arch. Naturgesch.","24","1","303","","","Valdivian Long-clawed Akodont","Chile, Valdivia Prov.","C and S Chile (see Saavedra and Simonetti, 2001, for northern range extension), including Mocha and Chiloe Isls, to Straits of Magellan, and S Argentina (Neuquén to Santa Cruz Provs.).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>araucanus</i>  (Osgood, 1925); <i>bicolor</i> (Osgood, 1943); <i>bullocki</i> (Osgood, 1943); <i>chiloensis</i> (Osgood, 1925); <i>fossor</i> Thomas, 1919; <i>michaelseni</i> (Matschie, 1898); <i>microtis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1903).","Pearson (1984) noted the uncertainty of the generic association and specific status of <i>michaelseni</i>, which has been arranged as a subspecies (Osgood, 1943; Patterson, 1992<i>b</i>) or later listed as species (Reig, 1987). The taxon’s status and relationship clearly merit further study. Subspecific distributions in Chile sketched by Muñoz Pedreros (2000).","30","30-00656","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0655-0000-0656"
"13000657","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Graomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","17","","141","","<i>Mus griseoflavus</i> Waterhouse, 1837.","","","","","<i>Bothriomys</i>  Ameghino, 1889.","<p>Phyllotini. Doubtfully retained as a genus distinct from <i>Phyllotis </i>by Ellerman (1941), later included in <i>Phyllotis</i> as a formal subgeneric division (Osgood, 1947; Pearson, 1958) or not (Hershkovitz, 1962). Thomas (1919) remained firm regarding the generic distinctiveness of <i>Phyllotis</i> and <i>Graomys</i>, and the latter was so reinstated based on karyological data (Pearson and Patton, 1976) and other traits (see Olds and Anderson, 1989; Reig, 1978). Generic stature uniformly reinforced in broad phylogenetic studies of phyllotine taxa, using either morphological characters (Braun, 1993; Steppan, 1993, 1995) or molecular data (Anderson and Yates, 2000). Also see remarks under <i>Andalgalomys</i>, which Steppan (1995) included as a subjective synonym of <i>Graomys</i>.</p><p>Williams and Mares (1978) transferred <i>Graomys pearsoni</i> Myers, 1977, to <i>Andalgalomys</i>, and Massoia (1976) synonymized <i>G</i>. <i>hypogaeus</i> Cabrera, 1934, with <i>Eligmodontia typ... [truncated]","30","30-00657","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0657"
"13000658","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Graomys","","centralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","240","","","Central Pericote","Argentina, Córdoba Prov., Cruz del Eje, 600 m.","C Argentina (La Rioja, Catamarca, and Córdoba Provs.); distributional limits uncertain.","","","Described as a subspecies of <i>griseoflavus</i> and early recognized at that rank (Cabrera, 1961; Ellerman, 1941; Gyldenstolpe, 1932); later merged as a full synonym of <i>Phyllotis</i> <i>g</i>. <i>griseoflavus</i> by Hershkovitz (1962). Substantial divergence in allozymes, genomic content, and karyotypes, together with laboratory breeding results, collectively supports the specific status of populations referrable to <i>centralis</i> (Ramírez et al., 2001; Theiler and Blanco, 1996; Theiler and Gardenal, 1994; Theiler et al., 1999; Zambelli et al., 1994), as known from C Argentina. However, whether <i>centralis</i> will prove to be the oldest name to apply to the 2n = 42 karyomorph, versus 2n = 36-38 in <i>G</i>. <i>griseoflavus</i>, or whether other names should be added to its synonymy, will require broader analyses of populations of <i>Graomys</i>, especially those yet included within <i>G</i>. <i>griseoflavus</i>; see Tiranti (1998<i>a</i>) for a thoughtful overview of the geogra... [truncated]","30","30-00658","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0657-0000-0658"
"13000659","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Graomys","","domorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","132","","","Pale Pericote","Bolivia, Cochabamba Dept., Tapacari, 3000 m.","E slopes of Andes in SC Bolivia (600-3700 m) and NW Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>taterona</i>  Thomas, 1926.","Maintained as species by Cabrera (1961), but ranked as a subspecies of <i>griseoflavus</i> by Hershkovitz (1962). Chromosomal divergence reported by Pearson and Patton (1976), who reinstated <i>domorum</i> as a species (also see Olds et al., 1987). Reig (1978) followed Cabrera (1961) in allocating <i>taterona</i> to <i>G</i>. <i>domorum</i>, and Anderson (1997) maintained the latter as a definable subspecies.","30","30-00659","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0657-0000-0659"
"13000660","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Graomys","","edithae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","3","","495","","","Otro Cerro Pericote","Argentina, Catamarca Prov., Otro Cerro, 3000 m.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Status uncertain—placed as a full synonym of <i>griseoflavus medius</i> (Cabrera, 1961); retained as a nominal species of <i>Phyllotis</i> (Hershkovitz, 1962) or of <i>Graomys</i> (Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Mares et al., 1997; Myers, 1977; Williams and Mares, 1978); or considered a <i>nomen dubium</i> (Galliari et al., 1996). Thomas’ (1919) measurements certainly characterize <i>G</i>. <i>edithae</i> as a smaller form than <i>cachinus</i> and <i>medius</i>, taxa collected at lower elevations in the region of Otro Cerro and now regarded as examples of the larger <i>G</i>. <i>griseoflavus</i>. Reinvestigation of original type series, along with altitudinal transects across vegetation zones in the region, would shed much light. Using an old map (1893) of Catamarca Province, as cited by Cabrera (1961:487), Pardiñas (pers. com.) located the type locality Otro Cerro in the Sierra de Ambato, Capayán Dept., ca. 31.5 km W Huillapima and 16.5 km NNW Chumbicha; formal amendment should be effected in a ... [truncated]","30","30-00660","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0657-0000-0660"
"13000661","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Graomys","","griseoflavus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","28","","","Common Pericote","Argentina, Río Negro Prov., mouth of Río Negro.","SC Bolivia, W Paraguay, and nearby Brazil, south through W Argentina to S Chubut Prov.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cachinus</i>  (J. A. Allen, 1901); <i>chacoensis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1901); <i>lockwoodi</i> Thomas, 1918; <i>medius</i> Thomas, 1919.","See remarks under <i>G</i>. <i>centralis</i> and <i>G</i>. <i>domorum</i>, taxa formerly included under <i>G</i>. <i>griseoflavus</i> as revised by Hershkovitz (1962). Pardiñas (1995) reallocated the late Pleistocene forms <i>Bothriomys catenatus</i> and <i>Oxymicterus impexus</i>, described by Ameghino (1889), as full synonyms of <i>G</i>. <i>griseoflavus</i>; these reallocations and other fossil sites in Buenos Aires establish the broader distribution of the species in the late Pleistocene.","30","30-00661","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0657-0000-0661"
"13000662","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Handleyomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Voss, Gómez-Laverde, and Pacheco","2002","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3373","","5","","<i>Aepeomys fuscatus</i> J. A. Allen, 1912.","","","","","","Oryzomyini. The two species, <i>fuscatus</i> and <i>intectus</i>, composing this new genus had been recognized as problematic members within their genera of original description, <i>Aepeomys</i> and <i>Oryzomys</i> respectively (e.g., Gardner and Patton, 1976; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Ochoa et al., 2001). Discrimination from those genera, morphological description, distribution, and ecological information supplied by Voss et al. (2002). Females lack pectoral mammae as common to most oryzomyine species (see Voss and Carleton, 1993), but <i>Handleyomys</i> possesses other synapomorphies that cladistically affiliate it with that tribe, a relationship supported by molecular evaluation (Weksler, 2003). Nearest relatives remain uncertain (Voss et al., 2002); affiliated with certain Middle American <i>Oryzomys</i> according to nuclear DNA sequence data (Weksler, 2003).","30","30-00662","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0662"
"13000663","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Handleyomys","","fuscatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1912","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","31","","89","","","Dusky-footed Handley’s Mouse","Colombia, Valle del Cauca Dept., San Antonio, near Cali, 7000 ft (2134 m).","Cordillera Occidental, 1700-2580 m, W Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Aepomys fuscatus</i>.","","Formerly ranked as a species of <i>Thomasomys</i> (Ellerman, 1941), subspecies of <i>Aepeomys</i> <i>lugens</i> (Cabrera, 1961), or usually a species of <i>Aepeomys</i> (Gardner and Patton, 1976; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Karyotype highly divergent among oryzomyines and thomasomyines reported by Gardner and Patton (1976). Specific status reinforced by Voss et al. (2002), who morphologically and morphometrically contrasted it to <i>H</i>. <i>intectus</i>.","30","30-00663","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0662-0000-0663"
"13000664","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Handleyomys","","intectus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","356","","","White-footed Handley’s Mouse","Colombia, Antioquia Dept., 8 km E Medellín, Santa Elena, 9000 ft (2743 m).","Cordillera Central, 1500-2800 m, C Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Oryzomys intectus</i>.","","A species whose distinctive traits have confusingly invoked its past association with <i>Oryzomys balneator</i> or <i>Melanomys</i> (Gyldenstolpe, 1932), <i>Nectomys</i> (Ellerman, 1941), or the subgenus <i>Oryzomys</i> (Cabrera, 1961). Reallocated to <i>Handleyomys</i> and compared with <i>H</i>. <i>fuscatus</i> by Voss et al. (2002).","30","30-00664","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0662-0000-0664"
"13000665","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Holochilus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brandt","1835","","Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, ser. 6","3","2","428","","<i>Holochilus sciureus</i> Wagner, 1842 (by subsequent designation - see comments below).","","","","","<i>Holochilomys</i>  Brandt, 1855.","<p>Oryzomyini. Arranged by Hershkovitz (1955<i>a</i>) as one of four genera of sigmodont rodents. Based on reproductive anatomy, Hooper and Musser (1964) remarked that <i>Holochilus</i> may represent a ""well differentiated oryzomyine rather than a sigmodont."" Retained, with <i>Sigmodon</i> proper, in the tribe Sigmodontini by Reig (1984, 1986); transferred to Oryzomyini by Voss and Carleton (1993), who associated <i>Holochilus</i> within a tetralophodont clade that includes <i>Pseudoryzomys</i> and <i>Lundomys</i> (also see Carleton and Olson, 1999). Membership in Oryzomyini sustained by taxonomically broad, cladistic studies of morphological, karyological, and molecular characters (Baker et al., 1983; Malygin and Rosmiarek, 1997; Smith and Patton, 1999; Steppan, 1995; Weksler, 2003).</p><p>We follow the proposal of Voss and Abramson (1999) for designating <i>H</i>. <i>sciureus</i> Wagner, 1842, as the type species of <i>Holochilus</i> in order to continue traditional usage of the genu... [truncated]","30","30-00665","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0665"
"13000666","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Holochilus","","brasiliensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1819","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","29","","62","","","Brazilian Marsh Rat","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Lagoa Santa (as restricted by Hershkovitz, 1955<i>a</i>:662).","SE Brazil, Uruguay, and EC Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anguyu</i>  (Brandt, 1835); <i>cancellinus</i> Wagner, 1843; <i>darwini</i> Thomas, 1897; <i>leucogaster</i> (Brandt, 1835); <i>russatus</i> (Wagner, 1848); <i>vulpinus</i> (Brants, 1827).","Morphological definition and geographic range reduced in scope by Massoia (1980<i>a</i>, 1981), who segregated <i>H</i>. <i>sciureus</i> as a species distinct from <i>H</i>. <i>brasiliensis</i>. González (2000<i>b</i>) retained <i>vulpinus</i> as a subspecies for Uruguayan populations.","30","30-00666","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0665-0000-0666"
"13000667","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Holochilus","","chacarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","446","","","Chacoan Marsh Rat","Paraguay, Concepción Dept., E Chaco, one ""league"" NW Concepción, 500 ft (152 m).","Paraguay and NE Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>balnearum</i>  Thomas, 1906.","Considered distinct by Massoia (1980<i>a</i>), who treated <i>balnearum</i> as a synonym; Reig (1986) mentioned <i>balnearum</i> as another good species. Highly variable in diploid (2n = 48-56) and fundamental numbers (Nachman, 1992<i>b</i>; Nachman and Myers, 1989; Vidal et al., 1976). Nachman (1992<i>a</i>) recognized Paraguayan samples (as <i>H</i>. <i>brasiliensis chacarius</i>) as karyotypically distinguishable and specifically distinct from Argentinian populations (as <i>H</i>. <i>vulpinus</i>).","30","30-00667","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0665-0000-0667"
"13000668","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Holochilus","","sciureus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturgesch., ser. 8","1","","16","","","Amazonian Marsh Rat","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Rio São Francisco.","Broad reaches of Orinoco and Amazon River basins: Venezuela (including an isolated locality in the Maracaibo Basin, NW of the Andes; see Linares, 1998:Fig. 169), Guianas, N and C Brazil, and Amazonian regions of Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, and Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amazonicus</i>  Osgood, 1915; <i>berbericensis</i> Morrison-Scott, 1937; <i>guianae</i> Thomas, 1901; <i>incarum</i> Thomas, 1920; <i>multannus</i> Ameghino, 1889; <i>nanus</i> Thomas, 1897; <i>venezuelae</i> J. A. Allen, 1904.","Discrimination from <i>H</i>. <i>brasiliensis</i> documented by Massoia (1980<i>a</i>, 1981), who raised <i>sciureus</i> to specific rank. Many forms swept under Hershkovitz’s (1955<i>a</i>) concept of <i>brasiliensis</i> actually belong to this ""species,"" which itself is a composite—e.g., Amazonian populations characterized by a 2n = 55-56 (Patton et al., 2000), but Venezuelan populations characterized by 2n = 44 (Aguilera and Perez-Zapata, 1989). The latter authors, and Aguilera et al. (1993), have recognized <i>H</i>. <i>venezuelae</i> as a species, but Linares (1998) continued to employ <i>H</i>. <i>sciureus</i> for those same series, acknowledging <i>venezuelae</i> as a subspecies. In addition to <i>venezuelae</i>, Reig (1986) listed <i>amazonicus</i> and <i>guianae</i> as probable valid species. The persisting disagreement over number of valid species, uncertain correspondence of karyotypic variants to definable morphologies, and vagueness of distributional limits will only be il... [truncated]","30","30-00668","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0665-0000-0668"
"13000669","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Ichthyomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1893","","337","","<i>Ichthyomys stolzmanni</i> Thomas, 1893.","","","","","","Ichthyomyini. Revised by Voss (1988), who defined four species among the eight described taxa and evaluated their phylogenetic relationships.","30","30-00669","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0669"
"13000670","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Ichthyomys","","hydrobates","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Winge","1891","","Vidensk. Medd. Nat. Foren. Kjobenhavn, ser. 5","3","","20","","","Silver-bellied Ichthyomyine","Venezuela, Mérida State, Sierra de Mérida. The holotype may have originated from the vicinity of Mérida, 1600-1700 m (Voss, 1988).","Andes of W Venezuela, Colombia, and N Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>nicefori</i>  Thomas, 1924; <i>soderstromi</i> Tate, 1931.","Taxonomy and distribution reviewed by Voss (1988), who retained <i>nicefori</i> and <i>soderstromi</i> as subspecies.","30","30-00670","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0669-0000-0670"
"13000671","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Ichthyomys","","pittieri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley and Mondolfi","1963","","Acta Biol. Venezuela","3","","417","","","Pittier’s Ichthyomyine","Venezuela, Aragua State, Rancho Grande, near headwaters of Río Limón.","Cordillera Central, N Venezuela (see Linares, 1998:Fig. 164).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Taxonomy reviewed by Voss (1988).","30","30-00671","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0669-0000-0671"
"13000672","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Ichthyomys","","stolzmanni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1893","","339","","","Stolzmann’s Ichthyomyine","Perú, Junín Dept., Chanchamayo, near Tarma, 923 m.","E Ecuador and Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>orientalis</i>  Anthony, 1923.","Taxonomy and distribution reviewed by Voss (1988), who retained <i>orientalis</i> as a subspecies.","30","30-00672","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0669-0000-0672"
"13000673","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Ichthyomys","","tweedii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1921","","Am. Mus. Novit.","20","","1","","","Tweedy’s Ichthyomyine","Ecuador, El Oro Prov., Río Amarillo, Portovelo, 2000 ft (610 m).","W Ecuador and C Panamá.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caurinus</i>  Thomas, 1924.","Taxonomy and distribution reviewed by Voss (1988), who placed <i>caurinus</i> in full synonymy.","30","30-00673","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0669-0000-0673"
"13000674","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Irenomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","3","","201","","<i>Mus tarsalis</i> Philippi, 1900.","","","","","","Sigmodontinae <i>incertae sedis</i>. Usually grouped with phyllotines (Olds and Anderson, 1989; Vorontsov, 1959), a tribal affiliation supported by cladistic analyses of morphological traits (Braun, 1993; Steppan, 1995) but not of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (D’Elía et al., 2003; Smith and Patton, 1999).","30","30-00674","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0674"
"13000675","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Irenomys","","tarsalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1900","","Ann. Mus. Nac. Chile Zool.","14","","10","","","Large-footed Irenomys","Chile, Valdivia Prov., Fundo San Juan, near La Unión.","C and S Chile (see Saavedra and Simonetti, 2000, for northern range extension), including Chiloe and Guaitecas Isls, and adjacent Argentina (Neuquén to Chubut Provs.—see Pardiñas et al., 2003<i>b</i>; Pearson, 1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>longicaudatus</i>  (Philippi, 1900).","Muñoz Pedreros (2000) maintained <i>longicaudatus</i>, along with nominate <i>tarsalis</i>, as subspecies for Chilean populations.","30","30-00675","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0674-0000-0675"
"13000676","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Juliomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","González","2000","","Com. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo","12","196","3","","<i>Thomasomys pictipes</i> Osgood, 1933.","","","","","","Sigmodontinae <i>incertae sedis</i>. Osgood (1933<i>b</i>) described <i>pictipes</i> as another species of ""<i>Thomasomys</i>"" endemic to the Atlantic Forest region of SE South America. Provisionally reassigned to <i>Wilfredomys</i> by Musser and Carleton (1993) on the assertions of Osgood (1933<i>b</i>) and Pine (1980<i>b</i>) that <i>pictipes</i> is most closely related to <i>Thomasomys oenax</i>, type species of Avila-Pires’ (1960<i>b</i>) <i>Wilfredomys</i>. With description of <i>Juliomys</i>, all of the principal thomasomyine morphological themes in SE South America have now been generically isolated. However, González’s (2000<i>a</i>) diagnosis serves mainly to repeat or reinforce contrasts between the species <i>pictipes</i> and <i>oenax</i>, whose differentiation is already well established (Osgood, 1933<i>b</i>; Pine, 1980). The broader issue of cladistic relations among these SE endemics still requires elucidation to adjudge generically meaningful clades and tribal membershi... [truncated]","30","30-00676","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0676"
"13000677","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Juliomys","","pictipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1933","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","20","2","11","","","Contreras’ Juliomys","Argentina, Misiones Prov., Río Paraná, 100 mi (161 km) S Río Iguazú, Caraguatay.","NE Argentina and SE Brazil (São Paulo and Santa Catarina).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Wilfredomys pictipes</i>.","","See González (2000<i>a</i>:4) for remarks on location and habitat of the type locality. Karyotype (2n = 36, FN = 34) reported (as <i>Wilfredomys pictipes</i>) by Bonvicino and Otazu (1999), who noted many banding patterns congruent with <i>Rhipidomys</i> species and generally weak homologies with those of <i>Delomys</i>.","30","30-00677","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0676-0000-0677"
"13000678","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Juliomys","","rimofrons","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Oliveira and Bonvicino","2002","","Acta Theriol.","47","3","310","","","Cleft-headed Juliomys","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Itamonte Municipality, Serra da Mantiqueira, east of Pedra Furada, Brejo da Lapa, 2000 m; 22º21&#8242;S, 44º44&#8242;W.","Known only from the type locality, SE Brazil.","","","Similar to <i>J</i>. <i>pictipes</i>, but <i>J</i>. <i>rimofrons</i> possesses longer pelage, fewer chromosomes (2n = 20, FN = 34), and a carotid arterial circulation with a supraorbital branch (Oliveira and Bonvicino, 2002).","30","30-00678","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0676-0000-0678"
"13000679","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Juscelinomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Moojen","1965","","Rev. Brasil. Biol.","25","","281","","<i>Juscelinomys candango</i> Moojen, 1965.","","","","","","<p>Akodontini. Reig (1987:36) viewed <i>Juscelinomys</i> as ""an akodontine closely related to <i>Oxymycterus</i> and <i>Lenoxus</i>,"" an assessment consistent with initial parsimony analyses using cytochrome <i>b</i> data (Emmons, 1999<i>b</i>). In evaluations of cytochrome <i>b</i> and IRBP sequences, <i>Juscelinomys</i> is portrayed as sister genus to <i>Oxymycterus</i> and more distantly related to <i>Lenoxus</i> (D’Elía, 2003). Morphological discrimination from <i>Oxymycterus</i> and <i>Brucepattersonius</i> amplified by Emmons (1999<i>b</i>). Collection of additional series is necessary to corroborate the distinction of the described species and to amplify their distributions.</p><p>Moojen (1965) provisionally referred Winge’s (1887) <i>Oxymycterus talpinus</i> to <i>Juscelinomys</i>. Langguth (in Fonseca et al., 1996) commented that the form, known to date only as a subfossil, should not be acknowledged as a recent species (e.g., Musser and Carleton, 1993), but in view of the red... [truncated]","30","30-00679","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0679"
"13000680","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Juscelinomys","","candango","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Moojen","1965","","Rev. Brasil. Biol.","25","","281","","","Candango Akodont","Brazil, Federal District, Brasília, Parque Zoobotanico, 1030 m.","C Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Morphology of type series amplified by Emmons (1999<i>b</i>) and compared with two new species (see next accounts).","30","30-00680","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0679-0000-0680"
"13000681","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Juscelinomys","","guaporensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Emmons","1999","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3280","","4","","","Guaporé Akodont","Bolivia, Santa Cruz Dept., Velasco Prov., Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado, Flor de Oro, 210 m; 13º33.10&#8242;S, 61º00.51&#8242;W.","Known only from the type locality.","","","The type and single known specimen is cranially similar to <i>J</i>. <i>candango</i> but smaller and has different colored pelage.","30","30-00681","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0679-0000-0681"
"13000682","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Juscelinomys","","huanchacae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Emmons","1999","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3280","","2","","","Huanchaca Akodont","Bolivia, Santa Cruz Dept., Velasco Prov., Serrania de Huanchaca, Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado, Campamento ""Huanchaca II,"" 700 m; 14º31.42&#8242;S, 60º44.37&#8242;W.","Known only from the type locality.","","","The type and single known specimen is the largest individual recorded for the genus.","30","30-00682","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0679-0000-0682"
"13000683","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Kunsia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1966","","Z. Säugetierk.","31","2","112","","<i>Mus tomentosus</i> Lichtenstein, 1830.","","","","","","Akodontini. Species formerly included in <i>Scapteromys</i> until set apart in <i>Kunsia</i> by Hershkovitz (1966<i>c</i>), who arranged both genera in the ""scapteromyine group,"" which he viewed as closely related to oxymycterines. Formal tribal segregation of the two genera, later including <i>Bibimys</i>, advanced by Massoia (1979<i>b</i>) and Reig (1980, 1981). Although the probable sister genus of <i>Scapteromys</i>, parsimony and likelihood analyses of cytochrome <i>b</i> data represent the two as nested within the akodontine radiation and distantly related to <i>Bibimys</i> (D’Elía et al., 2003; Smith and Patton, 1999). D’Elía (2003) identified the pair <i>Kunsia</i> <i>Scapteromys</i> as one of five major clades within Akodontini. Karyology summarized by Gardner and Patton (1976). Confirmation of species limits, junior synonyms, and geographic ranges overdue.","30","30-00683","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0683"
"13000684","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Kunsia","","fronto","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Winge","1887","","E Museo Lundii","1","3","44","","","Fossorial Kunsia","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Rio das Velhas, Pleistocene cave deposits (""Lapa da Escrivania no. 5"") near Lagoa Santa.","Isolated localities in NE Argentina, and EC Brazil; range poorly documented.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>chacoensis</i> (Gyldenstolpe, 1932)<i>; planaltensis </i>Avila-Pires, 1972.","Taxonomy and distribution reviewed by Avila-Pires (1972).","30","30-00684","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0683-0000-0684"
"13000685","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Kunsia","","tomentosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1830","","Darst. Säugeth.","7","15","33","","","Woolly Kunsia","Brazil, SE area along the Río Uruguay (as restricted by Hershkovitz, 1966<i>c</i>:120).","NE Bolivia (Beni and Santa Cruz Depts.—Anderson, 1993, 1997) and WC Brazil (Mato Grosso); Pleistocene cave samples in Minas Gerais, Brazil.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>gnambiquarae</i>  (Mirando Ribeiro, 1914); <i>principalis</i> (Lund, 1840).","Rare in collections; range inadequately known. See Massoia and Fornes (1965) and Hershkovitz (1966<i>c</i>) for justification of synonymy.","30","30-00685","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0683-0000-0685"
"13000686","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Lenoxus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","236","","<i>Oxymycterus apicalis</i> J. A. Allen, 1900.","","","","","","Akodontini. Viewed as closely related to <i>Oxymycterus</i> by Reig (1987), but electrophoretic data reveal <i>Lenoxus</i> as cladistically removed from <i>Oxymycterus</i> proper (Patton et al., 1989) and gene sequences indicate closer relationship to a clade including <i>Blarinomys</i>, <i>Brucepattersonius</i>, <i>Kunsia</i>, and <i>Scapteromys</i> (D’Elía, 2003; D’Elía et al., 2003; Smith and Patton, 1999).","30","30-00686","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0686"
"13000687","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Lenoxus","","apicalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1900","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","13","","224","","","White-tailed Akodont","Perú, Puno Dept., Valley of Río Inambari, Santo Domingo Mine, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Cloud forest of E Andean slopes, about 1500-2500 m, in SE Perú and WC Bolivia (La Paz Dept.).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>boliviae</i>  Sanborn, 1950.","Anderson (1997) used <i>boliviae</i> as subspecies for the Bolivian populations.","30","30-00687","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0686-0000-0687"
"13000688","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Loxodontomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Osgood","1947","","J. Mamm.","28","","172","","<i>Mus micropus</i> Waterhouse, 1837.","","","","","","Phyllotini. Diagnosed as a subgenus of <i>Phyllotis</i> and maintained at that rank (Pearson, 1958) or as a full synonym (Hershkovitz, 1962). Transferred to <i>Auliscomys</i>, employed as a genus, by Simonetti and Spotorno (1980). Based on morphological studies, however, the species do not cladistically nest within <i>Auliscomys</i> or <i>Phyllotis</i> proper but instead are associated with a clade containing <i>Reithrodon</i> and variably other genera (Braun, 1993; Spotorno et al., 1998; Steppan, 1993, 1995).","30","30-00688","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0688"
"13000689","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Loxodontomys","","micropus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","17","","","Southern Pericote","Argentina, Santa Cruz Prov., ""interior plains of Patagonia"" at 50°S latitude, near the Río Santa Cruz (probably near La Argentina as per Hershkovitz, 1962:392).","S Andes of Chile and Argentina, from about 38°S latitude to Straits of Magellan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Auliscomys micropus.</i>","<i>alsus</i>  (Thomas, 1919); <i>fumipes</i> (Osgood, 1943).","Revised by Pearson (1958); banded karyotype published by Spotorno and Walker (1979).","30","30-00689","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0688-0000-0689"
"13000690","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Loxodontomys","","pikumche","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Spotorno, Cofre, Manriquez, Vilina, Marquet, and Walker","1998","","Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat.","71","","362","","","Pikumche Pericote","Chile, Region Metropolitana, Cajón del Río Maipo, Cruz de Piedra, 55 km S de la Central Hidroelectrica de Las Melosas, 2450 m; 34º10&#8242;S, 69º58&#8242;W.","C Chile; limits unknown.","","","Northern sister species to<i> L. micropus</i> and allopatric with it as so far known, the two differing in chromosomal and morphological traits (Spotorno et al., 1998).","30","30-00690","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0688-0000-0690"
"13000691","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Lundomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Voss and Carleton","1993","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3085","","5","","<i>Hesperomys molitor</i> Winge, 1887.","","","","","","Oryzomyini. A tetralophodont form related to <i>Holochilus</i>, <i>Noronhomys</i>, and <i>Pseudoryzomys</i> (Carleton and Olson, 1999; Voss and Carleton, 1993; Weksler, 2003).","30","30-00691","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0691"
"13000692","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Lundomys","","molitor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Winge","1887","","E Museo Lundii","1","3","14","","","Lund’s Amphibious Rat","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, cave chamber (""Lapa da Escrivania Nr. 5"") near Lagoa Santa.","SE Brazil and Uruguay.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Holochilus magnus.</i>","<i>magnus</i>  Hershkovitz, 1955.","Species originally described based on fossils from Recent cave deposits in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Extant populations (described as <i>Holochilus magnus</i> Hershkovitz, 1955) apparently restricted to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and Uruguay (González, 2000<i>b</i>; Olrog and Lucero, 1981), but Pleistocene fossils known from EC Argentina (Pardiñas, 2000<i>b</i>). Banded karyotypic comparisons with <i>H</i>. <i>brasiliensis</i> presented by Freitas et al. (1983<i>a</i>, as <i>H</i>. <i>magnus</i>); synonymy of <i>magnus</i> demonstrated by Voss and Carleton (1993); González (2000<i>b</i>) recognized <i>magnus</i> as a subspecies for Uruguayan populations.","30","30-00692","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0691-0000-0692"
"13000693","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Megalomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Trouessart","1881","","Le Naturaliste","1","","357","","<i>Mus pilorides</i> (Desmarest, 1826 = <i>Mus desmarestii</i> Fischer, 1829).","","","","","<i>Moschomys</i>  Trouessart, 1903 [unnecessary substitute for <i>Megalomys</i>; not <i>Moschomys</i> Billberg, 1827 = <i>Ondatra</i>]; <i>Moschophoromys</i> Elliot, 1904 [unnecessary substitute for <i>Moschomys</i>].","<p>Oryzomyini. Derived postcranial traits of <i>Megalomys</i> are consistent with its association within Sigmodontinae <i>sensu stricto</i> (lack of entepicondylar foramen, tuberculum of 1<sup>st</sup> rib contacting both the 1<sup>st</sup> thoracic and 7<sup>th</sup> cervical vertebrae; as per <i>M</i>. <i>desmarestii</i>, BMNH 1850.11.30.6); other cranial characters more narrowly point to its membership within Oryzomyini (long palate with prominent posterolateral pits, absence of alisphenoid strut; as per <i>M</i>. <i>luciae</i>, BMNH 53.12.16.2, and <i>M</i>. <i>desmarestii</i>, BMNH 50.11.30.6 and 55.12.24.201), as diagnosed by Voss and Carleton (1993). A combination of features suggests that the close relatives of <i>Megalomys</i> may be sought among certain derived oryzomyines, such as <i>Oryzomys sensu stricto</i>, or <i>Nectomys</i> (e.g., thenar and hypothenar pads present but barely indicated; molars brachyodont and pentalophodont, with M1/m1 four-rooted; supraorbital and tem... [truncated]","30","30-00693","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0693"
"13000694","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Megalomys","","desmarestii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fischer","1829","","Synopsis Mamm.","","","316","","","Desmarest’s Pilorie","West Indes, Lesser Antilles, Martinique.","Known only from Martinique.","IUCN – Extinct.","<i>pilorides</i>  (Desmarest, 1826) [preoccupied by <i>Mus pilorides</i> Pallas, 1778, a composite]; <i>piloris</i> (Major, 1901).","As compared with <i>M</i>. <i>luciae</i> (BMNH 53.12.16.2, the holotype), the cranium of <i>M</i>. <i>desmarestii</i> (BMNH 50.11.30.6, 55.12.24.201) is generally larger in all dimensions, its m3 larger relative to m2, and the upper incisors yellowish-orange instead of plain orange.","30","30-00694","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0693-0000-0694"
"13000695","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Megalomys","","luciae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Major","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","206","","","Santa Lucian Pilorie","West Indes, Lesser Antilles, Santa Lucia.","Known only from Santa Lucia.","IUCN – Extinct.","","Provisionally retained as species by Ray (1962), who suspected that improved samples would demonstrate conspecificity with <i>M</i>. <i>desmarestii</i>.","30","30-00695","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0693-0000-0695"
"13000696","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Megaoryzomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lenglet and Coppois","1979","","Bull. Acad. R. Belgique, Classe des Sciences, Sér 5.","65","","635","","<i>Megalomys curioi</i> Niethammer, 1964.","","","","","","Sigmodontinae <i>incertae sedis.</i> Originally described under <i>Megalomys</i>, an oryzomyine taxon endemic to the Lesser Antilles. Morphological contrasts with <i>Megalomys</i> and biogeographic implausibilty of that identity addressed by Steadman and Ray (1982), who instead emphasized its similarities to large species of extant <i>Thomasomys</i> and <i>Rhipidomys</i> and formally allied it under Thomasomyini. While not an oryzomyine per se, as demonstrated by Steadman and Ray, the relationships and tribal affiliation of the unfortunately christened <i>Megaoryzomys</i> deserve reconsideration within a broader sampling of New World cricetids and from a cladistic perspective (also see remarks and comparisons by Hutterer and Oromi, 1993, and Leo L. and Gardner, 1993). Hutterer and Oromi (1993) considered that the presence and distinctiveness of <i>Megaoryzomys</i> suggested three independent colonizations of the Galapágos Isls by cricetid rodents, <i>Nesoryzomys</i> and <i>Oryzomys</i>... [truncated]","30","30-00696","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0696"
"13000697","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Megaoryzomys","","curioi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Niethammer","1964","","Mammalia","28","","596","","","Galapágos Giant Rat","Ecuador, Galápagos Isls, Indefatigable Isl (= Santa Cruz), volcanic tube 3 km N Academy Bay (as corrected by Hutterer and Oromi, 1993:67).","Known only from late Quaternary and subfossil cave deposits (precise age indeterminate) on Santa Cruz Isl.","Dead but not forgotten.","","Lectotype designated by Steadman and Ray (1982:6). See Hutterer and Oromi (1993) for commentary on varied renditions of the type locality, morphological redescription based on new samples, and discussion of the taxon’s very recent extinction given its recovery with bones of <i>Nesoryzomys</i> and <i>Mus</i>.","30","30-00697","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0696-0000-0697"
"13000698","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Melanomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","10","","248","","<i>Oryzomys phaeopus</i> Thomas, 1894 (= <i>Hesperomys caliginosus</i> Tomes, 1860).","","","","","","Oryzomyini. Usually arranged as a subgenus of Oryzomys since Goldman’s (1918) revision (e.g., Cabrera, 1961; Ellerman, 1941; Hall, 1981; Reig, 1986; Tate, 1932e). J. A. Allen (1913), however, provided morphological criteria, as contrasted to the type species (= Mus palustris) of Oryzomys, defending his retention of Melanomys as a genus, as did Gyldenstolpe (1932); its synonymy in Oryzomys proper deserves more rigorous, character-based, phylogenetic substantiation. The taxon has not been revised; the three nominal species listed stem from Cabrera (1961), who acknowledged his solely literature-based interpretation as provisional; Allen (1913) had recognized nine and Gyldenstolpe (1932) listed eight. A morphologically distinctive and distributionally circumscribed taxon ripe for revisionary and biogeographic study.","30","30-00698","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0698"
"13000699","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Melanomys","","caliginosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1860","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1860","","263","","","Dusky Melanomys","Ecuador, Esmeraldas Prov., Esmeraldas.","Central American lowlands from easternmost Honduras through Panamá; in South America, N and W Colombia, including the Chocó (see Cadena et al., 1998), to SW Ecuador and NW Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>affinis</i>  (J. A. Allen, 1912); <i>buenavistae</i> J. A. Allen, 1913; <i>chrysomelas</i> (J. A. Allen, 1897); <i>columbianus</i> (J. A. Allen, 1899); <i>idoneus</i> (Goldman, 1912); <i>lomitensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1913; <i>monticola</i> (J. A. Allen, 1912); <i>obscurior</i> (Thomas, 1894); <i>olivinus</i> (Thomas, 1902); <i>oroensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1913; <i>phaeopus</i> (Thomas, 1894); <i>tolimensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1913; <i>vallicola</i> J. A. Allen, 1913.","Chromosomal complement described by Gardner and Patton (1976).","30","30-00699","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0698-0000-0699"
"13000700","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Melanomys","","robustulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","14","","243","","","Robust Melanomys","Ecuador, Morona-Santiago Prov., Gualaquiza, 2500 ft (762 m).","SE Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A distinct species judged from our study of specimens in the AMNH and BMNH.","30","30-00700","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0698-0000-0700"
"13000701","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Melanomys","","zunigae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1949","","Publ. Mus. Hist. Nat., Javier Prado, Zool.","1","3","2","","","Zuniga’s Melanomys","Perú, Lima Dept., Lomas de Atocongo.","WC Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00701","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0698-0000-0701"
"13000702","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Microakodontomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1993","","Fieldiana Zool., N.S.","75","","2","","<i>Microakodontomys transitorius</i> Hershkovitz, 1993.","","","","","","Oryzomyini. Provisionally left as Sigmodontinae <i>incertae sedis</i> by Hershkovitz (1993:2), who remarked that ""Overall resemblance to <i>Microryzomys</i> and <i>Oligoryzomys</i> suggests differentiation from an oryzomyine stock in a scrub brush habitat transitional between forest and savanna."" To us, the holotype displays features that clearly ally it with Oryzomyini <i>sensu</i> Voss and Carleton (1993). Founded on a single young specimen with damaged skull, the diagnostic traits of this new genus and species, which ""could be mistaken for a well-differentiated species of <i>Oligoryzomys</i>"" (Hershkovitz, 1993:4), should be verified with improved series from the type locality.","30","30-00702","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0702"
"13000703","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Microakodontomys","","transitorius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1993","","Fieldiana Zool., N.S.","75","","2","","","Transitional Colilargo","Brazil, Federal District, Parque Nacional de Brasília, ca. 20 km NW Brasília, 1100 m; 15º47&#8242;S, 47º55&#8242;W.","Known only from the type locality.","","","","30","30-00703","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0702-0000-0703"
"13000704","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Microryzomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","68","","1","","<i>Hesperomys minutus</i> Tomes, 1860.","","","","","<i>Thallomyscus</i>  Thomas, 1926.","Oryzomyini. Named as a subgenus of <i>Oryzomys</i> and either retained as such (Cabrera, 1961; Ellerman, 1941; Osgood, 1933<i>a</i>) or placed in synonymy with <i>Oligoryzomys</i> (Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Tate, 1932<i>e</i>; Thomas, 1926). Junior synonymy of <i>Thallomyscus</i> established by Osgood (1933<i>a</i>). Raised to genus by Carleton and Musser (1984) and later revised by them (1989). Cladistically primitive member of Oryzomyini, sharing certain morphological traits with <i>Oligoryzomys</i> (Carleton and Musser, 1989; Carleton and Olson, 1999); sister genus to <i>Neacomys</i> according to gene sequence studies (Myers et al., 1995; Patton and da Silva, 1995; Smith and Patton, 1999) or to the <i>Neacomys</i> <i>Oligoryzomys</i> clade according to allozymic analyses (Dickerman and Yates, 1995).","30","30-00704","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0704"
"13000705","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Microryzomys","","altissimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1933","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","20","","5","","","Páramo Colilargo","Perú, Pasco Dept., La Quinua, mountains north of Cerro de Pasco, 11,600 ft (3536 m).","Subalpine and páramo formations, mostly 2500-4000 m, in the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chotanus</i>  Hershkovitz, 1940; <i>hylaeus</i> Hershkovitz, 1940.","Diagnosed as a subspecies of <i>Oryzomys minutus</i> but elevated to species by Hershkovitz (1940), who named two additional subspecies. Subspecific arrangement followed by Cabrera (1961) but none retained by Carleton and Musser (1989).","30","30-00705","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0704-0000-0705"
"13000706","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Microryzomys","","minutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1860","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1860","","215","","","Montane Colilargo","Ecuador, Chimborazo Prov., probably near Pallatanga.","Lower montane to subalpine forest, mostly 2000-3500 m, from N Venezuela, through Colombia, Ecuador and Perú, to WC Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aurillus</i>  (Thomas, 1917); <i>dryas</i> (Thomas, 1898); <i>fulvirostris</i> (J. A. Allen, 1912); <i>humilior</i> (Thomas, 1898).","Formerly included <i>altissimus</i> as a subspecies by Osgood (1933<i>a</i>), who also treated <i>aurillus</i>, <i>humilior</i>, and <i>fulvirostris</i> as subspecies. No races were deemed diagnosable by Carleton and Musser (1989).","30","30-00706","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0704-0000-0706"
"13000707","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neacomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","153","","<i>Hesperomys spinosus</i> Thomas, 1882.","","","","","","Oryzomyini. Sister genus to <i>Microryzomys</i> according to gene sequence studies (Myers et al., 1995; Patton and da Silva, 1995; Smith and Patton, 1999; Weksler, 2003) or to <i>Oligoryzomys</i> according to allozymic analyses (Dickerman and Yates, 1995). Recent taxonomic descriptions and detailed regional comparisons have markedly improved understanding of species diversity and their morphological discrimination (Patton et al., 2000; Voss et al., 2001). Delineation of yet other species and enhancement of distributional limits still required (e.g., see Malygin and Rosmiarek, 1996; Patton et al., 2000). Preliminary molecular geographic patterns discerned by Patton et al. (2000) offer a template for future taxonomic studies.","30","30-00707","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0707"
"13000708","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neacomys","","dubosti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Voss, Lunde, and Simmons","2001","","Bull. Am. Nat. Hist.","263","","78","","","Dubost’s Neacomys","French Guiana, Paracou.","SE Surinam, French Guiana, and Amapá, Brazil.","","","Morphological comparisons with <i>N</i>. <i>guianae</i>, <i>N. paracou</i>, and <i>N</i>. <i>tenuipes</i> provided by Voss et al. (2001). Known sympatrically with <i>N</i>. <i>guianae</i> and <i>N. paracou</i>.","30","30-00708","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0707-0000-0708"
"13000709","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neacomys","","guianae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","16","","310","","","Guianan Neacomys","Guyana, Demerara River, 120 ft (37 m).","Guianas, S Venezuela, and N Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Morphological comparisons with <i>N</i>. <i>dubosti</i>, <i>N</i>. <i>paracou</i>, and <i>N</i>. <i>tenuipes</i> provided by Voss et al. (2001). Known sympatrically with <i>N</i>. <i>dubosti</i> and <i>N</i>. <i>paracou</i>.","30","30-00709","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0707-0000-0709"
"13000710","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neacomys","","minutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Patton, da Silva, and Malcolm","2000","","Bull. Am. Mus. Hist.","244","","105","","","Minute Neacomys","Brazil, Amazonas State, left bank Rio Juruá, Altimira; 6º35&#8242;S, 68º54&#8242;W.","So far known from the central and lower drainage of the Rio Juruá, W Brazil; range limits require amplification.","","","Morphological, karyological (2n = 35-36), and molecular differentiation from <i>N</i>. <i>musseri</i> and <i>N</i>. <i>spinosus</i> presented by Patton et al. (2000). Known sympatrically with <i>N</i>. <i>spinosus</i>.","30","30-00710","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0707-0000-0710"
"13000711","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neacomys","","musseri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Patton, da Silva, and Malcolm","2000","","Bull. Am. Mus. Hist.","244","","98","","","Musser’s Neacomys","Perú, Cusco Dept., Manu Biosphere Reserve, 72 km (by road) NE Paucartambo at km 152, 1460 m.","So far known from the headwaters of the Rio Juruá, SE Perú and extreme W Brazil; range limits require amplification.","","","Morphology, karyology (2n = 34), and genetic differentiation from <i>N</i>. <i>minutus</i> and <i>N</i>. <i>spinosus</i> presented by Patton et al. (2000). Known sympatrically with <i>N</i>. <i>spinosus</i>.","30","30-00711","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0707-0000-0711"
"13000712","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neacomys","","paracou","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Voss, Lunde, and Simmons","2001","","Bull. Am. Nat. Hist.","263","","81","","","Paracou Neacomys","French Guiana, Paracou.","Guianan subregion of Amazonia—SE Venezuela, through Guyana, Surinam, and French Guiana, to Amapá, Brazil, and southwards to Amazonas and Pará, Brazil.","","","Morphological comparisons with <i>N</i>. <i>dubosti</i>, <i>N</i>. <i>guianae</i>, and <i>N</i>. <i>tenuipes</i> provided by Voss et al. (2001). Known sympatrically with <i>N</i>. <i>dubosti</i> and <i>N</i>. <i>guianae</i>.","30","30-00712","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0707-0000-0712"
"13000713","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neacomys","","pictus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1912","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","60","","2","","","Painted Neacomys","Panamá, Darién Prov., Cana, 1800 ft (549 m).","Known only from easternmost Panamá.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Cabrera (1961) allocated <i>pictus</i> to subspecific standing under <i>N</i>. <i>tenuipes</i>, and Handley (1966) concurred, but examination of series in USNM suggests that the relationship and status of this gracile form bear reexamination.","30","30-00713","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0707-0000-0713"
"13000714","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neacomys","","spinosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1882","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1882","","105","","","Common Neacomys","Perú, Amazonas Dept., Huambo, 3700 ft (1128 m).","WC Brazil to Andean foothills and lowlands of SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Perú, and N and C Bolivia .","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amoenus</i>  Thomas, 1903; <i>carceleni</i> Hershkovitz, 1940; <i>typicus</i> Thomas, 1900.","Karyotype (2n = 64) compared with other oryzomyines by Gardner and Patton (1976). Morphological, karyological, and molecular differentiation from <i>N</i>. <i>minutus</i> and <i>N</i>. <i>musseri</i> presented by Patton et al. (2000). Lawrence (1941) recognized the nominate form and <i>carceleni</i> as subspecies, a division supported by the limited samples genetically analyzed by Patton et al. (2000). Known sympatrically with <i>N</i>. <i>minutus</i> and <i>N</i>. <i>musseri</i>.","30","30-00714","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0707-0000-0714"
"13000715","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neacomys","","tenuipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","153","","","Narrow-footed Neacomys","Colombia, Cundinamarca Dept., Bogotá region, Guaquimay.","W and NC Colombia, N Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pusillus</i>  J. A. Allen, 1912.","Named and recognized (e.g., Ellerman, 1941) as a subspecies of <i>N</i>. <i>spinosus</i> until elevated to specific status by Lawrence (1941).","30","30-00715","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0707-0000-0715"
"13000716","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Necromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ameghino","1889","","Actas Acad. Nac. Cienc. Córdoba","6","","120","","<i>Necromys conifer</i> Ameghino, 1889.","","","","","<i>Bolomys</i>  Thomas, 1916; <i>Cabreramys</i> Massoia and Fornes, 1967.","<p>Akodontini. Type species of this neglected genus, based on a fossil form, incorrectly synonymized under the phyllotine <i>Calomys callosus</i> by Hershkovitz (1962), an allocation followed by McKenna and Bell (1997), but identification as akodontine and generic priority over <i>Bolomys</i> earlier reestablished by Massoia (1985). Diagnostic dental traits, lectotype selection, nomenclatural history, and allocation of fossil and living species provided by Massoia and Pardiñas (1993). Those authors referred to <i>conifer</i> as a <i>nomen dubium</i>, a misleading choice of words because the meaning clearly intended in their discussion is that the fossil is not certainly identifiable with a living species, namely <i>N</i>. <i>benefactus</i> which today occurs in the same region as <i>conifer</i>.</p><p>Allocation of <i>amoenus</i> to <i>Necromys</i>, and by extension the junior synonymy of <i>Bolomys</i>, is weakened by certain phylogenetic iterations of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequence dat... [truncated]","30","30-00716","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0716"
"13000717","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Necromys","","amoenus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","6","","468","","","Pleasant Akodont","Perú, Arequipa Dept., Calalla, Río Colca, near Sumbay, 3500 m.","Altiplano grasslands, above 3200 m, of SE Perú and W Bolivia, as far south as Tarija Dept. (Anderson, 1993).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Bolomys amoenus</i>.","","Morphological definition as type species of <i>Bolomys</i> Thomas, 1916, clarified by Reig (1987) and Anderson and Olds (1989). Additional Bolivian localities reported by Salazar-Bravo et al. (2002<i>b</i>).","30","30-00717","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0716-0000-0717"
"13000718","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Necromys","","benefactus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Lond., ser. 9","3","","214","","","Argentine Akodont","Argentina, Buenos Aires Prov., Bonifacio (= Laguna Alsina as per Galliari and Pardiñas, 2000), 50 m.","Isolated populations in Córdoba, La Pampa, and Buenos Aires provinces, EC Argentina.","","","Relegated to a subspecies of <i>obscurus</i> by Cabrera (1961) and Reig (1978), but Massoia and Fornes (1967) considered the two as distinct species. Distribution documented based on vouchered specimens and clear morphological segregation from <i>N</i>. <i>obscurus</i> underscored by Galliari and Pardiñas (2000). The latter authors regarded the fossil <i>conifer</i> Ameghino as the probable senior synonym for this species but elected to retain <i>benefactus</i> Thomas as the valid name for reasons of familiarity; the possibility of their synonymy requires firm demonstration, with formal suppression of or replacement by the senior name if so.","30","30-00718","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0716-0000-0718"
"13000719","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Necromys","","lactens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","1","","188","","","White-chinned Akodont","Argentina, Jujuy Prov., León, about 1500 m.","E Andean highlands, about 2100-4000 m, of SC Bolivia (see Anderson and Olds, 1989) and NW Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, and Tucumán Provs.; see Ortiz et al., 2000<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Bolomys lactens</i>.","<i>negrito</i>  (Thomas, 1926); <i>orbus</i> (Thomas, 1919).","Galliari and Pardiñas (1995) reidentified <i>leucolimnaeus</i>, previously considered a subspecies of <i>lactens</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Gyldenstolpe, 1932), as a species of <i>Akodon</i> and questioned (2000:226) the synonymy of <i>negrito</i> and <i>orbus</i>, as attributed by Cabrera (1961), as ""dubious."" Capllonch et al. (1997) had resurrected <i>N. orbus</i> based on a single specimen from Tucumán Prov., but Pardiñas and Galliari (1998<i>b</i>) considered the action to be inadequately documented.","30","30-00719","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0716-0000-0719"
"13000720","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Necromys","","lasiurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1840","","K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Naturv. Math. Afhandl.","8","","50","","","Hairy-tailed Akodont","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Rio das Velhas, Lagoa Santa.","C Brazil south of the Amazon River, extreme SE Perú (as per Pacheco et al., 1995), and perhaps NE Argentina (see Galliari et al., 1996); limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Bolomys lasiurus</i>.","<i>arviculoides</i>  (Wagner, 1842); <i>brachyurus</i> (Wagner, 1845); <i>fuscinus</i> (Thomas, 1897); <i>lasiotus</i> (Lund, 1838); <i>orobinus</i> (Wagner, 1842); <i>pixuna</i> (Moojen, 1943); <i>renggeri</i> (Pictet, 1844).","Revised as part of <i>Zygodontomys</i> (Hershkovitz, 1962); inclusion of <i>lasiurus</i> within <i>Bolomys</i> (or <i>Akodon</i>), not <i>Zygodontomys</i>, supported by karyological and morphological information (see Gardner and Patton, 1976; Maia and Langguth, 1981; Voss and Linzey, 1981). Geographic variation assessed, as <i>Bolomys lasiurus</i>, by Macêdo and Mares (1987), who retained only <i>fuscinus</i> and <i>lasiurus</i> as subspecies. The validity of listed synonyms very much needs confirmation: e.g., the taxon <i>arviculoides</i> is considered a species by some (Cabrera, 1961; Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Ximénez &amp; Langguth, 1970), or reallocated to <i>lasiurus</i> by others (Macêdo and Mares, 1987; Reig, 1978, 1987), while Galliari and Pardiñas (2000) passingly mention it as another species related to <i>N</i>. <i>obscurus</i>. Also see following account of <i>N</i>. <i>lenguarum</i>, included by some (e.g., Macêdo and Mares, 1987) as another junior synonym; morphological discrim... [truncated]","30","30-00720","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0716-0000-0720"
"13000721","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Necromys","","lenguarum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","271","","","Paraguayan Akodont","Paraguay, Presidente Hayes Dept., Chaco Boreal, Waikthlatingwaialwa.","Chacoan formations of E Bolivia, W Paraguay, and possibly N Argentina (see Galliari et al., 1996).","","<i>tapiropoanus</i>  (J. A. Allen, 1916).","Taxonomic status unresolved—demoted to subspecies under <i>Akodon obscurus</i> (Cabrera, 1961) or placed in full synonymy with <i>Bolomys l</i>. <i>lasiurus</i> (Macêdo and Mares, 1987), or generally if equivocally recognized as a species (Anderson, 1997; Anderson and Olds, 1989; Galliari and Pardiñas, 2000; Reig, 1987). Anderson (1997) maintained <i>tapiropoanus</i>, type locality in Mato Grosso, W Brazil, as a subspecies for Bolivian populations. Also see remarks under <i>N</i>. <i>lasiurus</i>.","30","30-00721","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0716-0000-0721"
"13000722","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Necromys","","obscurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","16","","","Dark-furred Akodont","Uruguay, Maldonado Dept., Maldonado.","Isolated populations along coastal areas in S Uruguay (<i>obscurus</i>) and Buenos Aires Prov., EC Argentina (<i>scagliarum</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Bolomys obscurus</i>.","<i>scagliarum</i>  Galliari and Pardiñas, 2000.","Type species of <i>Cabreramys</i> (Massoia and Fornes, 1967), a taxon considered a junior synonym of <i>Bolomys</i> by Reig (1978, 1987) and of <i>Necromys</i> by Massoia and Pardiñas (1993). Formerly contained <i>benefactus</i> as a subspecies (see above account). Geographic variation and allopatric distribution in light of late Pleistocene climatic changes discussed by Galliari and Pardiñas (2000). The strong morphometric differentiation between and probable long-term isolation of the named populations, as demonstrated by the latter authors, recommend reconsideration of their status using other information sources.","30","30-00722","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0716-0000-0722"
"13000723","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Necromys","","punctulatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser 6","14","","361","","","Ecuadoran Akodont","Ecuador.","Indeterminate area of E Ecuador and perhaps Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Bolomys punctulatus</i>.","","Described as a species of Akodon but referred to a subspecies of Zygodontomys brevicauda by Hershkovitz (1962). Thomas (1916c) had earlier appreciated the morphological resemblance between amoenus, type species of Bolomys, and punctulatus; Voss (1991b) later amplified the Bolomys-like traits of punctulatus, provisionally retaining it as a species and noting its similarity to lasiurus. The enigmatic distribution of the few fragmentary specimens assignable to punctulatus, which originate from a region outside of the core geographic range of Bolomys (= Necromys), is discussed by Voss (1991b).","30","30-00723","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0716-0000-0723"
"13000724","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Necromys","","temchuki","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Massoia","1982","","Hist. Nat., Corrientes","2","11","91","","","Temchuk’s Akodont","Argentina, Misiones Prov., Depto. Capital, Costa del Arroyo Zaimán, Villa Miguel Lanús.","NE Argentina (Misiones, Corrientes, Formosa, and Chaco Provs.; see Contreras, 1982).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Bolomys temchuki.</i>","<i>elioi</i>  (Contreras, 1982); <i>liciae</i> (Contreras, 1982); <i>temchucki</i> (Massoia, 1980) [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Although the authorship is sometimes dated to Massoia, 1980<i>b</i> (Musser and Carleton, 1993; Honacki et al, 1982), Massoia had then mentioned the name (then spelled <i>temchucki</i>) in the context of a preliminary note; no holotype or museum repository was designated, and descriptive and comparative information is scant. As with another preliminary name mentioned in the same paper (<i>Deltamys kempi langguthi</i>, later described formally by González and Massoia, 1995), the availability of <i>temchuki</i> should properly date from Massoia’s (1982) explicit diagnosis of the species. As remarked by Galliari et al. (1996), the relationships and discrimination of <i>temchuki</i> with regard to <i>N</i>. <i>lasiurus</i>, also known from the same general region, merit reexamination and clear documentation.","30","30-00724","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0716-0000-0724"
"13000725","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Necromys","","urichi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen and Chapman","1897","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","19","","","Northern Akodont","Trinidad, Caparo.","Trinidad and Tobago, highlands of N and S Venezuela, E Colombia, N Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Akodon urichi.</i>","<i>chapmani</i>  (J. A. Allen, 1913); <i>meridensis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1904); <i>saturatus</i> (Tate, 1939); <i>tobagensis</i> (Goodwin, 1962); <i>venezuelensis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1899).","<p>Although traditionally arranged as a species of <i>Akodon</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Musser and Carleton, 1993), subgenus <i>Chalcomys</i> according to Thomas (1916<i>c</i>), <i>urichi</i> is here assigned to <i>Necromys</i> following those molecular studies that disclose its close relationship to <i>amoenus</i> and <i>lasiurus</i> apart from representative species of <i>Akodon</i> proper (D’Elía, 2003; D’Elía et al., 2003; Smith and Patton, 1993, 1999). Formerly included <i>aerosus</i> as a subspecies (Cabrera, 1961), but karyotypic (Gardner and Patton, 1976) and gene sequence (D’Elía et al., 2003; Smith and Patton, 1993, 1999) data demonstrate their distant relationship (see account of <i>Akodon aerosus</i>).</p><p>Morphometric variation of Venezuelan populations studied by Ventura et al. (2000), who recognized <i>meridensis</i>, <i>saturatus</i>, and <i>venezuelensis</i> as subspecies along with the nominate form. Linares (1998) arranged the populations in S Venezuela as a species (<i>s... [truncated]","30","30-00725","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0716-0000-0725"
"13000726","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Nectomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1860","1861","Abh. König. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1860","","151","","<i>Mus squamipes</i> Brants, 1827.","","","","","<i>Potamys</i>  Liais, 1872.","<p>Oryzomyini. A broad and diverse character base indelibly and uniformly pictures the phyletic heritage of <i>Nectomys</i> as oryzomyine (Baker et al., 1983; Dickerman and Yates, 1995; Hershkovitz, 1944, 1960; Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>a</i>; Myers et al., 1995; Patton and da Silva, 1995; Smith and Patton, 1999; Steppan, 1995; Voss and Carleton, 1993). Hershkovitz (1944) included <i>Sigmodontomys</i> as a subgenus; Gardner and Patton (1976) urged removal of <i>Sigmodontomys</i> to <i>Oryzomys</i>, and Musser and Carleton (1993) provisionally elevated it to genus.</p><p>Regional studies are beginning to uncover the species diversity masked by Hershkovitz’s (1944) concept of a single, pan-Amazonian species, <i>N</i>. <i>squamipes</i> (e.g., Andrades-Miranda et al., 2001<i>b</i>; Gómez-LaVerde et al., 1999; Patton et al., 2000; Voss et al., 2001). Integration of these regional perspectives nevertheless warrants continued alpha-level revisionary investigation to voucher geographic ranges ... [truncated]","30","30-00726","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0726"
"13000727","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Nectomys","","apicalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1860","1861","Abhandl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.","1860","","152","","","Western Amazonian Nectomys","Ecuador, Napo Prov., Tena, 512 m (as restricted by Hershkovitz, 1944:53).","Westernmost Brazil (Acre and Amazonas), and contiguous lowlands and Andean foothills of C and E Ecuador, E Perú, and WC Bolivia (see Anderson, 1997:Fig. 685; Patton et al., 2000:Fig. 78); distributional limits uncertain.","","<i>fulvinus</i>  Thomas, 1897; <i>garleppii</i> Thomas, 1899; <i>montanus</i> Hershkovitz, 1944; <i>napensis</i> Hershkovitz, 1944; <i>saturatus</i> Thomas, 1897;<i> vallensis</i> Hershkovitz, 1944.","Argued by Patton et al. (2000) as the oldest name for those water rat populations in western Amazonia with a 2n = 38-42 karyotype, including <i>garleppii</i>, which Reig (in Honacki et al., 1982) and Barros et al. (1992) recognized as a species. More than a single species is likely represented among the listed synonyms, whether they belong to one of the other species recognized here or to some other species yet to be determined.","30","30-00727","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0726-0000-0727"
"13000728","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Nectomys","","magdalenae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","19","","499","","","Magdalena Nectomys","Colombia, Cundinamarca Dept., lowlands near Magdalena River.","Basins of the Magdalena and Cauca Rivers, N Colombia.","","<i>grandis</i>  Thomas, 1897.","Although considered a subspecies of <i>N</i>. <i>squamipes</i> by Hershkovitz (1944), Gómez-Laverde et al. (1999) elevated <i>magdalenae</i> to species based on its karyotype (2n = 34), which is uniquely divergent from those populations so far reported from Amazonia and SE Brazil (2n = 38-59; see other accounts). Reig (in Honacki et al., 1982) had considered <i>grandis</i> and <i>magdalenae</i> as possible synonyms of <i>apicalis</i>, but the distinctive karyotype and emerging biogeographic appreciation of the Transandean lowlands as a region of specific differentiation warrant provisional species recognition. In spite of the page priority of <i>grandis</i> over <i>magdalenae</i>, both names dating from Thomas 1897, Gómez et al. (1999) elected <i>magdalenae</i> as the valid name because the animal karyotyped originated near the type locality and since the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999) does not require strict ad... [truncated]","30","30-00728","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0726-0000-0728"
"13000729","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Nectomys","","palmipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen and Chapman","1893","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","5","","209","","","Trinidad Nectomys","Trinidad, Victoria County, Princes Town.","Isl of Trinidad and nearby region of NE Venezuela; limits of distribution unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>tatei</i>  Hershkovitz, 1948.","Arranged by Hershkovitz (1944) as one of many subspecies of N. squamipes. Barros et al. (1992) reinstated palmipes to species based on its inordinately low diploid number (2n = 16-17) as compared to other populations of Nectomys, which range from 2n = 38 to 59 (Barros et al., 1992; Gardner and Patton, 1976). Linares (1998) retained palmipes as a subspecies of N. squamipes; junior status of tatei identified by Voss et al. (2001).","30","30-00729","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0726-0000-0729"
"13000730","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Nectomys","","rattus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pelzeln","1883","","Verhl. kaiserl.-konigl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch., Wien","33","(Suppl.)","73","","","Amazonian Nectomys","Brazil, Amazonas State, right bank of upper Rio Negro, Marabitanas, 100 m.","Amazonia—E Colombia, NW and S Venezuela, Guianas, N and C Brazil, and perhaps lowlands of E Perú; distributional limits need specimen-based verification.","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>N. parvipes.</i>","<i>amazonicus</i>  Hershkovitz, 1944; <i>mattensis</i> Thomas, 1903; <i>melanius</i> Thomas, 1910; <i>parvipes</i> Petter, 1979;<i> tarrensis</i> Hershkovitz, 1948.","Most forms included here were once treated as subspecies of <i>N</i>. <i>squamipes</i> following Hershkovitz (1944). Diagnosis emended as the species <i>N</i>. <i>melanius</i> and morphology contrasted to <i>N</i>. <i>palmipes</i> and <i>N</i>. <i>squamipes</i> <i>sensu stricto</i> by Voss et al. (2001); they mentioned that <i>rattus</i> Pelzeln (1883) may be the proper name to use for this species and provided information on the type’s existence and its identity as a <i>Nectomys</i> (2001:98-99, footnote). Bonvicino (in Andrades-Miranda et al., 2001<i>b</i>) has employed the name <i>rattus</i> as senior synonym for populations with 2n = 52-54 (Baker et al., 1983; Barros et al., 1992; Voss et al., 2001), a usage acknowledged by Andrades-Miranda et al. (2001<i>b</i>); whereas, Patton et al. (2000) suggested <i>mattensis</i> as the oldest name applicable to this widespread karyotypic variant. The provisional basis for the senior name, included synonyms, and geographic range cobbled toget... [truncated]","30","30-00730","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0726-0000-0730"
"13000731","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Nectomys","","squamipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brants","1827","","Het Geslacht der Muizen","","","138","","","Atlantic Forest Nectomys","Brazil, São Paulo State, São Sebastião (as restricted by Hershkovitz, 1944:32).","SE Brazil (Pernambuco to Rio Grande do Sul), NE Argentina (Misiones Prov.), and E Paraguay.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aquaticus</i>  (Lund, 1841); <i>brasiliensis</i> (Pictet and Pictet, 1844); <i>olivaceus</i> Hershkovitz, 1944; <i>pollens</i> Hollister, 1914; <i>robustus</i> (Burmeister, 1854).","Hershkovitz (1944) arrayed most nominal taxa of water rats as subspecies of <i>N</i>. <i>squamipes</i>, a polytypic view maintained by Cabrera (1961). Gardner and Patton (1976) intimated the mixed specific composition of ""<i>squamipes</i>,"" and Reig (in Honacki et al., 1982; 1986) offered enumerations of valid species and probable synonymies. Formerly included <i>apicalis</i>, <i>magdalenae</i>, <i>palmipes</i>, and <i>rattus</i> (see those accounts). The narrower definition of <i>N</i>. <i>squamipes</i> now coalescing (that is, containing those populations with 2n = 56-59—Andrades et al., 2001<i>b</i>; Barros et al., 1992; Bonvicino et al., 1996) corresponds to a species restricted to the Atlantic Forest region, overlapping with <i>N</i>. <i>rattus</i> in riverine settings of the Cerrado-Caatinga biomes. See Ernest (1986, Mammalian Species, 265).","30","30-00731","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0726-0000-0731"
"13000732","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neotomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","346","","<i>Neotomys ebriosus</i> Thomas, 1894.","","","","","","Reithrodontini. Although grouped with sigmodont rodents by Hershkovitz (1955<i>a</i>), other studies have convincingly linked the genus with phyllotines (Olds and Anderson, 1989; Pearson and Patton, 1976; Spotorno et al., 2001), usually as sister genus of <i>Reithrodon</i> (Braun, 1993; Steppan, 1995) and in a clade including <i>Euneomys</i> and certain fossil genera (Ortiz et al., 2000<i>b</i>; Pardiñas, 1997; Steppan and Pardiñas, 1998; Steppan and Sullivan, 2000). See remarks under <i>Reithrodon</i> on tribal affiliation.","30","30-00732","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0732"
"13000733","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neotomys","","ebriosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","348","","","Red-nosed Neotomys","Perú, Junín Dept., Vítoc Valley.","Altiplano grasslands and shrubby steppe, mostly 2500-4500 m, from C Perú (Junín), south through northernmost Chile and W Bolivia, to NW Argentina (see Anderson, 1997; Bárquez, 1983; Pardiñas and Ortiz, 2001; Sanborn, 1947<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>vulturnus</i>  Thomas, 1921.","Revised by Sanborn (1947<i>a</i>), who reduced <i>vulturnus</i> to a subspecies of <i>N</i>. <i>ebriosus</i>, as recognized by Anderson (1997) for Bolivian populations. Distribution augmented by Pearson (1951), Pine et al. (1979), and Pardiñas and Ortiz (2001). First fossil occurrences documented from the late Pleistocene-Holocene of NW Argentina by Pardiñas and Ortiz (2001), who discussed the paleoecological significance of the lower altitudes recorded.","30","30-00733","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0732-0000-0733"
"13000734","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Nesoryzomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Heller","1904","","Proc. California Acad. Sci.","3","","241","","<i>Nesoryzomys narboroughi</i> Heller, 1904 (= <i>Oryzomys indefessus</i> Thomas, 1899).","","","","","","Oryzomyini. Realigned as a subgenus of Oryzomys by Ellerman (1941), following the comments of Goldman (1918). Morphological, genic, and karyological information, however, sustains the generic separation of Nesoryzomys (Beaufort, 1963; Gardner and Patton, 1976; Patton and Hafner, 1983; Smith and Patton, 1999) and intimates that the group is an old Galapagos immigrant, originating ca. 3-3.5 million years ago (see Patton and Hafner, 1983). See Key and Heredia (1994) and Dowler et al. (2000) for recent assessments of conservation status, commensal rodent introductions, and natural history of populations on the various islands.","30","30-00734","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0734"
"13000735","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Nesoryzomys","","darwini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1929","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","17","","23","","","Darwin’s Nesoryzomys","Ecuador, Galápagos Archipelago, Santa Cruz Isl, Academia Bay.","Santa Cruz (= Indefatigable) Isl.","IUCN – Extinct. Probably extinct, last recorded in 1930 (see Dowler et al., 2000; Patton and Hafner, 1983).","","","30","30-00735","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0734-0000-0735"
"13000736","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Nesoryzomys","","fernandinae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hutterer and Hirsch","1979","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","30","","278","","","Fernandina Nesoryzomys","Ecuador, Galápagos Archipelago, Fernandina Isl.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Name based on material recovered from fresh owl pellets; morphological recognition expanded by Dowler and Carroll (1996) and Dowler et al. (2000) based on recently collected specimens from rediscovered population and compared with sympatric examples of <i>N</i>. <i>indefessus</i> <i>narboroughi</i>. Believed closely related to <i>N</i>. <i>darwini</i> (see Hutterer and Hirsch, 1979).","30","30-00736","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0734-0000-0736"
"13000737","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Nesoryzomys","","indefessus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","4","","280","","","Santa Cruz Nesoryzomys","Ecuador, Galápagos Archipelago, Santa Cruz (= Indefatigable) Isl, Academia Bay.","Santa Cruz, Baltra (= South Seymour), and Fernandina (= Narborough) Isls.","IUCN – Extinct as <i>N. indefessus</i>,<i> </i>Near Threatened as <i>N. narboroughi</i>. <i>Nesorysomys i</i>. <i>indefessus</i> is probably extinct, none documented since 1934 (see Patton and Hafner, 1983). Populations of <i>N</i>. <i>i</i>. <i>narboroughi</i> on Fernandina Isl, which lacks commensal <i>Rattus</i> and <i>Mus</i>, appear stable (see Dowler et al., 2000; Patton and Hafner, 1983).","<i>narboroughi</i>  Heller, 1904.","Patton and Hafner (1983:539) recommended that <i>indefessus</i>, <i>narboroughi</i>, and <i>swarthi</i> are ""best considered races of a single species, which differ primarily in pelage color."" Their analyses sustain this conclusion with regard to <i>indefessus</i> and <i>narboroughi</i> but not the strong craniodental differentiation demonstrated for <i>N</i>. <i>swarthi</i>.","30","30-00737","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0734-0000-0737"
"13000738","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Nesoryzomys","","swarthi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Orr","1938","","Proc. California Acad. Sci.","23","21","304","","","Santiago Nesoryzomys","Ecuador, Galápagos Archipelago, San Salvador Isl, Sullivan Bay.","Known only from San Salvador (= Santiago, James) Isl.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Status viewed as an insular race of <i>N</i>. <i>indefessus</i> by Patton and Hafner (1983), but Orr (1938) underscored the trenchant diagnostic traits that separate <i>N</i>. <i>swarthi</i> from both <i>N</i>. <i>indefessus</i> and <i>narboroughi</i>. Extant populations thought to exist as of 1965 (see Peterson, 1966<i>b</i>) and recently confirmed in sympatry with <i>Rattus</i> and <i>Mus</i> (Dowler et al., 2000).","30","30-00738","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0734-0000-0738"
"13000739","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neusticomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Anthony","1921","","Am. Mus. Novit.","20","","2","","<i>Neusticomys monticolus</i> Anthony, 1921.","","","","","<i>Daptomys</i>  Anthony, 1929.","Ichthyomyini. Phylogenetic relationships studied by Voss (1988), who allocated <i>Daptomys</i> as a synonym. Distribution and morphological traits of lowland species summarized by Voss et al. (2001). Each species is generally known from few specimens, the animals rarely encountered and difficult to collect; as such, species diversity may be underestimated and ranges of known forms are minimal approximations.","30","30-00739","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0739"
"13000740","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neusticomys","","monticolus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1921","","Am. Mus. Novit.","20","","2","","","Montane Ichthyomyine","Ecuador, Pichincha Prov., Cordillera Occidental, Nono Farm, ""San Francisco,"" 10,500 ft (3200 m).","Andes, ca. 1800-3750 m, of W Colombia and N Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Taxonomy and distribution reviewed by Voss (1988), who noted the probably lower elevation of the type locality at 8580 ft (2615 m).","30","30-00740","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0739-0000-0740"
"13000741","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neusticomys","","mussoi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ochoa G. and Soriano","1991","","J. Mammal.","72","","97","","","Musso’s Ichthyomyine","Venezuela, Táchira State, 14 km SE Pregonero, Río Potosí, Paso Hondo, 1050 m.","Known only from the type locality, far W Venezuela.","IUCN – Endangered.","","The two known specimens represent the least aquatically specialized ichthyomyine species described thus far.","30","30-00741","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0739-0000-0741"
"13000742","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neusticomys","","oyapocki","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dubost and Petter","1978","","Mammalia","42","","436","","","Guianan Ichthyomyine","French Guiana, Trois-Sauts, near the banks of the Oyapock River; 02°10'N, 53°11'W.","Known only from three localities in French Guiana (Voss et al., 2001) and one in Amapá, NE Brazil (Nunes, 2002).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Based on a single specimen originally referred to <i>Daptomys</i>. Maintained as a species by Voss (1988); additional material reported by Voss et al. (2001) and Nunes (2002).","30","30-00742","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0739-0000-0742"
"13000743","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neusticomys","","peruviensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser and Gardner","1974","","Am. Mus. Novit.","2537","","7","","","Peruvian Ichthyomyine","Perú, Loreto Dept., Balta, 300 m; 10°08'S, 17°13'W.","Known only from two localities in lowland E Perú (see Pacheco and Vivar, 1996; Pacheco et al., 1993).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Described as a form of <i>Daptomys</i> and maintained as a species by Voss (1988).","30","30-00743","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0739-0000-0743"
"13000744","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Neusticomys","","venezuelae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1929","","Am. Mus. Novit.","383","","2","","","Venezuelan Ichthyomyine","Venezuela, Sucre State, 15 mi (24 km) W Cumanacoa, headwaters of Río Neverí, 2400 ft (732 m).","E and S Venezuela, Guyana.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Type species of <i>Daptomys</i>, considered a junior synonym of <i>Neusticomys</i> by Voss (1988).","30","30-00744","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0739-0000-0744"
"13000745","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Noronhomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Carleton and Olson","1999","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3256","","9","","<i>Noronhomys vespuccii</i> Carleton and Olson, 1999.","","","","","","Oryzomyini. An extinct insular endemic and tetralophodont form most closely related to <i>Holochilus</i> according to cladistic interpretation of craniodental characters (Carleton and Olson, 1999).","30","30-00745","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0745"
"13000746","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Noronhomys","","vespuccii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Carleton and Olson","1999","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3256","","10","","","Vespucci’s Rodent","Brazil, Territorio de Fernando de Noronha, Ilha Fernando de Noronha, beach dunes (late Quaternary) near Ponta de Santo Antonio; 03º50&#8242;S, 32º24&#8242;W.","Known only from the type locality.","","","Variation and morphological discrimination from <i>Holochilus</i> and <i>Lundomys</i> provided by Carleton and Olson (1999). Fragmentary historical archives tenuously indicate that this species was encountered by Amerigo Vespucci during his 1503 voyage to the New World and was extirpated soon thereafter (see Carleton and Olson, 1999:44-49).","30","30-00746","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0745-0000-0746"
"13000747","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Notiomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1890","","In Milne-Edwards, Mission Sci. Cap. Horn, 1882-3","6","Mamm.","23","","<i>Hesperomys</i> (<i>Notiomys</i>)<i> edwardsii</i> Thomas, 1890.","","","","","","Akodontini (S Andean clade). Alpha systematics revised by Osgood (1925), who viewed <i>Chelemys</i> and <i>Geoxus</i> as synonyms (see comments under those genera and in Pearson, 1984, and Reig, 1987). Sister genus to <i>Chelemys</i> according to maximum parsimony and likelihood analyses of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Smith and Patton, 1999).","30","30-00747","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0747"
"13000748","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Notiomys","","edwardsii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1890","","In Milne-Edwards, Mission Sci. Cap. Horn, 1882-3","6","Mamm.","24","","","Edward’s Long-clawed Akodont","Argentina, Santa Cruz Prov., south of Santa Cruz, Corpen Aike (as refined by Pardiñas and Galliari, 1998<i>a</i>:124).","S Argentina, from S Río Negro Prov. to C Santa Cruz Prov. (see Pardiñas and Galliari, 1998<i>a</i>:Fig. 5).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Known by few specimens; morphology and natural history amplified by Pearson (1984, 1995) and distribution by Pardiñas and Galliari (1998<i>a</i>) and Teta et al. (2002).","30","30-00748","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0747-0000-0748"
"13000749","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","444","","<i>Rhipidomys benevolens</i> Thomas, 1901 (= <i>Hesperomys bicolor</i> Tomes, 1860).","","","","","","<p>Oryzomyini. Diagnosed as a subgenus of Oryzomys to segregate arboreal, pencil-tailed sigmodontines with a long palate from Rhipidomys, under which many of the species included here were first described. Thereafter treated alternatively as a subgenus of Oryzomys (Ellerman, 1941; Goldman, 1918) or as full genus (Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Thomas, 1917c) until Hershkovitz's (1960) revision stabilized its ranking as a subgenus (e.g., Cabrera, 1961; Hall, 1981). Systematists have recently acknowledged the morphological and karyotypic distinctiveness of Oecomys at the generic level (Andrades-Miranda et al., 2001b; Carleton and Musser, 1984; Gardner and Patton, 1976; Reig, 1984, 1986); species so far surveyed genetically are reciprocally monophyletic with other oryzomyine genera (Smith and Patton, 1999; Weksler, 2003) but broader phylogenetic substantiation is desirable.</p><p>Revised by Hershkovitz (1960), who consolidated some 25 species (e.g., Ellerman, 1941; Gyldenstolpe, 1932) into just two,... [truncated]","30","30-00749","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749"
"13000750","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","auyantepui","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1939","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist","76","","193","","","Guianan Oecomys","Venezuela, Bolívar State, Mt Auyán-Tepuí, 1100m.","SC Venezuela eastwards through the Guianas to Amapá, Brazil and southwards to Amazonas, Brazil, north of Amazon River.","","","Synonymized under <i>concolor</i> by Hershkovitz (1960) and under <i>paricola</i> by Musser and Carleton (1993). Morphological distinctiveness elaborated by Voss et al. (2001) and contrasted with <i>O</i>. <i>paricola</i>, its probable sister taxon.","30","30-00750","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0750"
"13000751","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","bicolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1860","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1860","","217","","","White-bellied Oecomys","Ecuador, Morona-Santiago Prov., Gualaquiza, Río Gualaquiza, 885 m.","E Panamá to W Colombia and Ecuador; Venezuela, Guianas, N and C Brazil; Amazonian drainage of Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador, and Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>benevolens</i>  (Thomas, 1901); <i>dryas</i> (Thomas, 1900); <i>endersi</i> Goldman, 1933; <i>florenciae</i> J. A. Allen, 1916; <i>milleri</i> J. A. Allen, 1916; <i>nitedulus</i> Thomas, 1910; <i>occidentalis</i> (Hershkovitz, 1960); <i>phelpsi</i> Tate, 1939; <i>rosilla</i> (Thomas, 1904); <i>trabeatus</i> G. M. Allen and Barbour, 1923.","Synonymy of <i>O</i>.<i> phelpsi</i> Tate attributed by Musser and Patton (1989). A morphologically and genetically distinct member of the <i>bicolor</i> complex, species identity uncertain, was collected at localities nearby those of <i>O</i>. <i>bicolor</i> proper in the Rio Juruá basin, W Brazil (Patton et al., 2000).","30","30-00751","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0751"
"13000752","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","catherinae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","234","","","Atlantic Forest Oecomys","Brazil, Santa Catarina State, Joinville.","Atlantic Forest Region of SE Brazil, Bahia to Santa Catarina, and along riverine forest into Cerrado and Caatinga regions; limits poorly documented.","","<i>bahiensis</i>  (Hershkovitz, 1960) [replacement name for <i>Mus cinnamomeus</i> Pictet and Pictet, 1844, preoccupied by <i>Mus cinnamomeus</i> Lichtenstein, 1830, a <i>Proechimys</i>]; <i>cinnamomeus</i> (Pictet and Pictet, 1844).","Member of the <i>O</i>. <i>trinitatis</i> group but size larger than <i>O</i>. <i>trinitatis</i> proper, pelage more luxuriant, and supraorbital shelves more pronounced.","30","30-00752","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0752"
"13000753","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","cleberi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Locks","1981","","Bol. Mus. Nac., Zool.","300","","1","","","Cleber’s Oecomys","Brazil, Federal District, Universidade de Brasília, Fazenda Agua Limpa; 45°54'W, 15°57'S.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Allied to <i>O</i>. <i>bicolor</i> or <i>O</i>. <i>paricola</i>; status and distributional extent require study.","30","30-00753","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0753"
"13000754","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","concolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1845","","Arch. Naturgesch.","11","","147","","","Unicolored Oecomys","Brazil, Amazonas State, Rio Curicuriari, a tributary of the upper Rio Negro, below São Gabriel.","S Venezuela south of the llanos (see Linares, 1998:Fig 142), NW Brazil, E Colombia, and NE Bolivia (as per Anderson, 1997); range limits poorly documented.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>marmorsurus</i>  (Thomas, 1899).","<i>Oecomys concolor</i> proper has a restricted distribution compared with Hershkovitz’s (1960) broad view of its contents; most of those forms are actually synonyms of the very different species <i>O</i>. <i>flavicans</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>roberti</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>superans</i>, or <i>O</i>. <i>trinitatis</i>. Characters of the skin and skull indicate that <i>O</i>. <i>concolor</i> is closely related to <i>O</i>. <i>mamorae</i>.","30","30-00754","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0754"
"13000755","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","flavicans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","351","","","Tawny Oecomys","Venezuela, Mérida State, Mérida, 1600 m.","Coastal Range and Cordillera de Mérida of N and W Venezuela (see Linares, 1998:Map 140), west to Sierra de Santa Marta of NE Columbia, perhaps including the Cordillera Oriental.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>illectus</i>  (Bangs, 1896); <i>mincae</i> J. A. Allen, 1913.","","30","30-00755","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0755"
"13000756","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","mamorae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","445","","","Marmore Oecomys","Bolivia, Cochabamba Dept., upper Río Mamoré, Mosetenes.","N and C Bolivia, N Paraguay, and WC Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00756","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0756"
"13000757","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","paricola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","194","","","Brazilian Oecomys","Brazil, Pará State, Igarapé-Assu, 50 m.","C Brazil south of the Amazon River; range limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included <i>auyantepui</i> according to Musser and Carleton (1993), that form elevated to species by Voss et al. (2001).","30","30-00757","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0757"
"13000758","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","phaeotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","181","","","Dusky Oecomys","Perú, Puno Dept., upper Río Inambari, Sagrario, 1000 m.","E slopes of Peruvian Andes; limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Part of the <i>bicolor</i> or <i>paricola</i> complex.","30","30-00758","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0758"
"13000759","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","rex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","504","","","Regal Oecomys","Guyana, Demerara Dist., Supenaam River.","Far E Venezuela (Bolívar; see Linares, 1998), Guianas, and NE Brazil north of the Amazon (Amapá and Amazonas).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>regalis</i>  (Hershkovitz, 1960) [an unjustified replacement name].","","30","30-00759","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0759"
"13000760","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","roberti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","1904","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1903","2","237","","","Robert’s Oecomys","Brazil, Mato Grosso State, Santa Anna da Chapada (= Chapada Dos Guimarães), 800 m.","S Venezuela, Guianas, and Amazonian region of W Brazil, E Perú, and extreme N Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>guianae</i>  Thomas, 1910; <i>tapajinus</i> Thomas, 1909.","","30","30-00760","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0760"
"13000761","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","rutilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1921","","Am. Mus. Novit.","19","","4","","","Reddish Oecomys","Guyana, Mazaruni-Potaro Dist., Kartabo.","Extreme E Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and French Guiana to Amazonas, Brazil (see Voss et al., 2001:Fig. 60).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Morphological separation from <i>O</i>. <i>bicolor</i> and distribution amplified by Voss et al. (2001).","30","30-00761","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0761"
"13000762","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","speciosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen and Chapman","1893","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","5","","212","","","Savannah Oecomys","Trinidad, Princes Town.","Savannahs of NE Colombia, C and N Venezuela, and Trinidad.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caicarae</i>  J. A. Allen, 1913; <i>trichurus</i> (J. A. Allen, 1899).","","30","30-00762","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0762"
"13000763","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","superans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","8","","250","","","Large Oecomys","Ecuador, Pastaza Prov., Río Bobonaza, Canelos, 2100 ft (640 m).","Lower Andean slopes of E Colombia, Ecuador, and Perú, including contiguous lowlands of W Amazonia (see Patton et al., 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>melleus</i>  Anthony, 1924; <i>palmeri</i> Thomas, 1911.","","30","30-00763","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0763"
"13000764","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oecomys","","trinitatis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen and Chapman","1893","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","5","","213","","","Long-furred Oecomys","Trinidad, Princes Town.","Tropical rainforests from SW Costa Rica to C Brazil, including Guianas, Trinidad and Tobago; E Andean slopes of WC Colombia to SC Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>frontalis</i>  (Goldman, 1912); <i>fulviventer</i> (J. A. Allen, 1899); <i>helvolus</i> (J. A. Allen, 1913); <i>klagesi</i> (J. A. Allen, 1904); <i>osgoodi</i> Thomas, 1924; <i>palmarius</i> (J. A. Allen, 1899); <i>splendens</i> Hayman, 1938; <i>subluteus</i> (Thomas, 1898); <i>tectus</i> (Thomas, 1901); <i>vicencianus</i> (J. A. Allen, 1913).","The synonyms listed here form the core of Hershkovitz’s (1960) <i>concolor</i>, but their consanguinity is highly doubtful.","30","30-00764","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0749-0000-0764"
"13000765","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Bangs","1900","","Proc. New England Zool. Club","1","","94","","<i>Oryzomys navus</i> Bangs, 1899 (= <i>Hesperomys fulvescens</i> Saussure, 1860).","","","","","","<p>Oryzomyini. Described as a subgenus of <i>Oryzomys</i> and usually recognized as such (Ellerman, 1941; Hall, 1981; Reig, 1984; Tate, 1932<i>e</i>) or as a genus (Contreras and Berry, 1983; Gyldenstolpe, 1932), with <i>Microryzomys</i> as a full synonym (Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Tate, 1932) or not (Cabrera, 1961). Diagnosis emended at the generic level and morphology contrasted with <i>Microryzomys</i> and <i>Oryzomys sensu stricto</i> by Carleton and Musser (1989). Monophyly of the genus supported by electrophoretic (Dickerman and Yates, 1995) and mitochondrial and nuclear gene-sequence data (Myers et al., 1995; Smith and Patton, 1999; Weksler, 2003), in a clade also containing <i>Microryzomys</i> and <i>Neacomys</i>. Attempts to define species groups have so far produced conflicting results and should be viewed as preliminary forays to stimulate critical phylogenetic study (e.g., see Andrades-Miranda et al., 2001<i>a</i>; Bonvicino and Weksler, 1998; Carleton and Musser, 1989; Dickerman... [truncated]","30","30-00765","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765"
"13000766","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","andinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1914","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","156","","","Andean Colilargo","Perú, La Libertad Dept., upper Río Chicama, Hacienda Llagueda, 6000 ft (1830 m).","W Perú and WC Bolivia; geographic and altitudinal limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Karyotype reported by Gardner and Patton (1976). Recorded as sympatric with <i>O</i>. <i>arenalis</i> in Lima Dept., Perú (Arana-Cardó and Ascorra, 1994).","30","30-00766","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0766"
"13000767","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","arenalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","12","","571","","","Sandy Colilargo","Perú, Lambayeque Dept., Eten, 10 m.","Arid and semiarid coastal plain of Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Level of relationship to <i>O</i>. <i>fulvescens</i> warrants clarification.","30","30-00767","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0767"
"13000768","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","brendae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Massoia","1998","","2<sup>nd</sup> Congreso Argentino de Zoonosis y 1<sup>st</sup> Congreso Argentino y Latinamericano de Enfermedades Emergentes, Buenos Aires","","","243","","","Brenda’s Colilargo","Argentina, Tucumán Prov., Depto. Tafí Viejo, Cerro San Javier, 1000 m.","Tucumán, Salta, and Catamarca Provs., NW Argentina.","","","Compared with <i>O</i>. <i>flavescens</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>longicaudatus</i> by Massoia (1998) but details for recognition skimpy; additional study required to illuminate status, discrimination from other regional forms, and distribution.","30","30-00768","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0768"
"13000769","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","chacoensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Myers and Carleton","1981","","Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan","161","","19","","","Chacoan Colilargo","Paraguay, Boquerón Dept., km 419 along Trans Chaco Hwy, northwest of Villa Hayes.","Dryer habitats of SE Bolivia, W Paraguay, SW Brazil, and N Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Karyotype reported by Myers and Carleton (1981); morphometric variation by Myers and Carleton (1981) and Olds and Anderson (1987). Status with regard to <i>O</i>. <i>andinus</i> questioned by Carleton and Musser (1989), but genetic data underscore the specific distinctiveness of the two (Myers et al., 1995).","30","30-00769","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0769"
"13000770","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","delticola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","20","","96","","","Large Colilargo","Argentina, Buenos Aires Prov., Delta del Paraná, Isla Ella, 1 m.","EC Argentina, Uruguay, and S Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A large-bodied species that karyotypically and morphometrically resembles <i>O</i>. <i>eliurus</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>nigripes</i>; the level of differentiation among the three and their appropriate taxonomic status require additional investigation (see comparisons and commentary in Andrades-Miranda et al. [2001<i>a</i>], Bonvicino and Weksler [1998], Espinoza and Reig [1991], and Myers and Carleton [1981]).","30","30-00770","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0770"
"13000771","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","destructor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1844","","Fauna Peruana","1","","182","","","Tschudi’s Colilargo","Perú, Huanuco Dept., haciendas along the Río Chinchao, 900-1000 m (as discussed by Hershkovitz, 1940:81; formal fixation necessary).","E Andean slopes of S Colombia, through Ecuador, Perú, and WC Bolivia (see Anderson, 1997:Fig. 691), to NW Argentina (Tucumán Prov. as per OMNH 1062, 1106, 1140, 2205, 2239, 2734).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>maranonicus</i>  (Osgood, 1914); <i>melanostoma</i> (Tschudi, 1844); <i>spodiurus</i> (Hershkovitz, 1940); <i>stolzmanni</i> (Thomas, 1894).","Considered a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>longicaudatus</i> by Gyldenstolpe (1932) and Cabrera (1961); provisionally resurrected as species by Carleton and Musser (1989). Karyotype reported by Gardner and Patton (1976) as <i>Oryzomys longicaudatus</i> variant (4). Distributional limits, validity of included synonyms, and relationships to other Andean species all require detailed investigation.","30","30-00771","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0771"
"13000772","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","eliurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1845","","Arch. Naturgesch.","11","","147","","","Brazilian Colilargo","Brazil, São Paulo State, Ytararé.","C and SE Brazil; range limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pygmaeus</i>  (Wagner, 1845); <i>utiaritensis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1916).","Suggested as conspecific with <i>O</i>. <i>nigripes</i> (see Myers and Carleton, 1981); also see comments under <i>O</i>. <i>delticola</i>. Diploid number (2n = 62) reported as the same as <i>O</i>. <i>nigripes</i> but with lower fundamental numbers (FN = 64-66 versus 78-82), based on specimens from Goías, C Brazil, where the two species were recorded in sympatry (Andrades-Miranda et al., 2001<i>a</i>). This karyotype resembles that earlier reported by Bonvicino and Weksler (1998) as <i>O</i>. <i>fornesi</i> from Goías, also there recorded in sympatry with <i>O</i>. <i>nigripes</i>. The latter authors instead attributed a high-FN karyotype from São Paulo (as reported by Yonenaga et al., 1976) to <i>O</i>. <i>eliurus</i>. Reconciliation of these apparent discrepancies is needed as are vouchered documentation of the species’ distributional limits and its clear morphological discrimination from <i>O</i>. <i>nigripes</i>.","30","30-00772","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0772"
"13000773","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","flavescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","19","","","Flavescent Colilargo","Uruguay, Maldonado Dept., Maldonado.","E Paraguay (Bonvicino and Weksler, 1998), SE Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul to Bahia), Uruguay, and N to SC Argentina; range limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>antoniae</i>  (Massoia, 1979); <i>occidentalis</i> Contreras and Rosi, 1980.","Chromosomal variation reported and taxonomic implications discussed by Sbalqueiro et al. (1991); allozymic polymorphisms and gene flow among populations distributed along the lower Río Paraná, EC Argentina, discussed by Chiappero et al. (1997). Morphometrically (Myers and Carleton, 1981) and karyotypically (Sbalqueiro et al., 1991) similar to <i>O</i>. <i>fornesi</i>; their level of differentiation deserves further illumination (see next). In their informal review, Carleton and Musser (1989) acknowledged three <i>flavescens</i> like forms from Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil; these morphs should be critically identified, and named as necessary, as part of a much-needed revision of <i>flavescens</i>.","30","30-00773","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0773"
"13000774","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","fornesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Massoia","1973","","Rev. Invest. Agropec. Ser. 1, Biol. Prod. Anim.","10","","22","","","Fornes’ Colilargo","Argentina, Formosa Prov., Naineck.","NE Argentina, E Paraguay, and SC Brazil (Goiás to Paraíba; Bonvicino and Weksler, 1998).","","","Viewed as a synonym of <i>O</i>. <i>microtis</i> (Carleton and Musser, 1989; Olds and Anderson, 1987), an assignment contradicted by morphometric (Bonvicino and Weksler, 1998) and cytochrome <i>b</i> (Myers et al., 1995) data. Bonvicino and Weksler (1998) recorded the species as present in Brazil, but Andrades-Miranda et al. (2001<i>a</i>) did not. Bonvicino and Weksler (1998) reidentified certain Paraguayan specimens reported as <i>O</i>. <i>fornesi</i> by Myers and Carleton (1981) as <i>O</i>. <i>flavescens</i> based on possession of lower diploid (62) and fundamental (64) numbers and certain cranial shape differences. Myers and Carleton interpreted these minor chromosome differences as populational variation (2n = 62-66, FN = 64-68), nor can we readily grasp the purported shape differences from Bonvicino and Weksler’s principle component results. Also see comments on <i>O</i>. <i>flavescens</i>.","30","30-00774","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0774"
"13000775","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","fulvescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Revue Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","12","","102","","","Fulvous Colilargo","México, Veracruz State, Orizaba (as restricted by Merriam, 1901<i>a</i>:295).","W and E versants of S México, through Central America, to Ecuador, N and C Venezuela, Guianas, and northernmost Brazil in South America.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>costaricensis</i>  (J. A. Allen, 1893); <i>delicatus</i> (J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1897); <i>fulvescens</i> (Saussure, 1860); <i>engraciae</i> (Osgood, 1945); <i>lenis</i> (Goldman, 1915); <i>mayensis</i> (Goldman, 1918);<i> messorius</i> (Thomas, 1901); <i>munchiquensis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1912); <i>navus</i> (Bangs, 1899); <i>nicaraguae</i> (J. A. Allen, 1910); <i>pacificus</i> (Hooper, 1952); <i>tenuipes</i> (J. A. Allen, 1904).","All Middle American forms retained as subspecies by some (see Hall, 1981; Jones and Engstrom, 1986). Morphometric variation among Middle American forms evaluated by Carleton and Musser (1995) and their morphology contrasted with <i>O</i>. <i>vegetus</i>. Reported karyotypic variation intimates that more than one species occurs among the listed synonyms (Andrades-Miranda et al., 2001<i>a</i>; Gardner and Patton, 1976; Haiduk et al., 1979), whose status, particularly the South American taxa provisionally associated by Carleton and Musser (1995), warrants additional study. Linares (1998), e.g., recognized all Venezuelan populations (except <i>O</i>. <i>griseolus</i>) as <i>O</i>. <i>fulvescens</i>; whereas, Andrades-Miranda et al. (2001<i>a</i>) listed specimens from Roraima, Brazil, as <i>O</i>. cf. <i>messorius</i>, a form described from Guyana; and see Voss et al. (2001) for another regional perspective regarding discrimination and specific assignment of Guianan samples vis a vis lowla... [truncated]","30","30-00775","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0775"
"13000776","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","griseolus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1912","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","49","","","Grizzled Colilargo","Venezuela, Táchira State, upper Río Táchira, west of Páramo de Tamá, 6000-7000 ft (1830-2130 m).","Táchira Andes of extreme W Venezuela and Cordillera Oriental of E Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","As noted by Osgood (1912) and verified by specimens in USNM, this distinctive form contrasts sharply with neighboring populations of <i>O</i>. <i>fulvescens</i> (e.g., <i>navus</i> and <i>tenuipes</i>) and instead resembles <i>O</i>. <i>vegetus</i> of lower Middle America.","30","30-00776","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0776"
"13000777","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","longicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1832","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1832","","2","","","Long-tailed Colilargo","Chile, Valparaíso Prov. (as suggested by Osgood, 1943:143).","N Chile and NW Argentina, southwards along Andes to approximately to 50°S latitude; extralimital in EC Argentina (Buenos Aires Prov.); range limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>agilis</i>  (Philippi, 1900); <i>amblyrrhynchus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>araucanus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>commutatus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>coppingeri</i> (Thomas, 1881); <i>diminutivus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>dumetorum</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>exiguus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>glaphyrus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>macrocercus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>malaenus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>melanizon</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>mizurus</i> (Thomas, 1916); <i>nigribarbis</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>pampanus</i> (Massoia, 1973); <i>pernix</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>peteroanus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>philippii</i> (Landbeck, 1858); <i>saltator</i> (Philippi, 1900).","Formerly encompassed most Andean populations of <i>Oligoryzomys</i> (see Cabrera, 1961), including <i>destructor</i> and <i>magellanicus</i> (see those specific accounts). Morphometric variation among Chilean populations investigated by Gallardo and Palma (1990), who placed <i>philippii</i> in full synonymy with <i>O</i>. <i>longicaudatus</i> and removed <i>magellanicus</i> to specific status. Populations of <i>O</i>. <i>longicaudatus</i> (OMNH 2412, 2423, 2445, 2471) and <i>O</i>. <i>destructor</i> (see Distribution in that account) apparently approach one another in Tucumán Prov., NW Argentina. That in Buenos Aires Prov., EC Argentina, described as <i>longicaudatus pampanus</i> by Massoia (1973), is extralimital to the principally Andean distribution of the species as currently understood, but other isolated occurrences have been reported from intermediate provinces (La Pampa and Río Negro—De Santis et al., 2001). Relationships, validity of included synonyms, and level of divergence ... [truncated]","30","30-00777","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0777"
"13000778","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","magellanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1835","1836","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1835","","191","","","Patagonian Colilargo","Chile, Magallanes Prov., Straits of Magellan, Port Famine.","S Patagonian region of Chile and Argentina, including Tierra del Fuego.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Karyotypic, morphometric, and phallic differentiation from <i>O</i>. <i>longicaudatus</i> supports the specific recognition of <i>O</i>. <i>magellanicus</i> (Gallardo and Palma, 1990; Gallardo and Patterson, 1985).","30","30-00778","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0778"
"13000779","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","microtis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1916","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","35","","525","","","Small-eared Colilargo","Brazil, Amazonas State, north bank of lower Rio Solimões, 70 km WSW Manaus, Manacaparú (as restricted by Voss et al., 2001:118-119).","Amazon Basin of Brazil and contiguous lowlands of Perú, Bolivia, and Paraguay.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chaparensis</i>  (Osgood, 1916); <i>mattogrossae</i> (J. A. Allen, 1916).","Karyotype reported by Gardner and Patton (1976) as <i>Oryzomys longicaudatus</i> variant (2) for Peruvian sample; slightly different diploid and fundamental numbers documented for specimens from Amapá, Brazil (Andrades-Miranda et al., 2001<i>a</i>). Gene sequence analyses indicate that <i>O</i>. <i>microtis</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>fornesi</i> represent separate species groups (Myers et al., 1995), not populations of a single species (Carleton and Musser, 1989; Olds and Anderson, 1987). With removal of <i>fornesi</i> from synonymy and fixation of the type locality, specific definition and distributional limits require amendment; also see Voss et al. (2001) for comparisons with <i>O</i>. <i>fulvescens</i> and comments on taxonomy.","30","30-00779","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0779"
"13000780","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","nigripes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Olfers","1818","","<i>In</i> Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek. Reisenb.","15","","209","","","Black-footed Colilargo","Paraguay, Paraguarí Dept., Ybycui National Park, 85 km SSE Atyra (as restricted by neotype designation by Myers and Carleton, 1981:14).","E Paraguay, N Argentina, and Atlantic Forest region, C and SE Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul to Paraíba, interior to Goías and Distrito Federal; also Ilha Grande; see Andrades-Miranda et al., 2001<i>a</i>, and Bonvicino and Weksler, 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>tarsonigro</i>  (Fischer, 1814).","Neotype designated, diagnosis emended, and karyotype described (2n = 62, FN = 80) by Myers and Carleton (1981), who regarded <i>Mus tarsonigro</i> Fischer, 1814, as a <i>nomen oblitum</i>; further, they recommended that <i>Mus longitarsus</i> Rengger, 1830, which could apply to either <i>O</i>. <i>microtis</i> or <i>O</i>. <i>nigripes</i>, be considered a <i>nomen dubium</i>. Distributional extent complex; in SE Brazil, predominantly a sylvan animal whose range may penetrate drier Cerrado and Caatinga biomes along riparian forests (Bonvicino and Weksler, 1998); also found on offshore island, Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro (Pereira et al., 2001). Pattern of microgeographic variation in craniodental variables evaluated in E Paraná, Brazil (as <i>Oryzomys nigripes</i>), by Santos (1997). Relationship to forms such as <i>delticola</i>, <i>eliurus</i>, and <i>longicaudatus</i> warrants additional investigation (also see comments under <i>O</i>. <i>delticola</i>).","30","30-00780","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0780"
"13000781","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","stramineus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonvicino and Weksler","1998","","Z. Saugetierk.","63","","98","","","Straw-colored Colilargo","Brazil, Goiás State, Terezina de Goiás, 24 km N Terezina, 15 km SW Rio Paraná (tributary of the upper Rio Tocantins), Fazenda Vao dos Bois, road GO-118, km 275, 424 m; 13º34&#8242;29&#8243;S, 47º10º57&#8243;W.","Cerrado (Goiás and Minas Gerais) and Caatinga (Paraíba and Pernambuco) formations of NE and C Brazil (see Bonvicino and Weksler, 1998:Fig. 7).","","","A large-bodied form sympatric with <i>O</i>. <i>fornesi</i> or <i>O</i>. <i>nigripes</i>. Morphometric, karyological (2n = 52, FN = 68), and distributional comparisons with <i>O</i>. <i>chacoensis</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>delticola</i>, and <i>O</i>. <i>nigripes</i> provided by Bonvicino and Weksler (1998); other karyological comparisons by Andrades-Miranda et al. (2001<i>a</i>).","30","30-00781","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0781"
"13000782","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","vegetus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1902","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","39","","35","","","Sprightly Colilargo","Panamá, Chiriqui Prov., Volcán de Chiriqui, Boquete, 4000 ft (1219 m).","Lower montane and montane wet forests, 840-3000 m, in C Costa Rica and W Panamá.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>creper</i>  (Goodwin, 1945); <i>reventazoni</i> (Goodwin, 1945).","Relegated to a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>fulvescens</i> by Goldman (1918) and so arranged thereafter (e.g., Hall, 1981). Bangs (1902), however, correctly recognized the sympatry of his new species with <i>O</i>. <i>fulvescens</i>, and Carleton and Musser (1995) clarified its morphological definition, regional synonymies, and geographic range.","30","30-00782","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0782"
"13000783","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oligoryzomys","","victus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","178","","","St. Vincent Colilargo","Lesser Antilles, Saint Vincent.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Earlier classifications listed <i>O</i>. <i>victus</i> as an <i>Oryzomys</i> of uncertain affinity (Ellerman, 1941; Goldman, 1918), and Hall and Kelson (1959) erroneously placed it with their ""<i>tectus</i> group"" (= <i>Oecomys</i>). Thomas (1898<i>a</i>), and later Ray (1962), emphasized its alliance with species of <i>Oligoryzomys</i>. Known only by the holotype; presumably extinct (see Ray, 1962).","30","30-00783","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0765-0000-0783"
"13000784","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Baird","1857","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","458","","<i>Mus palustris</i> Harlan, 1837.","","","","","<i>Macruroryzomys</i>  Hershkovitz, 1948 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Micronectomys</i> Hershkovitz, 1948 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","<p>Oryzomyini. A taxonomically complex and nomenclaturally confused taxon whose definition was successively broadened by Goldman (1918), Tate (1932<i>d</i>, <i>e</i>), and Ellerman (1941). By the time of Cabrera (1961), the genus embraced as subgenera <i>Melanomys</i>, <i>Microryzomys</i>, <i>Nesoryzomys</i>, <i>Oecomys</i>, and <i>Oligoryzomys</i>—a polyphyletic agglomeration of taxa as evolutionarily divergent from one another, and from <i>Oryzomys</i> <i>sensu stricto</i>, as <i>Neacomys</i> is from <i>Nectomys</i>, forms traditionally accorded generic status (see Carleton and Musser, 1989:52). Others have recognized some or all of these as genera (e.g., Carleton and Musser, 1984, 1989; Gardner and Patton, 1976; Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Reig, 1981, 1984; Thomas, 1917<i>c</i>), as we continue to do here; see appropriate generic accounts for taxonomic histories.</p><p>Notwithstanding the elevation of the aforementioned genus-group taxa, the generic boundary as denotatively conveyed by the ... [truncated]","30","30-00784","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784"
"13000785","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","albigularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1860","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1860","","264","","","White-throated Oryzomys","Ecuador, Chimborazo Prov., Pallatanga, 4950 ft (1509 m).","Montane forests of N and W Venezuela, easternmost Panamá, Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, to N Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>childi</i>  Thomas, 1895; <i>maculiventer</i> J. A. Allen, 1891; <i>moerex</i> Thomas, 1914; <i>oconnelli</i> J. A. Allen, 1913; <i>pectoralis</i> J. A. Allen, 1912; <i>pirrensis</i> Goldman, 1913; <i>villosus</i> J. A. Allen, 1899.","Hershkovitz’s (1944) footnoted listing of specific synonyms of <i>O</i>. <i>albigularis</i> set the precedent for Cabrera’s (1961) arrangement of the South American forms as subspecies, a viewpoint reiterated in regional studies (e.g., Handley, 1966<i>a</i>, 1976). Gardner and Patton (1976) demonstrated the composite nature of Hershkovitz’s (1944) and Cabrera’s (1961) concept of <i>albigularis</i>; however, the determination of priority and refinement of distributions require much museum-based research. Here we follow the taxonomy of Gardner and Patton (1976), Patton et al. (1990), and Márquez et al. (2000) in recognizing <i>O</i>. <i>auriventer</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>caracolus</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>devius</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>keaysi</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>levipes</i>, and <i>O</i>. <i>meridensis</i> as separate species (see those accounts). Gardner and Patton (1976) reassociated Cabrera’s (1961) name-combination <i>O</i>. <i>a</i>. <i>boliviae</i> as a junior synonym of <i>O</i>. <i>nitidus</i>. Poten... [truncated]","30","30-00785","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0785"
"13000786","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","alfaroi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1891","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","214","","","Alfaro’s Oryzomys","Costa Rica, Alajuela Prov., San Carlos.","Lowland to lower montane forests from S Tamaulipas and Oaxaca, México, through Middle America, to W Colombia and Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>agrestis</i>  Goodwin, 1959; <i>dariensis</i> Goldman, 1915; <i>gloriaensis</i> Goodwin, 1956; <i>gracilis</i> Thomas, 1894; <i>incertus</i> J. A. Allen, 1908; <i>intagensis</i> Hershkovitz, 1940; <i>palatinus</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>palmirae</i> J. A. Allen, 1912.","Goldman (1918) forged a broad definition of the species, expanded more so by Hall and Kelson (1959), that encompassed many forms previously treated as distinct (e.g., Merriam, 1901a). We recognize chapmani, rhabdops, and saturatior as species (revision in progress). Oryzomys alfaroi proper may be more closely related to melanotis-rostratus than to the chapmani-saturatior group. Karyotype reported by Haiduk et al. (1979) and Engstrom (1984).","30","30-00786","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0786"
"13000787","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","angouya","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia. Tabulis synopticis, illustrate","","","71","","","Angouya Oryzomys","Paraguay, Misiones Dept., east of the Río Paraguay, 2.7 km (by road) N San Antonio (as fixed by neotype designation by Musser et al., 1998).","SE Brazil, NE Argentina, and E Paraguay.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>O. buccinatus </i>and <i>O. ratticeps.</i>","<i>angouya</i>  (Desmarest, 1819); <i>anguya</i> (Rengger, 1830); <i>buccinatus</i> (Olfers, 1818); <i>leucogaster</i> (Wagner, 1845); <i>paraganus</i> Thomas, 1924; <i>ratticeps</i> (Hensel, 1872); <i>rex</i> (Winge, 1887); <i>tropicius</i> Thomas, 1924.","<i>Oryzomys angouya</i> is the oldest available name based on Azara’s (1801) ""Rat troisieme, ou Rat Angouya,"" a species conventionally known as <i>O</i>. <i>buccinatus</i> and-or <i>O</i>. <i>ratticeps</i> (Avila-Pires, 1960<i>a</i>; Cabrera, 1961; Ellerman, 1941; Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Hershkovitz, 1959<i>a</i>; Moojen, 1952; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Thomas, 1924<i>b</i>). Morphology characterized, neotype designated, and synonyms attributed by Musser et al. (1998). Slight karyotypic variation, reflecting supernumerary chromosomes, reported for specimens from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2n = 80-82, FN = 88-90; Pereira et al., 2001)","30","30-00787","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0787"
"13000788","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","auriventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1890","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","7","","379","","","Golden-bellied Oryzomys","Ecuador, Tungurahua Prov., upper Río Pastaza, Mirador, 1500 m.","E Ecuador and N Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nimbosus</i>  Anthony, 1926.","A subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>albigularis</i> as recognized by Cabrera (1961); considered distinct by Gardner and Patton (1976).","30","30-00788","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0788"
"13000789","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","balneator","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","273","","","Ecuadoran Oryzomys","Ecuador, Tungurahua Prov., upper Río Pastaza, 20 mi (32 km) E Baños, Mirador, 1500 m.","E and S Ecuador, N Perú; range extent uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hesperus</i>  Anthony, 1924.","Not a member of <i>Oryzomys</i> sensu stricto, but relationships obscure. In many features, <i>balneator</i> resembles species of <i>Microryzomys</i>: all are small, soft-furred oryzomyines with a long, scantily-haired tail; delicate cranium with rounded, featureless braincase and small ectotympanic bullae; narrow zygomatic plate with a shallow dorsal notch; complete carotid circulatory pattern (stapedial foramen and squamosal-alisphenoid groove present) and alisphenoid strut absent; brachyodont, pentalophodont molars with bifurcated anterocone, uppers with three roots and lowers two; and conspicuous capsular process on the mandible. Although cognizant of such similarities when composing the <i>Microryzomys</i> revision (Carleton and Musser, 1989), equally numerous differences persuaded us not to include <i>balneator</i> within the genus. The cranium of <i>balneator</i> is larger and differently proportioned than both <i>M</i>. <i>altissimus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>minutus</i>; its intero... [truncated]","30","30-00789","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0789"
"13000790","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","bolivaris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1901","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","14","","405","","","Long-whiskered Oryzomys","Ecuador, Bolívar Prov., Porvenir, 1800 m.","Lowland evergreen to lower montane cloud forest from E Honduras, through E Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panamá, to W Colombia and WC Ecuador (see Musser et al., 1998:Fig. 50); about sea level to 1800 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alleni</i>  Goldman, 1915; <i>bombycinus</i> Goldman, 1912; <i>castaneus</i> J. A. Allen, 1901;<i> orinus</i> Pearson, 1939; <i>rivularis</i> J. A. Allen, 1901.","Names conventionally applied to this species include <i>bombycinus</i>, as reviewed by Pine (1971), and <i>rivularis</i>, as discussed by Gardner and Patton (1976). Priority of <i>bolivaris</i> established by Musser et al. (1998), who summarized the morphological variation, geographic distribution, and synonymy of the species. Pine (1971) retained subspecies (under the name <i>bombycinus</i>), but Musser et al. (1998) judged intraspecific variation too insubstantial to circumscribe geographic races.","30","30-00790","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0790"
"13000791","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","caracolus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","14","","242","","","Costa Central Oryzomys","Venezulea, Distrito Federal, Cerro del Avila, Galiparé, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Costa Central cordilleras, NC Venezuela (Aragua, Miranda, Distrito Federal).","","","Although long ranked as a species (Ellerman, 1941; Gyldenstolpe, 1932), <i>caracolus</i> was considered a synonym of <i>O</i>. <i>capito</i> (= <i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i>) by Hershkovitz (1960) and Cabrera (1961) and of <i>O</i>. <i>albigularis</i> by Musser and Carleton (1993). Karyotypic and morphometric assessments among Venzuelan populations led Aguilera et al. (1995) and Márquez et al. (2000) to view <i>O</i>. <i>caracolus</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>meridensis</i> as distinct species. Rivas and Pefaur (1999<i>a</i>) obtained similar but not wholly concordant geographic patterns of morphometric differentiation and elected to maintain the taxa as subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>albigularis</i>. These differing interpretations advise continued study of populations in the Venezuelan Andes and verification of their taxonomic status and distributions.","30","30-00791","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0791"
"13000792","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","chapmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","179","","","Chapman’s Oryzomys","México, Veracruz State, Jalapa, 4400 ft (1341 m).","Cloud forest elevations of Sierra Madre Oriental (Tamaulipas to Veracruz), Sistema Montañosa (N Oaxaca), and Sierra Madre del Sur (S Oaxaca and Guerrero), México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caudatus</i>  Merriam, 1901; <i>dilutior</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>guerrerensis</i> Goldman, 1915; <i>huastecae</i> Dalquest, 1951.","Relegated to a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>alfaroi</i> by Goldman (1918). Goodwin (1969) recognized <i>caudatus</i> as distinct from <i>O</i>. <i>alfaroi</i> in N Oaxaca, but, as earlier arranged by Merriam (1901), <i>O</i>. <i>chapmani</i> has priority for this Mexican species. We view <i>O</i>. <i>saturatior</i> as the vicariant relative of <i>O</i>. <i>chapmani</i> (revision in progress). Karyotype reported, as <i>O</i>. <i>caudatus</i>, by Haiduk et al. (1979).","30","30-00792","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0792"
"13000793","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","couesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Alston","1876","1877","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1876","","756","","","Coues’ Oryzomys","Guatemala, Alta Verapaz Dept., Cobán.","Extreme S Texas, USA; México, excluding NC plateau region, south through most of Central America (see Platt et al., 2000, for Belize records), to NW Colombia (see Hershkovitz, 1987); including Jamaica, Isla Cozumel, and allopatric populations in S Baja California Sur (<i>peninsulae</i>) and WC Sonora (<i>lambi</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albiventer</i>  Merriam, 1901; <i>antillarum</i> Thomas, 1898; <i>apatelius</i> Elliot, 1904; <i>aquaticus</i> J. A. Allen, 1891; <i>aztecus</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>azuerensis</i> Bole, 1937; <i>bulleri</i> J. A. Allen, 1897; <i>cozumelae</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>crinitus</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>fulgens</i> Thomas, 1893; <i>gatunensis</i> Goldman, 1912; <i>goldmani</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>jalapae</i> J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1897; <i>lambi</i> Burt, 1934; <i>mexicanus</i> J. A. Allen, 1897; <i>molestus</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>peninsulae</i> Thomas, 1897; <i>peragrus</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>pinicola</i> A. Murie, 1932; <i>regillus</i> Goldman, 1915; <i>richardsoni</i> J. A. Allen, 1910; <i>richmondi</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>rufinus</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>rufus</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>teapensis</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>zygomaticus</i> Merriam, 1901.","<p>Retained as a species by Goldman (1918) until Hall (1960) considered it only subspecifically distinct from <i>O</i>. <i>palustris</i>. Benson and Gehlbach (1979) returned <i>O</i>. <i>couesi</i> to specific status based on morphological contrasts with <i>O</i>. <i>p</i>. <i>texensis</i> in supposed area of intergradation; protein electrophoresis corroborates their lack of hybridization and genetic distinctiveness in sympatry (Schmidt and Engstrom, 1994). Karyotype reported by Benson and Gehlbach (1979) and Haiduk et al. (1979); morphometric comparisons with <i>O</i>. <i>palustris</i> by Humphrey and Setzer (1989). Alvarez-Castañeda (1994) discussed the indigenous status and possible extinction of the population (<i>peninsulae</i>) isolated near the tip of Baja California.</p><p>Following Hall’s (1960) example, other insular or localized subspecies—namely, <i>antillarum</i>, <i>azuerensis</i>, <i>cozumelae</i>, <i>fulgens</i>, <i>gatunensis</i>, and <i>peninsulae</i> (see Handley, 19... [truncated]","30","30-00793","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0793"
"13000794","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","curasoae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","McFarlane and Debrot","2001","","Caribbean J. Sci.","37","","182","","","Curaçao Oryzomys","Venezuela, Curaçao Isl, fissure 30 m below north face of Tafelberg Santa Barbara.","Known only from Curaçao Isl.","Extinct; found in old owl-pellet deposits together with <i>Rattus rattus</i>, indicating that extinction transpired some time after initial European contact in 1499 (McFarlane and Debrot, 2001).","","Described as belonging to <i>Oryzomys</i>, subgenus <i>Oecomys</i>, but the long incisive foramina, zygomatic notch, and deep posterolateral palatal pits of the figured specimen indicate an example of <i>Oryzomys</i> <i>sensu stricto</i>; generic confirmation is required.","30","30-00794","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0794"
"13000795","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","devius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1902","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","39","","34","","","Talamancan Oryzomys","Panamá, Chiriqui Prov., Volcán de Chiriqui, Boquete, 5000 ft (1524 m).","Highlands of Costa Rica and westernmost Panamá.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Maintained as a species until relegated to synonymy under O. albigularis by Handley (1966), emulating the treatment of South American albigularis-like forms by Cabrera (1961). Gardner (1983a), however, continued to rank devius as a species; its status must be evaluated within a revisionary context of the entire albigularis complex.","30","30-00795","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0795"
"13000796","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","dimidiatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","15","","586","","","Nicaraguan Oryzomys","Nicaragua, Zelaya Dept., Río Escondido, 7 mi (11 km) below Rama.","SE Nicaragua.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Described as a species of Nectomys and included therein as incertae sedis by Hershkovitz (1944). Later designated as the type species of Micronectomys, subgenus Oryzomys, by Hershkovitz (1948b), who afterwards (1970) acknowledged the taxon as a nomen nudum (also see Pine and Wetzel, 1975:653). Morphological features resemble those of the O. couesi-palustris complex (Hershkovitz, 1970), a relationship supported by Sánchez et al. (2001). Only two specimens known (see Jones and Engstrom, 1986).","30","30-00796","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0796"
"13000797","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","emmonsae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser, Carleton, Brothers, and Gardner","1998","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","236","","233","","","Emmons’ Oryzomys","Brazil, Pará State, E bank Rio Xingu, 52 km SSW Altamira, below 100 m; 03º39&#8242;S, 52º22&#8242;W.","EC Brazil, south of the Rio Amazonas between the lower reaches of the Xingu and Tocantins Rivers.","","","A member of the <i>O</i>. <i>nitidus</i> complex (Musser et al., 1998; Patton et al., 2000). Sympatry with <i>O</i>. <i>macconnelli</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i> reported by Musser et al. (1998); range limits require further documentation.","30","30-00797","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0797"
"13000798","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","galapagoensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1839","","Zool. Voy. H. M. S. ""Beagle,"" Mammalia","","","66","","","Galapagos Oryzomys","Ecuador, Galápagos Isls, Chatham Isl.","San Cristobal (= Chatham) and Sante Fe (= Barrington) Isls.","IUCN – Extinct as <i>O. g. galapagoensis</i>,<i> </i>Vulnerable as <i>G. g. bauri</i>.","<i>bauri</i>  J. A. Allen, 1892.","Cabrera (1961) assigned <i>bauri</i> as a synonym of <i>O</i>. <i>galapagoensis</i>, an action more fully documented by Patton and Hafner (1983). Related to <i>Oryzomys xanthaeolus</i> complex on mainland South America (Gardner and Patton, 1976; Patton and Hafner, 1983). Extirpated from San Cristobal Isl (<i>galapagoensis</i> proper) but populations (<i>O. g. bauri</i>) still inhabit Sante Fe Isl (see Dowler et al., 2000; Patton and Hafner, 1983).","30","30-00798","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0798"
"13000799","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","gorgasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1971","","J. Mammal.","52","","700","","","Gorgas’ Oryzomys","Colombia, Antioquia Dept., basin of Río Atrato, Loma Teguerre, just below and opposite Sautata (Chocó), 1 m; 7°54'N, 77°W.","Lowlands of NW Colombia and NW Venezuela as so far known.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Known only by the holotype until new records from Venezuela reported by Sánchez et al. (2001); those authors supplemented the taxon’s description, argued its specific status in differential comparisons with <i>O</i>. <i>couesi</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>dimidiatus</i>, and <i>O</i>. <i>palustris</i>, and reaffirmed its membership in <i>Oryzomys sensu stricto</i>.","30","30-00799","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0799"
"13000800","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","hammondi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","12","","570","","","Hammond’s Oryzomys","Ecuador, Pichincha Prov., Mindo, 4213 ft (1284 m).","NW Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Described as a species of <i>Nectomys</i> and included therein as <i>incertae sedis</i> by Hershkovitz (1944). Later designated as the type species of <i>Macruroryzomys</i>, subgenus <i>Oryzomys</i>, by Hershkovitz (1948<i>b</i>), who afterwards (1970) acknowledged the taxon as a <i>nomen nudum</i> (also see Pine and Wetzel, 1975:653). Distributional limits poorly defined and affinities obscure, perhaps related to the extirpated Antillean form <i>Megalomys</i> (Ray, 1962).","30","30-00800","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0800"
"13000801","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","keaysi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1900","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","13","","225","","","Keays’s Oryzomys","Perú, Puno Dept., valley of upper Río Inambari, Inca Mines (= Santo Domingo), 6000 ft (1830 m).","Montane rainforest of E Peruvian Andes.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>obtusirostris</i>  J. A. Allen, 1900.","A subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>albigularis</i> <i>sensu</i> Cabrera (1961). Genetically divergent from <i>O</i>. <i>albigularis</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>levipes</i>; contiguously allopatric to the latter (see Patton et al., 1990).","30","30-00801","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0801"
"13000802","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","lamia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","528","","","Buffy-sided Oryzomys","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, along Rio Jordão, a small tributary of the Rio Paranaíba, 800 m.","Limited to Cerrado in Minas Gerais and Goiás states, C Brazil (see Bonvicino et al., 1998<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Considered vulnerable by Bonvicino et al. (1998<i>a</i>).","","Retained as a species (e.g., Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Musser and Carleton, 1993) until reallocated to the synonymy of <i>O</i>. <i>russatus</i> by Musser et al. (1998). However, clear morphometric differentiation (Musser et al., 1998) and divergent karyotype (2n = 58, FN = 82; Bonvicino et al., 1998<i>a</i>) from <i>O</i>. <i>russatus</i> (2n = 80, FN = 86; Silva et al., 2000) recommend specific recognition. Allied to <i>O</i>. <i>intermedius</i> (= <i>O</i>. <i>russatus</i>) according to Thomas (1901<i>b</i>) and with the <i>O</i>. <i>nitidus</i> group <i>sensu</i> Musser et al. (1998).","30","30-00802","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0802"
"13000803","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","laticeps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1840","","Preprint of 1841 K. Dansk. Vidensk. Selskav Afhandl., Kjobenhavn","8","","279","","","Atlantic Forest Oryzomys","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, valley of the Rio das Velhas, Lagoa Santa.","Atlantic Forest region of SE Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>O. oniscus.</i>","<i>oniscus</i>  Thomas, 1904; <i>saltator</i> (Winge, 1887).","Lectotype selected, synonyms identified, and morphological separation from <i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i> and related oryzomyines elaborated by Musser et al. (1998); includes <i>oniscus</i>, previously recognized as a separate species (e.g., Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Moojen, 1952; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Cladistic interpretation of cytochrome <i>b</i> data reveals a sister-species relationship between <i>O</i>. <i>laticeps</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>perenensis</i> (Patton et al., 2000).","30","30-00803","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0803"
"13000804","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","legatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","15","","577","","","Tarija Oryzomys","Bolivia, Tarija Dept., Caraparí, 1000 m.","E Andean slopes of SC Bolivia and NW Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Considered conspecific with <i>O</i>. <i>capito</i> (= <i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i>) (Cabrera, 1961; Hershkovitz, 1960), viewed as a probable synonym of <i>O</i>. <i>nitidus</i> (Gardner and Patton, 1976), or retained as a species (Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Mares et al., 1989<i>b</i>; Massoia, 1975; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Musser et al. (1998) acknowledged the morphological distinctiveness of <i>legatus</i> but ultimately arranged it within a broadly defined <i>O</i>. <i>russatus</i>, a related form of the <i>nitidus</i> species group. This proposed relationship finds no support from trees derived from cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Patton et al., 2000), in which specimens of <i>legatus</i> fall among those of <i>O</i>. <i>nitidus</i> proper, not with <i>O</i>. <i>russatus</i> from SE Brazil. In view of the pronounced morphometric differentiation of <i>legatus</i> and <i>nitidus</i> in SC Bolivia (Musser et al., 1998:208-218), we follow Patton et al. (2000) in regarding both as species ... [truncated]","30","30-00804","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0804"
"13000805","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","levipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","129","","","Nimble-footed Oryzomys","Perú, Puno Dept., Limbane, 2200 m.","Cloud forest of SE Perú to WC Bolivia (see Anderson, 1997:Fig. 696).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Synonymized under <i>O</i>. <i>albigularis keaysi</i> by Cabrera (1961). Genetically divergent from and altitudinally parapatric to <i>O</i>. <i>keaysi</i> in Perú (see Patton et al., 1990).","30","30-00805","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0805"
"13000806","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","macconnelli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","186","","","MacConnell’s Oryzomys","Guyana, Demerara Dist., Supenaam River, a tributary of the Lower Essequibo.","Tropical evergreen rain forest, sea level to 1524 m, of SC Colombia, E Ecuador and Perú, eastwards to S Venezuela, Guianas, and N Brazil (see Musser et al., 1998:Fig. 78).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>incertus</i>  J. A. Allen, 1913; <i>mureliae</i> J. A. Allen, 1915 [replacement name for <i>incertus</i>].","Included in <i>O</i>. <i>capito</i> (= <i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i>) by Hershkovitz (1960) but retained as species by Cabrera (1961). Morphological and karyotypic basis for species recognition reinforced by Pine (1973), Gardner and Patton (1976), and Husson (1978) (and see comments under <i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i>). Musser et al. (1998) contributed a synopsis of its distribution, chromosomal variation, and morphological discrimination from related oryzomyines; differences in karyotype and cytochrome b haplotypes (Patton et al., 2000) intimate that <i>macconnelli</i> as presently defined is a composite of two species. Phylogeographic relationships among populations of <i>O</i>. <i>macconnelli</i> and between <i>O</i>. <i>macconnelli</i> and other <i>nitidus</i> group species examined by Costa (2003).","30","30-00806","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0806"
"13000807","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","maracajuensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Langguth and Bonvicino","2002","","Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro","60","","292","","","Maracaju Oryzomys","Brazil, Matto Grosso do Sul State, Municipality Maracaju, Fazenda da Mata; 21º38&#8242;S, 55º09&#8242;W.","Definitely known only from the type locality, S Brazil, but probably occurs in E Paraguay; limits unknown.","","","<i>O</i>. <i>subflavus</i> species group. Similar to <i>O</i>. <i>subflavus</i> but larger, with longer fur and different karyotype (2n = 56, FN = 58); collected sympatrically with <i>O</i>. <i>scotti</i>.","30","30-00807","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0807"
"13000808","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","marinhus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonvicino","2003","","Mamm. Biol.","68","","84","","","Marinho’s Oryzomys","Brazil, Goiás State, Jaborandi Municipality, Fazenda Sertão do Formoso (formerly Fazenda Jucurutu), 775 m; 14º40&#8242;20""S, 45º49&#8242;71""W.","Known only from the type locality in the Cerrado, SC Brazil.","","","<i>O</i>. <i>subflavus</i> species group. Size larger than <i>O</i>. <i>subflavus</i>, with better developed supraorbital ridges and distinctive karyotype (2n = 56, FN = 54).","30","30-00808","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0808"
"13000809","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","megacephalus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia. Tabulis synopticis, illustrate","","","71","","","Azara’s Broad-headed Oryzomys","Paraguay, Canendiyu Dept., east of Río Paraguay, 13.3 km (by road) N Curuguaty, 255 m; 24º31&#8242;S, 55º42&#8242;W (as fixed by neotype designation by Musser et al., 1998:252).","Lowland tropical rainforests of E Amazonia—E and S Venezuela, Guianas, N and C Brazil, E Paraguay; including Trinidad; western limits indeterminate.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>capito</i>  (Olfers, 1818); <i>cephalotes</i> (Desmarest 1819); <i>goeldi</i> Thomas, 1897; <i>modestus</i> J. A. Allen, 1899; <i>velutinus</i> J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1893.","<p><i>Oryzomys megacephalus</i> (Fischer, 1814) is the oldest available name based on Azara’s (1801) ""Rat second, ou Rat a grosse tete,"" a form conventionally known as <i>O</i>. <i>capito</i> (Olfers, 1818) in the middle 1900s (e.g., Cabrera, 1961; Hall, 1981; Hershkovitz, 1960). Taxonomic understanding of this species was obscured by the infelicitous footnote of Hershkovitz (1960:544), who suggested the synonymy of some 20 taxa under <i>O</i>. <i>capito</i>, a passing opinion formally expanded by Cabrera (1961) and followed by other authors (e.g., Hall, 1981; Handley, 1966<i>a</i>, 1976). The extremeness of this viewpoint was exposed by the karyotypic study of Gardner and Patton (1976), a watershed paper that has sparked critical review, still on-going, of this diverse species complex.</p><p>As a result, the following forms considered synonyms by Hershkovitz (1960) and/or Cabrera (1961) are now acknowledged as distinct species or as synonyms of other species (see separate accounts): <... [truncated]","30","30-00809","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0809"
"13000810","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","melanotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","11","","404","","","Black-eared Oryzomys","México, Jalisco State, Mineral San Sebastián.","Low to intermediate elevations of W México, from S Sinaloa to SW Oaxaca.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>colimensis</i>  Goldman, 1918.","Revised by Goldman (1918), who recognized <i>melanotis</i> and <i>rostratus</i> as separate species within a <i>melanotis</i> species group. Hooper (1953) viewed the geographic complementarity of the two as a subspecific pattern, and so they were recognized by Hall and Kelson (1959) and Hall (1981). Engstrom (1984) returned <i>rostratus</i> to a separate species based on a robust variety of data interpreted within a zoogeographic context.","30","30-00810","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0810"
"13000811","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","meridensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","351","","","Mérida Oryzomys","Venezuela, Mérida State, Mérida.","Sierra de Mérida, W Venezuela.","","","Reallocated as a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>albigularis</i> by Cabrera (1961), but extensive chromosomal rearrangements suggest specific status (Aguilera et al., 1995). Karyotypic and morphometric differentiation from Venzuelan populations identified as <i>O</i>. <i>caracolus</i> assessed by Aguilera et al. (1995) and Márquez et al. (2000); also see remarks under the latter. Nongeographic variation in crania and dentitions evaluated (as <i>O</i>. <i>albigularis</i>) by Rivas and Pefaur (1999<i>b</i>).","30","30-00811","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0811"
"13000812","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","nelsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","15","","","Nelson’s Oryzomys","México, Nayarit State, María Madre Isl.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Extinct; known only by the 4 specimens of the type series and presumed to be extinct (see Wilson, 1991).","","Allied to <i>O</i>. <i>couesi</i>, under which Hershkovitz (1971) listed it as a subspecies. Unquestionably a species distinct from mainland <i>O</i>. <i>couesi</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>palustris</i> as others have recognized (Goldman, 1918; Hall, 1981). See Alvarez-Castañeda and Méndez (2003, Mammalian Species, 735).","30","30-00812","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0812"
"13000813","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","nitidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1884","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1884","","452","","","Elegant Oryzomys","Perú, Junín Dept., valley of Río Tulumayo, 10 km S San Ramón, Amable Maria, 2000 ft (as located by Gardner and Patton, 1976:42).","Lowland rain forest and Andean foothills, 50-1985 m, of E Perú, E Bolivia, and WC Brazil (Acre and Mato Grosso) (See Musser et al., 1998:Fig. 79; Patton et al., 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>boliviae</i>  Thomas, 1901.","A species formerly included in <i>O</i>. <i>capito</i> (= <i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i>) by Cabrera (1961) or affiliated with <i>O</i>. <i>alfaroi</i> by Hershkovitz (1966<i>c</i>). Gardner and Patton (1976) provided karyotypic and morphological evidence justifying the specific distinction of <i>O</i>. <i>nitidus</i> from both and listed <i>boliviae</i>, <i>intermedius</i>, and <i>legatus</i> as likely synonyms. Distribution, synonymy, and morphological recognition clarified by Musser et al. (1998), who arrayed <i>O</i>. <i>nitidus</i> with <i>O</i>. <i>emmonsae</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>macconnelli</i>, and <i>O</i>. <i>russatus</i> as a species group; their monophyletic association is generally supported by cytochrome <i>b</i> data but cladistic details differ depending on the study (Bonvicino and Martins Moreira, 2001; Patton et al., 2000). Detailed karyotypic comparisons of <i>O</i>. <i>nitidus</i> with other <i>nitidus</i> group species presented by Silva et al. (2000); limited resemblanc... [truncated]","30","30-00813","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0813"
"13000814","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","palustris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Harlan","1837","","Am. J. Sci.","31","","385","","","Marsh Oryzomys","USA, New Jersey, Salem Co., ""Fastland,"" near Salem.","SE USA—SE Kansas, S Illinois, and S New Jersey, south, avoiding the Appalachian Mtns, to E and coastal Texas, along the Gulf coast, and into peninsular Florida and lower Florida Keys.","U.S. ESA—Endangered in the lower Florida Keys (west of the Seven Mile Bridge) as <i>O. p. natator</i>; IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>O. p. natator</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>argentatus</i>  Spitzer and Lazell 1978; <i>coloratus</i> Bangs, 1898;<i> natator</i> Chapman, 1893;<i> oryzivora</i> (Bachman, 1854); <i>planirostris</i> Hamilton, 1955; <i>sanibeli</i> Hamilton, 1955;<i> texensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1894.","<p>Formerly included <i>couesi</i> and related forms as subspecies (see account of <i>O</i>. <i>couesi</i>). Geographic variation evaluated by Humphrey and Setzer (1989), who acknowledged the nominate and only one other subspecies, <i>O</i>. <i>p</i>. <i>natator</i>; Whitaker and Hamilton (1998), on the other hand, regarded the island taxa <i>planirostris</i> and <i>sanibeli</i> as valid subspecies and viewed <i>natator</i> as indistinguishable from nominate <i>palustris</i>, observing their philosophical emphasis of overwater gaps as ""primary isolating mechanisms"" rather than renewed data analyses. Overwater dispersal capability studied by Forys and Dueser (1993) in the context of understanding differentiation of populations on near-shore islands. Recoveries from sub-Recent archeological and cave excavations document the species substantially to the north (E Nebraska to SW Pennsylvania) of its present range limits (see Graham and Lundelius, 1994; Richards, 1980).</p><p>The form <i>arg... [truncated]","30","30-00814","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0814"
"13000815","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","perenensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1901","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","14","","406","","","Western Amazonian Oryzomys","Perú, Junín Dept., Perené, 800 m.","E Andean foothills and western margins of the Amazon Basin, including C and SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Perú, E Bolivia, and WC Brazil (see Patton et al., 2000:Fig. 96); eastern limits indeterminate.","","","Morphometric and karyotypic differentiation of western Amazonian populations (<i>perenensis</i>) from eastern ones (<i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i> <i>sensu stricto</i>) recognized by Musser et al. (1998), who doggedly elected to retain the former as a synonym of the latter pending vouchered demonstration of sympatry. Genetic divergence persuasively documented by Patton et al. (2000), who reinstated <i>O</i>. <i>perenensis</i> as a species, as have others (Bonvicino and Martins Moreira, 2001; Voss et al., 2001). Eastern distributional limits, however, remain obscure and undocumented by specimens; given the morphological ambiguity of certain series from middle Amazonas (see Musser et al., 1998), the stature and geographic limits of <i>perenensis</i> should continue to be refined with regard to western populations of <i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i>.","30","30-00815","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0815"
"13000816","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","polius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1913","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","97","","","Marañon Oryzomys","Perú, Amazonas Dept., mountains east of Balsas, Tambo Carrizal, 5000 ft (1524 m).","NC Perú (Amazonas, Cajamarca, Piura).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Affinities obscure; compared to <i>O</i>. <i>xanthaeolus</i> by Osgood (1913). A valid and very distinctive species, all locality records so far confined to the dry lowlands of the upper Río Marañon basin, east of the N Peruvian Andes.","30","30-00816","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0816"
"13000817","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","rhabdops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","3","","292","","","Highland Oryzomys","Guatemala, Quezaltenango Dept., Calel, 10,000 ft (3048 m).","Highlands of S Chiapas, México, and C Guatemala.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angusticeps</i>  Merriam, 1901.","Allocated to subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>alfaroi</i> by Goldman (1918), as conventionally observed in later systematic works (e.g., Hall, 1981). Merriam’s form is a valid species, having a much longer tail, longer pelage, and larger cranium than true <i>O</i>. <i>alfaroi</i>.","30","30-00817","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0817"
"13000818","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","rostratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","3","","293","","","Long-nosed Oryzomys","México, Puebla State, Metlaltoyuca.","Deciduous and evergreen tropical forests from C Tamaulipas to Oaxaca and Yucatán Peninsula, México, through Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (see Lee and Bradley, 1992), to S Nicaragua (see Jones and Engstrom, 1986).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>carrorum</i>  Lawrence, 1947; <i>megadon</i> Merriam, 1901; <i>salvadorensis</i> Felton, 1958; <i>yucatanensis</i> Merriam, 1901.","Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>melanotis</i> (Hall, 1981; Hooper, 1953), Engstrom (1984) effectively argued the specific distinctiveness of <i>O</i>. <i>rostratus</i> (also see account of <i>O</i>. <i>melanotis</i>). Homogeneity of populations assigned to <i>O</i>. <i>rostratus</i> warrants additional study.","30","30-00818","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0818"
"13000819","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","russatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1848","","Abh. Math.-Phys. Classe K. B. Akad. Wiss. (Munchen)","5","","312","","","Russet Oryzomys","Brazil, São Paulo State, Ipanema.","E Paraguay, SE Brazil (Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul), and NE Argentina (as per Massoia, 1975; Musser et al., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>O. intermedius </i>and <i>O. kelloggi.</i>","<i>coronatus</i>  (Winge, 1887); <i>intermedia</i> (Leche, 1886); <i>kelloggi</i> Avila-Pires, 1959; <i>moojeni</i> Avila-Pires, 1959; <i>physodes</i> (Brants, 1827) [preoccupied by <i>Mus physodes</i> Olfers, 1818].","The oldest available name for the form conventionally identified in the literature as <i>intermedius</i>, either used as a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>capito</i> (= <i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i>) (Cabrera, 1961) or as a distinct species (Gardner and Patton, 1976; Moojen, 1952; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Nomenclatural priority of <i>russatus</i> Wagner, lectotype designation, morphological definition, and distribution presented by Musser et al. (1998). A member of the <i>O</i>. <i>nitidus</i> group <i>sensu</i> Musser et al. (1998); most closely related to <i>O</i>. <i>emmonsae</i> and ­<i>O</i>. <i>macconnelli</i> based on evaluations of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequence data (Bonvicino and Martin Moreira, 2001; Patton et al., 2000). Extensive karyotypic variation advises that other species remain to be identified among the populations referred to <i>russatus</i> (see Silva et al., 2000).","30","30-00819","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0819"
"13000820","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","saturatior","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","3","","290","","","Cloud Forest Oryzomys","México, Chiapas State, Tumbalá, 5000 ft (1524 m).","Cloud forest elevations from S Oaxaca and Chiapas, México, through Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, to NC Nicaragua.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hylocetes</i>  Merriam, 1901.","Described as a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>chapmani</i> (Merriam, 1901<i>a</i>) and later retained as a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>alfaroi</i> (Goldman, 1918; Hall and Kelson, 1959). The divergence of <i>O</i>. <i>chapmani</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>saturatior</i>, whose populations are confined to wet montane forest separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, suggests that they are sister species.","30","30-00820","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0820"
"13000821","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","scotti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Langguth and Bonvicino","2002","","Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro","60","","290","","","Lindbergh’s Oryzomys","Brazil, Goiás State, Municipality Corumbá de Goiás, Morro dos Cabelundos; 15º54&#8242;S, 48º48&#8242;W.","Cerrado of Matto Grosso do Sul to Goiás and W Minas Gerais, C Brazil (Langguth and Bonvicino, 2002:Fig. 1).","","","<i>O</i>. <i>subflavus</i> species group. Similar to <i>O</i>. <i>subflavus</i> but size smaller, dorsal-ventral contrast less defined, and karyotype different (2n = 58, FN = 70-72); reported as ""<i>O</i>. <i>subflavus</i> variant 4"" by Bonvicino et al. (1999).","30","30-00821","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0821"
"13000822","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","seuanezi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Weksler, Geise, and Cerqueira","1999","","Zool. Jour. Linnean Soc.","125","","454","","","Seuánez’s Oryzomys","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State, Casimiro de Abreu Municipality, Fazenda União, 50 m; 22º25&#8242;S, 42º02&#8242;W.","Atlantic Forest, SE Brazil.","","","Morphometric and karyological comparisons with other Brazilian members of the <i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i> complex provided by Weksler et al. (1999); a sister species to <i>O</i>. <i>oniscus</i> (or <i>O</i>. <i>laticeps</i> <i>sensu</i> Musser et al., 1998). The level of differentiation of this species from Lund’s (1840) <i>laticeps</i>, identified by Musser et al. (1998) as the senior synonym for the large <i>megacephalus</i> like form of the Atlantic Forest region, deserves further examination.","30","30-00822","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0822"
"13000823","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","subflavus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturgesh.","8","1","362","","","Flavescent Oryzomys","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Lagoa Santa (as restricted by Cabrera, 1961:396).","Lowland forests of E Brazil (Ceará and Río Grande do Norte southwestwardly to São Paulo), E Bolivia (less than 500 m, per Anderson, 1997), and extreme SE Peru (as <i>buccinatus</i>, per Pacheco et al., 1995); limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>vulpinoides</i>  (Schinz, 1845) [a renaming of <i>vulpinus</i> Lund, preoccupied by <i>Mus vulpinus</i> Brants, 1827]; <i>vulpinus</i> (Lund, 1840).","Morphology characterized, holotype identified, and synonyms attributed by Musser et al. (1998); definition further restricted and karyotype (2n = 54, FN = 62), based on topotypical specimens, reported by Langguth and Bonvicino (2002). Hershkovitz (1960) placed <i>catherinae</i> Thomas, and <i>rex</i> Thomas, as synonyms of <i>O</i>. <i>subflavus</i>; however, both are forms of <i>Oecomys</i> (see that account). The supposed distribution of <i>O</i>. <i>subflavus</i> in the Guianas (e.g., Honacki et al., 1982) issued from this erroneous allocation of names (e.g., not recorded by Husson, 1978, or Voss et al., 2001). Age and secondary sexual variation in a large sample (Perambuco, Brazil) investigated by Brandt and Pessóa (1994). Extensive karyotypic (2n = 46-58, FN = 56-72) and molecular variation indicates the presence of several species within the nominal taxon (Andrades-Miranda et al., 2002<i>b</i>; Bonvicino et al., 1999; Bonvicino and Martins Moreira, 2001:Fig. 4, which see for geog... [truncated]","30","30-00823","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0823"
"13000824","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","talamancae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1891","","Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.","14","","193","","","Transandean Oryzomys","Costa Rica, Limón Prov., Talamanca.","Forested lowlands, sea level to 1525 m, from NW Costa Rica, through Panamá, to W and NC Colombia, W Ecuador, and N Venezuela (see Musser et al., 1998:Fig. 66).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>carrikeri</i>  J. A. Allen, 1908; <i>magdalenae</i> J. A. Allen, 1899; <i>medius</i> Robinson and Lyon, 1901; <i>mollipilosus</i> J. A. Allen, 1899; <i>panamensis</i> Thomas, 1901; <i>sylvaticus</i> Thomas, 1900; <i>villosus</i> J. A. Allen, 1899.","Considered a junior synonym of <i>O</i>. <i>capito</i> (= <i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i>) (Hershkovitz, 1960), an opinion that led to its arrangement as a subspecies thereof (Hall, 1981; Handley, 1966<i>a</i>). Species status maintained by Gardner (1983<i>a</i>) and reasserted based on G-banding comparisons with <i>capito</i> (= <i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i>) by Pérez-Zapata and Aguilera (1996). Morphological recognition, distributional limits, karyotypic variation, and synonymies amplified by Musser and Williams (1985) and Musser et al. (1998).","30","30-00824","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0824"
"13000825","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","tatei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser, Carleton, Brothers, and Gardner","1998","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","236","","100","","","Tate’s Oryzomys","Ecuador, Tungurahua Prov., Palmera, 4000 ft (1219 m).","Known from only three localities along E Andean foothills, 1128-1524 m, of C Ecuador.","","","A close relative of <i>O</i>. <i>yunganus</i> (see Musser et al., 1998).","30","30-00825","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0825"
"13000826","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","xanthaeolus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","354","","","Yellowish Oryzomys","Perú, Piura Dept., Tumbez.","WC Ecuador to W Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>baroni</i>  J. A. Allen, 1897; <i>ica</i> Osgood, 1944.","Probable mainland relative of <i>O</i>. <i>galapagoensis</i> (Gardner and Patton, 1976; Patton and Hafner, 1983). Nongeographic variation in sample from NW Perú evaluated by Lavrenchenko (1994), who documented pronounced sexual dimorphism and commented on its evolutionary significance. Stomach morphology and diet reported by Guabloche et al. (2002) for Peruvian population. Possible species status of <i>ica</i> deserves evaluation.","30","30-00826","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0826"
"13000827","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oryzomys","","yunganus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","130","","","Amazonian Oryzomys","Bolivia, Cochabamba Dept., Charuplaya, 1350 m.","Evergreen rain forest of Amazonia, sea level-2000 m, from Guianas and S Venezuela (Ochoa et al., 1988) to C Brazil, including lowlands and Andean foothills of C Colombia, E Ecuador, E Perú, and N Bolivia (see Musser et al., 1998:Fig. 14).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Considered a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>capito</i> (= <i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i>) by Cabrera (1961); specific differences illuminated by Gardner and Patton (1976) and sustained by strong genetic divergence therefrom (Patton et al., 2000). Morphological definition, localization of type locality, and distributional limits provided by Musser et al. (1998), who noted substantial morphometric differentiation between western and eastern populations that may reflect separate species; also see Voss et al. (2001) for additional comments on this variation and for other comparisons with <i>O</i>. <i>megacephalus</i>.","30","30-00827","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0784-0000-0827"
"13000828","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","21","","<i>Mus nasutus</i> Waterhouse, 1837.","","","","","","<p>Akodontini. Studies of electromorphic and gene-sequence variation decisively support the monophyly of <i>Oxymycterus</i> (minus <i>iheringi</i>, see <i>Brucepattersonius</i>) and its tribal placement as an akodontine (D’Elía, 2003; D’Elía et al., 2003; Hinojosa et al., 1987; Hoffmann et al., 2002; Patton et al., 1989; Smith and Patton, 1993, 1999); according to cytochrome <i>b</i> data, a sister group to the <i>Necromys</i> <i>Thaptomys</i> <i>Akodon</i> clade (Smith and Patton, 1999) or to <i>Juscelinomys</i> (D’Elía, 2003; D’Elía et al., 2003). Studies addressing the morphological definition of <i>Oxymycterus</i> include Carleton (1973), Hooper and Musser (1964<i>a</i>), Hinojosa et al. (1987), Vorontsov (1967), and Voss and Linzey (1981). Diploid number of species thus far karyotyped (ca. 8) have proven to be identical (2n = 54, FN = 64) (Bonvicino et al., 1998<i>b</i>; Pereira et al., 2001; Vitullo et al., 1986).</p><p>Specific taxonomy needs full published revision, including e... [truncated]","30","30-00828","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828"
"13000829","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","akodontius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","615","","","Akodont-like Hocicudo","Argentina, Jujuy Prov., 20 km E Tilcara, Higuerilla, 2000 m.","NW Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Perhaps conspecific with <i>O</i>. <i>paramensis</i> according to Cabrera (1961), Vitullo et al. (1986), and Reig (1987); retained as species by Galliari et al. (1996).","30","30-00829","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0829"
"13000830","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","amazonicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1994","","Fieldiana Zool., N.S.","79","","23","","","Amazonian Hocicudo","Brazil, Pará State, right bank lower Rio Tapajós, Fordlândia; 03º40&#8242;S, 55º30&#8242;W.","Lower Amazon Basin, south of the Rio Amazonas between the Rios Tocantins and Madeira, C Brazil, as least as far south as NW Mato Grosso (per additional localities reported by Musser et al., 1998:239).","","","Considered a small size-class species, principally compared with <i>O</i>. <i>nasutus</i>; sister species to <i>O</i>. <i>delator</i> according to phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome <i>b</i> data (Hoffmann et al., 2002).","30","30-00830","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0830"
"13000831","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","angularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","237","","","Angular Hocicudo","Brazil, Pernambuco State, São Lourenço, 30 m.","Extreme E Brazil (Alagoas, Ceará, Pernambuco).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A large form maintained as a species since its description (e.g., Cabrera, 1961; Moojen, 1952).","30","30-00831","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0831"
"13000832","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","caparoae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1998","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","47","","244","","","Mt Caparaó Hocicudo","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Parque Nacional de Caparaó, Arrozal, 2400 m.","Humid montane forest and secondary vegetation, 1800-2700 m, E Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo to Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil (see Bonvicino et al., 1998<i>b</i>).","","","A medium species similar to<i> O</i>. <i>paramensis</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>nasutus</i>; level of differentiation from latter should be reevaluated in the context of a full generic revision.","30","30-00832","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0832"
"13000833","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","dasytrichus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1821","","Cuvier’s Das Thierreich","1","","288","","","Atlantic Forest Hocicudo","Brazil, Bahia State, Rio Mucurí (as restricted by Cabrera, 1961:468).","Atlantic Forest region of SE Brazil (Bahia to São Paulo; see Hoffmann et al., 2002, Pereira et al., 2001).","","<i>dasytrichos</i>  (Wied-Neuwied, 1826);<i> dosytrichos</i> (Schinz, 1821); <i>rostellatus</i> (Wagner, 1842).","Original spelling as <i>Mus dosytrichos</i>, emended to <i>dasytrichus</i> by Tate (1932<i>g</i>:17). Arranged as a full synonym of <i>O</i>. <i>rufus</i> by Ellerman (1941) or recognized subspecies by Cabrera (1961), and so associated by Musser and Carleton (1993). Fonseca et al. (1996) and Pereira et al. (2001) listed <i>dasytrichus</i> as species, and confirmatory data (mitochrondrial DNA) demonstrating its clear separation from <i>O</i>. <i>rufus</i> presented by Hoffmann et al. (2002). Karyotype (2n = 54, FN = 64) reported by Pereira et al. (2001). The taxon <i>rostellatus</i> is listed as a species by Fonseca et al. (1996).","30","30-00833","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0833"
"13000834","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","delator","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","489","","","Paraguayan Hocicudo","Paraguay, Paraguarí Dept., Sapucaí.","E Paraguay, SC Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Provisionally retained as a species by Reig (1987), who questioned its distinction from <i>O</i>. <i>rufus</i>. Genetically well delineated from <i>O</i>. <i>rufus</i> and sister species to <i>O</i>. <i>amazonicus</i> according to phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome <i>b</i> data (Hoffmann et al., 2002). Distributional limits uncertain: not recorded for the Brazilian fauna by Fonseca et al. (1996) but mapped as broadly distributed in SC Brazil by Hoffmann et al. (2002).","30","30-00834","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0834"
"13000835","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","hiska","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hinojosa, Anderson, and Patton","1987","","Am. Mus. Novit.","2898","","14","","","Small Hocicudo","Perú, Puno Dept., 14 km W Yanahuaya, 2210 m; 14°19'S, 69°21'W.","E Andean slopes in SE Peru and NW Bolivia (La Paz and Cochabamba Depts.), 610-3500.","IUCN – Vulnerable","","Smallest species of <i>Oxymycterus</i>, morphologically resembling <i>O</i>. <i>hucucha</i> but genetically closer to <i>O</i>. <i>paramensis</i> (Hoffmann et al., 2002). Bolivian records originally reported as <i>O</i>. <i>paramensis</i> (Anderson, 1997) and reidentified by Oliveira (in Salazar-Bravo et al., 2002<i>b</i>).","30","30-00835","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0835"
"13000836","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","hispidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pictet","1843","","Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve","10","","212","","","Hispid Hocicudo","Brazil, Bahia State, Bahia.","SE Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hispidulus</i>  (Schinz, 1845) [unjustified renaming of <i>hispidus</i> Pictet].","A large-sized species traditionally thought to include <i>judex</i>, <i>misionalis</i> and <i>quaestor</i> as synonyms (Cabrera, 1961; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Reig, 1987); see account of <i>O</i>. <i>quaestor</i>. Emended diagnosis and documentation of geographic range required.","30","30-00836","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0836"
"13000837","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","hucucha","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hinojosa, Anderson, and Patton","1987","","Am. Mus. Novit.","2898","","15","","","Quechuan Hocicudo","Bolivia, Cochabamba Dept., 28 km (by road) W Comarapa, 2800 m; 17°51'S, 64°40'W.","Known only from the type locality and vicinity, about 2600-3000 m, C Bolivia.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Morphologically similar to <i>O</i>. <i>hiska</i>.","30","30-00837","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0837"
"13000838","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","inca","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","6","","298","","","Inca Hocicudo","Perú, Junín Dept., Ucayali watershed, Río Perené, 800 m.","SC Perú to N Bolivia, as far south as Cochabamba and W Santa Cruz Depts. (see Anderson, 1997:Fig. 727).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>doris</i>  Thomas, 1916;<b> </b><i>iris</i> Thomas, 1901; <i>juliacae</i> J. A. Allen, 1900.","Both Cabrera (1961) and Reig (1987) concurred in citing the listed synonyms as subspecies. Anderson (1997) outlined subspecific boundaries of <i>doris</i> and <i>iris</i> in Bolivia; distributional extent and delineation of subspecies in northern sector of range unclear.","30","30-00838","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0838"
"13000839","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","josei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hoffmann, Lessa, and Smith","2002","","J. Mammal.","83","","411","","","Cook’s Hocicudo","Uruguay, Maldonado Dept., Balneario Las Flores, west margin of Arroyo Tarariras.","SW Uruguay, south of the Río Negro.","","","A medium-sized species that is morphologically similar to <i>O</i>. <i>nasutus</i>, with which it occurs sympatrically; sister species to <i>O</i>. <i>rufus</i> according to phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome <i>b</i> data (Hoffmann et al., 2002).","30","30-00839","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0839"
"13000840","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","nasutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","16","","","Long-nosed Hocicudo","Uruguay, Maldonado Dept., Maldonado.","Uruguay and adjacent SE Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul to São Paulo).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Comparisons with <i>O</i>. <i>iheringi</i> provided by Massoia and Fornes (1969). They (and Vitullo et al., 1986) further noted the morphological distinction of <i>O</i>. <i>nasutus</i> from <i>O</i>. <i>rufus</i>, under which it had been ranked as a subspecies (Cabrera, 1961); pronounced divergence from the latter sustained by genetic (cytochrome <i>b</i>) and morphometric analyses (Hoffmann et al., 2002).","30","30-00840","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0840"
"13000841","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","paramensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","139","","","Yungas Hocicudo","Bolivia, Cochabamba Dept., upper Río Securé, Choquecamate, 4000 m.","Middle to upper E Andean slopes, ca. 1000-4000 m, in SE Perú, WC Bolivia, and NW Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>jacentior</i>  Thomas, 1925; <i>nigrifrons</i> Osgood, 1944.","Parenthetically mentioned as a subspecies of <i>rutilans</i> (= <i>O</i>. <i>rufus</i>) by Hershkovitz (1966<i>c</i>) but most systematists have recognized <i>paramensis</i> as a species (Anderson, 1997; Cabrera, 1961; Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Honacki et al., 1982; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Allozymic (Hinososa et al., 1987) and gene-sequence (Hoffmann et al., 2002) analyses support sibling kinship with <i>O</i>. <i>hiska</i>, and the latter study underscores its genetic differentiation from <i>O</i>. <i>rufus</i>. Musser and Carleton (1993) suggested that placement of <i>jacentior</i> with this species merits reconsideration; Cabrera (1961) retained it, <i>nigrifrons</i>, and the nominate form as discernable subspecies, as did Anderson (1997:Fig. 728) for Bolivian populations.","30","30-00841","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0841"
"13000842","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","quaestor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","226","","","Quaestor Hocicudo","Brazil, Paraná State, Serra do Mar, Roça Nova.","NE Argentina (Misiones), SE Brazil (N Rio Grande do Sul to Rio de Janeiro), and perhaps extreme E Paraguay.","","<i>judex</i>  Thomas, 1909; <i>misionalis</i> Sanborn, 1931.","<i>Oxymycterus quaestor</i>, <i>judex</i>, and <i>misionalis</i> were all described as species, but Cabrera (1961) and Reig (1987) considered them to be subspecific synonyms of <i>O</i>. <i>hispidus</i>, as subsequently observed (Corbet and Hill, 1991; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Recent checklists have referenced some or all as species, without explanation (e.g., Fonseca et al., 1996; Galliari et al., 1996; Heinonen Fortabat and Chebez, 1997). Hoffmann et al. (2002) too acknowledged the three as species; however, their analytical samples are substantially congruent in morphometric space (CVA based on 29 craniodental measurements), a posteriori misclassification among the three is relatively high, and molecular samples of two (<i>judex</i> and <i>quaestor</i>) form a clade that appears comparable to intraspecific sequence divergence levels presented for other species (e.g., <i>O</i>. <i>dasytrichus</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>delator</i>, and <i>O</i>. <i>rufus</i>). We provisionally retain the t... [truncated]","30","30-00842","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0842"
"13000843","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","roberti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","530","","","Robert’s Hocicudo","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Rio Jordão, Paranaíba, 700-900 m.","Vicinity of type locality; range limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00843","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0843"
"13000844","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Oxymycterus","","rufus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia","3","","71","","","Rufous Hocicudo","Argentina, Entre Ríos Prov., 32.5°S latitude along lower Río Paraná (as restricted by Hershkovitz, 1994:36, but see comments).","EC Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>platensis</i>  Thomas, 1914; <i>rutilans</i> (Olfers, 1818).","Priority of <i>Mus rufus</i> Fischer, 1814, over <i>Mus rutilans</i> Olfers, 1818, both based on Azara's (1801) descriptions, deserves formal stabilization as does clarification of the morphological identity of the species with Azara’s ""Rat cinquieme ou rat roux."" Similarly, decisive fixation of the type locality is required. Cabrera (1961) cited Rengger (1830) for the placement of the type locality near Asunción, Paraguay, but Rengger’s basis for this interpretation is unclear since Azara (1802) mentioned collecting the species in an arroyo at 32.5 degrees, presumably S latitude. Hershkovitz (1994), perhaps following Musser and Carleton’s observations (1993:727), restricted the type locality as given above; Galliari et al. (1996) instead noted that the type locality should be restricted to the vicinity of San Ignacio Guazú, Paraguay. Vitullo et al. (1986) supported the union of <i>O</i>. <i>rufus</i> and <i>platensis</i> as one species based on their chromosomal similarity, a synonymy... [truncated]","30","30-00844","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0828-0000-0844"
"13000845","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Paralomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","17","","315","","<i>Phyllotis gerbillus</i> Thomas, 1900.","","","","","","Phyllotini. Although named as a genus and early recognized as such (Cabrera, 1961; Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Pearson, 1958), <i>Paralomys</i> was later submerged as a subgenus of <i>Calomys</i> (Ellerman, 1941) or as a subgenus or full synonym of <i>Phyllotis</i> (Hershkovitz, 1962; Osgood, 1947; Pearson and Patton, 1976). Uncertainty over its monophyletic union with those species and taxonomic rank has been revived by broad phylogenetic studies of morphological characters that suggest the distant relationship of <i>gerbillus</i> and <i>amicus</i> to other <i>Phyllotis</i> (Braun, 1993; Steppan, 1995). Braun (1993) elevated <i>Paralomys</i> to its former generic status, but Steppan (1995) reservedly maintained it as a synonym for want of strongly supported cladistic structure and demonstable monophyly of <i>gerbillus</i> <i>amicus</i> in the various trees generated (also see Steppan and Sullivan, 2000). Compared with other <i>Phyllotis</i>, we are impressed by the very brachyodont molars of ... [truncated]","30","30-00845","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0845"
"13000846","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Paralomys","","gerbillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","151","","","Gerbilline Pericote","Perú, Piura Dept., Piura, 30 m.","Sechura Desert, NW Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Phyllotis gerbillus</i>.","","","30","30-00846","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0845-0000-0846"
"13000847","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Pearsonomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Patterson","1992","","Zool. J. Linn. Soc.","106","","132","","<i>Pearsonomys annectens</i> Patterson, 1992.","","","","","","Akodontini (S Andean clade). A long-clawed akodont with long pinnae, morphologically most similar to <i>Geoxus</i> and probably its closest generic relative (Patterson, 1992<i>b</i>), a relationship affirmed by molecular data (Smith and Patton, 1999).","30","30-00847","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0847"
"13000848","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Pearsonomys","","annectens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Patterson","1992","","Zool. J. Linn. Soc.","106","","136","","","Pearson’s Long-clawed Akodont","Chile, Valdivia Prov., Region de Los Lagos, 42 km N and slightly E Valdivia, near Mehuín, 100 m; 39º26&#8242;S, 73º10&#8242;W.","Known only from the type locality and vicinity but may inhabit other areas of the Valdivian temperate rainforest zone, WC Chile.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Another species endemic to the austral <i>Nothofagus</i> temperate rainforests, highlighting the importance of the S Andean region in understanding biotic genesis and sigmodontine biogeography (see Patterson, 1992<i>b</i>).","30","30-00848","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0847-0000-0848"
"13000849","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phaenomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","20","","196","","<i>Oryzomys ferrugineus</i> Thomas, 1894.","","","","","","Sigmodontinae <i>incertae sedis</i> per Smith and Patton (1999) or Oryzomyini <i>sensu lato</i> per Reig (1981). Another of the SE Brazilian endemics whose systematic relationships are minimally understood. Bonvicino et al. (2001) reported on a recently collected specimen, documenting its karyotype (2n = 78, FN = 114), redescribing the taxon’s morphology, and comparing it with Andean Thomasomyini and other Atlantic Forest thomasomyine-like genera. The authors noted that morphological characters reinforce the plesiomorphic nature of the genus, thereby offering little insight to relationships, while the chromosomal complement demonstrates affinity with species of <i>Delomys</i>.","30","30-00849","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0849"
"13000850","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phaenomys","","ferrugineus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","352","","","Rusty Phaenomys","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro.","Known only from a restricted area in the Serra do Mar, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states, S Brazil.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Known museum records (total = 11) consolidated by Maia Vaz (2000), who noted that the species has not been collected within the last sixty years and commented on its conservation status. An individual collected in 1998, from Rio de Janeiro, brings the total to 12 and indicates that the species can persist even in slightly degraded habitat (Bonvicino et al., 2001).","30","30-00850","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0849-0000-0850"
"13000851","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phyllotis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","27","","<i>Mus darwini</i> Waterhouse, 1837.","","","","","","Phyllotini. Pearson (1958) utilized <i>Auliscomys</i>, <i>Graomys</i>, and <i>Loxodontomys</i> as distinctive subgenera, whereas Hershkovitz (1962) placed all three, plus <i>Paralomys</i>, in complete synonymy—see respective accounts for their reinstatement as genera. Full generic revisions initiated by Pearson (1958) and Hershkovitz (1962), followed by extensive refinement of species definitions and distributions as a result of multifaceted research over the past 25 years—see especially Pearson (1972), Pearson and Patton (1976), Spotorno (1976), Spotorno and Walker (1983), Walker et al. (1984), and Steppan (1998). Steppan (1998) discussed alternative interpretations of interspecific relationships and patterns of historical biogeography within the genus.","30","30-00851","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0851"
"13000852","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phyllotis","","amicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","355","","","Peruvian Pericote","Perú, Cajamarca Dept., Tolón, 100 m.","Coast and lower Pacific slopes of W Perú, Depts. Piura (see Lavrentchenko and Dmitriev, 1994) to Ayacucho.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>maritimus</i>  Thomas, 1900; <i>montanus</i> Thomas, 1900.","Sister species of <i>P</i>. <i>limatus</i> according to phylogenetic analysis of abbreviated cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Spotorno et al., 2001). The basis for the reported presence of <i>P</i>. <i>amicus</i> in Argentina (Heinonen Fortabat and Chebez, 1997; Massoia and Donadío, 1990) has been reidentified as an example of <i>Oligoryzomys chacoensis</i> (Galliari et al., 1996).","30","30-00852","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0851-0000-0852"
"13000853","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phyllotis","","andium","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","409","","","Andean Pericote","Ecuador, Cañar Prov., Cañar, 8500 ft (2591 m).","E and W Andean slopes from C Ecuador (Tungurahua) to C Perú (Lima).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fruticicolus</i>  Anthony, 1922; <i>melanius</i> Thomas, 1913; <i>stenops</i> Osgood, 1914; <i>tamborum</i> Osgood, 1914.","","30","30-00853","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0851-0000-0853"
"13000854","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phyllotis","","bonariensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Crespo","1964","","Neotropica","10","","99","","","Bonaerense Pericote","Argentina, Buenos Aires Prov., Depto. Tornquist, Abra de la Ventana, 500 m.","EC Argentina; limits uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Described as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>darwini</i> but considered distinct by Reig (1978) and Galliari et al. (1996); determination of status and distribution requires fresh investigation.","30","30-00854","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0851-0000-0854"
"13000855","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phyllotis","","caprinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pearson","1958","","Univ. California Publ. Zool.","56","","435","","","Capricorn Pericote","Argentina, Jujuy Prov., Tilcara, 8000 ft (2438 m).","Upper slopes of E Andes, about 2100-3750 m, from SC Bolivia to northernmost Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Demoted to a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>darwini</i> by Hershkovitz (1962), but distributional and morphological evidence substantiates the specific recognition of <i>P</i>. <i>caprinus</i> (Pearson, 1958).","30","30-00855","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0851-0000-0855"
"13000856","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phyllotis","","darwini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","28","","","Darwin’s Pericote","Chile, Coquimbo Prov., Coquimbo.","Coastal WC Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>boedeckeri</i>  (Philippi, 1900); <i>campestris</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>dichrous</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>fulvescens</i> Osgood, 1943; <i>griseoflavus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>illapelinus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>megalotis</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>melanotis</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>melanonotus</i> (Philippi and Landbeck, 1858); <i>mollis</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>platytarsus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>segethi</i> (Philippi, 1900).","<i>Phyllotis darwini</i> <i>sensu stricto</i> has been revealed as a geographically restricted species following a quarter-century of researches upon its polytypic predecessor, which was believed to range over much of the S Andes. See accounts of <i>P</i>. <i>bonaeriensis</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>caprinus</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>definitus</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>limatus</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>magister</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>osgoodi</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>wolffsohni</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>xanthopygus</i>, all previously arrayed as subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>darwini</i> by Pearson (1958) and/or Hershkovitz (1962), for references addressing their specific status.","30","30-00856","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0851-0000-0856"
"13000857","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phyllotis","","definitus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1915","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","189","","","Ancash Pericote","Perú, Ancash Dept., Mácate, 9000 ft (2743 m).","Andes of Ancash, Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Included in <i>P</i>. <i>magister</i> by Pearson (1958) and in <i>P</i>. <i>darwini</i> by Hershkovitz (1962) but distinctive karyotype is unlike either of those species (see Pearson, 1972).","30","30-00857","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0851-0000-0857"
"13000858","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phyllotis","","haggardi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","270","","","Ecuadoran Pericote","Ecuador, Pichincha Prov., Mt Pichincha, above Quito, 3400-4000 m.","Andes of C Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>elegantulus</i>  Thomas, 1913; <i>fuscus</i> Anthony, 1924.","","30","30-00858","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0851-0000-0858"
"13000859","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phyllotis","","limatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","407","","","Lima Pericote","Perú, Lima Dept., Chosica, 3000 ft (914 m).","Western coast and contiguous Pacific slopes of the Andes, sea level- 4000 m, from WC Perú to N Chile (see Steppan, 1998:Fig. 5).","","","Described as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>darwini</i> by Thomas (1912) and therewith ranked by others (Cabrera, 1961; Hershkovitz, 1962; Pearson, 1958). Steppan (1998) defended the specific status of <i>limatus</i>, including populations confused under <i>P</i>. <i>xanthopygus</i> <i>rupestris</i>, based on congruent morphological and molecular data; he further noted appreciable differentiation between northern and southern populations of <i>P</i>. <i>limatus</i> but declined to recognize these formally as subspecies. Sister species of <i>P</i>. <i>xanthopygus</i> according to maximum parsimony analyses of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Steppan, 1998), perhaps arising by peripheral isolation from a western lineage of <i>P</i>. <i>xanthopygus</i> <i>rupestris</i> (Kuch et al., 2002). Late Quaternary occurrence of the species in the S Atacama Desert, slightly to the south of its current range, documented by mitochondrial DNA recovered from ancient rodent midden (Kuch et al., 2002).","30","30-00859","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0851-0000-0859"
"13000860","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phyllotis","","magister","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","406","","","Majestic Pericote","Perú, Arequipa Dept., Arequipa, 2300 m.","Upper Pacific slopes of Andes from C Perú (see Arana-Cardó and Ascorra, 1994) to N Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Hershkovitz (1962) treated <i>magister</i> as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>darwini</i>, a rank inconsistent with records of sympatry (Pearson, 1958) and karyotypic differences (Pearson, 1972; Pearson and Patton, 1976). Pearson (1958) arranged <i>definitus</i> as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>magister</i> but later (1972) supported its specific status. Intestinal area and volume compared with <i>P</i>. <i>xanthopygus</i> and related to dietary differences (Lagos and Bozinovic, 1999).","30","30-00860","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0851-0000-0860"
"13000861","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phyllotis","","osgoodi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mann","1945","","Biologica","2","","81","","","Osgood’s Pericote","Chile, Tarapacá Prov., Parinacota.","Altiplano of NE Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Relegated to synonymy under <i>P</i>. <i>darwini</i> (Hershkovitz, 1962; Pearson, 1958) but considerable evidence supports its validity as a species (Spotorno, 1976; Spotorno and Walker, 1979, 1983).","30","30-00861","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0851-0000-0861"
"13000862","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phyllotis","","osilae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1901","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","14","","44","","","Bunchgrass Pericote","Perú, Puno Dept., Osila (= Asillo), 17 mi (27 km) ENE Ayaviri, 13,000 ft (3962 m) (as interpreted by Pearson, 1958:426).","Upper Andean slopes on Atlantic drainage, from SC Perú (Cuzco), through W Bolivia (1700-4900 m), to N Argentina (Catamarca).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>lutescens</i>  Thomas, 1902; <i>nogalaris</i> Thomas, 1921; <i>phaeus</i> Osgood, 1944; <i>tucumanus</i> Thomas, 1912.","All-acrocentric karyotype (2n = 68) interpreted as ancestral state of the genus (Pearson and Patton, 1976). In Bolivia, Anderson (1997) recognized osilae (lutescens as a full synonym) and phaeus as subspecies.","30","30-00862","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0851-0000-0862"
"13000863","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phyllotis","","wolffsohni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","131","","","Wolffsohn’s Pericote","Bolivia, Cochabamba Dept., Tapacarí, 9900 ft (3018 m).","Upper E Andean slopes in WC Bolivia, 1300-3875 m (see Anderson, 1997:Fig. 750).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Hershkovitz (1962) synonymized <i>wolffsohni</i> as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>darwini</i>, a relationship at variance with morphological and karyotypic information (Pearson, 1958; Pearson and Patton, 1976).","30","30-00863","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0851-0000-0863"
"13000864","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Phyllotis","","xanthopygus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","28","","","Yellow-rumped Pericote","Argentina, Santa Cruz Prov., coast of Santa Cruz.","WC Perú, in and along the Andes to Santa Cruz Prov., S Argentina, and adjacent Magallanes Prov., S Chile; latitudinal (15-51ºS) and altitudinal ranges (sea level-5600 m) exceptional as currently defined (see Kramer et al., 1999:Fig. 3, for extent of geographic races).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abrocodon</i>  Thomas, 1926;<i> arenarius</i> Thomas, 1902; <i>capito</i> (Philippi, 1860); <i>chilensis</i> Mann, 1945; <i>glirinus</i> (Philippi, 1896); <i>lanatus</i> (Philippi, 1896);<i> oreigenus</i> Cabrera, 1926; <i>posticalis</i> Thomas, 1912; <i>ricardulus</i> Thomas, 1919; <i>rupestris</i> (Gervais, 1841); <i>vaccarum</i> Thomas, 1912; <i>wolffhuegeli</i> Mann, 1944.","Viewed as a geographic race of <i>P</i>. <i>darwini</i> by Pearson (1958), Cabrera (1961), and Hershkovitz (1962). Morphometric, electrophoretic, karyotypic, and molecular differentiation supports the specific recognition of <i>P</i>. <i>xanthopygus</i> (Spotorno and Walker, 1983; Steppan, 1998; Walker et al., 1984); genetic diversity among and within isolated Patagonian demes examined by Kim et al. (1998), who postulated the early Pleistocene origin of haplotype lineages and highlighted the vicariant influence of the Río Chubut. Steppan (1998) noted the need for continued systematic examination of the populations now assigned to the highly variable <i>xanthopygus</i>: e.g., <i>chilensis</i> is sometimes treated as a species (Anderson, 1997); <i>rupestris</i> and <i>vaccarum</i> (Spotorno et al., 2001) appear distinct from <i>xanthopygus</i> in phylogenetic analysis of abbreviated cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Spotorno et al., 2001); <i>xanthopygus</i> paraphyletic with respect to <i>... [truncated]","30","30-00864","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0851-0000-0864"
"13000865","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Podoxymys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Anthony","1929","","Am. Mus. Novit.","383","","4","","<i>Podoxymys roraimae</i> Anthony, 1929.","","","","","","Akodontini. Systematics little known aside from original comparisons, report on gastric morphology by Carleton (1973), brief comments of Reig (1987), and new data on systematics and karyology (2n = 16) by Pérez-Zapata et al. (1992).","30","30-00865","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0865"
"13000866","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Podoxymys","","roraimae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1929","","Am. Mus. Novit.","383","","4","","","Roraima Akodont","Guyana, Mazaruni-Potaro Dist., summit of Mt Roraima, 8600 ft (2621 m).","Guyana and adjacent portions of Venezuela and Brazil (as per Fonseca et al., 1996). Probably occurs on other neighboring tepuis within Venezuela (Linares, 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Known only by the original type series of 5 specimens and a single specimen reported by Pérez-Zapata et al. (1992).","30","30-00866","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0865-0000-0866"
"13000867","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Pseudoryzomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1962","","Fieldiana Zool.","31","","208","","<i>Oryzomys wavrini</i> Thomas, 1921 (= <i>Hesperomys simplex</i> Winge, 1887).","","","","","","Oryzomyini. Associated with phyllotines by Hershkovitz (1962) and viewed as the tribe’s most ancient clade by Braun (1993). However, excluded from Phyllotini by Olds and Anderson (1989), and oryzomyine characteristics illuminated by Voss and Myers (1991). Formally allocated to Oryzomyini as the tribal diagnosis was phylogenetically recast by Voss and Carleton (1993); the morphology of the glans penis also supports this tribal assignment (Langguth and Silva Neto, 1993) as do other morphological traits (Steppan, 1995). See Voss and Myers (1991:418) on the formal availability of the genus-group name.","30","30-00867","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0867"
"13000868","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Pseudoryzomys","","simplex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Winge","1887","","E Museo Lundii","1","3","11","","","False Oryzomys","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, near Lagoa Santa.","EC Bolivia, NE Argentina (Chaco, Formosa, Sante Fe; Pardiñas et al., in litt.), and W Paraguay, to E Brazil (Pernambuco).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>wavrini</i>  (Thomas, 1921); <i>reigi</i> Pine and Wetzel, 1975.","Formerly classified as <i>Oryzomys</i> <i>incertae sedis</i> (Cabrera, 1961) until genus diagnosed by Hershkovitz (1962). Lectotype designated, synonymy presented, karyotype and distribution discussed by Voss and Myers (1991).","30","30-00868","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0867-0000-0868"
"13000869","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Punomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Osgood","1943","","J. Mammal.","24","","369","","<i>Punomys lemminus</i> Osgood, 1943.","","","","","","Generic-level affinities uncertain (Osgood, 1943): left as Sigmodontinae incertae sedis by some (Hershkovitz, 1962; Reig, 1980, 1981, 1984; Smith and Patton, 1999; Steppan, 1995) or formally assigned to Tribe Phyllotini by others (Braun, 1993; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Olds and Anderson, 1989; Vorontsov, 1959). Pacheco and Patton (1995) provided a synopsis of distributional records, specific discrimination, and natural history.","30","30-00869","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0869"
"13000870","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Punomys","","kofordi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pacheco and Patton","1995","","Z. Saugetierk.","60","","86","","","Eastern Puna Mouse","Perú, Puno Dept., 13 mi (20.8 km) ENE Crucero, Lago Aricoma, 15,000 ft (4550 m); 14º17&#8242;S, 69º47&#8242;W.","Cordillera Oriental, above 4500 m, S Perú.","","","","30","30-00870","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0869-0000-0870"
"13000871","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Punomys","","lemminus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1943","","J. Mammal.","24","","369","","","Western Puna Mouse","Perú, Puno Dept., San Antonio de Esquilache, 4500 m.","Cordillera Occidental, above 4400 m, S Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00871","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0869-0000-0871"
"13000872","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Reithrodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","29","","<i>Reithrodon typicus</i> Waterhouse, 1837.","","","","","<i>Proreithrodon</i>  Ameghino, 1889; <i>Ptyssophorus</i> Ameghino, 1889; <i>Tretomys</i> Ameghino, 1889.","Reithrodontini. Classically arranged by Hershkovitz (1955<i>a</i>) with sigmodont rodents, but a compelling body of morphological evidence points to its general kinship with phyllotines (Braun, 1993; Olds and Anderson, 1989; Ortiz et al., 2000<i>b</i>; Pardiñas, 1997; Pardiñas and Galliari, 2001; Pearson and Patton, 1976; Steppan, 1993, 1995). In their rediagnosis of Phyllotini, Olds and Anderson (1989) had identified a morphologically well-defined complex that they designated the ""<i>Reithrodon</i> Group,"" comprised of <i>Euneomys</i>, <i>Neotomys</i>, and <i>Reithrodon</i>. Such an assemblage, along with certain extinct genera, has consistently appeared in phylogenetic studies based on morphological characters (Ortiz et al., 2000<i>b</i>; Pardiñas, 1997; Steppan, 1993, 1995; Steppan and Sullivan, 2000). Cladistic interpretations of mitochondrial genes, however, dispute tribal alignment of <i>Reithrodon</i> with phyllotines, or with <i>Sigmodon</i>, and inconsistently represent its ph... [truncated]","30","30-00872","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0872"
"13000873","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Reithrodon","","auritus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia","3","","71","","","Hairy-soled Conyrat","Argentina, Buenos Aires Prov., pampas south of Buenos Aires, south bank of the Río de la Plata (as restricted by Hershkovitz, 1959<i>a</i>:349).","Isolated records in the Pampean region, N and C Argentina; more or less continuously distributed over the Patagonian region, sea level-3000 m, from C Argentina and adjacent Chile through Tierra del Fuego (see Ortiz et al., 2000; Pardiñas and Galliari, 2001:Fig. 3).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>auritus</i>  (Desmarest, 1819); <i>caurinus</i> Thomas, 1920; <i>cuniculoides</i> Waterhouse, 1837; <i>evae</i> Thomas, 1927; <i>flammarum</i> Thomas, 1912; <i>hatcheri</i> J. A. Allen, 1903; <i>marinus</i> Thomas, 1920; <i>obscurus</i> J. A. Allen, 1903; <i>pachycephalus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>pampanus</i> Thomas, 1916; <i>physodes</i> (Illiger, 1815) [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> physodes</i> (Olfers, 1818); <i>spegazzinii</i> (Ameghino, 1889).","See the weighty Mammalian Species account (No. 664) of Pardiñas and Galliari (2001) for discrimination from <i>R</i>. <i>typicus</i>, remarks on the type locality, review of fossil synonyms and numerous paleontological occurrences (middle Pliocene-Holocene), and distribution of the four conventionally recognized subspecies (Cabrera, 1961), ""whose boundaries are highly hypothetical."" Pardiñas (1995) allocated the late Pleistocene <i>Bothriomys spegazzinii</i>, described by Ameghino (1889) from Argentinian sediments, as a synonym of <i>R</i>. <i>auritus</i>. Reports of the species from the Malvinas (= Falkland) Isls remain unconfirmed (see Pardiñas and Galliari, 2001). Also see account of <i>R</i>. <i>typicus</i>, formerly included as a subspecies.","30","30-00873","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0872-0000-0873"
"13000874","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Reithrodon","","typicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","30","","","Naked-soled Conyrat","Uruguay, Maldonado Dept., Maldonado.","EC Argentina (Entre Ríos and Corrientes), Uruguay, and extreme S Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).","","<i>currentium</i>  Thomas, 1920.","Although early maintained as distinct from <i>R</i>. <i>auritus</i> (Ellerman, 1941; Gyldenstolpe, 1932), Osgood (1943) placed <i>typicus</i> and all conyrats in a single species, and the genus thereafter was typically viewed as monotypic, whether as <i>R</i>. <i>physodes</i> Olfers, 1818 (Cabrera, 1961; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Hershkovitz, 1955<i>a</i>, 1959; Honacki et al., 1982) or <i>R</i>. <i>auritus</i> Fischer, 1814 (Musser and Carleton, 1993; Reig, 1978). Specific status reaffirmed by Ortells et al. (1988), who noted substantial differences in diploid and fundamental numbers between <i>R</i>. <i>auritus</i> proper (2n = 34) and <i>typicus</i> (2n = 28), as earlier reported by Freitas et al. (1983<i>b</i>, as <i>auritus</i>).","30","30-00874","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0872-0000-0874"
"13000875","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhagomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","20","","192","","<i>Hesperomys rufescens</i> Thomas, 1886.","","","","","","Generic affinities uncertain: originally allied with Oryzomys-Oecomys (Thomas, 1917c), or included among oryzomyine genera (Tate, 1932f), or listed as Sigmodontinae incertae sedis (McKenna and Bell, 1997; Reig, 1980, 1984; Smith and Patton, 1999). Taxonomic history reviewed and genus critically recharacterized by Luna and Patterson (2003), who considered the biogeographic implications of a new Rhagomys in SE Peru, far away from the Atlantic Forest region where its congenor and other oryzomyine-thomasomyine endemic genera are found.","30","30-00875","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0875"
"13000876","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhagomys","","longilingua","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Luna and Patterson","2003","","Fieldiana Zool., N.S.","101","","3","","","Long-tongued Rhagomys","Perú, Cusco Dept., Paucartambo Prov., Manu Biosphere Reserve, along Río Cosñipata, below ""Suecia,"" 1900 m; 13º06.032&#8242;S, 71º34.125&#8242;W.","Dense forest of E Andean slopes, 450-2100 m, SE Perú (Cusco and Madre de Dios Depts.).","","","Similar to <i>R</i>. <i>rufescens</i> in unique possession (among Sigmodontinae) of a hallux with nail and in most verifiable cranial traits, but fur of <i>R</i>. <i>longilingua</i> spiny and interorbit strongly beaded; so far known by only three specimens (Luna and Patterson, 2003).","30","30-00876","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0875-0000-0876"
"13000877","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhagomys","","rufescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1886","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","17","","250","","","Rufescent Rhagomys","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Only two specimens exist, one with the skull now missing. Morphology redescribed and skull of holotype illustrated by Luna and Patterson (2003).","30","30-00877","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0875-0000-0877"
"13000878","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rheomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","421","","<i>Rheomys underwoodi</i> Thomas, 1906.","","","","","<i>Neorheomys</i>  Goodwin, 1959.","Ichthyomyini. All named forms suggested as conspecific under <i>trichotis</i> by Hershkovitz (1966<i>c</i>) but Voss (1988) recognized four species. Formerly included <i>trichotis</i> (Tate, 1932), a species later designated as the type of <i>Chibchanomys</i> (Voss, 1988). <i>Neorheomys</i>, diagnosed as a subgenus (Goodwin, 1959<i>a</i>), was placed in full synonymy by Voss (1988). Separation from <i>Ichthyomys</i> questioned by Ellerman (1941) and Hall (1981); relationships, generic stature, and Mesoamerican endemism illuminated by Voss (1988).","30","30-00878","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0878"
"13000879","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rheomys","","mexicanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1959","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1967","","4","","","Mexican Ichthyomyine","México, Oaxaca State, Miahuatlán Dist., San José Lachiguirí, 4000 ft (1219 m).","Oaxaca, México.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Type species of Goodwin's (1959<i>a</i>) <i>Neorheomys</i>. Viewed as closely related to <i>R</i>. <i>underwoodi</i> (Voss, 1988).","30","30-00879","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0878-0000-0879"
"13000880","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rheomys","","raptor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1912","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","60","","7","","","Goldman’s Ichthyomyine","Panamá, Darién Prov., Cerro Pirre, near headwaters of Río Limón, 4500 ft (1372 m).","Isolated segments in highlands of C Costa Rica and W Panamá (<i>hartmanni</i>), and in E Panamá (<i>raptor</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hartmanni</i>  Enders, 1939.","Treated as a subspecies of <i>Rheomys trichotis</i> (Cabrera, 1961), but species status affirmed by Voss (1988). Enders (1939) described <i>hartmanni</i> as a species; recognized as such (e.g., Hall, 1981) until Voss (1988) allocated the form to a subspecies of <i>raptor</i>. Status of the morphologically distinctive <i>hartmanni</i>, isolated in the Talamancan highlands, deserves reconsideration using other information sources.","30","30-00880","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0878-0000-0880"
"13000881","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rheomys","","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dickey","1928","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","41","","11","","","Thomas’ Ichthyomyine","El Salvador, San Miguel Dept., Finca San Felipe, Cerro Cacaguatique, 3500 ft (1067 m).","Highlands of S México (Chiapas), Guatemala, and El Salvador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chiapensis</i>  Hooper, 1947; <i>stirtoni</i> Dickey, 1928.","Of two named subspecies, Voss (1988) retained <i>stirtoni</i> as valid in addition to the nominate form.","30","30-00881","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0878-0000-0881"
"13000882","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rheomys","","underwoodi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","422","","","Underwood’s Ichthyomyine","Costa Rica, Cartago Prov., near Tres Ríos.","Highlands of C Costa Rica and W Panamá.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Closely related to <i>R</i>. <i>mexicanus</i> (Voss, 1988).","30","30-00882","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0878-0000-0882"
"13000883","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Tschudi","1845","","Untersuchungen uber die Fauna peruana (Therologie)","","","183","","<i>Hesperomys leucodactylus</i> Tschudi, 1845.","","","","","","<p>Thomasomyini. Tribe (1996) explained why the genus-group name <i>Rhipidomys</i> is available from Tschudi (1845), not 1844 as conventionally cited (e.g., Cabrera, 1961; Ellerman, 1941). External and cranial morphology characterized and contrasted with superficially similar species of <i>Oecomys</i> by Tribe (1996), Patton et al. (2000), and Voss et al. (2001). Sister genus to the <i>Chilomys</i> <i>Thomasomys</i> clade based on phylogenetic evaluations of mitochondrial DNA sequences from 2-6 species surveyed (D’Elía et al., 2003; Smith and Patton, 1999). As noted by Tribe (1996), monophyly of the associated species within a single genus has yet to be convincingly demonstrated; relationships among the distinctive morphologies identifiable within the taxon may involve other thomasomyines and eventual rearrangement of generic boundaries. Tribe designated those morphologies as three formal ""sections"": Fulviventer (<i>R</i>. <i>caucensis</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>fulviventer</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>ve... [truncated]","30","30-00883","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883"
"13000884","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","austrinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","183","","","Southern Andean Rhipidomys","Argentina, Jujuy Prov., Sierra de Santa Bárbara, El Sunchal, 1200 m.","Lower E Andean slopes and foothills, about 350-1750 m, from La Paz Dept., WC Bolivia, south to Jujuy Prov., NW Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>collinus</i>  Thomas, 1925.","<i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). Variously thought to intergrade with <i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> (e.g., Cabrera, 1961; Mares et al., 1989<i>b</i>) or with <i>R</i>. <i>couesi</i> (e.g., Anderson, 1997). Retained as species by Musser and Carleton (1993) and by Tribe (1996), who characterized its morphology and vouchered its geographic occurrence.","30","30-00884","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0884"
"13000885","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","caucensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1913","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","32","","601","","","Colombian Rhipidomys","Colombia, Cauca Dept., Cerro Munchique, 8225 ft (2507 m).","Middle to high elevations, 2200-3500 m, W Andes of Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>R</i>. <i>fulviventer</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). A small species morphologically similar to <i>R</i>. <i>wetzeli</i> (Tribe, 1996).","30","30-00885","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0885"
"13000886","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","couesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen and Chapman","1893","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","5","","214","","","Coues’ Rhipidomys","Trinidad, 7 mi (11 km) SE Princes Town and 12 mi (19 km) N of the southern coast.","Moist lowland forest that follows an arc from Trinidad, through N and WC Venezuela, to C Colombia (Meta).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cumananus</i>  Thomas, 1900.","<i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). Cabrera (1961) identified <i>couesi</i> as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>sclateri</i>. As emphasized by its original describer Thomas (1887<i>b</i>), <i>sclateri</i> closely resembles Peruvian <i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i>, and, in both Venezuela (see Handley, 1976) and Perú, <i>R</i>. <i>couesi</i> and <i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> are morphologically distinct.","30","30-00886","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0886"
"13000887","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","emiliae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1916","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","35","","525","","","Eastern Amazon Rhipidomys","Brazil, Pará State, Rio Moju.","E Amazonia, principally in Pará and Mato Grosso east of the Rio Xingu and as far south as Serra do Roncador, C Brazil.","","","<i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). Described as a species of <i>Oecomys</i>, transferred to <i>Rhipidomys</i> by Goodwin (1953), and thereafter associated as a form of <i>R</i>. <i>mastacalis</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Musser and Carleton, 1993) until reinstated as a species by Tribe (1996). Distributional occurrence and morphological discrimination with respect to <i>R</i>. <i>nitela</i> to the west and <i>R</i>. <i>macrurus</i> to the east require amplification. Sympatry reported with <i>R</i>. <i>nitela</i> at Serra do Roncador (Tribe, 1996).","30","30-00887","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0887"
"13000888","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","fulviventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","304","","","Tawny-bellied Rhipidomys","Colombia, Cundinamarca Dept., Aguadulce, 2400 ft (732 m).","Isolated populations in the Andes of SW and C Colombia, and W and NE Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>elatturus</i>  Osgood, 1914; <i>similis</i> J. A. Allen, 1912; <i>tenuicauda</i> (J. A. Allen, 1899).","<i>R</i>. <i>fulviventer</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). Listed as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>latimanus</i> by Cabrera (1961) but clearly a species separate from the <i>latimanus</i> <i>venezuelae</i> complex in Venezuela (Handley, 1976; Tribe, 1996). Includes <i>venustus</i> as a subspecies according to Tribe (1996) but not Linares (1998). To us, the considerable variation among Venezuelan series (USNM) indicates the presence of at least two species: <i>venustus</i> proper in the Mérida Andes and <i>fulviventer</i> <i>sensu lato</i> in the coastal mountains (<i>tenuicauda</i>) and Páramo de Tamá (<i>elatturus</i>). Whether the latter two small forms are conspecific with <i>fulviventer </i>proper, as provisionally arranged here, invites further study using other information bases. The highly disjunct distribution of <i>fulviventer</i>, as conveyed by the listed synonyms, must in part reflect the need for additional field inventory. Equally plausible, revisionary investigation ... [truncated]","30","30-00888","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0888"
"13000889","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","gardneri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Patton, da Silva, and Malcolm","2000","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","244","","165","","","Gardner’s Rhipidomys","Perú, Madre de Dios Dept., Reserva Cusco Amazónico, 14 km E Puerto Maldonado, left (= north) bank of Río Madre de Dios, 200 m; 12º33&#8242;S, 69º03&#8242;W.","Westernmost Brazil (Acre) and lowlands of SE Perú, perhaps including the valley of the Río Ucayali.","","","<i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). Morphology and karyotype contrasted to <i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> by Patton et al. (2000).","30","30-00889","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0889"
"13000890","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","latimanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1860","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1860","","213","","","Broad-footed Rhipidomys","Ecuador, Chimborazo Prov., Pallatanga, 1485 m.","Mid-elevation Andean forests, about 450-2200 m, of C and W Colombia, C Ecuador, and extreme N Perú; allopatric populations in easternmost Panamá.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>R. scandens</i>,<i> </i>Lower Risk (lc) as <i>R. latimanus</i>.","<i>cocalensis</i>  J. A. Allen, 1912; <i>microtis</i> Thomas, 1896; <i>mollissimus</i> J. A. Allen, 1912; <i>pictor</i> Thomas, 1904; <i>quindianus</i> J. A. Allen, 1913; <i>scandens</i> Goldman, 1913.","<p><i>R. leucodactylus section sensu Tribe (1996). Includes scandens Goldman, previously recognized as a species (e.g., Handley, 1966a; Musser and Carleton, 1993) but which Tribe (1996) placed in full synonymy under R. l. latimanus. Cabrera (1961) also considered fulviventer and venustus as subspecies of R. latimanus, but these two forms are clearly distinct from the latimanus-venezuelae complex in northern South America (Handley, 1976; Tribe, 1996). Karyotype reported by Gardner and Patton (1976).</i></p><p>Handley (1976) suggested that Andean populations in E Colombia and N Venezuela, which he identified as <i>R</i>. <i>venezuelae</i>, may form the eastern component of <i>R</i>. <i>latimanus</i>, and Tribe (1996) formally arranged the former as a subspecies of the latter. Tribe’s morphometric analyses, however, disclose appreciable differentiation between the taxa; his results, and the biogeographic complexity documented for other groups distributed over these same Andean ranges, per... [truncated]","30","30-00890","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0890"
"13000891","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","leucodactylus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1845","","Untersuchungen uber die Fauna peruana (Therologie)","","","183","","","White-footed Rhipidomys","Perú, Region Andrés Avelino Cáceres (former Junín Dept.), Montaña de Vítoc area (as restricted by Tribe, 1996:201).","Guianas, S Venezuela, N and C Brazil, Ecuador, Perú, and WC Bolivia (see Anderson, 1993); extralimital in W Ecuador and NW Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aratayae</i>  Guillotin and Petter, 1984; <i>bovallii</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>equatoris</i> Thomas, 1915; <i>goodfellowi</i> Thomas, 1900; <i>lucullus</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>rex</i> Thomas, 1927; <i>sclateri</i> (Thomas, 1887).","<i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). The homogeneity of junior epithets and populations gathered under <i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i>, especially those west of the Andes, should be tested with other data and new collections. Thomas (1887<i>b</i>), e.g., named <i>sclateri</i> as a species from British Guiana and viewed it as the eastern counterpart of Peruvian <i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i>; Guillotin and Petter (1984), however, described <i>aratayae</i> as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> from French Guiana; Voss et al. (2001) provisionally accepted both as examples of <i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i>. Morphology and karyotype of W Brazil samples characterized by Patton et al. (2000), who compared the species with <i>R</i>. <i>gardneri</i>.","30","30-00891","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0891"
"13000892","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","macconnelli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","De Winton","1900","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","8","","52","","","Tepui Rhipidomys","Venezuela, Bolívar State, Mt Roraima, 8700 ft (2652 m).","Highlands of S Venezuela (Bolívar and Amazonas) and neighboring parts of N Brazil and W Guyana.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>subnubis</i>  Tate, 1939.","<i>R</i>. <i>macconnelli</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). Sometimes misallocated as a species of <i>Thomasomys</i> (e.g., Gyldenstolpe, 1932) but see Hershkovitz (1959<i>b</i>). Tribe (1996:194) viewed <i>macconnelli</i> ""as a possible basal offshoot of the genus.""","30","30-00892","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0892"
"13000893","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","macrurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gervais","1855","","Expédition dans les parties centrales de l’Amerique dus Sud, Zoologie","Tome 1","","111","","","Long-tailed Rhipidomys","Brazil, Goiás State, Crixás.","Gallery and semideciduous forests of the cerrado-caatinga biomes (Ceará southwestwards to E Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais), C Brazil.","","<i>cearanus</i>  Thomas, 1910.","<i>R. leucodactylus</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). Initially reassociated as a subspecies of <i>R. venezuelae</i> (Gyldenstolpe, 1932) and later of <i>R. mastacalis</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Resurrected as a species by Tribe (1996), containing those populations with 2n = 44 and low fundamental numbers, 48-51 (Svartman and Almeida, 1993; Zanchin et al., 1992a). The high-FN specimens reported by Zanchin et al. (1992a) as the species <i>cearanus</i> were reidentified by Tribe (1996) as <i>R. mastacalis</i>.","30","30-00893","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0893"
"13000894","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","mastacalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1840","","K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Naturv. Math. Afhandl.","","","24","","","Atlantic Forest Rhipidomys","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Rio das Velhas, Lagoa Santa.","Atlantic Forest region, SE Brazil (Pernambuco to São Paulo).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>leucodactylus</i>  (Wagner, 1845) [not Tschudi, 1845]; <i>maculipes</i> (Pictet and Pictet, 1844).","<i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). Comprehending the definition and distribution of Lund’s <i>mastacalis</i> stands at the center of systematic problems involving medium-sized rhipidomys with whitish venters. As broadly conceived by Cabrera (1961), the form contained, as subspecies or complete synonyms, the following taxa now associated with other species: <i>R</i>. <i>emiliae</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>macrurus</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>nitela</i> (including<i> fervidus</i> and <i>yuruanus</i>), <i>tenuicauda</i> (= <i>R</i>. <i>fulviventer</i>), and <i>R</i>. <i>venezuelae</i> (see individual accounts). The restricted concept of the species, as currently understood, circumscribes yet another form endemic to the Atlantic Forest zone, SE Brazil. Although the morphological distinction between <i>R</i>. <i>macrurus</i> and <i>R</i>. <i>mastacalis</i> is not well marked (Tribe, 1996), chromosomal studies consistently reveal populations with low (48-52) versus high (74-80) fu... [truncated]","30","30-00894","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0894"
"13000895","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","modicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","18","","161","","","Peruvian Rhipidomys","Perú, San Martín Dept., Puca Tambo, about 50 mi (80 km) E Chachapoyas, 5100 ft (1555 m).","Middle elevations, 700-1800 m, of E Andean slopes, C Perú","","","<i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). Arranged as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> by Cabrera (1961) and as a subjective synonym of <i>R</i>. <i>couesi</i> by Musser and Carleton (1993). Specific status reasserted and diagnosis emended by Tribe (1996), who recorded its sympatry with examples of <i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i>.","30","30-00895","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0895"
"13000896","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","nitela","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","148","","","Guianan Rhipidomys","Guyana, Rupununi Dist., Kanuku Mountains, Kwaimatta, 240 ft (73 m).","Amazonian lowlands in S Venezuela, Guianas, and NC Brazil. The reports of the species in Bolivia (Anderson, 1997) and Colombia (Tribe, 1996) cannot be confirmed, and the species appears to be confined to Amazonia east of the Rios Negro-Madeira as so far documented (see Voss et al., 2001).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fervidus</i>  Thomas, 1904; <i>milleri</i> J. A. Allen, 1913; <i>yuruanus</i> J. A. Allen, 1913.","<i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). Previously listed either as a race of <i>R</i>. <i>venezuelae</i> (Gyldenstolpe, 1932) or <i>R</i>. <i>mastacalis</i> (Cabrera, 1961), but distinct from true <i>venezuelae</i> in Venezuela (see Handley, 1976, who used the species name <i>mastacalis</i>) and from the <i>mastacalis</i> complex in EC Brazil (Tribe, 1996). Morphometric and chromosomal variation cautions that populations arranged as <i>nitela</i> represent a composite of two species (Tribe, 1996; Volobouev and Catzeflis, 2000); Andrades-Miranda et al. (2002<i>a</i>) considered the 2n = 48 and FN = 68 karyotype to represent <i>R</i>. <i>nitela</i> proper.","30","30-00896","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0896"
"13000897","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","ochrogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1901","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","14","","43","","","Buff-bellied Rhipidomys","Perú, Puno Dept., valley of Río Inambari, Inca Mines (= Santo Domingo), 6000 ft (1830 m).","Known only from the type locality and vicinity, SE Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). Retained as a species until judged the same as <i>R</i>. <i>l</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> by Cabrera (1961). J. A. Allen (1901<i>b</i>), however, pointedly contrasted his new species with Peruvian <i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i>; Musser and Carleton (1993) and Tribe (1996) retained it as species. Geographic range and closest specific relative uncertain.","30","30-00897","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0897"
"13000898","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","venezuelae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","303","","","Venezuelan Rhipidomys","Venezuela, Mérida State, Mérida, 1630 m.","Mountains of N and W Venezuela, including Trinidad and Tobago, and E Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>tobagi</i>  Goodwin, 1961.","<i>R</i>. <i>leucodactylus</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). This form may represent the E Andean complement of <i>R</i>. <i>latimanus</i> (see that account). The provisional association of <i>R</i>. <i>nitela tobagi</i> Goodwin, heretofore placed as a synonym of <i>R</i>. <i>nitela</i> (e.g., Musser and Carleton, 1993; Tribe, 1996), follows the observations of Voss et al. (2001).","30","30-00898","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0898"
"13000899","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","venustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","152","","","Mérida Rhipidomys","Venezuela, Mérida, Las Vegas del Chama, 1400 m.","Isolated populations in mountains of W and N Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>R. fulviventer section sensu Tribe (1996). Placed as a subspecies of R. latimanus by Cabrera (1961) but distinct from the latimanus-venezuelae complex in Venezuela (Handley, 1976; Tribe, 1996); or placed as a subspecies if R. fulviventer by Tribe (1996). See comments in that account.</i>","30","30-00899","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0899"
"13000900","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Rhipidomys","","wetzeli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gardner","1989","","<i>In</i> Eisenberg, Advances in Neotropical Mammalogy","","","417","","","Wetzel’s Rhipidomys","Venezuela, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Cerro de la Neblina, Camp VII, 1800 m; 00°50'40""N, 65°58'10""W.","Highlands in S Venezuela (Bolívar and Amazonas) and N Brazil (as per Fonseca et al., 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>R</i>. <i>fulviventer</i> section <i>sensu</i> Tribe (1996). A small species, contrasted to <i>R</i>. <i>fulviventer</i> by Gardner (1989) and morphometrically well differentiated from the <i>fulviventer</i> <i>venustus</i> complex (Tribe, 1996).","30","30-00900","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0883-0000-0900"
"13000901","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Salinomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Braun and Mares","1995","","J. Mammal.","76","","505","","<i>Salinomys delicatus</i> Braun and Mares, 1995.","","","","","","Phyllotini. Sister taxon to the <i>Andalgalomys</i> <i>Graomys</i> clade according to phylogenetic interpretation of morphological traits (Braun and Mares, 1995) or only to <i>Andalgalomys</i> per cytochrome <i>b</i> data (Anderson and Yates, 2000). Also see remarks under <i>Andalgalomys</i>.","30","30-00901","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0901"
"13000902","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Salinomys","","delicatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Braun and Mares","1995","","J. Mammal.","76","","514","","","Delicate Salinomys","Argentina, San Luis Prov., Ayacucho Dept., 23 km N Route 20, Pampa de Las Salinas, La Botija, 1300 ft (396 m).","Scrublands associated with salt flats, 380-412 m, WC Argentina (San Juan and San Luis).","","","","30","30-00902","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0901-0000-0902"
"13000903","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Scapteromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","20","","<i>Mus tumidus</i> Waterhouse, 1837.","","","","","","Akodontini. Hershkovitz (1966<i>c</i>) viewed <i>Scapteromys</i> as the cognate of <i>Kunsia­</i>, a close kinship supported by phylogenetic investigations of gene-sequence data, but not including <i>Bibimys</i> as third member of a scapteromyine tribe <i>sensu</i> Massoia (1979<i>b</i>, 1980<i>a</i>) (see D’Elía, 2003; D’Elía et al. 2003; Smith and Patton, 1999). Hershkovitz (1966<i>c</i>) removed <i>tomentosus</i> and <i>fronto</i> to <i>Kunsia</i>, and Massoia (1980<i>a</i>) transferred <i>chacoensis</i> and <i>labiosus</i> to <i>Bibimys</i>. Karyology summarized by Gardner and Patton (1976) and Brum-Zorilla et al. (1986). Fossil occurrences (late Pliocene through Holocene) documented by Reig (1994) and Pardiñas (1996, 1999). Generic revision required to consolidate the morphological basis for specific discrimination and to vouch geographic occurrences. Also see accounts of <i>Bibimys</i> and <i>Kunsia</i>.","30","30-00903","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0903"
"13000904","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Scapteromys","","aquaticus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","5","","477","","","Argentine Swamp Rat","Argentina, Buenos Aires Prov., Isla Ella.","EC Argentina and E Paraguay.","","","Retained as a species (e.g., Cabrera, 1961; Gyldenstolpe, 1932) until Massoia and Fornes (1964) realigned <i>aquaticus</i> as a subspecies of <i>S</i>. <i>tumidus</i>, a reallocation commonly observed in later systematic works (Corbet and Hill, 1991; Hershkovitz, 1966<i>c</i>; Honacki et al., 1982; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Karyotypic differences consistently disclosed between <i>aquaticus</i> (2n = 32) and <i>tumidus</i> (2n = 24) have persuaded others to retain the two as distinct species (Brum et al., 1973; Brum-Zorilla et al., 1986; Gardner and Patton, 1976; Gentile de Fronza, 1970), and they are represented as genetically separable in phylogenetic studies of cytochrome <i>b</i> data (D’Elía et al., 2003, in press).","30","30-00904","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0903-0000-0904"
"13000905","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Scapteromys","","tumidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","15","","","Uruguay Swamp Rat","Uruguay, Maldonado Dept., Maldonado.","Southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) and Uruguay.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Distribution and morphological identity reviewed by Massoia and Fornes (1964) and Hershkovitz (1966<i>c</i>), including <i>aquaticus</i>. Review of museum specimens indicates that only a single species, <i>S</i>. <i>tumidus</i>, is present in Uruguay (González, 1994). Also see remarks under <i>S</i>. <i>aquaticus</i>.","30","30-00905","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0903-0000-0905"
"13000906","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Scolomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Anthony","1924","","Am. Mus. Novit.","139","","1","","<i>Scolomys melanops</i> Anthony, 1924.","","","","","","Sigmodontinae <i>incertae sedis</i>. Listed in tribe Oryzomyini by Reig (1984), a tribal affinity supported by Voss and Carleton (1993) and Patton and da Silva (1995). Unlike other oryzomyines, however, specimens of <i>Scolomys</i> lack pectoral mammae (e.g., Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Patton and da Silva, 1995), and subsequent phyletic studies of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome <i>b</i>) do not support close affinity with representatives of that tribe (D’Elía et al., 2003; Smith and Patton, 1999); discussion of these results and their bearing on tribal membership discussed by Gómez-Laverde et al. (2004). Defining generic traits emended and contrasted with those of <i>Neacomys</i> by Patton and da Silva (1995) and Patton et al. (2000). Distributional records, karyotypes, morphological variation, and natural history contained in the generic reviews of Patton and da Silva (1995) and Gómez-Laverde et al. (2004).","30","30-00906","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0906"
"13000907","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Scolomys","","melanops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1924","","Am. Mus. Novit.","139","","2","","","Short-nosed Scolomys","Ecuador, Pastaza Prov., Mera, 3800 ft (1158 m).","E Ecuador and NE Perú (Gómez-Laverde et al., 2004:Fig.1; Hice, 2001).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Discrimination from <i>S</i>. <i>ucayalensis</i> amplified by Gómez-Laverde et al. (2004).","30","30-00907","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0906-0000-0907"
"13000908","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Scolomys","","ucayalensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pacheco","1991","","Publ. Mus. Hist. Nat., Ser. A Zool., Univ. Nac. Mayor de San Marcos","37","","1","","","Long-nosed Scolomys","Perú, Loreto Dept., 2.8 km E Jenaro Herrera, right bank of Río Ucayali, 135 m; 79°39'W, 04°52'S.","S Colombia, NE Peru, and westernmost Brazil (Acre and Amazonas) (Gómez-Laverde et al., 2004:Fig. 1).","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>juruaense</i>  Patton and da Silva 1995.","Based on qualitative traits, morphometric analyses, and cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences, Gómez-Laverde et al. (2004) considered the recently described <i>juruaense</i> as insufficiently differentiated to warrant specific separation.","30","30-00908","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0906-0000-0908"
"13000909","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Say and Ord","1825","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","4","2","352","","<i>Sigmodon hispidus</i> Say and Ord, 1825.","","","","","<i>Deilemys</i>  Saussure, 1860;<i> Lasiomys</i> Burmeister, 1854;<i> Sigmomys</i> Thomas, 1901.","<p>Sigmodontini. Hershkovitz (1955<i>a</i>) arranged <i>Sigmodon</i> with <i>Holochilus</i>, <i>Neotomys</i>, and <i>Reithrodon</i> as the sigmodont group, but other evidence has eroded the tribal-level affinity of each to <i>Sigmodon</i> (see those generic accounts) and leaves the genus as the sole living tribal member. Cladistic isolation from other sigmodontine genera, typically as a basal lineage, affirmed in broad taxonomic surveys of phallic morphology (Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>a</i>) and mitochondrial genes (D’Elía et al., 2003; Engel et al., 1998; Smith and Patton, 1999). Ambiguous evidence for geographic origin, North versus South America, discussed by Voss (1992) and Peppers et al. (2002).</p><p><i>Sigmomys</i>, type species <i>Sigmodon alstoni</i>, has been variously treated as a distinct genus (Ellerman, 1941; Gyldenstolpe, 1932; Handley, 1976), a subgenus of <i>Sigmodon</i> (Husson, 1978), or a full synonym (Cabrera, 1961; Hershkovitz, 1955<i>a</i>; Voss, 1992). Peppers e... [truncated]","30","30-00909","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909"
"13000910","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmodon","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Say and Ord","1825","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","4","2","352","","<i>Sigmodon hispidus</i> Say and Ord, 1825.","","","","","","","30","30-00910","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0910"
"13000911","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00911","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0911"
"13000912","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmodon","alleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bailey","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","112","","","Allen’s Cotton Rat","México, Jalisco State, Mascota, Mineral San Sebastián.","W México, from S Sinaloa to S Oaxaca.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>guerrerensis</i>  Nelson and Goldman, 1933; <i>macdougalli</i> Goodwin, 1955; <i>macrodon</i> Goodwin, 1955; <i>vulcani</i> J. A. Allen, 1906.","Subgenus <i>Sigmodon</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> species group. Sister species to <i>S</i>. <i>hirsutus</i> according to phylogenetic interpretation of cytochrome <i>b</i> data (Peppers and Bradley, 2000). The forms <i>guerrerensis</i> and <i>vulcani</i> appear to be proper synonyms of <i>S</i>. <i>alleni</i>, but the status of the Oaxacan populations described as <i>macdougalli</i> and <i>macrodon</i> deserves renewed study and confirmation. Formerly included <i>planifrons</i> according to Baker’s (1969) revision, here regarded as a species. See Shump and Baker (1978, Mammalian Species, 95).","30","30-00912","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0910-0912"
"13000913","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmomys","alstoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1880","1881","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1880","","691","","","Alston’s Cotton Rat","Venezuela, Sucre State, Cumaná.","Intermittently distributed in savannas over NE Colombia, N and E Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and N Brazil (regional aspects of range amplified by Husson, 1978; Linares, 1998; and Voss, 1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>savannarum</i>  (Thomas, 1901); <i>venester</i> (Thomas, 1914).","Subgenus <i>Sigmomys</i>. Suspected to be ""individuals of South American representatives of <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> with grooved incisors"" (Hershkovitz, 1955<i>a</i>:647), but distantly related to other species of <i>Sigmodon</i> according to phylogenetic interpretation of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Peppers and Bradley, 2000; Peppers et al., 2002). Voss (1992) discerned no morphological or morphometric foundation for delineating subspecies, but Linares (1998) recognized <i>savannarum</i> and <i>venester</i>, along with the nominate form, as races for Venezuelan populations.","30","30-00913","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0911-0913"
"13000914","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmodon","arizonae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","2","","287","","","Arizona Cotton Rat","USA, Arizona, Yavapai Co., 3 mi (5 km) SE Camp Verde, Bell’s Ranch (as restricted by Hoffmeister, 1986).","Extreme SE California, SC Arizona, and extreme SW New Mexico, USA; south along coastal plain and adjoining foothills, sea level-1900 m, in W México to S Nayarit.","IUCN – Extinct as <i>S. a. arizonae</i>,<i> </i>Lower Risk (nt) as <i>S. a. plenus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cienegae</i>  A. B. Howell, 1919; <i>jacksoni</i> Goldman, 1918; <i>major</i> Bailey, 1902; <i>plenus</i> Goldman, 1928.","Subgenus <i>Sigmodon</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> species group. Zimmerman (1970) recognized the chromosomal and morphological differences that support the specific separation of <i>S</i>. <i>arizonae</i> from <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i>, under which it had been arranged as a subspecies (Bailey, 1902; Mearns, 1890). Distribution and differentiating traits amplified by Severinghaus and Hoffmeister (1978), Elder and Lee (1985), Hoffmeister (1986), Carleton et al. (1999), and Frey et al. (2002). Association of <i>jacksoni</i>, known only by the type specimen, as a junior synonym has been questioned (Carleton et al., 1999; Hoffmeister, 1986). Hall (1981) retained all named forms as subspecies, a classificatory formality unwarranted without fresh studies of populational variation across the species’ range. Probable sister species of <i>S</i>. <i>mascotensis</i> according to a variety of data (Carleton et al., 1999; Elder, 1980; Peppers and Bradley, 2000; Peppers et al., 2002; Zimmerman, 197... [truncated]","30","30-00914","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0910-0914"
"13000915","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmodon","fulviventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1889","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","2","","180","","","Tawny-bellied Cotton Rat","México, Zacatecas State, Zacatecas.","SE Arizona, WC New Mexico, and SW Texas (see Stangl, 1992), USA, south through interior México to Guanajuato and NW Michoacán.","IUCN – Extinct as <i>S. f. goldmani</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dalquesti</i>  Stangl, Jr., 1992; <i>goldmani</i> Bailey, 1913; <i>melanotis</i> Bailey, 1902; <i>minimus</i> Mearns, 1894; <i>woodi</i> M. C. Gardner, 1948.","Subgenus <i>Sigmodon</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>fulviventer</i> species group. Sister species to <i>S</i>. <i>leucotis</i> according to phylogenetic interpretation of cytochrome <i>b</i> data (Peppers and Bradley, 2000; Peppers et al., 2002). See Baker and Shump (1978, Mammalian Species, 94).","30","30-00915","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0910-0915"
"13000916","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmodon","hirsutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burmeister","1854","","Abhandlungen Naturforschender Gesellschaft Halle, Sitzungberichte","2","","16","","","Southern Cotton Rat","Venezuela, Zulia State, Maracaibo.","Nicaragua to C Panamá, Central America; in South America to N Colombia and N Venezuela (see Linares, 1998:Fig. 171); northern limits uncertain.","","<i>austerulus</i>  Bangs, 1902; <i>bogotensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1897; <i>borucae</i> J. A. Allen 1897; <i>chiriquensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>griseus</i> J. A. Allen, 1908; <i>sanctaemartae</i> Bangs, 1898.","Subgenus <i>Sigmodon</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> species group. Central and South American taxa included as subspecies of <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Hall and Kelson, 1959), observing the polytypic species template handed down from Bailey (1902). Genetic separation, inferred from cytochrome <i>b</i> sequence data, of southern populations revealed by Peppers and Bradley (2000), who reinstated <i>hirsutus</i> as species; sister species to <i>S</i>. <i>alleni</i> based on those data (and Peppers et al., 2002). Among the species-group synonyms, the South American taxa <i>bogotenis</i> and <i>sanctaemartae</i>, which have yet to be surveyed genetically, warrant additional attention; Gyldenstolpe (1932) and Ellerman (1941) listed both as species.","30","30-00916","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0910-0916"
"13000917","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmodon","hispidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Say and Ord","1825","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","42","","354","","","Hispid Cotton Rat","USA, Florida, St. Johns River.","SE USA, from S Nebraska to C Virginia and south to SE Arizona and peninsular Florida; NW Chihuahua to N Tamaulipas, south through interior México at least to C Zacatecas and W San Luis Potosí (southern limits with respect to <i>S</i>. <i>mascotensis</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>toltecus</i> need reverification).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>S. h. eremicus </i>and <i>S. h. insulicola</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alfredi</i>  Goldman and M. C. Gardner, 1947; <i>berlandieri</i> Baird, 1855; <i>confinis</i> Goldman, 1918; <i>eremicus</i> Mearns, 1897; <i>exsputus</i> G. M. Allen, 1920; <i>floridanus</i> A. H. Howell, 1943; <i>insulicola</i> A. H. Howell, 1943; <i>komareki</i> M. C. Gardner, 1948; <i>littoralis</i> Chapman, 1889; <i>pallidus</i> Mearns, 1897; <i>solus</i> Hall, 1951; <i>spadicipygus</i> Bangs, 1898; <i>texianus</i> (Audubon and Bachman, 1853); <i>virginianus</i> M. C. Gardner, 1946.","<p>Subgenus <i>Sigmodon</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> species group. The morphological limits of <i>hispidus</i>, as set forth by Bailey (1902) and expanded by others (Cabrera, 1961; Hall, 1981; Hall and Kelson, 1959; Miller, 1924), were first uncovered as composite by Zimmerman (1970), an insight supported and extended by others (Carleton et al., 1999; Peppers and Bradley, 2000; Severinghaus and Hoffmeister, 1978; Voss, 1992). The much reified definition of <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> corresponds to a species restricted to open landscapes in the SC and SE USA and NC México (see Carleton et al., 1999; Peppers and Bradley, 2000). See comments under <i>S</i>. <i>arizonae</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>hirsutus</i>, <i>S. inopinatus</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>mascotensis</i>, <i>S. peruanus</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>toltecus</i>, and <i>S</i>. <i>zanjonensis</i>, forms formerly ranked as subspecies.</p><p>Given the substantial reconstitution of <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i>, conventional recognition of subspecies (e.g., Ha... [truncated]","30","30-00917","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0910-0917"
"13000918","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmodon","inopinatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1924","","Am. Mus. Novit.","114","","3","","","Ecuadorian Cotton Rat","Ecuador, Chimborazo Prov., Mt Chimborazo, Urbina, 11,400 ft (3474 m).","Known only from high Andes in Azuay and Chimborazo provinces, Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Sigmodon</i> (<i>S</i>. <i>fulviventer</i> species group?). Lumped under <i>S. hispidus</i> by Cabrera (1961), following the footnoted opinion of Hershkovitz (1955<i>a</i>), but distinctive morphology reasserted and species reinstated by Voss (1992).","30","30-00918","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0910-0918"
"13000919","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmodon","leucotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bailey","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","115","","","White-eared Cotton Rat","México, Zacatecas, Sierra de Valparaíso, 2653 m.","Interior México, from SW Chihuahua and S Nuevo Leon to C Oaxaca.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alticola</i>  Bailey, 1902; <i>amoles</i> Bailey, 1902.","Subgenus <i>Sigmodon</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>fulviventer</i> species group. See Shump and Baker (1978, Mammalian Species, 96).","30","30-00919","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0910-0919"
"13000920","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmodon","mascotensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1897","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","54","","","West Mexican Cotton Rat","México, Jalisco State, Mascota, Mineral San Sebastián, 3300 ft (1006 m).","W México, from S Nayarit and SW Zacatecas southwards to extreme SW Chiapas; along interior arid basins as far east as W Hidalgo, W Puebla, and NW Oaxaca (see Carleton et al., 1999:Fig. 16).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>atratus</i>  Hall, 1949; <i>colimae</i> J. A. Allen, 1897; <i>inexoratus</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>ischyrus</i> Goodwin, 1956; <i>obvelatus</i> Russell, 1952; <i>tonalensis</i> Bailey, 1902.","Subgenus <i>Sigmodon</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> species group. Zimmerman (1970) removed from <i>mascotensis</i> from <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> and reinstated it as species, a change supported by Severinghaus and Hoffmeister (1978) and Elder and Lee (1985). Revised by Carleton et al. (1999), who elaborated upon its morphological separation from <i>S</i>. <i>arizonae</i> (see above account) and <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> and identified other junior synonyms mistakingly allocated to <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i>; see those authors for remarks on broad patterns of intraspecific variation, which do not concord with conventional subspecies boundaries (e.g., Hall, 1981).","30","30-00920","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0910-0920"
"13000921","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmodon","ochrognathus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bailey","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","115","","","Yellow-nosed Cotton Rat","USA, Texas, Brewster Co., Chisos Mountains, 8000 ft (2438 m).","SE Arizona, extreme SW New Mexico, and Transpecos, Texas, USA, south to C Durango, México; northern outlier population may persist in Guadalupe Mtns, Transpecos, Texas (see Stangl and Dalquest, 1991).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>baileyi</i>  J. A. Allen, 1903; <i>madrensis</i> Goldman and M. C. Gardner, 1947; <i>montanus</i> Benson, 1940.","Subgenus <i>Sigmodon</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> species group. Basal clade within the <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> assemblage according to phylogenetic interpretations of cytochrome <i>b</i> data (Peppers et al., 2002), not with <i>S</i>. <i>fulviventer</i> and kin (Baker, 1969). Findley and Jones (1960) detected no consistent pattern of size and pelage color variation to justify recognition of subspecies, a conclusion sustained by the low genetic distances recorded among populations (Carroll et al., 2002). See Baker and Shump (1978, Mammalian Species, 97).","30","30-00921","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0910-0921"
"13000922","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmodon","peruanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1897","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","118","","","Peruvian Cotton Rat","Perú, La Libertad Dept., Trujillo, 200 ft (61 m).","Pacific coastal plain and contiguous Andean foothills of W Ecuador and NW Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chonensis</i>  J. A. Allen, 1913; <i>lonnbergi</i> Thomas, 1921; <i>puna</i> J. A. Allen, 1903; <i>simonsi</i> J. A. Allen, 1901.","Subgenus <i>Sigmodon</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>fulviventer</i> species group. Lumped under <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> by Cabrera (1961) following the footnoted opinion of Hershkovitz (1955<i>a</i>); reinstated as a species by Voss (1992) and morphologically contrasted to that species and other South American taxa. The provocative molecular results presented by Peppers et al. (2002) phyletically link this South American endemic with Middle American <i>S</i>. <i>fulviventer</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>leucotis</i>.","30","30-00922","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0910-0922"
"13000923","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmodon","planifrons","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1933","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","46","","197","","","Miahuatlán Cotton Rat","México, Oaxaca State, Juquila, 5000 ft (1524 m).","As so far known, limited to Sierra de Miahuatlán, S Oaxaca, México.","","<i>minor</i>  Goodwin, 1955; <i>setzeri</i> Goodwin, 1959 [replacement name for <i>minor</i>].","Subgenus <i>Sigmodon</i> (<i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> species group?). Described as a species but relegated to a subspecies of <i>S</i>. <i>alleni</i> by Baker (1969). As noted by Nelson and Goldman (1933<i>b</i>), the diminutive size exhibited by the type series, as well as the material and sympatry later reported by Goodwin (1955<i>b</i>, 1969), suggests that the form is distinct from <i>S</i>. <i>alleni</i>; renewed study of the Oaxacan taxa named by Goodwin (1955<i>b</i>) will prove critical to much-needed revision of the <i>S</i>. <i>alleni</i> complex (see discussion in Carleton et al., 1999).","30","30-00923","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0910-0923"
"13000924","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmodon","toltecus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, Ser. 2","12","","98","","","Toltec Cotton Rat","México, Veracruz, near Mirador (as amended by Dalquest, 1953:163).","Foothills and lowlands of E México, across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, into the Yucatán Peninsula and N Guatemala; range limits require vouchered documentation.","","<i>fervidus</i>  Lydekker, 1904 [lapsus for <i>furvus</i>]; <i>furvus</i> Bangs, 1903; <i>microdon</i> Bailey, 1902; <i>saturatus</i> Bailey, 1902.","Subgenus <i>Sigmodon</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> species group. Ranked as a subspecies of a broadly defined <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> by Bailey (1902) and so classified thereafter (Hall and Kelson, 1959; Hall, 1981). Specific rank defended based on mitochrondrial DNA evaluations that disclose strong genetic divergence and cladistic separation from <i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> proper (Peppers and Bradley, 2000). Molecular studies have so far sampled <i>toltecus</i> and <i>furvus</i>; other species-group synonyms provisionally observe Carleton’s et al. (1999) narrative outline of the <i>toltecus</i> complex; their synonymy needs confirmation. Sister species to the <i>S</i>. <i>alleni</i> <i>S</i>. <i>hirsutus</i> clade according to phylogenetic interpretation of cytochrome <i>b</i> data (Peppers and Bradley, 2000; Peppers et al., 2002).","30","30-00924","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0910-0924"
"13000925","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodon","Sigmodon","zanjonensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1932","","Am. Mus. Novit.","528","","1","","","Montane Cotton Rat","Guatemala, Quezaltenango Dept., Zanjón, 9000 ft (2743 m).","Highlands of Chiapas, México, and Guatemala.","","<i>villae</i>  Goodwin, 1958.","Subgenus <i>Sigmodon</i> (<i>S</i>. <i>hispidus</i> species group?). Described as species, but soon afterwards relegated to subspecies by Goodwin (1934) and thereafter maintained (Hall and Kelson, 1959; Hall, 1981). With dismantling of the polyphyletic mishmash of <i>hispidus</i>, the status and relationship of these highland Central American taxa remain uncertain, as noted by Carleton et al. (1999). The geographic and altitudinal ranges as illustrated in conventional maps (e.g., Hall, 1981) are improbably broad and likely include lowland populations referrable to <i>S</i>. <i>toltecus</i> and possibly <i>S</i>. <i>hirsutus</i>; limits require critical analysis and vouchered documentation. In certain cranial and pelage traits, examples of <i>S</i>. <i>zanjonensis</i> resemble <i>S</i>. <i>alleni</i>; such impressions require empirical testing.","30","30-00925","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0909-0910-0925"
"13000926","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodontomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1897","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","38","","<i>Sigmodontomys alfari</i> J. A. Allen, 1897.","","","","","","Oryzomyini. Named as a genus but later viewed as a synonym of Nectomys (Ellerman, 1941; Gyldenstolpe, 1932), usually ranked as subgenus (Hershkovitz, 1944). Hershkovitz (1944:71) stressed the weakness of their association: ""The apparent relationship of Sigmodontomys to Nectomys ... is probably attributable to an independant development … from the common oryzomyine stock rather than to a divergence from a … more recent Nectomys-like stock,"" an assessment later corroborated by other data (Gardner and Patton, 1976; Hooper and Musser, 1964a). Gardner and Patton (1976) formally transferred Sigmodontomys to a subgenus of Oryzomys, and we continue to list it as genus, while urging the need to refine its specific contents and their relationships to Oryzomys proper. Cadena et al. (1998) reported a specimen as Sigmodontomys species indeterminate from the Chocó, SW Colombia.","30","30-00926","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0926"
"13000927","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodontomys","","alfari","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1897","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","39","","","Short-tailed Sigmodontomys","Costa Rica, Limón Prov., 3 mi (5 km) E Guápiles, Jiménez, 700 ft (213 m).","Lowland forest from E Honduras to Panamá; C and W Colombia to NW Venezuela and NW Ecuador (see Musser et al., 1998:Fig. 51).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>barbacoas</i>  (J. A. Allen, 1916); <i>efficax</i> Goldman, 1913; <i>esmeraldarum</i> Thomas, 1901; <i>ochraceus</i> (J. A. Allen, 1908); <i>ochrinus</i> (Thomas, 1921); <i>russulus</i> (Thomas, 1897).","Karyotype reported by Gardner and Patton (1976). Musser et al. (1998) summarized locality records and compared them with other oryzomyines having trans-Andean distributions.","30","30-00927","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0926-0000-0927"
"13000928","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Sigmodontomys","","aphrastus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Harris","1932","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan","248","","5","","","Long-tailed Sigmodontomys","Costa Rica, San José Prov., San Joaquin de Dota, 4000 ft (1219 m).","Known only from the type locality, Chiriqui Prov. in W Panamá, and Pichincha Prov. in NC Ecuador (Voss, 1988:423).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Usually listed as a species of <i>Oryzomys</i> of uncertain relationship (Hall, 1981). Assignment to <i>Sigmodontomys</i> tentative following the observations of Ray (1962). Distribution meagerly documented, known by only four specimens.","30","30-00928","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0926-0000-0928"
"13000929","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Tapecomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Anderson and Yates","2000","","J. Mammal.","81","","21","","<i>Tapecomys primus</i> Anderson and Yates, 2000.","","","","","","Phyllotini. A large phyllotine, as big as <i>Andinomys edax</i>, but morphologically, chromosomally, and genetically well differentiated from that species. Conflicting views of relationships and validity of generic status obtained in phylogenetic analyses—sister genus to the <i>Andalgalomys</i> <i>Salinomys</i> clade according to parsimony analyses based on cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Anderson and Yates, 2000; D’Elía et al., 2003), or a species of <i>Graomys</i> (including <i>Andalgalomys</i>) as suggested by consensus trees based on morphological characters (Steppan, 1993; Steppan and Sullivan, 2000). Also see remarks under <i>Andalgalomys</i>.","30","30-00929","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0929"
"13000930","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Tapecomys","","primus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson and Yates","2000","","J. Mammal.","81","","21","","","Primordial Tapecua","Bolivia, Tarija Dept., Tapecua, 1500 m; 21º26&#8242;S, 63º55&#8242;W.","So far known only from the type locality, SE Bolivia.","","","","30","30-00930","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0929-0000-0930"
"13000931","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thalpomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","18","","339","","<i>Thalpomys lasiotis</i> Thomas, 1916 (not <i>Mus lasiotis</i> of Lund, 1841).","","","","","","Akodontini. Recognized as a genus, as initially diagnosed, by Gyldenstolpe (1932); reclassified as a subgenus of <i>Akodon</i> by Ellerman (1941) and so observed by Cabrera (1961), or considered a subjective synonym of <i>Bolomys</i> (Reig, 1987). See Hershkovitz (1990<i>a</i>) for availability of genus-group name, its differentiating characters from typical <i>Akodon</i>, and definition of included species.","30","30-00931","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0931"
"13000932","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thalpomys","","cerradensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1990","","J. Nat. Hist.","24","","777","","","Cerrado Akodont","Brazil, Distrito Federal, Parque Nacional de Brasília, 1100 m.","Cerrado of C Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00932","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0931-0000-0932"
"13000933","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thalpomys","","lasiotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","18","","339","","","Hairy-eared Akodont","Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Lagoa Santa.","Cerrado of C Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>reinhardti</i>  (Langguth, 1975).","For synonymy of the unnecessary replacement name <i>Akodon reinhardti</i>, see Hershkovitz (1990<i>a</i>).","30","30-00933","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0931-0000-0933"
"13000934","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thaptomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","18","","339","","<i>Hesperomys subterraneus</i> Hensel, 1873 (= <i>Mus nigrita</i> Lichtenstein, 1829).","","","","","","Akodontini. Following its description as an akodontine genus, the taxon has been usually retained as a subgenus of <i>Akodon</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Ellerman, 1941; Massoia, 1963<i>a</i>) or even a full synonym of the nominate subgenus (Reig, 1987). Recently, Hershkovitz (1990<i>a</i>, 1998) has reasserted the singular morphological traits of the taxon as ""definitely non<i>Akodon</i>"" and concurred with Thomas’ (1916<i>c</i>) generic segregation. Cladistic interpretations of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences portray <i>nigrita</i> as genetically highly divergent from <i>Akodon</i> proper, either as sister group to that genus (Smith and Patton, 1999), to <i>Necromys</i> (D’Elía et al., 2003), or to the clade <i>Necromys</i> <i>Thalpomys</i> (D’Elía, 2003).","30","30-00934","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0934"
"13000935","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thaptomys","","nigrita","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1829","","Darst. Säugeth.","7","","pl. 35, fig. 1","","","Ebony Akodont","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State, vicinity of Rio de Janeiro.","SE Brazil (Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, and NE Argentina (Misiones).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Akodon nigrita</i>.","<i>fuliginosus</i>  (Wagner, 1845); <i>henseli</i> (Leche, 1896); <i>orycter</i> (Lund, 1841); <i>subterraneus</i> (Hensel, 1873).","Massoia (1963<i>a</i>) clarified the identity of <i>subterraneus</i>, the type of <i>Thaptomys</i>, as a synonym of the earlier named <i>nigrita</i> and amplified the distribution of the species.","30","30-00935","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0934-0000-0935"
"13000936","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Coues","1884","","Am. Nat.","18","","1275","","<i>Hesperomys cinereus</i> Thomas, 1882.","","","","","<i>Erioryzomys</i>  Bangs, 1900; <i>Inomys</i> Thomas, 1917.","Thomasomyini. A speciose and taxonomically complex genus whose nomenclatural history is intertwined with <i>Aepeomys</i>, <i>Delomys</i>, and <i>Wilfredomys</i>, taxa that have been used as subgenera (e.g., Ellerman, 1941; Cabrera, 1961) or as genera (see their accounts). Comparative anatomical studies involving some <i>Thomasomys</i> include Carleton (1973), Hooper and Musser (1964<i>a</i>), and Voss and Linzey (1981); chromosomal numbers of several species published by Gardner and Patton (1976), Gómez-Laverde et al. (1997), and Aguilera et al. (2000). Based on 6-7 species surveyed, sister genus to <i>Chilomys</i> according to phylogenetic interpretations of mitochondrial DNA sequences (D’Elía et al., 2003; Smith and Patton, 1999). Revisionary studies required to critically overhaul species taxonomy and to place ranking of genus-group taxa in a phylogenetic context. Lacking a current revisionary standard, species recognized here basically follow Cabrera (1961), supplemented by our own... [truncated]","30","30-00936","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936"
"13000937","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","apeco","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Leo L. and Gardner","1993","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","106","","417","","","Apeco Thomasomys","Perú, San Martín Dept., Parque Nacional Río Abiseo, ca. 25 km NE Pataz, Valle de Los Chochos, 3280 m.","Known only from the type locality and vicinity, in upper montane forest, 3250-3380 m, NC Perú.","","","The largest living thomasomyine as so far known; differentially compared with <i>T</i>. <i>aureus</i> and <i>Megaoryzomys curioi</i>, an extinct Pleistocene form from the Galapagos Isls.","30","30-00937","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0937"
"13000938","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","aureus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1860","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1860","","219","","","Golden Thomasomys","Ecuador, Chimborazo Prov., ""Pallatanga,"" 4950 ft (1509 m). See discussions by Gardner (1983<i>b</i>) and Voss (2003) on indeterminate location of Pallatanga, a place below the altitudinal range documented for <i>T</i>. <i>aureus</i>; amendment of type locality needed.","Andean forests, about 2400-4000 m, from far W Venezuela (see Linares, 1998:Fig. 152) and E Colombia, through Ecuador and Peru, to WC Bolivia (see Anderson, 1997:Fig. 702); vouchered documentation of range needed.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>altorum</i>  J. A. Allen, 1914; <i>princeps</i> (Thomas, 1895).","Highly differentiated morphologically from other species of <i>Thomasomys</i> (see Carleton, 1973; Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>a</i>; Voss and Linzey, 1981). Karyotype reported by Gardner and Patton (1976). Based on the <i>Thomasomys</i> material in the BMNH, Ellerman (1941) had recognized an <i>aureus</i> group, consisting of large species and also including <i>nicefori</i>, <i>popayanus</i>, and <i>praetor</i>; and Cabrera (1961) later consolidated most of these as subspecies within a highly variable <i>T</i>. <i>aureus</i>. The indiscriminate lumping prompted Gardner and Romo R. (1993) to refer to the populations as the ""<i>T</i>. <i>aureus</i> complex,"" which they suspected to consist of three or more valid species. Voss (2003) provided essential traits for separating <i>T</i>. <i>aureus</i> proper from <i>T</i>. <i>popaynus</i> and <i>T</i>. <i>praetor</i> (see those accounts).","30","30-00938","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0938"
"13000939","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","baeops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","Ann. Mag Nat. Hist., ser. 7","3","","152","","","Short-faced Thomasomys","Ecuador, El Oro Prov., Chilla Valley, Río Pita, 3500 m.","W Andes of Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00939","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0939"
"13000940","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","bombycinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1925","","Am. Mus. Novit.","178","","1","","","Silky Thomasomys","Colombia, Antioquia Dept., Paramillo, 12,500 ft (3810 m).","Cordillera Occidental of Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00940","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0940"
"13000941","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","caudivarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1923","","Am. Mus. Novit.","55","","4","","","White-tipped Thomasomys","Ecuador, El Oro Prov., Cordillera de Chilla, Taraguacocha, 10,750 ft (3277 m).","Andes of C and S Ecuador (Bolivar and El Oro Provs. as per Luna and Pacheco, 2002).","","","Described as a species and considered a large member of the ""<i>cinereus</i> group"" by Anthony (1923); relegated to a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>cinereus</i> by Cabrera (1961). Tirira (1999) check-listed <i>caudivarius</i> as a valid species, a status reaffirmed by Luna and Pacheco (2002).","30","30-00941","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0941"
"13000942","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","cinereiventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1912","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","31","","80","","","Ashy-bellied Thomasomys","Colombia, Cauca Dept., 40 mi (64 km) W Popayán, 10,340 ft (3152 m).","Upper Andean elevations in Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>contradictus</i>  Anthony, 1925; <i>dispar</i> Anthony, 1925.","Formerly included <i>erro</i> as a subspecies (Cabrera, 1961); see below.","30","30-00942","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0942"
"13000943","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","cinereus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1882","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1882","","108","","","Olive-gray Thomasomys","Perú, Cajamarca Dept., Cutervo, 9200 ft (2804 m).","N Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included <i>caudivarius</i> as subspecies according to Cabrera (1961).","30","30-00943","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0943"
"13000944","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","cinnameus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1924","","Am. Mus. Novit.","139","","5","","","Cinnamon-colored Thomasomys","Ecuador, Tungurahua Prov., east of Ambato, Hacienda San Francisco, 8000 ft (2438 m).","Cordillera Oriental, ca. 2400-3800 m, NC Ecuador (Tungurahua and Napo Provs.).","","","A small form described as a species by Anthony (1924), later treated as a synonym of <i>T</i>. <i>gracilis</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Musser and Carleton, 1993), but resurrected by Voss (2003), who amplified its unique traits as compared with <i>T</i>. <i>gracilis</i> and <i>T</i>. <i>hudsoni</i>.","30","30-00944","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0944"
"13000945","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","daphne","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","68","4","2","","","Daphne’s Thomasomys","Perú, Cuzco Dept., Ocabamba Valley, 9100 ft (2774 m).","E Andean slopes from S Perú to WC Bolivia (see Anderson, 1997:Fig. 703).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>australis</i>  Anthony, 1925.","Anderson (1997) maintained <i>australis</i> as the subspecies for Bolivian populations.","30","30-00945","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0945"
"13000946","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","eleusis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","17","","614","","","Peruvian Thomasomys","Perú, Amazonas Dept., mountains east of Balsas, Tambo Jenes, 12,000 ft (3658 m).","NC Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00946","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0946"
"13000947","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","erro","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1926","","Am. Mus. Novit.","240","","3","","","Wandering Thomasomys","Ecuador, Napo Prov., headwaters of Río Suno, a small tributary of the upper Río Napo, upper slopes of Volcán Sumaco, about 8000-9000 ft (~2438-2743 m).","Cordillera Oriental, 2400-3600 m, NC Ecuador.","","","Anthony (1926) considered <i>T</i>. <i>erro</i> to be a highly distinctive species that was possibly derived from <i>T</i>. <i>cinereiventer</i>; Cabrera (1961) formalized the latter opinion as the trinomial <i>T</i>. <i>cinereiventer</i> <i>erro</i>, a synonymy followed by Musser and Carleton (1993) but not Tirira (1999). New records of <i>T</i>. <i>erro</i> reported by Voss (2003), who enumerated morphological traits that clearly discriminate the two forms as species.","30","30-00947","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0947"
"13000948","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","gracilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","68","4","2","","","Gracile Thomasomys","Perú, Cuzco Dept., Machu Picchu, 12,000 ft (3658 m).","Andes of SE Perú, about 2750-4300 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included <i>cinnameus</i> and <i>hudsoni</i> as subspecies or referred synonyms (Cabrera, 1961; Musser and Carleton, 1993, respectively), forms reinstated to species by Voss (2003).","30","30-00948","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0948"
"13000949","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","hudsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1923","","Am. Mus. Novit.","55","","3","","","Hudson’s Thomaomys","Ecuador, Azuay Prov., Bestión, 10,100 ft (3078 m).","Known only from the type locality, S Ecuador.","","","Considered a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>gracilis</i> by Cabrera (1961); differentiating features contrasted with <i>T</i>. <i>cinnameus</i> and <i>T</i>. <i>gracilis</i> and returned to species rank by Voss (2003); known only by the holotype.","30","30-00949","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0949"
"13000950","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","hylophilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1912","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","5","50","","","Woodland Thomasomys","Colombia, Norte de Santander Dept., Upper Río Tachira, Páramo de Tamá, 7500 ft (2286 m).","Cordillera Oriental, E Colombia, and Cordillera de Mérida, W Venezuela (see Linares, 1998:Fig. 150).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00950","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0950"
"13000951","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","incanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","350","","","Black-eared Thomasomys","Perú, Junín Dept., Vítoc Valley.","Andes of C Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fraternus</i>  Thomas, 1927.","Type species of <i>Inomys</i>.","30","30-00951","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0951"
"13000952","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","ischyrus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1914","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","12","162","","","Long-tailed Thomasomys","Perú, Amazonas Dept., 65 km E Chachapoyas, near Uchco, Tambo Almirante, 5000 ft (1524 m).","N to C Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00952","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0952"
"13000953","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","kalinowskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","349","","","Kalinowski’s Thomasomys","Perú, Junín Dept., Vítoc Valley.","Andes of C Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Chromosomal formula reported by Gardner and Patton (1976).","30","30-00953","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0953"
"13000954","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","ladewi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1926","","Am. Mus. Novit.","239","","1","","","Ladew’s Thomasomys","Bolivia, La Paz Dept., Río Aceromarca, 10,800 ft (3292 m).","Known only from a restricted region in La Paz Dept., Andes of NW Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00954","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0954"
"13000955","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","laniger","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","59","","","Soft-furred Thomasomys","Colombia, Cundinamarca Dept., Bogotá Region, 8750 ft (2667 m).","Andes of C Colombia and adjacent W Venezuela (see Linares, 1998:Fig. 149).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>emeritus</i>  Thomas, 1916.","Chromosomal, mensural, and ecological discrimination from <i>T</i>. <i>niveipes</i> in Colombia presented by Gómez-Laverde et al. (1997); karyotypic formula for Venezuelan populations reported by Aguilera et al. (2000).","30","30-00955","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0955"
"13000956","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","macrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gardner and Romo R.","1993","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","106","","762","","","Large-eared Thomasomys","Perú, San Martín Dept., Parque Nacional Río Abiseo, ca. 30 km NE Los Alisos, Puerta del Monte, 3250 m.","Known only from the Pampa del Cuy Valley, in upper montane elfin forest, 3250-3380 m, NC Perú.","","","A big-eared and relatively short-tailed thomasomyine, somewhat larger than <i>T</i>. <i>aureus</i> but craniodentally more similar to <i>T</i>. <i>ischyrus</i> and kin.","30","30-00956","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0956"
"13000957","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","monochromos","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1900","","Proc. New England Zool. Club","1","","97","","","Unicolored Thomasomys","Colombia, Magdalena Dept., Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Páramo de Macotama, 11,000 ft (3353 m).","Extreme NE Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Included as a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>laniger</i> by Cabrera (1961); karyotype reported by Gardner and Patton (1976) as a species without comment.","30","30-00957","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0957"
"13000958","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","niveipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","305","","","White-footed Thomasomys","Colombia, Cundinamarca Dept., La Hoya del Barro (spelling corrected per Gómez-Laverde et al., 1997).","Depts. Boyacá and Cundinamarca, above 2900 m, C Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Included as a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>laniger</i> by Cabrera (1961) but returned to species status by Musser and Carleton (1993) based on their own specimen comparisons. Sympatry with and chromosomal (2n = 24, FN = 42), mensural, and ecological discrimination from <i>T</i>. <i>laniger</i> (2n = 40, FN = 40) documented by Gómez-Laverde et al. (1997), who provided additional information on the location and habitat of the type locality.","30","30-00958","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0958"
"13000959","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","notatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","68","4","2","","","Dusky-footed Thomasomys","Perú, Cuzco Dept., Torontoy, 9500 ft (2896 m).","SE Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Standard karyotype (2n = 44, FN = 44) reported by Gardner and Patton (1976).","30","30-00959","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0959"
"13000960","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","onkiro","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Luna and Pacheco","2002","","J. Mammal.","83","","835","","","Ashaninka Thomasomys","Perú, Cuzco Dept., La Convención Prov., Vilcabamba Cordillera, between the Ene and Urubamba Rivers, 325 km NW Cuzco, 3350 m; 11º39&#8242;36&#8243;S, 73º40&#8242;02&#8243;W.","Known only from elfin forest at the type locality, S Peru.","","","A medium-sized species differentially compared with <i>T</i>. <i>caudivarius</i> and <i>T</i>. <i>silvestris</i> and morphologically most similar to the latter; presumed to be a relict restricted to the Cordillera Vilcabamba (Luna and Pacheco, 2002).","30","30-00960","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0960"
"13000961","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","oreas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1926","","Am. Mus. Novit.","239","","2","","","Montane Thomasomys","Bolivia, La Paz Dept., Cocopunco, 10,000 ft (3048 m).","SC Perú (Pacheco et al., 1993) and WC Bolivia (La Paz; Anderson, 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00961","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0961"
"13000962","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","paramorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","453","","","Páramo Thomasomys","Ecuador, Chimborazo Dept., páramo south of Mt Chimborazo.","Páramo and páramo-forest ecotone of high Andes, Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Ecological information presented by Voss (2003).","30","30-00962","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0962"
"13000963","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","popayanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1912","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","31","","81","","","Popayán Thomasomys","Colombia, Cauca Dept., Cordillera Occidental, 40 mi (64 km)W Popayán, 10,340 ft (3152 m).","Andes of W and C Colombia.","","<i>nicefori</i>  Thomas, 1921.","Reduced to a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>aureus</i> by Ellerman (1941), a synonymy repeated by others (Cabrera, 1961; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Species stature, provisionally including <i>nicefori</i>, argued by Voss (2003).","30","30-00963","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0963"
"13000964","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","praetor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","354","","","Cajamarca Thomasomys","Perú, Cajamarca Dept., páramo between Cajamarca and San Pablo, 4000 m.","NW Perú; limits uncertain.","","","Another of the large <i>Thomasomys</i> relegated to a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>aureus</i> by Cabrera (1961). Morphological contrasts sketched by Voss (2003), who acknowledged <i>T</i>. <i>praetor</i> as species.","30","30-00964","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0964"
"13000965","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","pyrrhonotus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1886","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","18","","421","","","Reddish-backed Thomasomys","Perú, Cajamarca Dept., Río Malleta, Tambillo, 5800 ft (1768 m).","Andes of S Ecuador and NW Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>auricularis</i>  Anthony, 1923.","Morphology redescribed and additional specimens reported by Pine (1980<i>b</i>). Tirira (1999) listed <i>auricularis</i> as a valid species.","30","30-00965","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0965"
"13000966","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","rhoadsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Stone","1914","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","66","","12","","","Rhoads’s Thomasomys","Ecuador, Pichincha Prov., Mt Pichincha, Hacienda Garzón, 10,500 ft (3200 m).","Andes of NC Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fumeus</i>  Anthony, 1924.","Need to confirm junior status of <i>fumeus</i> urged by Voss (2003).","30","30-00966","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0966"
"13000967","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","rosalinda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and St. Leger","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","18","","345","","","Rosalinda’s Thomasomys","Perú, Amazonas Dept., Goncha, 8500 ft (2591 m).","NC Perú.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00967","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0967"
"13000968","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","silvestris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1924","","Am. Mus. Novit.","114","","2","","","Sylvan Thomasomys","Ecuador, Pichincha Prov., Santo Domingo trail on western slope of Mt Corazón, Las Máquinas, 7000 ft (2134 m).","Andes of NC Ecuador (Pichincha Prov.).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Relegated to a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>ischyrus</i> by Cabrera (1961), but explicitly distinguished from that form by Anthony (1924); accepted as a valid species by Tirira (1999), Luna and Pacheco (2002), and Voss (2003).","30","30-00968","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0968"
"13000969","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","taczanowskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1882","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1882","","109","","","Taczanowski’s Thomasomys","Perú, Cajamarca Dept., Río Malleta, Tambillo, 5800 ft (1768 m).","Isolated localities in NW Perú and WC Bolivia (see Anderson, 1993).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Karyology reviewed by Gardner and Patton (1976). Anderson (1997) regarded the assignment of Bolivian specimens as tentative.","30","30-00969","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0969"
"13000970","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","ucucha","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Voss","2003","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3421","","10","","","Ucucha Thomasomys","Ecuador, Napo Prov., valley of Río Papallacta, about 3-5 km (by trail) NNW Papallacta, 11,100 ft (3384 m).","Crest of Cordillera Oriental, 3350-3700 m, NC Ecuador (Napo and Pichincha Provs.).","","","A medium-sized species with procumbent incisors contrasted principally with <i>T</i>. <i>hylophilus</i> (Voss, 2003).","30","30-00970","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0970"
"13000971","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","vestitus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","454","","","Mérida Thomasomys","Venezuela, Mérida, Río Milla, 1630 m.","Mérida Andes, ca. 1600-2400 m, W Venezuela (see Linares, 1998:Fig. 151).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Karyotype described by Aguilera et al. (2000), who noted its general conformity to the condition supposed as primitive for the genus.","30","30-00971","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0971"
"13000972","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Thomasomys","","vulcani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","452","","","Pichincha Thomasomys","Ecuador, Pichincha Prov., Mt Pichincha, 12,000 ft (3658 m).","Ecuadoran Andes, range uncertain.","","","Described as a species of <i>Aepeomys</i> and thereafter classified as a subspecies or synonym of <i>lugens</i>, whether listed under <i>Aepeomys</i> (Musser and Carleton, 1993) or <i>Thomasomys</i> (Cabrera, 1961). Pacheco (in Voss et al., 2002) considered <i>vulcani</i> to be a form of <i>Thomasomys</i> proper, its status and relationships yet to be resolved.","30","30-00972","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0936-0000-0972"
"13000973","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Wiedomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1959","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","72","","5","","<i>Mus pyrrhorhinos Wied-Neuwied, 1821.</i>","","","","","","Wiedomyini. Tribe formally diagnosed by Reig (1980) to contain a fossil genus, <i>Cholomys</i>, recovered from E Argentina, and the problematic form <i>pyrrhorhinos</i>, which has been variously classified as a species of <i>Oryzomys</i> or <i>Thomasomys</i> (see Tate, 1932<i>f</i>; Osgood, 1933<i>d</i>; and Hershkovitz, 1959<i>b</i>). Genus documented, as <i>W</i>. <i>marplatensis</i>, from the late Pliocene (Sanandresian) of Argentina (Quintana, 2002). Noting phallic similarities between <i>W</i>. <i>pyrrhorhinos</i> and certain phyllotines, Langguth and Silva Neto (1993) considered it an early offshoot of the South American sigmodontine radiation; based on a broader survey of morphological traits, Steppan (1995:60) considered its possible derivation from ""a basal ‘thomasomyine’ grade."" Although these somewhat conflicting assessments perhaps argue for continued tribal segregation, more definitive interpretation of the genus’ phylogenetic position is desirable.","30","30-00973","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0973"
"13000974","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Wiedomys","","pyrrhorhinos","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1821","","Reise nach Brasilien","2","","177","","","Red-nosed Wiedomys","Brazil, Bahia State, caatingas along the Riacho da Ressaca, between the farms Tamboril and Ilha (as clarified by Avila-Pires, 1965).","SE Brazil, from Ceará to Rio Grande do Sul.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Locality records clarified by Pine (1980<i>b</i>).","30","30-00974","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0973-0000-0974"
"13000975","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Wilfredomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Avila-Pires","1960","","Bol. Mus. Nac., Nov. Ser., Rio de Janeiro","220","","3","","<i>Thomasomys oenax</i> Thomas, 1928.","","","","","","Sigmodontinae <i>incertae sedis</i>. Genus diagnosed to encompass another problematic thomasomyine-like species from the Atlantic Forest region; see Osgood (1933<i>b</i>) and Pine (1980<i>b</i>) for historical reviews of the generic affiliations of the type species. The categorical recognition of this taxon, conventionally treated as a subgenus of <i>Thomasomys</i> (e.g., Carleton and Musser, 1984; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Pine, 1980<i>b</i>), will depend on phylogenetic studies involving other SE Brazilian endemics (also see comments under <i>Delomys</i> and <i>Juliomys</i>).","30","30-00975","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0975"
"13000976","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Wilfredomys","","oenax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1928","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10","1","","154","","","Rufous-nosed Wilfredomys","Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, Saõ Lourenço.","SE Brazil to N and C Uruguay.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Morphology redescribed by Pine (1980<i>b</i>) and critically compared with <i>Juliomys pictipes</i> by González (2000<i>a</i>).","30","30-00976","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0975-0000-0976"
"13000977","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Zygodontomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1897","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","38","","<i>Oryzomys cherriei</i> J. A. Allen, 1895 (= <i>Oryzomys brevicauda</i> J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1893).","","","","","","Oryzomyini. <i>Zygodontomys</i> was considered a member of the phyllotine group by Hershkovitz (1962), an affinity disputed by others (Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>a</i>; Olds and Anderson, 1989; Pearson and Patton, 1976), or as Sigmodontinae <i>incertae sedis</i> (Reig, 1984; Voss, 1991<i>a</i>). Classification in Oryzomyini formally proposed by Voss and Carleton (1993), a tribal relationship supported by Steppan (1995) and Bonvicino et al. (2003<i>d</i>). First revised by Hershkovitz (1962), who included South American populations now allocated to <i>Bolomys</i> (= <i>Necromys</i>) <i>lasiurus</i> (see Maia and Langguth, 1981; Reig, 1987; Voss and Linzey, 1981). Generic definition emended and species taxonomy revised by Voss (1991<i>a</i>), as followed here; in addition to the two species that Voss recognized, Reig (<i>in</i> Reig et al., 1990<i>a</i>) considered <i>microtinus</i> as valid, a possibility that deserves further exploration. Karyology reported by Gardner and Patton (1976, ... [truncated]","30","30-00977","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0977"
"13000978","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Zygodontomys","","brevicauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen and Chapman","1893","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","5","","215","","","Short-tailed Zygodont","Trinidad, Princes Town.","Savannas from SE Costa Rica through Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas, to Brazil north of the Amazon River; including Trinidad and Tobago and smaller continental-shelf islands adjacent Panamá and Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cherriei</i>  (J. A. Allen, 1895);<i> fraterculus</i> J. A. Allen, 1913; <i>frustrator</i> (J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1897);<i> griseus</i> J. A. Allen, 1913;<b><i> </i></b><i>microtinus</i> (Thomas, 1894);<i> reigi</i> Tranier, 1976;<i> sanctaemartae</i> (J. A. Allen, 1899); <i>seorsus</i> Bangs, 1901; <i>soldadoensis</i> Goodwin, 1965; <i>stellae</i> Thomas, 1899;<i> thomasi</i> J. A. Allen, 1901; <i>tobagi</i> Thomas, 1900; <i>ventriosus</i> Goldman, 1912.","Geographic variation evaluated by Voss (1991<i>a</i>), who recognized <i>cherriei</i> and <i>microtinus</i>, along with the nominate form, as subspecies. Formerly included <i>punctulatus</i>, which Voss (1991<i>b</i>) reidentified as a member of <i>Bolomys</i> (= <i>Necromys</i>). Karyotypic variation of Brazilian populations reported by Mattevi et al. (2002), who questioned whether <i>brevicauda</i> as currently arranged is a composite; Bonvicino et al. (2003<i>d</i>) reached the same conclusion based on evaluation of cranial traits and karyotypes.","30","30-00978","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0977-0000-0978"
"13000979","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Sigmodontinae","","Zygodontomys","","brunneus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","269","","","Brown Zygodont","Colombia, ""El Saibal, W. Cundinamarca"" (indeterminate location of type locality discussed by Voss, 1991<i>a</i>).","Intermontane valleys of N Colombia, 350-1300 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>borreroi</i>  (Hernandez-Camacho, 1957).","Relegated to a subspecies of <i>Z. brevicauda</i> by Gyldenstolpe (1932) and Hershkovitz (1962), but specific status documented by Voss (1991<i>a</i>).","30","30-00979","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0523-0000-0977-0000-0979"
"13000980","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Reig","1984","","Revista Brasil. Genet.","7","2","338","","","","","","","Tylomyinae Reig, 1984 (Tylomyini McKenna and Bell, 1997).","<p>Emended definition—Medium to large-sized arboreal cricetid rodents with tail slightly longer than head and body; four mammae arranged as two inguinal pairs; hindfoot short and broad, digit V nearly equal to II-IV, plantar pads large and closely approximate, ungual tufts present; interorbit cuneate, supraorbital shelves pronounced, dorsally reflected, continuing (in adults) as well-defined temporal ridges; interparietal conspicuous, long and wide, laterally contacting squamosal; zygomatic plate relatively narrow, dorsal notch absent or weakly suggested; tegmen tympani adnate to squamosal (Voss, 1993); alisphenoid strut present, postglenoid foramen tiny, subsquamosal fenestra absent, hamular process undefined (Carleton, 1980); palatal conformation short-wide (Hershkovitz, 1962), parapterygoid fossa shallow and relatively narrow; mesopterygoid fossa typically fully ossified, sphenopalatine vacuities absent or inconspicuous slits (Carleton, 1980); molars brachyodont, strongly cuspidate ... [truncated]","30","30-00980","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980"
"13000981","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","Nyctomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","12","","106","","<i>Hesperomys sumichrasti</i> Saussure, 1860.","","","","","","<p>Nyctomyini new tribe. Type genus—<i>Nyctomys</i> Saussure, 1860. Definition—Medium-sized tylomyine rodents with rich tawny to reddish-brown pelage, tail densely furred and noticeably penicillate; cranium with short, stocky rostrum and arched dorsal profile; jugal thin but a constant middle element of zygomatic arch; carotid circulation complete (<i>Otonyctomys</i>) or derived (most <i>Nyctomys</i>); basihyal with small, knobby entoglossal process; vertebral column with 13 thoracics and 6 lumbars (Carleton, 1980); M1 oval, anterocone narrow and undivided, M3 ovate, smaller than M2; two complete and five incomplete transverse palatal ridges (Carleton, 1980); accessory reproductive glands with two pairs of preputials, ampullaries loose and filiform, dorsal prostates strongly modified, anterior prostates and vesiculars absent (Voss and Linzey, 1981); glans penis with urethral process and dorsal papilla (Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>a</i>). Contents—<i>Nyctomys</i> Saussure, 1860; <i>Otonyc... [truncated]","30","30-00981","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980-0000-0981"
"13000982","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","Nyctomys","","sumichrasti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","12","","107","","","Sumichrast’s Vesper Rat","Mexico, Veracruz, Uvéro, 20 km NW Santiago Tuxtla (as restricted by Alvarez, 1963:583).","Lowland and lower montane forests from S Jalisco and S Veracruz, Mexico, south to C Panama, excluding the Yucatán Peninsula.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>colimensis</i>  Laurie, 1953; <i>costaricensis</i> Goldman, 1937; <i>decolorus</i> (True, 1894); <i>florencei</i> Goldman, 1937; <i>nitellinus</i> Bangs, 1902; <i>pallidulus</i> Goldman, 1937; <i>salvini</i> (Tomes, 1862); <i>venustulus</i> Goldman, 1916.","Nongoegraphic variation of Nicaraguan sample evaluated by Genoways and Jones (1972<i>b</i>); specimens from Michoacán documented by Sánchez-Hernández et al. (1999). Standard and banded karyotypes described by Lee and Elder (1977) and Haiduk et al. (1988), respectively. No current revisionary standard available. Based on examination of USNM series, populations can be sorted according to concordant variation in carotid circulatory pattern and molar-root number: those to the north and west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (<i>sumichrasti</i>, <i>pallidulus</i>) possess a complete pattern and three-rooted M2; whereas, those farther south and east of the Isthmus (<i>costaricensis</i>, <i>decolorus</i>, <i>florencei</i>, <i>nitellinus</i>, <i>venustulus</i>) exhibit a derived carotid condition and four-rooted M2. The existence of a geographic pattern should be confirmed with larger series, especially samples from Chiapas and Guatemala (<i>salvini</i>), and its taxonomic significance explored wi... [truncated]","30","30-00982","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980-0000-0981-0000-0982"
"13000983","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","Otonyctomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Anthony","1932","","Am. Mus. Novit.","586","","1","","<i>Otonyctomys hatti</i> Anthony, 1932.","","","","","","Nyctomyini. Although singularly distinctive, many morphological traits associate <i>Otonyctomys</i> with <i>Nyctomys</i> as its closest relative (see above and Hooper and Musser, 1964<i>a</i>), but its phylogenetic position and other aspects of systematic biology have received little attention.","30","30-00983","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980-0000-0983"
"13000984","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","Otonyctomys","","hatti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1932","","Am. Mus. Novit.","586","","1","","","Yucatán Vesper Rat","Mexico, Yucatán, Chichén Itzá.","Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, south to N Belize and NE Guatemala (Peten Dept.).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Range wholly allopatric to that of its probable sister taxon <i>Nyctomys</i>; new records in Quintana Roo documented by Aranda et al. (1997).","30","30-00984","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980-0000-0983-0000-0984"
"13000985","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","Ototylomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","3","","561","","<i>Ototylomys phyllotis</i> Merriam, 1901.","","","","","","Tylomyini. Emended Definition—Large-sized tylomyine rodents, pelage somber gray to grayish-brown, tail nearly naked; cranium with moderately long, tapering rostrum and flat dorsal profile; jugal absent or tiny and irregularly formed, zygomatic processes of maxillary and squamosal in contact; carotid circulation derived (character state 3 per Carleton, 1980); basihyal with large, attenuate entoglossal process, vertebral column with 14-15 thoracics and 6 lumbars (Carleton, 1980); M1 rectangular, anterocone broad and deeply bifurcate, lingual and labial conules subequal to primary cusps, M3 rectangular and resembling M2 in size and enamel configuration; three complete and five-nine incomplete transverse palatal ridges (Carleton, 1980); accessory reproductive glands with one pair of preputials, ampullaries compact and coiled, vesiculars present and highly modified (Arata, 1964; Lawlor, 1969), ductus deferens with distal ampulla (Arata, 1964; Carleton, 1980); urethral process absent (<i>Oto... [truncated]","30","30-00985","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980-0000-0985"
"13000986","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","Ototylomys","","phyllotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","3","","562","","","Big-eared Climbing Rat","Mexico, Yucatán, Tunkás.","C Costa Rica north to Yucatán Peninsula, S Tabasco, and N Chiapas, Mexico; isolated record from NC Guerrero, Mexico.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>affinis</i>  Laurie, 1953; <i>australis</i> Osgood, 1931; <i>brevirostris</i> Laurie, 1953; <i>connectens</i> Sanborn, 1935; <i>fumeus</i> J. A. Allen, 1908; <i>guatemalae</i> Thomas, 1909; <i>phaeus</i> Merriam, 1901.","Distribution and geographic variation examined by Lawlor (1969), who retained <i>australis</i> and <i>connectens</i> as subspecies. See Lawlor (1982, Mammalian Species, 181).","30","30-00986","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980-0000-0985-0000-0986"
"13000987","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","Tylomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","404","","<i>Hesperomys nudicaudus</i> Peters, 1866.","","","","","","Tylomyini. Closely related to <i>Ototylomys</i> (see previous account). Phylogenetic evaluations of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences arrange <i>Tylomys</i> either as sister-group to Sigmodontinae (D’Elía et al., 2003) or as a member of a polytomy that includes Arvicolinae-Neotominae-Sigmodontinae (D’Elía et al., in press). Nominal species listed follow Hall (1981:626), who remarked that ""Study … may show that some of the species are only subspecies."" Such taxonomic study is overdue.","30","30-00987","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980-0000-0987"
"13000988","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","Tylomys","","bullaris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","3","","561","","","Chiapan Climbing Rat","Mexico, Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","","30","30-00988","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980-0000-0987-0000-0988"
"13000989","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","Tylomys","","fulviventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1916","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","35","","366","","","Fulvous-bellied Climbing Rat","Panama, Darien Prov., Tacarcuna, 4200 ft (1280 m).","Easternmost Panama.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Possibly a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>mirae</i> according to Cabrera (1961) or a synonym of <i>T</i>. <i>panamensis</i> according to Handley (1966<i>a</i>).","30","30-00989","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980-0000-0987-0000-0989"
"13000990","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","Tylomys","","mirae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","4","","278","","","Mira Climbing Rat","Ecuador, Imbabura Prov., Rio Mira, Paramba.","W Colombia and NW Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bogotensis</i>  Goodwin, 1955.","","30","30-00990","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980-0000-0987-0000-0990"
"13000991","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","Tylomys","","nudicaudus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","404","","","Peter’s Climbing Rat","Guatemala.","C Guerrero and C Veracruz, Mexico, south to S Nicaragua, excluding Yucatan Peninsula.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gymnurus</i>  Villa, 1941; <i>microdon</i> Goodwin, 1955; <i>villai</i> Schaldach, 1966.","Goodwin (1934) passingly noted that La Primavera (Dept. Alto Verapaz) may be the type locality, a restriction which should be formally considered by a future revisor. Goodwin (1969) relegated <i>gymnurus</i> to a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>nudicaudus</i>.","30","30-00991","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980-0000-0987-0000-0991"
"13000992","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","Tylomys","","panamensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1873","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","12","","417","","","Panamá Climbing Rat","Panamá.","Easternmost Panamá (see Goldman, 1920).","IUCN – Vulnerable","","Handley (1966<i>a</i>) suggested that <i>fulviventer</i> and <i>watsoni</i> may prove to be junior synonyms of <i>T</i>. <i>panamensis</i>.","30","30-00992","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980-0000-0987-0000-0992"
"13000993","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","Tylomys","","tumbalensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","3","","560","","","Tumbalá Climbing Rat","Mexico, Chiapas, Tumbalá.","Known from isolated localites in Chiapas, S México (see Espinoza M. et al., 1999<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Recorded with <i>T</i>. <i>nudicaudus</i> in reserves of Chiapas (Espinoza M. et al., 1999<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>).","30","30-00993","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980-0000-0987-0000-0993"
"13000994","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Cricetidae","Tylomyinae","","Tylomys","","watsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","4","","278","","","Watson’s Climbing Rat","Panamá, Chiriqui Prov., Volcan de Chiriqui, Bogava (= Bugaba), 800 ft (244 m).","Costa Rica and W Panamá.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-00994","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0153-0980-0000-0987-0000-0994"
"13000995","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Abhandl. K. Akad. Wiss., Berlin for 1804-11","","","46, 129","","","","","","","","<p>Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences support the monophyly of Gerbillinae and Murinae (Adkins et al., 2001; Montgelard et al., 2002; Robinson et al., 1997); Deomyinae, Gerbillinae, and Murinae (Catzeflis et al., 1995; Conroy and Cook, 1999; Dubois et al., 1999; Hänni et al., 1995; Martin et al., 2000); and those three subfamilies plus Otomyinae (Jansa and Weksler, 2004; Michaux and Catzeflis, 2000; Michaux et al., 2001<i>b</i>). Until analyses of molecular data recovered a monophyletic clade consisting of <i>Acomys</i>,<i> Lophuromys</i>,<i> Uranomys</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Deomys</i> (Deomyinae), the first three genera had been listed in classifications and checklists under Murinae. They share many of the diagnostic cranial traits associated with murines and the defining ""upper first molars with three cusps in the anterior two transverse chevrons"" and positions of the two lingual cusps relative to the adjacent central cusps (Carleton and Musser, 1984; Flynn ... [truncated]","30","30-00995","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995"
"13000996","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1888","","132","","","","","","","Acomyinae Dubois, Catzeflis, and Beintema, 1999 [<i>nomen nudum</i> ]; Acomyinae<i> </i>Michaux and Catzeflis, 2000 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> Deomyes </i>Thomas, 1888 (Deomyinae Lydekker, 1889; Deomyinae Ellerman, 1941).","<p>Up to 1999 the clade containing <i>Acomys </i>was informally referred to as ""acomyines"" (Hänni et al., 1995; E. Verheyen et al., 1995, 1996<i>b</i>). Dubois et al. (1999:181-182) wrote that ""<i>Acomys</i> and <i>Uranomys</i> constitute a monophyletic clade at the subfamily level, denoted ‘Acomyinae’ and noted ""throughout this paper, we will use the term Acomyinae for the clade containing <i>Acomys</i> and <i>Uranomys</i>."" Later Michaux and Catzeflis (2000:286) indicated that ""Following Hänni <i>et al.</i> (1995, p. 132), we name ‘acomyines’ or [provisionally] ‘Acomyinae’ as the clade containing the genera <i>Acomys</i>,<i> Deomys</i>,<i> Lophuromys</i>, and <i>Uranomys</i>."" Acomyinae as used by Dubois et al. is unavailable because it was unaccompanied ""by a description or definition that states in words characters that are purported to differentiate the taxon"" or ""a bibliographic reference to such a published statement,"" which is stipulated by the fourth edition of the Internation... [truncated]","30","30-00996","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996"
"13000997","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1838","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris), ser. 2","10","","126","","<i>Mus cahirinus</i> É. Geoffroy, 1803.","","","","","<i>Acanthomys</i>  Lesson, 1842 [not Gray, 1867, or Tokuda, 1941]; <i>Acosminthus </i>Gloger, 1841; <i>Peracomys </i>F. Petter and Roche, 1981; <i>Subacomys</i> Denys, Gautun, Tranier, and Volobouev, 1994.","<p>A brief list of species and subspecies made by Setzer (1975); the arrangement of species provided by Musser and Carleton (1993) based on review of literature and study of specimens; chromosomal reviews by Matthey (1965<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, 1968), Volobouev et al. (1991), Sokolov et al. (1992, 1993), and Denys et al. (1994) and regional chromosomal studies of species (cited in the species accounts); study of molar occlusal patterns (Denys et al., 1994; F. Petter, 1983), and spermatozoal morphology (Baskevich and Lavrenchenko, 1995; Breed, 1995<i>a</i>); biochemical and molecular analyses of large species-clusters (Barome et al., 1998, 2000; Janecek et al., 1991) and smaller assemblages cited in the species accounts; regional systematic revisions (referenced in the species accounts); and review of geographic distributions (Bates, 1994) have all contributed to the present understanding of species-limits within <i>Acomys</i>, their geographic ranges, and phylogenetic relationships. Regret... [truncated]","30","30-00997","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997"
"13000998","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1838","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris), ser. 2","10","","126","","<i>Mus cahirinus</i> É. Geoffroy, 1803.","","","","","","","30","30-00998","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998"
"13000999","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Peracomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","F. Petter and Roche","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-00999","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0999"
"13001000","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Subacomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Denys, Gautun, Tranier, and Volobouev","1994","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-01000","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-1000"
"13001001","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","airensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1921","","Nov. Zool. Tring","28","","8","","","Western Saharan Spiny mouse","Niger, Mt Baguezan, Asben (Aïr), 5200 ft (1585 m).","Recorded from S Mauritania, Mali, Niger, and Chad (Bâ et al., 2001;<b> </b>Barome et al., 1998, 2000; Dobigny et al., 2001<i>a, b</i>, 2002<i>b</i>, 2003; Le Berre, 1990; Tranier et al., 1999).","","","<p>Subgenus <i>Acomys. </i>Initially described as a species but later included in <i>A. cineraceus</i> (F. Petter, 1954; Rosevear, 1969), <i>A. dimidiatus</i> (Setzer, 1975), or <i>A. cahirinus</i> (Musser and Carleton, 1993; Rosevear, 1969). Tranier (1975<i>b</i>) first reported its karyotype (2n = 40), and subsequent comparisons among samples of <i>airensis</i>, <i>dimidiatus</i>, and <i>cahirinus</i> using chromosomal traits highlighted <i>airensis</i> as a species relative to the other two (Tranier et al., 1999; Volobouev et al., 1991, 1996). Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences provided concordant results (Barome et al., 2000, 2001<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>; Dobigny et al., 2001<i>a</i>). Denys et al. (1994) described the dental traits distinguishing <i>A. airensis</i> from <i>A. cahirinus</i>, <i>A. chudeaui</i>,<i> </i>and <i>A. seurati</i>. In his initial chromosomal report, Tranier (1975<i>b</i>) placed <i>A. airensis </i>in the <i>A. cahirinus</i> species grou... [truncated]","30","30-01001","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1001"
"13001002","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","cahirinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","É. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mam. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Paris","","","195","","","Northeast African Spiny Mouse","Egypt, Cairo.","NE Africa: Libya, Egypt (Osborn and Helmy, 1980), Sinai Peninsula (Saleh and Basuony, 1998), N Sudan, Ethiopia (identified by chromosomal traits; Sokolov et al., 1992, 1993), and Djibouti (Pearch et al., 2001); see Bates (1994); W and S distributional limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albigena</i>  (Heuglin, 1877); <i>helmyi</i> Osborn, 1980; <i>hunteri</i> De Winton, 1901; <i>megalodus</i> Setzer, 1959; <i>nubicus</i> (Heuglin, 1877); <i>sabryi</i> Kershaw, 1922;<i> viator</i> Thomas, 1902.","<p>Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. Musser and Carleton (1993) presented a broad definition of <i>A. cahirinus</i> that included some of the species listed here (<i>airensis</i>,<i> chudeaui</i>,<i> dimidiatus</i> and its synonyms, <i>johannis </i>and<i> seurati</i>) and had a geographic range extending from NW Africa to S Pakistan (as mapped by Bates, 1994, who followed Musser and Carleton, 1993). A growing body of published research, mostly by French scientists, has rendered Musser and Carleton’s view simplistic and<i> </i>an underestimate of the actual number of species. As currently understood, the geographic distribution of <i>A. cahirinus</i> centers in NE Africa, and the species is distinguished from <i>A. airensis</i>,<i> A. chudeaui</i>,<i> A. dimidiatus</i>,<i> A. johannis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>A. seurati</i> by dental characters (Denys et al., 1994), chromosomal traits (Volobouev et al., 1991, 1996, 2002<i>b</i>; 2n = 36 for <i>A. cahirinus</i>, 2n from 38 to 68 for the other species), ... [truncated]","30","30-01002","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1002"
"13001003","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","chudeaui","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kollman","1911","","Abh. Bayer Akad. Wiss. Math. Natürwiss.","Kl. 3","","195","","","Chudeau’s Spiny Mouse","Mauritania, Atar, SW of Biskra.","Western Sahara: Recorded from C Morocco (mapped by Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986, as <i>cahirinus</i>) and W Mauritania (Benazzou, 1983; Le Berre, 1990); geographic limits unresolved.","","","Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. Usually listed in the synonymy of <i>A. cahirinus</i> (e. g., Musser and Carleton, 1993), but chromosomal data (Benazzou, 1983; 2n = 40 for <i>chudeaui</i>, 2n = 36 for <i>cahirinus</i>) has been used to support species status (Le Berre, 1990; Le Berre and Le Guelte, 1990) as a member of the <i>A. cahirinus-A. dimidiatus</i> group (Benazzou, 1983). Denys et al. (1994) described distinguishing dental differences between <i>A. chudeaui</i>, <i>A. cahirinus</i>, and the Algerian <i>A. seurati</i>, suggesting they reflected differences among species. The precise phylogenetic relationships among <i>A. chudeaui</i>, <i>A. seurati</i>, and <i>A. airensis </i>(in which 2n varies from 40 to 46) require resolution.","30","30-01003","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1003"
"13001004","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","cilicicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Spitzenberger","1978","","Ann. Nat. Hist. Mus. Wien","81","","444","","","Turkish Spiny Mouse","Asiatic Turkey, Vil Mersin, 17 km E Silifke.","Known only from the type locality (Bates, 1994).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. Corbet (1984) commented on this species. Karyotype documented by Macholán et al. (1995). Zima et al. (1999<i>b</i>) considered the karyotype to be closely similar to that of <i>A. nesiotes</i> from Cyprus, stated that karyotypes of <i>A. cilicicus</i> and <i>A. cahirinus </i>from Egypt were ""almost identical"" (p. 151), and suggested ""that <i>A. cahirinus</i>, <i>A. cilicicus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>A. nesiotes</i> represent a separate group of karyotypically closely related species of Eastern Mediterranean spiny mice."" This notion is corroborated by phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Barome et al., 1998, 2000) and breeding experiments (Frynta and Sádlová, 1998). Kivanç et al. (1997<i>b</i>) reported the same karyotype, but also looked at phallic morphology and concluded <i>A. cilicicus</i> was distinct because of its unique combination of phallic and other morphological traits in combination with a karyotype nearly identical to that of <i>A... [truncated]","30","30-01004","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1004"
"13001005","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","cineraceus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1877","","Reise in Nordost-Afrika","2","","70","","","Gray Spiny Mouse","EC Sudan, ""Eastern Sennaar and about Kalabat"" (G. M. Allen, 1939).","C and S Sudan, N Uganda, C and S Ethiopia (specimens in USNM), and Djibouti (Pearch et al., 2001); distributional limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cinerascens</i> Heuglin, 1877; <i>hawashensis </i>Frick, 1914;<i> hystrella </i>Heller, 1911;<i> intermedius </i>Wettstein, 1916;<i> johannis </i>Thomas, 1912;<i> lowei </i>Setzer, 1956;<i> witherbyi </i>De Winton, 1901 [Dieterlen, in litt.].","Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. Formerly included in <i>A. cahirinus</i> (F. Petter, 1983; Setzer, 1975), but Dieterlen (in litt.) noted that <i>A. cineraceus</i> is a distinct species and one of four (<i>A. wilsoni</i>,<i> A. percivali</i>, and <i>A. cahirinus</i>) occurring in Sudan. Separation of <i>cineraceus</i> from <i>A. cahirinus</i> is supported by chromosomal data (2n = 48 or 50 for <i>cineraceus</i>, 2n = 36 for <i>cahirinus</i>; Kunze et al., 1999<i>b</i>) and analysis of pericentric satellite DNA (Kunze et al., 1999<i>a</i>). F. Petter (1983) recognized <i>witherbyi</i> as a species, and reported that it coexists with a member of the <i>cahirinus-dimidiatus</i> complex in Sudan. Both F. Petter (1983) and Denys et al. (1994) did not associate <i>lowei</i> (W Sudan) with <i>A. cineraceus</i>,<i> </i>but with <i>A. mullah</i> (see that account). In morphology, <i>A. cineraceus</i> closely resembles <i>A. kempi </i>(our study of specimens), which ranges from S Ethiopia and Somalia to ... [truncated]","30","30-01005","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1005"
"13001006","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","dimidiatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1826","","Rüppel Atlas","37","","taf. 13, fig. a","","","Eastern Spiny Mouse","Egypt, Sinai.","Sinai Peninsula of Egypt (Saleh and Basuony, 1998, as <i>cahirinus</i>), Jordan, Israel (Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov, 1999, as <i>cahirinus</i>), Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen (Al-Jumaily, 1998, as <i>cahirinus</i>), Oman, United Arab Emirates (Stuart and Stuart, 1995, as <i>cahirinus</i>), S Iraq, S Iran, and S Pakistan. The range (see Bates, 1994) is basically east of the distribution of the morphologically similar North African <i>A. cahirinus.</i>","<i>carmeliensis</i>Haas, 1952; <i>flavidus</i> Thomas, 1917;<i> hispidus</i> (Brandts, 1827); <i>homericus</i> Thomas, 1923;<i> megalotis</i> (Lichtenstein, 1829); <i>whitei</i> Harrison, 1980.","Subgenus <i>Acomys</i> . <i>Acomys dimidiatus</i> is morphologically very similar to <i>A. cahirinus</i> and with few exceptions (e. g., Ellerman, 1941; Morrison-Scott, 1939; Setzer, 1959, 1975) has usually been listed in the synonymy of that species (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Ellerman et al., 1953; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Volobouev et al. (1996:217) correctly noted ""The difficulty to find diagnostic morphological characters is especially notable in the <i>cahirinus-dimidiatus</i> group in which a number of forms and their taxonomic rank are subject to incessant revision."" The chromosomal differences ""provide a strong cytogenetic isolation"" demonstrating the species status of <i>dimidiatus</i> compared with <i>cahirinus</i>, a conclusion they had proposed in an earlier study contrasting chromosomal features among <i>cahirinus</i>,<i> dimidiatus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>airensis</i> (Volobouev et al., 1991). That separation is also indicated by comparative karyological studies (Kunze et al., 1999<i>b</i>; Volobouev et al., 2002<i>b</i>), phylogenetic analyses based on mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> gene sequences (Barome et al., 2000, 2001<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), pericentric satellite DNA (Kunze et al., 1999<i>b</i>), and comparative study of dental traits among species of <i>Acomys</i> (Denys et al., 1994). See Al-Saleh (1988), Barome et al. (2001<i>a</i>), Macholán et al. (1995), Qumsiyeh et al. (1986), Sokolov et al. (1992, 1993), Volobouev et al. (1991), and references cited therein for additional documentation of chromosomal data and its significance. Most samples of <i>A. dimidiatus </i>have 38 chromosomes, but the diploid number is 36 in some populations on the Sinai Peninsula and in Israel, and there is a narrow hybridization zone on the E Sinai (Nevo, 1989; Wahrman and Goitein, 1972; reported as <i>cahirinus</i>). Kronfield et al. (1994) reported ecological characteristics of <i>A. dimidiatus </i>(as <i>cahirinus</i>) and <i>A. russatus</i> where they occur together in S Israel.","<p>Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. <i>Acomys dimidiatus</i> is morphologically very similar to <i>A. cahirinus</i> and with few exceptions (e. g., Ellerman, 1941; Morrison-Scott, 1939; Setzer, 1959, 1975) has usually been listed in the synonymy of that species (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Ellerman et al., 1953; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Volobouev et al. (1996:217) correctly noted ""The difficulty to find diagnostic morphological characters is especially notable in the <i>cahirinus-dimidiatus</i> group in which a number of forms and their taxonomic rank are subject to incessant revision."" The chromosomal differences ""provide a strong cytogenetic isolation"" demonstrating the species status of <i>dimidiatus</i> compared with <i>cahirinus</i>, a conclusion they had proposed in an earlier study contrasting chromosomal features among <i>cahirinus</i>,<i> dimidiatus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>airensis</i> (Volobouev et al., 1991). That separation is also indicated by comparative karyological studies ... [truncated]","30","30-01006","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1006"
"13001007","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","ignitus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","229","","","Fiery Spiny Mouse","Kenya, Voi.","Usambara Mtns in NE Tanzania (specimens in FMNH), and Kenya (F. Petter, 1983, reports the species from Somalia but gives no exact locality). See Bates (1994); range limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. F. Petter (1983) recognized <i>ignitus</i> as a valid species, clashing with Setzer (1975), who regarded it as part of <i>A</i>. <i>dimidiatus</i>. F. Petter's action reflects reality, reinforcing the views of Hollister (1919) and Ellerman (1941), who recognized <i>ignitus</i> as a separate species, but associated the names <i>pulchellus</i>, <i>kempi</i>, and <i>montanus</i> either as subspecies or direct synonyms (we arrange those names with <i>A. kempi</i>; see that account). Janecek et al. (1991) considered <i>ignitus</i> distinct and phylogenetically closely related to <i>A</i>. <i>cahirinus</i>, based on genetic data. Their conclusions, along with morphological data (Denys et al., 1994; our examination of skins and skulls) and analysis of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>sequences (Barome et al. 1998, 2000, 2001<i>a</i>) define the specific integrity of <i>ignitus</i>.","30","30-01007","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1007"
"13001008","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","johannis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","9","","272","","","Johan’s Spiny Mouse","N Nigeria, Bauchi Plateau Kabwir (Rosevear, 1969, provided more information about holotype and origin of common name).","Burkina Faso, S Niger, Nigeria, N Benin, and N Cameroon; limits of geographic range unresolved.","","","<p>Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. Formerly included in <i>A. cahirinus </i>(Setzer, 1975) or <i>A. cineraceus </i>(Musser and Carleton, 1993). Recently, Sicard and Tranier (1996) provided a detailed report on the geographic distribution of three pelage color phenotypes of <i>Acomys</i> occurring in Burkina Faso (all with 2n = 66 or 68; also see Gautun et al., 1986), assigned them to <i>A. johannis</i>, and contrasted their external, cranial, and dental morphology with <i>A. chudeaui</i> (2n = 42), <i>A. airensis</i> (2n = 40 to 46) and the Algerian <i>A. seurati </i>(2n = 38). Using mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences, Barome et al. (2000) identified the specimens from Burkina Faso as <i>Acomys </i>sp. and specimens from Niger, Benin, Cameroon, and Niger as <i>A. johannis</i>. This species is a member of the <i>A. cahirinus-A. dimidiatus</i> group (Barome et al., 2000) and different from either <i>A. cahirinus</i> or <i>A. cineraceus</i>, but it needs to be more clearly diagnosed and its geog... [truncated]","30","30-01008","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1008"
"13001009","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","kempi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","8","","125","","","Kemp’s Spiny Mouse","Kenya, Chanler Falls, N Guaso Nyiro.","S Ethiopia, S Somalia, Kenya and NE Tanzania (samples in FMNH and USNM); also see Bates (1994); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>montanus</i> Heller, 1914;<i> pulchellus </i>Dollman, 1911.","Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. Originally described by Dollman as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>ignitus</i> and listed that way by Ellerman (1941) and Hollister (1919), but considered a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>cahirinus</i> by Setzer (1975). Treated as a species by Janecek et al. (1991) with closest evolutionary ties to <i>A</i>. <i>cahirinus</i>. The morphological characteristics and geographic range of <i>kempi</i> may represent the eastern segment of <i>A. cineraceus</i>. Hollister (1919) correctly explained why <i>pulchellus</i> is a synonym of <i>A. kempi</i>; we include <i>montanus</i> based upon our studies.","30","30-01009","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1009"
"13001010","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Peracomys","louisae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","269","","","Louise’s Spiny Mouse","Somalia, 40 mi (64.4 km) south of Berbera.","Somalia and Djibouti; see Bates (1994); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>umbratus</i> Thomas, 1923.","Subgenus <i>Peracomys</i>. The type-species of subgenus <i>Peracomys</i> (F. Petter and Roche, 1981); distinction from other <i>Acomys </i>confirmed by Denys et al. (1994). F. Petter (1983) included <i>umbratus</i> in the species. Pearch et al. (2001) listed <i>A. louisae</i> for the Djibouti fauna following Scaramella et al. (1974).","30","30-01010","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0999-1010"
"13001011","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","minous","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bate","1905","1906","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","2","321","","","Crete Spiny Mouse","Greece, Crete Isl, Kanea.","Endemic to Crete (Greece); see Bates (1994).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. Treated as a species by Dieterlen (1978<i>a</i>), Corbet and Hill (1991), Cheylan (1991), and Denys et al. (1994). Chromosomal banding pattern documented by Kunze et al. (1999<i>b</i>:228), who noted the close similarity between karyotypes of Egyptian <i>A. cahirinus</i> and <i>A. minous</i>, and speculated that ""<i>Acomys</i> may have reached Crete by ship with humans,"" an assumption concordant ""with the lack of fossil <i>Acomys</i> records in Crete"" (see Dieterlen, 1978, and discussion and references in Barome et al. [2001<i>a</i>]). This hypothesis was challenged by Barome et al. (2001<i>a</i>) based on mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences. Their sample of <i>A. minous</i> was composed of two lineages, one (group A) clustered with Egyptian <i>A. cahirinus</i> and <i>A. nesiotes</i> from Cyprus, the other (group B) formed a clade with the Turkish <i>A. cilicicus</i>. Cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences were closely similar among the four species, the maximum nucleoti... [truncated]","30","30-01011","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1011"
"13001012","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","mullah","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","103","","","Mullah Spiny Mouse","Ethiopia.","Ethiopia and Somalia; see Bates (1994); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brockmani</i> Dollman, 1911.","Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. F. Petter (1983) recognized <i>brockmani</i> as a valid species, suggesting it might be referable to <i>mullah</i>, which is the older name. These two forms are characterized by large molar rows, also diagnostic of <i>lowei</i>, which F. Petter implicitly associated with both <i>mullah</i> and <i>brockmani</i> as separate species, as did Denys et al. (1994). Ellerman (1941) also recognized <i>mullah</i> and <i>brockmani</i> as species, but Setzer (1975) arranged <i>lowei</i> as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>cahirinus</i>, Dieterlen (in litt.) regarded it as a synonym of <i>A. cinerasceus</i>, and Setzer (1975) treated <i>mullah</i> and <i>brockmani</i> as subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>dimidiatus</i>. Yalden et al. (1976) listed <i>mullah</i> as a synonym of <i>A</i>. <i>cahirinus</i>. Musser and Carleton (1993) followed Dieterlen in associating <i>lowei </i>with <i>A. cinerasceus</i>, an identity we retain pending a systematic revision of that species (see account).","30","30-01012","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1012"
"13001013","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","nesiotes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bate","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","565","","","Cyprus Spiny Mouse","Cyrus, Kernyia Hills, near Dikomo.","Cyprus; see in Bates (1994).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. Originally described as a species, subsequently listed as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>dimidiatus</i> (Ellerman, 1941) or included in <i>A</i>. <i>cahirinus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>), but again treated as a species (Spitzenberger, 1978<i>b</i>). Standard karyotype (2n=38) described by Zahavi and Wahrman (1956) and Zima et al. (1999<i>b</i>); chromosomal banding pattern similar to the Turkish <i>A. cilicicus </i>and Egyptian <i>A. cahirinus</i> (Zima et al., 1999<i>b</i>). This association corroborated by mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Barome et al., 2001<i>a</i>) and breeding experiments (Frynta and Sádlová, 1998); the Crete, Cyprus, and Turkish species join <i>A. cahirinus</i> in a monophyletic clade to the exclusion of that formed by samples of <i>A. dimidiatus</i> or other species of <i>Acomys</i> sampled. See accounts of <i>A. cilicicus</i> and <i>A. minous</i> for additional discussion.","30","30-01013","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1013"
"13001014","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","percivali","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","8","","126","","","Percival’s Spiny Mouse","Kenya, Chanler Falls, Nyiro.","S Sudan (east of White Nile), E Uganda, SW Ethiopia, and Kenya; see Bates (1994).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. Treated as a synonym of <i>kempi</i>, which in turn was included within <i>A</i>. <i>cahirinus</i> by Setzer (1975). However, Hollister (1919) recognized <i>percivali</i> as a species based upon many specimens he examined, as did Ellerman (1941) and F. Petter (1983). Hubert (1978<i>b</i>) identified specimens from Ethiopia as <i>A</i>. <i>percivali</i>, and Neal (1983) used <i>percivali</i> as a species in comparing breeding patterns between it and <i>A. wilsoni</i> in C Kenya. Janecek et al. (1991) regarded <i>percivali</i> as the species genetically most closely related to <i>A</i>. <i>wilsoni</i>, and Denys et al. (1994) noted the nearly identical molar morphology in the two species. Matthey (1968) recorded a karyotype (2n = 36, FN = 68) for what he identified as <i>A. percivali</i> from Ethiopia, but Sokolov et al. (1992, 1993) regarded Matthey’s results as applying to <i>A. cahirinus. </i>See account of <i>A. wilsoni</i>.","30","30-01014","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1014"
"13001015","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","russatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1840","","Abh. Akad. Wiss. Münchin","3","","195","","","Golden Spiny Mouse","Egypt, Sinai.","Egypt east of the Nile (Osborn and Helmy, 1980), S and E Sinai (Haim and Tchernov, 1974; Nevo, 1989; Saleh and Basuony, 1998), Jordan, Israel (Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov, 1999), Saudi Arabia, N Yemen (Al-Jumaily, 1998), and Oman (Harrison and Bates, 1991); see Bates (1994).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aegyptiacus</i>  Bonhote, 1912; <i>affinis</i> Gray, 1843; <i>harrisoni</i> Atallah, 1970; <i>lewisi </i>Atallah, 1967.","<p>Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. Qumsiyeh et al. (1986) retained <i>lewisi</i> as a species because fur color and bacular morphology of <i>lewisi</i> are distinctive compared with <i>A. russatus </i>(Atallah, 1967), even though the karyotype of <i>lewisi </i>from Jordan is indistinguishable from <i>A. russatus</i>. However, based on morphological evidence, <i>lewisi</i> was included in <i>A</i>. <i>russatus</i> by other systematists (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Harrison and Bates, 1991; Osborn and Helmy, 1980), an allocation also supported by genetic data (Janecek et al., 1991). See Nevo (1985, 1989, and references therein) for additional chromosomal data and its significance.</p><p>Among species of <i>Acomys</i>,<i> A. russatus</i> is very distinctive in its molar morphology (Denys et al., 1994) and chromosomal traits (2n = 66), an isolation bolstered by phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences, which does not associate it closely with any other single species or any species i... [truncated]","30","30-01015","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1015"
"13001016","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","seurati","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heim de Balsac","1936","","Bull. Biol. Fr. Belg.","21","","356, Fig. 6(4); 389, Fig. 15(15)","","","Seurat’s Spiny Mouse","S Algeria, Iniker, A’hagger (Ahaggar Mtns; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Ranck, 1968).","Recorded only from mountains of S Algeria, in Hoggar, Mouydir and Tassili n’Ajjers (Bates, 1994; Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991).","","","Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. Described as a species by Heim de Balsac, but listed as a synonym of <i>A. cahirinus</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Musser and Carleton (1993); however, the karyotype is different (2n = 38, FN = 68 compared with 2n = 36, FN = 68 for <i>A. cahirinus</i>) and the two can be distinguished by molar morphology<i> </i>(Denys et al., 1994:237). Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska (1991) provided references to distributional records, ecology, and morphology of the species.","30","30-01016","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1016"
"13001017","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","spinosissimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Reise nach Mossambique, Säugeth.","","","160","","","Southern African Spiny Mouse","Mozambique, Tette and Buio.","NE Tanzania (Amani; series in USNM) and EC Tanzania (Kilosa and Morogoro regions; specimens in FMNH and MNHN), SE Dem. Rep. Congo, Zambia, Malawi (Chitaukali et al., 2001, on Nyika Plateau; Denys et al., 1999), Zimbabwe, E Botswana, C Mozambique, and N and NW South Africa; see Bates (1994).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>selousi</i>  De Winton, 1896; <i>transvaalensis </i>Roberts, 1926.","Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. Revised by Dippenaar and Rautenbach (1986). Genetic data indicated that <i>A</i>. <i>spinosissimus</i> should be placed in a species-group separate from other <i>Acomys</i> (Janecek et al., 1991). Barome et al. (2001<i>b</i>) reported morphological and molecular analyses of <i>A. spinosissimus</i> from Tanzania and Malawi compared with samples from farther south in the range. Their results not only demonstrated the monophyly of all geographic samples (from Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and NE South Africa) of <i>A. spinosissimus</i>, but also the distinctiveness of this species compared with South African <i>A. subspinosus</i> and other northern species (<i>A. wilsoni</i>,<i> A. russatus</i>,<i> A. ignitus</i>,<i> A. airensis</i>,<i> A. cahirinus</i>,<i> </i>and<i> A. dimidiatus</i>; see also Barome et al., 2000). Reviewed by de Graaf (1997<i>b</i>).","30","30-01017","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1017"
"13001018","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Subacomys","subspinosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","104","","","Cape Spiny Mouse","South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape of Good Hope.","South Africa; restricted to Western Cape Province (Bates, 1994; Dippenaar and Rautenbach, 1986; Skinner and Smithers, 1990).","IUCN – Least Concern.","","Subgenus <i>Subacomys</i>. Revised by Dippenaar and Rautenbach (1986). Musser and Carleton (1993) noted that <i>A. subspinosus</i> should be in a species-group by itself, according to the results of genetic analysis by Janecek et al. (1991). Its separation from other <i>Acomys</i> is also indicated by phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Barome et al., 2000, 2001<i>b</i>). Their study of cranial and dental morphology prompted<i> </i>Denys et al. (1994) to propose the subgenus <i>Subacomys</i> for <i>A. subspinosus</i>. Reviewed by de Graaff (1997<i>c</i>).","30","30-01018","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-1000-1018"
"13001019","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Acomys","Acomys","wilsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","10","","22","","","Wilson’s Spiny mouse","Kenya, Mombasa.","S Sudan, S Ethiopia, S Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, and south to EC Tanzania (Kondoa; specimens in AMNH); see Bates (1994); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ablutus</i> Dollman, 1911;<i> argillaceus </i>Hinton and Kershaw, 1920;<i> boronei </i>De Beaux, 1934;<i> enid </i>St. Leger, 1932;<i> nubilus </i>Dollman, 1914.","Subgenus <i>Acomys</i>. Formerly included in <i>A. subspinosus</i> by Setzer (1975) but considered a species by most systematists (Corbet and Hill, 1991; Ellerman, 1941; Hollister, 1919; Matthey, 1968; Musser and Carleton, 1993; F. Petter, 1983; F. Petter and Roche, 1981; Rupp, 1980; Yalden et al., 1976). Genetically most similar to <i>A</i>. <i>percivali</i> (Janecek et al., 1991) with which it occurs sympatrically (Neal, 1983, for example, studied the breeding patterns in both species from the same locality in C Kenya); Denys et al. (1994) noted a close similarity in molar patterns between the two species. Specimens of <i>nubilus</i> are larger and longer-tailed than <i>wilsoni</i> and may represent a separate species; de Beaux's (1934) description of <i>boronei</i> recalls <i>nubilus</i>. Those two names possibly represent the closely related <i>A. percivali</i>, which has a longer tail relative to head and body length than does <i>A. wilsoni</i>. The need to revise the <i>A. wilson... [truncated]","30","30-01019","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-0997-0998-1019"
"13001020","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Deomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1888","","130","","<i>Deomys</i> <i>ferrugineus</i> Thomas, 1888.","","","","","","Described by Thomas (1888<i>c</i>:132) as a unique member of a ""special section"" within Muridae (<i>Deomyes</i>) with molar traits intermediate between cricetines and murines. A year later, Lydekker (1889) referred <i>Deomys</i> to the Deomyinae; subsequently, Thomas (1896) placed <i>Deomys</i> in the Dendromurinae, and with the exception of Ellerman, (1941), there it remained until the 1990s (see historical discussions in Rosevear, 1969, and Carleton and Musser, 1984). The morphological traits of <i>Deomys</i> do not fit well in the Dendromurinae (Carleton and Musser, 1984; Rosevear, 1969), which influenced Ellerman (1941) to propose Deomyinae (primarily because of its peculiar and morphologically primitive conformation of the zygomatic plate) to contain the genus (Ellerman listed Thomas’s <i>Deomyes </i>as a synonym and was apparently unaware of Lydekker’s Deomyinae). Recent DNA-DNA hybridization experiments (Denys et al., 1995) and phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> ... [truncated]","30","30-01020","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1020"
"13001021","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Deomys","","ferrugineus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1888","","130","","","Congo Forest Rat","Lower Congo.","Uganda, Rwanda, Dem. Rep. Congo, SW Central African Republic, S Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea (including Bioko).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>christyi</i>  Thomas, 1915; <i>poensis</i> Eisentraut, 1965; <i>vandenberghei </i>Rahm and W. Verheyen, 1960.","Hatt (1940), Rosevear (1969), and Eisentraut (1973) provided informative descriptions and reviews. Lemire (1966) reported myological and skeletal interaction in mastication. Eisentraut (1973) provided color plate contrasting the reddish brown upperparts of mainland samples with the dark brown dorsum of <i>poensis</i> from Bioko. Rosevear (1969) described the range in variation in coloration of dorsal pelage (intense reddish brown to reddish brown with a blackish rump to dark brown or blackish over most of back and rump; Eisentraut’s plate illustrated this variation) and the meaningless attempts to attach the names listed in synonymy to parts of that range. Kerbis Peterhans and Patterson (1995:329) included <i>D. ferrugineus</i> in their African guild of ""waders"" along with species of <i>Malacomys</i> and <i>Colomys goslingi</i>: ""Without swimming and while perched on elongate hind feet, all three consume insects and other small animals in shallow forest streams and pools.""","30","30-01021","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1020-0000-1021"
"13001022","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1874","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","","","234","","<i>Lasiomys afer</i> Peters, 1866 (= <i>Mus sikapusi</i> Temminck, 1853).","","","","","<i>Kivumys</i> Dieterlen, 1987;<i> Lasiomys</i> Peters, 1866 [not Burmeister, 1854]; <i>Neanthomys </i>Toschi, 1946.","Because <i>Lasiomys</i> is preoccupied by Burmeister’s <i>Lasiomys</i>, Peters proposed <i>Lophuromys</i> with the same type species. Dieterlen (1976<i>b</i>, 1987) arranged the species into subgenera <i>Lophuromys</i> and <i>Kivumys</i>; the latter apparently represents a separate monophyletic group (containing <i>L. luteogaster</i>,<i> L. medicaudatus</i>, and <i>L. woosnami</i>) that may eventually be elevated to generic rank. <i>Neanthomys</i> was based on a specimen missing the tail; see Lavrenchenko et al. (1998<i>b</i>) for additional discussion and references.<b> </b>Most changes from the 10 or 11 species recognized by G. M. Allen (1930) and Ellerman (1941) to the five listed by Misonne (1974), the 10 in Musser and Carleton (1993), and the 21 acknowledged here result from the contributions of Dieterlen (1976<i>b</i>, 1987), F. Petter (1972<i>d</i>), W. Verheyen et al. (1996<i>a</i>, 1997, 2000, 2002) and Lavrechenko et al. (1998<i>b</i>); the overall systematic revision of <i>L... [truncated]","30","30-01022","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022"
"13001023","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1874","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","","","234","","<i>Lasiomys afer</i> Peters, 1866 (= <i>Mus sikapusi</i> Temminck, 1853).","","","","","","","30","30-01023","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023"
"13001024","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Kivumys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Dieterlen","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-01024","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1024"
"13001025","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","aquilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1892","","Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.","15","","460","","","Dark-colored Brush-furred Rat","East Africa, Tanzania, Mt Kilimanjaro, 8000 ft (2650 m; coordinates given by W. Verheyen et al., 2002).","Lowland and montane habitats from NE Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998) throughout the Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda (Corti et al., 2000; Monfort, 1992) and Burundi (Maddalena et al., 1989) to Uganda (Delaney, 1975), Kenya (Hollister, 1919; except montane habitats on Aberdare Range and Mt Kenya; see account of <i>L. zena</i>), and south through Tanzania (Swinnerton and Hayman, 1951; except Mt Meru; see account of <i>L. verhageni</i>) to Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988), N Zambia (Ansell, 1978), and NE Mozambique (Smithers and Lobão Tello, 1976); recorded as either <i>L. aquilus</i> or <i>L. flavopunctatus</i> in faunal accounts.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>L. cinereus.</i>","<i>cinereus</i>  Dieterlen and Gelmroth, 1974;<i> laticeps</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1907; <i>major</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1907; <i>margarettae</i> Heller, 1912; <i>rita</i> Dollman, 1910; <i>rubecula</i> Dollman, 1909.","<p>Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>,<i> L. aquilus</i> species group (W. Verheyen et al., 2002). Described as a species, which was recognized in early checklists (G. M. Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1940<i>d</i>), but subsequently included in <i>L. flavopunctatus</i> (Misonne, 1974; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Analyses of morphometric traits and mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>sequences by W. Verheyen et al. (2002) demonstrated the conspecificity of the synonyms with <i>L. aquilus</i> and definition of the species relative to others in the <i>L. flavopunctatus</i> complex of species. Geographic samples of <i>L. aquilus</i> form a monophyletic clade most closely related to a clade containing the Ethiopian <i>L. brunneus </i>and <i>L. chrysopus</i>, and Kenyan <i>L. zena</i>, both clusters considered to be members of the <i>L. aquilus</i> species group (W. Verheyen et al., 2002). Maddalena et al. (1989) reported chromosomal data for Burundi sample. Three-dimensional geometric morphometrics was used by Cort... [truncated]","30","30-01025","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1025"
"13001026","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","angolensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","W. Verheyen, Dierckx, and Hulselmans","2000","","Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique, Biol.","70","","255","","","Angolan Brush-furred Rat","SW Dem. Rep. Congo, Mbwambala, 500 m (W. Verheyen et al., 2000, provided additional data).","Lowland tropical evergreen rain forest and mountain forest (disturbed and highly disturbed secondary and primary formations) along rim of C rainforest block in SW Dem. Rep. Congo (500 m), and W highlands of Angola (1000-2600 m); see W. Verheyen et al. (2000).","","","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>,<i> L. sikapusi</i> species group (W. Verheyen et al., 2000). W. Verheyen et al. (2000) documented significant morphometric differences between <i>L. angolensis</i> and samples of <i>L. sikapusi </i>and <i>L. ansorgei </i>as revealed by univariate and multivariate analyses, but noted the lack of qualitative morphological distinctions between <i>L. angolensis</i> and the other two. Reviewed by Crawford-Cabral (1998) as <i>L. sikapusi.</i>","30","30-01026","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1026"
"13001027","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","ansorgei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","De Winton","1896","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1896","","607","","","Ansorge’s Brush-furred Rat","Kenya, Nyanza Province, Mumia’s.","West Africa from lower reaches of the Congo River in E Dem. Rep. Congo (Boma, Kinshasa) and possibly S Cameroon, and in E Africa from Uganda through W Kenya to N Tanzania.","","<i>manteufeli</i> Matschie, 1911;<i> pyrrhus</i> Heller, 1911.","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>, <i>L. sikapusi</i> species complex (W. Verheyen et al., 2000). Usually included in <i>L. sikapusi</i>, but regarded as a separate species by W. Verheyen et al. (1997, 2000). The species has yet to be fully revised and its geographic range delineated; the distribution recorded here is extracted from W. Verheyen et al. (1997, 2000). Geographic range of <i>L. ansorgei</i> either extends from East Africa along the northern and southern rim of the Congolese Central Forest Block to the lower reaches of the Congo River, or the range along the lower Congo is a remnant of a once more expansive distribution (W. Verheyen et al., 2000). Dieterlen (1987) discussed <i>ansorgei</i> and <i>pyrrhus</i> as subspecies of <i>L. sikapusi</i>.","30","30-01027","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1027"
"13001028","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","brevicaudus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1936","","Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.","20","","241","","","Short-tailed Brush-furred Rat","Ethiopia, Arusi (=Arsi) Province, Chilalo Mtns, Mt Albasso.","Endemic to SC Ethiopian highlands on east side of Ethiopian Rift Valley between 2400 and 3750 m; recorded from the Chilalo and Gedeb Mtns by Osgood (1936) and from the Bale Mtns by Lavrenchenko et al. (1998<i>b</i>).","","","<p>Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>, <i>L. flavopunctatus</i> species group (Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>b</i>, 2000). Described as a distinctive species (Osgood, 1936), but later included in <i>L. flavopunctatus</i> (Misonne, 1974; Yalden et al., 1976, 1996). Allozymic (Lavrenchenko et al., 2000), chromosomal (Aniskin et al., 1997), and morphological and morphometric data (Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>b</i>; W. Verheyen et al., 2002) separate <i>brevicaudus</i> as a species. Lavrenchenko et al. (1998<i>b</i>)<i> </i>noted that <i>L. brevicauda</i> is diurnal and one of the most common small mammals occurring in the <i>Erica-Hypericum</i> heath zone (3170-3750 m) in the Harenna Forest on southern slopes of the Bale Mtns. At about 3500 m, <i>L. brevicauda</i>’s range narrowly overlaps lower margin of the altitudinal distribution of <i>L. melanonyx</i>. At the lower end of <i>L. brevicauda</i>’s altitudinal range, between 2400 and 2760 m in the <i>Schefflera-Hagenia </i>belt on southern slope o... [truncated]","30","30-01028","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1028"
"13001029","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","brunneus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","305","","","Thomas’s Ethiopian Brush-furred Rat","S Ethiopia, Manno-Jimma, 4200 ft (1280 m; W. Verheyen et al., 2002, provide coordinates).","Endemic to S Ethiopia on highlands west of the Rift Valley, from the Simien Mtns in the north to Manno-Jimma in the south (see specimens examined in W. Verheyen et al., 2002).","","<i>simensis</i>  Osgood, 1936.","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>,<i> L. aquilus </i>species group (W. Verheyen et al., 2002). Originally described as a subspecies of <i>L. aquilus</i>, later allocated to <i>L. flavopunctatus</i> as a probable synonym of <i>L. f. zaphiri</i> (Osgood, 1936), and included in <i>L. flavopunctatus</i> until now (Misonne, 1974; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Yalden et al., 1976, 1996). Morphometric analyses by W. Verheyen et al. (2002) indicated <i>brunneus</i> to be a species distinct from all the other Ethiopian <i>Lophuromys </i>except the Ethiopian <i>L. chrysopus</i> to which it is closely related, and that <i>simensis</i> is likely a synonym. Lavrenchenko et al. (1998<i>b</i>) speculated that <i>simensis</i> may represent a separate species in the Simien Mtns. See account of <i>L. chrysopus.</i>","30","30-01029","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1029"
"13001030","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","chrysopus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1936","","Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.","20","","242","","","Ethiopian Forest Brush-furred Rat","Ethiopia, Sidamo Province, Allata.","Endemic to Ethiopia in montane forests of the E and W plateaus (separated by the Ethiopian Rift Valley); probably occurs in most forests of the SW mountains (Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>b</i>).","","","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>, <i>L. aquilus</i> species group (W. Verheyen et al., 2002). Described as a subspecies of <i>L. aquilus</i> by Osgood (1936) but subsequently included in <i>L. flavopunctatus</i> (Yalden et al., 1976, 1996). Allozymic, chromosomal, as well as morphological and morphometric data (Aniskin et al., 1997; Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>b</i>, 2000; W. Verheyen et al., 2002 ) distinguish <i>chrysopus</i> as a separate species from both <i>L. flavopunctatus</i> and <i>L. brevicaudus</i>. The chromosomal composition alone signaled the distinctness of <i>chrysopus</i> (2n = 54, FN = 60, as contrasted with 2n = 68, FN = 78 for <i>brevicaudus</i>; and 2n = 68 for <i>flavopunctatus</i>; Aniskin et al., 1997). Differences between samples from E and W plateaus in morphometrics, pelage coloration, and distribution of B-chromosomes suggest some geographic differentiation in <i>L. chrysopus</i> (Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>b</i>). Morphometric analyses place <i>L. chrysopus</i> ... [truncated]","30","30-01030","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1030"
"13001031","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","dieterleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","W. Verheyen, Hulselmans, Colyn, and Hutterer","1997","","Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique, Biol.","67","","173","","","Mount Oku Brush-furred Rat","West Cameroon, Bamenda-Banso highlands, border of the crater lake on Mt Oku, 2100 m (see W. Verheyen et al., for additional information).","Recorded by five specimens collected in 1967 from the type locality, an isolated patch of forest on Mt. Oku (W. Verheyen et al., 1997).","","","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>, <i>L. aquilus</i> species group (W. Verheyen et al., 2002). Apparently phylogenetically most closely allied with <i>L. eisentrauti</i> from nearby Mt Lefo (W. Verheyen et al., 1997). Holotypes of <i>L. eisentrauti</i>, <i>L. dieterleni</i>, Mt Elgon <i>L. rubecula</i>,<i> </i>and montane Kenyan <i>L. zena</i> cluster with samples of <i>L. chrysopus</i>, suggesting all represent the same species, a possibility requiring testing by analyses of morphometric, chromosomal, and molecular variation in geographic samples from the region between Ethiopia and the Cameroon and Kenyan highlands. Morphometric and morphological comparisons between <i>L. dieterleni</i> and samples of <i>L. eisentrauti</i>,<i> L. sikapusi</i>,<i> L. flavopunctatus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>L. ansorgei</i> documented by W. Verheyen et al. (1997). An example of <i>L. sikapusi</i> has been collected at the base of Mt Oku and that species may prove to be sympatric with <i>L. dieterleni </i>(W. Verheye... [truncated]","30","30-01031","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1031"
"13001032","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","dudui","","SPECIES","False","","YES","W. Verheyen, Hulselmans, Dierckx, and E. Verheyen","2002","","Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique, Biol.","72","","147","","","Dudu’s Brush-furred Rat","N Dem. Rep. Congo, Orientale (Haut-Zaïre), right bank Congo River near Kisangani, Masako Forest Reserve, ""rainforest of the Tshoporiver,"" 440 m, 00EE36'N, 25EE13'E (W. Verheyen et al., 2002:147).","Dem. Rep. Congo, lowland tropical evergreen rainforest on right side of Congo River from Kisangani area east to W foothills of the Western Rift Mtns, from the Garamba-Blukwa-Djugu region in NE Dem. Rep. Congo to Irangi in the south (details and localities provided by W. Verheyen et al., 2002).","","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i> , <i>L. aquilus</i> species group (W. Verheyen et al., 2002). A distinct species defined by clear morphometric and molecular traits. Populations on left bank of the Congo River near Kisangani represent <i>L. aquilus</i>.","","30","30-01032","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1032"
"13001033","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","eisentrauti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dieterlen","1978","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","29","","296","","","Mount Lefo Brush-furred Rat","West Cameroon, Bamenda-Banso highlands, Mt Lefo, 2550 m (Hutterer et al., 1992<i>a</i>; W. Verheyen et al., 1997).","An isolated patch of montane forest on Mt Lefo and so far recorded only from the type locality.","","","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>, <i>L. aquilus</i> species group (W. Verheyen et al., 2000). Dieterlen (1979<i>b</i>) described <i>eisentrauti</i> as a subspecies of <i>L. sikapusi</i> but Hutterer et al. (1992<i>a</i>) were so impressed by the small body size of <i>eisentrauti</i> (""a dwarf form"") relative to that of <i>L. sikapusi</i> from the surrounding region that they raised it to the rank of species. A morphometric revision of <i>Lophuromys </i>from the mountain forest archipelago of W Cameroon and SE Nigeria corroborated the specific status of <i>eisentrauti</i> and identified <i>L. dieterleni</i>, endemic to nearby Mt Oku in the Gotel Mtns, as its closest phylogenetic relative (W. Verheyen et al., 1997). See account of <i>L. dieterleni</i>.","30","30-01033","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1033"
"13001034","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","flavopunctatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1888","","14","","","Ethiopian Buff-spotted Brush-furred Rat","Ethiopia, Shoa (=Shewa) Province, probably obtained at Ankober, 100 mi. (161 km) NE Addis Ababa (Thomas, 1888<i>d</i>), 3000 m (coordinates given by W. Verheyen et al., 2002).","Endemic to Ethiopian plateau west of the Rift Valley (Osgood, 1936; W. Verheyen et al., 2002).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>giaquintoi</i> (Toschi, 1946);<i> zaphiri</i> Thomas, 1906.","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>, <i>L. flavopunctatus</i> species group (W. Verheyen et al., 2002). Originally described as a species, which later came to embrace Ethiopian <i>brunneus</i>,<i> simensis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>zaphiri</i> (Osgood, 1936; G. M. Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1941), and eventually a dozen taxa representing a geographic range with an isolated segment in highlands of Ethiopia, and a vast distribution outside of that region, extending from NE Angola through the Congo basin to Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and south to Malawi, N Zambia and N Mozambique (Dieterlen, 1976<i>b</i>; Misonne, 1974; Musser and Carleton, 1993). The peculiar range and appreciable morphological variation among samples prompted Musser and Carleton (1993) to suggest that more than one species was present, which has been demonstrated by recent analyses of allozymic (Lavrenchenko et al., 2000), chromosomal (Aniskin et al., 1997), and morphological, morphometric, and molecular data (Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>b</... [truncated]","30","30-01034","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1034"
"13001035","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","huttereri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","W. Verheyen, Colyn, and Hulselmans","1996","","Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique, Biol.","66","","255","","","Hutterer’s Brush-furred Rat","N Dem. Rep. Congo, near village of Yaenero on left side of Congo River, 450 m (see W. Verheyen et al., 1996<i>a</i>, for additional information).","N Dem. Rep. Congo; equatorial lowland tropical rain forest between 300 and 450 m on left side of Congo River between Lualaba and Lomami Rivers, and west of the Lomami River to Ndele.","","","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>; closely related to <i>L. nudicaudus</i>, which is found on the right side of the Congo River (see that account). Morphological and morphometric contrasts among <i>L. huttereri</i>, <i>L. nudicaudus</i>, and <i>L. sikapusi</i> documented by W. Verheyen et al. (1996<i>a</i>), who also mapped the distribution and discussed how the range of <i>L. huttereri</i> is concordant with the South-Central zoogeographic faunal region.","30","30-01035","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1035"
"13001036","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Kivumys","luteogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hatt","1934","","Am. Mus. Novit.","708","","4","","","Buff-bellied Brush-furred Rat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Orientale (Haute-Zaire), Ituri Dist., Medje.","NE and E Dem. Rep. Congo (Medje, Irangi, Bafwasende, and Tungula; Dieterlen, 1987); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Kivumys</i>. W. Verheyen et al. (1996<i>a</i>:250) referred to a ""<i>L.woosnami-luteogaster </i>species-complex."" Redescribed by W. Verheyen (1964<i>c</i>), who noted that skull of holotype is an <i>L. aquilus </i>(discussed as <i>flavopunctatus</i>)<i> </i>but the skin does represent the species named by Hatt, and both skin and skull of the paratype are <i>luteogaster</i>; earlier, Osgood (1936:244) had identified the holotype as being a mismatch: ""Although the skin is unique among <i>Lophuromys</i>, the skull is perfectly normal for a member of the <i>aquilus</i> group.""<i> </i>Additional descriptions and references to this poorly known species were summarized by Dieterlen (1975, 1976<i>b</i>, 1987).","30","30-01036","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1024-1036"
"13001037","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Kivumys","medicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dieterlen","1975","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","26","","295","","","Western Rift Brush-furred Rat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Kivu region, Lemera-Nyabutera.","Montane forests of Kivu highlands in E Dem. Rep. Congo and Rwanda above 2000 m (Dieterlen, 1987); a montane Western Rift endemic.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Kivumys</i>. Information summarized by Dieterlen (1975, 1976<i>b</i>, 1987).","30","30-01037","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1024-1037"
"13001038","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","melanonyx","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Petter","1972","","Mammalia","36","","177","","","Black-clawed Brush-furred Rat","Ethiopia, Bale Dist., Dinshu.","S and C Ethiopia, west of the Ethiopian Rift Valley (Dieterlen, 1987), and in the Bale Mtns, east of the Rift Valley, 3100-4050 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>, <i>L. flavopunctatus</i> species group (Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>b</i>, 2000). Endemic to Afro-alpine moorland of Ethiopia, where it shares habitat with the other moorland specialists <i>Stenocephalemys albocaudata</i>, <i>Arvicanthis blicki</i>, <i>Tachyoryctes macrocephalus</i>, and <i>Otomys typus</i> (Demeter and Topal, 1982; Rupp, 1980; Yalden, 1988; Yalden and Largen, 1992; Yalden et al., 1976). Lower portion of <i>L. melanonyx</i>’s range overlaps that of <i>L. brevicauda </i>(Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>b</i>). Statistical summary of external measurements for large series of <i>L. melanonyx</i> reported by Sillero-Zubiri (1995<i>a</i>). Karyotype documented by Aniskin et al. (1997) and Corti et al. (1995). Habitat preferences, abundance, and biomass of this species along with others in the Bale Mtns and their relevance to the endangered Ethiopian wolf (<i>Canis simensis</i>) documented by Sillero-Zubiri et al. (1995<i>c</i>). See account of <i>L. ... [truncated]","30","30-01038","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1038"
"13001039","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","nudicaudus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1911","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","56","17","11","","","Fire-bellied Brush-furred Rat","Cameroon, Bula country, Efulen (see Rosevear, 1969, for information about the holotype).","Lowland tropical evergreen rainforest, usually below 700 m, from S Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (including Bioko), Gabon, Republic of Congo, SW Central African Republic, and N Dem. Rep. Congo (Orientale), between the Ubangui River in the west and the Aruwimi River in the east; Basoko, 01E13' N, 23E35' E, near the confluence of the Aruwimi River with the Congo, is the easternmost record. Despite intensive survey, <i>L. nudicaudus </i>is not found on the right side of the Congo River between mouth of the Aruwimi River and Kisangani to the southeast); elsewhere it occurs only on right side of Congo River. Distribution concordant with the West-Central and Cameroon zoogeographic faunal regions (W. Verheyen et al., 1996<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>afer</i>  (Tullberg, 1893) [not Peters, 1866: see Rosevear, 1969:304]; <i>naso</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>parvulus </i>Eisentraut, 1965; <i>tullbergi</i> Matschie, 1911 [see Rosevear, 1969].","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys. </i>Most closely related to <i>L. huttereri</i> from the left side of the Congo River in N Dem. Rep. Congo (W. Verheyen et al., 1996<i>a</i>). Included in <i>L</i>. <i>sikapusi</i> by Misonne (1974), but is a distinct species; <i>L. sikapusi</i> and <i>L. nudicaudus</i> occur together in the same region in W Africa. Rosevear (1969) discussed traits distinguishing the two species and the taxonomic history of samples in West Africa. W. Verheyen et al. (1996<i>a</i>) summarized taxonomic history of the two species (and allocations of the taxa associated with them), and morphological and morphometric analyses that distinguish them. Dieterlen (1978<i>b</i>) explained why <i>naso</i> is a synonym. Eisentraut (1965) described <i>parvulus</i> as a subspecies of <i>L. sikapusi</i> but Rosevear (1969) included it in <i>L. nudicaudus</i>. W. Verheyen et al. (1996<i>a</i>) endorsed the synonymy of <i>naso</i> with <i>L. nudicaudus</i> and synonymized <i>parvulus</i> with <i... [truncated]","30","30-01039","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1039"
"13001040","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","rahmi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Verheyen","1964","","Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr.","69","","206","","","Rahm’s Brush-furred Rat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Kivu, Bogamanda near Lemera.","Montane forest in E Dem. Rep. Congo (Kivu) and Rwanda above 1800 m; limits unknown, probably a montane Western Rift endemic.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>. Distributional and biological information summarized by W. Verheyen (1964<i>a</i>), Van der Straeten and W. Verheyen (1983), and Dieterlen (1976<i>b</i>, 1987).","30","30-01040","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1040"
"13001041","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","roseveari","","SPECIES","False","","YES","W. Verheyen, Hulselmans, Colyn, and Hutterer","1997","","Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique, Biol.","67","","167","","","Mount Cameroon Brush-furred Rat","West Cameroon, Mt Cameroon, Musake, 1850-2200 m (see W. Verheyen et al., 1997, for additional information).","Endemic to Mt Cameroon, 1000-3100 m.","","","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>, <i>L. sikapusi-ansorgei</i> species group (W. Verheyen et al., 1997). Rosevear (1969:305) had one example of this species and described it under ""<i>Lophuromys</i> sp."" W. Verheyen et al. (1997:172) concluded that <i>L. roseveari</i> is distinct from <i>L. sikapusi</i> inhabiting lowland forests and the other montane forest patches in the montane forest archipelago of the adjacent Nigeria-Cameroon region. They cautioned that ""in view of the considerable morphometrical differences also encountered between the studied OTU’s [Gabon, Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, N Cameroon, representing <i>sikapusi</i>], we expect that the exact systematical position of the Mount Cameroun form will only become clear within a continent-wide revision of the <i>Lophuromys sikapusi-ansorgei</i> complex."" Other small mammals also recorded only from montane habitats on Mt Cameroon are the shrews <i>Sylvisorex morio </i>and <i>Crocidura eisentrauti</i> and the otomyine ... [truncated]","30","30-01041","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1041"
"13001042","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","sikapusi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guine","","","160","","","Rusty-bellied Brush-furred Rat","Ghana, Dabacrom.","From Sierra Leone through Ghana and S Nigeria to Republic of Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, and Central African Republic; eastern limits unresolved (see W. Verheyen et al., 1997, 2000, for range east of Ghana).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>afer</i> (Peters, 1866) [not Tullberg, 1893].","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>, <i>L. sikapusi</i> species complex. Phylogenetically most closely allied with <i>L. angolensis</i> and <i>L. ansorgei</i> (see those accounts). Inclusion of <i>afer</i> in <i>L. sikapusi</i> documented by W. Verheyen et al. (1997). West African samples reviewed by Rosevear (1969). Chromosomal information summarized by Gautun et al. (1986). Grubb et al. (1998) reviewed Ghana and Sierra Leone populations. Three-dimensional geometric morphometrics was employed to investigate growth patterns and differences in size and shape of the skull in samples of <i>L. sikapusi</i> from Côte d’Ivoire, <i>L. aquilus </i>(discussed under <i>flavopunctatus</i>) from Rwanda, and <i>L. woosnami </i>(Corti et al., 2000)<i>.</i>","30","30-01042","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1042"
"13001043","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","verhageni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","W. Verheyen, Hulselmans, Dierckx, and E. Verheyen","2002","","Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique, Biol.","72","","153","","","Verhagen’s Brush-furred Rat","N Tanzania, Mt. Meru, 2600 m (coordinates given by W. Verheyen et al., 2002).","Endemic to Mt Meru, 2600-3050 m (see W. Verheyen et al., 2002).","","","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>, <i>L. aquilus</i> species group (W. Verheyen et al., 2002). Defined by morphometric data and mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences, and phylogenetically most closely related to <i>L. aquilus</i>.","30","30-01043","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1043"
"13001044","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Kivumys","woosnami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","146","","","Woosnam’s Brush-furred Rat","Uganda, Ruwenzori East, Mubuku Valley, 6000 ft (1830 m).","E Dem. Rep. Congo, W Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi; a montane Western Rift endemic.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>prittiei</i>  Thomas, 1911.","Subgenus <i>Kivumys</i>. The impressive genetic differences between this species and <i>L</i>. <i>flavopunctatus</i> prompted W. Verheyen et al. (1986) to suggest that the two belong in at least separate subgenera, reflecting Dieterlen's (1976<i>b</i>) earlier conclusion based on morphology. Later, Dieterlen (1987) proposed the subgenus <i>Kivumys</i> for the species. Chromosomal data for sample from Burundi reported by Maddalena et al. (1989). Corti et al. (2000) used three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to study cranial growth patterns, size, and shape in samples representing <i>L. aquilus </i>(reported as <i>flavopunctatus</i>),<i> L. sikapusi</i>,<i> </i>and <i>L. woosnami</i>. Growth patterns were parallel among the species, no significant sexual dimorphism in shape was discovered, and the primary shape difference set <i>L. aquilus</i> and <i>L. sikapusi</i> apart from <i>L. woosnami</i>, reflecting the chromosomal data and Dieterlen’s subgeneric partitioning. Altitudinal dis... [truncated]","30","30-01044","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1024-1044"
"13001045","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Lophuromys","Lophuromys","zena","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","550","","","Zena’s Brush-furred Rat","East Africa, S Kenya, near Nyeri, east side of Aberdare Range, 9581 ft (2920 m; coordinates given by W. Verheyen et al., 2002).","Recorded only from montane habitats in the Aberdare Range and on Mt Kenya in S Kenya (W. Verheyen et al., 2002).","","","Subgenus <i>Lophuromys</i>,<i> L. aquilus</i> species group (W. Verheyen et al., 2002). Originally described as a species, later treated as a subspecies of <i>L. aquilus</i> (G. M. Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1941), and finally included in synonymy of <i>L. flavopunctatus </i>(Misonne, 1974; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Recent analyses of morphometric data and mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences distinguish the montane Aberdare Range and Mt Kenya samples as a separate and distinct species from all the other samples formerly included in either <i>L. aquilus </i>or <i>L. flavopunctatus</i>, and identifies samples from lower slopes of those mountains as <i>L. aquilus</i> (W. Verheyen et al., 2002). Morphometric analyses place <i>L. zena</i> in a clade with Ethiopian <i>L. chrysopus</i> and <i>L. brunneus </i>separate from the clade containing geographic samples of <i>L. aquilus </i>(W. Verheyen et al., 2002). Holotypes of <i>L eisentrauti</i>, <i>L. dieterleni</i>, Mt Elgon <i>L. rubecula</i>,<... [truncated]","30","30-01045","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1022-1023-1045"
"13001046","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Uranomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Dollman","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","551","","<i>Uranomys ruddi</i> Dollman, 1909.","","","","","","Dollman (1909) noted that pelage traits of <i>Uranomys </i>indicated close relationship to <i>Lophuromys</i> but cranial structure resembled the Ethiopian <i>Muriculus</i> (related to <i>Mus</i>). In its combination of external, cranial, and dental traits, <i>Uranomys</i> is phylogenetically distant from <i>Muriculus</i> but is closely related to <i>Lophuromys</i> and <i>Acomys</i> (Denys and Michaux, 1992; Denys et al., 1992; Heim de Balsac, 1963; Heim de Balsac and Lamotte, 1958; Heller, 1911; Hinton, 1921; Ingoldby, 1929; Misonne, 1969; Rosevear, 1969; Thomas, 1910<i>d</i>). Cladistic affinity of the three is also substantiated by the extensive biochemical, molecular, and chromosomal studies cited in the subfamily account. A cladistic analysis of morphological traits by Hutterer et al. (1988) aligned <i>Uranomys</i> and <i>Acomys</i> with the extinct <i>Malpaisomys</i> from the Canary Isls, but Montgelard (1992) presented immunological data demonstrating that <i>Malpaisomys</i> is p... [truncated]","30","30-01046","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1046"
"13001047","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Deomyinae","","Uranomys","","ruddi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","552","","","Rudd’s Bristle-furred Rat","Kenya, Mt Elgon, Kirui, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Savannas in Senegal (Duplantier and Granjon, 1992), Guinea (Ziegler et al., 2002), Côte d’Ivoire, Sierra Leone, Ghana (Decher and Bahian, 1999; Ryan and Attuquayefio, 2000), Togo, N Nigeria, N Cameroon, NE Dem. Rep. Congo, SW Ethiopia (Lavrenchenko, 1993; Yalden et al., 1996), Uganda (Delany, 1975; Hollister, 1919), Kenya, Tanzania (W. Verheyen, pers. comm.), C Mozambique Smithers and Lobão Tello, 1976), Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988), and SE Zimbabwe (Smithers and Wilson, 1979); see G. M. Allen (1939), Lavrenchenko (1993), Misonne (1974), and Rosevear (1969); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acomyoides</i>  Ingoldby, 1929; <i>foxi</i> Thomas, 1912; <i>oweni</i> Thomas, 1910; <i>shortridgei </i>Hayman, 1953;<i> tenebrosus</i> Hinton, 1921; <i>ugandae</i> Heller, 1911; <i>woodi</i> Hinton, 1921.","<p>Chromosomal data presented by Viegas-Péquignot et al. (1983) in context of chromosomal phylogeny of selected murines; protein electrophoretic data analysed by Iskandar and Bonhomme (1984). Karyotype of Senegal sample reported by Granjon et al. (1992). Karyotypes are geographically variable: 2n = 50 in Senegal, 2n = 58 in Côte d’Ivoire, and 2n = 52 in Central African Republic, suggesting that more than one species is represented. Furthermore, specimens of <i>shortridgei </i>are darker than the others and have much larger molars. Ingoldby (1929) was impressed with the traits of <i>acomyoides</i>, which he named as a species, and he pointed out the orthodont configuration of its incisors, which contrasted with the proodont facies of all the other named forms. The significance of geographic variation in fur color, craniodental traits, and chromosomal characteristics has to be assessed in a systematic revision of the genus, which should also employ data from DNA sequences.</p><p>The Ethi... [truncated]","30","30-01047","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-0996-0000-1046-0000-1047"
"13001048","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","342","","","","","","","Ammodillini Pavlinov, 1981; Desmodilliscina Pavlinov, 1982; Gerbillina Gray, 1825 (Gerbillidae De Kay, 1842; Gerbillinae Alston, 1876; Gerbillina Pavlinov, 1982; Gerbillini Pavlinov, 1982); Gerbillurina Pavlinov, 1982; Merionina Brandt, 1844 (Merionides Giebel, 1855; Merionidinae Schmidtlein, 1893; Merioninae Heptner, 1933); Pachyuromyina Pavlinov, 1982; Rhombomyinae Heptner, 1933 (Rhombomyini Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Rhombomyina Pavlinov, Dubrovskii, Rossollimo, and Potapova, 1990); Taterillinae Chalin, Mein and F. Petter, 1977 (Taterillina Pavlinov, 1982).","<p>Whether viewed as a subfamily of Cricetidae or Muridae (Alston, 1876; Carleton and Musser, 1984; Ellerman, 1941; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Miller and Gidley, 1918; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Simpson, 1945; Thomas, 1896)<b> </b>or a separate family (Chaline et al., 1977; Pavlinov et al., 1990, 1995<i>a</i>; Reig, 1980; Wessels, 1998, 1999), species of gerbils form a distinct group defined by a suite of derived morphological traits. In a series of reports, Pavlinov (1980<i>a</i>, 1981<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, 1982<i>a</i>, 1984<i>b</i>, 1985, 1986, 1987, 2001) presented analyses of skeletal, dental, and male genital characters of gerbils and developed a hypothesis of their phylogeny and a classification. The monograph by Pavlinov et al. (1990) represents a culmination of these efforts, in which the phylogeny, species classification, morphology, ecology, and geographical distribution of the genera and species in Gerbillinae are comprehensively reviewed. They recognized the family Gerbillidae, ... [truncated]","30","30-01048","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048"
"13001049","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Ammodillus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","102","","<i>Gerbillus</i> <i>imbellis</i> de Winton, 1898.","","","","","","Tribe Ammodillini. Reviewed by Pavlinov (1981<i>a</i>), who was so impressed with its unique morphological traits that he proposed the monotypic tribe Ammodillini. The genus and single species were reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990), who expressed uncertainty whether <i>Ammodillus</i> should be placed in subfamily Taterillinae or Gerbillinae.","30","30-01049","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1049"
"13001050","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Ammodillus","","imbellis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","249","","","Ammodile","Somalia, Goodar.","Somalia (Roche and Petter, 1968) and E Ethiopia (Yalden et al., 1976).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by Roche and Petter (1968) and Pavlinov et al. (1990). Chromosomal traits documented by Capanna and Merani (1981).","30","30-01050","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1049-0000-1050"
"13001051","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Brachiones","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","16","","548","","<i>Gerbillus</i> <i>przewalskii</i> Büchner, 1889.","","","","","","Tribe Gerbillini, Rhombomyina. More closely related to <i>Meriones</i> than to any other genera; ""just a specialized relative of <i>Meriones</i>"" (Pavlinov, 2001).","30","30-01051","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1051"
"13001052","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Brachiones","","przewalskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Büchner","1889","","Wiss. Res. Przewalski Cent.-Asian Reisen., Zool.","I:(Säugeth.)","","51","","","Przewalski’s Jird","China, Xinjiang, Lob Nor.","China, deserts from N Xinjiang through N Gansu to W Nei Mongol north of the Tien Shan (see Wang, 2003, and Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arenicolor</i>  Miller, 1900; <i>callichrous </i>Heptner, 1934.","Reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01052","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1051-0000-1052"
"13001053","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Desmodilliscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wettstein","1916","","Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien","53","","153","","<i>Desmodilliscus</i> <i>braueri</i> Wettstein, 1916.","","","","","","Tribe Gerbillini, Subtribe Desmodilliscina. Evolutionary history as represented by fossils extends back to the Holocene of East Africa (Denys, 1999).","30","30-01053","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1053"
"13001054","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Desmodilliscus","","braueri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wettstein","1916","","Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien","53","","153","","","Pouched Gerbil","Sudan, south of El Obeid.","Recorded from Sahelian savanna in N and C Sudan, N Cameroon, S Niger, N Nigeria, C Mali, N Burkina Faso (Gautun et al., 1985), Senegal (Ba et al., 2000; Duplantier and Granjon, 1992), and W Mauritania (overall distributions reviewed by Hutterer and Dieterlen [1986] and Dobigny et al. [2002<i>b</i>]).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>buchanani</i>  Thomas and Hinton, 1920; <i>fuscus </i>Setzer, 1969.","Taxonomically reviewed by Setzer (1969), who recognized three subspecies. A subsequent analysis of geographic distribution and variation in morphometric traits was provided by Hutterer and Dieterlen (1986), who noted the lack of significant sexual and geographic variation in the species. Notes on behavior, distribution, and population dynamics offered by Poulet (1984). Karyotype (2n = 76, FNa = 104) from Niger (Dobigny et al., 2002<i>a</i>) differs in diploid number (2n = 78) from a Senegal sample (Granjon et al., 1992).","30","30-01054","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1053-0000-1054"
"13001055","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Desmodillus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1904","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1904","2","6","","<i>Gerbillus</i> <i>auricularis</i> Smith, 1834.","","","","","","Tribe Taterillini, Subtribe Gerbillurina. A Southern African endemic represented by fossils through the Holocene to early Pliocene (Langebaanweg) of South Africa (Avery, 1998; Denys, 1999) and the Pleistocene of Namibia (Senut et al., 1992).","30","30-01055","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1055"
"13001056","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Desmodillus","","auricularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J., Ser. 2","2","","160","","","Cape Short-tailed Gerbil","South Africa, Little Namaqualand, Kamiesberg (Meester et al., 1986).","South Africa (Northern Cape and Western Cape Provs., SW Free State, and Gauteng), S Botswana, Namibia, and SW Angola (see Perrin, 1997<i>a</i>; Skinner and Smithers, 1990; Crawford-Cabral, 1998, reviewed and mapped the Angolan records).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brevicaudatus</i>  (F. Cuvier, 1838); <i>caffer</i> (Wagner, 1842); <i>hoeschi</i> Lehmann, 1955; <i>pudicus</i> Dollman, 1910; <i>robertsi</i> Lundholm, 1955; <i>shortridgei</i> Lundholm, 1955; <i>wolfi </i>Lehmann, 1955.","Taxonomy and geographic distribution summarized by Meester et al. (1986). Ecology and distribution reviewed by Griffin (1990). Chromosomal traits documented by Qumsiyeh (1986) and compared with cytogenetic traits of southern African species of <i>Gerbillurus</i> and <i>Gerbilliscus</i>. Significance of differences in behavior patterns (Dempster et al., 1993) and acoustic repertoire (Dempster and Perrin, 1994) documented between <i>D. auricularis</i> and species of <i>Gerbilliscus</i>.","30","30-01056","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1055-0000-1056"
"13001057","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lataste","1881","","Le Naturalliste (Paris)","1","","506","","<i>Gerbillus</i>(<i>Dipodillus</i>)<i> simoni</i> Lataste, 1881.","","","","","<i>Petteromys</i>  Pavlinov, 1982.","Tribe Gerbillini, Subtribe Gerbillina. The species included here, all with hairless plantar surfaces, were all discussed by Lay (1983) under <i>Gerbillus. </i>Originally described as a subgenus of <i>Gerbillus</i>, <i>Dipodillus</i> has subsequently been treated that way (Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Lay, 1983; Musser and Carleton, 1993) or as a genus (G. M. Allen, 1939; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Osborn and Helmy, 1980; Pavlinov, 2001; Pavlinov et al., 1990; F. Petter, 1975<i>b</i>; Qumsiyeh and Schlitter, 1991). We follow F. Petter, 1975<i>b</i>, Pavlinov et al. (1990) and Pavlinov (2001) in separating species of <i>Dipodillus</i> from those in <i>Gerbillus</i>. Osborn and Helmy (1980) provided tables and illustrations of morphological traits distinguishing the Egyptian species.","30","30-01057","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057"
"13001058","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Dipodillus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Lataste","1881","","Le Naturalliste (Paris)","1","","506","","<i>Gerbillus</i>(<i>Dipodillus</i>)<i> simoni</i> Lataste, 1881.","","","","","","","30","30-01058","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1058"
"13001059","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Petteromys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Pavlinov","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-01059","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1059"
"13001060","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Petteromys","bottai","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lataste","1882","","Le Naturaliste (Paris)","4","","36","","","Botta’s Dipodil","Sudan, Sennar.","Recorded only from Sudan and Kenya.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Gerbillus bottai</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Petteromys</i>. F. Petter (1975<i>b</i>) listed <i>harwoodi</i> and <i>bottai</i> as species and considered <i>luteolus</i> as a synonym of <i>D. campestris</i>. Kock (1978) included <i>luteolus</i> and <i>harwoodi</i> in <i>D. bottai.</i> Lay (1983:339) claimed the holotype of <i>harwoodi</i> lacks an accessory tympanum but holotype of <i>luteolus</i> has an accessory tympanum, and cannot represent the same species. Lay had not examined the holotype of <i>bottai</i> and rendered the conclusion that ""because of the middle ear characters one of the two forms listed by Kock (1978) cannot be synonymous, perhaps neither are."" He preferred to regard <i>D. bottai</i> ""as valid and monotypic pending revision,"" and listed <i>harwoodi</i> as a species and <i>luteolus </i>as a synonym of <i>D. stigmonyx</i>. Pavlinov et al. (1990) reviewed the species and discussed <i>harwoodi</i>,<i> luteolus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>stigmonyx </i>under <i>D. bottai.</i>","30","30-01060","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1059-1060"
"13001061","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Petteromys","campestris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Loche","1867","","Expl. Sci. Alg. Zool. Mamm.","","","106","","","North African Dipodil","Algeria, Constantine Province, Philipeville.","N Africa, from Morocco to Egypt and Sudan.","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>Gerbillus quadrimaculatus</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>G. campestris</i>.","<i>brunnescens</i>  (Ranck, 1968); <i>cinnamomeus</i> Cabrera, 1922; <i>dodsoni </i>Thomas, 1913; <i>gerbii </i>(Loche, 1867) [<i>nomen nudum</i>, see Cockrum and Setzer, 1976]; <i>haymani</i> (Setzer, 1958); <i>hilda</i> (Thomas, 1918);<i> minutus </i>(Loche, 1867) [see Cockrum and Setzer, 1976]; <i>patrizii</i> de Beaux, 1932; <i>quadrimaculatus </i>(Lataste, 1882); <i>riparius</i> Cabrera, 1922; <i>rozsikae</i> Thomas, 1908; <i>somalicus</i> Thomas, 1910; <i>venustus</i> (Sundevall, 1843); <i>wassifi </i>Setzer, 1958.","Subgenus <i>Petteromys</i>. Nineteen species-group names have been associated with <i>D</i>. <i>campestris</i> by different authors in various combinations, as summarized by Lay (1983), who also noted that most opinions lacked supportive evidence and that some of the synonyms are unidentifiable or <i>nomina</i> <i>nuda</i>. Lay (1983) remarked that although most authors followed Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) in listing <i>quadrimaculatus</i> equivocally under <i>G</i>. <i>nanus</i>, it should be kept separate until a revision is available. Pavlinov et al. (1990) synonymized it with <i>Dipodillus</i> <i>campestris</i> and we follow their allocation. Musser and Carleton (1993) had allocated <i>hilda</i> to <i>G. nanus</i>, but it belongs here (Aulagnier, in litt.). Those names listed here are probably correctly associated with <i>D</i>. <i>campestris</i>, but the species requires refined definition through careful systematic revision. Different geographical populations were reviewed... [truncated]","30","30-01061","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1059-1061"
"13001062","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Petteromys","dasyurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturgesch.","8","","20","","","Wagner’s Dipodil","Sinai.","Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Sinai, E desert of Egypt (see Harrison and Bates, 1991); also recorded from Turkey (Yi&#151;it et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Gerbillus dasyurus</i>.","<i>dasyroides</i>  Nehring, 1901; <i>gallagheri</i> (Harrison, 1971); <i>leosollicitus</i> (Lehmann, 1966); <i>palmyrae </i>(Lehman, 1966).","Subgenus <i>Petteromys</i>. Review of taxonomy, morphology, and distribution provided by Harrison and Bates (1991). Those authors also listed <i>lixa</i> as a synonym of <i>D</i>. <i>dasyurus</i>, but the holotype, a young animal, has an accessory tympanum and bare-soled hind feet, which is uncharacteristic of <i>D</i>. <i>dasyurus</i> but does suggest alliance with <i>Gerbillus</i> <i>nanus</i> (Lay, 1983). Egyptian population reviewed by Osborn and Helmy (1980), that on the Sinai Peninsula by Saleh and Basuony (1998), Yemen segment covered by Al-Jumaily (1998). Morphological, chromosomal, and ecological characteristics of the Turkish population documented by Yi&#151;it et al., 1997<i>a</i>), of the Israeli and Jordanian segments by Qumsiyeh (1996) and Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov (1999). Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990). Fossils identified as <i>D. dasyurus</i> have been found at intermittent levels in the early to late Pleistocene of Israel (Tchernov, 1986, 1992, 1994, and references c... [truncated]","30","30-01062","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1059-1062"
"13001063","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Petteromys","harwoodi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","275","","","Harwood’s Dipodil","Kenya, Lake Naivasha.","Kenya and Tanzania (see F. Petter, 1975<i>b</i>, and Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Gerbillus harwoodi</i>.","<i>luteus</i> Dollman, 1914.","Subgenus <i>Petteromys. </i>Defined as a distinct species by Roche (1975). The relationship between this species and <i>D. bottai</i> requires resolution; see comments under account of <i>D</i>. <i>bottai</i> and the discussion by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01063","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1059-1063"
"13001064","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Petteromys","jamesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Harrison","1967","","Mammalia","31","","383","","","James’s Dipodil","Tunisia, between Bou Ficha and Enfidaville.","Tunisia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Gerbillus jamesi</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Petteromys</i>. Recognized as valid by F. Petter (1975<i>b</i>), Lay (1983), and Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01064","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1059-1064"
"13001065","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Petteromys","lowei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1923","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1923","","261","","","Lowe’s Dipodil","Sudan, Jebel Marra.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>Gerbillus lowei.</i>","","Subgenus <i>Petteromys. </i>Synonymized with <i>D</i>. <i>campestris</i> by F. Petter (1975<i>b</i>) without supporting evidence, but should be kept separate pending revision of the genus (Lay, 1983). Associated with <i>D. campestris</i> by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01065","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1059-1065"
"13001066","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Petteromys","mackilligini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","158","","","Mackilligin’s Dipodil","Egypt, Wadi Alagi, E desert of Nubia.","E desert of S Egypt (see Osborn and Helmy, 1980) and probably adjacent Sudan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Gerbillus mackillingini</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Petteromys</i>. Although some authors have placed this species with <i>D</i>. <i>nanus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; F. Petter, 1975<i>b</i>), Osborn and Helmy (1980) demonstrated its specific distinction. Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01066","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1059-1066"
"13001067","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Dipodillus","maghrebi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schlitter and Setzer","1972","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","84","","387","","","Maghreb Dipodil","Morocco, Fes Province, 15 km WSW Taounate (see Lay, 1983, and map in Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986).","Recorded only from the Fes region (between the coast and tip of Middle Atlas Mtns) in N Morocco where it is abundant (Aulagnier et al., 1993).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Gerbillus maghrebi</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Dipodillus</i>. A distinctive Moroccan endemic unrelated to <i>D. simoni</i> as Schlitter and Setzer (1972) proposed, but instead phylogenetically linked to <i>D. campestris</i> according to Lay (1983). Aulagnier et al. (1993) documented detailed cranial and dental comparisons between samples of <i>D. maghrebi</i> and those of sympatric <i>D. campestris</i>. Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01067","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1058-1067"
"13001068","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Petteromys","rupicola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Granjon, Aniskin, Volobouev, and Sicard","2002","","J. Zool. Lond.","256","","183","","","Rupicolous Dipodil","Sahelian region of N Mali, 12 km east of Mopti, Emnal’here, right bank of main course of Niger River (14E28'26"" N, 04E05'16"" W); Granjon et al. (2002<i>a</i>) provided details of trap location and habitat.","Recorded only from the type locality.","","","Subgenus <i>Petteromys</i>. A distinctive species (2n = 52, FNa = 72) that is morphologically adapted to climb about on rocky outcrops and may be restricted to such habitats, which is unusual among species of <i>Dipodillus </i>and <i>Gerbillus. </i>Granjon et al. (2002<i>a</i>) described the species, compared it with others, and provided observations on habitat and behavior. The Rupicolous Dipodil is one of nine species of <i>Gerbillus</i> and<i> Dipodillus</i> occurring in a small area of the West African sahelian region located between SE Mauritania, N Mali, and W Niger. <i>Dipodillus rupicola</i> was found in close proximity to <i>G. tarabuli</i>,<i> G. nigeriae</i>, and <i>G. henleyi</i>, but only <i>D. rupicola</i> was caught on the rocks along with a species of <i>Acomys</i>, another rupicolous muroid. Granjon et al. (2002<i>a</i>) described <i>rupicola</i> as a <i>Gerbillus</i> but in the classification of Pavlinov et al. (1990), which we follow here, it would be placed in subge... [truncated]","30","30-01068","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1059-1068"
"13001069","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Dipodillus","simoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lataste","1881","","Le Naturaliste (Paris)","3","","499","","","Simon’s Dipodil","Algeria, Oued Magra.","Along the coast of Egypt (west of Nile Delta) and NE Libya, coastal and inland in NW Libya and Tunisia, and high plateau region of the Atlas in Algeria and E Morocco (see Cockrum et al., 1976).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Gerbillus simoni</i>.","<i>kaiseri</i>  (Setzer, 1958).","Subgenus <i>Dipodillus</i>. A distinctive species (Lay, 1983; Pavlinov et al., 1990) revised by Cockrum et al. (1976<i>a</i>) and reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990). Regional reviews are available for Egypt (Osborn and Helmy, 1980), Libya (Ranck, 1968), and Algeria (Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991). Although samples from coastal Egypt (<i>kaiseri</i>) have, on average, slightly longer tails, darker pelage, and smaller auditory bulla than do those from the western portion of the range (<i>simoni</i>), the variation is clinal east to west, prompting Cockrum et al. (1976<i>a</i>) to treat all populations as a single species. This interpretation was endorsed by Osborn and Helmy (1980) from their study of Egyptian samples and comparisons with data in the literature, and supports Wassif’s (1956, 1960) earlier conclusion that <i>kaiseri</i> is synonymous with <i>D. simoni. </i>Chromosomal data summarized by Qumsiyeh and Schlitter (1991); karyotype (2n = 60, FN = 72) of Tunisian sample desc... [truncated]","30","30-01069","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1058-1069"
"13001070","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Petteromys","somalicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","197","","","Somalian Dipodil","Somalia, Upper Sheikh.","Somalia (Lay, 1983) and Djibouti (Pearch et al., 2001).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Gerbillus somalicus</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Petteromys</i>. Included in <i>D. campestris</i> by F. Petter (1975<i>b</i>) and Pavlinov et al. (1990), but treated by Lay (1983) as a distinct species pending taxonomic revision.","30","30-01070","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1059-1070"
"13001071","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Petteromys","stigmonyx","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1877","","Reise in Nordost-Afrika","2","","78","","","Khartoum Dipodil","Sudan, Khartoum.","Sudan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Gerbillus stigmonyx</i>.","<i>luteolus</i> (Thomas, 1901).","Subgenus <i>Petteromys</i>. Listed as a synonym of <i>G</i>. <i>campestris</i> by F. Petter (1975<i>b</i>); retained as separate by Lay (1983) pending revisionary study.","30","30-01071","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1059-1071"
"13001072","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Dipodillus","Dipodillus","zakariai","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cockrum, Vaughn, and Vaughn`","1976","","Mammalia","40","","320","","","Kerkennah Islands Dipodil","N Africa, Tunisia, Kerkennah Isls, 0.5 km E Kellabine, about 42 km east of Sfax, Tunisia.","Recorded only from the Kerkennah Isls, off the Tunisian coast opposite the coastal city of Sfax.","","","Subgenus <i>Dipodillus</i>. Lay (1983) included <i>zakariai</i> in <i>D. simoni</i> but provided no reasons for doing so. Pavlinov et al. (1990) recognized it as a species. Cockrum et al. (1976<i>a</i>) provided adequate morphological data to support the hypothesis that <i>zakariai</i> is an insular species related to mainland <i>D. simoni</i>.","30","30-01072","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1057-1058-1072"
"13001073","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbilliscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1897","","433","","<i>Gerbillus boehmi </i>(Noack, 1887).","","","","","<i>Taterona</i> Wroughton, 1917.","<p>Tribe Taterillini, Subtribe Taterillina. Usually included as a subgenus of <i>Tatera</i> (Musser and Carleton, 1993, for example). Pavlinov (1981<i>b</i>, 2001) and Pavlinov et al. (1990) regarded true <i>Tatera</i> to consist only of the Asian species <i>T</i>. <i>indica</i>, initially placed all the African species in subgenera <i>Gerbilliscus</i> and <i>Taterona </i>(Pavlinov, 1981<i>b</i>), then separated <i>Gerbilliscus </i>as a genus (which included <i>Taterona</i> as a subgenus), and identified <i>Taterillus</i> as its closest relative. Pavlinov’s phylogenetic analysis reflects the distinctive traits associated with auditory structures and occlusal pattern of m1 separating Asian from all African species and we follow his arrangement. African <i>Gerbilliscus</i> is also distinguished from Asian <i>Tatera</i> by humerus morphology (entepicondylar foramen present in <i>Gerbilliscus</i>, absent in <i>Tatera</i>; Bates, 1988) and karyotypes (2n = 36-52 in <i>Gerbilliscus</i>, 2n =... [truncated]","30","30-01073","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1073"
"13001074","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbilliscus","Gerbilliscus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1897","","433","","<i>Gerbillus boehmi </i>(Noack, 1887).","","","","","","","30","30-01074","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1073-1074"
"13001075","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbilliscus","Taterona","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Wroughton","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-01075","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1073-1075"
"13001076","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbilliscus","Taterona","afra","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1830","","Spicil. Zool.","","","10","","","Cape Gerbil","South Africa, Cape of Good Hope, vicinity of Cape Town (as restricted by Meester et al., 1986).","Endemic to the Cape Macchia zone, Western Cape Province, South Africa (see Meester et al., 1986; Perrin, 1997<i>g</i>; Skinner and Smithers, 1990); recorded from fynbos and succulent Karoo biomes (Mugo et al., 1995).","IUCN – Least Concern as <i>Tatera afra</i>.","<i>africanus</i>  (Cuvier, 1838); <i>caffer </i>(Wagner, 1842); <i>gilli</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>schlegelii </i>(Smuts, 1832).","Subgenus <i>Taterona</i>. Taxonomy and distribution summarized by Meester et al. (1986), who listed the species in the <i>G</i>. <i>afra</i> group. Pre- and postmating isolation in karyotypically similar <i>G. afra</i> and <i>G. brantsii</i> is documented by Dempster (1996), who suggested ""despite the lack of chromosomal divergence often associated with speciation events in rodents, postmating isolation through hybrid disadvantage and possibly male sterility is operating."" Reviewed by Perrin (1997<i>g</i>).","30","30-01076","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1073-1075-1076"
"13001077","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbilliscus","Gerbilliscus","boehmi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Noack","1887","","Zool. Jahrb. Syst.","2","","241","","","Boehm’s Gerbil","Dem. Rep. Congo, Katanga Province, Marungu, Qua Mpala (see Ansell, 1978, and Hill and Carter, 1941, for placement of type locality in S Dem. Rep. Congo; it has also been identified as N Zambia [G. M. Allen, 1939; Bates, 1988]).","E Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998, discussed the possible Angolan record), S Dem. Rep. Congo (Hatt, 1940<i>a</i>), N Zambia (Ansell, 1978), Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988), Tanzania (Swynerton and Hayman, 1951), Kenya (Hollister, 1919), and Uganda (Delany, 1975).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Tatera boehmi</i>.","<i>fallax</i>  (Thomas and Schwann, 1904); <i>fraterculus</i> (Thomas, 1898); <i>varia </i>(Heller, 1910).","Subgenus <i>Gerbilliscus</i>. Reviewed by Davis (1975<i>a</i>) and Pavlinov et al. (1990); northeast African population revised by Bates (1988). The double-grooved incisors and fringed, white-tipped tail of <i>G. boehmi</i> are unique among species of <i>Gerbilliscus</i>, and these traits prompted Thomas (1896) to propose <i>Gerbilliscus </i>as a subgenus of <i>Tatera</i> to contain <i>boehmi</i>.","30","30-01077","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1073-1074-1077"
"13001078","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbilliscus","Taterona","brantsii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Smith","1836","","Rept. Exped. Exploring Central Africa","","","43","","","Highveld Gerbil","South Africa, Ladybrand, E Free State Province, near Lesotho border (see Meester et al., 1986, for details).","Subtropical and wooded grasslands of South Africa (most of country except southern region; see Perrin, 1997<i>h</i>; Skinner and Smithers, 1990; and Taylor, 1998), W Zimbabwe (Smithers and Wilson, 1979), Botswana (Smithers, 1971), C and E Namibia (Skinner and Smithers, 1990), S Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998), and SW Zambia (Ansell, 1978).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Tatera brantsii</i>.","<i>breyeri</i>  (Roberts, 1926); <i>draco</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>griquae</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>humpatensis </i>(Hill and Carter, 1937); <i>joanae</i> (Thomas, 1926); <i>maccalinus</i> (Sundevall, 1847); <i>maputa</i> (Roberts, 1936); <i>miliaria</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>montanus</i> (A. Smith, 1842); <i>namaquensis</i> (Shortridge and Carter, 1938); <i>natalensis</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>perpallida</i> (Dollman, 1910); <i>ruddi</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>tongensis </i>(Roberts, 1931).","Subgenus <i>Taterona</i>. Taxonomy and distribution summarized by Meester et al. (1986), who assigned the species to the <i>G</i>. <i>afra </i>group. Geographic variation in protein and enzyme markers among samples from Lesotho was reported by Maurer et al. (1976). Pre- and postmating isolation in karyotypically identical <i>G. afra</i> and <i>G. brantsii</i> documented by Dempster (1996; see account of <i>G. afra</i>). The Angolan <i>humpatensis</i> was described as a species (Hill and Carter, 1937) but subsequently listed as a subspecies of <i>G. brantsii</i> (F. Petter, 1975<i>b</i>) or a possible subspecies of <i>G. leucogaster</i> (Crawford-Cabral, 1986), or simply included in <i>G. brantsii</i> (Pavlinov et al., 1990). Crawford-Cabral (1988, 1998) and Crawford-Cabral and Pacheco (1991) treated <i>humpatensis</i> as a relict species surviving only in the Humpata highlands, a view requiring better documentation. There is significant geographic variation in chromatic and morphologic... [truncated]","30","30-01078","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1073-1075-1078"
"13001079","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbilliscus","Taterona","guineae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","351","","","Guinean Gerbil","Guinea-Bissau, Gunnal.","From Gambia and Senegal (Duplantier and Granjon, 1992), through Guinea (Ziegler et al., 2002), Sierra Leone, and S Mali (Meinig, 2000) to Burkina Faso and Ghana.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Tatera guineae</i>.","<i>picta</i> (Hayman, 1936).","Subgenus <i>Taterona</i>. Reviewed by Rosevear (1969). Shown to be morphologically distinct from <i>G</i>. <i>robustus</i> by Bates (1985) and Pavlinov (1997). Gautun et al. (1985) provided chromosomal information. Ghana and Sierra Leone populations reviewed by Grubb et al. (1998), who explained why <i>picta</i> should be included in <i>G. guineae</i>.","30","30-01079","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1073-1075-1079"
"13001080","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbilliscus","Taterona","inclusus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1908","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1908","","169","","","Gorongoza Gerbil","Mozambique, Gorongoza Dist., Tambarara.","E Zimbabwe (Smithers and Wilson, 1979), C Mozambique (north of Zambezi River; Smithers and Lobao Tello, 1976) to NE Tanzania (Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951, as <i>T. leucogaster cosensi</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Tatera inclusa</i>.","<i>cosensi</i>  (Kershaw, 1921); <i>pringlei</i> (Hubbard, 1970).","Subgenus <i>Taterona</i>. Taxonomy and geographic range summarized by Meester et al. (1986), who listed the species in <i>G</i>. <i>afra</i> group. Southern African population reviewed by Perrin (1997<i>i</i>) and Skinner and Smithers (1990).","30","30-01080","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1073-1075-1080"
"13001081","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbilliscus","Taterona","kempi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","375","","","Northern Savanna Gerbil","Nigeria, Aguleri.","Throughout Subsaharan northern savannas from Senegal (Duplantier and Granyon, 1992, as <i>gambiana</i>) and Guinea (Mt Nimba) through Burkina Faso, S Mali (Meinig, 2000), Nigeria, S Niger, N Cameroon, S Chad, Central African Republic, S Sudan, S Ethiopia, Uganda, and NE Dem. Rep. Congo to SW Kenya (west of Eastern Rift Valley); see Bates (1988).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Tatera kempi</i>.","<i>beniensis</i>  (Hatt, 1935); <i>benvenuta</i> (Hinton and Kershaw, 1920); <i>dichrura</i> (Thomas, 1915); <i>dundasi</i> (Wroughton, 1909); <i>flavipes </i>(Allen, 1914); <i>gambiana </i>(Thomas, 1910); <i>giffardi</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>hopkinsoni </i>(Thomas, 1911); <i>lucia</i> (Hinton and Kershaw, 1920); <i>nigrita</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>ruwenzorii</i> (Thomas and Wroughton, 1910); <i>smithi</i> (Wroughton, 1909); <i>soror</i> (Allen, 1914); <i>welmani</i> (St. Leger, 1929).","Subgenus <i>Taterona</i>. Bates (1988) treated <i>kempi</i> as a subspecies of <i>G</i>. <i>validus</i> (as did Davis, 1975<i>a</i>), distinguishing it from <i>validus</i> by the different conformation of the anterior lamina (anteroconid) on first lower molar. The pattern in <i>kempi </i>is characteristic of all samples from the northern savanna (Senegal to SW Kenya), the configuration in <i>validus </i>typifies specimens from the southern savanna (Angola to S Kenya east of Rift Valley), a dichotomy also documented by F. Petter (1959) and Davis (1966, 1975<i>a</i>). For Bates, the two populations are geographically discrete and best treated as distinct subspecies, ""although the exact rank in the taxonomic hierarchy of such allopatric populations is difficult to determine"" (Bates, 1988:277). Current evidence supports the hypothesis that each is a species, an arrangement that can be tested with other kinds of data and additional samples from relevant locations. Rosevear (1969) recognized... [truncated]","30","30-01081","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1073-1075-1081"
"13001082","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbilliscus","Taterona","leucogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss., Akad. Wiss., Berlin","17","","274","","","Bushveld Gerbil","Mozambique, north of Zambezi River, Mesuril (as restricted by Davis, 1949:1004).","N and W South Africa (see Perrin, 1997<i>f</i>; Skinner and Smithers, 1990; Taylor,F 1998), Mozambique (including islands in the Bazaruto Arch. off the coast of S Mozambique; Downs and Wirminghaus [1997], Smithers and Lobao Tello, 1976), Zimbabwe (Smithers and Wilson, 1979), Botswana, Namibia (Griffin, 1990), Malawi (Denys et al., 1999), Zambia (Ansell, 1978), Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998), SW Tanzania (Davis, 1975<i>a</i>), and S Dem. Rep. Congo (Davis, 1975<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Tatera leucogaster</i>.","<i>angolae</i>  (Wroughton, 1906); <i>bechuanae</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>beirae</i> (Roberts, 1951); <i>beirensis</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>kaokoensis</i> Lehmann, 1955; <i>limpopoensis</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>littoralis</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>lobengulae</i> (De Winton, 1898); <i>mashonae</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>mitchelli</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>ndolae</i> (Kershaw, 1922); <i>nigrotibialis</i> (Monard, 1933); <i>nyasae</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>panja</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>pestis</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>pretoriae</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>salsa</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>schinzi</i> (Noack, 1889); <i>shirensis</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>stellae</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>tenuis </i>(Peters, 1852);<i> tzaneenensis</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>waterbergensis</i> (Roberts, 1938); <i>zuluensis </i>(Roberts, 1931).","Subgenus <i>Taterona</i>. Taxonomy and distribution summarized by Meester et al. (1986), who included this species in the <i>G</i>. <i>robustus</i> group. Nongeographic variation in Botswana sample analyzed by Swanepoel et al. (1979). Discriminant function analyses contrasting Angolan <i>G. validus</i> and <i>G. leucogaster</i> documented by Crawford-Cabral and Pacheco (1991). Southern African Subregion populations reviewed by Perrin (1997<i>f</i>) and Skinner and Smithers (1990).","30","30-01082","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1073-1075-1082"
"13001083","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbilliscus","Taterona","nigricaudus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1879","1878","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","1879","","200","","","Black-tailed Gerbil","Kenya, Taita, Ndi.","Ethiopia (Duckworth et al., 1993), Kenya, Somalia, and Tanzania. Apparently does not occur west of the Eastern Rift Valley (see Bates, 1988).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Tatera nigricaudata</i>.","<i>nyama</i>  (Dollman, 1911); <i>percivali </i>(Heller, 1914).","Subgenus <i>Taterona</i>. Revised by Bates (1988), who summarized distributional and ecological information, and reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990). The taxa <i>bayeri</i> and <i>bodessae</i>, included in this species by Davis (1975<i>a</i>), were transferred to <i>G. robustus</i> by Bates (1988; see that account).","30","30-01083","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1073-1075-1083"
"13001084","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbilliscus","Taterona","phillipsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","253","","","Phillips’s Gerbil","Somalia, Hanka Dadi.","Somalia and the Rift Valley in Ethiopia and Kenya (see Bates, 1988), westward to Senegal and Mali (see Pavlinov, 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Tatera phillipsi</i>.","<i>bodessana</i> (Frick, 1914); <i>minusculus </i>Osgood, 1936; <i>umbrosa </i>(Dollman, 1912).","Subgenus <i>Taterona</i>. Revised by Bates (1988), who summarized distributional and ecological information, and reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990). Sympatric with <i>G. robustus</i>. The form <i>minusculus</i> was included here by Pavlinov et al. (1990) but designated <i>incertae sedis</i> by Bates (1988) because all specimens he examined from the type locality, including topotypes, were juveniles and impossible to identify as either <i>G</i>. <i>phillipsi</i> or <i>G</i>. <i>robusta.</i> A discriminant function analysis of cranial traits was used by Pavlinov (1997) to define the specific distinctness of <i>G. robustus</i>,<i> G. philippsi</i>,<i> </i>and <i>G. guineae</i> and also to demonstrate that holotypes of <i>bodessana</i> and <i>minusculus</i> clustered with examples of <i>G. phillipsi</i>.","30","30-01084","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1073-1075-1084"
"13001085","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbilliscus","Taterona","robustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1826","","In Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afrika, Zool. Säugeth.","1","","75","","","Fringe-tailed Gerbil","Sudan, Ambukol.","Burkina Faso, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania (see Bates, 1985, 1988).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Tatera robusta</i>.","<i>bayeri</i>  (Lönnberg, 1918); <i>bodessae </i>(Frick, 1914); <i>iconica</i> (Dollman, 1911); <i>loveridgei</i> (Hatt, 1935); <i>macropus</i> (Heuglin, 1877); <i>mombasae</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>muansae</i> (Matschie, 1911); <i>murinus </i>(Sundevall, 1842); <i>pothae</i> (Heller, 1910); <i>shoana</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>swaythlingi</i> (Kershaw, 1921); <i>taylori</i> (Hatt, 1935); <i>vicinus </i>(Peters, 1878).","Subgenus <i>Taterona</i>. Revised by Bates (1988), who summarized chromosomal, distributional and ecological data, and reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990). Pavlinov et al. (1990) allocated <i>bayeri </i>and <i>bodessana</i> to <i>G</i>. <i>nigricaudus</i>,<i> </i>following Davis (1975<i>a</i>), but Bates (1988) assigned them to the synonymy of <i>G. robustus</i>. Pavlinov (1997) used discriminant analysis of cranial variables to verify the distinctness of <i>G. robustus</i> compared with <i>G. guineae</i> and <i>G. phillipsi</i> and showed that the holotype of <i>bodessana</i> clustered with <i>G. phillipsi</i> and those of <i>bodessae</i> and <i>taylori</i> grouped with samples of <i>G. robustus</i>. Bulatova et al. (2002) provided chromosomal information for Ethiopian sample.","30","30-01085","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1073-1075-1085"
"13001086","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbilliscus","Taterona","validus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1890","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa","2","5","6","","","Southern Savanna Gerbil","Angola, Rio Cuando, Ambaca, Quissange, Caconda.","Southern savanna from Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998) through S Dem. Rep. Congo, Zambia, and SW Tanzania to S Kenya (between the Rift Valley and coast).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Tatera valida</i>.","<i>liodon</i>  (Thomas, 1902); <i>neavei</i> (Wroughton, 1907); <i>taborae </i>(Kershaw, 1921).","Subgenus <i>Taterona</i>. Revised by Bates (1988) as <i>Tatera validus validus</i>. Allopatric with and closely related to the West African <i>G</i>. <i>kempi</i> (see that account). Discriminant function analyses comparing Angolan <i>G. validus</i> and <i>G. leucogaster </i>provided by Crawford-Cabral and Pacheco (1991).","30","30-01086","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1073-1075-1086"
"13001087","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Shortridge","1942","","Ann. S. Afr. Mus.","36","1","52","","<i>Gerbillus</i> <i>vallinus</i> Thomas, 1918.","","","","","<i>Paratatera</i>  Petter, 1983; <i>Progerbillurus </i>Pavlinov, 1982.","Tribe Taterillini, Subtribe Gerbillurina. Sometimes included in <i>Gerbillus</i> (see references in Schlitter et al., 1984), but concordance of morphological, allozymic, and chromosomal data supports the monophyly of <i>Gerbillurus</i> and indicates its close relationship to the <i>robusta</i> group of <i>Taterillus</i> (Qumsiyeh et al., 1987, and references therein). Pavlinov (1987), Pavlinov et al. (1990), and Pavlinov (2001), however, considered <i>Gerbillurus</i> to be a sister-species of <i>Desmodillus</i> and to form a monophyletic tribe. Comparisons in thermal parameters, macro-and micro-environments, and interspecific aggression among four sympatric species of <i>Gerbillurus</i> were documented by Downs and Perrin (1989, 1990) and Dempster and Perrin (1990) in context of adaptive significance and phylogenetic relationships. Divergence in acoustic repertoire, ultrasonic vocalizations and associated behavior, and general behavior patterns among four species of <i>Gerbillurus</i>,... [truncated]","30","30-01087","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1087"
"13001088","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillurus","Gerbillurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Shortridge","1942","","Ann. S. Afr. Mus.","36","1","52","","<i>Gerbillus</i> <i>vallinus</i> Thomas, 1918.","","","","","","","30","30-01088","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1087-1088"
"13001089","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillurus","Paratatera","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Petter","1983","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-01089","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1087-1089"
"13001090","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillurus","Progerbillurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Pavlinov","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-01090","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1087-1090"
"13001091","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillurus","Progerbillurus","paeba","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1836","","Rept. Exped. Exploring Central Africa","app.","","43","","","Paeba Hairy-footed Gerbil","South Africa, W Eastern Cape Province, Vryberg (as restricted by Roberts, 1951:401).","South Africa (western half and Limpopo; see Perrin, 1997<i>c</i>,<i> </i>Skinner and Smithers, 1990), W Mozambique, W Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia (Griffin, 1990), and SW Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>broomi</i>  (Thomas, 1918); <i>calidus</i> (Thomas, 1918); <i>coombsi</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>exilis</i> (Shortridge and Carter, 1938); <i>infernus</i> (Lundholm, 1955); <i>kalaharicus</i> (Roberts, 1932); <i>leucanthus</i> (Thomas, 1927); <i>mulleri</i> (Roberts, 1946); <i>oralis</i> (Thomas and Hinton, 1925); <i>swakopensis</i> (Roberts, 1951); <i>swalius</i> (Thomas and Hinton, 1925); <i>tenuis </i>(A. Smith, 1842).","Subgenus <i>Progerbillurus</i>. Meester et al. (1986) and Skinner and Smithers (1990) summarized South African taxonomy and distribution. Based on analyses of chromosomal data, Qumsiyeh (1986) hypothesized that <i>G</i>. <i>paeba</i> and <i>G</i>. <i>vallinus</i> evolved from a common ancestor. Significance of variation in cranial size and shape between <i>G. paeba</i> and <i>Desmodillus auricularis</i> in sympatry is documented by Matson and Christian (1996). Southern African Subregion population reviewed and mapped by Perrin (1997<i>c</i>).","30","30-01091","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1087-1090-1091"
"13001092","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillurus","Gerbillurus","setzeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schlitter","1973","","Bull. S. California Acad. Sci.","72","","13","","","Setzer’s Hairy-footed Gerbil","Namibia, Gobabeb, 1 mi (1.6 km) E Namib Desert Research Station.","Namib Desert, from the Namib-Naukluft Natl. Park north through Namibia to extreme SW Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998; Meester et al., 1986; Skinner and Smithers, 1990).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Gerbillurus</i>. Interpretation of chromosomal data indicated <i>G</i>. <i>setzeri</i> and <i>G</i>. <i>tytonis</i> are closely related (Qumsiyeh et al., 1991). Reviewed by Perrin (1997<i>e</i>) and Griffin (1990), who also mentioned an undescribed form (<i>G</i>. cf. <i>setzeri</i>) coexisting with <i>G</i>. <i>setzeri</i>.","30","30-01092","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1087-1088-1092"
"13001093","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillurus","Paratatera","tytonis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bauer and Niethammer","1959","1960","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","10 (1959)","","255","","","Dune Hairy-footed Gerbil","Namibia, Namib Desert, Sossusvlei.","Namibia (Sossusvlei, Sandwich Harbour and Bobabeb, Namib Desert, and Farm Canaan near diamond region of Namibia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Paratatera</i>. Taxonomic history summarized by Meester et al. (1986); distribution and habitat reviewed by Griffin (1990), Perrin (1997<i>b</i>), and Skinner and Smithers (1990).","30","30-01093","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1087-1089-1093"
"13001094","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillurus","Gerbillurus","vallinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","2","","148","","","Brush-tailed Hairy-footed Gerbil","South Africa, Northern Cape Province, Bushmanland, Kenhart, Tuin (see Meester et al., 1986).","From South Africa (Northern Cape Province) northwest through Namibia towards Brukaros-Karas Mtns and C Namib Desert.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>seeheimi</i> Lundholm, 1955.","Subgenus <i>Gerbillurus</i>. Taxonomy summarized by Meester et al. (1986); ecology and range reviewed by Griffin (1990) and Skinner and Smithers (1990). Reviewed and mapped by Perrin (1997<i>d</i>).","30","30-01094","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1087-1088-1094"
"13001095","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Méth. Hist Nat., <i>in</i> Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","22","","<i>Gerbillus</i> <i>aegyptius</i> Desmarest, 1804 (= <i>Dipus</i> <i>gerbillus</i> Olivier, 1801).","","","","","<i>Endecapleura</i>  Lataste, 1882; <i>Hendecapleura</i> Lataste, 1894; <i>Monodia</i> Heim de Balsac, 1943.","<p>Tribe Gerbillini, Subtribe Gerbillina. <i>Gerbillus</i> has never been adequately revised. Lay (1983) summarized taxonomic difficulties attendant with determining if the genus was monophyletic, discussed significant character complexes that would bear on any scheme to separate species into subgenera (nature of plantar surfaces, size of auditory bulla, relative tail length, dental traits, accessory tympanum, and karyotype), provided an annotated checklist of the species he considered valid, and a list of named forms with literature citations and type localities (including geographic coordinates). Lack of concordance among the suites of characters discouraged Lay from allocating species to higher categories conventionally recognized as either subgenera or genera (see Pavlinov et al., 1990, for example), and he felt compelled to recognize a single genus without subgenera until the group was systematically re-evaluated. Several taxonomic revisions, pertinent faunal stuides (referred to ... [truncated]","30","30-01095","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095"
"13001096","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Méth. Hist Nat., <i>in</i> Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","22","","<i>Gerbillus</i> <i>aegyptius</i> Desmarest, 1804 (= <i>Dipus</i> <i>gerbillus</i> Olivier, 1801).","","","","","","","30","30-01096","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096"
"13001097","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Lataste","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-01097","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097"
"13001098","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","acticola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","2","","147","","","Berbera Gerbil","Somalia, Berbera.","Somalia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. Lay (1983:337) explained why F. Petter's (1975<i>b</i>) synonomy of <i>G</i>. <i>alticola</i> with <i>G</i>. <i>pyramidum</i> should not be followed: "". . . the nearest documented occurrence of <i>G. pyramidum</i> is over 1300 kilometers distant in Sudan."" Lay claimed that <i>acticola</i> "". . . should be regarded as distinct pending revision and karyotypic analysis."" Pavlinov et al. (1990) included <i>acticola</i> in <i>G. pyramidum</i> but with a question.","30","30-01098","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1098"
"13001099","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","agag","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1903","","296","","","Agag Gerbil","Sudan, W Kordofan, Agageh Wells.","Mali, N Nigeria, and Niger to Chad, Sudan and Kenya.","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>G. cosensis </i>and <i>G. dalloni</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>G. agag</i>.","<i>cosensi</i>  Dollman, 1914; <i>dalloni </i>Heim de Balsac, 1936; <i>maradius</i> Kock, 1978.","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. Taxa listed above as synonyms have been associated with <i>G</i>. <i>agag </i>(Kock, 1978; Pavlinov et al., 1990; F. Peter, 1975<i>b</i>), but Lay (1983) found the limits of this species impossible to define based on published analyses. He regarded it as monotypic pending systematic revision. The taxon <i>dalloni</i> was united with <i>G</i>. <i>agag</i> by F. Petter (1975<i>b</i>) without supporting documentation, "". . . but the type localities are separated by more than 2300 km"" (Lay, 1983:340), and <i>dalloni </i>should "". . . be regarded as a valid species pending revision."" Although F. Petter (1975<i>b</i>;9) included <i>cosensi</i> as a synonym of <i>G. agag</i>, he also noted it ""could be a valid species."" Kock (1978) described <i>maradius</i> as a subspecies of <i>G. agag</i>. The morphological, chromosomal, molecular, and geographic limits of <i>G. agag</i> clearly require resolution but until then we group together the taxa treat... [truncated]","30","30-01099","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1099"
"13001100","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","amoenus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","46","","","Pleasant Gerbil","Egypt, Giza Province.","Recorded only from Egypt and Libya.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura. </i>Included in <i>G. nanus</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), but convincingly separated and shown to be a distinctive species by Osborn and Helmy (1980), who reviewed the Egyptian population. Lay (1983) speculated that <i>G. amoenus</i> may range across Tunisia and Algeria to Mauritania, noted its past associations with <i>Dipodillus dasyurus</i> and <i>D. campestris</i>, and advised future comparison with <i>Gerbillus</i> <i>nanus</i>. Among Egyptian species of <i>Gerbillus</i>, <i>G. amoenus</i> is morphologically most closely related to <i>G. nanus</i> and <i>G. henleyi</i> (Osborn and Helmy, 1980). Ranck (1968) reviewed the Libyan populations and recorded significant geographic variation. Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01100","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1100"
"13001101","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","andersoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","45","","","Anderson’s Gerbil","Egypt, E Alexandria, Mandara.","SW Jordan and Israel (Qumsiyeh, 1996; Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov, 1999), Egypt (Sinai Peninsula and Nile Delta south to El Faiyum as mapped for <i>G</i>. <i>a</i>. <i>andersoni</i> by Osborn and Helmy, 1980:120), Libya and Tunisia (Cockrum et al., 1976<i>b</i>; Lay, 1983).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>G. allenbyi</i> and <i>G. bonhotei</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>G. andersoni</i>.","<i>allenbyi</i> Thomas, 1918;<i> blanci </i>Cockrum, Vaughn, and Vaughn, 1976;<i> bonhotei </i>Thomas, 1919;<i> eatoni </i>Thomas, 1902; <i>inflatus</i> Ranck, 1968; <i>versicolor</i> Ranck, 1968.","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. The forms <i>allenbyi</i>, <i>inflatus</i>, and <i>bonhotei</i> have all been listed as synonyms of <i>G</i>. <i>andersoni</i> (e.g., Cockrum et al., 1976<i>b</i>; Harrison and Bates, 1991; Osborn and Helmy, 1980; Pavlinov et al., 1990, 1995<i>a</i>), but Lay (1983) argued that current evidence does not support the union of these forms and that <i>allenbyi</i> and <i>bonhotei</i> should be treated as species pending a revision. He also suggested that <i>blanci</i> and <i>eatoni</i> be tentatively associated with <i>G</i>. <i>andersoni</i>. We acknowledge the need for a critical new look at geographic variation in <i>G. andersoni </i>but include <i>allenbyi</i>,<i> bonhotei</i> and the other taxa listed above as synonyms following Pavlinov et al. (1990). Furthermore, Cockrum et al. (1976<i>b</i>) provided credible evidence for uniting <i>allenbyi</i>, <i>eatoni</i> and other taxa with <i>G. andersoni</i>, as did Qumsiyeh (1996) for including <i>allenbyi</i>. H... [truncated]","30","30-01101","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1101"
"13001102","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","aquilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schlitter and Setzer","1972","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","86","","167","","","Swarthy Gerbil","Iran, 60 km W Kerman.","SE Iran, W Pakistan, S Afghanistan (see Lay and Nadler, 1975).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>subsolanus</i> Schlitter and Setzer, 1973.","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>G. cheesmani</i> but Lay and Nadler (1975) presented data supporting its status as a separate and distinctive species. Schlitter and Setzer (1973) described <i>subsolanus</i> as a subspecies of <i>G. cheesmani</i>.","30","30-01102","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1102"
"13001103","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","brockmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","420","","","Brockman’s Gerbil","Somalia, Burao, 85 mi (137 km) S Berbera.","Somalia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura</i>. Petter (1975<i>b</i>) placed <i>brockmani</i> in synonymy with <i>G</i>. <i>nanus</i>, but no evidence indicates that <i>G. nanus</i> occurs anywhere remotely near Somalia (see Lay, 1983). The phylogenetic affinities of <i>G. brockmani</i> require clarification.","30","30-01103","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1103"
"13001104","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","See comments.","burtoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1838","","Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.","2","","145, pl. 25","","","Burton’s Gerbil","Sudan, Dharfur.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Usually treated as a synonym of <i>G</i>. <i>pyramidum </i>(Pavlinov et al., 1990; also see references in Lay, 1983), but Lay (1983) mustered diagnostic cranial traits seen in the original cranial illustrations that appear to distinguish them. Until a critical revision of the <i>G. pyramidum</i> complex defines the status of <i>burtoni</i>, we retain it as a species following Lay.","30","30-01104","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-0000-1104"
"13001105","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","cheesmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","26","","748","","","Cheesman’s Gerbil","Iraq, Lower Euphrates, near Basra.","SW Iran, C and S Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Oman, North Yemen, South Yemen, and Kuwait (see Al-Jumaily, 1998; Harrison and Bates, 1991; Lay and Nadler, 1975), and S Jordan (Qumsiyeh, 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arduus</i>  Cheesman and Hinton, 1924; <i>maritimus </i>Sanborn and Hoogstraal, 1953.","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. Reviewed by Lay and Nadler (1975), Lay (1983), Harrison and Bates (1991), and Pavlinov et al. (1990). Chromosomal polymorphism among samples from Kuwait was reported by Badr and Asker (1980). Detailed comparisons between Qatarian <i>G</i>. <i>cheesmani</i> and <i>G</i>. <i>nanus</i> in cranial morphology discussed by Madkour (1984).","30","30-01105","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1105"
"13001106","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","dongolanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1877","","Reise in Nordost-Afrika","2","","79","","","Dongola Gerbil","Sudan, Dongola.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. Lay (1983) noted that several authors have synonymized this taxon with <i>G</i>. <i>pyramidum</i> but always without confirmatory documentation. Until such data is available, the species should be considered valid, excluded from the taxonomic morass that has characterized <i>G. pyramidum</i>. Pavlinov et al. (1990) also included <i>dongolanus</i> with <i>G. pyramidum</i>.","30","30-01106","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1106"
"13001107","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","dunni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","101","","","Dunn’s Gerbil","Somalia, Gerlogobi.","Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti (Pearch et al., 2001).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. The conspecificity of <i>dunni</i> with <i>G</i>. <i>latastei</i> was suggested, without supporting evidence, by Cockrum (1977), but Lay (1983) noted that the latter's geographic range lies more than 4000 km from that of <i>G</i>. <i>dunni</i>. Yalden et al. (1996) included <i>dunni</i> in <i>G. pulvinatus</i>. Chromosomal data documented by Capanna and Merani (1981).","30","30-01107","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1107"
"13001108","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","famulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Yerbury and Thomas","1895","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1895","","551","","","Black-tufted Gerbil","South Yemen, Aden, Lehej.","Endemic to South Yemen and North Yemen (see Harrison and Bates, 1991:272).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura</i>. A large and elegant gerbil whose morphology, geographic range, and ecology were elucidated by Harrison and Bates (1991); also reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01108","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1108"
"13001109","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","floweri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","3","","559","","","Flower’s Gerbil","Egypt, Sinai, S of El Arish.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. Usually considered a synonym of <i>G</i>. <i>pyramidum</i>, but Lay (1983) explained why it should not be united with that species (in his comments under <i>G. pyramidum</i>). Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01109","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1109"
"13001110","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","garamantis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lataste","1881","","Le Naturaliste","3","","507","","","Algerian Gerbil","Algeria, Ouargla, Sidi Roueld.","Algeria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura. </i>Most workers have included <i>garamantis</i> in <i>G</i>. <i>nanus</i> (e.g., Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991; Pavlinov et al., 1990; F. Petter, 1975<i>b</i>; Qumsiyeh, 1996), but never with supporting evidence. Matthey (1954) recorded a 2n = 54 for a sample without designated locality that was identified as <i>garamantis</i>. Lay (1983:342) noted that 2n = 52 is usually associated with <i>G. nanus</i> and that <i>G. garamantis </i>be recognized ""provisionally pending confirmation and clarification of Matthey’s results."" The species was reviewed as a population of <i>G. nanus</i> by Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska (1991), who were uneasy with including <i>garamantis</i> in <i>G. nanus</i> and did not believe that the same species extended from Morocco to Pakistan. They also noted that <i>garamantis</i> would be the oldest name for North African populations if determined to be different from those in Asia. See account of <i>G. nanus</i>.","30","30-01110","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1110"
"13001111","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","gerbillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Olivier","1801","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","2","","121","","","Lesser Egyptian Gerbil","Egypt, Giza Province.","From SW Jordan and S Israel through Egypt, N Sudan (Yalden et al., 1996) and Djibouti to Morocco and SW Mauritania; also N and S Mali, N Niger, and N Chad (see Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>; Granjon et al., 2002<i>b</i>; Harrison and Bates, 1991:283; Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov, 1999; Osborn and Helmy, 1980:131; Pearch et al., 2001; Qumsiyeh, 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aegyptius</i>  Desmarest, 1804; <i>aeruginosus</i> Ranck, 1968; <i>asyutensis</i> Setzer, 1960; <i>discolor</i> Ranck, 1968; <i>foleyi</i> Heim de Balsac, 1936; <i>hirtipes</i> Lataste, 1881; <i>longicaudus</i> (Wagner, 1843); <i>psammophilous </i>Ranck, 1968; <i>sudanensis </i>Setzer, 1956.","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. Geographic portions reviewed by Ranck (1968, Libya), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), Lay (1983), Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska (1991, Algeria), Osborn and Helmy, 1980, Egypt), Djibouti (Pearch et al., 2001), Saleh and Basuony (1998, Sinai Peninsula), Qumsiyeh (1996, Israel and Jordan) and Harrison and Bates (1991, Arabian Peninsula). Meinig (2000) reported <i>G. gerbillus</i> from an isolated sand-belt in S Mali. In 1983, Lay drew attention to the lack of inquiry into variation in this species, which has such an extensive range; that complaint stands today and the species needs careful taxonomic review. The form <i>hirtipes</i> was synonymized with <i>G</i>. <i>gerbillus</i> by Cockrum (1976<i>a</i>), but because of his inadequate documentation, Lay (1983) was reluctant to accept this union. Cockrum's evidence is scanty, but we are swayed by Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska's (1991) argument for merging <i>hirtipes</i> with <i>G</i>. <i>gerbillus</i>. Lay (1983) listed <i>... [truncated]","30","30-01111","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1111"
"13001112","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","gleadowi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Murray","1886","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","17","","246","","","Indian Hairy-footed Gerbil","Pakistan, Upper Sind, Rohri Dist, Mirpur-Drahrki Taluka, 15 mi (24 km) SW Rehti, Beruto.","NW India (Rajasthan and Gujarat; see Agrawal, 2000), sand dunes along Indus Valley of Pakistan (see Lay and Nadler, 1975).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. A distinctive species defined by diagnostic morphological and chromosomal data (Lay and Nadler, 1975). Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990). Agrawal (2000) and Chakraborty and Agrawal (2000) reviewed habitat and distribution for Indian populations.","30","30-01112","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1112"
"13001113","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","grobbeni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Klaptocz","1909","","Zool. Jahrb., Syst.","27","","252","","","Grobben’s Gerbil","Libya, Cyrenaica, Dernah.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura</i>. Petter (1975<i>b</i>) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) included <i>grobbeni</i> in <i>G</i>. <i>nanus</i>, but Lay (1983) agreed with Ranck (1968) in retaining <i>grobbeni</i> as a species until its status is clarified .","30","30-01113","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1113"
"13001114","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","henleyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1903","","Novit. Zool.","10","","284","","","Pygmy Gerbil","Egypt, Wadi Natron, Zaghig.","From C Morocco (south of Atlas Mtns) and Algeria through N Africa to Sinai Peninsula, NE Sudan, and Djibouti (Perch et al., 2001); then through Israel and Jordan (Qumsiyeh, 1996; Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov, 1999), with scattered records in W Saudi Arabia, N Yemen, and Oman (Harrison and Bates); also recorded from Burkina Faso (Maddalena et al., 1988; Volobouev et al., 1995<i>a</i>), Niger (Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>), and N Senegal (Bâ et al., 2000; Duplantier and Granjon et al., 1992; Duplantier et al. 1991<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>jordani</i>  (Thomas, 1918); <i>makrami</i> (Setzer, 1958); <i>mariae </i>(Bonhote, 1910).","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura</i>. Broad segments of the species reviewed by Ranck (1968, Libya), Osborn and Helmy (1980, Egypt), Qumsiyeh (1996, Israel and Jordan), Aulagnier and Thevenot (1986, Morocco), Harrison and Bates (1991, Arabian Peninsula), Pearch et al. (2001, Djibouti), Al-Jumaily (1998, Yemen), and Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska (1991, Algeria). The occurrences in Burkina Faso and Senegal were postulated to reflect the southward expansion of Saharan environments (Duplantier et al., 1991<i>a</i>). R- and C-banding of chromosomes of <i>G. henleyi</i>,<i> G. nanus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>G. poecilops</i> was documented by Volobouev et al (1995<i>a</i>:60), who concluded that the three species form ""a natural group deriving from the same ancestor, which may have been poorly adapted to dry conditions."" Additional chromosomal data from Niger sample documented by Dobigny et al. (2002<i>b</i>). The record from Djibouti is the southernmost on the African continent (Pearch et al., 2001). Revi... [truncated]","30","30-01114","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1114"
"13001115","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","hesperinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1936","","Bol. Real. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.","","","365","","","Moroccan Gerbil","Morocco, Mogador (= Essouira).","Coastal Morocco north of High Atlas Mtns (see Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. See the references cited by Lay (1983) for characters defining this distinctive Moroccan endemic. Lay (1975) also documented the striking morphological and chromosomal contrasts between <i>G. hesperinus</i> and Moroccan <i>G. hoogstraali</i> and <i>G. occiduus</i>. Also reviewed by Aulagnier and Thevenot (1986) and Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01115","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1115"
"13001116","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","hoogstraali","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lay","1975","","Fieldiana Zool.","65","","90","","","Hoogstraal’s Gerbil","Morocco, 7 km S Taroudannt.","Recorded only from Morocco in the Souss Plain (between High Atlas and Anti Atlas Mtns) and the type locality (Aulagnier, in litt.; see map in Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. Diagnostic features along with morphological and chromosomal comparisons between <i>G. hoogstraali </i>and Moroccan <i>G. hesperinus </i>and <i>G. occiduus</i> presented by Lay (1975). Associated with <i>G. latastei</i> by Pavlinov et al. (1990). Reviewed by Aulagnier and Thevenot (1986).","30","30-01116","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1116"
"13001117","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","latastei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Trouessart","1903","","Bull. Soc. Zool. France","28","","172","","","Lataste’s Gerbil","Tunisia, Kebili.","Tunisia and Libya (Lay, 1983, suspected the species occurs in Algeria but Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991, did not record it from there).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aureus</i>  Setzer, 1956; <i>favillus</i> Setzer, 1956; <i>nalutensis </i>Ranck, 1968.","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. The three synonyms were definitely merged with <i>G. latastei</i> by Cockrum (1977), who suggested that <i>bonhotei</i>, <i>dunni</i>, <i>perpallidus</i>, <i>riggenbachi</i>, and <i>rosalinda</i> are possible synonyms but admitted that more material, particularly chromosomal data, is needed to resolve their relationships. Lay (1983) discussed the basis for considering each of these five as separate species. Chromosomal traits (2n = 74, FN = 94-97) of Tunisian sample described by Chetoui et al. (2002). The Libyan populations (under <i>G</i>. <i>aureus</i>) were reviewed by Ranck (1968). Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01117","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1117"
"13001118","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","See comments.","mauritaniae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heim de Balsac","1943","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","287","","","Mauritanian Gerbil","Mauritania, Aouker Region, south of Archane Titarek.","Known only by the holotype, which is apparently lost, from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Gerbillini. Type species of <i>Monodia </i>(Heim de Balsac, 1943). According to Lay (1983), F. Petter (1975<i>b</i>), and Roche (1975), the diagnostic traits of <i>Monodia</i> (three large independent tubercles covered with short and stiff hair in metatarsal region with remainder of sole naked, M3 with small posterior cusp) do not warrant generic distinction. Pavlinov et al. (1990) recognized <i>Monodia </i>as a genus but with a question. Pavlinov (in litt., 2001) explained that he examined a locality sample of pigmy gerbils from Mauritania in USNM and recognized two different mandible morphologies within it. One of them is typical <i>Gerbillus</i> and another he thought to be atypical of <i>Gerbillus</i> and superficially resembling that of <i>Desmodilliscus</i>; the two kinds were figured in Pavlinov et al. (1990:42, fig. 16). He supposed the atypical mandible to represent Heim de Balsac’s <i>Monodia</i>, and so resurrected the genus as distinct in Pavlinov et al. (1990). We examined... [truncated]","30","30-01118","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-0000-1118"
"13001119","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","mesopotamiae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Harrison","1956","","J. Mammal.","37","","417","","","Mesopotamian Gerbil","Iraq, southwest of Faluja, W bank of Euphrates River, near Amiriya.","Iraq and SW Iran in valleys of the Tigris, Euphrates, and Karun Rivers (see Lay and Nadler, 1975).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura</i>. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>Dipodillus dasyurus</i>, but later regarded as a distinctive species defined and reviewed by Lay and Nadler (1975), Harrison and Bates (1991), and Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01119","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1119"
"13001120","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","muriculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1923","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1923","","263","","","Darfur Gerbil","Sudan, Darfur, Madu, 80 mi (129 km) NE El Fasher.","Sudan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura</i>. Lay (1983) regarded this species as valid pending revision. Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01120","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1120"
"13001121","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","nancillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1923","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1923","","260","","","Sudan Gerbil","Sudan, Plains of Darfur, 45 mi (72 km) N El Fasher.","Sandy Sudanian and Sahelian savannas in Sudan (near El Fasher), Egypt (Wadi Umm-Ashera, Nasser Lake Shore), Chad, Niger, and Mali.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. Possibly a distinct species (Lay, 1983), but poorly known. Discussed by Pavlinov et al. (1990). Karyotype from Niger sample (2n = 56, FNa = 54) described by Dobigny et al. (2002<i>b</i>). The record from Egypt is based on two specimens collected by Dr. E. Emel’anova and identified by Pavlinov (in litt., 2002), those from Chad, Niger, and Mali are documented by Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>).","30","30-01121","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1121"
"13001122","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","nanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1875","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","16","","312","","","Baluchistan Gerbil","Pakistan, Gedrosia (see Lay, 1983).","An extensive range from the Baluchistan region of NW India (Rajasthan and Gujarat; see Agrawal, 2000), Pakistan, S Afghanistan, and Iran through the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, and North Africa to Morocco (SE side of Atlas Mtns; see Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986) and Mauritania (Granjon et al., 1997<i>a</i>, 2002<i>b</i>), and south in the Sahara to at least Niger (Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>), NE Mali (Dobigny et al., 2001<i>a, b</i>); see excellent map in Lay and Nadler (1975) portraying range east of the Euphrates River.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arabium</i>  (Thomas, 1918); <i>indus</i> Thomas, 1920; <i>lixa</i> Yerbury and Thomas, 1895; <i>mimulus</i> (Thomas, 1902); <i>setonbrownei </i>Harrison, 1968.","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura</i>. Regional reviews of the species provided by Lay and Nadler (1975, Iraq to India), Agrawal (2000) and Chakraborty and Agrawal (2000; NW India), Qumsiyeh (1996, Israel and Jordan), Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov (1999, Israel), Harrison and Bates (1991, Arabia), Al-Jumaily (1998, Yemen), Osborn and Helmy (1980, Egypt), Ranck (1968, Libya), Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska (1991, Algeria), Aulagnier and Thevenot (1986, Morocco), Granjon et al. (1997<i>a</i>, 2002<i>b</i>, SW Mauritania), Dobigny et al. (2001<i>a</i>, <i>b</i> N Mali), and Shenbrot and Krasnov (1997, Israel). Lay (1983) remarked that <i>G</i>. <i>nanus</i> and <i>G</i>. <i>amoenus</i> share several morphological and chromosomal traits and that the nature of their relationship should be explored by careful revision. Cranial morphology of Qatarian <i>G</i>. <i>nanus</i> and <i>G</i>. <i>cheesmani</i> contrasted by Madkour (1984). Analysis of R- and C-banding of chromosomes by Volobouev et al. (1995<i>a</i... [truncated]","30","30-01122","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1122"
"13001123","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","nigeriae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1920","","Novit. Zool.","27","","317","","","Nigerian Gerbil","Nigeria, Farniso, near Kano.","Recorded from Niger, N Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and SW Mauritania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus. </i>Lay (1983) maintained this species as valid even though it has been synonymized with <i>G. agag</i> by some workers (Pavlinov et al., 1990; F. Petter, 1975<i>b</i>). Complex chromosomal polymorphism characterizes <i>G. nigeriae</i> (Volobouev et al., 1988<i>b</i>), and left-handed Z-DNA was detected in metaphasic chromosomes in one sample (Viegas-Péquignot et al., 1982). Karyotypic sampling from Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Mauritania exhibit impressive variation in 2n (60-74) and FNa (116-114) (Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>; Gautun et al., 1985; Granjon et al. 1997<i>a</i>; Tranier, 1975<i>a</i>; Volobouev et al., 1988<i>b</i>).<i> </i>Ecology and membership in small mammal community of coastal SW Mauritania documented by Granjon et al. (2002<i>b</i>). <i>Gerbillus nigeriae</i> is regarded as one of the nine unambiguously identified species of gerbils occurring in the West African Sahelian zone (Granjon et al., 2002<i>a</i>).","30","30-01123","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1123"
"13001124","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","occiduus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lay","1975","","Fieldiana Zool.","65","","94","","","Occidental Gerbil","Morocco, Aoreora, 80 km WSW Goulimine.","Coastal Morocco from south of Anti Atlas to Tarfaya (Aulagnier, in litt.; also see Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. Lay (1983) noted that the karyotype of this Moroccan endemic was distinct from that of <i>G. andersoni</i>,<i> </i>and provided detailed morphological and chromosomal contrasts between <i>G. occiduus</i> and Moroccan <i>G. hoogstraali</i> and <i>G. hesperinus</i>. Pavlinov et al. (1990) included <i>occiduus</i> in <i>G. pyramidum. </i>Reviewed by Aulagnier and Thevenot (1986).","30","30-01124","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1124"
"13001125","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","perpallidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Setzer","1958","","J. Egypt Publ. Health Assoc.","33","","221","","","Pale Gerbil","Egypt, Bir Victoria.","N Egypt, west of the Nile River.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. Treated as a species by most authors except Cockrum (1977) who placed it in <i>G. latastei.</i> See Lay (1983), Osborn and Helmy (1980), and Pavlinov et al. (1990) for reviews of this distinctive species.","30","30-01125","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1125"
"13001126","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","poecilops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Yerbury and Thomas","1895","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1895","","549","","","Large Aden Gerbil.","Yemen, Aden, Lahej.","Yemen and SW Saudi Arabia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura</i>. A valid species reviewed by Harrison and Bates (1991) and Pavlinov et al. (1990). Volobouev et al. (1995<i>a</i>) analyzed R- and C-banding of chromosomes from <i>G. poecilops</i>, <i>G. nanus</i>,<i> </i>and<i> G. henleyi</i> and concluded that all three were derived from the same ancestor. Furthermore, <i>G. poecilops</i> is the most plesiomorphic and appears to be a ""living fossil"" isolated in the coastal mountain ranges of the Red Sea in Yemen and SW Saudi Arabia.","30","30-01126","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1126"
"13001127","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","principulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1923","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1923","","262","","","Principal Gerbil","Sudan, Jebel Meidob, El Malha.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura. </i>This species has been associated with <i>G</i>. <i>nanus</i> or <i>G</i>. <i>watersi</i>, but Lay (1983) regarded it as valid pending systematic revision. See the discussion in Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01127","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1127"
"13001128","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","pulvinatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1896","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,","","","537","","","Rhoads’s Gerbil","Ethiopia, Lake Rudolf, Rusia.","Endemic to NE Africa in Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti.","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>G. bilensis</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>G. pulvinatus</i>.","<i>bilensis</i>  Frick, 1914.","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. Lay (1983:339) questioned the synonymy of <i>bilensis</i> with <i>pulvinatus</i> as allocated without comment by F. Petter (1975<i>b</i>): ""Inasmuch as these two forms were described from opposite ends of the rift valley in Ethiopia that are separated by at least 700 km and because they have not been critically compared, <i>G. bilensis</i> should be regarded as distinct pending revision."" Until that comparison is available we include <i>bilensis</i> in <i>G. pulvinatus</i>. Yalden et al. (1996) would also include <i>dunni</i> as a synonym of <i>G. pulvinatus</i>. Records from Djibouti are documented by Pearch et al. (2001), who also provided a good description of the species.","30","30-01128","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1128"
"13001129","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","pusillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1879","1878","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1879","","201","","","Least Gerbil","Kenya, Ndi and Kitui.","Tanzania (Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951), Kenya, Ethiopia, and S Sudan (Dieterlen and Nikolaus, 1985).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>G. diminutus</i>, <i>G. percivali</i>, <i>G. ruberrimus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>G. pusillus</i>.","<i>diminutus</i> Dollman, 1911; <i>percivali</i> Dollman, 1914; <i>ruberrimus</i> Rhoads, 1896.","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura</i>. Roche (1975) united these three synonyms with <i>G. pusillus</i> based upon his study of original descriptions and specimens, and F. Petter (1975<i>b</i>) suggested that all three probably represented <i>G. pusillus</i>. Lay (1983), however, listed <i>G. pusillus</i> and all three synonyms as separate monotypic species pending a revision. We prefer Roche’s conclusion as the hypothesis to be tested because it was derived from specimen examination. Chromosomal data documented by Capanna and Merani (1981). Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990), who also accepted Roche’s synonyms.","30","30-01129","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1129"
"13001130","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","pyramidum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mam. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Paris","","","202","","","Greater Egyptian Gerbil","Egypt, Giza Province.","Documented from Egypt, Nile delta and valley south to Sudan (N Sudan, oases of Western Desert and SE Eastern Desert, and Khartoum region in EC Sudan (see Osborn and Helmy, 1980:97); specimens with same karyotype have been collected from the Mauritanian coast, N Mali, and W Niger, so actual range may extend from coastal Mauritania to Egypt and Sudan (Dobigny et al., 2001<i>a, b</i>, 2002<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>elbaensis</i>  Setzer, 1958; <i>gedeedus </i>Osborn and Helmy, 1980.","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. Many authors have viewed this species as ranging extensively from the Sinai throughout North Africa to Morocco and Senegal, and containing many synonyms. Lay (1983), however, discussed the taxonomic quagmire, noting that most synonyms formerly associated with <i>G. pyramidum</i> probably did not represent that species or are presently unidentifiable, and described the wide chromosomal variation in specimens from different geographic regions. ""Inasmuch as a distinctive karyotype of 2n = 38 with all biarmed elements has been reported for topotypical material and such a karyotype has not been reported from any locality outside Egypt, it should be assumed that <i>G. pyramidum</i> inhabits only the region mapped by Osborn and Helmy"" (Lay, 1983:346). Tawill and Niethammer (1989) discussed the morphological and chromosomal identification of a sample from Khartoum as most probably <i>G</i>. <i>pyramidum</i>. The chromosomal and morphometric analyses of North African ... [truncated]","30","30-01130","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1130"
"13001131","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","rosalinda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","St. Leger","1929","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10","4","","295","","","Rosalinda Gerbil","Sudan, Kordofan, Abu Zabad, 145 km SW El Obeid.","Sudan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Gerbillus</i>. Both F. Petter (1975<i>b</i>) and Lay (1983) listed this species as distinct pending revision of the genus. Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01131","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1131"
"13001132","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","syrticus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Misonne","1974","","Bull. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg.","50","","1","","","Sand Gerbil","Libya, 12 km N Nofilia.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura</i>. Relationship of <i>G. syrticus </i>has to be evaluated in a taxonomic revision in Lay’s opinion (1983), but Pavlinov et al. (1990) included it in <i>G. henleyi</i> with a question. We list it as a separate species pending revisionary study of the genus.","30","30-01132","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1132"
"13001133","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Gerbillus","tarabuli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1902","","5","","","Tarabul’s Gerbil","Libya, Sebha.","Ranges from N Senegal and S Mauritania (Bâ et al., 2001; Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>; Duplantier et al., 1991<i>a</i>; Duplantier and Granjon, 1992; Granjon et al., 1992, as cf <i>pyramidum</i>; Granjon et al., 2002<i>b</i>) westward to the Cyrenaican Plateau of Libya (Ranck, 1968) and the Tibesti Mtns of Chad (Setzer and Ranck, 1971; Granjon et al., 1999:305).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>G. riggenbachi</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>G. tarabuli</i>.","<i>hamadensis</i>  Ranck, 1968; <i>riggenbachi</i> Thomas, 1903; <i>tibesti</i> Setzer and Ranck, 1971.","<p>Subgenus <i>Gerbillus. </i>Usually listed as a synonym of <i>G</i>. <i>pyramidum </i>(see Pavlinov et al., 1990), Lay et al. (1975) noted that <i>tarabuli</i> could be distinguished by morphological traits. Future inquiry, according to Lay (1983:347) "". . . should examine the possibility that the 2n = 40 . . .forms reported from Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Senegal . . .are conspecific and may be referable to <i>G</i>. <i>tarabuli</i>."" Granjon et al. (1999) have examined the distribution of samples with the 2n = 40 complement and using analyses of G- and C-banding and morphometric data redefined the species limits of <i>G. tarabuli </i>and its geographic distribution, as outlined above. Diploid number and other chromosomal traits confirmed by Chetoui et al. (2002) in Tunisian sample. Lay (1983) felt <i>hamadensis</i>, named as a subspecies of <i>G. pyramidum</i> by Ranck (1968), should provisionally be included in <i>G. tarabuli</i>. Granjon et al. (1999) explained why <... [truncated]","30","30-01133","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1096-1133"
"13001134","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","vivax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1902","","8","","","Vivacious Gerbil","Libya, Sebha.","Libya.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura. </i>Variously placed in either <i>G</i>. <i>dasyurus </i>(Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), <i>G</i>. <i>amoenus </i>(Ranck, 1968), or <i>G</i>. <i>nanus </i>(F. Petter, 1975<i>b</i>; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>), but Lay (1983) disputed its association with <i>G</i>. <i>dasyurus</i> (holotype of <i>vivax</i> possesses an accessory tympanum and bare feet, traits uncharacteristic of <i>G. dasyurus</i>) and urged that <i>vivax</i> be retained as a species until its relationship to <i>G</i>. <i>amoenus</i> and <i>G</i>. <i>nanus</i> is assessed by systematic revision. Pavlinov et al. (1990) included <i>vivax </i>in <i>G. amoenus</i> following Ranck (1968) and Osborn and Helmy (1980).","30","30-01134","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1134"
"13001135","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Gerbillus","Hendecapleura","watersi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1901","","Novit. Zool.","8","","399","","","Waters’s Gerbil","Sudan, Upper Nile, Shendi.","Endemic to NE Africa in Sudan, Somalia, and Djibouti.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>G. juliani </i>and <i>G. watersi</i>.","<i>juliani</i>  (St. Leger, 1935).","Subgenus <i>Hendecapleura</i>. Listed both as a subspecies of <i>G</i>. <i>nanus</i> or as a valid species by F. Petter (1975<i>b</i>) in the same report. The species should be considered distinct until revisionary studies advise otherwise (Lay, 1983). Roche and Petter (1968) reviewed <i>juliani</i> under <i>Monodia</i>, but F. Petter (1975<i>b</i>) later synonymized it with <i>G</i>. <i>watersi</i> without supporting evidence. Roche (1975) provided evidence for uniting <i>juliani</i> with <i>G. watersi</i>, an action endorsed by Pavlinov et al. (1990). Lay (1983), however, recognized <i>juliani</i> as valid pending revision of the genus. Pearch et al. (2001) documented records from Djibouti, provided a good description of the species, comparing it with <i>G. henleyi</i> from the same country. Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01135","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1095-1097-1135"
"13001136","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium.","","","82","","<i>Mus</i> <i>tamariscinus</i> Pallas, 1773.","","","","","<i>Cheliones</i>  Thomas, 1919; <i>Idomeneus</i> Schultze, 1900; <i>Meraeus</i> Billberg, 1828 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Pallasiomys</i> Heptner, 1933; <i>Parameriones </i>Heptner, 1937 [not Tchernov and Chetboun, 1984].","<p>Tribe Gerbillini, Subtribe Rhombomyina. No modern systematic revision is available for <i>Meriones</i>. The early revision by Chaworth-Musters and Ellerman (1947), as updated and modified by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), and Pavlinov et al. (1990), represents the most current review of species. Additional taxonomic, distributional, and evolutionary views are found in the taxonomic reports and regional faunal studies cited throughout the accounts below. Most workers agree on definitions of the species we list here, but careful systematic revision will probably uncover a greater number of species. Chromosomal data concerning <i>Meriones</i> was summarized by Nadler and Lay (1967) in the context of assessing relationships among the species and subsequent chromosomal information was summarized by Qumsiyeh and Schlitter (1991). Additional chromosomal data and its significance to understanding phylogenetic relationships among six species of <i>Meriones</i> rep... [truncated]","30","30-01136","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136"
"13001137","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Meriones","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium.","","","82","","<i>Mus</i> <i>tamariscinus</i> Pallas, 1773.","","","","","","","30","30-01137","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1137"
"13001138","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Pallasiomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Heptner","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-01138","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1138"
"13001139","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Cheliones","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-01139","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1139"
"13001140","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Parameriones","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Heptner","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","[not Tchernov and Chetboun, 1984]","30","30-01140","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1140"
"13001141","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Pallasiomys","arimalius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cheesman and Hinton","1924","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","14","","554","","","Arabian Jird","Saudi Arabia, Yabrin (Jabrin), Djebel Agoula.","""Northern sands of the Rub al Khali in Saudi Arabia and Oman"" (Harrison and Bates, 1991:297).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Pallasiomys</i>. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) listed <i>arimalius</i> as a valid species, but it was later included in <i>M</i>. <i>libycus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Harrison and Bates, 1991). Pavlinov et al. (1990:294) reinstated <i>arimalius</i> as a separate species and reviewed its salient characters. Even from the terse description of its diagnostic traits provided by Harrison and Bates (1991:297), who recognized the form as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>libycus</i>, it is evident that <i>arimalius</i> is morphologically different from populations of <i>lybicus</i> north of it in Saudi Arabia. The species was also considered distinct by Nadler and Lay (1967).","30","30-01141","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1138-1141"
"13001142","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Pallasiomys","chengi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wang","1964","","Acta Zootaxon. Sinica","1","","9","","","Cheng’s Jird","China, N Xinjiang (Sinkiang), Da-Ho-Yien, Turfan.","Recorded from several localities in a small area of N Xinjiang (see Wang, 2003, and Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Pallasiomys</i>. Wang (1964) considered this species, based on a series of adult and immature specimens, to be most closely related to <i>M</i>. <i>meridianus</i>, which also occurs in Xinjiang Province (Ma et al., 1987). Pavlinov et al. (1990, 1995<i>a</i>) questionably included <i>chengi</i> in the synonymy of <i>M. meridianus</i>. The relationship of <i>chengi</i> to the latter species needs to be assessed by revision of <i>Meriones</i>, especially the <i>M</i>. <i>meridianus</i> complex.","30","30-01142","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1138-1142"
"13001143","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Pallasiomys","crassus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1842","","K. Svenska Vet. Akad., Ser. 3","","","233","","","Sundevall’s Jird","Egypt, Sinai, Fount of Moses (Ain Musa).","Across North Africa from Morocco through Niger, Sudan, and Egypt to Israel, Jordan, Syria, SE Anatolia (Turkey), Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>asyutensis</i>  Setzer, 1961; <i>charon</i> Thomas, 1919; <i>ismahelis</i> Cheesman and Hinton, 1924; <i>longifrons</i> Lataste, 1884; <i>pallidus</i> Bonhote, 1912; <i>pelerinus</i> Thomas, 1919; <i>perpallidus</i> Setzer, 1961; <i>swinhoei </i>Scully, 1881; <i>tripolius</i> Thomas, 1919.","Subgenus <i>Pallasiomys</i>. Reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Pavlinov et al. (1990). Regional reviews are available for Morocco (Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986), Algeria (Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991), Libya (Ranck, 1968), Egypt (Osborn and Helmy, 1980), Sinai Peninsula (Saleh and Basuony, 1998), Israel and Jordan (Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov, 1999; Qumsiyeh, 1996), SE Turkey (Yi&#151;it et al., 1997<i>b</i>, 1998<i>b</i>), the Arabian Peninsula (Harrison and Bates, 1991), Iran (Lay, 1967; Morshed and Patton, 2002), and Afghanistan (Hassinger, 1973). See Koffler (1972, Mammalian Species, 9). Yi&#151;it et al. (1998<i>b</i>) contrasted the distribution, morphology and chromosomes between <i>M. crassus</i> (2n = 60, FN = 76) and <i>M. meridianus</i> (2n = 50, FNa = 78) in E Turkey. See Dobigny et al. (2002<i>b</i>) for additional karyotypic information and references.","30","30-01143","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1138-1143"
"13001144","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Pallasiomys","dahli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shidlovsky","1962","","Definition Rodents Zakabkaziya","","","115","","","Dahl’s Jird","Armenia, Sadarak steppe, foothills of Vardanis (Saraibulak) Ridge.","Local sandy habitats in Armenia.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Pallasiomys</i>. Included in <i>M. meridianus</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) but shown to be a separate species by Dyatlov and Avanyan (1987), whose results were based on morphological, biochemical, and chromosomal traits, as well as interbreeding experiments. Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01144","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1138-1144"
"13001145","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Pallasiomys","grandis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1907","","Bol. Real Soc. Española Hist. Nat., Madrid","7","","175","","","Moroccan Jird","Morocco, Marrakesh.","Mediterranean littoral from Morocco through N Algeria to Tunisia (see Pavlinov, 2000).","","","Subgenus <i>Pallasiomys</i>. Moroccan population mapped and reviewed by Aulagnier and Thevenot (1986, as <i>M. shawi</i>). Pavlinov et al. (1990) recognized <i>grandis</i> as a species, but Aulagnier and Thevenot (1986) included it in <i>M. shawi</i>. Geographic ranges of <i>M. shawi</i> and <i>M.grandis</i> broadly overlap through E Morocco, N Algeria, and Tunisia, and examples of both species have been collected at a few locations; see Pavlinov (2000) who revised the species and documented morphometric and other traits distinguishing it from <i>M. shawi</i>. Fragments identified as <i>M. shawi</i> are reported from possible middle Pleistocene sediments at Jebel Irhoud in Morocco (Amani and Geraads, 1993); whether these fossils are <i>shawi</i> or <i>grandis</i> has to be determined.","30","30-01145","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1138-1145"
"13001146","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Cheliones","hurrianae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jordon","1867","","Mamm. India","","","186","","","Indian Desert Jird","India, Hurriana Dist.","Primarily in Thar Desert in SE Iran, Pakistan, and NW India (Haryana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat; see Agrawal, 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>collinus</i> (Thomas, 1919).","Subgenus <i>Cheliones</i>. Pakistan populations reviewed by Roberts (1977), those in India by Agrawal (2000) and Chakraborty and Agrawal (2000). Hassinger (1973) discussed old records of the species from Afghanistan as probably erroneous. Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01146","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1139-1146"
"13001147","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Pallasiomys","libycus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1823","","Verz. Doublet. Zool. Mus. Univ. Berlin","","","5","","","Libyan Jird","""Libische Wuste"" (Libyan Desert), as restricted by lectotype designation by Pavlinov (1982<i>c</i>:1767); usually listed as Egypt, near Alexandria, due to the interpretation of Lichtenstein’s type locality by Chaworth-Musters and Ellerman (1947:485).","North Africa from Western Sahara (Rio de Oro) and Morocco to Egypt, through Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, and east through Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and S Kazakhstan to W China (Xinjiang). A record from SE Anatolia has not been confirmed (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>afghanus</i>  Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; <i>amplus </i>Ranck, 1968; <i>aquilo</i> Thomas, 1912; <i>caucasicus</i> (Satunin, 1896) [accidental renaming of <i>caucasius</i>]; <i>caucasius</i> Brandt, 1855; <i>caudatus</i> Thomas, 1919; <i>collium</i> Severtzov, 1873; <i>confalonieri</i> de Beaux, 1931; <i>edithae</i> Cheesman and Hinton, 1924; <i>erythrourus</i> (Gray, 1842); <i>evelynae</i> Cheesman and Hinton, 1924; <i>eversmanni</i> (Bogdanov, 1889); <i>farsi</i> Schlitter and Setzer, 1973; <i>gaetulus</i> Lataste, 1882; <i>guyonii</i> (Loche, 1867); <i>heptneri</i> Argyropulo, 1936 [<i>nomen nudum</i>, Pavlinov et al., 1990]; <i>intermedius </i>Gromov, 1952; <i>iranensis</i> Goodwin, 1939; <i>luridus </i>Ranck, 1968; <i>marginae</i> (Heptner, 1933); <i>mariae</i> Cabrera, 1907; <i>maxeratis</i> (Heptner, 1933); <i>melanurus</i> Rüppell, 1842; <i>oxianus</i> (Heptner, 1933); <i>renaultii</i> (Loche, 1867); <i>schousboeii</i> (Loche, 1867); <i>schwarzovi</i> Toktosunov, 1977 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>sogdianus</i> (Heptner, 1933); <i>syrius</i> Thomas, 1919; <i>tuareg </i>Thomas, 1925; <i>turfanensis</i> (Satunin, 1903).","Subgenus <i>Pallasiomys</i>. Reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Pavlinov et al. (1990). Regional studies cover populations in Morocco (Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986), Algeria (Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991), Libya (Ranck, 1968, as <i>caudatus</i>), Egypt (Osborn and Helmy, 1980), Jordan (Qumsiyeh, 1996), Arabian Penninsula (Harrison and Bates, 1991), Iran (Lay, 1967; Morshed and Patton, 2002), Afghanistan (Hassinger, 1973), the Pribalkhashye region of S Kazakhstan (Burdelov et al., 1993, as <i>erythrourus</i>), Russia (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995), and the Xinjiang Province of W China (Ma et al., 1987; Wang, 2003). Comparative craniometric analyses between Moroccan samples of <i>M</i>. <i>libycus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>shawi</i> obtained in sympatry were reported by Zaime and Pascal (1988). Morphological and karyotypic contrasts between these same two species as well as laboratory hybridization experiments, were recorded by Lay and Nadler (1969). In North Africa, <i>M</i>. <i>libycu... [truncated]","30","30-01147","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1138-1147"
"13001148","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Pallasiomys","meridianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1773","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","","","702","","","Midday Jird","Se Russia, Astrakhanskaya Oblast, Dosang (as restricted by Heptner, <i>in</i> Vinogradov et al., 1936, not Chaworth-Musters and Ellerman, 1947; see Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987).","From Lower Don River and north of the Caucasus to Mongolia and N China (provinces of Nei Mongol, Hebei, Henen, Shanxi, N Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Gansu, NE Qinghai, and Ningxia; see Ma et al. [1987], Wang [2003], and Zhang et al. [1997]), south to E Turkey, E Iran and N Afghanistan. The isolated segment in Armenia mentioned by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) refers to <i>M</i>. <i>dahli</i> (see that account).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>auceps</i>  Thomas, 1908; <i>brevicaudatus</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1867); <i>buechneri</i> Thomas, 1909; <i>cryptorhinus</i> (Blanford, 1875); <i>fulvus</i> Eversmann, 1848; <i>heptneri</i> (Kuznetzov, 1944) [not of Argyropulo, 1944]; <i>jei</i> Wang, 1964; <i>karelini</i> (Kolossow, 1935); <i>lepturus</i> (Büchner, 1889); <i>littoralis</i> (Heptner, 1927) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>massagetes</i> (Heptner, 1933); <i>muleiensis</i> Wang, 1981; <i>nogaiorum</i> (Heptner, 1927); <i>penicilliger</i> (Heptner, 1933); <i>psammophilus</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1871); <i>roborowskii</i> (Büchner, 1889); <i>shitkovi</i> (Heptner, 1933); <i>tropini</i> Kartavtseva and Korobitsyna, 1986 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>urianchaicus</i> (Vinogradov, 1927); <i>uschtaganicus</i> (Rall, 1940); <i>zhitkovi</i> (Heptner, 1936).","Subgenus <i>Pallasiomys</i>. Intraspecific chromosomal variation among Russian samples reported by Korobitsyna and Kartavtseva (1988). Utilizing several sets of data, including results from hybridization studies, Dyatlov and Avanyan (1987) tested conspecificity of the subspecies <i>meridianus</i>, <i>nogaiorum</i>, and <i>dahli</i>, and concluded that <i>nogaiorum</i> should be considered a semispecies and <i>dahli</i> a species (see that account). We retain <i>nogaiorum</i> in <i>M</i>. <i>meridianus</i> pending unequivocal results demonstrating its evolutionary status. Phallic morphology described by Yang et al. (1992) and contrasted with <i>M. unguiculatus</i>. Yi&#151;it et al. (1998<i>b</i>) contrasted geographic range, morphology and karyotypes between samples of <i>M. meridianus</i> and <i>M. crassus</i> in E Turkey. Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990). The segment in E Anatolia (Turkey) was reviewed by Yi&#151;it et al. (1997<i>b</i>,<i> </i>1998<i>b</i>). Range in Russia, taxon... [truncated]","30","30-01148","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1138-1148"
"13001149","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Parameriones","persicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1875","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","16","","312","","","Persian Jird","Iran, Kohrud, north of Isfahan.","Iran, adjacent regions of Transcaucasia, Turkey (E Anatolia), Iraq, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan (west of Indus River).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ambrosius</i>  Thomas, 1919; <i>baptistae</i> Thomas, 1920; <i>gurganensis</i> Goodwin, 1939; <i>rossicus</i> Heptner, 1931; <i>suschkini </i>(Kashkarov, 1925).","Subgenus <i>Parameriones</i>. Regional studies available for the Middle East (Harrison and Bates, 1991), Pakistan (Roberts, 1977), Afghanistan (Hassinger, 1973), Iran (Lay, 1967; Morshed and Patton, 2002), E Anatolian Turkey (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001), and Russia (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995). Yi&#151;it and Çolak (1999) recorded 2n = 42, FN = 78 for samples from E Turkey. Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01149","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1140-1149"
"13001150","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Parameriones","rex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Yerbury and Thomas","1895","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1895","","552","","","King Jird","Yemen, Lahej, near Aden.","Yemen highlands in SW Arabian Peninsula, from Mecca in Saudi Arabia to near Aden in Yemen (see Al-Jumaily [1998] and Harrison and Bates [1991:289]).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>buryi</i>  Thomas, 1902; <i>philbyi </i>(Morrison-Scott, 1939).","Subgenus <i>Parameriones</i>, according to Nadler and Lay (1967) and Harrison and Bates (1991), but not allocated to a subgenus by Pavlinov et al. (1990), who reviewed the species. A distinctive jird that "". . . has evolved in the special and peculiar environment of the Yemen highlands. . ."" (Harrison and Bates, 1991:291). Karyotype (2n = 38, FN = 74) documented by Al-Saleh and Khan (1987).","30","30-01150","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1140-1150"
"13001151","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Pallasiomys","sacramenti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","10","","552","","","Buxton’s Jird","Israel, 10 mi (16 km) S Beersheba.","A small range in Israel (on coastal plain south of the Yarqon River and in the N Negev) and NE Sinai Peninsula of Egypt (Harrison and Bates, 1991; Osborn and Helmy, 1980).","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>legeri</i>  Aharoni, 1932.","Subgenus <i>Pallasiomys</i>. A distinctive Israeli and Sinai endemic, reviewed by Osborn and Helmy (1980), Pavlinov et al. (1990), Harrison and Bates (1991), Qumsiyeh (1996), and Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov (1999). Apparently most closely related to <i>M. shawi</i> and <i>M. libycus</i> in its morphology (see Harrison and Bates, 1991, and references therein).","30","30-01151","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1138-1151"
"13001152","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Pallasiomys","shawi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Duvernoy","1842","","Mem. Soc. Sci. Nancy","3","","22","","","Shaw’s Jird","Algeria, Oran.","Mediterranean littoral from E Morocco through N Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt to N Sinai, never found more than about 150 mi (240 km) inland (Lay and Nadler, 1969, and references therein; Pavlinov, 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albipes</i>  Lataste, 1882; <i>auratus </i>Ranck, 1968; <i>auziensis</i> Lataste, 1882; <i>azizi </i>Setzer, 1956; <i>crassibulla</i> Lataste, 1885; <i>isis</i> Thomas, 1919; <i>laticeps</i> Lataste, 1885; <i>longiceps</i> Lataste, 1885; <i>richardii</i> (Loche, 1867); <i>savii</i> (Loche, 1867); <i>sellysii</i> (Pomel, 1856); <i>trouessarti </i>Lataste, 1882.","Subgenus <i>Pallasiomys</i>. A distinctive species that ranges mostly north of <i>M</i>. <i>libycus</i> but is sympatric with it in several regions (Lay and Nadler, 1969; Zaime and Pascal, 1988). The distribution maps of Algerian (Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991) and Egyptian (Osborn and Helmy, 1980) ranges of <i>M</i>. <i>shawi</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>libycus</i> illustrate their geographic relationships–mostly parapatric, but sympatric near the coast. <i>Meriones</i> <i>shawi</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>libycus</i> are often confused in museum collections and published reports (see the reviews by Lay and Nadler, 1969, and Pavlinov et al., 1990). The taxon <i>grandis</i> has traditionally been included in <i>M. shawi</i> but Pavlinov et al. (1990) reviewed <i>grandis</i> as a species and Pavlinov (2000) recorded the morphological traits distinguishing <i>M. grandis</i> from <i>M. shawi</i>; he also documented broad overlap between the two species in E Morocco, N Algeria, and Tunisia (see acc... [truncated]","30","30-01152","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1138-1152"
"13001153","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Meriones","tamariscinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1773","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","2","","702","","","Tamarisk Jird","Kazakhstan, Saraitschikowski (= Saraichik).","N Caucasus and Kazakhstan to the Altai Mtns, and through N Xinjiang and Nei Mongol of China (Wang, 2003; Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ciscaucasicus</i>  (Satunin, 1903); <i>collium</i> Severtsov, 1873; <i>jaxartensis</i> (Ognev and Heptner, 1928); <i>kokandicus</i> Heptner, 1933; <i>montanus</i> Severtsov, 1873 [<i>nomen nudum</i>, Pavlinov et al., 1990]; <i>satschouensis</i> (Satunin, 1903); <i>tamaricinus </i>(Pallas, 1779).","Subgenus <i>Meriones</i>. Reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Pavlinov et al. (1990); regional reviews offered by G. M. Allen (1940, China), and Ma et al. (1987, Xinjiang). Range in Russia, taxonomy, contrasts with other species and additional characteristics reviewed by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995). The restriction to subgenus <i>Meriones </i>reflects the very distinctive male genital morphology of <i>M. tamariscinus</i> compared with other species of <i>Meriones</i> (Pavlinov, 1986).","30","30-01153","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1137-1153"
"13001154","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Pallasiomys","tristrami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","148","","","Tristram’s Jird","Israel, Dead Sea region.","From Israel, Lebanon, and W Jordan to Turkey (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001; Yi&#151;it et al., 1998<i>a</i>), Syria, N Iraq, NW Iran, and Transcaucasia (see Harrison and Bates, 1991:294).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>blackleri</i>  Thomas, 1903; <i>bodenheimeri</i> Aharoni, 1932; <i>bogdanovi</i> Heptner, 1931; <i>intraponticus</i> Neuhäuser, 1936; <i>kariateni</i> Aharoni, 1932; <i>kilisensis </i>Yi&#151;it and Çolak, 1998; <i>lycaon </i>Thomas, 1919; <i>qatafensis</i> Haas, 1951.","Subgenus <i>Pallasiomys</i>. Treated as a subspecies of <i>M. shawi</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951). The species was generally reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Pavlinov et al. (1990) and regionally reviewed by Harrison and Bates (1991, Arabia), Qumsiyeh (1996) and Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov (1999, Israel and Jordan), Misonne (1957, Syria), Lay (1967, C Asia), Yi&#151;it et al. (1998<i>a</i>, Turkey), and Gromov and Erbajeva (1995, Russia). Chromosomal polymorphism and its significance among Transcaucasian samples were reported by Korobitsyna and Korablev (1980). Populations in Turkey have a stable diploid number (72) but the fundamental number varies between 76 in W Turkey and 82 in samples from the rest of Turkey (a diagnostic traits of <i>M. t. kilisensis</i> is its FN of 78; Yi&#151;it and Çolak, 1998). <i>Meriones tristrami </i>has resided in the S Levant, as documented by fossils, since at least 160,000 years before present (see reviews and references cited by Tchernov... [truncated]","30","30-01154","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1138-1154"
"13001155","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Pallasiomys","unguiculatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., ser. 7","5","","377","","","Mongolian Jird","China, N Shanxi, 10 mi (16 km) NE of Tschang-Kur, Eul-che san hao (= Ershi san hao).","Mongolia, and adjacent regions of Siberia (Transbaikalia) and of China from E Gansu, N Ningxia, N Shaanxi, N Shanxi, and Hebei, through C and N Nei Mongol and Liaoning (see Gromov and Erbajeva [1995], Wang [2003], and Zhang et al. [1997]).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chihfengensis</i>  Mori, 1939 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>koslovi</i> (Satunin, 1903); <i>kurauchii</i> Mori, 1930; <i>selenginus</i> Heptner, 1949.","Subgenus <i>Pallasiomys</i>. Reviewed by G. M. Allen (1940), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), and Pavlinov et al. (1990). Corbet also included Xinjiang in the distribution of the species, but Ma et al. (1987) did not record it there. Spicer and Schulte (1994) documented cochlear structure at the cellular level. This study is an example of the many undertaken on this species, as this is the gerbil usually sold as pets and used in medical laboratories (Turton, 1984). Laboratory colonies were derived from twenty pairs captured in the Amur River basin in 1935, initially taken to Japan from which a colony was shipped to the United States, and from there others were distributed to Europe (Turton, 1984). Yang et al. (1992) described phallic morphology and contrasted it with that of <i>M. meridianus</i>. Cao et al. (1995) reported histology of the glans penis in <i>M. unguiculatus</i> and contrasted the pattern and morphology of its epidermal spines with <i>M. meridianus</i> and <i>Rhombomys opimus</i>,... [truncated]","30","30-01155","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1138-1155"
"13001156","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Pallasiomys","vinogradovi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heptner","1931","","Zool. Anz.","94","","122","","","Vinogradov’s Jird","Iran, Persian Azarbaijan.","E Anatolian Turkey, N Syria, N Iran, and Armenia and Azerbaijan (see Harrison and Bates, 1991).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Pallasiomys</i>. A distinctive species (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>) that was reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990) and Harrison and Bates (1991). The Iranian population was reviewed by Lay (1967), the Syrian by Misonne (1957), Turkish by Yi&#151;it et al. (1997<i>b</i>), and the segment in Russia by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995).","30","30-01156","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1138-1156"
"13001157","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Meriones","Pallasiomys","zarudnyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heptner","1937","","Byull. Moscow Ova. Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol.","46","","19","","","Zarudny’s Jird","Turkmenistan, Kushka (Afghanistan-Turkmenistan border).","NE Iran, N Afghanistan, and S Turkmenistan.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Pallasiomys</i>. Reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Pavlinov et al. (1990) and listed by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) as a distinctive species. The Afghanistan population was reviewed by Hassinger (1973), the E Anatolian by Yi&#151;it et al. (1997), and segment in Turkmenistan by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995).","30","30-01157","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1136-1138-1157"
"13001158","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Microdillus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","197","","<i>Gerbillus</i> <i>peeli</i> de Winton, 1898.","","","","","","Tribe Gerbillini, Subtribe Gerbillina. A close relative of <i>Gerbillus</i> and <i>Dipodillus </i>(Pavlinov et al., 1990).","30","30-01158","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1158"
"13001159","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Microdillus","","peeli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","250","","","Somali Pygmy Gerbil","Somalia, Eyk.","Recorded only from Somalia (see Roche and F. Petter, 1968).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Reviewed by Roche and F. Petter (1968) and Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01159","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1158-0000-1159"
"13001160","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Pachyuromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lataste","1880","","Le Naturaliste","2","40","313","","<i>Pachyuromys</i> <i>duprasi</i> Lataste, 1880.","","","","","","Tribe Gerbillini, Subtribe Pachyuromyina (sole member).","30","30-01160","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1160"
"13001161","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Pachyuromys","","duprasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lataste","1880","","Le Naturaliste","2","40","313","","","Fat-tailed Jird","Algeria, Laghouat.","N Sahara desert from Western Sahara and Morocco to N Egypt.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>faroulti</i>  Thomas, 1920; <i>natronensis </i>De Winton, 1903.","The Moroccan population was mapped by Aulagnier and Thevenot (1986), Algerian population reviewed by Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska (1991), the Libyan segment by Ranck (1968), and the Egyptian by Osborn and Helmy (1980). Chromosomal data summarized by Qumsiyeh and Schlitter (1991).","30","30-01161","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1160-0000-1161"
"13001162","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Psammomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1828","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","","","56","","<i>Psammomys</i> <i>obesus</i> Cretzschmar, 1828.","","","","","<i>Parameriones</i> Tchernov and Chetboun, 1984 [not of Heptner, 1937].","Tribe Gerbillini, Subtribe Rhombomyina. Reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>, 1984). Evolutionary history as indicated by fossils extends to Late Pleistocene of Asia (McKenna and Bell, 1997).","30","30-01162","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1162"
"13001163","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Psammomys","","obesus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1828","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","","","p. 58, pl. 22","","","Fat Sand Rat","Egypt, Alexandria.","In North Africa from Morocco (Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986) and Algeria (Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991), through Tunisia and coastal region of Egypt (Osborn and Helmy, 1980), into Syria, Jordan, Israel, and parts of Arabian Peninsula (Harrison and Bates, 1991); also on coast of Sudan (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>algiricus</i>  Thomas, 1902; <i>dianae</i> Morrison-Scott, 1939; <i>elegans </i>Heuglin, 1877; <i>nicolli</i> Thomas, 1908; <i>roudairei</i> Lataste, 1881; <i>terraesanctae</i> Thomas, 1902; tripolitanus Thomas, 1902.","Electrophoretic, chromosomal, and morphological traits were analyzed by Qumsiyeh and Chesser (1988) in the context of assessing evolutionary change among four genera of gerbils. Reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Pavlinov et al. (1990). Arabian population reviewed by Harrison and Bates (1991), Israeli and Jordanian by Qumsiyeh (1996) and Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov (1999), Egyptian by Osborn and Helmy (1980), Algerian by Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska (1991), and Moroccan by Aulagnier and Thevenot (1986).","30","30-01163","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1162-0000-1163"
"13001164","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Psammomys","","vexillaris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","16","","198","","","Lesser Sand Rat","Libya, Tripolitania Province, Bu Ngem (Bondjem).","Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>edusa</i>  Thomas, 1925.","Sometimes included in <i>P</i>. <i>obesus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Pavlinov et al., 1990, 1995<i>a</i>) but Ranck (1968) regarded it as a separate species. Cockrum et al. (1977) enumerated the morphological and chromosomal traits distinguishing the two. Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska (1991) did not recognize this species in Algeria and discussed only <i>P</i>. <i>obesus</i>.<b> </b>We recognize <i>vexillaris</i> as distinct pending a new look at geographic variation in morphological, chromosomal, and molecular traits among populations of <i>Psammomys</i>.","30","30-01164","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1162-0000-1164"
"13001165","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Rhombomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wagner","1841","","Gelehrte Anz. I. K. Bayer Akad. Wiss., München, 12","52","","421","","<i>Rhombomys</i> <i>pallidus</i> Wagner, 1841 (= <i>Meriones opimus</i> Lichtenstein, 1823).","","","","","<i>Amphiaulacomys</i>  Lataste, 1882; <i>Pliorhombomys</i> Fokanov, 1964 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Pliorhombomys</i> Fokanov, 1976.","Tribe Gerbillini, Subtribe Rhombomyina. Reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>). The inclusion of <i>Pliorhombomys</i> in <i>Rhombomys</i> was documented by Pavlinov (1992<i>b</i>). Fossils indicate an evolutionary history extending to late Pliocene in Asia (McKenna and Bell, 1997).","30","30-01165","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1165"
"13001166","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Rhombomys","","opimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1823","","Naturh. Abh. Eversmann's Reise","","","122","","","Great Gerbil","Kazakhstan, Kzyl-Ordinskaya, KaraKumy Desert (see Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987).","From S Mongolia and N China (Xinjiang, Gansu, Nei Mongolia) to Kazakhstan, Iran, Afghanistan, and SW Pakistan (Corbet, 1987<i>c</i>, Ma et al., 1987; Wang, 2003; Zhou et al., 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alaschanicus</i>  Matschie, 1911; <i>dalversinicus</i> Kashkarov, 1926; <i>fumicolor</i> Heptner, 1933; <i>giganteus</i> Buchner, 1889; <i>major </i>Burdelov, 1989; <i>minor </i>Burdelov, 1989; <i>nigrescens</i> Satunin, 1903; <i>pallidus</i> Wagner, 1841; <i>pevzovi</i> Heptner, 1939; <i>sargadensis</i> Heptner, 1939; <i>sodalis </i>Goodwin, 1939.","Reviewed by Pavlinov et al. (1990). Regional reviews cover Pakistan (Roberts, 1977), Iran (Lay, 1967), Afghanistan (Hassinger, 1973), Russia and adjacent regions (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995), and N China (Xinjiang, Gansu, and Nei Mongolia; Ma et al., 1987; Zhang et al., 1997; Zhou et al., 2000). <i>Rhombomys opimus </i>is unique among gerbils in having hypsodont, evergrowing (rootless) molars with cement in the reentrant angles, but Pavlinov (1982<i>b</i>, 1996) found a few old individuals with rooted molars from several localities in Iran; however, this discovery does not help clarify taxonomic status of the species. Chromosomal data summarized by Qumsiyeh and Schlitter (1991). Morphology and schmelzmuster of rootless molars in relation to jaw motion documented by Koenigswald et al. (1994) and compared to 24 other extant rodent genera. Phallic morphology described by Yang et al. (1992). Age identification and population structure of Chinese population reported by Zhou et al. (2002), wh... [truncated]","30","30-01166","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1165-0000-1166"
"13001167","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Sekeetamys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ellerman","1947","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1947-1948","117","271","","<i>Gerbillus</i> <i>calurus</i> Thomas, 1892.","","","","","","Tribe Gerbillini, Subtribe Rombomyina. Reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), who also discussed the past allocation of <i>calurus</i> to either <i>Meriones</i> or <i>Gerbillus</i>. Based primarily upon morphology, Pavlinov et al. (1990), thought <i>Sekeetamys </i>was most closely related to <i>Meriones</i> and <i>Brachiones</i>, but Tong (1989) aligned it with <i>Microdillus </i>and <i>Gerbillus</i>. One of four gerbil genera in which electrophoretic, chromosomal, and morphological traits were examined to assess rates of evolutionary change (Qumsiyeh and Chesser, 1988).","30","30-01167","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1167"
"13001168","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Sekeetamys","","calurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","76","","","Bushy-tailed Jird","Egypt, Sinai, near Tor.","Restricted to rocky and cliff habitat from E Egypt (east side of the Nile) through Sinai, SE Israel and SW Jordan into C Saudi Arabia (Harrison and Bates, 1991; Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov, 1999; Osborn and Helmy, 1980; Qumsiyeh, 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>makrami</i> Setzer, 1961.","Although researchers now agree that <i>calurus</i> merits generic separation, in the past it has been regarded as a species of <i>Gerbillus</i>,<i> Dipodillus</i>,<i> </i>or <i>Meriones </i>(see references in Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>,<i> </i>and Osborn and Helmy, 1880). Morphology, taxonomy, and ecology summarized by Osborn and Helmy (1980) for Egyptian population, Qumsiyeh (1996) for populations in Israel and Jordan, and Harrison and Bates (1991) for Arabian Peninsula. Distribution on Sinai Peninsula recorded by Saleh and Basuony (1998). Chromosomal data summarized by Qumsiyeh and Schlitter (1991). Reviewed in detail by Pavlinov et al. (1990).","30","30-01168","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1167-0000-1168"
"13001169","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Tatera","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lataste","1882","","Le Naturaliste, Paris","2","","126","","<i>Dipus</i> <i>indicus</i> Hardwicke, 1807.","","","","","","Tribe Taterillini, Subtribe Taterillina. According to Pavlinov et al. (1990) and Pavlinov (2001), Taterillini also includes the African <i>Taterillus</i> and <i>Gerbilliscus </i>(once included in <i>Tatera; </i>see generic account of the latter). Tong (1989) also included <i>Gerbillurus</i> in this group and did not separate <i>Gerbilliscus</i> from <i>Tatera</i>. Evolutionary history of <i>Tatera</i> dates from <i>T. pinjoricus</i>, which is represented by isolated molars from late Pliocene Siwalik beds of NW India (Patnaik, 1997), which appears to be a primitive phylogenetic ally of living <i>T. indica </i>(Flynn et al., 2003). Patnaik (1997) considered <i>Tatera pinjoricus </i>to be dentally similar to the late Miocene <i>Abudhabia </i>sp. from Pakistan, <i>A. baynunensis</i> from the United Arab Emirates (de Bruijn and Whybrow, 1994) and the early to late Pliocene <i>A. kabulense</i> from NW India and N Afghanistan (see review by Wessels, 1998). In addition to those species, <i>A. ... [truncated]","30","30-01169","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1169"
"13001170","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Tatera","","indica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hardwicke","1807","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","8","","279","","","Indian Gerbil","India, United Province, between Benares and Hardwar.","An extensive range from SE Anatolia in Turkey (Yi&#151;it et al., 2001), Syria, Iraq, and Kuwait through Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan into most of Indian Peninsula north to the Terai region of S Nepal; also Sri Lanka (see Bates, 1988).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bailwardi</i>  Wroughton, 1906; <i>ceylonica</i> Wroughton, 1906; <i>cuvieri</i> (Waterhouse, 1838); <i>dunni</i> Wroughton, 1917; <i>hardwickei</i> (Gray, 1843); <i>monticola</i> Wroughton, 1906; <i>otarius</i> (Cuvier, 1838); <i>persica</i> Wroughton, 1906; <i>pitmani</i> Cheesman, 1921; <i>scansa</i> Wroughton, 1906; <i>sherrini</i> Wroughton, 1917; <i>taeniurus</i> (Wagner, 1843).","Revised by Bates (1988), who recognized three distinctive subspecies. Regional reviews include the segments from Arabian Peninsula (Harrison and Bates, 1991), SE Turkey (Yi&#151;it et al., 2001), Syria (Misonne, 1957), Iran (Lay, 1967; Morshed and Patton, 2002), Afghanistan (Hassinger, 1973), Pakistan (Roberts, 1977), and India (Agrawal, 2000; Chakraborty and Agrawal, 2000). This is the only species that Pavlinov (1981<i>b</i>) and Pavlinov et al. (1990) allocated to <i>Tatera</i>. Karyotype and chromosomal polymorphism of Indian samples documented by Rao et al. (1968) and Yosida (1981); chromosomal data summarized by Qumsiyeh and Schlitter (1991), and karyotype of Turkish population (2n = 68, FN = 84) documented by Yi&#151;it et al. (2001). Ecology and distribution in the Aravalli Ranges in Rajasthan, India documented by Prakash et al. (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>). Late Pleistocene fossils from C India described as <i>T. </i>cf <i>indica</i> by Patnaik (1995).","30","30-01170","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1169-0000-1170"
"13001171","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Taterillus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","222","","<i>Gerbillus</i> <i>emini</i> Thomas, 1892.","","","","","<i>Taterina</i> Wettstein, 1916.","Tribe Taterillini, Subtribe Taterillina. Robbins (1971) proposed a new dental terminology for the genus based on a large sample of <i>T</i>. <i>gracilis</i>, analysed (1973) nongeographic variation drawn from the same sample, and summarized (1977) morphometric and chomosomal differentiation among the seven species that he considered valid (only <i>T</i>. <i>petteri</i> and <i>T. tranieri </i>have since been added). Chromosomal data were reported for some species by Matthey and F. Petter (1970) and karyotypic information was summarized by Qumsiyeh and Schlitter (1991). Like many genera of African muroid rodents, <i>Taterillus</i> requires critical systematic revision to determine species definitions and their distributional limits. Several of the species now recognized are morphologically closely similar to one another, prompting many workers to consider them ""sibling"" or cryptic species (Dobigny et al., 2002<i>a</i>, 2003; Sicard et al., 1988). Recently, Volobouev and Granjon... [truncated]","30","30-01171","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1171"
"13001172","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Taterillus","","arenarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robbins","1974","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","87","","399","","","Robbins’s Tateril","Mauritania, Trarza Region, Tiguent.","N Sahelian savanna and subdesert from Mauritania through Mali to Niger (see Robbins, 1974); eastern limits unknown although Sicard et al. (1988) believed the species to be confined to the left bank of the Niger River.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","In a detailed multivariate analysis, Robbins (1974) compared his new species with samples of <i>T</i>. <i>gracilis</i> and <i>T</i>. <i>pygargus</i>. The latter and <i>T</i>. <i>arenarius</i> are sympatric in S Mauritania. Results from a chromosome banding study (R- and C-bands) of <i>T. arenarius</i> as reported by Volobouev and Granjon (1996:45), ""revealed the presence of an XX/XY<sub>1</sub>Y<sub>2</sub> sex-chromosome system in the karyotype [2n = 30/31, FNa = 36], as found previously in three other congeneric species."" Ecology and membership in small mammal community of SW Mauritania discussed by Granjon et al. (2002<i>b</i>).","30","30-01172","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1171-0000-1172"
"13001173","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Taterillus","","congicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","16","","147","","","Congo Tateril","Dem. Rep. Congo, Orientale, Upper Uele River<b> </b>(Welle), Poko.","Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Sudan, Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>clivosus</i>  Thomas and Hinton, 1923.","Assignment of <i>clivosus</i> follows Robbins (1977).","30","30-01173","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1171-0000-1173"
"13001174","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Taterillus","","emini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","78","","","Emin’s Tateril","Uganda, Wadelai.","Sudan, SW Ethiopia (Yalden et al., 1996), Uganda, NW Kenya, NE Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anthonyi</i>  Hatt, 1934; <i>butleri</i> Wroughton, 1910; <i>gyas</i> Thomas, 1918.","Allocation of the synonyms to this species follows Robbins (1977).","30","30-01174","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1171-0000-1174"
"13001175","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Taterillus","","gracilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","77","","","Gracile Tateril","Gambia (see Robbins, 1974).","N Nigeria, Niger, S Mali, and Burkina Faso to Gambia and Senegal (see Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>; Duplantier and Granjon, 1992; Grubb et al., 1998; Meinig, 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angelus</i>  Thomas and Hinton, 1920; <i>meridionalis </i>Robbins, 1974; <i>nigeriae</i> Thomas, 1911.","Chromosomal data (2n = 36/37, FNa = 42-44) for samples from Burkino Faso and Senegal were reported by Gautun et al. (1985) and Volobouev and Granjon (1996); Dobigny et al. (2002<i>b</i>) recorded a slightly greater range in diploid and fundamental numbers in Niger samples. Rosevear (1969) included <i>angelus</i> in this species, but Sicard et al. (1988) discussed its possible specific status. The form <i>nigeriae</i> was provisionally considered valid by Rosevear (1969) but was treated as a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>gracilis</i> by Robbins (1974).","30","30-01175","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1171-0000-1175"
"13001176","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Taterillus","","harringtoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","303","","","Harrington’s Tateril","Ethiopia, east of Lake Turkana (Rudolf), near Mutti Galeb.","Central African Republic, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, E Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>illustris</i>  Dollman, 1911; <i>kadugliensis</i> (Wettstein, 1916); <i>lorenzi</i> (Wettstein, 1916); <i>lowei</i> Dollman, 1914; <i>melanops</i> Allen, 1912; <i>meneghettii</i> Toschi, 1946; <i>nubilus</i> Dollman, 1911; <i>osgoodi</i> Wroughton, 1910; <i>perluteus</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1923; <i>rufus</i> (Wettstein, 1916); <i>tenebricus</i> Dollman, 1911; <i>zammarani</i> de Beaux, 1922.","Allocation of synonyms follows Robbins (1977). Karyotypes of samples from Ethiopia and Kenya (2n = 44, FNa = 62, 64) summarized by Volobouev and Granjon (1996).","30","30-01176","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1171-0000-1176"
"13001177","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Taterillus","","lacustris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","37","","","Lake Chad Tateril","Nigeria, Lake Chad (= Kaddai).","NE Nigeria and Cameroon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Rosevear (1969) synonymized <i>lacustris</i> with <i>T</i>. <i>gracilis</i>, but both Robbins (1974, 1977) and F. Petter (1975<i>b</i>) treated it as a distinct species. Analysis of serum proteins pointed to a closer relationship of <i>T. lacustris</i> to <i>T. pygargus</i> rather than <i>T. gracilis </i>(Tranier et al., 1974).","30","30-01177","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1171-0000-1177"
"13001178","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Taterillus","","petteri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sicard, Tranier, and Gautun","1988","","Mammalia","52","","188","","","Petter’s Tateril","Burkina Faso (Upper Volta), Oudalan Province, near Oursi Pond; 14EE38'N, 00EE26'W (Sicard et al., 1988:188).","Sahelian savanna of E Burkina Faso and W Niger west of Niger River.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Ansell (1989) maintained the availability of <i>petteri</i> should properly date from its first checklist citation (Gautun et al., 1985), not from its later formal description (Sicard et al., 1988), but Sicard et al. identified the holotype and museum in which it is stored and provided a differential diagnosis. According to Sicard et al. (1988), <i>T</i>. <i>petteri</i> is confined to the loop of the Niger River and is parapatric with <i>T</i>. <i>gracilis</i>, from which it differs in morphology, ecology, biochemistry, and physiology. In the same paper, they stated that <i>T. petteri</i> may actually be conspecific with <i>angelus</i> (from Gambia), although they acknowledged not examining the holotype of the latter, and they speculated that <i>angelus</i> and <i>lacustris</i> may prove to be the same but, because the type of the former is young and that of the latter is old, the relationship is difficult to demonstrate. Karyotype (2n = 18/19, FNa = 28) is distinctive compared with so... [truncated]","30","30-01178","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1171-0000-1178"
"13001179","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Taterillus","","pygargus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1838","","Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.","2","","142","","","Senegal Tateril","Senegal, probably St. Louis (as suggested by Robbins, 1977:191).","Gambia, Senegal, S Mauritania, W and S Mali (Meinig, 2000), and S Niger (Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Cuvier's <i>pygargus</i> was included in <i>Gerbillus</i> <i>pyramidum</i>, but the holotype is an example of <i>Taterillus</i> (see F. Petter et al., 1972, and F. Petter, 1975<i>b</i>, and references therein). Apparently unaware of F. Petter's observation, Lay (1983) listed <i>pygargus</i> as a species of <i>Gerbillus</i> known only from the type locality, which he thought was Egypt. Karyotype (2n = 22/23, FNa = 38-40) described in detail and contrasted with two newly described cytotypes representing two species (2n = 22/23, FN = 40; 2n = 24/25, FN = 44; identified as <i>Taterillus</i> sp. 1 and <i>Taterillus </i>sp. 2) by Dobigny et al. (2002<i>a</i>). Additional chromosomal information for Niger samples of <i>T. pygargus</i> provided by Dobigny et al. (2002<i>b</i>).","30","30-01179","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1171-0000-1179"
"13001180","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Gerbillinae","","Taterillus","","tranieri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobigny, Granjon, Aniskin, Ba, and Volobouev","2003","","Mammal. Biol.","68","","301","","","Tranieri’s Tateril","W Mali, Dilly (15E01'129'’N, 07E40'084'’W); see Dobigny et al. (2003) for details.","Recorded from Sahelian savanna of W Mali and SE Mauritania (see Dobigny et al., 2003, for locality coordinates and habitat).","","","Karyotype (2n = 14/15, FNa = 22-24) exhibits the lowest diploid number among gerbillines and differs from its chromosomally closest ally, <i>T. petteri</i> (2n = 18/19, FNa = 28), by ""two telomere-telomere translocations accompanied by two centromere activations/inactivations, one non-reciprocal translocation, and three pericentric inversion"" (Dobigny et al., 2003:309). No consistent qualitative differences in external and cranial morphological or pelage coloration could be dectected between <i>T. tranieri</i> and four other West African species: <i>T. arenarius</i>,<i> T. gracilis</i>,<i> T. petteri</i>,<i> </i>and <i>T. pygargus.</i>","30","30-01180","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1048-0000-1171-0000-1180"
"13001181","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Leimacomyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","new subfamily.","","","","","","","","","","","","","","<p>Type genus–<i>Leimacomys</i> Matschie, 1893. Definition–medium-sized terrestrial, insectivorous muroid with a scantily haired (caudal hairs length of one tail scale), tapering tail much shorter than length of head and body (TL/HBL = 32%), four digits and rudimentary fifth on front foot, five on hind foot, claws nearly straight, and dense pelage without guard hairs; cranium robust, rostrum moderately long and wide, and tapering distally in lateral perspective; interorbit wide; prominent supraorbital ridges border wide wedge-shaped postorbital region merging with wide braincase outlined by weak temporal ridging; occiput squarish, interparietal wide and narrow; broad zygomatic plate with prominent anteriorly projecting spine (deep zygomatic notch), masseteric tubercle weakly developed; zygomatic arches stout and not bowed outward; braincase moderately deep, with convex dorsal outline, and overhangs occipital condyles; expansive parietals form dorsal sides of braincase along with squamo... [truncated]","30","30-01181","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1181"
"13001182","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Leimacomyinae","","Leimacomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1893","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","107","","<i>Leimacomys</i> <i>büttneri</i> Matschie, 1893.","","","","","<i>Limacomys</i> Lydekker, 1894 (see Rosevear, 1969:487).","Rosevear (1969) provided a particularly good summary of past taxonomic allocations of <i>Leimacomys</i> and the nature of the types, which consist of an imperfect skin and a specimen preserved in fluid; only one cranium and mandible have been located, but the different wear on upper and lower molars indicates the two elements to be mismatched.","30","30-01182","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1181-0000-1182"
"13001183","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Leimacomyinae","","Leimacomys","","büttneri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1893","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","109","","","Büttner’s African Forest Mouse","Togo, Bismarckburg, 710 m (see Denys, 1993; Misonne, 1966; and Rosevear, 1969 for additional data).","Recorded only from the type locality; may also occur in adjacent high forest of Ghana (Grubb et al., 1998).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Still known only by two specimens obtained in 1890 (Dieterlen, 1976<i>a</i>; Misonne, 1966; Rosevear, 1969). The species has not been collected for nearly a century and has been either declared extinct, regarded as critically endangered, or believed to still exist (see discussion and references in Grubb et al., 1998:189). Recent mammal surveys of Togo have not included forest habitats (Grubb et al., 1998) and so are uninformative about the present existence of <i>L. buettneri</i> in that country. The type locality is in high forest and the species is insectivorous (Dieterlen, 1976<i>a</i>); otherwise, its ecology and actual geographic distribution are a mystery. Insectivorous muroids are notoriously difficult to capture with usual kinds of traps and require pitfall and other techniques. Focused survey of long duration in forests of Togo and nearby in Ghana should be conducted to assess the status of this unique rodent.","30","30-01183","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1181-0000-1182-0000-1183"
"13001184","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Abh. Phys. Klasse K.-Preuss Akad. Wiss. Berlin, for 1804-11","","","46, 129","","","","","","","Anisomyes Ellerman, 1941 (Anisomyini Lidicker and Brylski, 1987); Arvicanthini Ducroz, Volobouev, and Granjon, 2001 [<i>nomen nudum</i> ]; Coniluridae Dahl, 1897 (Conilurini Lee, Baverstock, and Watts, 1981); Hydromyina Gray, 1825 (Hydromyinae Alston, 1876; Hydromyes Winge, 1887; Hydromyini Lee, Baverstock and Watts, 1981); Murina Illiger, 1811 (Murina Gray, 1825; Murinae Murray, 1866; Murini Winge, 1887; Mures Winge, 1887); Phloeomyinae Alston, 1876 (Phloeomyini Tullberg, 1899); Pseudomyinae Simpson, 1961; Rattidae Burnett, 1830; Uromyini Lee, Baverstock, and Watts, 1981; Rhynchomyinae Thomas, 1897.","<p>Diagnosis employing molar and cranial traits, and enumeration of external, cranial, postcranial, dental, reproductive, and arterial characteristics presented by Carleton and Musser (1984). Contents of subfamily generally as presented by them except that <i>Acomys</i>, <i>Lophuromys</i>, and <i>Uranomys</i>, formerly considered murines (e.g., Carleton and Musser, 1984; Ellerman, 1941; Misonne, 1969; Musser and Carleton, 1993), are excluded and treated under subfamily Deomyinae. Murinae is characterized by a cohesive cluster of external, cranial, postcranial, dental, reproductive, and arterial characteristics (Carleton and Musser, 1984), but derived molar conditions form the primary basis for defining the subfamily. Two neomorphic cusps, the anterostyle (t1) and enterostyle (t4), are present on the lingual border of M1and form two chevron-shaped, transverse lamina; both upper and lower molars lack longitudinal enamel crests (mures/ids) between lamina; and cusps on the lower molars are... [truncated]","30","30-01184","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184"
"13001185","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Abditomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Musser","1982","","Am. Mus. Novit.","2730","","3","","<i>Rattus latidens</i> Sanborn, 1952.","","","","","","<i>Rattus</i>Division. Monotypic member of the Philippine New Endemic cluster (Musser and Heaney, 1992).","30","30-01185","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1185"
"13001186","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Abditomys","","latidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1952","","Fieldiana Zool.","33","","125","","","Luzon Broad-toothed Rat","Philippines, Luzon Isl, Mountain Province, Mt Data, 7500 ft (2286 m).","Greater Luzon Faunal Region; endemic to C and N Luzon where it is know only by a specimen from Laguna Province and another from Mountain Province (Heaney et al., 1998; Musser, 1982<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A close phylogenetic relative of <i>Tryphomys adustus</i>, another Luzon endemic (Musser and Heaney, 1992). Taxonomy and morphological data provided by Musser (1982<i>a</i>), who also reviewed the scanty available ecological information. One of the few Indoaustralian murines to bear a nail-like claw on the hallux instead of a claw.","30","30-01186","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1185-0000-1186"
"13001187","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Abeomelomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Menzies","1990","","Science in New Guinea","16","","133","","<i>Melomys sevia</i> Tate and Archbold, 1935.","","","","","","<i>Pogonomys</i>Division. Monotypic member of the New Guinea Old Endemics and a close morphological relative of <i>Pogonomelomys </i>(our research). Our allocation of <i>Abeomelomys</i> to the <i>Pogonomys</i> cluster is provisional pending a wider phylogenetic inquiry into New Guinea murines incorporating molecular and qualitative morphological data. Sperm morphology of <i>Abeomelomys</i> is distinctive and unlike that typical of <i>Uromys</i> and its allies in our <i>Uromys </i>Division (Breed and Aplin, 1994) or <i>Coccymys </i>and <i>Pogonomelomys</i> with which <i>Abeomelomys</i> has been associated in the past (Breed and Aplin, 1994; Musser and Breed, ms).","30","30-01187","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1187"
"13001188","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Abeomelomys","","sevia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1935","","Am. Mus. Novit.","803","","3","","","Papuan Abeomelomys","Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Huon Peninsula, Cromwell Range, Sevia, 1400 m.","Papua New Guinea; disjunct montane populations in Central Cordillera of Papua New Guinea from Star Mtns (Telefomin area) in the west to Wau region of Morobe Province in the east, and isolated population in the Cromwell Range on Huon Peninsula; 1400-3100 m (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>; Menzies, 1990).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Pogonomelomys sevia.</i>","<i>tatei</i> (Hinton, 1943).","Originally described as a species of <i>Melomys</i> (Tate and Archbold, 1935) and subsequently transferred to <i>Pogonomelomys</i> (Rümmler, 1938) where it remained (Laurie and Hill, 1954; Tate, 1951) until <i>sevia</i> was made the type species of <i>Abeomelomys </i>(Menzies, 1990). Morphology of <i>sevia</i> has always been considered distinctive compared to <i>mayeri</i> and <i>bruijnii</i>, the two species of <i>Pogonomelomys</i> (Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>; Tate, 1951), but whether it should be separated from that genus remains a question because the traits used by Menzies to diagnose <i>Abeomelomys</i> simply duplicated the diagnostic morphological characters of <i>sevia </i>and did not identify <i>Abeomelomys</i> as a separate monophyletic group in any phylogenetic sense. Furthermore, Menzies (1990:134) distinguished <i>A. sevia</i> from the two species of <i>Pogonomelomys</i> by only its ""grey-based ventral fur and the relatively long incisive foramina."" Subsequently, Menzies (1996... [truncated]","30","30-01188","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1187-0000-1188"
"13001189","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Aethomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","16","","477","","<i>Epimys hindei</i> Thomas, 1902.","","","","","","<p><i>Aethomys</i> Division. An isolated member of an apparently monophyletic Subsaharan murine radiation as estimated by albumin immunology (Watts and Baverstock, 1995<i>a</i>), but included in an <i>Arvicanthis</i> Division by Misonne (1969), who focused on molar occlusal patterns. Analyses of mtDNA sequences (cytochrome <i>b</i> and 12S and 16S gene fragments) placed <i>Aethomys </i>as the basal member of an African murine clade containing <i>Grammomys</i>,<i> Hybomys</i>,<i> Dasymys</i>,<i> Leminiscomys</i>,<i> Rhabdomys</i>,<i> Desmomys</i>,<i> Pelomys</i>,<i> Mylomys</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Arvicanthis</i> (Ducroz et al., 2001). The affinity with <i>Arvicanthis</i>,<i> Hybomys</i>, and <i>Grammomys</i> is supported by DNA/DNA hybridization (Chevret, 1994). <i>Aethomys </i>was originally proposed as subgenus of <i>Epimys </i>(=<i>Rattus</i>), then elevated to generic rank (see G. M. Allen, 1939:267). The genus was<i> </i>first reviewed by Ellerman (1941), then Davis (1975<i>b</i>), and... [truncated]","30","30-01189","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1189"
"13001190","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Aethomys","","bocagei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","13","","416","","","Bocage’s Aethomys","Angola, Pungo Andongo.","Recorded only from NW Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998) where it occurs in savannas interspersed with forest; geographic boundaries unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Morphology very similar to <i>A</i>. <i>silindensis</i> (see that account). Apparently uncommon (Crawford-Cabral, 1998).","30","30-01190","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1189-0000-1190"
"13001191","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Aethomys","","chrysophilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1896","1897","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1896","","801","","","Red Veld Aethomys","E Zimbabwe, Mashonaland, Mazoe (see Chimimba, 1998:430).","From SE Kenya south through Tanzania, Malawi (Denys et al., 1999), Zambia, S Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998), N Namibia, N and E Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique, and NE South Africa in a narrow band bordering Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Mozambique, generally the course of the Limpopo River; range abstracted from Linzey et al. (2003).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acticola</i>  (Thomas and Wroughton, 1908); <i>alticola </i>Lydekker, 1910; <i>imago </i>Thomas, 1927; <i>singidae</i> Kershaw, 1923; <i>voi </i>Osgood, 1910.","<p>Previously, data from chromosomes, hemoglobin electromorph mobility and banding patterns, and spermatozoal and bacular morphologies indicated that populations traditionally identified as <i>A</i>. <i>chrysophilus</i> in southern Africa consisted of two groups: <i>chrysophilus</i> and another species unidentified by scientific name (Breed, 1995<i>a</i>; Breed et al., 1988; Gordon and Rautenbach, 1980; Gordon and Watson, 1986; Visser and Robinson, 1986, 1987); the two are claimed to be indistinguishable in external morphology. This other species has recently been identified as <i>A. ineptus</i>,<i> </i>which, in addition to the traits listed above, can be distinguished by mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Linzey, et al., 2003).</p><p>The two species were thought to be extensively sympatric in the Southern African Subregion (Taylor, 2000<i>b</i>), a conclusion based upon morphometric analyses of cytogenetically identified voucher specimens and material of unknown cytotypes (Chimimba... [truncated]","30","30-01191","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1189-0000-1191"
"13001192","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Aethomys","","hindei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","218","","","Hinde’s Aethomys","Kenya, Machakos.","N Cameroon, S Chad, Central African Republic, N and NE Dem. Rep. Congo, S Sudan, SW Ethiopia (Bekele and Schlitter, 1989;Yalden et al., 1996), Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania (no farther south than Muanza); southern limits unresolved. Range abstracted mostly from Davis (1975<i>b</i>) and Denys and Tranier (1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alghazal</i> Wroughton, 1907; <i>centralis </i>Heller, 1914; <i>helleri </i>Hollister, 1918; <i>medicatus </i>Wroughton, 1909; <i>norae</i> Wroughton, 1909.","Originally described as a species but later incorrectly arranged as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>kaiseri</i> (e.g., Hollister, 1919; Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951), with which it is sympatric. Actual geographic range of <i>A</i>. <i>hindei</i> is unresolved because many series in museum collections and reported in the literature are misidentified as <i>A</i>. <i>kaiseri</i>. Davis (1975<i>b</i>) recognized two morphologically distinctive populations as subspecies, one to the east of the Eastern Rift Valley (<i>hindei</i>), and the other to the west (<i>medicatus</i>). Recent preliminary comparisons of cranial and dental traits among geographic samples of <i>A. hindei</i> along with multivariate analyses prompted Denys and Tranier (1992) to suggest that <i>A. hindei</i> likely consists of several species or distinctive geographic populations of one species: <i>hindei</i>, which would be restricted to Kenya; <i>alghazal</i> from N Cameroon, Central African Republic, NE Dem. Rep. Congo, and... [truncated]","30","30-01192","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1189-0000-1192"
"13001193","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Aethomys","","ineptus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1908","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1908","","546","","","Tete Veld Aethomys","Mozambique, Zambezi River, Tette (= Tete); see Chimimba (1998:432) for details.","Documented from NE South Africa (Mpumalanga, Gauteng, North West, Limpopo, Northern Cape, and KwaZulu-Natal Provs.; from about 25E30' S in the north southward to the Durban region) and S Mozambique; distribution in this region unresolved (Linzey et al., 2003).","","<i>capricornis</i> Roberts, 1926; <i>fouriei </i>Roberts, 1946; <i>harei </i>Roberts, 1946; <i>magalakuini </i>Roberts, 1926; <i>pretoriae </i>(Roberts, 1913); <i>tongensis </i>Roberts, 1931; <i>tzaneenensis </i>Jameson, 1909.","Separation of <i>A. ineptus </i>from <i>A. chrysophilus</i> documented by Chimimba (1998), Chimimba et al. (1999), and Linzey et al. (2003). Geographic range of <i>A. ineptus</i> was thought to incorporate parts of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe (Chimimba, 1998; Chimimba et al., 1999; Taylor, 2000<i>b</i>), but recent documentation of positively identified specimens indicates its distribution to be largely parapatric with that of <i>A. chrysophilus</i>, which occurs in South Africa only along the NE margin approximating the Limpopo River drainage, but has an extensive range northward to SE Kenya (Linzey et al., 2003). Redefinition of <i>A. ineptus</i> by Linzey et al. (2003) prompts a reevaluation of the clinal pattern of cranial size within the species proposed by Chimimba (2001<i>b</i>). See account of <i>A. chrysophilus</i>.","30","30-01193","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1189-0000-1193"
"13001194","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Aethomys","","kaiseri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Noack","1887","","Zool. Jahrb. Syst.","2","","228","","","Kaiser’s Aethomys","Dem. Rep. Congo, Katanga Marungu.","SW Uganda, S Kenya, Rwanda, S and E Dem. Rep. Congo, W and SW Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, and NC Angola; range mostly derived from Davis (1975<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amalae</i> Dollman, 1914; <i>hintoni </i>Hatt, 1934; <i>manteufeli </i>Matschie, 1911; <i>pedester </i>Thomas, 1911; <i>turneri </i>Heller, 1914; <i>vernayi </i>Hill and Carter, 1937; <i>walambae </i>Wroughton, 1907.","Significance of regional morphological variation needs to be assessed by a systematic revision. Westernmost population is that in Angola ("". . . the Cuanza-Luando Mesopotamia, the Cuango River and the Southern Lunda Province""; Crawford-Cabral, 1999:180), referred to as <i>A. k. vernayi</i>, which seems to be isolated from the primary range of <i>A. kaiseri </i>(Hill and Carter [1941] treated <i>vernayi </i>as a species); genetic intergradation between populations of <i>vernayi</i> and <i>kaiseri</i> has yet to be documented (Crawford-Cabral, 1998, 1999). Crawford-Cabral (1998) reviewed Angolan population, and Grimshaw et al. (1995) discussed Mt Kilimanjaro records. Cytogenetics (C- and G-banding) and complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>sequence of Zambian <i>A. kaiseri </i>characterized and constrasted with samples of <i>A. chrysophilus </i>by Castiglia et al. (2003<i>b</i>); see account of the latter<i>.</i>","30","30-01194","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1189-0000-1194"
"13001195","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Aethomys","","nyikae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1897","","431","","","Nyika Aethomys","N Malawi, Nyika Plateau (probably on lower slopes; Ansell and Ansell, 1973; Ansell and Dowsett, 1988; Ansell, 1989<i>b</i>).","Known only from NE Zambia (1978), Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988; Ansell, 1989<i>b</i>), NE Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998), and S Dem. Rep. Congo (Hatt, 1934<i>b</i>); see Davis (1975<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dollmani</i> Hatt, 1934.","Delany (1975) considered <i>nyikae</i> to be a synonym of <i>A. kaiseri</i>, but others (Davis, 1975<i>b</i>; Ansell, 1978, 1989<i>b</i>) correctly treated it as a separate species. Ansell (1978) documented geographic range and discussed identity of <i>dollmani</i>; inclusion of that taxon, which is based upon samples from S Dem. Rep. Congo (Hatt, 1934<i>b</i>), is provisional (Davis, 1975<i>b</i>). The published record from Eastern Ngorima Reserve in E Zimbabwe (Davis, 1975b), represented by the only specimen (now lost) from south of the Zambezi River, is probably based on a juvenile <i>A. silindensis</i> (Chimimba, 1998:434) and is likely the basis for de Graaff’s (1997<i>x</i>) indication that <i>A. nyikae</i> occurs in the Southern African Subregion. All current evidence indicates the species does not occur in southern Africa south of the Zambezi-Cunene Rivers (C. T. Chimimba, 2002, in litt.). A specimen collected at Duque de Bragança, just north of the Central Angolan Plateau, may... [truncated]","30","30-01195","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1189-0000-1195"
"13001196","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Aethomys","","silindensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1938","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","19","","245","","","Seilinda Aethomys","E Zimbabwe, Mt Seilinda, Chirinda Forest (see Chimimba, 1998:433, for additional data).","E Zimbabwe (Chimimba et al., 1999:508; Skinner and Smithers, 1990:277).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","For more than 30 years known only by two specimens from the type locality, but material has now been obtained from the nearby Ngorima Reserve in Melsetter Dist. and Stapleford in Umtali Dist., and the species may also extend north along the escarpment in E Zimbabwe and the adjacent W Vila Pery Dist. in Mozambique (Chimimba, 1998; Skinner and Smithers, 1990). Particular derived external, cranial, and dental traits phylogenetically tie <i>A</i>. <i>silindensis</i> to the Angolan <i>A</i>. <i>bocagei</i>. <i>Aethomys silindensis</i> is morphologically very distinctive compared with other species in the genus occurring in the Southern African Subregion (Chimimba et al., 1999). Reviewed by de Graaff (1997<i>u</i>).","30","30-01196","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1189-0000-1196"
"13001197","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Aethomys","","stannarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","482","","","West African Aethomys","N Nigeria, Bauchi Province, Kabwir.","N Nigeria to W Cameroon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","A West African endemic that was originally described as a species and recognized as such (G. M. Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1941; Rosevear, 1969), subsequently included in <i>A</i>. <i>hindei</i> as a subspecies (Davis, 1975<i>b</i>), then treated again as a distinctive species (Denys and Tranier, 1992; Hutterer and Joger, 1982; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Rosevear (1969) provided an excellent and comprehensive description. Member of the murine fauna endemic to West Africa (see account of <i>Grammomys buntingi</i>).","30","30-01197","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1189-0000-1197"
"13001198","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Aethomys","","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","20","","327","","","Thomas’s Aethomys","Angola, Galanga.","Endemic to Central Plateau of Angola; see Crawford-Cabral, 1999:190).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A morphologically distinctive Angolan endemic related to <i>A</i>. <i>kaiseri </i>and the ""eastern African <i>A. hindei-A. medicatus</i> complex of species"" (Crawford-Cabral, 1999:179). Although Crawford-Cabral (1986) suspected <i>A. kaiseri</i> to overlap with <i>A. thomasi</i> in the central highlands, he has recently shown the two species to have parapatric distributions in C Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1999), and outlined an hypothesis describing origin of <i>A. thomasi</i> within the context of zoogeographic origins and current distributions for other members of the <i>A. kaiseri</i> complex (Crawford-Cabral, 1999:191).","30","30-01198","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1189-0000-1198"
"13001199","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Anisomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","1904","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1903","2","199","","<i>Anisomys imitator</i> Thomas, 1904.","","","","","","<i>Pogonomys</i>Division. Monotypic member of the New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Lidicker (1968) documented phallic morphology of <i>Anisomys imitator</i> and other New Guinea endemic murines, and concluded that the phallic morphology of <i>Anisomys</i> retained a high proportion of ancestral states. Breed and Aplin (1994:26) regarded morphology of the sperm head of <i>Anisomys</i> to be plesiomorphic for Muridae and the genus to be one of the ""earliest offshoots of the Australo-Papuan murid radiation."" <i>Anisomys </i>was used as the type genus of Anisomyini by Lidicker and Brylski (1987), but Ellerman (1941) had already isolated the genus as Anisomyes, which he thought probably merited subfamily rank. Watts and Baverstock (1994<i>b</i>), based on microcomplement fixation of albumin, retained Anisomyini and also included <i>Chiruromys</i>,<i> Hyomys</i>,<i> Macruromys</i>,<i> Mallomys</i>,<i> Coccymys</i>, and <i>Pogonomys</i> in it.","30","30-01199","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1199"
"13001200","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Anisomys","","imitator","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","1904","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1903","","200","","","Uneven-toothed Rat","Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Aroa River, Avera.","Forested mountain backbone of mainland New Guinea from the Weyland Range in the west to the eastern margin of the Owen Stanley Range in the east; also in the Huon Peninsula; sea level to 3500 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Flannery (1990<i>b</i>,<i> </i>1995<i>a</i>) provided description of the species and revealing distribution map. Musser and Lunde (ms) documented its altitudinal distributions in the Snow Mtns of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) and Mt Dayman region of eastern Papua New Guinea. Chromosomal data reported by Donnellan (1987).","30","30-01200","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1199-0000-1200"
"13001201","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Anonymomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Musser","1981","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","168","","300","","<i>Anonymomys mindorensis</i> Musser, 1981.","","","","","","<i>Dacnomys</i>Division. Contrasted with Indomalayan and Sulawesian murines by Musser (1981<i>c</i>) and Musser and Newcomb (1983). Morphology and distribution reviewed and compared with other Philippine murines by Musser and Heaney (1992).<b> </b>Except that <i>Anonymomys</i> has no close phylogenetic links to any of the Philippine Old Endemics or New Endemics in the <i>Rattus</i> Division (Musser and Heaney, 1992), its affinities are unresolved. Of the two published speculations, a tie to Bornean and Sulawesi <i>Haeromys </i>(Musser and Newcomb, 1983) or primitive relative of Indomalayan <i>Niviventer</i> and its phylogenetic allies (Musser, 1981<i>b</i>), the latter is a better estimate based upon interpretation of available morphological data: ""<i>Anonymomys</i> may be distantly related to <i>Niviventer</i> and its relatives, perhaps a species with many primitive characters that is part, possibly a remnant, of an early stock from which <i>Niviventer</i>,<i> Chiromyscus</i>,<i> Leop... [truncated]","30","30-01201","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1201"
"13001202","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Anonymomys","","mindorensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser","1981","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","168","","300","","","Mindoro Forest Anonymomys","Philippines, Mindoro Isl, Halcon Range, Ilong Peak, 4500 ft (1370 m).","Greater Mindoro Faunal Region: endemic to Mindoro and recorded only from primary mountain forest on Mount Halcon although probably occurs throughout the island where montane forest formations persist.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","The original series of this arboreal montane rat consists of three specimens collected in 1954 (Musser, 1981<i>b</i>); three additional examples were collected on northern flanks of Mount Halcon during 1992 (in CMNH). <i>Anonymomys mindorensis</i> joins <i>Apomys gracilirostris</i>,<i> Chrotomys mindorensis</i>,<i> Rattus mindorensis</i>,<i> </i>and an undescribed species of <i>Maxomys</i> as Mindoran endemics.","30","30-01202","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1201-0000-1202"
"13001203","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kaup","1829","","Skizz. Entwickel.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt","1","","154","","<i>Mus agrarius</i> Pallas, 1771.","","","","","<i>Alsomys</i>  Dukelski, 1928; <i>Karstomys</i> Martino, 1939; <i>Nemomys</i> Thomas, 1924; <i>Petromys</i> Martino, 1934; <i>Sylvaemus</i> Ognev, 1924.","<p><i>Apodemus</i><b> </b>Division. Diagnosed by Niethammer (1978<i>d</i>) using skeletal and soft tissues, body size, and dental traits, and by Martín Suárez and Mein (1998) using dental characters only. Recognized species have been allocated among the subgenera <i>Apodemus</i>, <i>Sylvaemus</i>, <i>Alsomys</i>, and <i>Karstomys</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Zimmermann, 1962), but whether these names designate monophyletic clusters and should be retained as subgenera or instead raised to generic rank remains to be answered by critical systematic revision of the entire group, which is currently unavailable. Most taxonomists appreciate at least the subgeneric validity of <i>Apodemus</i> and <i>Sylvaemus</i>; some suggest <i>Sylvaemus</i> should be raised to generic rank because of its great morphological and genetic divergence from <i>Apodemus</i> (Britton-Davidian et al., 1991; Mezhzherin and Zykov, 1991); others either treat <i>Sylvaemus</i> as a separate genus or suggest it should be re... [truncated]","30","30-01203","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203"
"13001204","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","agrarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1771","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","1","","454","","","Striped Field Mouse","Russia, Ulianovsk Obl., middle Volga River, Ulianovsk (formerly Simbirsk).","Palearctic and Oriental regions in two disjunct segments. One from C Europe (from S Finland, Baltic region, through Poland and C Germany to NE Italy and through the Balkan countries to Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, and Turkish Thrace; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Petrov, 1992; Vohralík, 1992; Vohralík and Sofianidou, 1992<i>b</i>) east to the Caucasus, parts of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and west of Lake Baikal region and adjacent Mongolia and NW China (Xinjiang). The other portion from the Amur River region in far E Russia extending through Korea (including some offshore islands) and westward through China from northern reaches of Nei Mongol and Heilongjiang in the northeast to W Yunnan (Wang, 2003; Zhang et al., 1997); also in the small Senkaku Isl group of Japan (Kaneko, 1994) and on Taiwan (M.-J. Yu, 1996). Expansion of geographic range due to anthropogenic pressures reported by Karaseva et al. (1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albostriatus</i>  (Bechstein, 1801); <i>caucasicus </i>Kuznetzov, 1944; <i>chejuensis </i>Johnson and Jones, 1955; <i>coreae</i> Thomas, 1908; <i>gloveri</i> Kuroda, 1939 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>harti</i> (Thomas, 1898); <i>henrici</i> Lehmann, 1970; <i>insulaemus </i>Tokuda, 1939 [<i>nomen nudum</i>; see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002];<i> insulaemus</i> Tokuda, 1941 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>istrianus </i>Kryštufek, 1985; <i>kahmanni </i>Malec and Storch, 1963; <i>karelicus </i>Ehrström, 1914; <i>maculatus</i> (Bechstein, 1801); <i>mantchuricus</i> (Thomas, 1898); <i>nicolskii </i>Charlemagne, 1933 [see Zagorodnyuk, 1992<i>b</i>]; <i>nikolskii</i> Migouline, 1927;<i> ningpoensis</i> (Swinhoe, 1870); <i>ognevi</i> Johansen, 1923; <i>pallescens </i>Johnson and Jones, 1955; <i>pallidior</i> Thomas, 1908; <i>pratensis </i>(Ockskay, 1831); <i>rubens</i> (Oken, 1816); <i>septentrionalis</i> Ognev, 1924; <i>tianschanicus</i> Ognev, 1940; <i>volgensis </i>Kuznetzov, 1944.","<p><i>Apodemus</i> group. Most closely related to <i>A. chevrieri </i>as reflected by morphology (see that account). Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> and nuclear IRBP sequences clearly identified <i>A. chevrieri </i>and <i>A. agrarius</i> as sister-species that are part of a larger clade composed of <i>A. peninsulae</i>,<i> A. draco</i>,<i> A. semotus</i>,<i> A. latronum</i>, and <i>A. speciosus</i>, which represents an evolutionary radiation separate from that producing the Japanese <i>A. argenteus</i> and Nepalese <i>A. gurkha </i>(Liu et al., 2004; Suzuki et al., 2003). Noteworthy morphological studies bearing on systematics of European populations are: seasonal changes in gut morphology, and the relationships between allozyme heterozygosity and gut morphology (Borkowska, 1995; Borkowska and Ratkiewicz, 1996); research on the thymus (Bazan-Kubik and Skrzypiec, 1992); and comparisons between postnatal development of German <i>A. agrarius</i> and <i>A. sylvaticus</i>... [truncated]","30","30-01204","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1204"
"13001205","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","alpicola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heinrich","1952","","J. Mammal.","33","","260","","","Alpine Field Mouse","Allgäu, Osterachtal, S Germany.","Endemic to NW parts of the Alps: S Germany, Austria (Bauer and Spitzenberger, 1996; Spitzenberger and Englisch, 1996), Liechtenstein, Switzerland (Hausser, 1995; Margry, 1996; Maurizio, 1994), N Italy (Amori et al., 1999), and SE France; altitudinal range 550-2000 m (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>alpinus</i> Heinrich, 1951.","<i>Sylvaemus</i> group. Originally described as a high-altitude form of <i>A. flavicollis</i>, but recognized as distinct by Storch and Lütt (1989), who reviewed morphology and distribution of <i>S. alpicola</i> and noted that it occurred syntopically with <i>A</i>. <i>sylvaticus</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>flavicollis</i>. The specific integrity of <i>S. alpicola</i> has been confirmed by allozymic and gene sequence studies (Filippucci, 1992; Filippucci et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2004; Michaux et al., 2002<i>a</i>; Reutter et al., 2003; Serizawa et al., 2000; Suzuki et al., 2003; Vogel et al., 1991). Filippucci’s (1992) report of allozymic variation at 28-33 loci suggested that <i>A. alpicola </i>may be most closely related to <i>A. uralensis</i>,<i> </i>which occurs from E Europe to NW China (similar results are reported for Turkish samples by Filippucci et al., 1996), and that <i>A. uralensis</i>, <i>A. flavicollis</i>, <i>A. alpicola</i>, and <i>A. hermonensis </i>(= <i>A</i>. <i>witherbyi... [truncated]","30","30-01205","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1205"
"13001206","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","argenteus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1844","","<i>In</i> Siebold, Temminck, and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Arnz et Socii, Lugduni Batavorum","","","51","","","Small Japanese Field Mouse","Japan.","Endemic to Japan (Dobson, 1994); the four main islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) along with some smaller ones (Abe and Ishii, 1987; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:136; Kaneko, 1994).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>celatus</i>  (Thomas, 1906);<i> geisha</i> (Thomas, 1905); <i>hokkaidi </i>(Thomas, 1906);<i> sagax </i>Thomas, 1908;<i> tanei </i>Kuroda, 1924 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002];<i> yakui </i>(Thomas, 1906).","<p><i>argenteus</i> group. Zimmermann (1962) included <i>A. argenteus</i> in the subgenus <i>Alsomys</i>, but this allocation was questioned by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:136). Based on external, cranial, dental, and chromosomal features, Musser et al. (1996:184) could not place <i>A. argenteus</i> in any existing subgenus of <i>Apodemus</i> and wrote that the species ""needs to be compared with other species in the genus within a revisionary study that focuses on phylogenetic analyses of morphological and biochemical characters before we can identify its nearest phyletic affinity."" Comparison of genomes among several species of <i>Apodemus</i>, as assessed by differentiation of ribosomal DNA restriction sites (Suzuki et al., 1990), restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) of nuclear DNA (Chelomina, 1998; Chelomina et al., 1995), mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>sequences (Chelomina et al., 1998<i>b</i>; Liu et al., 2004) and phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome <i>b </i>and nucl... [truncated]","30","30-01206","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1206"
"13001207","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","chevrieri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1868","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mammifères","","","288","","","Chevrier’s Field Mouse","China, Sichuan, Moupin.","WC China; from Shaanxi and S Gansu through W Hubei, Sichuan, and Guizhou to W Yunnan (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fergussoni</i>  Thomas, 1911.","<i>Apodemus</i>group. Sister-species to <i>A. agrarius </i>(see that account). Included in <i>A</i>. <i>agrarius</i> by G. M. Allen (1940), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), but was earlier listed as a species by Ellerman (1941). Currently recognized as a species distinct from <i>A</i>. <i>agrarius</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Koh, 1991; Liu et al., 2002; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Musser et al., 1996; Wang, 1985<i>b</i>,<i> </i>2003; Xia, 1984; Yang and Fang, 1988). Sympatric with <i>A</i>. <i>agrarius</i> in Sichuan and Ghizhou provinces (Wang, 1985<i>b</i>; Xia, 1985). On Wuliang Mtn in C Yunnan, <i>A. chevrieri</i> occurs between 1800 and 2300 m where it overlaps with <i>A. draco</i>, which is more common at higher altitudes up to 2860 m (Jiang and Wang, 2000). Reviewed and contrasted with <i>A. agrarius</i> by Musser et al. (1996). Evolutionary history in the Sichuan-Guizhou region of S China extends back to early Pleistocene (Zheng, 1993).","30","30-01207","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1207"
"13001208","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","draco","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1900","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1900","","418","","","South China Field Mouse","S China, NW Fujian, Kuatun.","China (Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Henan, Hubei, and Hunan in the east through Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ninxia, Gansu and Guangxi to Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, and SE Xizang in the west), N and EC Burma (Kachin and Chin states, respectively), and NE India (Arunachal Pradesh; USNM 564492, 564493); see Musser et al., (1996), Agrawal (2000), Corbet and Hill (1992), Feng et al. (1986) and Zhang et al. (1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>argenteus</i>  (Swinhoe, 1870) [not Temminck, 1844]; <i>badius</i> (Swinhoe, 1870) [not Blyth, 1859]; <i>ilex </i>Thomas, 1922;<i> orestes </i>Thomas, 1911.","<i>Apodemus</i> Group. Included in subgenus <i>Alsomys</i> by Zimmerman (1962)<i> </i>and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>) but placed in the <i>""Apodemus</i> Group"" by Musser et al. (1996), which contains the Eastern Asian species Zimmerman placed in <i>Alsomys</i> as well as <i>A. agrarius</i> and <i>A. chevrieri</i>,<i> </i>which are in subgenus <i>Apodemus</i>. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>A. sylvaticus</i>, and listed that way by some workers (G. M. Allen, 1940; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), but correctly listed as a separate species by others (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Ellerman, 1941; Xia, 1985), who also thought there was a close relationship between <i>A</i>. <i>draco</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>argenteus</i>,<i> </i>which is unsupported by cranial and dental morphology (Musser et al., 1996). Corbet and Hill (1992) recognized <i>orestes</i> as a separate species sympatric or possibly parapatric with <i>A. draco</i>, and their treatment is followed i... [truncated]","30","30-01208","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1208"
"13001209","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","epimelas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nehring","1902","","Sitz. Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin","1902","","2","","","Western Broad-toothed Field Mouse","SE Greece, Parnassós, Agoriana.","W and S Balkans in W Croatia, W Bosnia and Herzegovina, S Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, W Bulgaria and Greece (the European portion of <i>mystacinus</i> mapped by Mitchell-Jones et al. [1999]; also see Peshev [1996], Petrov [1992], Prigioni [1996], and Vohralík [1992], all reported as <i>mystacinus</i>), and Adriatic islands of Kor&#133;ula and Mljet (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999).","","<i>Sylvaemus</i>  group. A close relative of <i>A. mystacinus</i>, which has been considered the sole member of <i>Karstomys</i>, although Musser et al. (1996) placed it in their <i>Sylvaemus</i> Group, a relationship weakly to strongly corroborated by allozymic studies (Filippucci et al., 2002; Mezhzherin, 1997<i>a</i>) and phylogenetic analyses of nuclear IRBP and mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>and 12S rRNA sequences (Michaux et al., 2002<i>a</i>, in press). Described as a species and listed that way by Ellerman (1941) but subsequently treated as a subspecies of <i>A. mystacinus </i>(Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Based on morphology and biochemical genetic variation data, Mezhzherin (1997<i>a</i>) separated <i>epimelas</i> as a species separate from <i>A. mystacinus</i>, an action supported by phylogenetic analyses of protein electrophoresis of 28-38 gene loci (Filippucci et al., 2002) and mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> and 12S rRNA sequences (Michaux et al., 2002<i>a</i>). That the Balkan <i>epimelas </i>was a different species than the Anatolian <i>mystacinus</i> was indicated in Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999), and the basic discriminatory data was provided earlier by Storch (1977; who also wrote the account in Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999) who documented the significant differences between the two in occlusal patterns of M1 and M2 (posterior cingulum is free in most <i>epimelas</i>, but coalesced with cusp t8 in <i>mystacinus</i>); we verified these contrasts in series from Greece, Montenegro, and Turkey in USNM. Karyotype of Macedonian sample recorded and compared with published karyotypes from other regions (Zima et al., 1997<i>a</i>, as <i>mystacinus</i>). Greek samples of <i>A. epimelas </i>(recorded as <i>mystacinus</i>),<i> A. sylvaticus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>A. flavicollis</i> contrasted using data from electrophoretic and immunological sources (Fraguedakis-Tsolis et al., 1983).","<p><i>Sylvaemus</i> group. A close relative of <i>A. mystacinus</i>, which has been considered the sole member of <i>Karstomys</i>, although Musser et al. (1996) placed it in their <i>Sylvaemus</i> Group, a relationship weakly to strongly corroborated by allozymic studies (Filippucci et al., 2002; Mezhzherin, 1997<i>a</i>) and phylogenetic analyses of nuclear IRBP and mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>and 12S rRNA sequences (Michaux et al., 2002<i>a</i>, in press). Described as a species and listed that way by Ellerman (1941) but subsequently treated as a subspecies of <i>A. mystacinus </i>(Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Based on morphology and biochemical genetic variation data, Mezhzherin (1997<i>a</i>) separated <i>epimelas</i> as a species separate from <i>A. mystacinus</i>, an action supported by phylogenetic analyses of protein electrophoresis of 28-38 gene loci (Filippucci et al., 2002) and mtDNA cytoch... [truncated]","30","30-01209","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1209"
"13001210","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","flavicollis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Melchior","1834","","Dansk. Staat. Norg. Pattedyr","","","99","","","Yellow-necked Field Mouse","Denmark, Sieland Isl.","S England and Wales; on the continent from N Spain through most of Europe to 64E N in S Finland and S Sweden, and south to S Italy, Balkan region, and Greece (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Van der Straeten, 1977<i>a</i>); east through Belarus and Ukraine to Urals; throughout Turkey (Filippucci et al., 1996; Frynta et al., 2001; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001; Macholán et al., 2001<i>b</i>; Pamukoglu and Albayrak, 1996; specimens in USNM) and east to W Armenia (Frynta et al., 2001; Macholán et al., 2001), Zagros Mtns of W Iran (Kryštufek, 2002<i>a</i>; Macholán et al, 2001; USNM material), and south to Syria, Lebanon, and C and N Israel (Filippucci, 1992; Filippucci et al., 2002; Qumsiyeh, 1996:289). The species also occurs on some NE Aegean Isls off W coast of Turkey (Özkan and Kryštufek, 1999) and S Greece (Vohralík et al., 1996), Adriatic islands (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999), and Corfu in the Mediterranean (Cheylan, 1991); Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:134) and Mezhzherin (1997a:35) mapped overall range. Absent from most of Iberian Peninsula and W France, Iceland, Ireland, Balearic Isls, and islands of Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, and Cyprus; also does not occur in most of the Caucasus (except WArmenia) where it is apparently replaced by the closely related <i>A. ponticus</i>.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>A. flavicollis </i>and <i>A. arianus</i>.","<i>arianus</i>  (Blanford, 1881);<i> brauneri</i> Martino, 1927;<i> cellarius</i> (Fischer, 1866); <i>dietzi</i> Kahmann, 1964; <i>erythronotus</i> (Blanford, 1875) [not Temminck, 1844];<i> fennicus</i> (Hilzheimer, 1911); <i>geminae</i> Lehmann, 1961; <i>levantinus </i>Bate, 1942; <i>princeps</i> (Barrett-Hamilton, 1900); <i>samariensis </i>Ognev, 1923;<i> saturatus</i> Neuhäuser, 1936; <i>stankovici </i>Martino and Martino, 1937; <i>tauricus </i>(Pallas, 1811); <i>typicus </i>(Barrett-Hamilton, 1900); <i>wintoni</i> (Barrett-Hamilton, 1899).","<p><i>Sylvaemus</i> group. Geographic variation of E European samples in the context of testing correlation between phenotypic and genotypic variations of certain morphological characters documented by Orlov and Okulova (2001). Additional research using a variety of data sources that provide comparative information among populations of <i>A. flavicollis </i>are: B chromosome polymorphism among populations (Vujosevic et al., 1991), and presence or absence of B chromosomes and the attendant biological significance (Blagojevi&#131; and Vujoševi&#131;, 1995; Macholán and Zima, 1997; Ramalhinho and Libois, 2002; Vujoševi&#131; and Blagojevi&#131;, 1995, 2000; Zima et al., 1999<i>a</i>, 2003); chromosomal morphologies of Macedonian (Zima et al., 1997<i>a</i>) and Baltic (Boyeskorov et al., 1992) samples; genetic variation in a fluctuating Polish population (Wójcik, 1993); and mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> haplotype divergence among W European samples (Reutter et al., 2003). Phylogeographic histo... [truncated]","30","30-01210","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1210"
"13001211","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","gurkha","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1924","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","29","","888","","","Nepalese Field Mouse","Nepal, Gorkha, Laprak.","Endemic to coniferous forest in C Nepal between 2200 and 3600 m (Martens and Niethammer, 1972).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>gurkha</i>group.<i> </i>Usually considered a member of subgenus <i>Alsomys </i>(Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>), but placed in an <i>Apodemus</i> Group by Musser et al. (1996), which corresponds to subgenus <i>Apodemus</i>. Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>and nuclear IRBP sequences identified <i>A. gurkha</i> as distinct from any other species sampled (<i>A. argenteus</i>,<i> A. speciosus</i>,<i> A. peninsulae</i>,<i> A. agrarius</i>,<i>A. chevrieri</i>,<i> A. semotus</i>,<i> A. draco</i>,<i> A. latronum</i>,<i> A. sylvaticus</i>,<i> A. flavicollis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>A. alpicola</i>), and to represent an ancient lineage, one of the first to have diverged from an ancestral stock (<i>A. argenteus</i> is the other ancient line), and one that is older than the evolutionary origins of <i>A. agrarius</i> and its East Asian allies and the European species of <i>Apodemus </i>(Serizawa et al., 2000; Suzuki et al., 2003). Reviewed and contrasted with <i>A</i>. <i>sylvaticus<... [truncated]","30","30-01211","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1211"
"13001212","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","hyrcanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vorontsov, Boyeskorov, and Mezhzherin","1992","","Zool. Zh.","71","","127","","","Hyrcanian Field Mouse","Azerbaijan, Caucasus, Astarinski (R-NO), Hirkauski Preserve, ""Piavolil"" Dist., 450 m.","E Caucasus, where it is found in the low mountain broadleaf forests of the Talysh region of SE Azerbaijan (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Vorontsov et al., 1992:124). Then ranges eastward in the Hyrcanian forests (deciduous formations in which <i>Quercus</i>,<i> Fagus</i>, and <i>Carpinus</i> predominate) along southern border of the Caspian Sea in N Iran (on coast and northern slopes of Elburez Mtns) from Astara on the west coast (USNM 354778); through Sama (FMNH 97462, 97464), Sari (USNM 369857) and Amol (USNM 369858) on southern border; to Dar Kaleh (AMNH series) on SE coast; then extends east of Caspian Sea on northern slopes of Elburez Mtns in Khorassan Province of NE Iran through the Gorgan (large FMNH and USNM samples), Gouladah (AMNH material), Shah Pasand (USNM), and Bojnurd (USNM) regions to vicinity of Dasht (series in AMNH), which is easternmost record of species (at 37E19' N/56E01' E); possibly also occurs in SW Turkmenistan on eastern border of Caspian Sea. Altitudinal range, sea level to 1830 m.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","<p><i>Sylvaemus</i>group<i>. Apodemus hyrcanicus</i> was originally characterized by Vorontsov et al. (1989) using four allozyme loci and subsequently defined by Mezhzherin et al. (1992) and Vorontsov et al. (1992) with 40 loci in addition to chromosomal and morphological characters. Macholán et al. (2001) have recently identified (using allozyme and morphological data) <i>A. hyrcanicus</i> from two localities in N Iran, and our identification of specimens in AMNH, FMNH, and USNM uncovered the range throughout N Iran between the Elburez Mtns and Caspian Sea and east into NE Iran. Frynta et al. (2001) provided the first multivariate analysis of morphological traits for <i>A. hyrcanicus</i>, contrasting specimens from N Iran with samples of <i>A. flavicollis</i>, <i>A.witherbyi </i>(reported as <i>arianus</i>), and <i>A. uralensis </i>from W Iran, Armenia, and E Turkey. Included in Mezhzherin’s (1997<i>a</i>) study of N Eurasian <i>Apodemus</i>. Analysis of 18-38 loci by Filippucci et al... [truncated]","30","30-01212","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1212"
"13001213","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","latronum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","100","","49","","","Large-eared Field Mouse","China, W Szechwan, Tatsienlu.","S China (E Xizang, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Qinghai) and N Burma (Ellerman, 1961; Feng et al., 1986; Musser et al., 1996; Wang, 2003; Zhang et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>Apodemus</i>group<i>. </i>Usually placed in subgenus <i>Alsomys </i>(Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>);<i> </i>included in an <i>Apodemus</i> group by Musser et al. (1996). Treated as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>draco</i> by Feng et al. (1986), but <i>A. latronum</i> is a separate species that is sympatric with <i>A. draco</i> in Sichuan, Yunnan, and NE Burma (Musser et al., 1996). Karyotype reported by Chen et al. (1996). Analysis of protein electrophoresis aligns <i>A. latronum</i> with <i>A. draco</i> and not <i>A. chevrieri</i>, the only three species in the study (Bing et al., 1996), an alliance also reflected by morphology. Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> and nuclear IRBP sequences united <i>A. latronum </i>in a clade with <i>A. draco</i> and <i>A. semotus </i>that is part of a larger lineage containing <i>A. agrarius</i>,<i> A. chevrieri</i>, <i>A. peninsulae</i>,<i> </i>and <i>A. speciosus</i> (Suzuki et al., 2003; also see account of <i>A. draco</i>). Musse... [truncated]","30","30-01213","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1213"
"13001214","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","mystacinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Danford and Alston","1877","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1877","","279","","","Eastern Broad-toothed Field Mouse","Turkey, Adana Province, Bulgar Dagh Mt, Zebil.","On some Aegean islands (Rhodes, Crete, Corfu, and other inshore islands; Cheylan, 1991; Özkan and Kryštufek et al., 1999; Storch, 1977); eastward through Turkey (Felten et al., 1973; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001; Pamukoglu and Albayrak, 1996) to S Georgia in Caucasus (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995); south and east to N and C Israel, Lebanon, NW Jordan (Benda and Sádlová, 1999; Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov, 1999; Qumsiyeh, 1996; Tchernov, 1979, who discussed extant and Pleistocene samples), Syria (Shehab et al., 1999), and N Iraq; see non-European distribution in Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), Niethammer (1978<i>a</i>), Mitchell-Jones (1999), and review of distribution in the Near East by Harrison and Bates (1991).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>euxinus</i>  G. Allen, 1914; <i>pohlei</i> Aharoni, 1932; <i>rhodius</i> Festa, 1914; <i>smyrnensis </i>(Thomas, 1903).","<p><i>Sylvaemus</i> group<i>. </i>Reviewed by Storch (1977) and Niethammer (1978<i>a</i>), who included <i>krkensis</i> as a subspecies; that form, however, is a color phase of <i>A</i>. <i>sylvaticus</i> (see that account). Usually regarded as sole member of subgenus <i>Karstomys</i>, but included in a <i>Sylvaemus</i> Group by Musser et al. (1996); placed in subgenus <i>Karstomys</i> of genus <i>Sylvaemus</i> by Mezhzherin (1997<i>a</i>) and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>), but in an ""<i>Apodemus</i> group"" by Liu et al. (2004). Electrophoretic analyses of allozyme variation indicated <i>A. mystacinus</i> (and <i>A. epimelas</i>) to be a distinct species justifiably placed within subgenus <i>Sylvaemus</i> (Britton-Davidian et al., 1991; Filippucci, 1992; Filippucci et al., 2002; Gemmeke, 1980; Mezhzherin et al., 1992)<i>. </i>Data from nuclear IRBP and mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> and 12S rRNA sequences also indicated weak affinity with <i>Sylvaemus </i>(Michaux et al., 2002<i>a</i>), as... [truncated]","30","30-01214","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1214"
"13001215","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","pallipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1900","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1900","","417","","","Himalayan Field Mouse","E Tajikistan, Pamir Altai, Surhad Wahkan; see Barrett-Hamilton (1900:417) and Mezhzherin (1997<i>a</i>:38) for condition of holotype.","Pamirs and adjacent mountainous extensions in S Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (Mezhzherin, 1997<i>a</i>); south through the Hindu Kush and auxiliary high ranges of N Afghanistan from Herat Province in the west (FMNH specimens) to Kabul region (FMNH) and provinces of Badakhshan (FMNH) and Konar (FMNH 103601) in the east; Pamirs and Himalayas in N Pakistan in districts of Chitral (material in AMNH), Swat (USNM series), Dir (USNM), Hazara (large USNM samples, including USNM 411143 and 411144, which are topotypes of <i>pentax</i>), Gilgit (USNM specimens), and Baltistan (USNM); Jammu-Kashmir region of NW India (USNM and AMNH material); eastward through Himalayas to C Nepal (specimens in FMNH) and possibly SW Xizang (Tibet). Altitudinal range, 1465-3965 m, with most records from above 2440 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Apodemus wardi.</i>","<i>bushengensis</i> Zheng, 1979; <i>pentax </i>(Wroughton, 1908); <i>wardi</i> (Wroughton, 1908).","<p><i>Sylvaemus</i> group. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>Mus sylvaticus</i>, retained as a subspecies of <i>Apodemus sylvaticus </i>(Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), treated as a synonym of that species (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987), and finally included in <i>A. uralensis </i>(Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Mezhzherin (1997<i>a</i>), who examined the holotype, used <i>pallipes</i> for a species phylogenetically related to <i>A. uralensis</i>, but larger in body size with paler dorsum, more white on underparts, and occurring farther south in the Pamirs of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and mountainous N Afghanistan and Pakistan. Many of the specimens in the institutions cited above, especially those from high altitudes (Kashmir, for example), conform to original descriptions of <i>pallipes</i> (Barrett-Hamilton, 1990) and <i>wardi</i> from Kashmir (Wroughton, 1908<i>b</i>); spec... [truncated]","30","30-01215","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1215"
"13001216","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","peninsulae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","1907","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","","862","","","Korean Field Mouse","Korea, 110 mi SE of Seoul, Mingyoung.","A northern segment in S Siberia from Altai Mtns in the west to Ussuri region in the east (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Reiter et al., 1995, who documented occurrence on Svjatoj Nos peninsula and isthmus in Lake Baikal), and the Russian island of Sakhalin (Abe et al., 1996) and Japanese island of Hokkaido (Dobson, 1994; Kaneko, 1994); an eastern arm ranging south through E Mongolia and NE China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, and E Nei Mongol), and the Korean Peninsula (Won and Smith, 1999); then extending westward through N China (Shanxi, Shaanxi, SE Gansu to SE Qinghai), and south through SW Sichuan to NW Yunnan and E Xizang (Tibet). We are unaware of any records south of NW Yunnan and west of about 92° E longitude. Musser and Carleton (1993) incorrectly included the Chinese province of Xinjiang within the range, but only <i>A. agrarius</i> and <i>A. uralensis</i> (recorded as <i>A. sylvaticus tsherga</i>) are known from that region (Ma et al., 1987). The distribution outlined here is based upon our study of museum specimens (Musser et al., 1996) and the references cited above, and is similar to the distribution described by Wang (2003) and Zhang et al. (1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>giliacus</i> (Thomas, 1907); <i>major</i> (Radde, 1862) [not Pallas, 1779, or Brants, 1827]; <i>majusculus</i> (Turov, 1924); <i>nigritalus</i> Hollister, 1913; <i>praetor</i> Miller, 1914; <i>qinghaiensis</i> Feng, Zheng and Wu, 1983; <i>rufulus</i> (Dukelski, 1928); <i>sowerbyi </i>Jones, 1956; <i>tscherga </i>(Kastchenko, 1899).","<p><i>Apodemus</i> group<i>. </i>Usually considered a member of subgenus <i>Alsomys</i> (Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>) but placed in subgenus <i>Apodemus</i> by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) and Mezhzherin and Zykov (1991), and included in an <i>Apodemus</i> Group by Musser et al. (1996) based upon morphology, which has been consistently corroborated by analyses of allozymes and sequences from mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>and nuclear DNA (Chelomina, 1998; Chelomina et al., 1998<i>b</i>; Filippucci et al., 2002; Liu et al, 2004; Mezhzherin, 1997<i>a</i>; Michaux et al., 2002<i>a</i>; Seriwaza et al., 2000; Suzuki et al., 2003). The Chinese <i>qinghaiensis</i> was described as a subspecies (Feng et al., 1983). Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) listed <i>nigritalus</i> as a synonym of <i>A</i>. <i>sylvaticus</i>, but the holotype is <i>A</i>. <i>peninsulae</i> (Musser and Carleton, 1993; Musser et al., 1996; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987). <i>Apodemus</i> <i>peninsulae </i>is sympatric with the smaller-... [truncated]","30","30-01216","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1216"
"13001217","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","ponticus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sviridenko","1936","","Abs. Works Zool. Inst. Moscow State Univ.","3","","103","","","Caucasus Field Mouse","N Caucasus, Chernomorski Dist., (Black Sea) Olgino Village.","Endemic to the Caucasus, from shore of Azov Sea through the Caucasus (S Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan); see Mezhzherin (1991, 1997<i>a</i>), Orlov et al. (1996<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>), and Vorontsov et al. (1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>argyropuli</i>  Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; <i>argyropuloi </i>Heptner, 1948; <i>brevicauda</i> (Sviridenko, 1936); <i>parvus</i> Argyropulo, 1941 [not Bechstein, 1796]; <i>persicus</i> Gromov, 1963 [see Mezhzherin, 1991]; <i>planicola</i> (Sviridenko, 1936); <i>samaricus </i>(Sviridenko, 1936)<i>.</i>","<i>Sylvaemus</i> group. The synonyms have been associated with <i>A</i>. <i>flavicollis</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Harrison and Bates, 1991), but they represent samples of <i>A</i>. <i>ponticus</i>, which is apparently a distinct species (Bobrinskii et al., 1944) defined by chromosomal, allozymic, molecular, and morphological traits that is closely related to <i>A. flavicollis</i> (Chelomina, 1998; Chelomina et al., 1998<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>; Mezhzherin, 1991, 1997<i>a</i>; Orlov et al., 1996<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>; Reutter et al., 2003; Vereshchagin, 1967:510; Vorontsov et al., 1992; Mezhzherin’s 1991 report is the most comprehensive). <i>Apodemus</i> <i>flavicollis</i> is absent from most of the Caucasus, and has been reported only from Armenia (Frynta et al., 2001; Macholán et al., 2001<i>b</i>). The names <i>argyropuli</i> Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951, and <i>argyropuloi</i> Heptner, 1948 (see Harrison and Bates, 1991), were proposed to replace <i>parvus</i>. Included in ... [truncated]","30","30-01217","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1217"
"13001218","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","rusiges","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","26","","81","","","Kashmir Field Mouse","N India, C Kashmir (""Central Kashmir and the Pir Panjal"" True, 1894).","Himalayas in Northern Area of NE Pakistan east of Indus River Valley (Baltistan and Hazara districts; large series in USNM) and Kashmir and Jammu region of NW India (large samples in USNM, including cotypes of <i>griseus</i>); altitudinal range, 1980-3350 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>griseus</i> (True, 1894) [not Mina Palumbo, 1868].","<p><i>Sylvaemus</i> group. Endemic to the Himalayas of N Pakistan (east of the Indus Valley) and NW India. Originally described as <i>Mus arianus griseus</i> (True, 1894), subsequently listed as a subspecies of either <i>A</i>. <i>flavicollis</i> (Ellerman, 1941, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951) or <i>A</i>. <i>sylvaticus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Wroughton, 1920), placed in the synonomy of <i>A. sylvaticus</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992), and finally regarded as a synonym of <i>A. sylvaticus wardi</i> (Agrawal, 2000). <i>Apodemus sylvaticus</i> does not occur in the Himalayas (see that account), and <i>wardi</i> is a synonym of <i>A. pallipes</i> (see that account). The latter and <i>A. rusiges</i> are the only <i>Apodemus</i> recorded from the Himalayas of N Pakistan and NW India and their ranges broadly overlap (we have not seen samples collected from the same place). <i>Apodemus rusiges</i> is larger than <i>A. pallipes</i> and further differs in having a much longer tail rela... [truncated]","30","30-01218","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1218"
"13001219","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","semotus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","44","","","Taiwan Field Mouse","Taiwan (M.-j. Yu, 1996).","Endemic to montane habitats on Taiwan (H.-T. Yu, 1994).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>Apodemus</i> group<i>. </i>Usually included in subgenus <i>Alsomys </i>(Pavlinov et al, 1995<i>a</i>); placed in an <i>Apodemus</i> Group by Musser et al. (1996) based on morphology, which is consistent with analyses of allozymic data and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences (Filippucci et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2004; Michaux et al., 2002<i>a</i>; Serizawa et al., 2000; Suzuki et al., 2003); however, Chelomina et al. (1998<i>b</i>) grouped <i>A. semotus</i> with <i>A. argenteus </i>using mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences. Originally described as a species, but subsequently treated as a subspecies of <i>A. sylvaticus</i> (Ellerman, 1949; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), then either regarded as a species closely related in morphology to mainland <i>A</i>. <i>draco</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>) or questionably included in that species (Corbet and Hill, 1992), and finally recognized as a separate specific entity (Musser and Carleton, 1993; Liu et al., 2002; Musser et al., 1996; Wan... [truncated]","30","30-01219","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1219"
"13001220","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","speciosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1844","","<i>In</i> Siebold, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Arnz et Socii, Lugduni Batavorum","","","52","","","Large Japanese Field Mouse","Japan.","Endemic to Japan (Dobson, 1994); found on the four larger islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) and some smaller islands, but south only to Yakushima (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Abe and Ishii, 1987; Kaneko, 1994; Tsuchiya, 1974).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ainu</i>  (Thomas, 1906); <i>dorsalis</i> Kuroda, 1924 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>insperatus</i> Kuroda, 1938 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>miyakensis</i> Imaizumi, 1969 [see Kaneko and Murakami, 1996, and Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>navigator</i> (Thomas, 1906); <i>sadoensis </i>Tokuda, 1939<i> </i>[<i>nomen nudum</i>; see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002];<i> sadoensis</i> Tokuda, 1941 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>tusimaensis </i>Tokuda, 1939 [<i>nomen nudum</i>; see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002];<i> tusimaensis</i> Tokuda, 1941 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002].","<p><i>Apodemus</i> group<i>. </i>Usually included in subgenus <i>Alsomys </i>(e.g., Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>)<i> </i>but placed in subgenus <i>Apodemus</i> by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) and Mezhzherin and Zykov (1991); considered a member of an <i>Apodemus</i> Group by Musser et al. (1996), which is consistent with analyses of allozymic data and mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> and nuclear DNA sequences (Chelomina, 1998; Chelomina et al., 1998<i>b</i>; Liu et al., 2004; Mezhzherin, 1997<i>a</i>; Serizawa et al., 2000; Suzuki et al., 2003). Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>and nuclear IRBP sequences identified <i>A. speciosus </i>as an independent lineage within a radiation that includes the separate lineage of <i>A. peninsulae</i>, the <i>A. agrarius-A. chevrieri</i> clade, and <i>A. draco-A. semotus-A. latronum </i>cluster; this radiation is separate from those two producing the Nepalese <i>A. gurkha</i> and Japanese <i>A. argenteus</i> (Suzuki et al., 2003; also se... [truncated]","30","30-01220","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1220"
"13001221","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","sylvaticus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","62","","","Long-tailed Field Mouse","Sweden, Uppsala (neotype designated by Zagorodnyuk [1993]).","European and N African: Europe north to Scandinavia; south to NW Turkey (Thrace and NW Anatolia; Filippucci et al., 1996; Pamukoglu and Albayrak, 1996; specimens in USNM); and east to C Belarus, E Ukraine, and closely adjacent W Russia, which is the easternmost limit of the species (Zagorodnyuk, 1993); see maps in Zagorodnyuk et al. (1997:39), Mezhzherin (1997<i>a</i>:33), Niethammer (1978<i>c</i>:341), and Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999:275). Range in N Africa extends from Atlas Mtns in Morocco east across Algiers to Tunisia (Aulagnier, 1991; Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986; Kock and Felton, 1980). Also found on Iceland; Britain, Ireland, and numerous nearby islands; Aegean islands (Kryštufek, 2002<i>a</i>; Özkan and Kryštufek, 1999); some islands in the Tuscan Arch. (De Marinis et al., 1996); Sardinia, Corsica (Masseti, 1993), and other Mediterranean islands (Alcover and Gosalbez, 1988; Amori, 1993; Amori and Masseti, 1996; Cheylan, 1991).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albus</i>  (Bechstein, 1801); <i>algirus</i> (Pomel, 1856); <i>alpinus</i> (Burg, 1921); <i>bergensis</i> (Krausse, 1921); <i>butei</i> Hinton, 1914; <i>callipides</i> (Cabrera, 1907); <i>candidus</i> (Bechstein, 1796); <i>celticus</i> (Barrett-Hamilton, 1900); <i>chamaropsis</i> (Levaillant, 1857); <i>charkovensis</i> (Migulin, 1936);<i> clanceyi</i> Harrison, 1947; <i>creticus</i> Miller, 1910 (see Kryštufek, 2002<i>a</i>); <i>cumbrae</i> Hinton, 1914; <i>dichruroides</i> Miric, 1960; <i>dichrurus </i>(Rafinesque, 1814) [not Cabrera, 1921]; <i>dichrurus</i> Cabrera, 1921 [not Rafinesque, 1814]; <i>eivissensis</i> Alcover, 1977; <i>fiolagan</i> Hinton, 1914; <i>flaviventris</i> (Petrov, 1943); <i>flavobrunneus</i> (Hilzheimer, 1911); <i>fridariensis</i> (Kinnear, 1906); <i>frumentariae</i> Sans-Coma and Kahmann, 1977; <i>ghia</i> Montagu, 1923; <i>grandiculus</i> Degerbol, 1939; <i>granti</i> Hinton, 1914; <i>griseus</i> (Mina Palumbo, 1868); <i>hamiltoni</i> Hinton, 1914; <i>hayi</i> (Waterhouse, 1838); <i>hebridensis</i> (de Winton, 1895); <i>hermani</i> Felten and Storch, 1970; <i>hessei</i> Miric, 1960; <i>hirtensis</i> (Barrett-Hamilton, 1899); <i>ifranensis</i> Saint Girons and Bree, 1962; <i>ilvanus</i> Kahmann and Niethammer, 1971; <i>intermedius</i> (Bellamy, 1839); <i>isabellinus</i> (Mina Palumbo, 1868); <i>islandicus</i> (Thienemann, 1824); <i>krkensis</i> Miric, 1968; <i>larus</i> Montagu, 1923; <i>leptodus </i>Kretzoi, 1956;<i> leucocephalus</i> (Bechstein, 1796); <i>maclean</i> Hinton, 1914; <i>maximus</i> (Burg, 1925); <i>milleri</i> de Beaux, 1926; <i>nesiticus</i> Warwick, 1940; <i>niger</i> (Bechstein, 1796); <i>parvus</i> (Bechstein, 1793) [not Argyropulo, 1941], <i>pecchioli</i> (Pecchioli, 1844); <i>reboudia </i>(Loche, 1867); <i>rufescens</i> Saint Girons and Bree, 1962; <i>spadix</i> Fritsche, 1934; <i>thuleo</i> Hinton, 1919; <i>tirae</i> Montagu, 1923; <i>tural</i> Montagu, 1923; <i>varius </i>(Bechstein, 1796);<i> vohlynensis</i> (Migulin, 1938) [Charlemagn, 1936, proposed the name but it is a <i>nomen</i> <i>nudum</i>; see Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; Zagorodnyuk, 1992<i>b</i>].","<p><i>Sylvaemus</i> group. The geographic range as mapped by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) east of Belarus and E Ukraine reflects distributions of other species (<i>A. uralensis</i>, <i>A. witherbyi</i>, <i>A. pallipes</i>, and <i>A. rusiges</i>) once included within <i>A</i>. <i>sylvaticus</i>; ""<i>A. sylvaticus</i> is virtually absent from the entire area of the Middle East"" (Macholán et al., 2001<i>b</i>:806). Contrary to published records, <i>A</i>. <i>sylvaticus</i> is not part of the modern Israeli fauna (Filippucci et al., 1989). Tchernov (1979, 1986, 1994, 1996), however, maintains it is and is also represented there by fossils from middle to late Pleistocene cave sediments (late Acheullan to Upper Mousterian), and from 40,000 to 10,000 years B.C.<b> </b>During that Pleistocene interval, <i>A. mystacinus </i>was found along with <i>A. sylvaticus</i> in the same caves, but <i>A. flavicollis </i>was usually absent (Tchernov, 1979). Tchernov’s ""<i>sylvaticus</i>"" probably represents <i>A.... [truncated]","30","30-01221","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1221"
"13001222","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","uralensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1811","","Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.","1","","168","","","Herb Field Mouse","Russia, S Ural Mtns.","C Europe (E Germany S Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, NE Austria, N Hungary, south to E Croatia, N Serbia and Montenegro, Bulgaria and N Romania); Baltic region (NW Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia); east through W Russia and Ukraine to E Kazakhstan (Djarkent, USNM specimens including 155471, the holotype of <i>microtis</i>), Siberian Altai in S Russia (USNM), NW China (Xinjiang; Ma et al., 1987, as <i>tscherga</i>; USNM 259545 from Aksu), and the Altai of Mongolia; south in the Caucusus and throughout N Turkey (see Filippucci et al., 1996; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001; Mezhzherin, 1997<i>a</i>:36; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Frynta et al., 2001; Steiner, 1978, under <i>A</i>. <i>microps</i>; Zhang et al., 1997, as <i>A. sylvaticus</i>); E and S boundary of range in C Asia unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>baessleri</i> (Dahl, 1919) [see Zagorodnyuk, 1992<i>b</i>];<i> balchanensis</i> (Kashkarov, 1981) [<i>lapsus calami</i> according to Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>]; <i>cimrmani </i>Vohralík, 2002; <i>ciscaucasicus </i>(Ognev, 1924);<i> kastschenkoi </i>Kuznetzov, 1932;<i> major </i>(Severtsov, 1873) [not Pallas, 1779, or Radde, 1862]; <i>microps</i> Kratochvíl and Rosicky, 1952; <i>microtis</i> Miller, 1912; <i>mosquensis</i> (Ognev, 1913); <i>nankiangensis</i> Wang, 1964; <i>pallidus</i> Kashkarov, 1926; <i>parvulus </i>Mosanský, 1994 [<i>nomen nudum </i>according to Vohralík, 2002]; <i>tokmak</i> (Severtzov, 1873) [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","<p><i>Sylvaemus</i> group. Previously listed as a subspecies of <i>A</i>. <i>sylvaticus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987), but now recognized as the oldest name for a distinctive small-bodied species formerly called <i>A. microps </i>(Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Synonymy of European <i>microps</i> with Asian <i>uralensis</i> has been documented by results of a variety of molecular and morphological studies (Bellinvia et al., 1999; Filippucci et al., 1996; Macholán et al., 2001<i>b</i>; Mezhzherin, 1997<i>a</i>; Mezhzherin and Mikhailenko, 1991; Mezhzherin and Zykov, 1991; Mezhzherin et al., 1992; Reutter et al., 2003). Mezhzherin (1997<i>b</i>:309) summarized historical literature indicating the presence of a species different from <i>A. sylvaticus</i> that corresponded to <i>A. uralensis</i>. Pertinent systematic treatments cover chromosomal and allozymic variation (a... [truncated]","30","30-01222","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1222"
"13001223","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apodemus","","witherbyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","10","","490","","","Steppe Field Mouse","S Iran, Fars Province, Shul (see Lay, 1967, for coordinates).","Plains, mountain and plateau steppes, and highland semideserts (not found in desert depressions) from E of the Dnepr River in the S Ukraine, Crimea, N Caucasus, S Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), Anatolian Turkish steppe and Bozcaada Isl (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001; specimens in USNM); south to N Israel and NW Jordan (Benda and Sádlová, 1999); through most of C and N Iran in provinces of Azarbayjan (FMNH and USNM material), Kordestan (FMNH and USNM), Ilam (series in FMNH), Lorestan (large samples in AMNH, FMNH, and USNM), Isfahan (FMNH material), Fars (FMNH), Semnan (FMNH 97469), Tehran (FMNH 341459), C and E Mazandaran (FMNH and USNM), N and E Khorasan (AMNH, FMNH, and USNM material); Kopet-Dag Mtns of SW Turkmenistan; and eastward in WC Pakistan, (about 90 km NE Quetta, USNM specimens); probably also occurs in Afghanistan, NE Iraq, and Lebanon and adjacent SW Syria. Distribution, which is southeast of range of <i>A. sylvaticus</i>, derived from specimens in AMNH, FMNH, and USNM and published reports (Filippucci et al., 1989; Mezhzherin, 1997a:33; Mezhzherin and Zagorodnyuk, 1989; Zagorodnyuk et al., 1997:39).","IUCN – Endangered as <i>A. hermonensis</i>,<i> </i>Lower Risk (lc) as <i>A. fulvipectus.</i>","<i>caessareanus</i> Bate, 1942; <i>chorassanicus </i>(Ognev and Heptner, 1928); <i>falzfeini </i>Mezhzherin and Zagorodnyuk, 1989 [see Zagorodnyuk, 1992<i>b</i>]; <i>fulvipectus</i> (Ognev, 1924); <i>hermonensis </i>Filippucci, Simson, and Nevo, 1989; <i>iconicus </i>Heptner, 1948; <i>kilikiae</i> Kretzoi, 1964;<i> planicola</i> (Sviridenko, 1936); <i>saxatilis</i> Krassovsky, 1929; <i>saxatilis</i> (Sviridenko, 1936); <i>tauricus</i> (Barret-Hamilton, 1900) [not Pallas, 1811].","<p><i>Sylvaemus</i> group. The taxon <i>witherbyi </i>was originally described as a subspecies of <i>Mus sylvaticus</i>, subsequently arranged as a subspecies of <i>A. sylvaticus </i>(Ellerman, 1941), treated as a synonym of <i>A. sylvaticus arianus</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951) or <i>A. sylvaticus </i>(Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>), and listed<i> </i>as a synonym of <i>A. arianus </i>(Musser and Carleton, 1993; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Zagorodnyuk (1996<i>a</i>) finally identified the holotype as an example of <i>A. uralensis</i>. This is the species identified as <i>A. arianus</i> by Musser and Carleton (1993), who separated it from <i>A. sylvaticus </i>on the basis of its distinctive pelage and smaller body size.<b> </b>Recently, Zagorodnyuk (1996<i>a</i>), Zagorodnyuk et al. (1997), and Mezhzherin (1997<i>a</i>) elucidated the morphological and distributional boundaries of <i>A. witherbyi </i>(as <i>arianus</i>)<i> </i>and their definition incorporates the names and ranges... [truncated]","30","30-01223","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1203-0000-1223"
"13001224","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Mearns","1905","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","28","","455","","<i>Apomys hylocetes</i> Mearns, 1905.","","","","","","<p><i>Chrotomys</i>Division. At one time <i>Apomys </i>was included in <i>Rattus</i>, but is a distinct genus and forms a monophyletic group within the assemblage of Philippine Old Endemics (Musser and Heaney, 1992). Taxonomic history of the genus and preliminary systematic revision provided by Musser (1982<i>b</i>), who separated species into an <i>Apomys datae</i> Group and <i>Apomys abrae-hylocetes </i>Group, which has been confirmed by phylogenetic analyses of mitochindrial DNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Steppan et al., 2003); additional taxonomic notes and phylogenetic relationships outlined by Musser and Heaney (1992). Phylogenetic analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences for 13 of the 16 genera of endemic Philippine murines united <i>Apomys</i> within a clade containing <i>Archboldomys</i>,<i> Chrotomys </i>(along with<i> Celaenomys</i>), and <i>Rhynchomys</i>, which are also Old Endemics (Jansa and Heaney, 2001). This alliance is supported by data from chrom... [truncated]","30","30-01224","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1224"
"13001225","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apomys","","abrae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1952","","Fieldiana Zool.","33","2","133","","","Luzon Cordillera Apomys","Philippines, Luzon Isl, Abra Province, Abra, 3500 ft (1067 m).","Greater Luzon Faunal Region. Endemic to Central Cordillera of N Luzon (Benguet, Ilocos Norte, and Mountain provinces), 1060-2500 m (Musser, 1982b; Heaney et al., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Included within the <i>Apomys abrae</i> <i>hylocetes</i> Group by Musser (1982<i>b</i>).","30","30-01225","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1224-0000-1225"
"13001226","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apomys","","datae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Meyer","1899","","Abh. Mus. Dresden, ser. 7","7","","25","","","Northern Luzon Apomys","Philippines, N Luzon Isl, Lepanto.","Greater Luzon Faunal Region. Most records come from highlands in N Luzon where it inhabits primary montane forest in the Sierra Madre and Central Cordillera, 760-2500 m (Heaney et al., 1998; Musser, 1982<i>b</i>), but the species has also been taken near sea level on W coast of Ilocos Norte Province (AMNH 252474, 252475).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>major</i>  Miller, 1910.","Member of the <i>Apomys datae</i> Group according to Musser (1982<i>b</i>), who also documented the inclusion of <i>major</i>; the Mindoran <i>A. gracilirostris</i> is the only other member of the <i>A. datae</i> group (see account below). Standard karyotype (2n = 44, FN = 54) closely similar to <i>A. musculus</i> and the shrew rats <i>Chrotomys </i>(including <i>Celaenomys</i>) and <i>Rhynchomys</i> and strikingly different from other species of <i>Apomys</i> sampled (Rickart and Heaney, 2002). The karyotype of <i>A. datae</i>, along with a primitive pattern of cephalic arterial circulation, suggest it is the most primitive species within <i>Apomys. </i>It, along with <i>A. gracilirostris</i>, also form the basal clade within the genus as revealed by phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Steppan et al., 2003)","30","30-01226","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1224-0000-1226"
"13001227","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apomys","","gracilirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ruedas","1995","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","108","","305","","","Large Mindoro Apomys","Philippines, Mindoro Isl, Mindoro Occidental Province, Municipality of San Teodoro, North Ridge approach to Mt Halcon, 1580 m, 13°16'48""N, 121°59'19""E.","Greater Mindoro Faunal Region. A Mindoro endemic recorded only from montane forest on northern flank of Mt Halcon between 1250 and 1950 m, but may occur throughout the Mindoran highlands still covered by mountain forest (Ruedas, 1995).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>Apomys datae </i>Group. In morphology of rostrum and incisors, <i>A. gracilirostris</i> is unique among species of <i>Apomys</i>, but phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>sequences<i> </i>placed it with the Luzon <i>A. datae</i> (Steppan et al., 2003). Large body size, long rostrum relative to rest of cranium, and primitive pattern of cephalic arterial supply also tie <i>A. gracilirostris</i> to <i>A. datae</i> (Ruedas, 1995; Musser’s study of the Mindoran specimens). Presence of <i>A. gracilirostris </i>on Mindanao likely reflects dispersal to that island, probably from an ancestral stock on Luzon (Steppan et al., 2003). Discovery of <i>A. gracilirostris </i>accentuates the dual biogeographic nature of Mindoro’s murine fauna: <i>Chrotomys mindorensis</i>,<i> Apomys musculus</i>, <i>A. gracilirostris</i>, and <i>Rattus everetti</i> have Philippine affinities; <i>Rattus mindorensis</i>, an undescribed species of <i>Maxomys</i> (specimens examined by Musser), and <i>Anon... [truncated]","30","30-01227","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1224-0000-1227"
"13001228","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apomys","","hylocetes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1905","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","28","","456","","","Mindanao Mossy Forest Apomys","Philippines, Mindanao Isl, Mt Apo, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Greater Mindanao Faunal Region. Endemic to Mindanao in primary montane forest between 1900 and 2800 m; probably widespread on high peaks of the island (Heaney et al., 1998.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>petraeus</i>  Mearns, 1905.","Included within <i>Apomys abrae</i> <i>hylocetes</i> Group by Musser (1982<i>b</i>), who also explained why <i>petraeus</i> is a synonym. Standard karyotype (2n = 48, FN = 56) of <i>A. hylocetes </i>is strikingly dissimilar to that of sympatric <i>A. insignis</i> (2n = 36, FN = 36), but this phyletic estimate is contradicted by phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>sequences, which indicates they are sister species and most closely related to an undescribed species from the islands of Leyte and Biliran and an undescribed species on Camiguin Isl (Steppan et al., 2003). An hypothesis explaining the evolutionary origins of these four species is presented by Steppan et al. (2003).","30","30-01228","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1224-0000-1228"
"13001229","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apomys","","insignis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1905","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","28","","459","","","Mindanao Montane Forest Apomys","Philippines, S Mindanao Isl, Mt Apo, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Endemic to the Greater Mindanao Faunal Region from islands of Dinagat and Mindanao in primary and secondary forests, 900-2800 m (Heaney et al., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bardus</i>  Miller, 1910.","Included within <i>Apomys abrae</i> <i>hylocetes</i> Group by Musser (1982<i>b</i>), who explained why <i>bardus</i> is a synonym. See account of <i>A. hylocetes</i>.","30","30-01229","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1224-0000-1229"
"13001230","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apomys","","littoralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1952","","Fieldiana Zool.","33","2","134","","","Mindanao Lowland Apomys","Philippines, Mindanao Isl, Bugasan, Cotabato, 50 ft (15 m).","Endemic to the Greater Mindanao Faunal Region on islands of Biliran, Bohol, Leyte, and Mindanao (Musser and Heaney, 1992; Rickart et al., 1993; Heaney et al., 1998). Formerly recorded from Negros (Musser, 1982<i>b</i>), but that sample represents an undescribed species (Heaney et al., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Included within <i>Apomys abrae</i> <i>hylocetes</i> Group by Musser (1982<i>b</i>). This species is known by a juvenile holotype with damaged skull from Mindanao and several referred series from Leyte and nearby smaller islands (Heaney et al., 1998). Distributional and ecological data provided by Rickart et al. (1993). The standard karyotype reported for a sample from Leyte (2n = 44, FN = 88; Rickart and Musser, 1993), which expresses the highest FN recorded for Indoaustralian murines, actually comes from an undescribed species (Rickart and Heaney, 2002; Steppan et al., 2003).","30","30-01230","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1224-0000-1230"
"13001231","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apomys","","microdon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1913 (not Peters, 1852)","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","46","","327","","","Small Luzon Apomys","Philippines, Cataduanes Isl, Biga.","Endemic to the Greater Luzon Faunal Region and widespread on Luzon in secondary lowland forest and primary montane forest (Heaney et al., 1991; Heaney et al., 1998; Heaney et al., 1999; Musser and Heaney, 1992). Formerly thought to also occur on Leyte and Dinagat (Musser, 1982<i>b</i>), but those samples have been referred to <i>A. littoralis</i>.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hollisteri</i> (Ellerman, 1949).","<p>Included within <i>Apomys abrae</i> <i>hylocetes</i> Group by Musser (1982<i>b</i>). Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences identifies <i>M. musculus</i>, an undescribed species from Sibuyan Isl and Negros Isl, and another undescribed species from Sibuyan Isl as the closest phylogenetic allies to <i>A. microdon</i> (Steppan et al., 2003).</p><p>Ellerman (1949) provided <i>hollisteri</i> as a replacement name for <i>Apomys microdon</i> because it was preoccupied by <i>Mus microdon</i> Peters (1852), which is a form of <i>Mastomys</i>, and Ellerman had included both <i>Apomys</i> and <i>Mastomys</i> in <i>Rattus</i>. Corbet and Hill (1992:379) used <i>hollisteri</i> as the correct name stating that <i>microdon</i> was permanently invalid following Article 59(b) of the 3<sup>rd</sup> edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1985<i>d</i>), which states that a ""junior secondary homonym replace... [truncated]","30","30-01231","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1224-0000-1231"
"13001232","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apomys","","musculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1911","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","38","","403","","","Least Philippine Apomys","Philippines, Luzon Isl, Benguet, Baguio, Camp John Hay, 5000 ft (1524 m).","Philippines: Dinagat, S and N Luzon, and Mindoro (Heaney et al., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Included within <i>Apomys abrae</i> <i>hylocetes</i> Group by Musser (1982<i>b</i>). Standard karyotype (2n = 42, FN = 52; Rickart and Musser, 1993) very similar to that of <i>A. datae</i> (Rickart and Heaney, 2002). Three species may be represented in what is now called <i>musculus</i>: typical <i>musculus</i> from N Luzon, a separate species in S Luzon, and another on Mindoro (Heaney, pers. comm.). Altitudinal distribution and ecological data summarized by Balete and Heaney (1997) and Heaney et al. (1999). Judged by phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences, <i>A. musculus</i> is most closely related to two undescribed species and <i>A. microdon </i>(see that account).","30","30-01232","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1224-0000-1232"
"13001233","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Apomys","","sacobianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Johnson","1962","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","75","","318","","","Long-nosed Luzon Apomys","Philippines, Luzon Isl, Pampanga Province, Sacobia River, Clark Air Base.","Greater Luzon Faunal Region. Endemic to Luzon and recorded only from primary forest at the type locality; limits unresolved.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<p>Included within the <i>Apomys abrae</i> <i>hylocetes</i> Group by Musser (1982<i>b</i>), but allied to the <i>Apomys datae</i> Group by Ruedas (1995) because he thought the holotype (USNM 304352) and another specimen he identified as <i>A. sacobianus</i> (USNM 557717) exhibited the primitive murine cephalic arterial pattern typical of <i>A. datae</i>. Musser (1982<i>b</i>), however, described a derived pattern for <i>A. sacobianus</i>, which is typical for species in the <i>A. abrae-hylocetes</i> Group, and our restudy of the holotype reaffirms those observations. <i>Apomys sacobianus</i> is morphologically closely related to the N Luzon <i>A. abrae</i>, being a slightly larger-bodied, grayer version occurring in the S lowlands (Musser, 1982<i>b</i>); whether it represents a larger-bodied geographic variant of <i>A. abrae</i> or a separate species will have to be determined by study of specimens from intermediate localities and altitudes.</p><p>Heaney et al. (1998) recorded <i>A. sa... [truncated]","30","30-01233","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1224-0000-1233"
"13001234","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Archboldomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Musser","1982","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","174","","30","","<i>Archboldomys luzonensis</i> Musser, 1982.","","","","","","<i>Chrotomys</i>Division. Member of the Philippine Old Endemics (Musser and Heaney, 1992). Based strictly upon morphological data, Musser and Heaney (1992) supposed <i>Archboldomys </i>to be most closely related to <i>Crunomys</i>, but phylogenetic analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences for 13 of the 16 genera of Philippine murines indicate <i>Archboldomys</i> is a member of a clade that includes <i>Apomys</i>,<i> Chrotomys </i>(including <i>Celaenomys</i>),<i> </i>and <i>Rhynchomys</i> but not <i>Crunomys</i> (Jansa and Heaney, 2001), and chromosomal data does not support a close alliance between <i>Archboldomys</i> and <i>Crunomys</i> (Rickart and Musser, 1993; Rickart and Heaney, 2002). Reviewed by Rickart et al. (1998).","30","30-01234","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1234"
"13001235","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Archboldomys","","luzonensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser","1982","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","174","","30","","","Isarog Shrew Mouse","Philippines, SE Luzon Isl, Camarines Sur Province, Mt Isarog, 6560 ft (2000 m).","Greater Luzon Faunal Region where it is endemic to montane habitat on Mt Isarog in SE peninsula of Luzon (Heaney et al., 1999; Rickart et al., 1991).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Morphological descriptions and comparisons with <i>Crunomys</i> and Sulawesi shrew rats provided by Musser (1982<i>c</i>). Altitudinal distribution and ecologial notes in Rickart et al. (1991), Balete and Heaney (1997), and Heaney et al. (1999). Standard karyotype and G-banding patterns are distinctive (2n = 26, FN = 43): its low 2n, high number of bi-armed chromosomes relative to telocentric elements, and peculiar pattern of the sex chromosomes define a highly derived karyotype compared to those characteristic of other Old Endemics sampled, but is uninformative in assessing the phylogenetic relationships of <i>A. luzonensis</i> among Philippine murines (Rickart and Musser, 1993; Rickart and Heaney, 2002). Morphology suggests a tie to Philippine <i>Crunomys</i> (Musser and Heaney, 1992), but molecular data indicated close phylogenetic alliance with species of <i>Apomys</i>,<i> Chrotomys </i>(including <i>Celaenomys</i>),<i> </i>and <i>Rhynchomys</i> and no close association with specie... [truncated]","30","30-01235","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1234-0000-1235"
"13001236","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Archboldomys","","musseri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rickart, Heaney, Tabaranza, Jr., and Balete","1998","","Fieldiana Zool. n.s.","89","","17","","","Sierra Madre Shrew Mouse","Philippines, N Luzon Isl, Cagayan Province, Callao Municipality, Sierra Madre Range, Mt Cetaceo, 1650 m, 17°42'N, 122°02'E.","Greater Luzon Faunal Region where it is known from the type locality and the Balbalasang region of Kalinga Province at 1900 m (Rickart and Heaney, 2002), but may occur elsewhere in montane forest throughout N Luzon (Rickart et al., 1998).","","","Documented by two specimens from the type locality and a sample from Kalinga Province referred to <i>A. musseri</i>. Standard karyotype (2n estimated as 44 with mostly telocentric elements) strikingly different from that of <i>A. luzonensis</i> (Rickart and Heaney, 2002) and may turn out to be indistinguishable or closely similar to those of <i>Chrotomys silaceus</i>,<i> C. gonzalesi</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Rhynchomys</i> <i>isarogensis</i> (karyotypes described by Rickart and Musser, 1993, and Rickart and Heaney, 2002).","30","30-01236","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1234-0000-1236"
"13001237","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Arvicanthis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1842","","Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim. Mammalifères","","","147","","<i>Lemmus niloticus</i> É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803.","","","","","<i>Isomys</i>  Sundevall, 1843.","<p><i>Arvicanthis<b> </b></i>Division. Morphological features tie <i>Arvicanthis</i> to species of <i>Pelomys</i>,<i> Mylomys</i>,<i> Rhabdomys</i>,<i> </i>and<i> Lemniscomys </i>(Musser, 1987<i>b</i>), which has been confirmed by results from mtDNA sequences (cytochrome <i>b</i>, 12S and 16S rRNA genes), with the addition of <i>Desmomys</i>, by Ducroz et al. (2001). Their results indicate three distinct lineages: one containing <i>Arvicanthis</i>, <i>Mylomys</i>, and <i>Pelomys</i>; another with <i>Desmomys</i> and <i>Rhabdomys</i>; and a third containing only <i>Lemniscomys. </i>The Asian<i> Golunda</i>, provisionally (Musser, 1987<i>b</i>) or certainly (Jacobs, 1978; Misonne, 1969; Sabatier, 1982) allied with this clade, is not part of it according to molecular data (Ducroz et al., 2001; Lecompte, 2003; see <i>Golunda</i> account).</p><p>Opinions on the number of species in <i>Arvicanthis</i> have varied from one (Misonne, 1974) to several (G. M. Allen, 1939; Corbet and Hill, 1991; ... [truncated]","30","30-01237","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1237"
"13001238","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Arvicanthis","","abyssinicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1842","","Mus. Senckenberg.","3","","104","","","Ethiopian Arvicanthis","Ethiopia, Simien Province, Simien Mtns, Entschetqab (see Osgood, 1936:252).","Ethiopian Plateau between 1300-3400 m (Yalden et al., 1976).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fluvicinctus</i> Osgood, 1936;<i> rufodorsalis </i>(Heuglin, 1877);<i> saturatus </i>Dollman, 1911.","<p>An Ethiopian endemic with 2n = 62, FN = 68 (Corti et al., 1996; Orlov and Bulatova, 1997; Orlov et al., 1992<i>a</i>). Historically the species was perceived to embrace forms occurring from Ethiopia south to Zambia (G. M. Allen, 1939; Dollman, 1911; Ellerman, 1941), but Osgood (1936:252) discussed several of <i>A. abyssinicus</i>'s diagnostic features, noting that it ""is not unlikely that it is confined to Ethiopia and at least some of the forms of Kenya and Uganda which have been associated with it will need other allocation."" This view has been reinforced by analyses of morphometric (Bekele et al., 1993; Corti and Fadda, 1996; Fadda and Corti, 2001; Rousseau, 1983), chromosomal (Baskevich and Lavrenchenko, 2000; Corti et al., 1996<i>b</i>; Orlov et al., 1991<i>a</i>), and mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Ducroz et al., 1998), as well as our examination of specimens. Yalden and Largen (1992) speculated that <i>A. abyssinicus</i> may also occur in Kenya, Uganda, and el... [truncated]","30","30-01238","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1237-0000-1238"
"13001239","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Arvicanthis","","ansorgei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","353","","","Sudanian Arvicanthis","Bissau Guinea, Gunnal.","Grasslands and bush in Sudanian savannas from Gambia (Fadda and Corti, 2001) and S Senegal (Casamance region south of Gambia River; Granjon et al., 1992) through S Mali, Burkina-Faso, and Niger (Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>; Ducroz et al., 1998; Volobouev et al., 2002<i>a</i>) to S Chad (Fadda and Corti, 2001); limits of range unresolved.","","2n = 62, FNa = 74-76 (Volobouev et al., 2002<i>a</i> ). This is the species originally separated from samples of <i>A. niloticus</i> by its chromosomal features and identified as ANI-3 (Volobouev et al., 1987, 1988<i>a</i>; Ducroz et al., 1997). Subsequent analyses incorporating chromosomal refinements, DNA/DNA hybridization, cross-breeding experiments in the laboratory, three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, and mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Ducroz, 1998; Ducroz et al., 1997, 1998; Fadda and Corti, 2001; Volobouev et al., 2002<i>a</i>), demonstrated that <i>ansorgei</i> is not a geographic form of <i>A. niloticus</i> but a separate species. The two are sympatric along the southern course and in most of the Inner delta of Niger River in Mali (Volobouev et al., 2002<i>a</i>), but elsewhere the "". . . distribution of the two species is largely parapatric and follows the latitudinal patterns of the West-African biogeographical domains, which are related to the latitudinal patterns of annual rainfuall in this region"" (Sicard et al., 2004:5). The range of <i>A. ansorgei</i> is generally south of <i>A. niloticus</i>, which inhabits the more arid Sahelian and N Sudanian savannas, and north of <i>A. rufinus</i>, found in the more humid S Sudanian-Guinean savannas and adjacent evergreen forest belt. In Senegal, <i>A. ansorgei</i> occurs only south of the Gambia River while <i>A. niloticus </i>inhabits drier habitats north of the Gambia (Granjon et al., 1992). Phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences by Ducroz et al. (1998) indicated <i>A. ansorgei</i> to be more closely related to samples from East Africa (Tanzania and SW Uganda) than to those from Central Africa (Benin and Central African Republic), a discordance with similarities based upon Procrustes distances, which readily distinguished West African from East African assemblages (Fadda and Corti, 2001).","<p>2n = 62, FNa = 74-76 (Volobouev et al., 2002<i>a</i>). This is the species originally separated from samples of <i>A. niloticus</i> by its chromosomal features and identified as ANI-3 (Volobouev et al., 1987, 1988<i>a</i>; Ducroz et al., 1997). Subsequent analyses incorporating chromosomal refinements, DNA/DNA hybridization, cross-breeding experiments in the laboratory, three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, and mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Ducroz, 1998; Ducroz et al., 1997, 1998; Fadda and Corti, 2001; Volobouev et al., 2002<i>a</i>), demonstrated that <i>ansorgei</i> is not a geographic form of <i>A. niloticus</i> but a separate species. The two are sympatric along the southern course and in most of the Inner delta of Niger River in Mali (Volobouev et al., 2002<i>a</i>), but elsewhere the "". . . distribution of the two species is largely parapatric and follows the latitudinal patterns of the West-African biogeographical domains, which are related to the latitudinal pat... [truncated]","30","30-01239","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1237-0000-1239"
"13001240","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Arvicanthis","","blicki","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Frick","1914","","Ann. Carnegie Mus.","9","","20","","","Blick’s Arvicanthis","Ethiopia, South Chilalo Mtns, Hora Mt base camp, 9000 ft (2743 m).","Ethiopia; between 2750 and 4050 m from plateau on E side of Ethiopian Rift Valley (Yalden et al., 1976; Yalden et al., 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","An Ethiopian endemic with 2n = 48, FNa = 68 (Corti et al., 1996<i>b</i>; Lavrenchenko et al., 1997) that is a characteristic diurnal member of the Afro-Alpine moorland zone above 3500 m (Demeter and Topal, 1982; Rupp, 1980; Yalden, 1988; Yalden et al., 1976). In morphology, ecological and geographic distribution, and habits, <i>A</i>. <i>blicki</i> is a very distinctive species, as recognized by Dorst (1972). Judged by similarities in molar occlusal topography and dorsal fur patterning, chromosomal traits, and allozymic data, <i>A. blicki</i> is more closely related to <i>A</i>. <i>abyssinicus</i> than to any other species of <i>Arvicanthis</i> and together with that species and <i>A. niloticus </i>forms a monophyletic clade (see account of <i>A. abyssinicus</i>). Statistical summary of external measurements for a large sample reported by Sillero-Zubiri et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Habitat preferences, abundance, and biomass of rodents in the Bale Mtns, including <i>A. blicki</i>, and releva... [truncated]","30","30-01240","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1237-0000-1240"
"13001241","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Arvicanthis","","nairobae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1909","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","26","","168","","","East African Arvicanthis","Kenya, Nairobi.","Recorded from S Ethiopia (Sidamo) through Kenya in the Rift Valley south to the Dodoma region in EC Tanzania; western and southern limits unresolved (based largely upon our study of specimens; the Ethiopian record and some specimens from W Kenya were identified using discriminant function analysis by Fadda and Corti, 2001). An unidentified sample of <i>Arvicanthis </i>from SW Uganda clusters with Tanzanian samples of <i>A. nairobae</i> in the analysis of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences by Ducroz et al. (1998), which indicates the species may range farther west than described here.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chanleri</i> Dollman, 1911;<i> nubilans</i> Wroughton, 1909;<i> pallescens </i>Dollman, 1914;<i> praeceps </i>Wroughton, 1909;<i> rumruti </i>Dollman, 1911;<i> virescens</i> Heller, 1914.","<p>2n = 62, FN = 78 (Castiglia et al., 2003<i>a</i>; Fadda et al., 2001). The name <i>nairobae</i> is the oldest applicable to samples from Kenya and E Tanzania containing animals smaller in body size and generally brighter and buffier in pelage tones and hues than those larger and darker specimens we have identified as <i>A. niloticus</i> from W Tanzania and Uganda. Some specimens of <i>A. nairobae</i> closely resemble those of <i>A. neumanni</i> in pelage coloration, and could be mistaken for it, but are larger in body size. Corbet and Yalden (1972) even suggested that <i>chanleri</i> might represent <i>A. neumanni </i>(they used <i>somalicus</i>), but the holotype is larger and fits within the range of variation seen among samples of <i>A. nairobae </i>(our study of holotypes and larger samples in AMNH, BMNH, and USNM). Records of sympatry between <i>A. nairobae</i> and <i>A. neumanni</i> are documented by series from Mount Lololokwi (""an isolated mountain east of the Mathews R... [truncated]","30","30-01241","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1237-0000-1241"
"13001242","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Arvicanthis","","neumanni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1894","","Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","1894","","204","","","Neumann’s Arvicanthis","C. Tanzania, Kondoa District, Barungi.","N and E Rift Valleys of Ethiopia (Yalden et al., 1976, 1996), Somalia, extreme SE Sudan (Dieterlen and Nikolaus, 1985), and south through Kenya in and east of the Rift Valley (Dollman, 1911; Hollister, 1919) to C and EC Tanzania on both sides of the Rift, including base of Mt Kilimanjaro (Grimshaw et al., 1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>A. somalicus.</i>","<i>reptans</i> Dollman, 1911;<i> somalicus </i>Thomas, 1903.","<p>2n = 62, FN = 66 or 67 for Ethiopia (Baskevich and Lavrenchenko, 2000); 2n = 53-54, FN = 62 for Tanzania (Castiglia et al., 2003<i>a</i>; Fadda and Corti, 2001), but more precisely 2n = 53-54 due to a Robertsonian fusion and derived from a larger sample (Fadda et al., 2001<i>b</i>). Under the name <i>somalicus</i> Thomas (1903<i>a</i>), <i>A</i>. <i>neumanni</i> has been treated as a species (G. M. Allen, 1939; Dollman, 1911; Ellerman, 1941; Hollister, 1919), and with an exception or two (e.g., Misonne, 1974), retains that status (Corti and Fadda, 1996; Ducroz et al., 1998; Fadda and Corti, 2001; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Rousseau, 1983; Yalden et al., 1976). Both reliable published records (see above) and specimens we examined document the northern and central range of <i>A. neumanni</i>. Known southern limits of the species are defined by samples from the Mawele region south of Tabora (Mwanasomano's, 31 mi [50 km] S Tabora) in C Tanzania and southeast of there at Kilosa in EC Tan... [truncated]","30","30-01242","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1237-0000-1242"
"13001243","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Arvicanthis","","niloticus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","É. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mam. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Paris","","","186","","","African Arvicanthis","Egypt.","Grassland and bush of Sahelian and northern Sudanian savannas, steppe, and semidesert in subsaharan N Africa, primarily in anthropogenic habitats, from Senegal (north of Gambia River), S Mauritania eastward through Mali, Burkina Faso, C and S Niger (Dobigny et al., 2002<i>a</i>), and C and S Chad to Sudan and western half and EC portion of Ethiopia (Bâ et al., 2001; Corti et al., 1996<i>b</i>, as <i>dembeensis</i>; Dobigny et al., 2001<i>a, b</i>; Granjon et al., 1992, 2002<i>b</i>; Osborn and Hemy, 1980;); north along the Nile Valley through Egypt; south through NE Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, S Burundi, and W Tanzania into E Zamibia, where the population is isolated from the nearest one in SW Tanzania (Ansell, 1978). There is a record from N Malawi (1 skull only, living animals never found; Ansell and Dowsett, 1988), and the species also occurs in SW Arabian Peninsula (SW Yemen and W Oman; Al-Jumaily, 1998; Snowden et al., 2000; and references cited therein). The only truly Saharan record is from SE Algeria (Hoggar), and Dobigny et al. (2001<i>a</i>:216) speculated that <i>A. niloticus</i> ""may persist across the whole Sahara, but only in some massifs or wadies where ecological conditions are more of the subdesert and/or steppe types than purely arid. Gardens also seem to be a good refuge for this species, and its commensalism may also explain its maintaining across the Sahara, via relictual populations."" In Niger, the species was frequently encountered ""in most wild bushy areas, gardens, villages and towns"" (Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>:498).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>centralis</i> Dollman, 1911;<i> centrosus</i> Hollister, 1916; <i>dembeensis </i>(Rüppell, 1842);<i> discolor</i> (Wagner, 1842); <i>jebelae </i>Heller, 1911;<i> kordofanensis</i> Wettstein, 1916; <i>luctuosus </i>Dollman, 1911; <i>major</i> (Sundevall, 1843); <i>mearnsi</i> Frick, 1914; <i>minor</i> (Sundevall, 1843); <i>muansae</i> Matschie, 1911; <i>naso</i> Pocock, 1934;<i> nubilans</i> Wroughton, 1909; <i>ochropus </i>(Heuglin, 1877);<i> pelliceus</i> Thomas, 1928; <i>raffertyi </i>Frick, 1914;<i> reichardi</i> (Noack, 1887); <i>rhodesiae</i> St. Leger, 1932; <i>rossii</i> de Beaux, 1925; <i>rubescens</i> Wroughton, 1909;<i> solatus </i>Thomas, 1925;<i> tenebrosus</i> Kershaw, 1923; <i>testicularis </i>(Sundevall, 1843);<i> variegatus</i> (Lichtenstein, 1823); <i>zaphiri</i> Dollman, 1911.","<p>2n = 62, FNa = 62 or 64 (Corti et al., 1996<i>b</i>, as <i>dembeensis</i>; Volobouev et al., 2002<i>a</i>). This is the species identified by the chromosomal cytotype ANI-1 (Volobouev et al., 1988<i>a</i>; see review in Ducroz et al., 1997) with two different forms identifying a different FN: ANI-1a (FNa = 62) in samples east of Mali and Burkina Faso to Ethiopia and Egypt, including the type locality; and ANI-1b (FNa = 64), found west of there (Volobouev et al., 2002<i>a</i>). Specimens with FNa = 66 were identified as <i>dembeensis</i> by Orlov et al. (1992<i>a</i>) and others (see references in Baskevich and Lavrenchenko, 2000). Closest phylogenetic relationships of <i>A. niloticus</i> appears to be with the Ethiopian <i>A. abyssinicus</i>, judged by analysis of chromosomal, allozymic, and morphometric data along with mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Capanna et al., 1996<i>b</i>; Capula et al., 1997; Corti et al., 1996<i>b</i>; Ducroz et al., 1998; Fadda and Corti, 2001; <i>ni... [truncated]","30","30-01243","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1237-0000-1243"
"13001244","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Arvicanthis","","rufinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses sur la côte de Guiné","","163","","","","Guinean Arvicanthis","S Ghana, Elmina.","Guinean and southern Sudanian deciduous forest and woodland savannas, and clearings in adjacent evergreen forest belt from Sierra Leone through Benin and Ghana to S Nigeria (Ducroz et al., 1998; Fadda and Corti, 2001; Volobouev et al., 2002<i>a</i>).","","<i>mordax</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>occidentalis</i> Wroughton, 1906; <i>setosus</i> Thomas, 1905.","<p>2n = 62, FNa = 76 (Volobouev et al., 2002<i>a</i>). This is the species separated from <i>A. niloticus</i> and identified as chromosomal type ANI-4, and the subject of studies incorporating data from chromosomes, allozymes, mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences, and morphometrics (Capanna et al., 1996<i>b</i>; Capula et al., 1997; Civitelli et al., 1995; Corti et al., 1996<i>b</i>; Ducroz et al., 1998; Fadda and Corti, 2001; Garagna et al., 1999; Volobouev et al., 2002<i>a</i>). This species and <i>A. blicki</i> are the largest in body size among the species of <i>Arvicanthis</i> (Fadda and Corti, 2001). Phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences by Ducroz et al. (1998) indicated that <i>A. rufinus</i> is most closely related to samples from the Central African Republic (2n = 58, FNa = 70), an affinity also supported by chromosomal data even though the karyotypes seem very different (Volobouev et al., 1987, 2002<i>a</i>), but contradicted by three-dimensional geometr... [truncated]","30","30-01244","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1237-0000-1244"
"13001245","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bandicota","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1873","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","12","","418","","<i>Mus giganteus</i> Hardwicke, 1804 (= <i>Mus indicus</i> Bechstein, 1800).","","","","","<i>Gunomys</i>  Thomas, 1907.","<p><i>Rattus</i>Division. <i>Nesokia</i> has been considered the closest relative of <i>Bandicota</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Misonne, 1969: Musser and Brothers, 1994; Niethammer, 1977; Radtke and Niethammer, 1984/85; Wroughton, 1908; Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>), and outside of that alliance, its phylogenetic position among murines is nearest <i>Rattus</i>. Misonne (1969) was unsure where to place <i>Bandicota</i> except he thought it unrelated to <i>Rattus</i>; but Niethammer (1977), Pradhan and Bhagwat (1990), Gadi and Sharma (1983), and Gemmeke and Niethammer (1984) concluded from morphological, chromosomal, and allozymic data that <i>Rattus</i> is close to <i>Bandicota</i>, a conclusion also endorsed by Musser and Brothers (1994), who reviewed the problem and evidence aligning the two genera. Analyses of microcomplement fixation of albumin (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>) and DNA sequences of LINE-1 elements (Verneau et al., 1997, 1998) also placed <i>Bandicota</i> with... [truncated]","30","30-01245","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1245"
"13001246","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bandicota","","bengalensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1835","","(<i>in</i> 1830-1835). Illustr. Indian Zool.","","","pl. 21 (see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1955)","","","Lesser Bandicoot Rat.","India, Bengal","Probable natural range extends from N and SE Pakistan (the Punjab and Sind, respectively; Roberts, 1997) through most of India (Agrawal, 2000), Sri Lanka, S lowlands of Nepal, and Bangladesh east to Burma. Introduced to Penang Isl off the W coast of Malay Peninsula (Chasen, 1936), the Aceh region of N Sumatra and E Java (Kloss, 1921; Musser and Newcomb, 1983), and Saudi Arabia (Kock et al., 1990). Corbet and Hill (1992) noted a report of B. bengalensis from Patta Isl, Kenya, but did not know if the population was established. Indomalayan distribution mapped by Musser and Brothers (1994:7).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>barclayanus</i>  (Anderson, 1878); <i>blythianus</i> (Anderson, 1878); <i>daccaensis</i> (Tytler, 1854); <i>dubius </i>(Kelaart, 1850); <i>gracilis</i> (Nehring, 1902); <i>insularis</i> Phillips, 1936; <i>kok</i> (Gray, 1837); <i>lordi</i> (Wroughton, 1908); <i>morungensis</i> (Hodgson, <i>in</i> Horsfield, 1855); <i>plurimammis</i> (Hodgson, in Horsfield, 1855); <i>providens</i> (Elliot, 1839); <i>sindicus</i> (Wroughton, 1908); <i>sundavensis</i> (Kloss, 1921); <i>tarayensis</i> (Hodgson, <i>in</i> Horsfield, 1855); <i>varillus</i> (Thomas, 1907); <i>varius</i> (Thomas, 1907); <i>wardi </i>(Wroughton, 1908).","The most morphologically divergent of the species now placed in <i>Bandicota</i>; so impressive are the differences with the other species that <i>B. bengalensis</i> has been placed in its own genus, <i>Gunomys</i> (see Wroughton, 1908<i>a</i>). Morphological contrasts with <i>B. indica </i>and <i>B. savilei</i> documented by Musser and Brothers (1994). Geographic variation and one view of subspecies presented by Agrawal and Chakraborty (1976). Chromosomal data reported by Sharma and Raman (1971, 1973), Gadi and Sharma (1983), and Dubey and Raman (1992). Lekagul and Felten (1989) recognized <i>varius</i> as a distinct species in Thailand, but that record was based on specimens of <i>B. savilei</i> (Musser and Brothers, 1994). Whether some of the many names associated with <i>B. bengalensis</i> identify diagnosable geographic entities is unresolved because no ""careful systematic study of morphological and geographic variation among all the samples now identified as <i>B. bengalensis</i>... [truncated]","30","30-01246","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1245-0000-1246"
"13001247","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bandicota","","indica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bechstein","1800","","<i>In</i> Pennant, Allgemeine Ueber Vierfuss. Thiere","2","","497","","","Greater Bandicoot Rat","India, Pondicherry.","Extends from throughout most of India (Agrawal, 2000), Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, lowlands of Nepal through Burma, S China (Yunnan, S Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Sichuan, Jiangxi, and Hong Kong Isls; Wang, 2003, and Zhang et al., 1997), Taiwan (Wang, 2003, and M.-J. Yu, 1996), Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>; Robinson et al., 1995), Laos (Aplin et al., 2003<i>b</i>; Smith et al., In Press), Cambodia (Aplin et al., 2003<i>b</i>,<i> c</i>) and Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994; also Cat Ba Isl, off coast of N Vietnam, Kuznetsov, 2000). Introduced into Kedah and Perlis regions of Malay Peninsula (Harrison, 1956; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>) as well as Java (Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Its spotty distribution may reflect other geographic introductions (Taiwan for example); ""since it is commensal, large, and delicious to eat, this bandicoot may have been spread by man in comparatively recent times"" (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>:428). Corbet and Hill (1992:352) included Pakistan within the range but Roberts (1977, 1997) did not record it from there and we cannot locate any specimens from that country. Indomalayan range mapped by Musser and Brothers (1994).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bandicota</i>  (Bechstein, 1800) [see Ellerman, 1941]; <i>elliotanus</i> (Anderson, 1878); <i>eloquens</i> (Kishida, 1926) [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>gigantea</i> (Hardwicke, 1804); <i>jabouillei</i> Thomas, 1927; <i>macropus</i> (Hodgson, 1845); <i>malabarica</i> (Shaw, 1801); <i>maxima </i>Pradhan, Mondal, Bhagwat, and Agrawal, 1993; <i>mordax</i> Thomas, 1916; <i>nemorivaga</i> (Hodgson, 1836); <i>perchal</i> (Shaw, 1801); <i>setifera</i> (Horsfield, 1824); <i>siamensis</i> Kloss, 1919; <i>sonlaensis </i>Dao, 1975; <i>taiwanus </i>(Tokuda, 1939) [<i>nomen nudum</i>, see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002];<i> taiwanus </i>(Tokuda, 1941) [not Horikawa, 1929; see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002].","<p>Usually sympatric with one or other of <i>B. bengalensis </i>and <i>B. savilei</i> in the Indomalayan region (Musser and Brothers, 1994). In C Burma all three species occur sympatrically in the rainfed rice production environment (K. Aplin, in litt., 2004). A careful systematic revision is necessary to assess the significance of morphological and biochemical variation within <i>B. indica</i>. Pradhan et al. (1989), for example, reported that <i>B</i>. <i>gigantea</i> is specifically distinct from <i>B</i>. <i>indica</i>, citing differences in body size, and haemoglobin and eye lens proteins. However, because the skull of the holotype of <i>gigantea </i>is broken and diagnostic traits of <i>gigantea</i> could not be confirmed, Pradhan et al. (1993) described this taxon as <i>B. maxima</i>, diagnosed primarily by large size, cuticular pattern of dorsal hairs, and certain cranial proportions. Agrawal (2000:151) noted that the difference in cranial proportions between <i>B. indica</i> a... [truncated]","30","30-01247","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1245-0000-1247"
"13001248","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bandicota","","savilei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","","641","","","Savile’s Bandicoot Rat","Burma, Mt Popa, about 2500 ft (760 m).","C Burma, Thailand (throughout the country north of the Isthmus of Kra and south of the Isthmus to the southern end of peninsular Thailand), Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994), Cambodia (Aplin et al., 2003<i>b</i>; also specimens in FMNH); and an unconfirmed photographic record from S Laos (Aplin et al., 2003<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bangchakensis</i> Boonsong and Felten, 1989; <i>curtata </i>Thomas, 1929;<i> giaraiensis</i> Dao and Cao, 1990; <i>hichensis </i>Dao, 1961.","<p>Occurs sympatrically with <i>B</i>. <i>indica</i> in C Burma (K. Aplin, in litt., 2003), C and S Thailand, and S and N Vietnam and C Cambodia (Aplin et al., 2003<i>b</i>); found with <i>B</i>. <i>bengalensis</i> and <i>B. indica </i>in C Burma where in some places <i>B</i>. <i>savilei</i> lives in fields and <i>B</i>. <i>bengalensis</i> in village houses, and at other sites both are found together in rainfed paddy fields (Aplin, in litt., 2004; Musser and Brothers, 1994). <i>Bandicota savilei</i> is a distinctive species as Thomas (1916<i>d</i>) pointed out; unfortunately it was later treated as a subspecies of <i>B</i>. <i>indica</i> (Ellerman, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951). Specimens are usually misidentified as <i>B</i>. <i>bengalensis</i>, but in external, cranial, and dental morphology, <i>B</i>. <i>savilei</i> can easily be distinguished from <i>B. bengalensis</i> and more closely resembles <i>B</i>. <i>indica </i>(Musser and Brothers, 1994). Aplin et al. (2003<i>b<... [truncated]","30","30-01248","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1245-0000-1248"
"13001249","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Batomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","162","","<i>Batomys granti</i> Thomas, 1895.","","","","","<i>Mindanaomys</i> Sanborn, 1953.","<i>Phloeomys</i><b> </b>Division. A Philippine Old Endemic (Musser and Heaney, 1992). Using morphological data, Musser and Heaney (1992) placed <i>Batomys</i> in the same monophyletic group as <i>Crateromys</i> and <i>Carpomys </i>and among some alternative hypotheses about relationships suggested that <i>Phloeomys </i>may also be a member of this group. Phylogenetic analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences for 13 of the 16 genera of Philippine murines bring together <i>Batomys</i>,<i> Crateromys</i>, and <i>Phloeomys</i> in a clade separate from those formed by other Old Endemic genera; species of <i>Carpomys </i>were not sampled (Jansa and Heaney, 2001). Revised by Musser et al. (1998<i>a</i>).","30","30-01249","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1249"
"13001250","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Batomys","","dentatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1911","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","38","","400","","","Large-toothed Batomys","Philippines, N Luzon Isl, Benguet, Haights-in-the-Oaks, 7000 ft (2134 m).","Greater Luzon Faunal Region. Endemic to mountain forest on N Luzon and known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Still represented only by the holotype (Musser et al., 1998<i>a</i>).","30","30-01250","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1249-0000-1250"
"13001251","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Batomys","","granti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","162","","","Luzon Batomys","Philippines, N Luzon Isl, Mountain Province, Mt Data, 7000 ft (2134 m).","Greater Luzon Faunal Region. Recorded only from mountain forests of Luzon Isl, Mt Data in north and Mt Isarog in SE peninsula; probably more widespread in mountains of N Luzon (Heaney et al., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Morphological features indicate <i>B. granti</i> to be more closely related to <i>B</i>. <i>salomonseni</i> than to other species of <i>Batomys </i>(Musser et al., 1998<i>a</i>). Karyotype (2n = FN = 52) indistinguishable between samples from S and N regions of Luzon, and from <i>B. salomonseni</i> (Rickart and Heaney, 2002; Rickart and Musser, 1993). Altitudinal range and ecological information provided by Heaney et al. (1999).","30","30-01251","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1249-0000-1251"
"13001252","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Batomys","","russatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser, Heaney, and Tabaranza, Jr.","1998","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3237","","34","","","Russet Batomys","Philippines, Dinagat Isl (Surigao del Norte Province), Plaridel Municipality, Libjo (=Albor).","Greater Mindanao Faunal Region. Endemic to Dinagat Isl in lowland tropical evergreen rainforest.","","","Sympatric with <i>B. salomonseni</i>. Unique among all species of living Murinae in retaining a complete cephalic arterial pattern (the primitive configuration for muroid rodents) as indicated by the presence of a sphenofrontal foramen, squamosal-alisphenoid groove, large stapedial foramen, and groove scoring ventral surface of posterolateral pterygoid plate (Musser et al., 1998<i>a</i>). <i>Batomys russatus</i> is part of a small cluster of mammals endemic to Dinagat (which includes <i>Crateromys australis</i> and <i>Podogymnura aureospinula</i>).","30","30-01252","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1249-0000-1252"
"13001253","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Batomys","","salomonseni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1953","","Vidensk. Medd. Nat. Foren. Kjobenhavn","115","","287","","","Mindanao Batomys","Philippines, Mindanao Isl, Bukidnon Province, Mt Katanglad, 1600 m.","Greater Mindanao Faunal Region on Isls of Mindanao, Dinagat, Biliran, and Leyte; tropical lowland evergreen rainforest to montane forest formations.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Originally described as the only species in <i>Mindanaomys</i> (Sanborn, 1953), but that genus considered inseparable from <i>Batomys</i> (Misonne, 1969; Musser and Heaney, 1992; Musser et al., 1998<i>a</i>). Morphologically more closely related to <i>B</i>. <i>granti</i> than to <i>B</i>. <i>dentatus </i>or <i>B. russatus </i>(Musser et al., 1998<i>a</i>), and the standard karyotype (2n = FN = 52) is indistinguishable from that of <i>B. granti</i> (Rickart and Heaney, 2002; Rickart and Musser, 1993). Distributional and ecological information summarized by Rickart et al. (1993) and Heaney et al. (1999).","30","30-01253","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1249-0000-1253"
"13001254","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Berylmys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ellerman","1947","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1947-1948","117","261","","<i>Epimys manipulus</i> Thomas, 1916.","","","","","","<i>Rattus</i>Division. Originally proposed as a subgenus of <i>Rattus</i> by Ellerman (1947<i>b</i>) for <i>B. manipulus</i> and <i>B. berdmorei</i>, but elevated to generic rank in a revision by Musser and Newcomb (1983). They also recorded taxonomic history of names and groups associated with <i>Berylmys</i>, reported past evolutionary histories of species (centered in Indochina), and found that <i>Berylmys</i> was dentally similar to <i>Niviventer</i>, <i>Maxomys</i>, and <i>Leopoldamys</i>, but shared some derived cranial characters with <i>Rattus</i> and that phylogenetic relationships were still unknown. Sperm morphology united <i>Berylmys</i> with <i>Sundamys</i>, <i>Rattus</i>, and <i>Leopoldamys</i> (Breed and Yong, 1986), but that union was based on a shared spermatozoal form which is probably primitive. Analyses of microcomplement fixation of albumin (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>) and DNA sequences from LINE-1 retrotransposons (Usdin et al., 1995; Verneau et al., 1997,... [truncated]","30","30-01254","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1254"
"13001255","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Berylmys","","berdmorei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1851","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","20","","173","","","Berdmore’s Berylmys","S Burma (S Tenasserim), Mergui.","S China (S Yunnan; Wang, 2003; Yang and Wu, 1979; Zhang et al., 1997), S Burma, Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>; Robinson et al., 1995), Cambodia, N and C Laos (Aplin et al., 2003<i>c</i>; Smith et al., In Press), and S Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994; Kuznetsov, 2000); also on Con Dao Isl (= Con Son Isl). Details of overall range are documented by Musser and Newcomb (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>magnus</i> (Kloss, 1916); <i>mullulus </i>(Thomas, 1916).","<i>Berylmys</i> <i>berdmorei</i> is the only species of <i>Berylmys</i> recorded from a small island (Con Dao, S Vietnam) off continental Indochina. Evolutionary history extends back to the middle Pleistocene, based on molars recovered from cave sediments in C Thailand (Chaimanee, 1998).","30","30-01255","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1254-0000-1255"
"13001256","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Berylmys","","bowersi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1879","","Anat. Zool. Res., Yunnan","","","304","","","Bower’s Berylmys","China, Yunnan Province, Kakhyen Hills, Hotha, 4500 ft (1370 m).","NE India (Agrawal, 2000), N and C Burma, S China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Fujiau, and S Anhui; Liu et al., 1985), N and peninsular Thailand, N Laos, Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994), Malay Peninsula, and NW Sumatra (Medan); see Musser and Newcomb (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ferreocanus</i>  (Miller, 1900); <i>kennethi</i> (Kloss, 1919); <i>lactiiventer</i> (Kloss, 1919); <i>latouchei </i>(Thomas, 1897); <i>totipes</i> (Dao, 1966); <i>wellsi </i>(Thomas, 1921).","Once relegated to <i>Rattus </i>in either subgenus <i>Stenomys</i> (Ellerman, 1947<i>a</i>) or <i>Bullimus </i>(Misonne, 1969); see Musser and Newcomb (1983) for taxonomic history.<i> </i>Not known to occur on small islands off continental margin; <i>B. bowersi</i> is the only species of <i>Berylmys</i> found on Malay Peninsula and a large island of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra). Spermatozoal morphology and its significance documented by Breed and Yong (1986). Feng et al. (1986) identified a sample from SE Xizang (Tibet, China) as <i>B. bowersi </i>(which was accepted by Wang, 2003) but whether it is that species or <i>B. mackenziei</i> is unclear. Wang (2003) and Zhang et al. (1997) described an expansive distribution for <i>B. bowersi</i> in S China but because they do not recognize <i>B. mackenziei</i>, which also occurs in the same region, it is unclear whether their records represent just <i>B. bowersi</i> or both species. Fossils recovered from early to late Pleistocene cave strata i... [truncated]","30","30-01256","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1254-0000-1256"
"13001257","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Berylmys","","mackenziei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","","40","","","Mackenzie’s Berylmys","Burma, Chin Hills, 50 mi (80 km) west of Kindat.","NE India in Meghalaya (Shillong and Cherrapunji), Nagaland, Mizoram (Lushai Hills), and Manipur (Bishenpur and Tamenglong); C and S Burma, China (Sichuan), and S Vietnam; see Musser and Newcomb (1983) and Agrawal (2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fea</i>  (Thomas, 1916).","Specimens of this distinctive species are usually misidentified as <i>B. bowersi</i>; see detailed comparisons in Musser and Newcomb (1983).","30","30-01257","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1254-0000-1257"
"13001258","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Berylmys","","manipulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","3","413","","","Manipur Berylmys","C Burma, Kabaw Valley, Kampat, 20 mi (32 km) west of Kindat.","India in Assam (Golaghat), Nagaland (Kekrima and Naga Hills), and Manipur (Bishenpur, Senapati, and Imphal); N and C Burma, and S China (W Yunnan); distribution extracted from Agrawal (2000), Musser and Newcomb (1983), Wang (2003), Yang and Wu (1979), and Zhang et al. (1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kekrimus</i> Roonwal, 1948.","The taxon <i>kekrimus</i> was described as a subspecies and based on specimens from Nagaland, but Agrawal (2000), who reviewed the Indian segment of <i>B. manipulus</i>, could find no morphological basis for recognizing any significant differences between the Nagaland sample and typical <i>B. manipulus</i>.","30","30-01258","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1254-0000-1258"
"13001259","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bullimus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Mearns","1905","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","28","","450","","<i>Bullimus bagobus</i> Mearns, 1905.","","","","","","<i>Rattus</i>Division. Although described as a distinctive genus by Mearns, <i>Bullimus</i> has been treated as a subgenus of <i>Rattus</i> in most taxonomic works (e.g., Ellerman, 1941; Misonne, 1969; Simpson, 1945). Generically reinstated by Musser (1982<i>c</i>) and Musser and Newcomb (1983) and rediagnosed by Musser and Heaney (1992), who also documented taxonomic history and past associations with other murine genera. <i>Bullimus </i>belongs to the group of Philippine New Endemics (Musser and Heaney, 1992), and phylogenetic analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences for 13 of the 16 genera of endemic Philippine murines placed it in a clade with <i>Rattus everetti</i>,<i> Limnomys</i>, and <i>Tarsomys </i>(Jansa and Heaney, 2001), which are also New Endemics. The association of <i>Bullimus</i> with genera in a <i>Rattus </i>Division is also supported by albumin immunology (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>) and chromosomal data (Rickart and Heaney, 2002; Rickart and ... [truncated]","30","30-01259","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1259"
"13001260","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bullimus","","bagobus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1905","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","28","","450","","","Mindanao Bullimus","Philippines, Mindanao Isl, Mt Apo, Todaya, 4000 ft (1220 m).","Greater Mindanao Faunal Region in the Philippines. Isls of Samar, Calicoan, Leyte, Dinagat, Siargao, Mindanao, Bohol, and Maripipi, but probably occurs on other islands in the Greater Mindanao Faunal Region; altitudinal range 200-1800 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>barkeri</i> (Johnson, 1946); <i>rabori </i>(Sanborn, 1952).","Morphology, ecology and distribution documented and contrasted with other species of <i>Bullimus </i>by Rickart et al., 1993, 2002). Standard karyotype (2n = 42, FN = 58) described by Rickart and Musser (1993).","30","30-01260","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1259-0000-1260"
"13001261","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bullimus","","gamay","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rickart, Heaney, and Tabaranza, Jr.","2002","","J. Mammal.","83","","427","","","Camiguin Bullimus","Philippines, Camiguin Isl, Camiguin Province, Mt Timpoong, 2 km N, 6.5 km W Mahinog, 1275 m, 09°11' N/124°43' E.","Endemic to Camiguin Isl in the Bohol Sea, 8 km north of NC Mindanao; found in remaining forests on the island, 900-1475 m.","","","Each of the other species of <i>Bullimus</i> is endemic to one of the great Pleistocene land masses. Although adjacent to Mindanao Isl, Camiguin Isl is not part of the Greater Mindanao land mass of the Pleistocene (Rickart et al., 2002). Isolated by a deep-water channel, it remained separate from Mindanao during Pleistocene sea level fluctuations. <i>Bullimus</i> <i>gamay</i> is a member of a rich mammalian fauna native to Camiguin of which 19 also occur on Mindanao: ""proximity to a large island with a rich fauna (Mindanao) has allowed some colonization to occur, but isolation by deep water has been sufficient to promote speciation among some non-volant mammals"" (Rickart et al., 2002). Presumably <i>B. gamay</i> is more closely related to <i>B. bagobus</i>, the species on Mindanao and other islands once part of Pleistocene Greater Mindanao, than to <i>B. luzonicus</i>, which is endemic to Pleistocene Greater Luzon. An undescribed species of <i>Apomys </i>is the only other murine endemi... [truncated]","30","30-01261","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1259-0000-1261"
"13001262","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bullimus","","luzonicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","163","","","Luzon Bullimus","Philippines, Luzon Isl, Lepanto, Mt Data, 8,000 ft (2440 m).","Greater Luzon Faunal Region in the Philippines. Endemic to Luzon and represented by samples from scattered localities over the island, 200-2440 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A poorly known species documented by few samples. Specimens from S Luzon are discussed by Heaney et al. (1999). Morphological and distributional comparisons with <i>B. bagobus</i> and <i>B. gamay</i> provided by Rickart et al. (2002).","30","30-01262","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1259-0000-1262"
"13001263","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bunomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","508","","<i>Mus coelestis</i> Thomas, 1896.","","","","","<i>Bunomys</i>  Grandidier, 1905 (not Thomas, 1910); <i>Frateromys</i> Sody, 1941.","<i>Rattus</i>Division. Usually considered a Sulawesi endemic, although the Nusa Tenggaran <i>naso</i> has been referred to <i>Bunomys</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Recognized as a genus until the 1930s (Tate, 1936), subsequently included in <i>Rattus</i> (Ellerman, 1941; Simpson, 1945; Laurie and Hill, 1954; Misonne, 1969), finally treated as separate genus (Musser and Newcomb, 1983; Musser, 1984, 1987<i>a</i>, 1991; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Corbet and Hill, 1991, 1992; Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>a</i>). Phylogenetic relationships unresolved, but member of Sulawesi New Endemics. Spermatozoal morphology distinctive although some species resemble the spermatozoal configuration in <i>Rattus</i>, which reflects shared primitive features (Breed and Musser, 1991). Kitchener et al. (1991<i>a</i>) considered <i>Bunomys</i> a very close relative of <i>Paulamys</i>, a Flores endemic; both are ecological if not morphological equivalents (Kitchener et al., 1998; Musser et al., 1986). Analysis of mic... [truncated]","30","30-01263","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1263"
"13001264","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bunomys","","andrewsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1911","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","30","","366","","","Andrew’s Bunomys","Indonesia, NE Sulawesi, Buton Isl.","Sulawesi; central core, SE and SW peninsulas; primarily found in lowland tropical evergreen rainforest but reaches lower montane rainforest in some places.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>B. heinrichi</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>adspersus</i>  (Miller and Hollister, 1921); <i>heinrichi</i> (Tate and Archbold, 1935);<i> inferior </i>(Tate and Archbold, 1935).","<i>Bunomys fratrorum</i> Group. Recognized as a distinct species in a ""<i>Rattus chrysocomus</i> Group"" (Tate, 1936; Ellerman, 1941), then in a ""<i>coelestis</i> group"" of <i>Rattus</i> (Ellerman, 1949<i>a</i>), subsequently treated as member of subgenus <i>Rattus</i> (Laurie and Hill, 1954), and currently included in <i>Bunomys</i> (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>; Musser and Newcomb, 1983). In morphology and pelage features, <i>B. andrewsi</i> is most closely related to <i>B. fratrorum</i> of the NW peninsula and <i>B. penitus</i> in the central core and SE peninsula. The taxon<i> heinrichi </i>has been treated as a species (Musser, 1991; Musser and Holden, 1991; Musser and Carleton, 1993), although originally described as a subspecies of <i>Rattus penitus</i> and listed that way by Ellerman in 1941; later arranged as a subspecies of <i>Rattus adspersus</i> (Ellerman, 1949<i>a</i>; Laurie and Hill, 1954), or included within <i>Bunomys penitus</i> (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>; Musse... [truncated]","30","30-01264","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1263-0000-1264"
"13001265","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bunomys","","chrysocomus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hoffmann","1887","","Abh. Zool. Anthrop.-Ethnology Mus. Dresden","3","","17","","","Common Bunomys","Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Minahassa.","Sulawesi; throughout island generally between 200 and 1500 m, reaching 2200 m in some regions.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brevimolaris</i> (Tate and Archbold, 1935); <i>koka</i> Tate and Archbold, 1935; <i>nigellus</i> (Miller and Hollister, 1921); <i>rallus </i>(Miller and Hollister, 1921).","<p>Core of <i>B. chrysocomus</i> Group. Placed in a ""<i>Rattus chrysocomus</i> Group"" (Tate, 1936), in subgenus <i>Rattus</i> (Ellerman, 1941), then subgenus <i>Maxomys</i> of <i>Rattus</i> (Ellerman 1949<i>a</i>: Laurie and Hill, 1954, but later treated as a <i>Bunomys</i> (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>, 1991; Musser and Newcomb, 1983; Musser and Carleton, 1993); Corbet and Hill, 1992). Chromosomes described by Duncan (1976) and karyotypic data summarized and compared with other murines by Rickart and Musser (1993).</p><p>On the NE peninsula, <i>B. chrysocomus</i> is sympatric with <i>B. fratrorum</i>; in the central core of the island it is broadly sympatric with an undescribed species at middle altitudes and marginally sympatric with <i>B. andrewsi</i> at low elevations and <i>B. penitus </i>in montane forest. No extant specimens of <i>B. chrysocomus</i> have been collected from lowlands of the SW peninsula, partly because most of the original forest has been removed and partly bec... [truncated]","30","30-01265","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1263-0000-1265"
"13001266","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bunomys","","coelestis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","248","","","Lampobatang Bunomys","Indonesia, SW Sulawesi, Bonthain Peak (Gunung Lampobatang), 6000 ft (1830 m).","Sulawesi; endemic to the slopes of Gunung Lampobatang at tip of SW peninsula; found in montane forest formations between 1800 and 2500 m.","IUCN – Endangered.","","<i>Bunomys chrysocomus </i>Group. More closely related to <i>B. chrysocomus</i> than to any other species of <i>Bunomys. </i>Retained as a species of <i>Bunomys</i> by Tate (1936), but subsequently included in a ""<i>coelestis</i> group"" of <i>Rattus </i>(Ellerman, 1941, 1949<i>a</i>), listed as a species in subgenus <i>Rattus </i>(Laurie and Hill, 1954), or synonymized under <i>Bunomys chrysocomus</i> (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>; Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Finally reinstated as a species restricted to montane forest on Gunung Lampobatang (Musser, 1991; Musser and Holden, 1991). Tate and Archbold (1935) described <i>koka</i> from mountains of the SE peninsula as a subspecies of <i>B. coelestis</i>, but that is a sample of <i>B. chrysocomus.</i>","30","30-01266","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1263-0000-1266"
"13001267","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bunomys","","fratrorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","246","","","Northeastern Peninsula Bunomys","Indonesia, NE Sulawesi, Rurukan, 3500 ft (1067 m).","Sulawesi; Endemic to NE region of N peninsula.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>Bunomys fratrorum</i> Group. Despite Thomas' clear declaration that <i>fratrorum</i> was distinct from <i>chrysocomus</i>, an evaluation also supported by Tate (1936) and Sody (1941), <i>fratrorum</i> was listed as a synonym of <i>B. chrysocomus</i> by Ellerman (1949<i>a</i>) and Laurie and Hill (1954). The two are sympatric on the NE peninsula (Musser, 1970<i>d</i>, 1981<i>c</i>, 1991; Musser and Newcomb, 1983; Musser, ms). In contrast to C Sulawesi where three species of the <i>B. fratrorum</i> species-complex are altitudinally distributed in a pattern of parapatric ranges, <i>B. fratrorum</i> is the only representative on the NE peninsula where it inhabits tropical evergreen rainforest formations from lowlands to high in mountains. Sody (1941) designated <i>fratrorum</i> as the type species of <i>Frateromys</i>.","30","30-01267","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1263-0000-1267"
"13001268","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bunomys","","penitus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","72","","","Montane Bunomys","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Gunung Lehio, above 6000 ft (1830 m).","Sulawesi; endemic to montane forest formations in central core and SE peninsula.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>sericatus</i> (Miller and Hollister, 1921).","<p><i>Bunomys fratrorum</i> Group. Originally described as a species of <i>Rattus</i>, then listed as a species in the <i>chrysocomus</i> Group of <i>Rattus</i> (Tate, 1936; Ellerman, 1941), treated as a subspecies of <i>Rattus adspersus</i> (Laurie and Hill, 1954), and included in <i>Frateromys</i> by Sody (1941). <i>Bunomys penitus</i> is distinctive in morphology and confined to lower and upper montane evergreen rainforest (Musser, 1987<i>a</i>, 1991; Musser and Dagosto, 1987; Musser and Holden, 1991; Musser and Newcomb, 1983; Musser, ms). Karyotypic data summarized by Rickart and Musser (1993).</p><p>In the C part of Sulawesi, <i>B. penitus</i> inhabits montane forest formations, is replaced by an undescribed species in tropical evergreen rainforest at middle elevations, and by <i>B. andrewsi</i> below that species in lowland forests. No records indicate that any species in the <i>B. fratrorum </i>species-group are sympatric, but <i>B. chrysocomus</i> of the <i>B. chrysocomus</i> G... [truncated]","30","30-01268","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1263-0000-1268"
"13001269","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Bunomys","","prolatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser","1991","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3001","","4","","","Tambusisi Bunomys","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Gunung Tambusisi, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Known only from 6000 ft (1830 m) on Gunung Tambusisi, Sulawesi.","IUCN – Endangered.","","<i>Bunomys chrysocomus</i> Group. Morphologically most closely related to <i>B. chrysocomus</i>, with which it is nearly sympatric (both were caught at the same elevation but in different habitats; Musser, 1991).","30","30-01269","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1263-0000-1269"
"13001270","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Carpomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","161","","<i>Carpomys melanurus</i> Thomas, 1895.","","","","","","<i>Phloeomys</i>Division. A Philippine Old Endemic in the same monophyletic cluster as <i>Crateromys</i> and <i>Batomys</i> (Musser and Heaney, 1992). Species of <i>Carpomys</i> are endemic to N Luzon and still represented only by the samples described by Thomas (1895) and recorded by Sanborn (1952<i>a</i>) and Largen (1985). Both species are apparently restricted to tropical upper montane forest (mossy forest), have long tails relative to head and body densely covered with long hairs, and short and broad feet. Conformation of tail and hind feet suggests the two species are arboreal; their molar occlusal patterns (see illustrations in Musser and Heaney, 1992) indicate a diet of leaves, flowers, and possibly fruit.","30","30-01270","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1270"
"13001271","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Carpomys","","melanurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","162","","","Large Luzon Carpomys","Philippines, NW Luzon Isl, Mt Data, 7000-8000 ft (2130-2440 m).","Greater Luzon Faunal Region in the Philippines. Known only from Mt Data, but probably occurs in other forested highlands of N Luzon.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","","30","30-01271","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1270-0000-1271"
"13001272","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Carpomys","","phaeurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","162","","","Small Luzon Carpomys","Philippines, NW Luzon Isl, Mt Data, 7000-8000 ft (2130-2440 m).","Greater Luzon Faunal Region in the Philippines. Recorded only from Mt Data and Mt Kapilingan (Sanborn, 1952<i>a</i>), but likely occurs elsewhere in mountain forests of N Luzon.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","","30","30-01272","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1270-0000-1272"
"13001273","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chiromyscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1925","","503","","<i>Mus chiropus</i> Thomas, 1891.","","","","","","<i>Dacnomys</i>Division. Reviewed by Musser (1981<i>b</i>), who regarded <i>Chiromyscus</i> as morphologically closely related to <i>Niviventer</i>.","30","30-01273","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1273"
"13001274","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chiromyscus","","chiropus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2","10","","884","","","Indochinese Chiromyscus","E Burma, Karin Hills.","SW China (S Yunnan; Wang, 2003), E Burma, N Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>), Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994), Laos (Aplin et al., 2003<i>c</i>; Smith et al., In Press; AMNH 272902); see Musser (1981<i>b</i>)<i> </i>and Corbet and Hill (1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992) and Musser (1981<i>b</i>). This arboreal species is morphologically similar to <i>Niviventer langbianis</i> (Musser and Lunde, ms) and easily confused with it, but generally has a longer molar row, higher supraorbital and temporal cranial ridging, a bicolored or mottled tail, more expansive orange pattern on upperparts, and a nail-like claw on each hallux instead of a small claw.","30","30-01274","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1273-0000-1274"
"13001275","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chiropodomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1869","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","","","448","","<i>Mus gliroides</i> Blyth, 1856.","","","","","<i>Insulaemus</i> Taylor, 1934.","<p><i>Micromys</i>Division. Revised by Musser (1979). Among Asian murines, phylogenetic position of <i>Chiropodomys</i> is ambiguous. Musser and Newcomb (1983) postulated a phylogenetic link between <i>Chiropodomys</i> and <i>Hapalomys</i>, which was also indicated by Misonne (1969) and Chaimanee (1998) based upon molar occlusal patterns, and a weaker tie to <i>Haeromys</i>. Ellerman (1949<i>a</i>;132) saw a ""close relationship"" between <i>Chiropodomys</i> and <i>Vandeleuria</i>. Spermatozoal morphology of <i>Chiropodomys</i> resembles that described for species of <i>Hapalomys</i>, <i>Maxomys</i>, and <i>Haeromys</i>, and is also similar to <i>Mus</i> (Breed and Musser, 1991; Breed and Yong, 1986). Musser (1979) and Musser and Newcomb (1983) recorded other published opinions about relationships of <i>Chiropodomys</i>. No data supports the inclusion of <i>Chiropodomys</i> within the Phloeomyinae along with <i>Coryphomys</i>, <i>Lenomys</i>, <i>Pogonomys</i>, <i>Chiruromys</i>,<i> Mallo... [truncated]","30","30-01275","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1275"
"13001276","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chiropodomys","","calamianensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1934","","Monogr. Bur. Sci. Manila","30","","470","","","Palawan Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse","Philippines, Calamian Isls, Busuanga Isl, Minuit, sea level.","Endemic to Greater Palawan Faunal Region on islands Busuanga, Balabac, and Palawan (politically part of the Philippines but faunistically an extension of the Sunda Shelf).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Originally described as the type species of <i>Insulaemus</i> (Taylor, 1934). In morphology and geographic continuity, <i>C</i>. <i>calamianensis</i> is most closely related to <i>C</i>. <i>major</i> of mainland Borneo (Musser, 1979). <i>Chiropodomys calamianensis</i> joins <i>Maxomys panglima</i> and <i>Palawanomys furvus</i> as the only recorded murines endemic to the Greater Palawan Faunal Region.","30","30-01276","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1275-0000-1276"
"13001277","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chiropodomys","","gliroides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1856","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","24","","721","","","Indomalayan Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse","NW India (Assam), Khasi Hills, Cherrapunji.","Documented from W China (S Guangxi andYunnan; Wang, 2003, and Zhang et al., 1997), NE India (Assam; Agrawal, 2000), Burma, Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr. 1977<i>a</i>; Robinson et al., 1995), Laos (Smith et al., In Press), Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994; Lunde et al., 2003<i>b</i>), Malay Peninsula (Medway, 1969), S Sumatra, Pulau Nias, Kepulauan Tujuh, Kepulauan Natuna, Java, and Bali; range primarily extracted from Corbet and Hill (1992), Musser (1979), and Wu and Deng (1984); probably also occurs on other small islands of the Sunda Shelf and in Cambodia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ana</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1909; <i>jingdongensis </i>Wu and Deng, 1984;<i> niadis </i>Miller, 1903; <i>peguensis</i> (Blyth, 1859); <i>penicillatus </i>Peters, 1868.","Variation among some samples in certain morphological features significantly correlated with geography both on mainland Indochina and islands of the Sunda Shelf (Musser, 1979). One example of that variation is in the cranial traits distinguishing populations south of the Isthmus of Kra (10E N latitude) from those occurring to the north. Another is reflected in Wu and Deng's (1984) description of <i>C</i>. <i>jingdongensis</i>, based on a small sample from W Yunnan, in which a few cranial dimensions average slightly larger than most samples of <i>C</i>. <i>gliroides</i> from elsewhere in its range, but are not otherwise significantly different (Corbet and Hill, 1992, and our study of specimens; however, Zheng et al. [1997] and Wang [2003] continued to recognize <i>jingdongensis </i>as a separate species). Chromosomal data reported by Yong (1973, 1983), J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>a</i>), and Tsuchiya et al. (1979). Dang et al. (1994) mapped localities in C Vietnam but the species has al... [truncated]","30","30-01277","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1275-0000-1277"
"13001278","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chiropodomys","","karlkoopmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser","1979","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","162","6","389","","","Koopman’s Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse","Indonesia, Kepulauan Mentawai, Pulau Pagai Utara.","Known only from Pagai (Musser, 1979), and Siberut (Jenkins and Hill, 1982) in the Mentawai Isls.","IUCN – Endangered.","","The largest in body size of any described <i>Chiropodomys</i>, and possibly most closely related to <i>C</i>. <i>major</i>. Part of the rodent fauna endemic to the Mentawai Arch. (see account of <i>Leopoldomys siporanus</i>).","30","30-01278","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1275-0000-1278"
"13001279","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chiropodomys","","major","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","11","","344","","","Greater Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse","Malaysia (Borneo), Sarawak, Sadong.","Borneo: recorded only from Sarawak and Sabah (Musser, 1979), but probably also occurs in Kalimantan; found between 900 and 1500 m on Mt Kinabalu in Sabah (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Md Nor, 2001).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>legatus</i>  Thomas, 1911; <i>pictor </i>Thomas, 1911.","Most closely related to <i>C</i>. <i>calamianensis</i> in morphology and geography.<b><i> </i></b>Member of a group of murines endemic to Borneo that includes <i>Chiropodomys muroides</i>,<i> C. pusillus</i>,<i> Haeromys margaretae</i>,<i> Maxomys alticola</i>,<i> M. baeodon</i>,<i> M. ochraceiventer</i>, <i>Niviventer rapit</i>,<i> Pithecheirops</i> <i>otion</i>, and <i>Rattus baluensis</i>.","30","30-01279","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1275-0000-1279"
"13001280","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chiropodomys","","muroides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Medway","1965","","J. Malay. Branch R. Asiat. Soc.","36","3","133","","","Gray-bellied Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse","Malaysia (Borneo), Sabah, Gunung Kinabalu, Bundu Tuhan, 4000 ft (1220 m).","Known only by a few specimens from Gunung Kinabalu (1100-1220 m; Md Nor, 2001) and N Kalimantan (Long Petak), but probably occurs elsewhere on Borneo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","The smallest in body size of any known species of <i>Chiropodomys</i>; its closest phylogenetic allies may be <i>C</i>. <i>gliroides</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>pusillus</i>.","30","30-01280","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1275-0000-1280"
"13001281","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chiropodomys","","pusillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","11","","345","","","Lesser Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse","Malaysia (Borneo), Sabah, Gunung Kinabalu, 1000 ft (305 m).","Recorded only from Sabah, Sarawak, and S Kalimantan (Musser, 1979), but probably occurs throughout Borneo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Thomas described <i>pusillus</i> as a species, but Musser (1979) treated it as a distinctive subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>gliroides</i>. However, the few known specimens of <i>pusillus</i> represent a population of small-bodied mice in which the range of variation of most dimensions are outside of the range recorded for all other samples of <i>C</i>. <i>gliroides</i>. On Mt Kinabalu in Sabah, <i>C. pusillus</i> is found between 300 and 1220 m (Md Nor, 2001; recorded as <i>gliroides</i>). Member of the endemic Bornean murine fauna (see account of <i>C. major</i>).","30","30-01281","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1275-0000-1281"
"13001282","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chiruromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1888","","237","","<i>Chiruromys forbesi</i> Thomas, 1888.","","","","","","<i>Pogonomys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). This group of arboreal species was united with <i>Pogonomys</i> as a subgenus (Laurie and Hill, 1954; Tate, 1951; Thomas, 1897<i>a</i>) until the chromosomal and morphometric study by Dennis and Menzies (1979) demonstrated how different <i>Chiruromys</i> is compared to <i>Pogonomys</i>. The closest phylogenetic relative was thought to be <i>Pogonomys</i>, as assessed by morphology (for example, Tate, 1951); analysis of microcomplement fixation of albumin (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>) tends to support this alliance and unites <i>Chiruromys</i> with <i>Pogonomys</i>, <i>Hyomys</i>,<i> Macruromys</i>,<i> Mallomys</i>,<i> Coccymys</i>, and <i>Anisomys</i> in the same clade. Tate included <i>Chiruromys</i> (as a subgenus of <i>Pogonomys</i>) in the Phloeomyinae, which included <i>Chiropodomys</i>,<i> Crateromys</i>,<i> Lenomys</i>,<i> Mallomys</i>, and <i>Phloeomys</i> (an arrangement followed by ... [truncated]","30","30-01282","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1282"
"13001283","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chiruromys","","forbesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1888","","239","","","Forbes’s Chiruromys","Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Astrolabe Range, Sogeri, 1500 ft (458 m).","Papua New Guinea; endemic to mainland of SE Papua New Guinea, sea level to 700 m. Not recorded west of Oomsis Creek in valley of Markham River (see map of this region in Brass, 1959), and extends eastward to Bara Bara near Milne Bay (Thomas, 1897<i>a</i>); also on D'Entrecasteaux Isls (Goodenough, Fergusson, and Normanby). Occurs in lowlands (sea level to 700 m) on the mainland, but up to 1300 m on Goodenough Isl and nearly 900 m on Normanby Isl (Flannery, 1995a, and specimens in AMNH). Dennis and Menzies (1979) included the Louisiade Isls in the range, but samples in AMNH of <i>Chiruromys</i> from there are not <i>forbesi </i>but examples of a separate undescribed species (Musser and Lunde, ms).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>major</i> (Tate and Archbold, 1935); <i>mambatus </i>(Thomas, 1920); <i>pulcher </i>Thomas, 1895;<i> satisfactus </i>(Tate and Archbold, 1935); <i>shawmayeri</i> (Laurie, 1952); <i>vulturnus </i>(Thomas, 1920).","<p>Significance of the appreciable geographic variation in body size and other traits recently assessed by Musser and Lunde (ms) who provided results of multivariate analysis of morphometric variation in samples from the mainland of E Papua and the three largest D’Entrecasteaux Isls (Goodenough, Fergusson and Normanby). Within the island samples, that from Goodenough averages larger in cranial dimensions than the other two, and as a group the three insular samples average larger than those from mainland Papua in both cranial and dental dimensions. The names <i>satisfactus</i> and <i>major</i> were applied to samples from Goodenough Isl (Tate and Archbold, 1935), and <i>shawmayeri</i> to specimens from Fergusson Isl (Laurie, 1952).</p><p>The contrast between mainland and insular populations reflects some evolutionary divergence in the island populations after separation from the mainland at the end of the Pleistocene when sea levels rose. The D’Entrecasteaux Isls are on the continental ... [truncated]","30","30-01283","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1282-0000-1283"
"13001284","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chiruromys","","lamia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","18","","615","","","Broad-headed Chiruromys","Papua New Guinea, Central Province, lower Kemp Welch River, Ighibirei (see Thomas, 1897<i>a</i>:4, for details).","Mainland Papua New Guinea; known only from the Owen Stanley Range in SE Papua, from 1200 to 2300 m (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>; specimens in AMNH, BMNH).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kagi</i> (Tate, 1951).","Occurs in the same general mainland region as <i>C. forbesi</i>, but replaces it at higher elevations. Specimens and habitat on eastern flanks of Mount Dayman discussed by Cole et al. (1997).","30","30-01284","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1282-0000-1284"
"13001285","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chiruromys","","vates","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","495","","","Lesser Chiruromys","Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Upper St. Joseph's River (= Angabunga River), Madeu, 50 m NE Hall Sound, 2000-3000 ft (610-915 m).","Mainland Papua New Guinea; S side of Central Cordillera, from Lake Murray area in the Trans-Fly region (Western Province) east to the Kokoda Gap region near type locality; sea level to 1500 m (Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>, 1995<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-01285","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1282-0000-1285"
"13001286","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chrotomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","161","","<i>Chrotomys whiteheadi</i> Thomas, 1895.","","","","","<i>Celaenomys</i>  Thomas, 1898.","<i>Chrotomys</i>Division. Philippine Old Endemic shrew rats unrelated to shrew rats and shrew mice endemic to Australia and New Guinea (Musser and Heaney, 1992). Phylogenetic analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences for 13 of the 16 genera of endemic Philippine murines places <i>Chrotomys</i> (along with <i>Celaenomys</i>) in the same clade as <i>Apomys</i>,<i> Archboldomys</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Rhynchomys</i>, which are also Old Endemics (Jansa and Heaney, 2001); karyotypic variation supports this alliance (Rickart and Heaney, 2002). Actual distribution in archipelago and number of species in genus still unknown; an undescribed species has been found in lowland forest on Sibuyan Isl (Heaney et al., 1999).","30","30-01286","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1286"
"13001287","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chrotomys","","gonzalesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rickart and Heaney","1991","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","104","","389","","","Isarog Chrotomys","Philippines, SE Luzon Isl, Camarines Sur Province, W slope Mt Isarog, 4 km N, 21 km E Naga, 1350 m.","Greater Luzon Faunal Region in the Philippine . Known only from Mt Isarog, Luzon, in lower and upper montane evergreen forest formations, 1350-1750 m (Heaney et al., 1998, 1999).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Morphology, ecology, and comparisons with other species of <i>Chrotomys</i> provided by Rickart and Heaney (1991) and Rickart et al. (1991). Altitudinal distribution and ecology summarized by Heaney et al. (1999). Standard karyotype (2n = 44, FN = 52; Rickart and Musser, 1993) indistinguishable from those of <i>Rhynchomys isarogensis</i> and <i>Chrotomys silaceus</i> (Rickart and Heaney, 2002; the latter recorded as <i>Celaenomys</i>).","30","30-01287","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1286-0000-1287"
"13001288","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chrotomys","","mindorensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kellogg","1945","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","58","","123","","","Lowland Chrotomys","Philipines, Mindoro Isl, 3 mi (5 km) SSE of San Jose (Central), 200 ft (61 m).","Lowlands (sea level to 1000 m) of N Luzon and Mindoro (Heaney et al., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Considered specifically distinct from <i>C</i>. <i>whiteheadi</i> by Musser et al. (1982<i>b</i>). Larger series and analyses of both morphological and molecular data are needed to test the hypothesis that the populations on Mindoro (Greater Mindoro Faunal Region) and Luzon (Greater Luzon Faunal Region) represent the same species.","30","30-01288","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1286-0000-1288"
"13001289","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chrotomys","","silaceus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","161","","","Blazed Luzon Chrotomys","Philippines, N Luzon Isl, Mt Data, Lepanto, 8000 ft (2440 m).","Greater Luzon Faunal Region in the Philippines. Endemic to montane forest in N Luzon; known from Benguet and Kalinga provinces (Heaney et al., 1998; Largen, 1985; Rickart and Heaney, 2002; Sanborn, 1952<i>a</i>), 1800-2500 m, but probably lives in montane forest formations elsewhere on N Luzon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Celaenomys silaceus.</i>","","Standard karyotype (2n = 44, FN = 52) is indistinguishable from those of <i>Rhynchomys isarogensis</i> and <i>Chrotomys gonzalesi</i> (Rickart and Heaney, 2002). Made the type species of <i>Celaenomys</i>, a genus separated from <i>Chrotomys </i>by its lack of M3 (Thomas, 1898<i>b</i>). <i>Celaenomys</i> has been recognized in past compendia (Ellerman, 1941; Heaney et al., 1998; Musser and Heaney, 1992), but recently synonymized with <i>Chrotomys</i> because M3 occurs in one or both molar rows in some specimens (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Musser’s observations). A suite of highly distinctive and derived external and cranial traits unites <i>silaceus</i> with other species of <i>Chrotomys </i>to the exclusion of the other Philippine shrew rats, <i>Archboldomys</i>,<i> Crunomys</i>, and <i>Rhynchomys </i>(Musser and Heaney, 1992).","30","30-01289","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1286-0000-1289"
"13001290","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Chrotomys","","whiteheadi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","161","","","Montane Chrotomys","Philippines, N Luzon Isl, Mountain Province, Mt Data, 8000 ft (2440 m).","Greater Luzon Faunal Region in the Philippines. Endemic to N Luzon in the Central Cordillera of Benguet, Mountain, and Kalinga provinces, 1000-1500 m (Heaney et al., 1999; Rickart and Heaney, 2002).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","One specimen is recorded from Irisan, Benguet Province (Hollister, 1913<i>b</i>); a small series comes from Kalinga Province (L. Heaney, in litt., 2002), and all other examples are from the type locality (Largen, 1985; Sanborn, 1952<i>a</i>; Thomas, 1895). Standard karyotype (2n = 38, FN = 52) differs from <i>Rhynchomys isarogensis</i>, <i>Chrotomys gonzalesi</i>, and <i>C. silaceus</i> (2n = 44, recorded as <i>Celaenomys</i>) by three Robertsonian translocations (Rickart and Heaney, 2002).","30","30-01290","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1286-0000-1290"
"13001291","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Coccymys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Menzies","1990","","Science in New Guinea","16","","132","","<i>Pogonomelomys ruemmleri</i> Tate and Archbold, 1941.","","","","","","<i>Pogonomys</i>Division. A New Guinea Old Endemic. Analysis of immunological distances by Watts and Baverstock (1994<i>a</i>) for New Guinea murines indicated <i>Coccymys </i>(represented by <i>C.</i> <i>ruemmleri</i>)<i> </i>showed no clear affinities with any other genus but appeared to be a distinctive member of their ""<i>Anisomys</i>"" clade (our <i>Pogonomys</i> Division). Sperm morphology of <i>C. ruemmleri</i> described by Breed and Aplin (1994) and its significance as a guide to relationships of <i>Coccymys </i>within endemic New Guinea murines outlined by Breed (1997). Our allocation to the <i>Pogonomys</i> Division is provisional pending phylogenetic analyses incorporating a wide array of morphological data sets combined with a range of different gene sequences.","30","30-01291","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1291"
"13001292","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Coccymys","","albidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1951","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","97","","286","","","White-toothed Coccymys","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua ( = Irian Jaya), Snow Mtns, 15 mi (24 km) N Mt Wilhelmina, Lake Habbema, 3225 m.","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya); known only from the N slopes of the Snow Mtns (Pegunungan Maoke) at the type locality and downslope at 2800 m (9 km NE Lake Habbema). Possibly endemic to the Snow Mtns; all the past collecting activity in the mountains of Papua New Guinea have not discovered the species living there.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Still represented only by six specimens collected in 1938. Three of these form the type series, one of the other three had been misidentified as ""<i>Pogonomys sylvestris</i>"" and two were misidentified as ""<i>Pogonomelomys ruemmleri</i>"". Originally described as a species of <i>Melomys</i> (Tate, 1951), but Musser and Carleton (1993) placed <i>albidens</i> in <i>Coccymys</i> because so many of its traits are unlike those defining species within <i>Melomys</i> and some characteristics are more similar to those defining <i>reummleri</i>. This conclusion was reached independently by Flannery (1990<i>b</i>) and Menzies (1990), although neither of them formally allocated <i>albidens</i> and <i>ruemmleri</i> to the same genus. Further study has revealed that <i>albidens</i> and <i>ruemmleri </i>seem to form a monophyletic group, as defined by morphology, but are separated by a suite of external, cranial, and dental traits (Musser and Lunde, in ms.).","30","30-01292","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1291-0000-1292"
"13001293","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Coccymys","","ruemmleri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1941","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1101","","6","","","Rümmler’s Coccymys","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Snow Mtns (Pengunungan Maoke), N slope Mt Wilhelmina, Lake Habbema, 3225 m.","New Guinea; Central Cordillera from Mt Wilhelmina in the Snow Mtns (Pegunungan Maoke) of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) to Mt Saint Mary in Central Province of Papua New Guinea; 2000-4050 m; Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Musser and Lunde (ms). Apparently absent from the Owen Stanley Range in E Papua New Guinea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>shawmayeri</i> (Hinton, 1943).","The species <i>ruemmleri</i> was originally described as a <i>Pogonomelomys</i> (Tate and Archbold, 1941), but because its morphology is so different from other species in that genus Tate (1951) placed <i>ruemmleri</i> in a group within <i>Pogonomelomys</i> separate from <i>mayeri</i> and <i>bruijnii</i>, the species considered typical of the genus. The distinctiveness of <i>ruemmleri</i> was reinforced by Lidicker's (1968) study of phallic morphology; others have noted that it was not part of the same monophyletic group containing the other species of <i>Pogonomelomys</i> (for example, Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>). Finally, Menzies (1990) made <i>ruemmleri</i> the type species of <i>Coccymys</i>. Before the reports of Lidicker, Flannery, and Menzies, the unique character of <i>ruemmleri</i> had been ascertained by Jack Mahoney, who died before he could finish his revision of the group. The form <i>shawmayeri</i> was described by Hinton (1943), who considered it a remarkable species of <i>R... [truncated]","30","30-01293","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1291-0000-1293"
"13001294","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Colomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","379","","<i>Colomys goslingi</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1907.","","","","","","<i>Colomys</i>Division. <i>Nilopegamys</i> has been included in <i>Colomys </i>(Hayman, 1966) but was recently separated from it (Kerbis Peterhans and Patterson, 1995). Using dental characteristics, Misonne (1969) placed <i>Colomys</i> in a <i>Parapodemus</i> group of his <i>Lenothrix-Parapodemus</i> Division with an inferred relationship to <i>Malacomys</i>, but that affinity is currently rejected (Dieterlen, 1983; E. Lecompte, 2002<i>b</i>; results of our research). Molar occlusal patterns of <i>Colomys</i> resemble those of the African <i>Zelotomys </i>(Misonne, 1969, and verified by our observations), a shared-derived morphological feature concordant with results from phylogenetic analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Lecompte et al., 2002<i>b</i>) and nuclear IRBP gene sequences (Lecompte, 2003), which indicates <i>Colomys</i> to be sister to <i>Zelotomys</i>. Those molecular data align <i>Colomys</i> and <i>Zelotomys</i> with <i>Myomyscus verreauxii</i> in a m... [truncated]","30","30-01294","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1294"
"13001295","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Colomys","","goslingi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","380","","","African Wading Rat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Orientale, Uele River, Gambi.","Recorded from Liberia (Lofa), Cameroon, NE Angola, NW Zambia, Dem. Rep. Congo, Ruanda, Uganda, E Kenya, S Sudan, and W Ethiopia (range mostly abstracted from Dieterlen, 1983); limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bicolor</i>  Thomas, 1912; <i>denti</i> St. Leger, 1930; <i>eisentrauti</i> Dieterlen, 1983; <i>ruandensis </i>Dieterlen, 1983.","<p>Study of external, cranial, and dental variation in context of taxonomic revision provided by Dieterlen (1983). Recent research by Rainer Hutterer and his colleagues (R. Hutterer, in litt., 1999) is uncovering a much greater range in morphological variation within and among geographic samples of <i>Colomys</i> than has been documented, which indicates the current definition of <i>C. goslingi</i> to be a composite of several separate species.</p><p><i>Colomys goslingi</i> is most commonly found along banks of small and shallow flowing streams and pools in tropical evergreen rainforests (Dieterlen, 1983; Hatt, 1940<i>a</i>), but has also been taken along streams in grassland far from forest (Hayman, 1966). Hayman supposed <i>Colomys</i> to ""be a relict forest form"" and its survival in regions where forests have retreated or been cleared ""may be due to its aquatic specialisation which enabled it to continue to exist wherever any permanent water with sufficient bordering vegetational co... [truncated]","30","30-01295","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1294-0000-1295"
"13001296","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Conilurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ogilby","1838","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","18","","124","","<i>Conylurus constructor</i> Ogilby, 1837 (= <i>Hapalotis albipes</i> Lichtenstein, 1829).","","","","","<i>Conylurus</i> Ogilby, 1837;<i> Hapalotis </i>Lichtenstein, 1829.","<i>Pseudomys</i>Division. Member of the Australian Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>) that is phylogenetically closely allied to <i>Mesembriomys</i> (Watts et al., 1992). <i>Conilurus</i> was also considered a phylogenetic ally of <i>Leporillus </i>(Watts et al., 1992), but that conclusion was based on one-way microcomplement fixation of albumin reactions and is unsupported by more recent analyses using DNA sequences that group <i>Leporillus</i> with <i>Pseudomys</i> and its relatives (K. Alpin, in litt., 2004). Watts and Baverstock (1994<i>a</i>) included <i>Conilurus</i> within a larger clade, the Hydromyini (incorporating Conilurini where <i>Conilurus</i> has usually been placed; Baverstock, 1984), which encompassed members of our <i>Hydromys</i>,<i> Xeromys</i>,<i> Pseudomys</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Uromys</i> Divisions (the ""Australasian clade"" of Watts and Baverstock, 1995<i>b</i>, 1996). Mahoney and Richardson (1988:154) cataloged taxonomic, distributional, and biological references,... [truncated]","30","30-01296","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1296"
"13001297","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Conilurus","","albipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1829","","Darst. Säugeth.","6","","2 unno. text pages and pl. 29","","","White-footed Conilurus","SE Australia (Neuholland); see Mahoney and Richardson (1988:155).","Australia; once occurred in a strip from SE Queensland through coastal New South Wales and Victoria into SE South Australia (Robinson et al., 2000; Watts and Aslin, 1981:130); see Williams and Menkhorst (1995<i>a</i>) for past distribution in Victoria.","IUCN – Extinct.","<i>constructor</i>  (Ogilby, 1837); <i>destructor</i> Palmer, 1897.","Living <i>C</i>. <i>albipes</i> have not been encountered by naturalists for over a century and the species is apparently extinct (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988; Watts and Aslin, 1981; Dixon, 1995<i>a</i>).","30","30-01297","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1296-0000-1297"
"13001298","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Conilurus","","penicillatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1842","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1842","","12","","","Brush-tailed Conilurus","Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington, sea shore; see Mahoney and Richardson (1988:155).","Australia; northern coastal area of Northern Territory and adjacent islands (Melville Isl, Bathurst Isl, Groote Eylandt, Sir Edward Pellew Group, and Wellesley Isl, and the extreme NE Western Australia (Kemper, 1995<i>a</i>:553; Watts and Aslin, 1981:133); SC Papua New Guinea in Morehead region (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>; Waithman, 1979).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hemileucurus</i> (Gould, 1858); <i>melanura</i> (Gray, 1844); <i>melibius</i> Thomas, 1921; <i>randi </i>Tate and Archbold, 1938.","<p>Analyses of external morphology of glans penis and spermatozoal structure provided by Breed (1984), Breed and Sarafis (1978), and Morrissey and Breed (1982). Kemper and Schmitt (1992) reported multivariate study of external and cranial morphology among samples from N Australian and SC New Guinea in the context of assessing geographic variation and zoogeography; populations on Mellville and Bathurst Isls and SC New Guinea are morphometrically the most distinct compared with mainland Australian populations. Studies of chromosomal features (Baverstock et al., 1977<i>c</i>, 1983<i>b</i>), electrophoretic data (Baverstock et al., 1981), phallic morphology (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987), and dental traits (Misonne, 1969) supported the hypothesis that <i>C</i>. <i>penicillatus</i> is phylogenetically closely related to <i>Mesembriomys gouldi</i>, and microcomplement fixation data placed it in the same clade close to species of <i>Leporillus</i> and <i>Mesembriomys</i> (Watts et al., 1992; bu... [truncated]","30","30-01298","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1296-0000-1298"
"13001299","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Coryphomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Schaub","1937","","Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel","48","","2","","<i>Coryphomys buehleri</i> Schaub, 1937.","","","","","","<i>Pogonomys</i>Division. Simpson (1945) listed <i>Coryphomys</i>, along with <i>Lenomys</i>, <i>Pogonomys</i>, <i>Chiropodomys</i>, <i>Mallomys</i>, <i>Phloeomys</i>, and <i>Crateromys</i> in the Phloeomyinae, but no data supports association with any of those genera except possibly <i>Pogonomys</i> and <i>Mallomys</i>. Based upon our study, we suggest that <i>Coryphomys</i> is part of an early radiation of New Guinea endemics that include the extant species in our <i>Pogonomys</i> Division, which is comparable to the Anisomyini<i> </i>as outlined by Watts and Baverstock (1994<i>b</i>).","30","30-01299","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1299"
"13001300","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Coryphomys","","buehleri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schaub","1937","","Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel","48","","2","","","Buhler’s Coryphomys","Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, W Timor, cave deposit near Nikiniki.","Recorded only from Timor.","Extinct.","","Known only by subfossil fragments collected at the type locality and from sites in E Timor (Glover, 1986). Related to endemic New Guinea murines and not to species of <i>Papagomys</i>, <i>Hooijeromys</i>, <i>Komodomys</i>, or <i>Paulamys</i> on Flores (Musser’s research). <i>Coryphomys buehleri</i> is one of four species, each in its own genus, of giant rats (three have yet to be named and described) endemic to Timor; all are known only by subfossils (Glover, 1986) and may be related to the New Guinea Old Endemics we place in the <i>Pogonomys </i>Group.","30","30-01300","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1299-0000-1300"
"13001301","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Crateromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","163","","<i>Phloeomys schadenbergi</i> Meyer, 1895.","","","","","","<i>Phloeomys</i>Division. A Philippine Old Endemic in the same monophyletic group as <i>Batomys</i> and <i>Carpomys</i> (Musser and Heaney, 1992). Reviewed by Musser and Gordon (1981) and Musser et al. (1985). Phylogenetic analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences for 13 of the 16 genera of endemic Philippine murines indicates <i>Crateromys</i> belongs in a clade with <i>Batomys </i>and <i>Phloeomys </i>(Jansa and Heaney, 2001). The tie to <i>Phloeomys</i> was suggested an an alternative hypothesis by Musser and Heaney (1992). Except for the phylogenetic link to <i>Phloeomys</i>, no data supports a close relationship between <i>Crateromys</i> and <i>Coryphomys</i>, <i>Lenomys</i>, <i>Pogonomys</i>, <i>Chiruromys</i>,<i> Chiropodomys</i>, and <i>Mallomys</i>, which, along with <i>Crateromys</i> and<i> Phloeomys</i>, were<i> </i>brought together in the Phloeomyinae by Tate (1936), an arrangement followed by Simpson (1945). Placed by Misonne (1969) in a <i>Lenothrix </i>Gro... [truncated]","30","30-01301","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1301"
"13001302","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Crateromys","","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser, Heaney, and Rabor","1985","","Am. Mus. Novit.","2821","","3","","","Dinagat Crateromys","Philippines, Surigao del Norte Province, Dinagat Isl, Loreto Municipality, Balitbiton.","Greater Mindanao Faunal Region in the Philippines. Endemic to Dinagat Isl and known only from the type locality in tropical lowland evergreen rainforest (Heaney et al., 1999).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Known only by the holotype. People living on the nearby island of Siargao reported seeing an arboreal rat resembling <i>C. australis</i> (Oliver et al, 1993). Pelage texture and coloration of <i>C. australis</i> is strikingly different from the other species of <i>Crateromys</i>, in some ways recalling species of <i>Batomys</i>; its molar occlusal patterns also resemble those characterizing <i>Batomys. </i>The latter is much smaller in body size, and terrestrial. A larger sample of <i>C. australis </i>is required from which data can be derived for analyses of morphological and molecular traits to test the following phylogenetic alternatives: 1) the species is a <i>Crateromys</i> unlike any other in the genus, 2) a giant arboreal <i>Batomys</i>, 3) a phylogenetic link between <i>Crateromys</i> and <i>Batomys</i>, or 4) member of a separate clade.","30","30-01302","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1301-0000-1302"
"13001303","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Crateromys","","heaneyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gonzales and Kennedy","1996","","J. Mammal.","76","","26","","","Panay Crateromys","Philippines, W Panay Isl, Antique Province, San Remigio Municipality, Barangay Maytawis, SW side of greater Mt Baloy, 11°01'N, 122°14'E.","Greater Negros-Panay Faunal Region in the Philippines. Endemic to Panay Isl in lowland tropical primary and secondary evergreen rainforest formations (Gonzales and Kennedy, 1996; Schweigert, 1998).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Schweigert (1998) provided distributional and ecological notes. Morphological features indicate a closer relationship to <i>C. schadenbergi</i> than to other species of <i>Crateromys</i> (Gonzales and Kennedy, 1996; Musser’s study of specimens).","30","30-01303","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1301-0000-1303"
"13001304","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Crateromys","","paulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser and Gordon","1981","","J. Mammal.","62","","515","","","Ilin Crateromys","Philippines, Mindoro Occidental Province, Ilin Isl.","Greater Mindoro Faunal Region in the Philippines. Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Still represented only by the holotype. The species is probably extinct on Ilin (Pritchard, 1989), but people living on nearby Mindoro Isl report an animal resembling <i>C. paulus</i> living in lowland forest (Oliver et al., 1993).","30","30-01304","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1301-0000-1304"
"13001305","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Crateromys","","schadenbergi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Meyer","1895","","Abh. Mus. Dresden","6","","1","","","Luzon Crateromys","Philippines, N Luzon Isl, Mountain Province, Mt Data.","Greater Luzon Faunal Region in the Philippines. Endemic to the mountains of N Luzon (Heaney et al., 1998; Oliver et al., 1993; Sanborn, 1952<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","The largest-bodied of all the species of <i>Crateromys </i>and an arboreal inhabitant of oak-pine forest where it builds stick-nests in tree crowns for shelter (Oliver et al., 1993; Heaney et al., 1998). In many ways, <i>C. schadenbergi</i> is an ecological and morphological equivalent of large-bodied tropical tree squirrels (Sciuridae), which do not occur in the Greater Luzon Faunal Region.","30","30-01305","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1301-0000-1305"
"13001306","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Cremnomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wroughton","1912","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","21","","340","","<i>Cremnomys cutchicus</i> Wroughton, 1912.","","","","","","<p><i>Millardia</i>Division. An Indian subcontinental endemic that was incorporated into subgenus <i>Rattus</i> (Ellerman, 1941), then arranged as a valid subgenus within <i>Rattus</i> (Ellerman, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), and finally reinstated as a distinctive genus related to <i>Millardia</i> (Gadi and Sharma, 1983; Misonne, 1969; Raman and Sharma, 1977) and <i>Madromys</i> (see that account).</p><p>Evolutionary history as revealed by fossils from Swalik strata in NW India can be traced back to the early Pliocene (identified as <i>Cremnomys</i> sp. and <i>C. </i>cf. <i>cutchicus</i>)<i> </i>and may have been derived from a <i>Progonomys</i> like<i> </i>form, which is the earliest undisputed Miocene murine (Patnaik, 1997, 2001; discussed as <i>Karnimata</i>, which Mein et al., 1993, synonymized with <i>Progonomys</i>). Lower molars from late Pleistocene cave deposits in the Sichuan-Guizhou region of S China were identified as <i>?Cremnomys </i>sp. by Zheng (1993), whic... [truncated]","30","30-01306","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1306"
"13001307","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Cremnomys","","cutchicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1912","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","21","","340","","","Cutch Cremnomys","India, Gujarat, Kutch, Dhonsa.","An Indian peninsular endemic: Kutch, Kathiawar, S Rajputana, Gujarat, and Bihar in NW India; Mysore, Bellary, and Eastern Ghats in S Peninsula (Agrawal, 2000; Chakraborty and Agrawal, 2000; Corbet and Hill, 1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>australis</i> Thomas, 1916;<i> caenosus </i>Thomas, 1916; <i>leechi </i>Harrison, 1974; <i>medius </i>Thomas, 1916; <i>siva</i> Thomas, 1916; <i>rajput </i>Thomas, 1916.","Ellerman (1961) suggested <i>australis</i> to be a valid species, but Agrawal (2000) did not find any significant patterns in geographic variation of morphological traits and treated all the named subspecies, including <i>australis</i>, as synonyms of <i>C. cutchicus</i>; Prakash et al. (1995<i>a</i>) synonymized <i>rajput</i> with <i>medius</i>. Chromosomal information and its significance reported by Raman and Sharna (1977), Sharma and Gadi (1977), Gadi and Sharma (1983), Rishi and Puri (1984), and Sobti and Gill (1984). Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992) and Agrawal (2000). Prakash et al. (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) documented distribution and ecology in Aravalli Ranges in Rajasthan, India, and Chakraborty and Agrawal (2000) recorded ecology, taxonomy, and distribution of samples from Gujarat State, NW India.","30","30-01307","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1306-0000-1307"
"13001308","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Cremnomys","","elvira","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ellerman","1946","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11","13","","207","","","Elvira Cremnomys","India, E Ghats, Tamil Nadu, Salem Dist., Kurumbapatti.","Another Indian peninsular endemic; known only from SE India at the type locality in Tamil Nadu (Agrawal, 2000; Corbet and Hill, 1992).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Still only represented by few specimens from region of the type locality. Reviewed by Agrawal (2000).","30","30-01308","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1306-0000-1308"
"13001309","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Crossomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","70","","<i>Crossomys moncktoni</i> Thomas, 1907.","","","","","","<i>Hydromys</i>Division. Member of New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Based on phallic morphology, Lidicker (1968) speculated that <i>C</i>. <i>moncktoni</i> is not closely related to <i>Hydromys</i>, an affinity supported by microcompliment fixation of albumin that instead clusters <i>Crossomys</i> with <i>Leptomys</i>,<i> Xeromys</i>, and<i> Pseudohydromys </i>(which includes<i> Mayermys </i>and<i> Neohydromys</i>), an assemblage that albumin immunology indicated is part of a larger clade containing members of our <i>Hydromys</i>,<i> Pseudomys</i>, and <i>Uromys</i> Divisions, an ""Austalasian clade"" (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>, 1995<i>b</i>, 1996). Despite the alliance suggested by albumin immunology, we place <i>Crossomys</i> in the <i>Hydromys</i> Division along with <i>Hydromys</i>,<i> Microhydromys</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Parahydromys</i>. Overall morphology of <i>Crossomys</i>, including a shared primitive cephalic arterial pattern, resembles <i>Hydromys</i> and ... [truncated]","30","30-01309","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1309"
"13001310","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Crossomys","","moncktoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","71","","","Earless New Guinea Water Rat","New Guinea, SE Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Brown River, Serigina, 4500 ft (1370 m).","Papua New Guinea; known only from Papua New Guinea Central Cordillera and mountains on Huon Peninsula, 1000-2700 m (Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>:191, 1995<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Flannery (1990<i>b</i>, 1995<i>b</i>) provided photographs and summaries of distributional and biological information for this amphibious rat. Chromosomal data reported by Donnellan (1987). Comparisons with <i>Hydromys habbema</i>,<i> </i>Neotropical ichthyomyines, and other small, semiaquatic carnivorous mammals made by Voss (1988). Leary and Seri (1997) reported specimens from Mt. Sisa in the Central Cordillera. <i>Crossomys moncktoni</i> is part of a cluster of Old Endemics apparently confined to E New Guinea (the others are <i>Leptomys elegans</i>, <i>L. ernstmayeri</i>,<i> L. signatus</i>,<i> Pseudohydromys fuscus</i>,<i> P. murinus</i>,<i> Abeomelomys sevia</i>,<i> </i>all species of <i>Chiruromys</i>, <i>Hyomys goliath</i>,<i> Protochromys fellowsi</i>,<i> Melomys dollmani</i>,<i> Paramelomys gressitti</i>,<i> P. levipes</i>,<i> P. moncktoni</i>,<i> Pogonomelomys bruijni</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Pogonomys championi</i>).","30","30-01310","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1309-0000-1310"
"13001311","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Crunomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.","14","6","393","","<i>Crunomys fallax</i> Thomas, 1897.","","","","","","<i>Crunomys</i>Division. Revised by Musser (1982<i>c</i>) and reviewed by Rickart et al. (1998). An Old Endemic of the Philippines (Musser and Heaney, 1992) and Sulawesi (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>; Musser and Durden, 2002). Thomas (1898<i>b</i>) placed the type species in Hydromyinae, but after describing <i>C. melanius </i>was unsure whether <i>Crunomys</i> should be placed in Hydromyinae or Murinae (Thomas, 1907<i>c</i>); Ellerman (1941) and Misonne (1969) thought it to be murine. Using morphological data, Musser and Heaney (1992) postulated a close phylogenetic link between <i>Crunomys</i> and the Philippine <i>Archboldomys</i>, but phylogenetic analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences for 13 of 16 genera of endemic Philippine murines indicated that Philippine <i>Crunomys</i> is not part of the clade containing <i>Archboldomys</i> or any other Philippine endemic but instead is more closely related to Sundaic genera (Jansa and Heaney, 2001), a phyletic pattern also support... [truncated]","30","30-01311","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1311"
"13001312","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Crunomys","","celebensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser","1982","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","174","","16","","","Sulawesi Shrew Mouse","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, near Tomado, 3500 ft (1067 m).","C Sulawesi; known only from tropical lowland evergreen rainforest formations in mountain valley of Danau Lindu and upper drainage of Sungai Miu in the Kulawi region.","IUCN – Endangered.","","A small-bodied, dark-furred terrestrial insectivore recorded by only three specimens. Morphologically very distinct from Philippine species of <i>Crunomys</i>, and without close relatives on Sulawesi except for possibly <i>Sommeromys</i>, another Sulawesian endemic (Musser, 1982<i>c</i>; Musser and Durden, 2002). Spermatozoal morphology distinctive (Breed and Musser, 1991), but unrevealing in assessing phylogenetic relationships. Compared with Philippine species of <i>Crunomys</i> by Rickart et al. (1998); morphology reviewed and contrasted with <i>Sommeromys</i> by Musser and Durden (2002; see that account).","30","30-01312","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1311-0000-1312"
"13001313","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Crunomys","","fallax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.","14","","394","","","Luzon Shrew Mouse","Philippines, NC Luzon Isl, Isabella Province, Sierra Madre Range, 1000 ft (305 m).","Greater Luzon Faunal Region. Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Recorded only by the holotype. Morphologically more similar to the Philippine <i>C</i>. <i>melanius</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>suncoides</i> than to the Sulawesian <i>C</i>. <i>celebensis</i> (Musser, 1982<i>c</i>; Rickart et al., 1998). Two specimens reported as <i>C. fallax </i>by Danielsen et al. (1994) and Mallari and Jensen (1993) that were trapped in mossy forest in the Sierra Madre Range are actually <i>Archboldomys musseri </i>(Rickart et al., 1998:22).","30","30-01313","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1311-0000-1313"
"13001314","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Crunomys","","melanius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","","141","","","Mindanao Shrew Mouse","Philippines, Mindanao Isl, Davao Province, Mt Apo, 3000 ft (915 m).","Greater Mindanao Faunal Region on islands of Mindanao and Leyte; also on Camiguin Isl; altitudinal range, near sea level to 1550 m (Rickart et al., 1998; Heaney et al., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>rabori</i>  Musser, 1982.","The taxon <i>rabori</i> was shown to be an old adult example of <i>C. melanius</i> (Rickart et al., 1998), as Musser (1982<i>c</i>) suspected.","30","30-01314","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1311-0000-1314"
"13001315","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Crunomys","","suncoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rickart, Heaney, Tabaranza, Jr., and Balete","1998","","Fieldiana Zool., ns","89","","8","","","Katanglad Shrew Mouse","Philippines, Mindanao Isl, Bukidnon Province, 18.5 km S, 4 km E Camp Phillips, 2250 m, 08°09'N, 124°51'E.","Greater Mindanao Faunal Region. Known only from the type locality but may occur elsewhere on Mindanao in primary tropical upper montane rainforest (Rickart et al., 1998).","","","Recorded only by the holotype. On Mt Katanglad, the montane <i>C. suncoides</i> is separated by about 700 m from the upper altitudinal range limits of <i>C. melanius</i>, which also occurs elsewhere in lowlands near sea level (Rickart et al., 1998). Standard karyotype (2n = FN = 36) substantially different from any other Philippine Old Endemic (Rickart et al., 1998; Rickart and Heaney, 2002).","30","30-01315","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1311-0000-1315"
"13001316","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dacnomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","3","404","","<i>Dacnomys millardi</i> Thomas, 1916.","","","","","","<i>Dacnomys</i>Division. Reviewed by Musser (1981<i>b</i>). Closest phylogenetic alliance may be with <i>Niviventer</i>, particularly with members of the <i>N</i>. <i>andersoni</i> group (Musser, 1981<i>b</i>).","30","30-01316","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1316"
"13001317","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dacnomys","","millardi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","3","404","","","Millard’s Dacnomys","India, West Bengal, near Darjeeling, Gopaldhara, 3440 ft (1050 m).","E Nepal (specimens in FMNH), NE India (West Bengal, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh; Agrawal, 2000), N Laos, NW Vietnam (only west of the Red River; specimens in FMNH and MVZ), and S China (S and NW Yunnan; Li et al., 1987; Wang, 2003; Zhang et al., 1997); probably occurs over a wider geographic range (N Burma, for example; Musser, 1981<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ingens</i>  Osgood, 1932; <i>wroughtoni </i>Thomas, 1922.","The few known specimens show appreciable variation in body size, but as Corbet and Hill (1992:360) noted, ""too few specimens are available to assess the overall variation."" Reviewed by Osgood (1932), Agrawal (2000), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Musser (1981<i>b</i>).","30","30-01317","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1316-0000-1317"
"13001318","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dasymys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1875","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","","","12","","<i>Dasymys gueinzii</i> Peters, 1875 (= <i>Mus incomtus</i> Sundevall, 1847; see G. M. Allen, 1939).","","","","","","<p><i>Dasymys</i>Division. Closest phylogenetic allies unidentified. Many pelage, cranial, and dental traits of <i>Dasymys</i> suggest alliance with <i>Aethomys</i>, but Misonne (1969) considered <i>Dasymys</i> to be the most phylogenetically isolated of endemic African murines. In their analysis based on microcomplement fixation of albumin, Watts and Baverstock (1995<i>a</i>) placed <i>Dasymys</i> as the sister group to their African, Australasian, and Southeast Asian clades. Despite the seemingly isolated position of <i>Dasymys</i>, and its apparent slow rate of albumin evolution, Watts and Baverstock were reluctant to highlight the genus as a separate clade and provisionally included it within their African group. Analyses of combined mtDNA (cytochrome <i>b</i>) and 12S and 16S rRNA gene fragments by Ducroz et al. (2001) placed <i>Dasymys</i> near <i>Hybomys</i> in a clade basal to an arvicanthine clade (containing <i>Lemniscomys</i>,<i> Desmomys</i>,<i> Rhabdomys</i>,<i> Pelomys</i... [truncated]","30","30-01318","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1318"
"13001319","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dasymys","","alleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lawrence and Loveridge","1953","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard","110","","53","","","Glover Allen’s Dasymys","SW Tanzania, Rungwe Mtn, Ilolo (09°10’S, 33°37’E, as per W. Verheyen et al., 2003).","Apparently endemic to southern part of the Eastern Arc Mtns (Mt. Rungwe) and the mountainous western rim of the Rift Valley in Dem. Rep. Congo from the Kivu Volcanos in the north to the Kalemi (Albertville) region in the south (W. Verheyen et al., 2003), and probably farther south in the Marungu Mtns.","","Member of the <i>D. incomtus</i>  species complex (W. Verheyen et al., 2003). Originally described as a very distinctive subspecies of <i>D. incomtus</i> (Lawrence and Loveridge, 1953) and usually treated that way (e.g., Musser and Carleton, 1993), but recently reinstated as a separate species based on multivariate analyses of craniometric data in combination with mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (W. Verheyen et al., 2003).","","30","30-01319","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1318-0000-1319"
"13001320","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dasymys","","cabrali","","SPECIES","False","","YES","W. Verheyen, Hulselmans, Dierckx, Colyn, Leirs, and E. Verheyen","2003","","Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique, Biol.","73","","39","","","Crawford-Cabral’s Dasymys","NE Namibia, Groot Fontein Dist., near the Okavango River (Omatoka Junction), 1080 m (17°56’S, 20°25’E, as per W. Verheyen et al., 2003).","Apparently endemic to the Okavango Basin (W. Verheyen et al., 2003). The only specimens explicitly assigned to <i>D. cabrali</i> come from the type locality and Caprivi Strip of NW Namibia, but records from SE Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998), SW Zambia (Ansell, 1978), and N Botswana (Smithers, 1971) possibly represent this species.","","Samples from the range of <i>D. cabrali</i>  were originally regarded as examples of <i>D. nudipes</i> (e.g., Musser and Carleton, 1993), but those from the Omatoka Junction and Caprivi Strip in N Namibia were recently shown to be craniometrically very distinct from central Angolan <i>D. nudipes</i> (W. Verheyen et al., 2003). Crawford-Cabral (1998:64) had noted that possibly "". . . the specimens from Okavango and adjacent countries of Zambia and Angola represent a different subspecies,"" and W. Verheyen et al. (2003) interpreted the multivariate distance in their discriminant function analyses to reflect two separate species, <i>D. nudipes</i> from the central highlands of Angola, and <i>D. cabrali</i> from the Okavango Basin.","","30","30-01320","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1318-0000-1320"
"13001321","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dasymys","","foxi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","9","","685","","","Fox’s Dasymys","Nigeria, Panyam, 4000 ft (1220 m); 09°27N, 09°52’E (W. Verheyen et al., 2003).","Endemic to the Jos Plateau in Nigeria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Member of the <i>D. incomtus </i>species complex (W. Verheyen et al., 2003). Originally described as a species, but subsequently treated as a subspecies of <i>D. incomtus </i>(Ellerman, 1941; Happold, 1987; Misonne, 1974; Rosevear, 1969) until the review by Carleton and Martinez (1991), who contrasted <i>foxi</i>’s distinctive morphological and distributional traits (larger body size is one of these) with the smaller-bodied <i>D</i>. <i>rufulus</i> (see account), the other and more common species in West Africa. Multivariate analyses of craniometric data by W. Verheyen et al. (2003:48) clustered a sample from Pulima, NW Ghana, with that from Panyam on the Jos Plateau, and W. Verheyen et al. speculated that the species of <i>Dasymys </i>living "". . . in the Guinean and Sudanese savannahs [of West Africa] should probably all be referred to the <i>foxi </i>taxon. . . ."" This conclusion conflicts with results of the multivariate analyses of cranial and dentail measurements reported by Carl... [truncated]","30","30-01321","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1318-0000-1321"
"13001322","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dasymys","","incomtus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1846","1847","Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl, Stockholm","1846","3","120","","","Common Dasymys","South Africa, ""Caffraria prope Portum Natal,"" (= Durban, KwaZulu-Natal); 29°15’S, 31°01’E (W. Verheyen et al., 2003).","South Africa (de Graaff, 1997<i>g</i>; Skinner and Smithers, 1990; Taylor, 1998), Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988), Zambia (Ansell, 1978), Zimbabwe (Smithers and Wilson, 1979), C and S Mozambique (Smithers and Lobao Tello, 1976), Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998), Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda (Delaney, 1975), Kenya (Hollister, 1919), Tanzania (Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951), Ethiopia, S Sudan (Setzer, 1956); limits unknown. Also recorded from N Botswana (Smithers, 1971), but unclear whether these records represent <i>D. incomtus</i>,<i> D. cabrali</i>,<i> </i>or both species.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>bentleyae</i>  (Thomas, 1892); <i>capensis</i> Roberts, 1936; <i>edsoni </i>Hatt, 1934; <i>fuscus</i> De Winton, 1897; <i>griseifrons</i> Osgood,<i> </i>1936; <i>gueinzii </i>Peters, 1875; <i>helukus</i> Heller, 1910; <i>longipilosus </i>Eisentraut, 1963; <i>medius</i> Thomas, 1906; <i>nigridius</i> Hollister, 1916; <i>orthos</i> Heller, 1911; <i>palustris</i> Setzer, 1956; <i>savannus</i> Heller, 1911; <i>shawi</i> Kershaw, 1924.","<p>Despite recent attempts at systematic revision (e. g., W. Verheyen et al., 2003), morphological and geographic definition of <i>D. incomtus</i> remains intractable and probably a complex of several species. W. Verheyen et al. (2003), for example, considered <i>bentleyae </i>to be one of the synonyms of <i>D. incomtus </i>in one part of their report (p. 36) but elsewhere treated it as a separate species with an expansive range "". . . consisting mainly of the fringes of the lowland rain forest between the Atlantic coast and the western rift . . .,"" and "". . . in the fringes of the western forest block and in the region adjacent to the highlands of the western flank of Lake Malawi"" (p. 48). <i>Dasymys incomtus</i>, according to W. Verheyen et al. (2003:48), has the widest range, covering "". . . the moist woodlands of western, northcentral and northeastern Africa, . . . the moist woodlands of the north western and eastern part of southern Africa and . . . approximately the western half ... [truncated]","30","30-01322","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1318-0000-1322"
"13001323","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dasymys","","montanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","143","","","Ruwenzori Dasymys","Uganda, Ruwenzori East, Mubuku Valley, 12,500 ft (3810 m); 00°22’N, 30°00’E (W. Verheyen et al., 2003).","Known only from Ruwenzori Mtns, Uganda, between 2600 and 3810 m (Kerbis Peterhans et al., 1998); a montane Western Rift endemic.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Usually included in <i>D</i>. <i>incomtus</i> (Delany, 1975), but distinguished from that species by its long, fine fur that is very dark over upperparts and dark gray washed with buff on underparts; very short tail; short rostrum; low, squat cranium; wide zygomatic breadth (Thomas, 1906<i>a</i>; specimens in BMNH examined by Musser). <i>Dasymys montanus </i>is replaced by <i>D. incomtus </i>at lower altitudes on the E slopes of the Ruwenzoris, and both are recorded from 2600 m, the lowest point for <i>D. montanus</i> and highest for <i>D. incomtus</i> (Kerbis Peterhans et al., 1998). Based on multivariate analyses of craniometric traits derived from holotypes, W. Verheyen et al. (2003) suggested that <i>montanus</i> and <i>medius </i>(holotype from Ruwenzori Mtns at 1800 m) represented the same population and that both taxa were synonyms of <i>D. incomtus</i>. Our study of holotypes and other series, including the material reported by Kerbis Peterhans et al. (1998), indicates <i>D. mo... [truncated]","30","30-01323","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1318-0000-1323"
"13001324","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dasymys","","nudipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1870","","Jorn. Sci. Math., Phys. Nat., Lisboa, ser. 1","3","","126","","","Angolan Dasymys","Angola, Humpata, 15°01’S, 13°21’E (based on neotype designated by W. Verheyen et al., 2003:38).","Apparently endemic to the Angolan Plateau (Huambo highlands) in WC Angola (the range in WC Angola, not that indicated in SE Angola, mapped by Crawford-Cabral, 1998:154); see W. Verheyen et al. (2003).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Treated by G. M. Allen (1939), Hill and Carter (1941), and Roberts (1951) as a species, but included in <i>D</i>. <i>incomtus</i> by Ellerman (1941) and most later writers of lists (for example, Ansell, 1978; Meester et al., 1986; Misonne, 1974). Crawford-Cabral (1983) recorded sympatry between <i>D</i>. <i>nudipes</i> and <i>D</i>. <i>incomtus</i> in Angola, and our survey of series from Chitau identified as <i>D</i>. <i>nudipes</i> by Hill and Carter (1941:98) revealed that it consists of both <i>D. nudipes</i> and <i>D. incomtus</i>, qualitative observations supported by multivariate analyses of morphometric traits (Crawford-Cabral and Pacheco, 1989; W. Verheyen et al., 2003). Specimens from Lukolela (Équateur) and Luluabourg (Kasaï-Occidental), in Dem. Rep. Congo, have been included in <i>D</i>. <i>nudipes</i> (Crawford-Cabral, 1983), but these are examples of <i>D</i>. <i>incomtus </i>(in AMNH). We examined the holotype and only specimen of <i>edsoni</i>, described as a subspecies... [truncated]","30","30-01324","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1318-0000-1324"
"13001325","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dasymys","","rufulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","2","","639","","","West African Dasymys","Liberia, Mt Coffee (06°30’N, 10°35’W, as per W. Verheyen et al., 2003).","Senegal (Duplantier and Granjon, 1992; Granjon et al., 1992, as <i>incomtus</i>), Guinea (Ziegler et al., 2002), Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, and W Nigeria (see Carleton and Martinez, 1991:429).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Originally described as a species, but subsequently treated as a subspecies of <i>D. incomtus </i>(Ellerman, 1941; Happold, 1987; Misonne, 1974; Rosevear, 1969) until Carleton and Martinez (1991) used multivariate analyses to discriminate the smaller-bodied <i>D. rufulus </i>from the larger-bodied Nigerian <i>D</i>. <i>foxi</i> (see that account). Multivariate analyses of craniometric data by W. Verheyen et al. (2003) along with mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>sequences also identified <i>rufulus </i>as a separate species and prompted W. Verheyen et al. (2003:48) to speculate that its geographic range is "". . . more or less limited to the enclosed savannahs near the coast,"" and that the populations found in the ""the fringes of the rainforest and the adjacent guinean savannahs may be a new taxon related to the <i>bentleyae </i>group. These conclusions conflict with those of Carleton and Martinez (1991) who identified only <i>D. rufulus</i> in West Africa (except on the Jos Plateau where <i>D.... [truncated]","30","30-01325","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1318-0000-1325"
"13001326","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dasymys","","rwandae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","W. Verheyen, Hulselmans, Dierckx, Colyn, Leirs, and E. Verheyen","2003","","Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique, Biol.","73","","45","","","Rwandan Dasymys","NW Rwanda, Virunga Volcanoes (Nyungwe Forest), Kinigi, 2250 m (01°26’S, 29°36’E, as per W. Verheyen et al., 2003).","Probably endemic to the Virunga Volcanoes forming eastern rim of the Rift Valley in Rwanda (W. Verheyen et al., 2003).","","","Member of the <i>D. incomtus</i> species complex, and diagnosed by multivariate analyses of craniodental measurements and complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences relative to examples of <i>D. alleni</i> and <i>D. bentleyae</i> (W.Verheyen et al., 2003). Specimens from mountains to the south in W Burundi are not <i>D. rwandae </i>but <i>D. bentleyae</i> judged from craniometric data.","30","30-01326","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1318-0000-1326"
"13001327","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dasymys","","sua","","SPECIES","False","","YES","W. Verheyen, Hulselmans, Dierckx, Colyn, Leirs, and E. Verheyen","2003","","Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique, Biol.","73","","41","","","Tanzanian Dasymys","E Tanzania, Mbete (06°52’S, 37°41’E, as per W. Verheyen et al., 2003:41), near Morogoro, on flanks of the Uluguru Range (Kitundu Forest), 1540 m.","Known only from upland plains in the Morogoro region of EC Tanzania, 400-1600 m (W. Verheyen et al., 2003).","","","Member of the <i>D. incomtus</i> species complex. Defined by discriminant function analyses using craniometric traits as well as complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences in comparison with samples of <i>D. rufulus</i> and the <i>bentleyae</i> portion of the <i>D.</i> <i>incomtus </i>species complex (W. Verheyen et al., 2003).","30","30-01327","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1318-0000-1327"
"13001328","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dephomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","17","","177","","<i>Mus defua</i> Miller, 1900.","","","","","","<i>Hybomys</i>Division. Another genus founded by Thomas and either relegated to <i>Rattus</i> as a subgenus or combined with <i>Stochomys</i>, which was then treated as a subgenus of either <i>Rattus</i> or <i>Aethomys</i> (D. H. S. Davis, 1965; Rosevear, 1969; Van der Straeten, 1984). The generic integrity of <i>Dephomys</i> was recognized by Misonne (1969) and Rosevear (1969), who also suggested it was not especially closely related to <i>Stochomys</i>, the conventional view at the time. Some molar traits and multivariate analysis of morphological variation suggest a close relationship to <i>Hybomys</i>, and particularly to subgenus <i>Hybomys </i>rather than subgenus <i>Typomys</i> (Misonne, 1969; Van der Straeten, 1984); other qualitative characters, however, support a distant affinity. Careful analyses of a suite of morphological features coupled with DNA sequences employing samples of <i>Dephomys</i> and other African forest murine genera is required to uncover the phylogenetic a... [truncated]","30","30-01328","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1328"
"13001329","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dephomys","","defua","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","2","","635","","","Defua Dephomys","Liberia, Mt Coffee.","Specimens are from Sierra Leone, Guinea (Mt Nimbo), Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, and Ghana (derived from references cited below and specimens we examined).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Part of the murine fauna endemic to West Africa (see account of <i>Grammomys buntingi</i>). Taxonomy, morphology, range, and habits reviewed by Rosevear (1969) and Van der Straeten (1984). Grubb et al. (1998) reviewed populations in Ghana and Sierra Leone.","30","30-01329","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1328-0000-1329"
"13001330","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Dephomys","","eburneae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heim de Balsac and Bellier","1967","","Mammalia","31","","157","","","Ivory Coast Dephomys","Côte d’Ivoire, Lamto.","Records are from Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia (specimens in USNM); may occur in SW Ghana (Grubb et al., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>defua</i> (see discussion in Rosevear, 1969), but shown to be a separate species by Van der Straeten (1984). Part of the murine fauna endemic to West Africa (see account of <i>Grammomys buntingi</i>). Chromosomal data from Côte d’Ivoire sample reported by Tranier and Dosso (1979).","30","30-01330","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1328-0000-1330"
"13001331","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Desmomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","284","","<i>Pelomys harringtoni</i> Thomas, 1902.","","","","","","<i>Arvicanthis</i>Division. Listed as a genus by G. M. Allen (1939), but usually treated as a subgenus of <i>Pelomys</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1991; Ellerman, 1941; Rupp, 1980; Yalden et al., 1976). Most of the diagnostic traits described by Thomas (1910<i>b</i>) are outside the range of morphological variation seen among species of <i>Pelomys</i>. Our study of specimens revealed that general external traits and cranial conformation of <i>D. harringtoni</i> resemble species of <i>Mylomys</i> and <i>Pelomys</i>, but that <i>Desmomys</i> has its own derived dental patterns (ridge-like cusp t9 connecting central cusp t8 with labial cusp t6 on M1 and M2, ridge-like cusp t7 on M2). Chromosomal data also support the extraction of <i>D. harringtoni</i> from <i>Pelomys </i>(Capanna et al., 1996<i>a</i>). Analyses of mtDNA sequences of cytochrome <i>b</i>, along with 12S and 16S ribosomal rRNA gene fragments support membership of <i>Desmomys</i> in an <i>Arvicanthis </i>Group and indicate it to be ... [truncated]","30","30-01331","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1331"
"13001332","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Desmomys","","harringtoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1902","","313","","","Harrington’s Desmomys","Ethiopia, W Shoa, Kutai, Katchisa.","Ethiopian plateau between 1500 and 3300 m, east and west of Rift Valley (Lavrenchenko, 2003; Rupp, 1980; Yalden and Largen, 1992; Yalden et al., 1976, 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Another Ethiopian endemic that is apparently semi-arboreal (Yalden et al., 1976). Chromosomal data (2n = 52, FN = 78) reported by Capanna et al. (1996<i>a</i>), Lavrenchenko et al. (1989), and Orlov and Bulatova (1997). Protein variation in geographic samples documented by Milishnikov et al. (1992), and spermatozoal morphology described by Baskevich and Lavrenchenko (1995). Reviewed as an Ethiopian endemic by Yalden and Largen (1992, as a <i>Pelomys</i>). Distribution is allopatric to <i>D. yaldeni </i>(Lavrenchenko, 2003).","30","30-01332","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1331-0000-1332"
"13001333","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Desmomys","","yaldeni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lavrenchenko","2003","","Bonn. zool. Beitr.","50","","320","","","Yalden’s Desmomys","Ethiopia, Sheko Forest, 07E04'N, 35E30'E, 1930 m.","Recorded from humid afromontane forest in SW Ethiopia (Sheko Forest and Gore), 1800-1930 m (Lavrenchenko, 2003).","","","Differs from allopatric <i>D. harringtoni</i> by smaller size, pelage coloration, and details of the karyotype, 2n = 52, FN = 62 (Lavrenchenko, 2003).","30","30-01333","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1331-0000-1333"
"13001334","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Diomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","25","","203","","<i>Diomys crumpi</i> Thomas, 1917.","","","","","","<i>Millardia</i>Division. Misonne (1969) suggested that <i>Diomys</i> is related to <i>Chiromyscus</i>, <i>Dacnomys</i>, and <i>Niviventer</i> (Misonne used the name <i>Maxomys</i> for this group), but Musser and Newcomb (1983) hypothesized that <i>Millardia</i>, <i>Cremnomys</i>, and other Indian genera may be more closely allied to <i>Diomys</i>, a view held by Ellerman (1947<i>a</i>) who wrote that it is ""a pro-odont offshoot of <i>Millardia</i> which resembles it in having very long palatal foramina and a long palate, also in the shortened fifth hind-toe.""","30","30-01334","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1334"
"13001335","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Diomys","","crumpi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","25","","203","","","Crump’s Diomys","India, Bihar, Hazaribagh Dist., Paresnath Hills.","Recorded from NE India (Bihar and Manipur; Agrawal, 2000), SW Nepal, and N Burma (see Musser and Newcomb, 1983); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Reviewed by Ingles et al. (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Musser and Newcomb (1983). Indian population reviewed by Agrawal (2000). The species has never been collected again from the type locality, a place where <i>D. crumpi</i> may not occur because the original description was based upon a broken skull mismatched with a skin of <i>Millardia meltada</i> from Paresnath Hills, Behar (Agrawal, 2000; Corbet and Hill, 1992).","30","30-01335","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1334-0000-1335"
"13001336","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Diplothrix","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","","404","","<i>Lenothrix legata</i> Thomas, 1906.","","","","","","<i>Rattus</i>Division.<b> </b>Member of a clade containing genera more closely related to <i>Rattus </i>than to other murines. Endemic, along with <i>Tokudaia</i>, to the Ryukyu Isls between the Tokara and Kerama Straits. Suzuki et al. (2000:23) noted that ""the genetic constitution of the rodents in the Okinawa area is distinct from that of the rodents in the surrounding areas, including the Japanese mainland and Taiwan. . . . in the region of the Central Ryukyus, mammals with a unique and ancient origin have inhabited a small geographic region.""","30","30-01336","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1336"
"13001337","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Diplothrix","","legata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","88","","","Ryukyu Islands Tree Rat","Japan, Ryukyu Isls, Amami-oshima Isl.","Japan, Ryukyu Isls of Amami-oshima, Tokun-oshima, and Okinawa (known by modern specimens only in north, but by Quaternary fossils from farther south on island, and from Miyako Isl, about 250 km SW of Okinawa; see Kawamura, 1989, 1991, 1994).","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>okinavensis</i> (Namie, 1909) [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002].","Historical allocation of <i>legata</i> with either <i>Lenothrix</i> or <i>Rattus</i> is reviewed by Kawamura (1989). Phylogenetic relationship–discerned from molar occlusal patterns, cranial morphology, and body form–is close to <i>Rattus</i> and far from <i>Lenothrix</i>; ""phylogeny of this unique genus will be sufficiently understood, when the fossil murids from China, India and Southeast Asia will be investigated in detail"" (Kawamura, 1989:110). Analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> and nuclear IRBP gene sequences support morphological data in clustering <i>D. legata</i> with the species of <i>Rattus </i>used (<i>R. norvegicus</i>,<i> R. argentiventer</i>, and <i>R. rattus</i>) and not with the other murines sampled (species of <i>Apodemus</i>,<i> Micromys</i>,<i> Mus</i>, and <i>Tokudaia</i>), and support the hypothesis that <i>D. legata</i> is a survivor from Pliocene and early Pleistocene immigrant ancestral population to the Ryukyus (Suzuki et al., 2000). Chromosomal d... [truncated]","30","30-01337","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1336-0000-1337"
"13001338","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Echiothrix","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1867","","599","","<i>Echiothrix leucura</i> Gray, 1867.","","","","","<i>Craurothrix</i> Thomas, 1896.","<p><i>Echiothrix</i>Division. Thomas (1898<i>b</i>:397) explained why <i>Echiothrix</i> is the proper name and not <i>Craurothrix</i>, which he earlier proposed thinking <i>Echiothrix</i> was preoccupied. Based upon shared cranial features, Thomas (1898<i>b</i>) thought <i>Echiothrix</i> to be related to the Philippine <i>Rhynchomys</i> and placed them in the Rhynchomyinae. Later workers disagreed (see summaries in Musser, 1969<i>b</i>, 1990), and, except to recognize that <i>Echiothrix</i> is an Old Endemic of Sulawesi (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>), no one has discovered the closest phylogenetic ally of this highly specialized, terrestrial vermivore. Spermatozoal morphology resembles that of <i>Margaretamys</i>, <i>Maxomys</i>, and in some aspects even <i>Rattus</i>, but is ambiguous in illuminating phylogenetic alliances (Breed and Musser, 1991), as is the meager chromosomal data for the genus (Musser, 1990). External, cranial, and dental morphology reviewed by Musser (1969<i>b</i>, 1990).<... [truncated]","30","30-01338","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1338"
"13001339","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Echiothrix","","centrosa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","67","","","Central Sulawesi Echiothrix","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Winatu (01E34' S, 119E59' E), 2500 ft (760 m).","Sulawesi: NC portion of N peninsula and central core of islands, sea level to 975 m in lowland tropical evergreen rainforest; southern limits unknown.","","<i>brevicula</i>  Miller and Hollister, 1921.","A distinct species distinguished from <i>E. leucura</i> by its shorter cranium and mandible, and shorter molar rows with simpler occlusal patterns. The pelage coloration and size features used by Miller and Hollister (1921<i>a</i>) to distinguish <i>brevicula</i>, which is also based upon a sample from C Sulawesi, are not diagnostic. The derived karyotype of male documented by Musser (1990, as <i>leucurus</i>): 2n = 40, FN = 75, consisting of two telocentric pairs, three metacentric pairs, and the rest submetacentric. Stomach morphology described and contrasted with the Sulawesian shrew rats <i>Melasmothrix</i> and <i>Tateomys</i>, and the insectivorous <i>Sommeromys </i>(Musser and Durden, 2002).","30","30-01339","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1338-0000-1339"
"13001340","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Echiothrix","","leucura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1867","","600","","","Northern Sulawesi Echiothrix","Indonesia, Sulawesi, NE tip of N peninsula, Manado (= Menado), 01E30'N/124E50'E, coastal plain near sea level (as restricted by Tate, 1936:586).","Sulawesi: NE tip of the N peninsula, sea level to 1100 m in lowland tropical evergreen rainforest (Musser, 1990; Musser, ms).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A significantly larger relative of <i>E. centrosa</i>, with somewhat more elaborate molar occlusal patterns. Gray (1867<i>a</i>) thought the holotype came from Australia, but Jentink (1883) speculated the species would prove to be found only on Sulawesi. Laurie and Hill (1954) listed the type locality as probably N Sulawesi, but Tate (1936) had already restricted it to the NE tip of the N peninsula by designating Manado.","30","30-01340","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1338-0000-1340"
"13001341","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Eropeplus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","94","","<i>Eropeplus</i> <i>canus</i> Miller and Hollister, 1921.","","","","","","<i>Pithecheir</i>Division. Ellerman (1941) allied <i>Eropeplus</i> closely with <i>Rattus</i>, but its nearest phylogenetic relative is Sulawesian <i>Lenomys</i>, an affinity supported by external, cranial, and spermatozoal characters (Breed and Musser, 1991; Musser, 1981<i>c</i>; Tate, 1936). Spermatozoal morphology of <i>Eropeplus</i> and <i>Lenomys</i> is unique among Sulawesian taxa sampled (Breed and Musser, 1991). See <i>Lenomys </i>account.","30","30-01341","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1341"
"13001342","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Eropeplus","","canus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","94","","","Sulawesi Soft-furred Rat","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Gunung Lehio, above 6000 ft (1830 m).","C Sulawesi; known only by small samples from a few places in montane tropical rainforest formations (Musser, 1970<i>d</i>; Musser and Holden, 1991), 1800-2300 m; probably occurs throughout central core of the island in montane forest habitats.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Monotypic. Nearly indistinguishable from <i>Lenomys meyeri</i> in fur coloration and texture, tail color pattern, length of fur covering over base of tail, cranial conformation, and spermatozoal configuration, but differs sharply in molar occlusal patterns (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>).","30","30-01342","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1341-0000-1342"
"13001343","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Golunda","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","586","","<i>Golunda</i> <i>ellioti</i> Gray, 1837.","","","","","","<i>Golunda</i>Division. Reviewed and compared with <i>Hadromys</i> and <i>Mylomys</i> by Musser (1987<i>b</i>), who noted that its dental similarity with the latter, and <i>Pelomys</i>, was probably convergent. Analyses of mtDNA gene sequences (cytochrome <i>b</i>, 12S and 16S rRNA fragments) are ambiguous in ascertaining the phylogenetic affinity of <i>Golunda </i>except to clearly refute the hypothesis presented by some (e. g., Jacobs, 1978; Misonne, 1969) that it and <i>Mylomys</i> are closely related and derived from a <i>Pelomys</i> like ancestor (Ducroz et al., 2001). As Ducroz et al. (2001:198) noted, ""Further studies including a larger sample of African murine taxa will be necessary to evaluate the precise place of this genus."" Recent analysis of nuclear IRBP gene sequences divorces <i>Golunda</i> from alliances with any of the sampled African genera, especially arvicanthines (Lecompte, 2003). We isolate <i>Golunda</i> in its own division until its relationship to other murines... [truncated]","30","30-01343","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1343"
"13001344","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Golunda","","ellioti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","586","","","Indian Bush Rat","India, Dharwar.","SE Iran (Misonne, 1990), Pakistan (Roberts, 1977, 1997), Nepal (Ellerman, 1961), N and NE India south through Indian peninsula to Sri Lanka (Agrawal, 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bombax</i>  Thomas, 1923; <i>coenosa</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>coffaeus</i> Kelaart, 1850; <i>coraginis</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>gujerati</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>hirsutus</i> (Elliot, 1839); <i>limitaris</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>myothrix</i> (Hodgson, 1845); <i>newara</i> (Kelaart, 1850); <i>paupera</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>watsoni</i> (Blanford, 1876).","Agrawal (2000) reviewed the Indian population and could find no significant geographic variation in fur coloration or other morphological features. Ecology and distribution in the Aravalli Ranges in Rajasthan, India, documented by Prakash et al. (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), in Western Ghats of S India by Chandrasekar-Rao and Sunquist (1996), and in Gujarat State of NW India by Chakraborty and Agrawal (2000).","30","30-01344","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1343-0000-1344"
"13001345","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Grammomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","16","","150","","<i>Mus</i> <i>dolichurus</i> Smuts, 1832.","","","","","","<p><i>Oenomys</i>Division. A distinctive genus as asserted by Ellerman (1941) and other workers (e.g., Hutterer and Dieterlen, 1984; Misonne, 1969; Rosevear, 1969), and not part of <i>Thamnomys</i> with which it has often been united as a subgenus (G. M. Allen, 1939; Hatt, 1940<i>b</i>; Hollister, 1919; Misonne, 1974; F. Petter and Tranier, 1975). Morphological and chromosomal similarities exist with <i>Thallomys</i> (Olert et al., 1978). Analysis of microcomplement fixation of albumin associated <i>Grammomys</i> with <i>Lemniscomys</i>,<i> Pelomys</i>,<i> Rhabdomys</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Thallomys</i> (Watts and Baverstock, 1995<i>a</i>). Research using mitochondrial gene sequences (DNA cytochrome <i>b</i>, 12S and 16S rRNA fragments) placed <i>Grammomys</i> next to <i>Aethomys</i> within an African murine clade consisting of <i>Hybomys</i>,<i> Dasymys</i>,<i> Lemniscomys</i>,<i> Rhabdomys</i>,<i> Desmomys</i>,<i> Pelomys</i>,<i> Mylomys</i>, and <i>Arvicanthis</i> (Ducroz et al., 2001). ... [truncated]","30","30-01345","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1345"
"13001346","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Grammomys","","aridulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1923","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1923","","268","","","Arid Woodland Grammomys","Sudan, Darfur, Wadi Aribo, Kulme.","WC Sudan (Dieterlen and Nikolaus, 1985).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Usually either listed as a subspecies of <i>G</i>. <i>macmillani</i> (G. M. Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1941; Setzer, 1956) or included in <i>G</i>. <i>dolichurus</i> (Misonne, 1974), but considered a distinct species by Hutterer and Dieterlen (1984).","30","30-01346","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1345-0000-1346"
"13001347","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Grammomys","","buntingi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","7","","381","","","Bunting’s Grammomys","Liberia, Bassa, Gonyon.","Zone of high forest, coastal scrub or Guinea woodland in West Africa from Senegal (Duplantier and Granjon, 1992), Sierra Leone (Grubb et al., 1998), and Guinea to Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia; see Rosevear (1969).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Except for Misonne (1974), who included it in <i>G</i>. <i>dolichurus</i>, <i>buntingi</i> has always been listed or discussed as a species of <i>Grammomys</i> (G. M. Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1941; Hutterer and Dieterlen, 1984; F. Petter and Trainer, 1975; Rosevear, 1969). Apparently <i>G</i>. <i>buntingi</i> is a member of a suite of species endemic to West Africa that includes <i>Dephomys defua</i>,<i> D. eburneae</i>,<i> Hybomys planifrons</i>,<i> H. trivirgatus</i>,<i> Hylomyscus baeri</i>,<i> Lemniscomys bellieri</i>,<i> Malacomys cansdalei</i>,<i> M. edwardsi</i>, <i>Oenomys ornatus</i>, <i>Praomys daltoni</i>,<i> P. derooi</i>, and <i>P. rostratus</i> (Carleton and Robbins, 1985; Hutterer and Dieterlen, 1984).","30","30-01347","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1345-0000-1347"
"13001348","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Grammomys","","caniceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hutterer and Dieterlen","1984","","Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk., A","374","","12","","","Gray-headed Grammomys","Kenya, Malindi.","N Kenya and S Somalia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Karyotype of Kenyan sample and its significance documented by Hutterer and Dieterlen (1984), and chromosomal variation among individuals from S Somalia described and discussed by Roche et al. (1984). The latter authors assigned their sample to the <i>G. dolichurus</i> group and, independent of Hutterer and Dieterlen (1984), noted the distinctive quality of the Somalian species as indicated by chromosomal evidence.","30","30-01348","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1345-0000-1348"
"13001349","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Grammomys","","cometes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1908","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1908","","549","","","Mozambique Grammomys","Mozambique, Inhambane.","From Pirie Forest (NW of King William's Town) in SE Eastern Cape Province of South Africa north through KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo provinces of that country into E Zimbabwe (Melsetter and Umtali districts) and Mozambique south of the Zambezi River (de Graaff, 1981, 1997<i>h</i>; Meester et al., 1986; Skinner and Smithers, 1990; Smither and Tello, 1976); an inhabitant of the savanna woodland biome in southern Africa (Mugo et al., 1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>silindensis</i>  Roberts, 1938.","The geographic range of <i>G. cometes</i> has been outlined as extending north from South Africa through East Africa to S Sudan (Hutterer and Dieterlen, 1984), but pending revisionary study of the genus we restrict it to the E segment of the Southern African Subregion south of the Zambezi River (similar to the range mapped by Skinner and Smithers, 1990:225), and consider samples north of that river to be <i>G. ibeanus</i> (see that account). We studied the holotype of <i>cometes</i> and the other specimens in the type series noted by Thomas and Wroughton (1908); these animals are on average larger and have more highly inflated bullae than do those from north of the Zambesi River. Ansell (1978) and Ansell and Dowsett (1988) assigned samples from Zambia and Malawi to <i>cometes</i>, but were also impressed with the chromatic and morphological contrast between them and the holotype from Inhambane. The specimen from the Pirie Forest (in AMNH) represents a range extension south of KwaZulu-N... [truncated]","30","30-01349","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1345-0000-1349"
"13001350","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Grammomys","","dolichurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Smuts","1832","","Enumer. Mamm. Capensium","","","38","","","Common Grammomys","South Africa, near Cape Town.","From Nigeria east to S Ethiopia; then south through N Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda (Delany, 1975; Clausnitzer and Kityo, 2001, discussed distribution and habitat on Ugandan slopes of Mt Elgon), Kenya (Hollister, 1919), Tanzania (Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951; Grimshaw et al., 1995, distribution on Mt Kilimanjaro; Stanley et al., 2002, presence in Gonja Forest Reserve), and C and S Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988) to N and E South Africa (from Limpopo Province along coast through KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape provinces to Port Elizabeth; de Graaff, 1981, 1997<i>i</i>; Taylor, 1998), E Zimbabwe, and Mozambique (Smithers and Lobao Tello, 1976); and west through Zambia (except in northeast on Nyika Plateau; Ansell, 1978) to Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998); limits of geographic range unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angolensis</i> Hill and Carter, 1937;<i> arborarius</i> (True, 1892) [not of Peters, 1852]; <i>baliolus </i>(Osgood, 1910);<i> discolor </i>(Thomas, 1910);<i> elgonis </i>(Thomas, 1910);<i> insignis </i>(Dollman, 1911);<i> littoralis </i>(Heller, 1912);<i> polionops </i>(Osgood, 1910);<i> surdaster </i>(Thomas and Wroughton, 1908);<i> tongensis</i> Roberts, 1931.","Number of scientific names reflects morphological and chromosomal variation correlated with geography and suggests more than one species is represented (Hutterer and Dieterlen, 1984; Meester et al., 1986); the complex requires careful revision. For example, specimens of true <i>dolichurus</i> from South Africa have duller pelage and more inflated bullae than animals from East and West Africa; should these prove to be diagnostic specific differences, the northern populations should be identified as <i>G. surdaster</i>. The Ethiopian records are based upon a specimen from Kefa (in USNM) and one documented by Duckworth et al. (1993), but not those recorded by Yalden et al. (1976), which represent other species (Hutterer and Dieterlen, 1984).","30","30-01350","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1345-0000-1350"
"13001351","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Grammomys","","dryas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","123","","","Albertine Rift Grammomys","""Kenya Colony"" (Uganda), Ruwenzori East, 6000-7000 ft (1830-2130 m).","A montane Western Rift endemic: Ruwenzoris and Kivu region in Uganda and Dem. Rep. Congo (AMNH and BMNH specimens), NW Burundi (specimens in FMNH).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Originally described as a species of <i>Thamnomys</i> by Thomas (1907<i>a</i>) and listed that way by G. M. Allen (1939). Ellerman (1941), however, treated it as valid species of <i>Grammomys</i>, which, in the absence of a critical systematic revision of the genus, best expresses current knowledge. Thomas (1907<i>a</i>) noted the diagnostic mammary count in <i>G. dryas</i>, which, in combination with cranial traits, set it apart from other described forms (our study of specimens). See Kerbis Peterhans et al. (1998) for review of altitudinal distribution of <i>G. dryas</i> in context of the entire Ruwenzori small mammal fauna.","30","30-01351","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1345-0000-1351"
"13001352","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Grammomys","","gigas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","7","","527","","","Mount Kenya Grammomys","Kenya, Mt Kenya, Solai, 9000 ft (2743 m).","Known only from the vicinity of Mt Kenya.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Recorded only by the holotype. Recognized as a species in most lists (G. M. Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1941). Hutterer and Dieterlen (1984) insisted the species has to be recognized because of its large teeth, an opinion we share derived from our study of the holotype; but the possibility that it is simply a large individual of <i>G</i>. <i>ibeanus</i> is a hypothesis worth testing.","30","30-01352","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1345-0000-1352"
"13001353","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Grammomys","","ibeanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1910","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","8","","","East African Grammomys","Kenya, Molo.","From extreme NE Zambia (Nyika Plateau; Ansell, 1978) and Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988) north through highlands of E Tanzania (Stanley et al., 1998; and specimens in MCZ) and Kenya to S Sudan (Hollister, 1919; Hutterer and Dieterlen, 1984).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Morphological and geographic definition of <i>G. ibeanus</i> is unsatisfactory, particularly the extent of its distribution in Tanzania. Hutterer and Dieterlen (1984) treated <i>ibeanus</i> as a form of <i>G. cometes</i>, but the striking morphological distinctions between samples of <i>ibeanus</i> and the type series of <i>cometes</i> prompted our specific ranking of <i>ibeanus</i> (see also account of <i>G. cometes</i>).","30","30-01353","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1345-0000-1353"
"13001354","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Grammomys","","kuru","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","381","","","Eastern Rainforest Grammomys","NE Dem. Rep. Congo, Orientale, Angu, Uele River.","Probably most of the E Congo Basin in S Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, forest patches in W Uganda (Delany, 1975, as <i>rutilans</i>), and possibly Republic of Congo; limits unresolved.","","<i>centralis</i>  (Dollman, 1914).","Phylogenetically closely related to <i>G. poensis</i> but differs in its smaller skull and shorter molar rows. The karyotype 2n = 50 described by Matthey (1963) for a specimen captured in Republic of Congo probably refers to <i>G. kuru</i> and contrasts with the 2n = 36 reported from the Côte d’Ivoire (see account of <i>G. poensis</i>). The taxon <i>kuru</i> has been treated as a synonym of <i>G. rutilans </i>(D. H. S. Davis, 1965; Musser and Carleton, 1993) or sometimes listed as a species (e.g., Ellerman, 1941), but with provisions (Hatt, 1940<i>b</i>; Hutterer and Dieterlen, 1984; Thomas, 1915); our study of the holotype revealed it is a very young adult. Measurements of the molar rows are like those in samples from E Dem. Rep. Congo and unlike samples of the larger <i>G. poensis</i> (see discussion in Hatt, 1940<i>b</i>).","30","30-01354","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1345-0000-1354"
"13001355","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Grammomys","","macmillani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","504","","","Macmillan’s Grammomys","Ethiopia, north of Lake Rudolf, Wouida.","Sierra Leone, Liberia, Central African Republic, S Sudan, S Ethiopia, N Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya, Uganda (including Bugala Isl in Lake Victoria), Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, and E Zimbabwe; limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>callithrix</i>  (Hatt, 1934); <i>erythropygus </i>Setzer, 1956;<i> gazellae</i> (Thomas, 1910); <i>oblitus</i> (Osgood, 1910); <i>ochraceus </i>(G. M. Allen, 1912);<i> usambarae </i>(Matschie, 1915);<i> vumbaensis </i>Roberts, 1938;<i> vumbensis</i> G. M. Allen, 1939.","Hutterer and Dieterlen (1984) provided historical association of the name with other taxa, and summary of range as they knew it. Chromosomal variation (under name of <i>gazellae</i>) described by Civitelli et al. (1989). Spermatozoal morphology documented by Breed (1995<i>a</i>, as <i>gazellae</i>). The records from Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique are based on samples in AMNH, MCZ, and USNM and represent significant range extensions beyond that outlined by Hutterer and Dieterlen (1984). Judged by Roberts's (1938) description and our study of one of the specimens in his original series (MCZ 24046), <i>vumbaensis</i> from E Zimbabwe (Vumba and Mount Selinda) belongs in the synonymy of <i>G. macmillani</i> rather than <i>G. dolichurus</i> where Smithers and Wilson (1979) and Meester et al. (1986) listed it. Matschie's (1915) <i>usambarae</i> from N Tanzania is also likely an example of <i>G. macmillani</i> because of its small size and short molar rows. Distribution in the ... [truncated]","30","30-01355","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1345-0000-1355"
"13001356","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Grammomys","","minnae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hutterer and Dieterlen","1984","","Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk., A","374","","10","","","Ethiopian Grammomys","S Ethiopia, Sidamo Province, edge of Bulcha Forest, 1800 m.","S Ethiopia; limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Recorded only from two localities. About the same body size as <i>G. dolichurus</i> and <i>G. macmillani </i>but has a very different karyotype (2n = 32, FN = 64; 2n = 52, FN = 66 in <i>G. dolichurus</i> and 2n = 68-76 in <i>G. macmillani</i>). Reviewed as an Ethiopian endemic by Yalden and Largen (1992; also see Yalden et al., 1996).","30","30-01356","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1345-0000-1356"
"13001357","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Grammomys","","poensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eisentraut","1965","","Zool. Jb. Syst., Jena","92","","26","","","Western Rainforest Grammomys","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko, Moca, 1200 m.","Western tropical rain forest blocks and outlying patches: from Guinea (Mt Nimba) eastward through Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana (Grubb et al., 1998, as <i>rutilans</i>), and Togo to S Nigeria, then south through Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (including Bioko; Eisentraut, 1965), and Gabon to N Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998, as <i>rutilans</i>). This outline is provisional; samples from Gabon and N Angola should be reexamined to determine if they are this species or the smaller <i>G. kuru</i>.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>G. rutilans</i>.","<i>rutilans</i>  (Peters, 1876) [not Olfers, 1818].","The species is better known as <i>Grammomys rutilans</i> (Peters, 1876; see Musser and Carleton, 1993, for example). <i>Mus rutilans</i> Peters, 1876, however, is a junior homonym of <i>Mus</i> <i>rutilans</i> Olfers, 1818, a South American sigmodontine cricetid, which has been used in the combination <i>Oxymycterus rutilans</i> (Olfers, 1818) by Hershkovitz (1959<i>a</i>), Vaz-Ferreira (1960), Reig (1964, 1965), Carleton (1973), and Voss and Linzey (1981). Hershkovitz (1994) recently placed <i>rutilans </i>in the synonymy of <i>Oxymycterus rufus</i> (Fischer, 1814). <i>Mus rutilans</i> Peters, 1876, therefore, is not available; <i>poensis</i>, described as a subspecies of <i>G. rutilans</i> by Eisentraut (1965) refers to the same genus and species, and is the valid species name for the taxon. The karyotype (2n = 36) reported by Tranier and Dosso (1979) for an individual captured in Côte d’Ivoire refers to <i>G. poensis</i>. Phylogenetically most closely related to <i>G. kuru</i> (see ... [truncated]","30","30-01357","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1345-0000-1357"
"13001358","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hadromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","20","","999","","<i>Mus</i> <i>humei</i> Thomas, 1886.","","","","","","<p><i>Hadromys</i>Division. Usually considered closely allied to <i>Arvicanthis</i> and its relatives, especially <i>Golunda </i>(Misonne, 1969), but a combination of primitive and derived cranial and dental traits divorces <i>Hadromys</i> from that group: best hypothesis now available on phylogenetic affinities would be to derive the species of <i>Hadromys</i> from some late Miocene Asian ancestor, possibly a species of <i>Karnimata </i>(= <i>Progonomys</i>, according to Mein et al., 1993), and to consider any resemblance to the <i>Arvicanthis</i> cluster a reflection of convergent evolution (Musser, 1987<i>b</i>). No fossils have been described that suggest phylogenetic links between <i>Hadromys</i> and either Asian <i>Golunda</i> or extinct Asian genera such as <i>Saidomys</i>, <i>Parapelomys</i>, and <i>Dilatomys </i>(see descriptions of those genera in Brandy, 1981; Gupta and Prasad, 2001; Jacobs, 1978; Ôen, 1983) that have been labeled ""Asian arvicanthines"" (e.g., Cheema et al., ... [truncated]","30","30-01358","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1358"
"13001359","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hadromys","","humei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1886","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1886","","63","","","Hume’s Hadromys","India, Manipur, Moirang.","NE India (Manipur and NW Assam; Musser, 1987<i>b</i>; Agrawal, 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Musser (1987<i>a</i>). The species occurred throughout Thailand to Songkla Province in peninsular Thailand at the Thai-Malay border (south of the present Isthmus of Kra, 10E30' N) during middle Pleistocene, about 137,000 years ago, judged by fossilized molars identified as <i>H. humei</i> (Chaimanee and Jaeger, 2000<i>b</i>). During that earlier time Thailand, and most likely other parts of the Indomalayan region may have been dominated by drier and cooler climates and extensive savanna environments similar to the habitats in which <i>H. humei</i> is found today. In the context of this past distribution, the present range of <i>H</i>. <i>humei</i> appears to be relictual (Chaimanee and Jaeger, 2000<i>b</i>).","30","30-01359","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1358-0000-1359"
"13001360","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hadromys","","yunnanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Yang and Wang","1987","","Acta Theriologica Sinica","7","","46","","","Yunnan Hadromys","China, W Yunnan Province, Ruili County, Hulan (24E09' N, 97E51' E), 1300 m.","Recorded only from Ruili County in W Yunnan, 970-1300 m (Yang and Wang, 1987).","","","Originally described as a distinctive subspecies of <i>H. humei</i>, but the Yunnan animal is easily distinguished by its much larger body size (123-140 mm as opposed to 98-120 mm in <i>H. humei</i>), relatively shorter tail, pure white underparts (grayish white tinged with pale or rich buff in <i>H. humei</i>), significantly longer diastema (8.1-8.5 mm versus 6.7-7.8 mm in <i>H. humei</i>), and shorter palate relative to skull length. These contrasts support the hypothesis that <i>yunnanensis</i> represents a separate species, a conclusion also suggested by Corbet and Hill (1992) who were impressed by the differences. In his checklist of Chinese mammals, Wang (2003) treated <i>yunnanensis</i> as a species.","30","30-01360","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1358-0000-1360"
"13001361","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Haeromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","7","","207","","<i>Mus</i> <i>margarettae</i> Thomas, 1893.","","","","","","<i>Micromys</i>Division. A Sundaic and Sulawesian endemic. Cranial, dental, and spermatozoal morphology suggested a distant phylogenetic link to <i>Chiropodomys</i> (Breed and Musser, 1991; Musser and Newcomb, 1983). This alliance was indicated by Thomas (1893:346) in describing <i>margarettae</i>: ""Skull with a very peculiar and noteworthy resemblance to that of <i>Chiropodomys</i> agreeing with that of <i>Ch. gliroides</i> so closely that it is not until a close examination is made that the differences become apparent."" Chromosomal data is ambiguous in assessing <i>Haeromys</i>’s closest relatives (Musser, 1990). A new species from C Sulawesi will be described within the context of a revision of <i>Haeromys</i> being prepared by Musser (ms).","30","30-01361","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1361"
"13001362","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Haeromys","","margarettae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","11","","346","","","Margaret’s Haeromys","Malaysia, Sarawak, Penrisen Hills.","Borneo; recorded only from the type locality and Sabah (Chasen and Kloss, 1932).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Known only by the holotype (BMNH 93.4.1.55) and a specimen from Bettotan in Sabah (RMBR 4.7900); Medway’s (1977) record from East Kalimantan is a nestling of <i>Sundamys</i> <i>muelleri</i> (ZMO 8226, identified by Musser).","30","30-01362","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1361-0000-1362"
"13001363","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Haeromys","","minahassae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","247","","","Lowland Sulawesi Haeromys","Indonesia, Sulawesi, NE tip of N peninsula, Minahassa region, Rurukan (01E21'N/124E52'E), 1000 ft (305 m).","Sulawesi; recorded only from tropical lowland evergreen rain forest at the NE tip of the N peninsula and central core between 75 and 1000 m (Musser, 1990; Musser, ms).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","External, cranial, and dental features distinguish <i>H. minahassae</i> and an undescribed Sulawesian species from those on Borneo and Palawan (Musser, ms). Karyotype is primitive (2n = 48, FN = 54) consisting of two pairs of metacentrics and the rest telocentrics (Musser, 1990); spermatozoal morphology is distinctive (Breed and Musser, 1991). Of the two species of <i>Haeromys</i> endemic to Sulawesi, an undescribed form occupies montane forest formations and its close relative <i>H. minahassae</i> occurs at lower altitudes in lowland evergreen rain forest; the two are also distinguished by pelage coloration and cranial traits (Musser, ms).","30","30-01363","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1361-0000-1363"
"13001364","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Haeromys","","pusillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","11","","232","","","Sundaic Haeromys","Malaysia, Sabah, Mt Kinabalu.","Documented (Musser, ms) by six examples from Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah, E and SW Kalimantan) and two from the Greater Palawan Faunal Region of the Philippines (one from Palawan, the other from Calauit Isl).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","The two Philippine specimens have paler underparts on head and body and dorsal metatarsal surfaces than does the Bornean sample and also differ slightly in dental traits, but because there are so few specimens from either Borneo or the Greater Palawan Faunal Region, the significance of this variation has yet to be determined. Most closely related to <i>H</i>. <i>margarettae</i>, and included, incorrectly in our view, in that species by Payne et al. (1985).","30","30-01364","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1361-0000-1364"
"13001365","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hapalomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blyth","1859","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","28","","296","","<i>Hapalomys</i> <i>longicaudatus</i> Blyth, 1859.","","","","","","<p><i>Micromys</i>Division. Reviewed by Musser (1972). One of the few murine genera with representatives in both Indochina and on the Sunda Shelf (Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Although molar occlusal patterns are highly derived, they are more similar to those of <i>Chiropodomys</i> than to any other extant Asian murine (Chaimanee, 1998; Misonne, 1969), a suggested alliance supported by shared derived traits of the feet, digits, and skull (Musser and Newcomb, 1983).</p><p>Musser and Newcomb (1983) suggested the evolutionary history of <i>Hapalomys</i> to have been confined to Indochina, a view now confirmed by Pleistocene fossils that document a small radiation in the region probably originating in the Pliocene. Isolated molars from early Pleistocene cave sediments in the Sichuan-Guizhou region of S China have been described as <i>H. eurycidens</i>,<i> H. angustidens</i>, and <i>H. gracilis</i>; <i>H. khaorupchangi</i> is represented by molars from early and middle Pleistocene cave deposi... [truncated]","30","30-01365","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1365"
"13001366","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hapalomys","","delacouri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1927","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1927","","55","","","Lesser Marmoset Rat","S Vietnam, Dakto.","S China (Hainan Isl and S Guangxi on the mainland; Musser [1972], Wang [2003], Zhang et al. [1997]), N Laos (Musser, 1972), and C Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>marmosa</i> G. M. Allen, 1927;<i> pasquieri </i>Thomas, 1927.","<p>Corbet and Hill (1992) recognized two groups on the mainland separated by degree of tail pilosity and some cranial and dental dimensions, but the significance of these differences needs to be assessed by study of larger series; <i>H. delacouri</i> is still represented only by a few specimens. The species has been infrequently encountered by collectors, is probably restricted to a special habitat (bamboo, for example), has a patchy distribution, and will likely be found to occur over a broader range than is now indicated by extant specimens.</p><p>Isolated molars have been uncovered from Holocene cave sediments in the Sichuan-Guizhou region of S China (Zheng, 1993, as <i>H. </i>cf. <i>delacouri</i>) and middle or late Pleistocene cave deposits in Guangxi Province of S China (Chen et al., 2002) and NE Thailand (Chaimanee, 1998, as <i>H. delacouri</i>); it would not be surprising to find the species still living in N Thailand and other parts of S China.</p>","30","30-01366","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1365-0000-1366"
"13001367","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hapalomys","","longicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1859","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","28","","296","","","Greater Marmoset Rat","Burma, Tenasserim, Sitang River Valley.","SW China (W Yunnan; Wang, 2003), SE Burma (Ellerman, 1961), SW and peninsular Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>; Robinson et al., 1995), and Malay Peninsula (Medway, 1978; specimens in USNM); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Karyotype uninformative about phylogenetic relationships (Yong et al., 1982). Spermatozoal morphology similar to that of <i>Chiropodomys</i> and <i>Maxomys </i>and also resembling the basic structure found in species of <i>Mus</i> and <i>Apodemus</i> (Breed and Yong (1986). Reviewed by Musser (1972). Evolutionary history of <i>H. longicaudatus</i> extends back to middle Pleistocene as documented by isolated molars recovered from cave sediments in peninsular and NW Thailand (Chaimanee, 1998).","30","30-01367","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1365-0000-1367"
"13001368","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Heimyscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Misonne","1969","","Mus. Roy. l'Afrique Cent., Tervuren, Zool.","no. 172","","125","","<i>Hylomyscus</i> <i>fumosus</i> Brosset, Dubost, and Heim de Balsac, 1965.","","","","","","<i>Stenocephalemys</i>Division. A distinctive genus formerly phylogenetically allied with <i>Hylomyscus</i>. DNA/DNA<i> </i>hybridization experiments, for example, place <i>Heimyscus fumosus</i> closer to <i>Hylomyscus stella</i> than to the species of<i> Praomys</i>, <i>Myomyscus</i>, and <i>Mastomys </i>examined (Chevret et al., 1994), which is reflected by nuclear IRBP sequences in which <i>Heimyscus fumosus </i>joins <i>H. stella</i> and <i>H. parvus</i> in a monophyletic group (Lecompte, 2003). Analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences, however, indicate <i>Heimyscus</i> to be phylogenetically divergent from <i>Hylomyscus</i> and apparently more closely related to <i>Praomys </i>(Lecompte et al., 2002<i>b</i>).","30","30-01368","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1368"
"13001369","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Heimyscus","","fumosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brosset, Dubost, and Heim de Balsac","1965","","Biologia Gabonica","1","","154","","","Smokey Heimyscus","Gabon, Makokou.","Recorded only from the type locality, S Cameroon (Robbins et al., 1980), SW Gabon (specimens in FMNH, USNM), Republic of Congo (Granjon, 1991), and S Central African Republic (F. Petter and Genest, 1970; Malcom and Ray, 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Originally described as a species of <i>Hylomyscus</i>, but differs significantly from any species in that genus in morphological and chromosomal traits (Misonne, 1969; Robbins et al., 1980), ecology (Duplantier, 1989), and complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>sequences (Lecompte et al., 2002<i>b</i>). Chevret et al. (1994), however, suggested that the degree of nucleotide substitutions indicated <i>fumosus</i> could remain in <i>Hylomyscus</i> under subgenus <i>Heimyscus</i>. Chromosomal traits (2n = 40, FNa = 48) described by Lecompte (2003).","30","30-01369","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1368-0000-1369"
"13001370","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hybomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","85","","<i>Mus</i> <i>univittatus</i> Peters, 1876.","","","","","<i>Typomys</i>  Thomas, 1911.","<i>Hybomys</i>Division. The species have traditionally been arranged into two groups and reflected taxonomically as either subgenera (<i>Hybomys</i> and <i>Typomys</i>; G. M. Allen, 1939; Carleton and Robbins, 1985; Ellerman, 1941; Misonne, 1969) or genera (Thomas, 1911<i>b</i>; see Rosevear's [1969] excellent exposition). Morphometric analyses of cranial and dental dimensions by Van der Straeten (1984) showed a closer alliance between the subgenus <i>Hybomys</i> and <i>Dephomys</i>, a West African forest endemic, than with <i>Typomys</i>, and prompted Van der Straeten to argue strongly for recognizing <i>Typomys</i> as a separate genus. But his conclusion was founded on multivariate analyses of continuous variables and ignored discrete character-trait differences; his tree is a phenogram of shape-size similarity, not a cladogram of shared-derived characters hypothesizing phylogenetic affinity. Carleton and Robbins (1985:983) corroborated the dichotomy between <i>Hybomys</i> and <i>Typ... [truncated]","30","30-01370","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1370"
"13001371","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hybomys","Hybomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","85","","<i>Mus</i> <i>univittatus</i> Peters, 1876.","","","","","","","30","30-01371","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1370-1371"
"13001372","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hybomys","Typomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-01372","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1370-1372"
"13001373","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hybomys","Hybomys","badius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1936","","Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.","20","","254","","","Cameroon Highland Hybomys","Cameroon, southwest slope Mt Cameroon, 5800 ft (1768 m).","Mt Cameroon and Mtns Lefo and Oku in the Bamenda-Banso highlands, W Cameroon.","IUCN – Endangered as <i>H. eisentrauti.</i>","<i>eisentrauti</i>  Van der Straeten and Hutterer, 1986.","Subgenus <i>Hybomys</i>. We use <i>badius</i> as the oldest name for <i>eisentrauti</i>, described by Van der Straeten and Hutterer (1986), whose definition is based mostly on its geographic separation from <i>H. lunaris</i>, as Van der Straeten et al. (1986) perceived that species, not on differentiating character data. Their multivariate analysis revealed three clusters of specimen scores, one representing <i>H. basilii</i> from Bioko, another ""<i>H. lunaris</i>"" from E Dem. Rep. Congo and Rwanda (not true <i>lunaris</i>; see below), and a third <i>H. univittatus</i> collected in S Cameroon. Specimens of <i>eisentrauti</i> lie close to examples of <i>badius</i> and both sets of scores fall within their ""<i>H. lunaris.</i>"" Curiously and confusingly, they treated Osgood’s <i>badius </i>as a subspecies of <i>H. univittatus</i>, even though those specimen scores are well separated from the <i>H. univittatus</i> cluster. The analysis of Van der Straeten and Hutterer provides no clearcut ... [truncated]","30","30-01373","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1370-1371-1373"
"13001374","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hybomys","Hybomys","basilii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eisentraut","1965","","Zool. Jahrb. Syst.","92","","20","","","Bioko Hybomys","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko, Mocatal, 1200 m.","Endemic to Bioko.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Hybomys</i>. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>H</i>. <i>univittatus</i>, but raised to specific rank by Van der Straeten (1985) based on morphometric analyses contrasting it with samples identified as <i>H. univittatus</i> and <i>H. lunaris </i>(Van der Straeten, 1985; Van der Straeten and Hutterer, 1986).","30","30-01374","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1370-1371-1374"
"13001375","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hybomys","Hybomys","lunaris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","145","","","Ruwenzori Hybomys","Uganda, Ruwenzori East, Mubuku Valley, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Ruwenzori Mtns, W Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Hybomys</i>. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>H</i>. <i>univittatus</i> by Thomas, <i>lunaris</i> was raised to a species based upon chromosomal traits (Verheyen and Van der Straeten, 1985) and morphometric analyses (Van der Straeten, 1985; Van der Straeten et al., 1986). Van der Straeten et al. (1986) identified the species as occurring in NE and E Dem. Rep. Congo, W Uganda, and Rwanda, but their samples from these areas are not representative of true <i>lunaris</i>, a morphology so far known only from the Ruwenzori Mtns. Verheyen and Van der Straeten (1985) documented 2n = 48 for a Rwandan sample they labeled <i>H. lunaris</i>, which contrasted with 2n = 44 from their Cameroon material they identified as <i>H. univittatus</i>. However, Carleton and Robbins (1985) recorded a 2n = 48 from northwest of Dongila, the type locality of <i>H. univittatus</i> and considered that karyotype typical of the latter. Carleton and Robbins (1985:985) explained that ""Verheyen and... [truncated]","30","30-01375","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1370-1371-1375"
"13001376","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hybomys","Typomys","planifrons","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","2","","641","","","Liberian Forest Hybomys","Liberia, Mt Coffee.","Liberian Forest Zone: N and E Sierra Leone, Liberia, S half of Guinea (Barnett et al., 1996; Ziegler et al., 2002), and W Côte d’Ivoire west of the Sassandra River; Carleton and Robbins (1985:990).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Typomys</i>. Part of the murine fauna endemic to West Africa (see account of <i>Grammomys buntingi</i>). Taxonomic status, phylogenetic relationship, and significance of distribution in Liberian forest refuge reviewed by Carleton and Robbins (1985). Additional data reported by Gautun et al. (1986). Grubb et al. (1998) reviewed Sierra Leone population, and Barnett et al. (1996) extended its range in Guinea to the Kounounkan Massif.","30","30-01376","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1370-1372-1376"
"13001377","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hybomys","Typomys","trivirgatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guine","","","159","","","West African Hybomys","Ghana (= Gold Coast), Dabocrom.","From Sierra Leone west to SW Nigeria west of the Niger River (Carleton and Robbins, 1985:990).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pearsei</i> Ingoldby, 1929 [justified emendation of <i>pearcei</i> by Rosevear, 1969:378].","Subgenus <i>Typomys</i>. Part of the murine fauna endemic to West Africa (see account of <i>Grammomys buntingi</i>). Morphology, phylogenetic affinities, and geographic range reviewed by Carleton and Robbins (1985). Grubb et al. (1998) reviewed populations in Ghana and Sierra Leone. Neither Rosevear (1969) nor Carleton and Robbins (1985) uncovered evidence for subspecific differentiation of <i>pearsei</i> from SW Nigeria.","30","30-01377","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1370-1372-1377"
"13001378","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hybomys","Hybomys","univittatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1876","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","","","479","","","Peters’s Hybomys","Gabon, Dongila.","From SE Nigeria (on E side of Cross River), through Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of Congo, S Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, and extreme NW Zambia to S Uganda and W Rwanda (Carleton and Robbins, 1985:990).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>rufocanus</i> (Tullberg, 1893).","Subgenus <i>Hybomys</i>. Review of species and comparisons with <i>H</i>. <i>trivirgatus</i> and <i>H</i>. <i>planifrons</i> reported by Carleton and Robbins (1985). The degree of morphological variation seen among populations of <i>H. univittatus</i> suggests that it is a composite of morphologically similar species. One problem has been inadvertently identified by Van der Straeten et al. (1986), who separated <i>lunaris</i> from <i>H. univittatus</i>. Their morphometric analysis, and similar results reproduced in other reports (Van der Straeten, 1985; Van der Straeten and Hutterer, 1986), clearly distinguish specimens from S Cameroon identified as <i>H. univitattus</i> from samples obtained in E Dem. Rep. Congo and Rwanda, which they identified as <i>H. lunaris</i>. Real <i>lunaris</i>, however, is a species of small body size and more delicate build, to date known only from the Ruwenzori highlands (see that account). The ""<i>lunaris</i>"" of Van der Straeten and colleagues is a diffe... [truncated]","30","30-01378","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1370-1371-1378"
"13001379","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hydromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1804","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","3","93","353","","<i>Hydromys</i> <i>chrysogaster</i> E. Geoffroy, 1804.","","","","","<i>Baiyankamys</i> Hinton, 1943.","<i>Hydromys</i>Division. Member of the Australian and New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Considered an Australian member of a restricted Hydromyini by Baverstock (1984), not the more inclusive Hydromyini of Watts and Baverstock (1994<i>a</i>). Analysis of allozymic variation supported a weak link between <i>H</i>. <i>chrysogaster</i> and <i>Xeromys</i> (Baverstock et al., 1981), but albumin immunology (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>, 1996) and spermatozoal morphology (Breed and Aplin, 1994; Breed, 1997), using <i>H. chrysogaster</i>, strongly allied <i>Hydromys</i> with<i> </i>New Guinea <i>Parahydromys</i>, and the Australian<i> Leggadina</i>, and placed the three in a larger clade containing members of our <i>Xeromys</i>, <i>Pseudomys</i>, and <i>Uromys</i> Divisions, which Watts and Baverstock (1994<i>a</i>) defined as the Hydromyini (or ""Australasian clade"") to the exclusion of strictly New Guinea species in our <i>Pogonomys</i> Division (Anisomyini of Watts and Ba... [truncated]","30","30-01379","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1379"
"13001380","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hydromys","","chrysogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1804","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","93","","354","","","Common Water Rat","Australia, Tasmania, Bruny Isl (see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:157).","Australia: freshwater lakes and rivers as well as swamp, salt marsh, and supralittoral habitats (absent from C Australian region); also found on Tasmania and numerous smaller islands off the coast of Australia (Friend and Thomas, 1990; Robinson et al., 2000; Rounsevell et al., 1991; Seebeck, 1995<i>b</i>; Watts and Aslin, 1981:67); Kai Isls and Aru Isls. New Guinea: throughout most of the island from sea level to 1900 m (Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>:188; 1995<i>a</i>:237;). Also on the Melanesian and Wallacean islands of Goodenough, Yapen, Biak, Kiriwina, Fergusson, Normanby, and Obi (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i> ).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>apicalis</i> Kuhl, 1820; <i>beccarii</i> Peters, 1874; <i>caurinus</i> Thomas, 1909; <i>esox</i> Thomas, 1906; <i>flaviventer </i>Owen, 1840-1845; <i>fuliginosus</i> Gould, 1853; <i>fulvogaster</i> Jourdan, 1837; <i>fulvolavatus</i> Gould, 1853 <i>fulvoventer</i> Cuvier, 1837; <i>grootensis</i> Troughton, 1935; <i>illuteus</i> Thomas, 1922; <i>lawnensis</i> Troughton, 1935; <i>leucogaster </i>Geoffroy, 1804; <i>longmani</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>lutrilla</i> Gould, 1853; <i>melicertes</i> Thomas, 1921; <i>moae</i> Troughton, 1935; <i>nauticus</i> Thomas, 1921; <i>oriens</i> Troughton, 1937; <i>reginae </i>Thomas and Dollman, 1909.","Chromosomal data presented by Baverstock et al. (1977<i>c</i>, 1983<i>b</i>). Morphology of spermatozoa and male reproductive tract discussed in context of comparative study of Australian murines (Breed, 1984, 1986; Breed and Sarafis, 1978; Morrissey and Breed, 1982). References to distributional, taxonomic, and biological literature for Australia cataloged by Mahoney and Richardson (1988:156). Significance of variation in body size and pelage color needs to be assessed in context of careful systematic revision of the species; more than one species likely exists among available samples (the single specimen from Obi Isl, for example, likely represents a separate species, as does a very small-bodied specimen from highland oak forest on Goodenough Isl, which may be a montane endemic distinct from <i>H. chrysogaster </i>in the lowlands; K. Helgen, in litt., 2003). Australian population reviewed by Olsen (1995), New Guinea by Flannery (1995<i>a</i>). Leary and Seri (1997) reported specimens... [truncated]","30","30-01380","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1379-0000-1380"
"13001381","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hydromys","","habbema","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1941","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1101","","3","","","New Guinea Mountain Water Rat","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), 15 km N Mt Wilhelmina, Lake Habbema, 3225 m.","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), known only from the type locality and NE slope of Mt Wilhelmina between 3560 and 3600 m (Tate, 1951:227); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Reviewed and mapped by Flannery (1995<i>a</i>).","30","30-01381","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1379-0000-1381"
"13001382","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hydromys","","hussoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser and Piik","1982","","Zool. Meded. Leiden","56","","157","","","Husson’s Water Rat","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Wissel Lakes, Lake Paniai, Enarotali, 1765 m (see Musser and Piik, 1982, for other details).","New Guinea; known only from the Wissel Lakes region in the W foothill margin of the Snow Mtns (Pegunungan Maoke) in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) (Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>:186, 1995<i>a</i>; Musser and Piik, 1982:156); limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Overall morphology and anatomical proportions of <i>H</i>. <i>hussoni</i> are like those of <i>H</i>. <i>chrysogaster</i>, although it is much smaller than that species (Musser and Piik, 1982). Ziegler (1984) identified a specimen as <i>H. hussoni </i>obtained from Bianyik, 5 km south of Maprik in lowlands (213 m) of the Torricelli Mtns on N coast of East Sepik Province in Papua New Guinea. This specimen is about the same body size as the series from Enarotali, has smaller skull and bullae, shorter molar rows (Ziegler, 1984) and to us is not an example of <i>H. hussoni</i>, but represents a separate undescribed species (K. Helgen, in litt., 2004, who examined the specimen, concurs).","30","30-01382","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1379-0000-1382"
"13001383","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hydromys","","neobritannicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1935","","Am. Mus. Novit.","803","","8","","","New Britain Water Rat","Bismarck Arch., New Britain Isl, Wide Bay, Balayang, Bainings.","Endemic to New Britain Isl.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Included in <i>H</i>. <i>chrysogaster</i> by Ellerman (1941) and Ziegler (1982<i>b</i>), but recognized as a New Britain endemic by Flannery and White (1991) and should retain this status until significance of its diagnostic traits can be assessed in a systematic revision of the large-bodied forms of <i>Hydromys</i>, as Tate (1951:236) already noted. Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","30","30-01383","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1379-0000-1383"
"13001384","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hydromys","","shawmayeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1943","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11","10","","552","","","Shaw Mayer’s Water Rat","Papua New Guinea, SE Bismarck Range, Purari-Ramu Divide, Baiyanka, 6500 ft (1980 m).","New Guinea; recorded only along the Papua New Guinea Central Cordillera from Hagen Range in the west to Mt Kaindi area in the east (localities 1-4 that were mapped as ""<i>H</i>. <i>habbema</i>"" in Musser and Piik, 1982:156).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Although identified as <i>H</i>. <i>habbema</i>, specimens from Papua New Guinea were noted to exhibit significant morphological differences from true <i>H. habbema</i> in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), not only in body size but also in certain cranial proportions (Mahoney, 1968; Musser and Piik, 1982; Tate, 1951). These and other contrasts support the hypothesis of eastern (<i>H. shawmayeri</i>) and western (<i>H. habbema</i>) montane species, a pattern that is not uncommon to other New Guinea murines (e. g., <i>Pseudohydromys</i> <i>murinus</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>occidentalis</i>). Mahoney (1968) discussed the problems associated with the original holotype of <i>shawmayeri</i>, which was described as a species of <i>Baiyankamys</i>. Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>a</i>).","30","30-01384","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1379-0000-1384"
"13001385","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hylomyscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","17","","174","","<i>Epimys</i> <i>aeta</i> Thomas, 1911.","","","","","","<i>Stenocephalemys</i>Division. Taxonomic, distributional, and biological summaries of West African forms provided by Rosevear (1969). Morphometric, distributional, and chromosomal data for some species in Cameroon reported by Eisentraut (1969, 1973) and Robbins et al. (1980). Species from Côte d’Ivoire reviewed by Heim de Balsac and Aellen (1965). Distributions of species listed below based primarily on study of museum specimens. See Rosevear (1969) and Robbins et al. (1980) for taxonomic history of the alternating use of <i>Hylomyscus</i> as a genus or subgenus. DNA/DNA hybridization results set <i>Hylomyscus</i> well apart from a cluster formed by species of <i>Praomys</i>,<i> Myomyscus</i>, and <i>Mastomys</i> (Chevret et al., 1994); analysis of microcomplement fixation of albumin brings <i>Praomys</i>,<i> Mastomys</i>,<i> Myomyscus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Hylomyscus</i> together in a clade with the last separated from the other three (Watts and Baverstock, 1997<i>a</i>); and monophyly ... [truncated]","30","30-01385","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1385"
"13001386","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hylomyscus","","aeta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","7","","591","","","Beaded Hylomyscus","Cameroon, Bitye, Ja River.","Central forest block from Equatorial Guinea (including Bioko) to Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, W Uganda, and NW Burundi; limits unknown (distribution based primarily on specimens examined in various institutions).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>laticeps</i> Osgood, 1936;<i> shoutedeni </i>(Dollman, 1914);<i> weileri </i>(Lönnberg and Gyldenstolpe, 1925).","<i>Hylomyscus aeta</i> is easily distinguished from all other species of <i>Hylomyscus</i> by its distinct supraorbital shelves. Hatt (1940<i>a</i>) tentatively included <i>aeta</i>,<i> shoutedeni</i>, and <i>weiler</i> in <i>H. carillus</i>, but our study of samples and holotypes does not support his arrangement. Variation in body size exists among geographic samples but its significance has not been assessed by careful study. Swynnerton and Hayman’s (1951:316) report of <i>H. aeta </i>in the Uluguru Mtns, EC Tanzania, is apparently based on Allen and Loveridge’s (1933) listing of <i>H. weileri</i>, now considered a synonym of <i>H. aeta</i>; these specimens (series in MCZ) are all examples of the <i>H. denniae</i> complex. Chromosomal data reported by Robbins et al. (1980). Eisentraut (1969<i>b</i>) described <i>grandis</i> from Mt Oku as a subspecies of <i>H. aeta</i> but Hutterer et al. (1992<i>a</i>) treated it as a separate species (see that account). Discussed by Eisentraut (197... [truncated]","30","30-01386","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1385-0000-1386"
"13001387","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hylomyscus","","alleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","77","","","Allen’s Hylomyscus","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko, Gulf of Guinea.","Equatorial Guinea (including Bioko) and West Africa from Guinea (Mt Nimba) to Gabon and Cameroon; limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>canus<b> </b></i> Sanderson, 1940;<i> montis </i>Eisentraut, 1969; <i>simus </i>G. M. Allen and Coolidge, 1930.","We do not follow Rosevear (1969) in restricting <i>H. alleni</i> to Bioko (= Fernando Poo), and agree with Eisentraut (1969<i>b</i>) and Robbins et al. (1980) in recognizing the species in West Africa (based on our study of Eisentraut's material and other specimens). Robbins et al. (1980) reported sympatry between <i>alleni</i> and <i>stella</i> in S Cameroon, as well as cranial and chromosomal distinctions. However, the morphological differences they noted are slight and variable even within a single sample, the karyotypes all have 2n = 46 and only differ slightly in FN (68 versus 70), and they did not demonstrate whether the contrasts represented intra- or interpopulational variation. The chromosomal differences are not impressive considering that a sample referred to <i>H. stella</i> from Burundi had 2n = 48 and FN= 86 (Maddalena et al., 1989). Some authors (Brosset et al., 1965; Heim de Balsac and Aellen, 1965) have regarded <i>simus</i> as the species distributed throughout West A... [truncated]","30","30-01387","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1385-0000-1387"
"13001388","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hylomyscus","","baeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heim de Balsac and Aellen","1965","","Biologia Gabonica","1","","175","","","Baer’s Hylomyscus","Côte d’Ivoire, Adiopodoume.","Recorded only from Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Sierra Leone.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Part of the murine fauna endemic to West Africa (see account of <i>Grammomys buntingi</i>). Distributional and morphometric data summarized by Robbins and Setzer (1979); Ghana and Sierra Leone records reviewed by Grubb et al. (1998).","30","30-01388","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1385-0000-1388"
"13001389","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hylomyscus","","carillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","13","","418","","","Angolan Hylomyscus","Angola, Andongo, Pungo, 1200 m.","WC Angola; limits unknown (Crawford-Cabral, 1998, claimed the species occurs in SE Dem. Rep. Congo).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Associated with either <i>H. aeta</i> (Hatt, 1940<i>a</i>) or <i>H. alleni</i> (G. M. Allen, 1939), the affinities of <i>carillus</i> may be closer to <i>H. stella</i> (based on our study of the holotype and series from Pungo in BMNH). We have identified three distinct species of <i>Hylomyscus</i> occurring in Angola: <i>H. carillus</i>, an unnamed population related to East African <i>H. denniae</i>, and <i>H. stella </i>(specimens in AMNH, BMNH, and FMNH). Crawford-Cabral (1998) reviewed and mapped records he identified as <i>H. carillus</i> and regarded this as the only species in Angola; some of his records likely represent the other two species.","30","30-01389","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1385-0000-1389"
"13001390","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hylomyscus","","denniae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","144","","","Montane Hylomyscus","Uganda, Mubuku Valley, Ruwenzori East, 7000 ft (2134 m).","Montane forest islands in WC Angola, extreme E Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, W Rwanda, and Kenya through Tanzania to NE Zambia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anselli<b> </b></i> Bishop, 1979;<i> endorobae</i> (Heller, 1910);<i> vulcanorum</i> (Lönnberg and Gyldenstolpe, 1925).","<p>The species was superficially reviewed by Hatt (1940<i>a</i>) and somewhat more thoroughly by Bishop (1979). The records of <i>H. carillus</i> from Chitau and Hanha in WC Angola (Hill and Carter, 1941:98) are based upon examples of what we identify here as <i>H. denniae</i>; additional samples (in FMNH) were collected in the same region on Mt Moco and Mt Soque. Although far west from the nearest records of <i>H. denniae</i>, most morphological characteristics of the Angolan series fall within the range of variation among samples now defined as that species. That variation, however, is appreciable, especially in body size, and its significance in determining whether one or more species is present in what is now regarded as <i>H. denniae</i> has to be assessed by systematic revision; certainly more than one species is represented. The distribution of <i>H. denniae</i> like populations in afromontane habitats of East Africa and the Angolan plateau parallels the pattern seen in <i>Rhabd... [truncated]","30","30-01390","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1385-0000-1390"
"13001391","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hylomyscus","","grandis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eisentraut","1969","","Z. Säugetierk.","34","","300","","","Mount Oku Hylomyscus","West Cameroon, Banso Highlands, Lake Oku on Mt Oku, 2100 m.","Recorded only from upper slopes of Mt Oku (Eisentraut, 1969<i>b</i>, 1973).","","","Still known only by the four specimens collected by Eisentraut. He (Eisentraut, 1969<i>b</i>) described <i>grandis</i> as a subspecies of <i>H. aeta</i>, but it has a larger skull and significantly longer molar rows and is a separate species (Hutterer et al., 1992<i>a</i>; our study of specimens at ZFMK). Eisentraut collected examples of <i>H. alleni </i>at the same altitude at Lake Oku (Eisentraut, 1969<i>b</i>; our identifications of his specimens). In addition to <i>H. grandis</i>,<i> </i>other species of small mammals endemic to Mount Oku are the muroid rodents <i>Lophuromys dieterleni</i>,<i> Lamottemys okuensis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Lemniscomys mittendorfi</i> and the golden mole <i>Chrysochloris balsaci.</i>","30","30-01391","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1385-0000-1391"
"13001392","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hylomyscus","","parvus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brosset, Dubost, and Heim de Balsac","1965","","Biologia Gabonica","1","","149","","","Lesser Hylomyscus","Gabon, Belinga, 800 m.","N and E Dem. Rep. Congo, S Central African Republic, N Gabon, and S Cameroon (Dudu et al., 1989).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A distinctive species discussed by Dudu et al. (1989). Regularly trapped, although in small numbers, in Makokou, Gabon (Duplantier, 1989).","30","30-01392","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1385-0000-1392"
"13001393","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hylomyscus","","stella","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","7","","590","","","Stella Hylomyscus","E Dem. Rep. Congo, Ituri Forest, between Mawambi and Avakubi.","From S and SE Nigeria, Gabon, Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, S Sudan to Dem. Rep. Congo, N Angola, Uganda, and W Kenya to EC Tanzania, Burundi, and Rwanda; limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kaimosae</i> (Heller, 1912).","The records from Sudan and N Angola are documented by specimens in FMNH; those from Tanzania are in BMNH. A specimen from the Gotel Mtns in SE Nigeria may represent the most northern population in Cameroon and Nigeria (Hutterer et al., 1992<i>a</i>). Some E African samples were reviewed by Bishop (1979). Using allozymic data, Iskandar et al. (1988) documented two species occurring together in NW Gabon. One is <i>H. stella</i> but they could not place a name on the other. Recognizable morphological variation exists among the samples of <i>H. stella</i> and this significance has to be assessed by critical systematic revision. The variation in 2n and FN among samples identified as <i>H. stella</i> was documented by Robbins et al. (1980) and Maddalena et al. (1989). Fadda et al. (2001<i>a</i>) used <i>kaimosae</i> as a species without explanation. Included by Eisentraut (1973) in his discussion of faunal evolution in West Africa. Documented from the Kalinzu Forest of SW Uganda by Delany (1... [truncated]","30","30-01393","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1385-0000-1393"
"13001394","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hyomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","1904","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1903","2","198","","<i>Hyomys meeki</i> Thomas, 1904 (= <i>Mus goliath</i> Milne-Edwards, 1900).","","","","","","<i>Pogonomys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Phallic morphology documented by Lidicker (1968). Distributional and biological data summarized by Flannery (1990<i>b</i>, 1995<i>a</i>). Analysis of immunological distances by Watts and Baverstock (1994<i>a</i>) placed <i>Hyomys</i> in a clade with <i>Chiruromys</i>,<i> Pogonomys</i>,<i> Anisomys</i>,<i> Coccymys</i>,<i> Mallomys</i>, and <i>Macruromys</i>, but could not identify clear affinity with any particular genus within that group. Based upon their primitive sperm morphologies, Breed and Aplin (1994:26) speculated that <i>Hyomys</i>, along with <i>Anisomys</i>, ""may represent some of the earliest offshoots of the Australo-Papuan radiation."" Whether only one or more species are present in <i>Hyomys</i> has never been satisfactorily resolved (Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>; Rümmler, 1938; Tate, 1951), but our examination of museum specimens revealed the two species listed below.","30","30-01394","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1394"
"13001395","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hyomys","","dammermani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Stein","1933","","Z. Säugetierk.","8","","95","","","Western Hyomys","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Weyland Range, Kunupi Mtn.","New Guinea; from the Vogelkop region (Arfak Mtns), Weyland Range, and Snow Mtns in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) east along Central Cordillera to Schrader Range and the Mt Hagen and Nondugl region in Papua New Guinea; to the east it is apparently replaced by <i>H. goliath</i>.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>H</i>. <i>meeki</i> (= <i>H. goliath</i>; Rummler, 1938; Stein, 1933), <i>H. dammermani</i> is a small-bodied species with only traces of white wisps about the ears.","30","30-01395","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1394-0000-1395"
"13001396","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Hyomys","","goliath","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1900","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris","6","","165","","","Eastern Hyomys","Papua New Guinea, Central Province, highlands of Aroa River basin.","Papua New Guinea; Central Cordillera from the Kratke Mtns in the north and Mt Sisa in the south (Leary and Seri, 1997) eastward to Mt Dayman at the end of the Owen Stanley Range, south to mountains of Milne Bay Province, and mountains of Huon Peninsula.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>meeki</i>  Thomas, 1904; <i>strobilurus </i>Rümmler, 1933.","This is the larger-bodied species with prominent white auricular tufts that is identified as <i>meeki</i> in the older literature.","30","30-01396","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1394-0000-1396"
"13001397","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Kadarsanomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Musser","1981","","Zool. Verhandel.","189","","5","","<i>Rattus canus sodyi</i> Bartels, 1937.","","","","","","<i>Rattus</i>Division. The only murine genus endemic to Java (Musser and Newcomb, 1983; Musser, 1986).","30","30-01397","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1397"
"13001398","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Kadarsanomys","","sodyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bartels","1937","","Treubia","16","","45","","","Javan Bamboo Rat","Indonesia, W Java, Gunung Pangrango-Gede, 1000 m.","Java.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Morphology, natural history, and comparisons with <i>Rattus</i> and <i>Lenothrix</i> reported by Musser (1981<i>a</i>); the species is arboreal and was collected from nests in bamboo. Represented only by modern series collected in W Java during 1933-1935, and subfossil fragments from C and E Java (Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Among Sundaic murines, <i>Kadarsanomys</i> has no close phylogenetic allies, but some cranial and dental traits indicate a distant relationship with <i>Rattus</i> (Musser and Newcomb, 1983), and especially the Sulawesi <i>R. xanthurus</i> Group. <i>Kadarsanomys sodyi</i> joins <i>Sundamys maxi</i>,<i> Mus vulcani</i>,<i> Niviventer lepturus</i>,<i> Maxomys bartelsii</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Pithecheir melanurus </i>as a member of the murine fauna endemic to Java (Musser, 1986).","30","30-01398","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1397-0000-1398"
"13001399","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Komodomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Musser and Boeadi","1980","","J. Mammal.","61","","397","","<i>Rattus rintjanus</i> Sody, 1941.","","","","","","<i>Rattus</i>Division. An endemic of Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Although cranial conformation is distinctive, dental morphology allies <i>Komodomys</i> to <i>Papagomys</i>, another endemic of Nusa Tenggara found only on Flores Isl (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>; Musser and Boeadi, 1980). Membership in a <i>Rattus</i> Division is supported by cranial and dental morphology (Musser and Newcomb, 1983) along with albumin immunology (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>); the albumin data ties <i>Komodomys</i> more closely to Sulawesian <i>Bunomys</i> than to <i>Papagomys</i>. Recent unpublished allozyme electrophoresis analysis demonstrates a close relationship between <i>K. rintjanus </i>and <i>Rattus timorensis </i>(see that account). Curiously, Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>) listed <i>Komodomys</i>, along with <i>Papagomys</i> in a <i>Pithecheir</i> Section of a more inclusive <i>Micromys </i>Group.","30","30-01399","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1399"
"13001400","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Komodomys","","rintjanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1941","","Treubia","18","","310","","","Nusa Tenggara Komodomys","Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Pulau Rintja, Lohoboeaja.","Nusa Tenggara: islands of Rintja, Padar, and Flores; probably occurs on other islands in the Lesser Sunda chain (e.g., Komodo).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Populations on Rintja and Padar are represented by modern samples, that from Flores by subfossil fragments recovered from sediments 4000-3000 years old (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>; undescribed material studied by Musser).","30","30-01400","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1399-0000-1400"
"13001401","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lamottemys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Petter","1986","","Cimbebasia, Ser. A","8","","98","","<i>Lamottemys okuensis</i> F. Petter, 1986.","","","","","","<i>Oenomys</i>Division. A distinctive genus whose closest phylogenetic relative is probably <i>Oenomys</i> (Dieterlen and Van der Straeten, 1988; F. Petter, 1986).","30","30-01401","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1401"
"13001402","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lamottemys","","okuensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Petter","1986","","Cimbebasia, Ser. A","8","","98","","","Mount Oku Lamottemys","W Cameroon, Mt Oku.","Known only by a few specimens from Mt Oku (Dieterlen and Van der Straeten, 1988; F. Petter, 1986).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Palatal ridges described and contrasted with <i>Oenomys hypoxanthus</i> by Fülling (1992).","30","30-01402","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1401-0000-1402"
"13001403","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leggadina","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","606","","<i>Mus forresti</i> Thomas, 1906.","","","","","","<p><i>Pseudomys</i>Division. Sometimes included in <i>Pseudomys</i>, but a distinctive genus considered to be an Australian Old Endemic (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Usually included in the Conilurini (Baverstock, 1984), but data from microcomplement fixation of albumin indicated that <i>L. forresti</i> is not closely related to <i>Pseudomys</i> or any of the other Australian Old Endemics (Watts et al., 1992), but clusters with <i>Hydromys</i> (Australia and New Guinea) and the New Guinea endemic <i>Parahydromys</i> (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>, 1996), an association seemingly supported by spermatozoal morphology (Breed and Aplin, 1994; Breed, 1997). However, a recently completed phylogenetic analysis of multiple mitochondrial and nuclear genes in a wide selection of ""conilurines"" (in the sense of Baverstock, 1984) shows that <i>Leggadina</i> is much closer to a <i>Pseudomys/Notomys </i>clade than to <i>Hydromys </i>(F. Ford, in litt., 2004). Compared with DNA sequences, especially fr... [truncated]","30","30-01403","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1403"
"13001404","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leggadina","","forresti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","32","6","","","Forrest’s Leggadina","Australia, Northern Territory, Alexandria (for additional information, see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:158).","Inland Australia; W half of Queensland, NW New South Wales, N South Australia, S Northern Territory, and localities in far eastern part of Western Australia (Banks and Rushton, 1998; Reid and Morton, 1995; Robinson et al., 2000; Watts and Aslin, 1981). Populations in Pilbara region, including Thevenard Isl, once considered to be <i>L. forresti</i>, are now referred to <i>L. lakedownensis </i>(Cooper et al., 2003<i>a</i>; Moro et al., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>berneyi</i> (Troughton, 1936); <i>messorius</i> (Thomas, 1925); <i>waitei</i> (Troughton, 1932).","Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981), Reid and Morton (1995), and Cooper et al. (2003<i>a</i>).","30","30-01404","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1403-0000-1404"
"13001405","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leggadina","","lakedownensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Watts","1976","","Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust.","100","","105","","","Lakeland Downs Leggadina","Australia, Queensland, Lakeland Downs, 110 km north of Cooktown.","NE and N Australia; recorded from inland localities in C Queensland and coastal regions in far N Queensland, in subtropical region of Northern Territory, and Kimberley and Pilbara regions (including Thevanard Isl) of Western Australia (Cooper et al., 2003<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","A distinctive species distinguished from its close relative <i>L</i>. <i>forresti</i> by a suite of morphological, biochemical, and chromosomal traits (Baverstock et al., 1976<i>a</i>; Cooper et al., 2003<i>a</i>; Moro et al., 1998; Watts, 1976). Kidney structure described by Moro (2000). Moro et al. (1998) reported variation in mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>sequenes between the Pilbara (including Thevanard Isl) and the Kimberley and argued for taxonomic distinction of these populations. Cooper et al. (2003<i>a</i>) undertook a broader analysis based on much newly collected material and a combination of allozyme electrophoresis and morphological analysis. Although regional morphological differences were revealed, the various populations are genetically similar from the Pilbara region through to the Northern Territory. Populations in Queensland may be genetically more distinct; however, insufficient samples were available to quantify the extent of divergence. The Thevanard Isl population is... [truncated]","30","30-01405","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1403-0000-1405"
"13001406","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lemniscomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Trouessart","1881","","Bull. Soc. Etudes Sci. Angers","10","","124","","<i>Mus barbarus</i> Linnaeus, 1766.","","","","","","<i>Arvicanthis</i>Division. Morphological data clusters <i>Lemniscomys</i> with species of <i>Arvicanthis</i>,<i> Pelomys</i>,<i> Mylomys</i>,<i> </i>and<i> Rhabdomys</i> (Musser, 1987<i>a</i>), which is corroborated by analysis of mitochondrial gene sequences (DNA cytochrome <i>b</i>, 12S and 16S rRNA gene fragments), and also includes <i>Desmomys</i> (Ducroz et al., 2001). The sequence data of Ducroz et al. also indicates that within this arvicanthine cluster, <i>Lemniscomys</i> is the only member of a lineage separate from that comprising <i>Desmomys</i> and <i>Rhabdomys</i>, and from another containing <i>Arvicanthis</i>,<i> Mylomys</i>, and <i>Pelomys.</i> Analysis of microcomplement fixation of albumin associates <i>Lemniscomys</i> with <i>Pelomys</i>,<i> Rhabdomys</i>,<i> Grammomys</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Thallomys</i> (Watts and Baverstock, 1995<i>a</i>). Chromosomal data has been summarized for several species (Fadda et al., 2001<i>b</i>; Filippucci et al., 1986; Gautun et al., 198... [truncated]","30","30-01406","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1406"
"13001407","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lemniscomys","","barbarus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","addenda","","","Barbary Lemniscomys","Morocco (= ""Barbaria,"" see discussion in Carleton and Van der Straeten, 1997).","""Coastal region of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, northwest and north of the Atlas Mountains"" (Carleton and Van der Straeten, 1997:665); endemic to the Barbarian region (Maghreb) of NW Africa.","IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>ifniensis</i> Morales Agacino, 1935.","Member of the<i> L. barbarus</i> group, which also contains <i>L. zebra</i> and <i>L</i>. <i>hoogstraali</i>. Carleton and Van der Straeten (1997) provided a comprehensive systematic revision of this assemblage. Results of their morphometric and color pattern analyses demonstrated that the populations formerly constituting <i>L. barbarus</i> (e. g., as listed by Musser and Carleton, 1993) actually consists of <i>L. barbarus</i>,<i> </i>which is endemic to NW Africa, and <i>L. zebra</i>, stretching across Subsaharan Africa from Senegal in the west to Kenya and Tanzania in the east. Chromosomal data for an Algerian sample documented by Filippucci et al. (1986). Fragments identified as <i>L. barbarus </i>are reported from middle Pleistocene sediments at Jebel Irhoud in Morocco (Amani and Geraads, 1993).","30","30-01407","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1406-0000-1407"
"13001408","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lemniscomys","","bellieri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van der Straeten","1975","","Rev. Zool. Afr.","89","","906","","","Bellier’s Lemniscomys","Côte d’Ivoire, Ayeremou (= Lamto).","Guinea and Doka woodland of C Guinea (Ziegler et al., 2002), Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana (Van der Straeten, 1975); possibly occurs in Sierra Leone (Grubb et al., 1998).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Part of the murine fauna endemic to West Africa (see account of <i>Grammomys buntingi</i>). Karyological and morphometric comparisons between <i>L</i>. <i>bellieri</i> and <i>L</i>. <i>striatus</i> reported by Van der Straeten and Verheyen (1978<i>a</i>). A relative of <i>L</i>. <i>macculus</i>, according to Van der Straeten (1975), who also recorded chromosomal information (Van der Straeten, 1977<i>b</i>); Matthey (1954) and Tranier and Gautun (1979) provided additional chromosomal data. This close morphological alliance between <i>L. bellieri </i>and <i>L. macculus</i> is supported by analyses of mitochondrial gene sequences (cytochrome <i>b</i>,<i> </i>12S and 16S rRNA gene fragments) by Ducroz et al. (2001), who also noted the weak molecular differentiation between them to be less than between their geographic samples of <i>L. striatus</i>, suggesting <i>bellieri</i> and <i>macculus</i> to represent a single species.","30","30-01408","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1406-0000-1408"
"13001409","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lemniscomys","","griselda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","13","","414","","","Griselda’s Lemniscomys","Angola, Jinga country, Muene Coshi.","Known only from Angola as the species is currently defined; Crawford-Cabral (1998) reviewed and mapped Angolan records and thought the range may extend into Dem. Rep. Congo and Zambia. Because there is currently no unambiguous morphological, chromosomal, or molecular definition of <i>L. griselda</i>, its geographic distribution is impossible to define.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Morphometrically related to <i>L</i>. <i>rosalia</i>,<i> L. roseveari</i>,<i> </i>and <i>L. linulus</i> (Van der Straeten (1980<i>a, b</i>). Before Van der Straeten (1980<i>b</i>) described <i>roseveari</i> and removed <i>rosalia</i> from <i>L. griselda</i>, that species was considered to have a wide distribution extending from Angola through southern Africa and up E Africa to S Kenya. Results of Van der Straeten’s (1980<i>b</i>) multivariate analyses of craniodental measurements produced three slightly overlapping clusters of samples. Specimens from Balovale, Zambia, were described as <i>L. roseveari</i>; most population samples representing several described subspecies formed another cluster, which was identified as <i>L. rosalia</i>; and the third group represented <i>L. griselda</i>. No qualitative traits were used to distinguish the three. Furthermore, except for <i>L. roseveari</i>, geographic ranges of the other two species were not outlined. We have examined large series of spe... [truncated]","30","30-01409","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1406-0000-1409"
"13001410","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lemniscomys","","hoogstraali","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dieterlen","1991","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","42","","11","","","Hoogstraal’s Lemniscomys","Sudan, Upper Nile Prov, Paloich, 12 mi (19 km) N Niayok (Carleton and Van der Straeten, 1997 provided additional information).","Recorded only from the type locality.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Still known only by the holotype. A member of the <i>Lemniscomys barbarus</i> group. Dieterlen (1991) summarized knowledge of this species, and Carleton and Van der Straeten (1997) provided a current review. Its diagnostic dorsal pattern of stripes and large body size relative to <i>L. zebra</i>, which occurs all around it, prompted Carleton and Van der Straeten (1997:667) to retain <i>L. hoogstraali</i> as a distinct species, but they cautioned that ""More and larger series must be assembled to rigorously evaluate the characters and status of Dieterlen’s new form, so far known only by the holotype, its condition imperfect.""","30","30-01410","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1406-0000-1410"
"13001411","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lemniscomys","","linulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","429","","","Senegal Lemniscomys","Senegal (= French Gambia), Gamon.","Sudan savanna and forest clearings in Senegal and Côte d’Ivoire (Van der Straeten, 1980<i>a</i>); may also occur in Gambia and Ghana (Grubb et al., 1998).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Once treated as a subspecies of <i>L</i>. <i>griselda</i> (G. M. Allen, 1939), but now considered a separate West African species morphologically related to <i>L</i>. <i>griselda </i>(Van der Straeten, 1980<i>a</i>). Member of murine assemblage endemic to West Africa (see account of <i>Grammomys buntingi</i>).","30","30-01411","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1406-0000-1411"
"13001412","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lemniscomys","","macculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1910","","Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.","19","","515","","","Buffoon Lemniscomys","Uganda, SE Ruwenzori, Mokia.","Recorded from Savannahs of NE Dem. Rep. Congo, S Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Kenya; limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>akka</i>  (Thomas, 1915).","Reviewed by Van der Straeten and Verheyen (1979<i>a</i>). The species is often confused with <i>L</i>. <i>striatus</i>, but occurs sympatric with it in East Africa (Hollister, 1919) and Ethiopia (Yalden et al., 1996). Bulatova et al. (2002) recorded 2n = 56, FN = 60 for an Ethiopian sample. Considered very close to <i>L. bellieri</i> in morphological and molecular characters and possibly conspecific with it (Ducroz et al., 2001; see account of <i>L. bellieri</i>).","30","30-01412","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1406-0000-1412"
"13001413","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lemniscomys","","mittendorfi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eisentraut","1968","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","19","","7","","","Mittendorf’s Lemniscomys","West Cameroon, Banso Highlands, Lake Oku on Mt Oku, 2100 m.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Described as a subspecies of <i>L. striatus</i>, included in that species by Misonne (1974), but treated as separate by Van der Straeten and Verheyen (1980), who also suggested it has morphometric affinities with <i>L</i>. <i>macculus</i> and <i>L</i>. <i>bellieri</i>. Fülling (1992) contrasted samples of <i>L. mittendorfi</i> and <i>L. striatus</i> and documented differences in morphology of palatal ridges and karyotype (2n = 56, FN = 66-72 for <i>L. mittendorfi</i>; 2n = 44, FN = 72 for <i>L. striatus</i>). Eisentraut (1973) discussed the species and <i>L. striatus</i> in the context of a monograph of the West African fauna, in which he provided a color plate contrasting upperparts of <i>L. striatus</i> and <i>L. mittendorfi</i>. In addition to <i>L. mittendorfi</i>, other Mt Oku endemics are the muroid rodents <i>Hylomyscus grandis</i>, <i>Lamottemys okuensis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Lophuromys dieterleni</i> and the golden mole <i>Chrysochloris basaci</i>.","30","30-01413","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1406-0000-1413"
"13001414","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lemniscomys","","rosalia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","13","","414","","","Single-Striped Lemniscomys","Tanzania, Nguru Mtns, Monda.","N Namibia, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, Limpopo, and North West provinces; de Graaff, 1997<i>d</i>; Taylor, 1998), E Swaziland, Zimbabwe, C and N Botswana, Mozambique, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, and S Kenya; range inadequately resolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>calidior</i>  (Thomas and Wroughton, 1908); <i>dorsalis</i> (Smith, 1845) [not Fischer, 1814]; <i>fitzsimonsi</i> Roberts, 1915; <i>maculosus</i> (Osgood, 1910); <i>mearnsi </i>Heller, 1914; <i>phaeotis</i> (Thomas, 1910); <i>sabiensis</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>sabulatus</i> Thomas, 1927; <i>spinalis</i> Thomas, 1916 [replacement for <i>dorsalis</i> A. Smith, 1845, preoccupied by <i>dorsalis</i> G. Fischer, 1814]; <i>zuluensis </i>Roberts, 1931.","Once included in <i>L</i>. <i>griselda</i> (G. M. Allen, 1939), but now considered a distinct species most closely related to <i>L. griselda</i> and <i>L. roseveari</i> (Van der Straeten, 1980<i>b</i>); see account of <i>L. griselda</i>. Karyotype (2n = 54, FN = 64) for samples from NE Tanzania reported by Fadda et al. (2001<i>b</i>). Populations in Southern African Subregion reviewed by de Graaff (1997<i>d</i>).","30","30-01414","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1406-0000-1414"
"13001415","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lemniscomys","","roseveari","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van der Straeten","1980","","Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist.","13","5","55","","","Rosevear’s Lemniscomys","Zambia, Zambezi (= Balovale), 1015 m (see Van der Straeten, 1980<i>b</i>, for additional data).","Known only from the type locality and Solwezi in Zambia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Morphometrically most closely related to <i>L</i>. <i>rosalia</i> and <i>L. griselda</i> (Van der Straeten, 1980<i>b</i>); see account of <i>L. griselda</i>.","30","30-01415","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1406-0000-1415"
"13001416","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lemniscomys","","striatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","62","","","Typical Lemniscomys","""India"" (= Sierra Leone; see G. M. Allen, 1939:394).","From Guinea (Ziegler et al., 2002), Sierra Leone and Ghana (Grubb et al., 1998), and Burkina Faso west to Ethiopia (Yalden et al, 1996), and south into N Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998) and through Kenya (Hollister, 1919), Uganda (Delany, 1975), Rwanda, E Dem. Rep. Congo, and Tanzania (Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951; Grimshaw et al., 1995, reviewed Mt Kilimanjaro records) into NE Zambia (Ansell, 1978) and N Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ardens</i>  (Thomas, 1910); <i>dieterleni</i> Van der Straeten, 1976; <i>fasciatus </i>(Wroughton, 1906); <i>luluae </i>Matschie, 1926; <i>lynesi</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1923; <i>massaicus</i> (Pagenstecher, 1885); <i>micropus </i>(Heller, 1911); <i>orientalis</i> (Desmarest, 1819) [not Cretzschmar, 1826];<i> pulchella</i> (Gray, 1864); <i>pulcher</i> (Wroughton, 1906); <i>spermophilus</i> Heller, 1912; <i>venustus</i> (Thomas, 1911); <i>versustus </i>(Thomas, 1911); <i>wroughtoni </i>(Thomas, 1910).","Reviewed by Van der Straeten and Verheyen (1980). Carleton and Van der Straeten (1997) discussed and identified the holotype of Linnaeus’s <i>Mus striatus</i>. Chromosomal information reported by Matthey (1959), Van der Straeten (1977<i>b</i>), and Van der Straeten and Verheyen (1979<i>a</i>). Van der Straeten (1976<i>a</i>) described <i>dieterleni</i> as a distinctive subspecies of <i>L. striatus</i> occurring in the Lake Kivu region of E Dem. Rep. Congo. He (1981) also documented the identity of <i>venustus</i> as representing a population of <i>L. striatus</i>. Morphology of palatal ridges and karyotypes contrasted with <i>L. mittendorfi</i> by Fülling (1992); see account of <i>L. mittendorfi</i>. Ecological and other data for populations from S Ghana reported by Ryan and Attuquayefio (2000) and Decher and Bahian (1999). Hutterer et al. (1992<i>a</i>) noted that <i>L. striatus</i> is common in Nigeria and Cameroon. Kerbis Peterhans et al. (1998) reviewed altitudinal distribution on ... [truncated]","30","30-01416","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1406-0000-1416"
"13001417","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lemniscomys","","zebra","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1864","","Beit. Zool. Cent.–Afrika’s Leopoldina","31","","10","","","Heuglin’s Lemniscomys","Sudan, Bahr el Ghazal (Carleton and Van der Straeten, 1997, provided additional information).","""Grassy woodlands and savannas south of the Sahara Desert, from Senegal in the west to southern Sudan in the east, southwards through northeastern-most Zaire [Dem. Rep. Congo], northern Uganda and western Kenya, to northcentral Tanzania;"" sea level to 1220 m (Carleton and Van der Straeten, 1997:669). Not yet documented from Ethiopia, although the species probably occurs in the W region of that country (Carleton and Van der Straeten, 1997).","IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>albolineatus</i>  (Osgood, 1910); <i>convictus</i> (Osgood, 1910); <i>dunni</i> (Thomas, 1903); <i>manteufeli</i> Matschie, 1911; <i>nigeriae</i> (Thomas, 1912); <i>nubalis</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1923; <i>olga</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1921; <i>orientalis</i> Hatt, 1935 [not Desmarest, 1819]; <i>oweni</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>spekei</i> (De Winton, 1897).","A member, along with <i>L. barbarus</i> and <i>L. hoogstraali</i>, of the <i>L. barbarus </i>group. Results of morphometric analyses by Carleton and Van der Straeten (1997) distinguished this species from <i>L. barbarus</i>, which is endemic to the Barbarian province (Maghreb) of Northwest Africa. See their comprehensive revision for details of taxonomy, geographic distribution, geographic character variation, and selection of a lectotype (p. 669). Karyotypes documented (usually as <i>L. barbarus</i>) from several geographic samples (Fadda et al., 2001<i>b</i>, NE Tanzania; Gautun et al., 1986, Burkina Faso; Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>, Niger; Matthey, 1954, Côte d’Ivoire; Van der Straeten, in Carleton and Van der Straeten, 1997, Cameroon), all of which have the same diploid number as <i>L. barbarus </i>(2n = 54). Grubb et al. (1998) reviewed populations from Ghana and Gambia. Morphometric and ecological data for sample from S Ghana recorded by Ryan and Attuquayefio (2000, as <i>barba... [truncated]","30","30-01417","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1406-0000-1417"
"13001418","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lenomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.","14","","409","","<i>Mus meyeri</i> Jentink, 1879.","","","","","","<i>Pithecheir</i>Division. A Sulawesi endemic reviewed by Musser (1970<i>d</i>, 1981<i>c</i>, 1984). Tate (1936), followed by Simpson (1945), listed <i>Lenomys</i> as a member of the Phloeomyinae along with <i>Coryphomys</i>, <i>Chiruromys</i>,<i> Pogonomys</i>, <i>Mallomys</i>, <i>Phloeomys</i>, <i>Chiropodomys</i>, and <i>Crateromys</i>, but no evidence supports this arrangement (Ellerman, 1949<i>a</i>; our studies). External, cranial, and spermatozoal traits tied <i>Lenomys</i> phylogenetically close to <i>Eropeplus</i>, another Sulawesian endemic (Breed and Musser, 1991; Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Both genera may be most closely allied to the Sundaic <i>Lenothrix</i> and <i>Pithecheir </i>(Musser’s unpublished research), an alliance already suggested by Misonne (1969) based on molar occlusal patterns. <i>Lenomys</i> and <i>Eropeplus</i> were placed in a <i>Pithecheir</i> Section of a larger <i>Micromys</i> Group by Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Reviewed by Musser (1981<i>c</i>).","30","30-01418","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1418"
"13001419","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lenomys","","meyeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1879","","Notes Leyden Mus.","1","","12","","","Meyer’s Lenomys","Indonesia, Sulawesi, NE peninsula, Menado.","Recorded only from N, C, and SW Sulawesi.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>lampo</i> Tate and Archbold, 1935;<i> longicaudus</i> Miller and Hollister, 1921.","Represented by a small extant series from the N peninsula and C core, and by both modern specimens and subfossils from the SW peninsula of Sulawesi (Musser, 1970<i>d</i>; 1984). A second undescribed species is known from a subfossil fragment collected in the SW arm of Sulawesi (Musser and Holden, 1991; Musser, ms). Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) identified a large-bodied rat, with shaggy pelage and long bicolored tail, from Pulau Sangir (off coast of NE peninsular tip of Sulawesi) as <i>Lenomys meyeri</i>, but the specimen represents an undescribed species related to mainland <i>Rattus xanthurus</i> (Musser, ms); <i>Lenomys</i> has yet to be collected on any island off the coast of Sulawesi.","30","30-01419","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1418-0000-1419"
"13001420","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lenothrix","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","26","1317","466","","<i>Lenothrix canus</i> Miller, 1903.","","","","","","<i>Pithecheir</i>Division. Chromosomal and biochemical data suggested a close phylogenetic link between <i>Lenothrix</i> and <i>Niviventer</i> (Chan et al., 1979), and a high divergence from species of <i>Maxomys</i>, which were once placed in <i>Lenothrix</i> (Gadi and Sharma, 1983). In its cranial and dental morphology, <i>Lenothrix</i> is unlike any species in those genera; derived molar occlusal patterns are much like those in <i>Pithecheir</i> and <i>Lenomys </i>(Chaimanee, 1998; Misonne, 1969; Musser and Newcomb, 1983), but spermatozoal conformation is highly divergent from any Sundaic murine. In sum, <i>Lenothrix</i> is a Sundaic endemic characterized by many primitive external, cranial, dental, and chromosomal features and a few derived dental and spermatozoal traits; despite several claims, its phylogenetic relationships still require illumination (see discussions in Chaimanee, 1998; Breed and Yong, 1986; Musser, 1981<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>,<i> c</i>; Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Its... [truncated]","30","30-01420","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1420"
"13001421","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lenothrix","","canus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","26","1317","466","","","Sundaic Lenothrix","Indonesia, Pulau Tuangku (west of Sumatra).","Malay Peninsula, Penang Isl, Tuangku Isl, and Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah, and SW Kalimantan); Musser (1981<i>a</i>) and references cited below.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>malaisia</i>  (Kloss, 1931).","Historical allocations of <i>canus</i> to species-clusters now defined as <i>Rattus</i>, <i>Diplothrix</i>, or <i>Maxomys</i>, as well as comparisons between <i>L</i>. <i>canus</i> and other Sundaic endemics documented by Musser (1981<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Musser and Newcomb (1983). It is an arboreal species occupying lowland and foothill secondary and primary forests on the Malay Peninsula (Muul and Lim, 1971), and has been taken at 550 m on the slopes of Mt Kinabalu in Sabah (Md Nor, 2001). The Kalimantan record, from Gunung Palung National Park, was noted by Blundell (1996:258) and verified by A. J. Gorog (pers. comm.), who examined the specimen.","30","30-01421","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1420-0000-1421"
"13001422","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leopoldamys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ellerman","1947-1948","1947","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1947-1948","117","267","","<i>Mus sabanus</i> Thomas, 1887.","","","","","","<p><i>Dacnomys<b> </b></i>Division. Definition and contrasts with <i>Rattus</i> and <i>Niviventer</i> provided by Musser (1981<i>b</i>), who also reviewed morphological, chromosomal, and distributional characteristics. Additional chromosomal data for Vietnam samples provided by Bulatova et al. (1992). <i>Leopoldamys</i> is dentally similar to <i>Berylmys</i>, <i>Maxomys</i>, and <i>Niviventer</i>. Sperm morphology unites <i>Leopoldamys</i> with <i>Berylmys</i>, <i>Sundamys</i>, and <i>Rattus</i> (Breed and Yong, 1986), but alliance is based on shared spermatozoal form that is likely primitive. Chromosomal traits suggested <i>Leopoldamys</i> is more closely related to <i>Bandicota</i>, <i>Berylmys</i>, <i>Nesokia</i>, <i>Rattus</i>, and <i>Sundamys</i>, than to <i>Lenothrix</i>, <i>Maxomys</i>, or <i>Niviventer</i> (Gadi and Sharma, 1983). Best estimates of relationships are derived from molecular and morphological sources. Allozymic and morphological data clearly separates <i>Leopoldam... [truncated]","30","30-01422","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1422"
"13001423","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leopoldamys","","ciliatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1900","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1900","","879","","","Sundaic Mountain Leopoldamys","Malaysia, Perak (Malay Peninsula), Gunung Inas.","Montane forest formations on Malay Peninsula (usually above 1000 m; Medway, 1969; Yong, 1970) and mountain backbone of Sumatra (usually above 1000 m; Chasen, 1940; Robinson and Kloss, 1916; Miller, 1942); range also derived from study of specimens in ANSP, AMNH, BMNH, RMBR, RMNH, and USNM.","<i>setiger</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1916).","Originally described as a species of <i>Mus </i> and associated with <i>M. edwardsi </i>by Bonhote (1900; see history in Yong, 1970), <i>ciliatus</i> was subsequently arranged as a subspecies of <i>edwardsi</i>, whether associated with <i>Rattus</i> or <i>Leopoldamys</i> (Chasen, 1940; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Ellerman, 1941; Musser, 1981<i>b</i>; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Osgood, 1932). Morphological, ecological, behavioral, reproductive, chromosomal, and genic contrasts between Malayan <i>L. ciliatus </i>(as <i>edwardsi</i>) and <i>L. sabanus</i> documented by Yong (1970). The two species occur altitudinally parapatric on the Peninsula, but have been taken at the same place in the Sumatran highlands (Miller, 1942; he recorded three specimens, all identified as <i>setiger </i>[= <i>L. ciliatus</i>], but only ANSP 20354 is that species, the other two being <i>L. sabanus</i> [ANSP 20352, 20353]; Musser’s identifications). Uniting Sumatran populations (<i>setiger</i>) with those on Malay Peninsula within the same species requires testing by analyses of multi-trait morphological data and molecular sequences.","","30","30-01423","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1422-0000-1423"
"13001424","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leopoldamys","","edwardsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1882","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1882","","587","","","Edward’s Leopoldamys","China, mountains of W Fujian (probably Kuatun).","NW India (W Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, and Nagaland; Agrawal, 2000; Ellerman, 1961); N Burma (Anthony, 1941; Ellerman, 1961), S and C China (to S Anhui, including Hainan Isl; G. M. Allen [1940] Liu et al. [1985], Wang [2003],Wu et al. [1996]), N Laos (Ellerman, 1961; Osgood, 1932), N and C Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994; Lunde et al., 2003<i>b</i>; Osgood, 1932), and isolated montane population in N Thailand (Phu Kadeung Plateau, Loei Province; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>). Range (excluding <i>ciliatus</i> and <i>milleti</i>) mostly extracted from Musser (1981<i>b</i>), Corbet and Hill (1992), and specimens examined in AMNH, BMNH, FMNH, IEBR, MVZ, RMBR, and USNM.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>garonum</i>  (Thomas, 1921); <i>gigas</i> (Satunin, 1903); <i>hainanensis </i>(Xu and Yu, 1985); <i>listeri</i> (Thomas, 1916); <i>melli</i> (Matschie, 1922).","<p>Requires taxonomic revision. Association of the synonyms with <i>L. edwardsi</i> essentially derives from Osgood’s (1932:311) suggestion, which has yet to be tested by careful systematic study. Osgood included the Malayan and Sumatran <i>ciliatus</i> (including <i>setiger</i>), along with the S Vietnam <i>milleti</i>, as forms of <i>L. edwardsi</i>, but we list them as separate species. In addition to the synonyms assembled by Osgood (1932) and Musser (1981<i>b</i>), Xu and Yu (1985) described <i>hainanensis</i> from Hainan Isl. Those specimens have significantly smaller external, cranial, and dental measurements than characterize other samples of <i>L. edwardsi</i> and if adults may represent a separate species. Phallic morphology described by Yang and Fang (1988) in context of assessing phylogenetic relationships among Chinese murines. Ecological relationships with species of <i>Bandicota</i>,<i> Mus</i>,<i> Maxomys</i>,<i> Niviventer</i>, and <i>Rattus </i>in S Yunnan reported by... [truncated]","30","30-01424","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1422-0000-1424"
"13001425","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leopoldamys","","milleti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","94","","","Millet’s Leopoldamys","S Vietnam, Lâm Dðng Province, Langbian Mtns (= Lam Vien Plateau), Dà Lat, 5000 ft (1524 m).","Documented only from the Langbian highlands in the Dà Lat region; limits unresolved.","","","Originally described as ""a remarkably distinct race"" of <i>Rattus edwardsi</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1922:94) and retained as such whether <i>edwardsi</i> was associated with <i>Rattus</i> or <i>Leopoldamys </i>(Corbet and Hill, 1992; Ellerman, 1941; Musser, 1981<i>b</i>; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Osgood, 1932). The few representatives of <i>milleti</i>, however, contrast with <i>L. edwardsi</i> by their very dark dorsal pelage and larger bullae. Robinson and Kloss (1922:94) noted that color and pelage texture of<i> </i>the holotype ""suggested relationship with the <i>bowersi</i> [=<i> Berylmys</i>] group of rats,"" and a recently trapped specimen was initially identified by the collector as a possible new species of <i>Berylmys</i> (examined by Musser). Recognizing <i>milleti</i> as a species highlights its distinctive morphology and zoogeographic distribution. The nature of its relationship to the northern <i>Leopoldamys edwards</i> and Sundaic <i>L. ciliatus</i> requires resolution b... [truncated]","30","30-01425","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1422-0000-1425"
"13001426","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leopoldamys","","neilli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. T. Marshall, Jr.","1976","","Family Muridae: rats and mice [Privately printed by Government Printing Office, Bangkok]","","","485","","","Neill’s Leopoldamys","Thailand, Saraburi Prov, Kaengkhoi Dist., ""outside the entrance to the bat cave, half-way up the face of a wooded limestone cliff, 200 meters altitude.""","N and SW Thailand north of the peninsular region (J. T. Marshall, Jr.,1977<i>a</i>; study of specimens in AMNH, BMNH, and USNM); limits unresolved (may also occur in adjacent Burma and Vietnam).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Documented by few specimens: three samples are from wooded limestone cliffs in Saraburi Province and adjacent Kanchanaburi Province in the southwest (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>; specimens in AMNH and USNM), one comes from lowland bamboo forest in a different part of Kanchanaburi Province (Wiles, 1981), and a fourth consists of owl pellet fragments collected in Loei Province in the north (BMNH 94.374). Phylogenetic relationship of <i>L. neilli</i> to other extant members of <i>Leopoldamys</i> requires resolution by systematic revision employing morphological and molecular data. See Musser (1981<i>b</i>:237) for discussion of original publication.","30","30-01426","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1422-0000-1426"
"13001427","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leopoldamys","","sabanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","20","","269","","","Indomalayan Leopoldamys","Malaysia, Sabah (N Borneo), Gunung Kinabalu.","SE Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts, AMNH 251694), Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>; Robinson et al., 1995), Vietnam from the north in Tuyên Quang Province to the south in Ninh Thuân Province (Dang et al., 1994; Osgood, 1932; Van Peenen et al., 1969; and four islands off the coast; Kuznetsov, 2000), Laos (Aplin et al., 2003<i>c</i>; Osgood, 1932; Smith et al., In Press; Van Peenen et al., 1969), S and SW Cambodia (Elephant Mtns, specimens in FMNH; Cardamom Mtns, A. Smith, in litt.), S Burma and most islands in Mergui Arch., Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and smaller islands on the Sunda Shelf except Bali; northern limits unresolved. Range mostly extracted from Musser (1981<i>c</i>), Corbet and Hill (1992), and study of museum specimens in AMNH, BMNH, FMNH, IEBR, MVZ, MZB, RMBR, RMNH, and USNM.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>balae</i>  (Miller, 1903); <i>bunguranensis</i> (Chasen, 1935); <i>clarae</i> (Miller, 1913) [not Rümmler, 1935]; <i>dictatorius</i> (Chasen, 1940); <i>fremens</i> (Miller, 1902s); <i>heptneri </i>(Dao, 1961), <i>herberti</i> (Kloss, 1916); <i>insularum</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>lancavensis</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>lucas</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>luta</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>macrourus</i> (Jentink, 1879); <i>mansalaris</i> (Lyon, 1916); <i>masae</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>matthaeus</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>mayapahit</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1919); <i>nasutus</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>revertens</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1922); <i>salanga</i> (Chasen, 1940); <i>stentor</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>strepitans</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>stridens</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>stridulus</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>tapanulius</i> (Lyon, 1916); <i>tersus</i> (Thomas and Wroughton, 1909); <i>tuancus</i> (Lyon, 1916); <i>ululans</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1916); <i>vociferans</i> (Miller, 1900).","Appreciable morphological variation exists between samples from north and south of Isthmus of Kra, and among insular samples from the Sunda Shelf; systematic revision using a suite of morphological traits and molecular data is required to assess whether variation is characteristic of one or several species (Musser, 1981<i>b</i>). Recent phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>sequences by Gorog et al. (2004) identified separate lineages, each from Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula forming an unresolved trichotomy, and a Vietnam cluster basal to that trichotomy consisting of a paraphyletic pattern of Vietnamese <i>L. sabanus </i>and <i>L. edwardsi</i>. Gorog et al. (2004) suggested that <i>L. sabanus</i> evolved on the Indochinese mainland and the vicariance patterns revealed by molecular analyses "". . . likely have their roots in the Pliocene fragmentation of the Sunda block. . ."" rather than widespread dispersal across the late Pleistocene Sunda Shelf and subsequent ... [truncated]","30","30-01427","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1422-0000-1427"
"13001428","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leopoldamys","","siporanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","34","","11","","","Mentawai Archipelago Leopoldamys","Indonesia, Kepulauan Mentawai, Pulau Sipora.","Endemic to Mentawai Arch.; islands of Siberut, Sipora, North Pagai, and South Pagai.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>soccatus</i> (Miller, 1903).","Originally described as a species, subsequently recognized as such by Ellerman (1941), but later treated as a subspecies of either <i>Rattus sabanus</i> (Chasen, 1940) or <i>R. edwardsi </i>(Ellerman, 1961). In its morphology, <i>L. siporanus</i> is distinct from either of those species. Where it fits within the web of phylogenetic relationships among species of <i>Leopoldamys</i> has yet to be determined. <i>Leopoldamys siporanus</i> might be closely allied to one of the extant species, but because evolutionary history of the genus is documented back to late Pliocene in Indochina (Chaimanee, 1998), <i>L. siporanus</i> might represent an early lineage isolated in the Mentawai Arch. and within a phylogenetic pattern of relationships. Systematic revision of <i>Leopoldamys</i> using a suite of morphological character sets along with molecular data would be revealing. <i>Leopoldamys siporanus</i> joins <i>Maxomys pagensis</i>,<i> Chiropodomys karlkoopmani</i>,<i> Rattus lugens</i>,<i> Iomy... [truncated]","30","30-01428","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1422-0000-1428"
"13001429","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leporillus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","83","","<i>Hapalotis apicalis</i> Gould, 1853.","","","","","","<i>Pseudomys</i>Division. Member of the Australian Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>:167), which includes the Conilurini where Baverstock (1984) listed <i>Leporillus</i>. Conilurines, however, are currently treated as part of a larger clade, the Hydromyini, which also includes members we place in the <i>Hydromys</i>, <i>Xeromys</i>, <i>Pseudomys</i>, and <i>Uromys </i>Divisions (the ""Australasian clade"" of Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>, 1995<i>b</i>, 1996). Mahoney and Richardson (1988) cataloged taxonomic, distributional, and biological references. Species of <i>Leporillus</i> are the ecological and superficially morphological counterparts of North American woodrats (<i>Neotoma</i>). Australian researchers are now surveying stick-rat middens and gathering megafossils and pollen to use in assessing environmental history and human impact in Australian deserts, just as North American woodrat middens have been studied for the same reason (Pearson, 1999; Pearson and Dodson, 1993). Pe... [truncated]","30","30-01429","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1429"
"13001430","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leporillus","","apicalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1853","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1853","","126","","","Lesser Stick-nest Rat","Australia, South Australia; see Mahoney and Richardson (1988:159).","Australia: once found in S Northern Territory, C and S Western Australia, South Australia, and western parts of New South Wales and Victoria, but now presumed to be extinct; extent of former range indicated by specimens caught in late 1800s and early 1900s and distribution of empty stick nests (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:159; Robinson, 1995<i>a</i>:558; Robinson et al., 2000; Watts and Aslin, 1981:152; Williams, 1995<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Extinct (but see comments below).","","The last specimen of <i>L. apicalis </i>was collected near Mt Crombie in 1933, but there are recent reports from Western Australia of stick nests in caves with fresh green vegetation woven into their structure, a tantalizing sign that the species may not be extinct (Robinson, 1995<i>a</i>). Former distribution, along with detailed ecological information, summarized by Copley (1999).","30","30-01430","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1429-0000-1430"
"13001431","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leporillus","","conditor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sturt","1848","","Narr. Exped. C. Aust.","1","","120","","","Greater Stick-nest Rat","Australia, New South Wales, Polia area, about 45 miles (72 km) from Laidley Ponds; see Mahoney and Richardson (1988:160).","Australia; once ranged on mainland from lower Darling River to Nullarbor Plain in New South Wales, probably NW Victoria, South Australia, and SE corner of Western Australia, and presumed to be extinct; living population on Franklin Isl in Nuyt's Arch. of W South Australia (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:160; Robinson et al., 2000; Watts and Aslin, 1981:147; Williams, 1995<i>c</i>); rats from a captive breeding program have been released onto Reevesby, Salutation, and St. Peter Isls in S Australia (Robinson, 1995<i>b</i>). Former distribution and detailed ecological information summarized by Copley (1999).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>jonesi</i> Thomas, 1921.","Phylogenetic significance of spermatozoal morphology reported by Breed and Sarafis (1978) and Breed (1997); chromosomal morphology described by Baverstock et al. (1977<i>c</i>). Electrophoretic data indicated <i>L</i>. <i>conditor</i> is phylogenetically closely allied to <i>Pseudomys</i> (Baverstock et al., 1981), but information from analyses of phallic and dental morphology placed <i>L</i>. <i>conditor</i> in same monophyletic groups as <i>Conilurus</i> and <i>Mesembriomys</i>, to the exclusion of <i>Pseudomys</i> (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987; Misonne, 1969). Ellis (1995<i>a</i>) reviewed distribution of <i>L. conditor</i> in the Mootwingee National Park of W New South Wales based on historical records and subfossils. Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Robinson (1995<i>b</i>).","30","30-01431","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1429-0000-1431"
"13001432","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leptomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","18","","610","","<i>Leptomys elegans</i> Thomas, 1897.","","","","","","<p><i>Xeromys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Microcomplement fixation of albumin studies (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>, 1995<i>b</i>, 1996) and spermatozoal morphology (Breed, 1997; Breed and Aplin, 1994) support membership of <i>Leptomys</i> in a larger clade containing members of our <i>Hydromys</i>,<i> Xeromys</i>,<i> Pseudomys</i>, and <i>Uromys</i> Divisions (the ""Australasian clade"" of Watts and Baverstock, 1995<i>b</i>, 1996), excluding the New Guinea endemics in the <i>Pogonomys </i>Division (Anisomyini of Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>) and <i>Lorenztimys </i>Division. A derived cephalic arterial pattern, along with other morphological features, is shared by <i>Leptomys</i>, <i>Pseudohydromys </i>(which includes <i>Mayermys</i> and <i>Neohydromys</i>), and <i>Lorentzimys</i> (Musser and Heaney, 1992). Certain phallic traits (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987), also united <i>Leptomys</i> and <i>Lorentzimys</i>,<i> </i>but that ass... [truncated]","30","30-01432","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1432"
"13001433","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leptomys","","elegans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","18","","610","","","Elegant Leptomys","Papua New Guinea (= ""British New Guinea""), Central Province, Astrolabe Range behind Port Moresby. The specimen was collected by Dr. Lamberto Loria between 1890 and 1893 and Tate (1951:223) claimed that ""Loria collected in the Astrolabe Range behind Port Moresby,"" but Laurie and Hill, 1954:132 noted that no exact locality was published. Thomas (1897<i>a</i>:4), however wrote that Loria’s localities ""are mostly between the Owen Stanley Range and the sea, in or near the watershed of the Kemp Welch river,"" an area that would include the Astrolabe Range and adjacent Sogeri Plateau.","Papua New Guinea; known only by specimens from area of Mount Sisa below 1200 m (Dwyer, 1984) and the Kikori River Basin at 450 m (Leary and Seri, 1997) in Southern Highlands Province, the Wharton Range at 1253 m and Astrolabe Range at 410-520 m (near and northwest of Port Morseby), and Mt Dayman at 700 m in the Manau Range; limits unknown (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>). Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) also recorded three specimens collected at 800 m on Mount Victory in Oro Province in the E peninsula.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Poorly represented in museum collections. Leary and Seri (1997) collected three from the Kikori River Basin in S Papua, one from 450 m, the other from 1280-1300 m. They grumbled about Musser and Carleton’s (1993) reference to original published descriptions as a revision of <i>Leptomys </i>and that these primary literature sources were unclear in distinguishing <i>L. elegans </i>from <i>L. ernstmayri</i>, but were still able to determine their three specimens to be the stockier species as Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Rümmler (1938) had described <i>L. elegans</i>. Cole et al. (1997) obtained <i>Leptomys</i> from the E flank of Mt Dayman in E Papua and interestingly had no problem separating their specimens as different from <i>L. elegans </i>using the primary literature referenced by Musser and Carleton (1993).","30","30-01433","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1432-0000-1433"
"13001434","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leptomys","","ernstmayri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rummler","1932","","Das Aquarium","6","","134","","","Ernst Mayr’s Leptomys","Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Huon Peninsula, Saruwaged Mtns, Ogeramnang, 1785 m.","Papua New Guinea (above 1500 m in Astrolabe Range west to Kratke Mtns and Purosa region in Eastern Highlands Province, then northeast to mountains on Huon Peninsula; probably occurs farther west in Papuan Central Cordillera, but limits unknown); Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya; Arfak Mtns only, Rümmler, 1932, 1938; limits unknown). Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Musser and Lunde (in ms.).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A distinctive species distinguished from <i>L</i>. <i>elegans</i> by the diagnostic morphological traits and altitudinal distributions that were carefully enumerated by Rümmler (1932). It is much smaller in body size and replaces <i>L. elegans</i> at high altitudes in tropical montane rainforest formations; in the Astrolabe Range, for example, <i>L. ernstmayri</i> displaces <i>L</i>. <i>elegans</i> at elevations above 1000 m (Musser and Lunde, in ms.). Usually misidentified as <i>L. elegans</i> in museum collections. The sample from Arfak Mtns may represent a separate undescribed species (K. Helgen, in litt., 2004).","30","30-01434","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1432-0000-1434"
"13001435","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Leptomys","","signatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1938","","Am. Mus. Novit.","982","","2","","","Fly River Leptomys","Papua New Guinea, Western Province, Sturt Isl Camp, Fly River (north bank), near sea level, 08°15'S, 142°15'E.","Known only from the type locality along lower Fly River; limits unknown.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","The diagnostic traits Tate and Archbold (1938) used to separate this species from the other two (short, dense fur and gray upperparts with a white blaze on forehead) identify a lowland population of <i>Leptomys</i> that shows no morphological intergradation with samples of the other three species of <i>Leptomys </i>(Musser and Lunde, ms). <i>Leptomys signatus</i> is still known only by the four examples in the type series.","30","30-01435","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1432-0000-1435"
"13001436","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Limnomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Mearns","1905","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","28","","451","","<i>Limnomys sibuanus</i> Mearns, 1905.","","","","","","<i>Rattus</i>Division. Taxonomic history and past erroneous association with <i>Rattus</i> reviewed by Musser (1977<i>b</i>), and Musser and Heaney (1992). Revised by Musser and Heaney (1992), who considered <i>Limnomys</i> a montane forest member of the Philippine New Endemics. Phylogenetic analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences for 13 of the 16 genera of endemic Philippine rodents indicates that species of <i>Limnomys</i> are sister-taxa to <i>Tarsomys</i>, and in a clade containing species of <i>Rattus everetti </i>and<i> Bullimus</i> (Jansa and Heaney, 2001), which are also New Endemics. This alliance along with membership in the <i>Rattus </i>Division corroborated by chromosomal data (Rickart and Heaney, 2002).","30","30-01436","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1436"
"13001437","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Limnomys","","bryophilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rickart, Heaney, and Tabaranza","2003","","J. Mammal.","84","4","1445","","","Gray-bellied Limnomys","Philippines, NC Mindanao, Bukidnon Province, Mt Kitanglad Range, 18.5 km S, 4 km E Camp Phillips, 2250 m (08E09' 30""N, 124E51'E).","Greater Mindanao Faunal Region in the Philippines. Recorded only from Mt Kitanglad Range between 2250 and 2800 m primary tropical upper montane rainfores and transition between upper and lower montane forest; may occur elsewhere in montane forests on Mindanao (Rickart et al.,2003).","","","A larger-bodied, longer-tailed close phylogenetic ally of <i>L. sibuanus </i>with grayish rather than white underparts. The latter occurs in lower montane forest on the Mt Kitanglad Range, is replaced at higher elevations by <i>L. bryophilus</i>, but the two are sympatric at the type locality (Rickart et al.,2003). Karyotype indistinguishable from that of <i>L. sibuanus</i> (Rickart and Heaney, 2002).","30","30-01437","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1436-0000-1437"
"13001438","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Limnomys","","sibuanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1905","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","28","","452","","","White-bellied Limnomys","Philippines, SE Mindanao, Davao City Province, Mt Apo, 6600 ft (2012 m).","Greater Mindanao Faunal Region in the Philippines. Endemic to Mindanao Isl between 1900 and 2800 m in primary tropical lower and upper montane rainforest (recorded from Mt Apo, Mt Malindang, and Mt Katanglad; Musser and Heaney, 1992; Musser, 1994; Heaney, 2001).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>mearnsi</i> Hollister, 1913.","Standard karyotype (2n = 42, FN = 61/62) described by Rickart and Heaney (2002). See account of <i>L. bryophilus</i>.","30","30-01438","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1436-0000-1438"
"13001439","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lorentzimys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Jentink","1911","","Nova Guinea","9","","166","","<i>Lorentzimys nouhuysi</i> Jentink, 1911.","","","","","","<i>Lorentzimys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Past estimates of cladistic affinities ranged from enigmatic (Misonne, 1969) to alliance with either <i>Leggadina</i> (Simpson, 1961) or <i>Haeromys</i> (Ellerman, 1941). Analyses of phallic traits (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987) indicated that <i>Lorentzimys</i> and <i>Leptomys</i> are related, a hypothesis also supported by molar occlusal patterns and a shared derived cephalic arterial configuration (Musser’s study of material in AMNH). Analysis of immunological distances by Watts and Baverstock (1994<i>a</i>, 1996), however, isolated <i>Lorentzimys</i> in its own clade to the exclusion of the other New Guinea and Australian genera sampled, which included <i>Leggadina</i> and <i>Leptomys</i>. <i>Lorentizimys</i> remains a New Guinea endemic whose closest phylogenetic alliance has yet to be uncovered.","30","30-01439","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1439"
"13001440","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Lorentzimys","","nouhuysi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1911","","Nova Guinea","9","","166","","","Long-footed Tree Mouse","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Noord (= Lorentz River), Bivak 2, 400 m.","New Guinea; Records are from S lowlands and middle altitudes, throughout Central Cordillera from N slopes of the Snow Mtns of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) in the west to Mt Dayman (Papua New Guinea) in the east, and the Torricelli Mtns (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:280); 30-2700 m; limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alticola</i> Tate and Archbold, 1941.","Photograph, distributional and biological information provided by Flannery (1990<i>b</i>:197). Phallic morphology described by Lidicker (1968). Some authors recognized <i>alticola</i> as a species (Lidicker, 1968; Lidicker and Brylski, 1987; Tate, 1951), and Flannery (1995<i>a</i>:280) noted that ""<i>alticola</i> differs in a number of ways from the typical form, and further research is needed to determine its true status."" Chromosomal data (2n = 46) reported by Donnellan (1987).","30","30-01440","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1439-0000-1440"
"13001441","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Macruromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Stein","1933","","Z. Säugetierk.","8","","94","","<i>Macruromys elegans</i> Stein, 1933.","","","","","","<i>Pogonomys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>), and most closely related to <i>Chiruromys</i>,<i> Pogonomys</i>,<i> Coccymys</i>,<i> Hyomys</i>,<i> Anisomys</i>, and <i>Mallomys</i> as indicated by analysis of immunological distances (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>). Distributional and biological information summarized by Flannery (1990<i>b</i>; 1995<i>a</i>).","30","30-01441","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1441"
"13001442","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Macruromys","","elegans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Stein","1933","","Z. Säugetierk.","8","","95","","","Lesser Macruromys","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Weyland Range, Mt Kunupi, 1400-1800 m.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Possibly endemic to Weyland Range. Still represented only by the type series, three females and a male collected in October, 1931 (Flannery, 1995a).","30","30-01442","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1441-0000-1442"
"13001443","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Macruromys","","major","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rümmler","1935","","Z. Säugetierk.","10","","105","","","Greater Macruromys","Papua New Guinea, Eastern Highlands Province, Kratke Mtns, Buntibasa Dist, 4000-5000 ft (1220-1524 m).","New Guinea; known from a few mid-altitude localities (1200-1500 m) on N slopes of Snow Mtns in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) and Central Cordillera of Papua New Guinea to the Eastern Highlands Province, southeast to Mt. Simpson (Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>; 1995<i>a</i>; Musser and Lunde, ms).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Phallic morphology and its systematic significance described by Lidicker (1968). The scanty distributional and ecological information associated with <i>M. major</i> summarized by Flannery (1995<i>a</i>).","30","30-01443","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1441-0000-1443"
"13001444","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Madromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Sody","1941","","Treubia","18","part 2","258","","<i>Mus blanfordi </i>Thomas, 1881.","","","","","","<i>Millardia</i>Division. After being named a species of <i>Mus</i>, <i>blanfordi</i> was transferred to <i>Rattus</i> and finally to <i>Cremnomys</i> (see comments in following account). To Ellerman (1961:605), <i>blanfordi</i> was a <i>Rattus </i>in subgenus <i>Rattus</i>, but ""an aberrant species. . . it stands rather well apart from typical <i>Rattus</i>, and is probably allied to <i>Cremnomys</i>."" Misonne (1969:126) studied dental traits and included <i>blanfordi</i> in <i>Cremnomys</i>, but noted that ""it could be made as well a genus on its own."" Corbet and Hill (1992:349) acknowledged that ""The inclusion of <i>blanfordi</i> in <i>Cremnomys</i> is supported by data on chromosomes. . . but is nevertheless very dubious."" The extraction of <i>blanfordi</i> from <i>Cremnomys</i> was also supported by Agrawal (2000), who suggested that ""<i>blanfordi</i> may be given an independent status as a genus equivalent to <i>Millardia</i>, <i>Cremnomys</i>, and <i>Rattus</i>."" We agree. Unfor... [truncated]","30","30-01444","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1444"
"13001445","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Madromys","","blanfordi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1881","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","7","","24","","","Blanford’s Madromys","India, Madras, Kadapa.","Endemic to Sri Lanka and Peninsular India, from southern provinces north to Bihar in the east and near Bombay in the west (Agrawal, 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Cremnomys blanfordi.</i>","","Described as a species of <i>Mus </i>(Thomas, 1881), then allocated to <i>Rattus</i> (Ellerman, 1941, 1961), <i>blanfordi</i> is phylogenetically distant from any species in that genus and is related to species in <i>Cremnomys</i>, a conclusion based on dental morphology (Misonne, 1969) and chromosomal evidence (Gadi and Sharma, 1983; Raman and Sharma, 1977; Rao and Lakhotia, 1972). See discussion in <i>Madromys </i>above. Chromosomal number and configuration of <i>M. blanfordi</i> very similar to that recorded for <i>C</i>. <i>cutchicus</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>elvira</i> (Raman and Sharma, 1977), but differing in amount of C-band-positive constitutive heterochromatin (Sharma and Gadi, 1977). Ecology and occurrence in Western Ghats of S India documented by Chandrasekar-Rao and Sunquist (1996).","30","30-01445","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1444-0000-1445"
"13001446","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Malacomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1877","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 6","12","","10","","<i>Malacomys longipes</i> Milne-Edwards, 1877.","","","","","","<p><i>Malacomys</i>Division. Study of dental features led Misonne (1969:106) to write that ""<i>Malacomys</i> stands apart from all the other African genera by its unusual dental characters. This is an advanced genus which cannot be clearly related to any other one."" <i>Malacomys</i> was included in allozymic analyses, which were inconclusive as to detecting its closest relative (Bonhomme et al., 1985). DNA/DNA hybridization experiments (Chevret, 1994) clustered <i>Malacomys longipes</i> as one branch of a trifurcation with the second leading to a ""<i>Praomys</i> group"" (<i>Praomys + Myomys + Mastomys + Hylomyscus</i>) and the third to a ""<i>Mus</i> group"" (<i>Mus</i>, including subgenera <i>Pyromys</i>,<i> Nannomys</i>, and <i>Coelomys</i>). External, cranial, and dental traits suggest <i>Malacomys</i> is phylogenetically allied with <i>Praomys</i>, particularly through what appears to be the morphologically annectant <i>P</i>. <i>lukolelae </i>and <i>P. verschureni</i> (our ... [truncated]","30","30-01446","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1446"
"13001447","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Malacomys","","cansdalei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ansell","1958","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 13","1","","342","","","Cansdale’s Malacomys","Ghana, Oda.","Forest zone of S Ghana, S Côte d’Ivoire, and E Liberia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>giganteus</i>  Bellier and Gautun, 1968.","Part of the murine fauna endemic to West Africa (see account of <i>Grammomys buntingi</i>). Rautenbach and Schlitter (1978) considered <i>cansdalei</i> a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>longipes</i>, but Van der Straeten and Verheyen (1979<i>b</i>) demonstrated its specific distinction. Grubb et al. (1998) reviewed the Ghana population.","30","30-01447","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1446-0000-1447"
"13001448","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Malacomys","","edwardsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rochebrune","1885","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7","9","","87","","","Edwards’ Malacomys","Liberia Mellacoree River (= Melikhoure River, Guinea according to Rautenbach and Schlitter, 1978:410).","Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, and southern regions of Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Nigeria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Member of the murine fauna endemic to West Africa (see account of <i>Grammomys buntingi</i>). Chromosomal data reported by Matthey (1958) and Van der Straeten and Verheyen (1979<i>b</i>). Grubb et al. (1998) reviewed populations from Ghana and Sierra Leone, and Barnett et al. (1996) recorded the species from the Kounounkan Massif in SW Guinea. See Happold (1987) for ecology and distribution in Nigeria.","30","30-01448","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1446-0000-1448"
"13001449","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Malacomys","","longipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1877","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 6","12","","10","","","Common Malacomys","Gabon, Gaboon River (vicinity of Ogooue, Gabon; see Rautenbach and Schlitter, 1978:414).","From SE Nigeria, C and S Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (including Bioko; Eisentraut, 1965), and Gabon eastward through Republic of Congo, S Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo to S Sudan, Uganda, and Rwanda; also to the south in NW Zambia and NE Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>australis</i> <b> </b>Ansell, 1958; <i>centralis</i> De Winton, 1897; <i>wilsoni </i>Thomas, 1916.","Karyotype of sample from Côte d’Ivoire is 2n = 48, FN = 52 (Fna = 48), with the autosomal complement consisting of all telocentric pairs except for a single pair of small metacentrics, a composition regarded by Viegas-Péquignot et al. (1983) to be close to the presumed ancestral complement for murines. A sample from Gabon exhibits an identical karyotype (Lecompte, 2003).","30","30-01449","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1446-0000-1449"
"13001450","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mallomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Novit. Zool.","5","","1","","<i>Mallomys rothschildi</i> Thomas, 1898.","","","","","<i>Dendrosminthus</i> de Vis, 1907.","<i>Pogonomys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Tate (1936) included <i>Mallomys</i>, along with <i>Chiropodomys</i>,<i> Crateromys</i>,<i> Lenomys</i>,<i> Phloeomys</i>, <i>Chiruromys</i>, and<i> Pogonomys </i>in the Phloeomyinae, an arrangement followed by Simpson (1945), but no data support such an allocation (Ellerman, 1949<i>a</i>; our research). Using microcomplement fixation of albumin, Watts and Baverstock (1994<i>a</i>) placed <i>Mallomys</i> in a clade with <i>Anisomys</i>,<i> Pogonomys</i>,<i> Chiruromys</i>,<i> Coccymys</i>,<i> Hyomys</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Macruromys</i> (their Anisomyini, our <i>Pogonomys</i> Division), but noted that its karyotype (2n = 48) and derived sperm morphology (Breed, 1991) suggest affinities with <i>Hydromys</i> and members of genera we place in the <i>Pseudomys</i>,<i> Xeromys</i>, and <i>Uromys</i> Divisions, which form a clade (their Hydromyini) separate from the New Guinea endemics in the <i>Pogonomys </i... [truncated]","30","30-01450","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1450"
"13001451","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mallomys","","aroaensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","De Vis","1907","","Ann. Queensl. Mus.","7","","11","","","De Vis’s Mallomys","Papua New Guinea, Central Province, head of Aroa River (Flannery et al., 1989, provided additional data).","New Guinea; in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) in the Arfak Mtns of Vogelkop region and on the S side of the Snow Mtns (Pegunungan Maoke), then throughout the Central Cordillera of Papua New Guinea to Mt Simpson in the east; also highlands of Huon Peninsula; 1100-2700 m (Flannery et al., 1989:95; Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hercules</i> Thomas, 1912.","Broadly sympatric with <i>M. rothschildi</i> along the Central Cordillera<i> </i>in Papua New Guinea (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>). Cole et al. (1997) discussed a specimen obtained on E flanks of Mt Dayman.","30","30-01451","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1450-0000-1451"
"13001452","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mallomys","","gunung","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery, Aplin, and Groves","1989","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","41","","101","","","Alpine Mallomys","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), 2 km E Mt Wilhelmina, 3800 m (Flannery et al., 1989, gave details).","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Snow Mtns (Pegunungan Maoke); known only from vicinity of the type locality and Mt Carstenz (Flannery et al., 1989:97; Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:286).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","A very distinctive species known only by a few specimens collected between 3500 and 4050 m. On the N slopes of the Snow Mtns it is replaced at lower elevations by <i>M</i>. <i>istapantap </i>and <i>M. rothschildi</i>.","30","30-01452","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1450-0000-1452"
"13001453","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mallomys","","istapantap","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery, Aplin, and Groves","1989","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","41","","96","","","Subalpine Mallomys","Papua New Guinea, Mt Hagen Dist., Korelum (Flannery et al., 1989, provided additional information).","New Guinea; high altitudes along Central Cordillera from Mt Victoria in Owen Stanley Range of E Papua New Guinea to Bele River region in Snow Mtns of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Recorded from the Snow Mtns (Pegunungan Maoke), where it has been taken on the N slopes at the Bele River and on the S slopes near Tembagapura, and the Central Cordillera in Papua New Guinea from Mt Giluwe in the west to Mt Victoria in the east; 2200-3850 m (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:289).","30","30-01453","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1450-0000-1453"
"13001454","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mallomys","","rothschildi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Novit. Zool.","5","","2","","","Rothschild’s Mallomys","Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Owen Stanley Range, between Mt Musgrave and Mt Scratchley, 5000-6000 ft (1524-1830 m); see Flannery et al. (1989).","New Guinea; Central Cordillera, from Weyland Range in W Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) to Owen Stanley Range in Papua New Guinea; 1550-3700 m (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:290; Flannery et al., 1989:93).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>argentata</i> Rothschild and Dollman, 1932;<i> weylandi </i>Rothschild and Dollman, 1932.","<i>Mallomys</i> <i>rothschildi</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>aroaensis</i> are thought to be sympatric at a few localities (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>; Flannery et al., 1989), but the morphological variation present among samples requires re-examination to test whether it reflects presence of one or two species.","30","30-01454","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1450-0000-1454"
"13001455","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Malpaisomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hutterer, Lopez-Martinez, and Michaux","1988","","Palaeovertebrata","18","","246","","<i>Malpaisomys insularis</i> Hutterer, Lopez-Martinez, and Michaux, 1988.","","","","","","<p><i>Oenomys</i>Division. Represented only by late Pleistocene and Holocene samples. A phylogenetic analysis by Hutterer et al. (1988) using 27 morphological traits placed <i>Malpaisomys</i> in a monophyletic group with the extinct <i>Stephanomys </i>(late Miocene to late Pliocene of Europe and N Africa) and the deomyines <i>Acomys</i> and <i>Uranomys</i>, to the exclusion of <i>Rattus</i> and <i>Mus</i>. A subsequent cladistic study with 17 cranial and 23 dental characters supported a very close phylogenetic association between <i>Malpaisomys </i>and<i> Stephanomys</i>,<i> </i>and an alliance between those two genera and <i>Acomys</i> on one hand, and <i>Thamnomys</i> and <i>Oenomys</i> on the other (López-Martínez et al., 1998). A study of antibody reaction against albumin of <i>Malpaisomys</i>,<i> Acomys</i>,<i> Uranomys</i>,<i> </i>and<i> Mus</i> (bone extracts were used for <i>Malpaisomys</i>) indicated <i>Malpaisomys</i> to be allied with <i>Mus</i> to the exclusion of <i>Acomys... [truncated]","30","30-01455","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1455"
"13001456","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Malpaisomys","","insularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hutterer, Lopez-Martinez, and Michaux","1988","","Palaeovertebrata","18","","246","","","Lava Mouse","Canary Isls, Fuerteventura Isl, Cueva Villaverde near La Oliva, at stratigraphic level dated about 1070 years before present (see Hutterer et al., 1988, for additional information).","Isls of Fuerteventura, Lanzorote, and Graciosa in the Canary Isls (Hutterer et al., 1988).","IUCN – Extinct.","","<i>Malpaisomys insularis </i>has been recorded from sediments dated from 25,000 and 32,000 years before present up to historical times when the species became extinct, sometime between 800 years before present and now (Hutterer et al., 1988; Michaux et al., 1991). Reconstruction and study of the postcranial skeleton suggest the species was adapted to living in lava fields (Boye et al., 1992). Boye et al. (1992) reported that about 2000 years before present, <i>Mus musculus</i> was apparently casually imported to the islands by humans who also arrived then, and from that time to the historical period, populations of <i>M. insularis</i> declined and were progressively replaced by house mice. This interaction between lava mice and house mice is the hypothesized causal reason for extinction of <i>M. insularis</i>. <i>Malpaisomys insularis</i> is part of a mammalian fauna endemic to the E Canary Isls that includes the shrew <i>Crocidura canariensis</i> (Hutterer et al., 1987<i>a</i>; Michau... [truncated]","30","30-01456","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1455-0000-1456"
"13001457","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mammelomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Menzies","1996","","Aust. J. Zool.","44","","383","","<i>Melomys rattoides</i> Thomas, 1922.","","","","","","<i>Pogonomys</i>Division. Member of New Guinea Old Endemics. Originally included in <i>Melomys</i>. Generic diagnosis based primarily on morphometric analyses (Menzies, 1996), some qualitative cranial and dental features, extremely long hind feet with very short first digit, single pair of teats (not found in any other Papuan murine), and spermatozoal morphology (Breed and Aplin, 1994). The monophyly of <i>rattoides</i> and <i>lanosus</i> relative to <i>Melomys</i>, <i>Uromys</i>, and their close relatives in our <i>Uromys </i>Division is strongly supported by albumin immunology, which indicated they are not part of the core species defining either <i>Uromys</i> or <i>Melomys</i>, and judged from immunological distances (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>) and sperm morphology (Breed and Aplin, 1994) could not properly be placed in either of those genera. Our study of specimens in AMNH and BMNH revealed that the two species share a derived cephalic arterial circulation and its osseous ... [truncated]","30","30-01457","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1457"
"13001458","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mammelomys","","lanosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","263","","","Highland Mammelomys","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Doormanpad-bivak (3°30'S, 138°30'E), 2400 m.","Mountain forests (above 1000-1500 m) of N New Guinea; from the type locality in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) eastward along Central Cordillera through the Telefomin region, Schrader Range, Kratke Mtns, and Mt Hagen region to the Wau area of Papua New Guinea; also from Cyclops Range in the northern coastal mountains; not recorded from Huon Peninsula.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc)<i>.</i>","<i>shawmayeri</i> Rümmler, 1935.","Once treated as a subspecies of <i>Paramelomys</i> <i>levipes</i>, <i>lanosus </i>is a separate species (Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>; Menzies, 1996). It is unrelated to <i>P</i>. <i>levipes</i>, but instead is phylogenetically allied with <i>Mammelomys</i> <i>rattoides</i>, a larger-bodied species that displaces it in lower altitudes. This close association was also reflected in Menzies' (1990) similarity coefficient analysis and his later systematic revision (Menzies, 1996). Flannery (1990<i>b</i>) listed <i>shawmayeri</i> as a synonym of <i>M</i>. <i>rattoides</i>, but holotype is an example of <i>M</i>. <i>lanosus</i> (Menzies, 1996; Musser’s study of type series in BMNH).","30","30-01458","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1457-0000-1458"
"13001459","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mammelomys","","rattoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","263","","","Lowland Mammelomys","New Guinea, NW Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Mamberano River, Pionier-bivak (2°20'S, 138°0' E), 200 ft (61 m).","New Guinea; N slopes and lowlands from the Mamberano River in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) through lower slopes north of Idenberg River to the Telefomin region in West Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea (Flannery and Seri, 1990) and eastward to the Gogol River in Madang Province; between sea level and 1500 m (Menzies, 1996); also on Yapen Isl in NE Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>; AMNH 160268 and 222193, BMNH 46.643); limits of range unknown on mainland.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Distribution based on specimens we studied in AMNH and BMNH, and Menzie’s (1996) account. Tate's (1951:290) record of <i>M</i>. <i>rattoides</i> from Cyclops Mtns is based on <i>M</i>. <i>lanosus</i>. Closest relative is <i>M</i>. <i>lanosus</i>, which occurs in montane forests at higher altitudes than<i> M</i>. <i>rattoides</i> (see account of <i>M</i>. <i>lanosus</i>).","30","30-01459","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1457-0000-1459"
"13001460","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Margaretamys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Musser","1981","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","168","3","275","","<i>Mus beccarii</i> Jentink, 1880.","","","","","","<i>Pithecheir</i>Division. Morphological, chromosomal, and distributional features monographed by Musser (1981<i>b</i>). Spermatozoal morphology distinctive and similar among the three species (Breed and Musser, 1991). Member of the Sulawesi Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>); nearest phylogenetic ally unknown, but probably more closely related to Sulawesi <i>Lenomys</i> and <i>Eropeplus</i> and Sundaic <i>Lenothrix</i> than any other murine (Musser’s unpublished research): ""Possibly the three species of <i>Margaretamys</i> represent fragments of an early murid stock of which <i>Lenothrix</i> is a more primitive remnant"" (Musser, 1981<i>b</i>:325). Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>) listed <i>Margaretamys </i>in a <i>Pithecheir</i> Section of a more inclusive <i>Micromys</i> Group. All three species of <i>Margaretamys </i>are arboreal and found only in primary forest formations.","30","30-01460","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1460"
"13001461","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Margaretamys","","beccarii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1880","","Notes Leyden Mus.","2","","11","","","Spiny Lowland Margaretamys","Indonesia, Sulawesi, NE peninsula, Menado-Langowan.","NE peninsula and C Sulawesi in lowland tropical evergreen rain forest, near sea level to1000 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>leucopus</i> (Jentink, 1879) [not Gray, 1867]; <i>thysanurus</i> (Sody, 1932).","History of incorrect taxonomic allocations of <i>beccarii</i> recorded by Musser (1971<i>e</i>, 1981<i>b</i>). Insufficient samples exist to determine any morphometric or qualitative differences between populations in central core of the island and the NE peninsula. The only one of the three <i>Margaretamys </i>with spinous pelage.","30","30-01461","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1460-0000-1461"
"13001462","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Margaretamys","","elegans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser","1981","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","168","","286","","","Elegant Margaretamys","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Gunung Nokilalaki, 6500 ft (1980 m).","Originally recorded only from 1600-2285 m in montane rain forest on Gunung Nokilalaki, but a specimen (AMNH 267763) was obtained from farther south in the Mamasa<b> </b>Area (02<sup>o</sup>56'S/119<sup>o</sup>22'E) of C Sulawesi. Probably occurs on mountains elsewhere in C core of the island.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","The largest in body size of the three species and the most squirrel-like in habitus.","30","30-01462","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1460-0000-1462"
"13001463","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Margaretamys","","parvus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser","1981","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","168","","294","","","Lesser Margaretamys","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Gunung Nokilalaki, 7400 ft (2256 m).","Known only from 1830-2286 m in montane rain forest on Gunung Nokilalaki, but probably occurs elsewhere in mountainous C Sulawesi.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","The smallest of the three species and the most divergent in cranial and dental traits.","30","30-01463","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1460-0000-1463"
"13001464","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mastacomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1882","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","9","","413","","<i>Mastacomys fuscus</i> Thomas, 1882.","","","","","","<i>Pseudomys</i>Division. Included in <i>Pseudomys</i> by Musser and Carleton (1993), who followed the action of Watts et al. (1992). Mahoney and Richardson (1988) and Happold (1995) maintained<i> Mastacomys</i> separate from <i>Pseudomys</i>.<i> </i>A recently completed DNA sequencing study by F. Ford (James Cook University, Townsville), utilizing several different mitochondrial and nuclear genes, strongly supports the inclusion of <i>fuscus </i>within <i>Pseudomys </i>as currently constituted. The diversity within <i>Pseudomys</i>,<i> </i>however, is such as to warrant recognition of several genera including <i>Mastacomys </i>(F. Ford, in litt., 2004). Mahoney and Richardson (1988)<i> </i>cataloged distributional, taxonomic, and biological references. Member of Australian Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>; Watts and Aslin, 1981).","30","30-01464","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1464"
"13001465","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mastacomys","","fuscus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1882","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","9","","413","","","Broad-toothed Mastacomys","Australia, Tasmania; see Mahoney and Richardson (1988:160) for details.","Australia; modern records from E New South Wales, E Victoria, and Tasmania, but late Pleistocene-Holocene fragments indicated range once included Kangaroo Isl, Carrieton, and Naracoorte in South Australia (Archer et al., 1984; Happold, 1995; Pledge, 1990; Robinson et al., 2000); see Menkhorst (1995<i>b</i>) for the range in Victoria, and Rounsevell et al. (1991) for a summary of Tasmanian records.","<i>brazenori</i>Ride, 1956;<i> castaneus </i>(Higgins and Petterd, 1884) [not Waterhouse, 1843]; <i>mordicus</i> Thomas, 1922; <i>wombeyensis </i>Ride, 1956.","The form <i>fuscus</i>  and the other taxa listed above were all described and revised under <i>Mastacomys</i> (Ride, 1956; Wakefield, 1972<i>b</i>), and this genus has always been recognized (Watts and Aslin, 1981; Mahoney and Richardson, 1988). However, chromosomal morphology (Baverstock et al., 1977<i>c</i>), G-banding homologies (Baverstock et al., 1983<i>b</i>), allozymic data (Baverstock et al., 1981), and phallic morphology (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987) linked <i>fuscus</i> with some species of <i>Pseudomys</i>, and Watts et al. (1992) united <i>fuscus</i> with that genus. Sperm head structure reported by Breed (1984), and variation in external morphology of glans penis documented by Morrissey and Breed (1982). Taxonomic, distributional, and biological references cataloged by Mahoney and Richardson (1988:160); ecological and distributional information summarized by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Happold (1995).","","30","30-01465","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1464-0000-1465"
"13001466","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mastomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","16","","477","","<i>Mus coucha</i> Smith, 1834.","","","","","<i>Myomys</i>  Thomas, 1915.","<p><i>Stenocephalemys</i>Division. Historical taxonomic use of <i>Mastomys</i> as a genus or subgenus of either <i>Rattus</i> or <i>Praomys</i> summarized by Meester et al. (1986), Chevret et al. (1994), and Granjon et al. (1997<i>b</i>). Morphological (Lecompte et al., 2002<i>a</i>; Van der Straeten, 1979; Van der Straeten and Robbins, 1997), protein electrophoretic analyses (Iskandar and Bonhomme, 1984), DNA/DNA hybridization experiments (Chevret et al., 1994), analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Lecompte et al., 2002<i>b</i>), and chromosomal data (Britton-Davidian et al., 1995; Granjon et al., 1997<i>b</i>) support union of most of the species listed below in a monophyletic group different from those clades containing species of <i>Praomys</i>, <i>Myomyscus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Hylomyscus</i>. <i>Mastomys pernanus</i> is the exception (see that account). Important to studies of specific diversity, biogeography, population and community ecology, and medicine, spe... [truncated]","30","30-01466","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1466"
"13001467","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mastomys","","awashensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lavrenchenko, Likhnova, and Baskevich","1998","","<i>In</i> Lavrenchenko et al., 1998a, Z. Säugetierk.","63","","44","","","Awash Mastomys","Ethiopia, ""collected at the bank of the Awash River near Koka Lake"" (Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>a</i>:46), 08E23'N 39E09'E.","Apparently endemic to the Ethiopian Rift Valley where it ""is confined to a small part of the Upper Awash Valley"" (Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>a</i>:48). All known examples were captured at the E bank of Koka Lake and Awash National Park where they inhabit Awash riverbank vegetated by Acacia-Commiphora thornbush with high grass, and adjacent agricultural habitats.","","This species occurs with <i>M. natalensis</i>  and <i>M. erythroleucus</i> in the same region. Karyotype of <i>M. awashensis</i> (2n = 32, FNa = 54, Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>a</i>; or 2n = 32, FNa = 52, Volobouev et al., 2002<i>b</i>) is dissimilar to that of <i>M. erythroleucus </i>(2n = 38, FN = 50) and resembles karyotype of <i>M. natalensis</i> from the Ethiopian Rift Valley (2n = 32, FNa = 54-56), but the two are distinguished by frequency of metacentric and submetacentric elements, form of the Y-chromosome, and C-banding pattern (Baskevich and Orlov, 1993; Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>a</i>). Analyses of allozymic and morphometric data indicate <i>M. awashensis</i> is more closely related to <i>M. erythroleucus</i> than to <i>M. natalensis</i>, but <i>M. awashensis</i> and <i>M. natalensis</i> are more similar in chromosomal traits and configuration of tail scales; in glans penis morphology, <i>M. awashensis</i> differs from either of the other species, which are similar in that character complex<i> </i>(Lavrenchenko and Baskevich, 1996; Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>a</i>). <i>Mastomys awashensis</i> shares a common fixed hemoglobin electromorph with South African <i>M. coucha</i>, different from that found in Ethiopian <i>M. natalensis</i> and <i>M. erythroleucus</i> (Lavrenchenko et al., 1992, 1998<i>a</i>). Those latter authors noted that the discordance among morphometric, genital, molecular, and chromosomal character suites in distinguishing samples of the three Ethiopian species may reflect a mosaic pattern of evolution. Character discordance, however, has not been an unappreciated reality to generations of working systematists, as many morphologically similar sets of species can only be distinguished by a combination of traits.","<p>This species occurs with <i>M. natalensis</i> and <i>M. erythroleucus</i> in the same region. Karyotype of <i>M. awashensis</i> (2n = 32, FNa = 54, Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>a</i>; or 2n = 32, FNa = 52, Volobouev et al., 2002<i>b</i>) is dissimilar to that of <i>M. erythroleucus </i>(2n = 38, FN = 50) and resembles karyotype of <i>M. natalensis</i> from the Ethiopian Rift Valley (2n = 32, FNa = 54-56), but the two are distinguished by frequency of metacentric and submetacentric elements, form of the Y-chromosome, and C-banding pattern (Baskevich and Orlov, 1993; Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>a</i>). Analyses of allozymic and morphometric data indicate <i>M. awashensis</i> is more closely related to <i>M. erythroleucus</i> than to <i>M. natalensis</i>, but <i>M. awashensis</i> and <i>M. natalensis</i> are more similar in chromosomal traits and configuration of tail scales; in glans penis morphology, <i>M. awashensis</i> differs from either of the other species, which are similar in t... [truncated]","30","30-01467","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1466-0000-1467"
"13001468","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mastomys","","coucha","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Smith","1834","","Rept. Exped. Exploring Central Africa","","","43","","","Southern African Mastomys","South Africa, Northern Cape Province, between Orange River and Tropic of Capricorn (see Meester et al., 1986:286).","Endemic to Southern African Subregion: South Africa (provinces of Eastern and Northern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, and S and W Limpopo; also in Lesotho), S and W Zimbabwe, C Namibia (Granjon et al., 1997<i>b</i>; Skinner and Smithers, 1990; Taylor, 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bradfieldi</i>  Roberts, 1926; <i>breyeri</i> (Roberts, 1915); <i>limpopoensis</i> (Roberts, 1914); <i>marikquensis</i> (Smith, 1836); <i>sicialis</i> Shortridge, 1934; <i>silaceus </i>(Wagner, 1842); <i>socialis</i> (Roberts, 1913).","Characterized by 2n = 36, FNa = 52-56, and a distinctive hemoglobin electromorph, <i>M. coucha</i> occurs sympatrically with <i>M</i>. <i>natalensis </i>in some areas but allopatrically in other regions of the Southern African Subregion (de Graaff, 1997<i>r</i>); the latter is distinguished by a different hemoglobin pattern (Green et al., 1980), 2n = 32, FN = 54 (Volobouev et al., 2002<i>b</i>), and three isozyme markers (Smit et al., 2001). The two species also differ in cranial, phallic, and spermatozoal morphology as well as reproductive behavior, growth patterns, ultrasonic vocalizations, and pheromones (Breed, 1995<i>a</i>; Dippenaar et al., 1993; Jackson and van Aarde, 2003; Lavrenchenko and Baskevich, 1996; Skinner and Smithers, 1990; Taylor, 2000<i>b</i>; and references cited therein), and can also be separated by principal component analysis of cranial and dental measurements (Dippenaar et al., 1993). Although the two are widely sympatric in southern Africa, their geographic r... [truncated]","30","30-01468","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1466-0000-1468"
"13001469","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mastomys","","erythroleucus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esq. Zool. sur la Côte de Guine","","","160","","","Reddish-white Mastomys","Guinea.","Mostly Subsaharan N Africa; an isolated population in WC Morocco (Aulagnier, 1991; Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986); main range in Gambia, Senegal, Guinea, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan, Ethiopia, E. Dem. Rep. Congo, Burundi, and W Uganda. See Granjon et al. (1997<i>b</i>),<i> </i>Volobouev et al. (2001), and Ziegler et al. (2002).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>calopus</i>  (Cabrera, 1906); <i>gambianus </i>(Thomas, 1911); <i>peregrinus</i> (De Winton, 1898).","<p>Chromosomal (2n = 38, FNa = 50-56) and electrophoretic data as well as fur color (reddish brown dorsum, whitish venter) set this species apart from other <i>Mastomys</i> with which it occurs (Baskevich and Orlov, 1993; Duplantier et al. 1990<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>; Granjon et al., 1997<i>b</i>; Lavrenchenko et al., 1992; Volobouev et al., 2001;<i> </i>and references cited therein). The geographic range described by Granjon et al. (1997<i>b</i>) is primarily derived from the distribution of samples with 2n = 38 (see references to chromosomal reports cited by Granjon et al., 1997<i>b</i>). Codjia et al. (1996) documented chromosomal distinctions between <i>M. erythroleucus</i> and <i>M. natalensis</i> from S Benin. <i>Mastomys erythroleucus</i> is sympatric with <i>M</i>. <i>huberti</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>natalensis</i> in Senegal (Duplantier et al., 1990<i>a</i>, 1996). Reproductive distinctions among <i>M. erythroleucus</i>, <i>M. natalensis</i>, and <i>M. huberti</i> in Senegal documented... [truncated]","30","30-01469","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1466-0000-1469"
"13001470","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mastomys","","huberti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","255","","","Hubert’s Mastomys","N Nigeria, Zungeru.","Recorded from S coastal Mauritania (Granjon et al., 1997<i>a</i>, 2002<i>b</i>), Senegal, Mali, Burkina-Faso, and N Nigeria (Granjon et al., 1997<i>b</i>); limits unresolved.","","","<p>Characterized by 2n = 32, FNa = 44-46 (Hubert et al., 1983; Duplantier et al., 1990<i>a</i>; Britton-Davidian et al., 1995) or 2n = 32, FNa = 42 (Volobouev et al., 2002<i>b</i>). This is not the same species as <i>M</i>. <i>natalensis</i>, which is also characterized by 2n = 32, but a different FN (52-54; Britton-Davidian et al., 1995), hemoglobin pattern (C. B. Robbins et al., 1983), and apparently serum proteins (Robbins and Van der Straeten, 1989). Duplantier et al. (1990<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>) contrasted results of protein electrophoresis and chromosomal traits derived from Senegalese samples of <i>M. huberti</i>, <i>M. natalensis</i>, and <i>M. erythroleucus</i>. Reproductive distinctions among <i>M. huberti</i>,<i> M. erythroleucus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>M. natalensis</i> in Senegal are documented by Duplantier et al. (1996). Phylogenetic analysis of chromosomal data by Britton-Davidian et al. (1995) indicated that <i>M. huberti</i> is more closely related to <i>M. natalensis</i> than... [truncated]","30","30-01470","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1466-0000-1470"
"13001471","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mastomys","","kollmannspergeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Petter","1957","","Mammalia","21","","129","","","Kollmannsperger’s Mastomys","N Niger, Aïr region, Titintarat (= Tchet-en-Taghat; Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>), 150 km N Agadez (Petter, 1957), ""near the wells of Tedjidda-n-Tesemt"" (Rosevear, 1969:423) (= Teguidda-n-Tessoumt; Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>).","N Niger (Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>), NE Nigeria and N Cameroon (Robbins and Van der Straeten, 1989), Chad (Denys et al., 2002), and S Sudan (Volobouev et al., 2001); limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>M. verheyeni.</i>","<i>verheyeni</i>  Robbins and Van der Straeten, 1989.","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>M. natalensis</i> (Petter, 1957) from N Niger, chromosomal data documented by Dobigny et al. (2002<i>b</i>) from samples near the type locality of <i>kollmannspergeri </i>exhibit the same configuration as the chromosomal species that Volobouev et al. (2001) identified as MER-2 (2n = 38, FNa = 40-41) from Chad (Denys et al., 2002) and S Sudan, and Dobigny et al. (2002<i>b</i>) provisionally referred their specimens to <i>M. kollmannspergeri</i>. Robbins and Van der Straeten (1989) named and described the same species as <i>M. verheyeni</i> with a range restricted to the savannas surrounding Lake Chad in NE Nigeria and N Cameroon. It was reviewed under that name by Granjon et al. (1997<i>b</i>). Conspecificity of <i>verheyeni</i> with <i>M. kollmannspergeri</i> is supported by phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> and nuclear IRBP gene sequences<i> </i>(L. Granjon, in litt., who noted the molecular work was done by E. Lecompte, 2003... [truncated]","30","30-01471","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1466-0000-1471"
"13001472","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mastomys","","natalensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J., ser. 2","2","","156","","","Natal Mastomys","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Port Natal (= Durban).","Widespread in subsaharan Africa except for SW portion of continent (see Skinner and Smithers, 1990, and de Graaff, 1997<i>q</i>, for range in the Southern African Subregion; see Granjon et al., 1997<i>b</i>, for generalized map of overall distribution).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Myomys fumatus</i>, <i>Mastomys hildebrandtii </i>and <i>M. natalensis</i>.","<i>caffer</i> (Smith, 1834);<i> cuninghamei</i> (Wroughton, 1908);<i> durumae </i>(Heller, 1912); <i>effectus </i>(Dollman, 1911); <i>evelyni </i>(Dollman, 1911); <i>fumatus </i>(Peters, 1878); <i>gardulensis</i> (Frick, 1914); <i>fusca </i>(Bocage, 1890); <i>hildebrandtii </i>(Peters, 1878); <i>illovoensis </i>(Jentink, 1909);<i> ismaillae </i>(Heller, 1914); <i>itigiensis </i>Hatt, 1935); <i>kerensis </i>(Heuglin, 1877); <i>komatiensis </i>Roberts, 1926;<i> longicaudatus </i>(Noack, 1887); <i>microdon</i> (Peters, 1852); <i>muscardinus</i> (Wagner, 1843) [see Meester et al., 1986, for reason behind this allocation]; <i>neumanni </i>(Heller, 1912); <i>ovamboensis </i>Roberts, 1926;<i> pallida </i>(Dollman, 1914); <i>panya </i>(Heller, 1910); <i>rufa </i>(Bocage, 1890); <i>somereni </i>(Kershaw, 1923); <i>tana </i>(True, 1893);<i> tinctus </i>(Heller, 1918); <i>ugandae </i>(De Winton, 1897); <i>victoriae </i>(Matschie, 1911); <i>zuluensis</i> (Thomas and Schwann, 1905).","<p>Characterized by 2n = 32, FNa = 52-54 (Britton-Davidian et al., 1995; Green et al., 1980; Volobouev et al., 2002<i>b</i>) and a distinctive hemoglobin electromorph (Green et al., 1980; Robbins et al. 1983). Samples with these chromosomal features have also been found in Senegal (Duplantier et al., 1990<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>; Granjon et al., 1996); Côte d’Ivoire, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, and Chad (Matthey, 1955, 1966<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>); Sierra Leone and Burundi (Robbins et al., 1983); S Benin (Codjia et al., 1996); Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria (Granjon et al., 1997<i>b</i>; Hubert et al., 1983); Somalia (Capanna et al., 1982); Ethiopia (Baskevich and Orlov, 1993; Lavrenchenko et al., 1998<i>a</i>); Tanzania (Fadda et al., 2001; Leirs, 1992; Leirs et al., 1989, 1993); Zimbabwe (Lyons et al., 1980); Namibia (Hallett, 1979), and South Africa (Granjon et al., 1996; Green et al., 1980;). Using chromosomal data, laboratory crosses, and principal component analysis... [truncated]","30","30-01472","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1466-0000-1472"
"13001473","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mastomys","","pernanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kershaw","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","568","","","Dwarf Mastomys","SW Kenya, Amala (Mara) River; see G. M. Allen (1939:406) and Misonne and Verschuren (1964:655) for details.","Published records are from SW Kenya, N Tanzania, and Rwanda (Misonne and Verschuren, 1964; see map inVan der Straeten, 1999:228).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Known by very few specimens. Ellerman (1941) listed <i>pernanus</i> as a distinctive species of <i>Rattus</i> in the subgenus <i>Mastomys</i>, but earlier G. M. Allen (1939) had treated it as a species of <i>Myomys</i>. Robbins and Van der Straeten (1989) claimed this a possibility. Misonne and Verschuren (1964, 1966<i>b</i>), however, discussed the problem and concluded that <i>pernanus</i> should be associated with <i>Mastomys</i>, an arrangement endorsed by Van der Straeten (1999). Van der Straeten (1999) studied and measured all known specimens (except those from Rwanda extracted from raptor pellets and a skull from Tanzania reported by Misonne and Verschuren, 1964, which could not be found in the Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen at Brussels). His principal component analysis contrasting two specimens of <i>M. pernanus</i> with holotypes of taxa in <i>Praomys</i>,<i> Mastomys</i>,<i> Myomys</i>,<i> Myomyscus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Hylomyscus </i>indicated <i>M. pe... [truncated]","30","30-01473","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1466-0000-1473"
"13001474","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mastomys","","shortridgei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","St. Leger","1933","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1933","","411","","","Shortridge’s Mastomys","N Namibia, Grootfontein Dist., Okavango-Omatako junction.","Extreme NW Botswana and NE Namibia (Caprivi area) in the region of the confluence of Okavango and Kwito Rivers where it apparently inhabits reedbeds and swamp grasses (de Graaff, 1981:216; Skinner and Smithers, 1990:270); also E Angola, where the species is associated with marshes (Crawford-Cabral, 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>legerae</i>  (Ellerman, Morrison-Scott, and Hayman, 1953).","Karyotype (2n = 36, FNa = 50) similar to that of <i>M. coucha</i> (Granjon et al., 1997<i>b</i>). Taxonomy reviewed by Meester et al. (1986:285). Some workers considered <i>shortridgei</i> closely related to or the same as <i>M</i>. <i>angolensis</i> (see references cited in Meester et al., 1986). That species has five pairs of teats and most authors attributed the same number to <i>M. shortridgei</i>, but the latter has eight pairs (see references in Granjon et al., 1997<i>b</i>). This is also a significant distinction for the generic allocation of <i>shortridgei</i> because Granjon et al. (1997<i>b</i>) employed more than ten teats as one of the diagnostic traits of <i>Mastomys</i> and included <i>shortridgei</i> in the genus but excluded <i>angolensis</i>. A principal component analysis based on holotypes of the <i>Mastomys-Praomys-Myomys-Hylomyscus</i> complex also nested that of <i>shortridgei</i> deep within the cluster identified as <i>Mastomys</i> (Van der Straeten and Robbins,... [truncated]","30","30-01474","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1466-0000-1474"
"13001475","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Sody","1936","","Natuurk. Tidjschr. Ned.-Ind.","96","","55","","<i>Mus bartelsii</i> Jentink, 1910.","","","","","","<p><i>Maxomys</i>Division. Definition and contents of <i>Maxomys</i> provided by Musser et al. (1979), who discussed historical allocations of species to groups of <i>Rattus</i> and summarized chromosomal information. The exclusion of <i>Maxomys</i> from <i>Rattus</i> also supported by allozymic data (Chan et al., 1979), albumin immunology (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>), and DNA/DNA hybridization studies (Ruedas and Kirsch, 1997). Morphological analyses indicated that <i>Maxomys</i> shares all its dental derived molar traits with <i>Berylmys</i>, <i>Mus</i>, and <i>Niviventer</i>, and some of its external features with <i>Mus</i> (Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Estimate of relationships based on karyotypic data placed <i>Maxomys</i> close to <i>Niviventer</i> and <i>Lenothrix</i> and far from <i>Rattus</i> (Gadi and Sharma, 1983). Spermatozoal morphology of Malayan <i>Maxomys</i> and one Sulawesian species is similar to <i>Chiropodomys</i> and <i>Hapalomys</i>, a configuration also l... [truncated]","30","30-01475","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475"
"13001476","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","alticola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","2","","408","","","Bornean Mountain Maxomys","Malaysia, Sabah (N Borneo), Mt Kinabalu (""from a high level"").","Known only from two mountains in Sabah, N Borneo: from 1070 to 3360 on Mt Kinabalu (Md Nor, 2001), and also on Gunung Trus Madi.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>kinabaluensis</i> (Chasen, 1937).","The name <i>alticola</i> was once applied to populations from lower elevations on Gunung Kinabalu, the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra (Chasen, 1940), but was shown to be the name for a distinct species endemic to mountains of Sabah (Medway, 1964, 1977). Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992). Part of a suite of murine species endemic to Borneo (Musser, 1986; also see account of <i>Chiropodomys major</i>).","30","30-01476","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1476"
"13001477","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","baeodon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","452","","","Small Bornean Maxomys","Malaysia, Sabah (N Borneo), Mt Kinabalu.","Known only from a few scattered localities in Sabah and Sarawak (N Borneo); occurs between 900 and 1400 m on Mt Kinabalu in Sabah (Md Nor, 2001).","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>trachynotus</i> (Cabrera, 1920).","A very distinctive species still represented in museum collections by few specimens (Musser et al., 1979). The record from Gunung Palung National Park in SW Kalimantan (Blundell, 1996) is erroneous and represents misidentified <i>M. whiteheadi</i> (A. J. Gorog, pers. comm., 2001). Part of the suite of murines endemic to Borneo (Musser, 1986; also see account of <i>Chiropodomys major</i>).","30","30-01477","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1477"
"13001478","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","bartelsii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1910","","Notes Leyden Mus.","33","","69","","","Bartels’s Javan Maxomys","Indonesia, W Java, Gunung Pangerango-Gede, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Endemic to montane forests on volcanos of W and C Java (Van Peenen et al., 1974).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>obscuratus</i>  (Bartels, 1938); <i>tjibunensis </i>(Sody, 1933).","Morphology, chromosomes, and geographic distribution reviewed by Van Peenen et al. (1974); skull and dentition illustrated in Musser and Newcomb (1983). Reviewed also by Corbet and Hill (1992).<i> </i>Member of a suite of murine rodents endemic to Java (Musser, 1986; see account of <i>Kadarsanomys sodyi</i>).","30","30-01478","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1478"
"13001479","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","dollmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ellerman","1941","","Families and Genera of Living Rodents","2","","218","","","Dollman’s Sulawesi Maxomys","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Quarles Mtns, Rantekaroa, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Type locality and Gunung Tanke Salokko in the SE peninsula of Sulawesi; known only from high elevations in montane forests of the SE peninsula and S region of the C core of the island.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Originally described by Ellerman as a subspecies of <i>Rattus hellwaldii</i>, but shown to be a distinct species by Musser (1969<i>c</i>), and morphologically allied to <i>M. hellwaldii</i> (Musser, 1991). <i>Maxomys dollmani</i> is scansorial and a smaller-bodied version of an undescribed species collected from cool and wet primary forest in the mountains of C Sulawesi between 854 and 1460 m. That new species is sympatric with <i>M. hellwaldii</i> in the lower part of its altitudinal range and occurs with <i>M. musschenbroekii </i>throughout the altitudinal distribution. The geographic pattern exhibited by the C highlands species and <i>M. dollmani</i> (the former in the C core of the island, the latter on the SE peninsula and S portion of the C core) is common to some sets of species in <i>Taeromys</i> and the <i>Rattus xanthurus</i> Group (see those accounts).","30","30-01479","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1479"
"13001480","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","hellwaldii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1878","","Notes Leyden Mus.","1","","11","","","Hellwald’s Sulawesi Maxomys","Indonesia, Sulawesi, NE peninsula, Menado.","Throughout Sulawesi in tropical lowland evergreen rain forest, sea level to 3300 ft (1006 m; Musser and Holden, 1991; Musser, ms).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cereus</i>  (Miller and Hollister, 1921); <i>griseogenys</i> (Sody, 1941); <i>localis </i>(Miller and Hollister, 1921).","Among Sulawesian representatives of <i>Maxomys</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>hellwaldii</i> is most closely related to <i>M</i>. <i>dollmani </i>and two undescribed species in highlands of C Sulawesi (Musser, 1991; Musser, ms). Spermatozoal morphology unlike species of Malayan <i>Maxomys</i> studied, and more similar to members of <i>Margaretamys</i>, another Sulawesian endemic (Breed and Musser, 1991). There is appreciable morphological variation among samples from different regions of the island, which may reflect presence of more than one species (Musser, ms). Stomach morphology described and contrasted with other Sulawesian endemics by Musser and Durden (2002).","30","30-01480","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1480"
"13001481","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","hylomyoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1916","","J. Str. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc.","73","","273","","","Sumatran Mountain Maxomys","Indonesia, W Sumatra, Korinchi Peak, 7300 ft (2225 m).","Endemic to montane forests in mountainous backbone of W Sumatra.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","At one time listed as a subspecies of <i>M. alticola</i> (Chasen, 1940), but later reinstated as a distinctive species (Medway, 1964; Musser et al., 1979). Member of a suite of murines endemic to Sumatra that includes <i>Maxomys inflatus</i>, <i>Mus crociduroides</i>,<i> Rattus korinchi</i>,<i> </i>and <i>R. hoogerwerfi </i>(Musser, 1986).","30","30-01481","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1481"
"13001482","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","inas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1906","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","","9","","","Malayan Mountain Maxomys","Malaysia, Perak (Malay Peninsula), Gunung Inas.","Endemic of Malay Peninsula (and possibly peninsular Thailand south of Isthmus of Kra) in montane forests, rarely occurring below 3000 ft (914 m; Medway, 1969).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Once treated as a subspecies of Bornean <i>M. alticola</i> (Chasen, 1940), but identified as a separate species by Medway (1964). A close phylogenetic ally to <i>M</i>. <i>whiteheadi</i>, as indicated by morphological, biochemical, chromosomal, and spermatozoal traits (Breed and Yong, 1986; Chan et al., 1978, 1979; Yong, 1969). <i>Maxomys inas</i> joins <i>Niviventer cameroni</i> and <i>Pithecheir parvus</i> as the three living endemic murines on the Malay Peninsula south of the Isthmus of Kra (Musser, 1986; see account of <i>Niviventer cameroni</i>).","30","30-01482","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1482"
"13001483","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","inflatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1916","","J. Str. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc.","73","","273","","","Broad-nosed Sumatran Maxomys","Indonesia, W Sumatra, Korinchi Peak, Sungei Kumbang, 4700 ft (1433 m).","Endemic to mountain forests of W Sumatra.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","One of the most distinctive species of <i>Maxomys</i>, as reflected by its wide rostrum and inflated nasolacrimal capsules (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Musser et al., 1979). Part of the suite of murine species endemic to Sumatra (Musser, 1986; see account of <i>Maxomys hylomyoides</i>).","30","30-01483","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1483"
"13001484","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","moi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","95","","","Indochinese Mountain Maxomys","S Vietnam, Lâm Dðng Province, Langbian Mtns (= Lam Vien Plateau), Arbre Broyé (= Tram Hanh), 5400 ft (1646 m).","Recorded only from highlands of S Vietnam in Quàng Tri, Quàng Nam, and Lâm Dðng provinces (Dang et al., 1994; Van Peenen et al., 1969) and adjacent S Laos on Plateau Bolovens; 190-1500 m; does not occur in the Annamite Mtns along the Laos-Vietnam border north of Quàng Tri Province. Distribution based primarily upon study of specimens in AMNH, BMNH, FMNH, and USNM.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Originally described as a species by Robinson and Kloss (1922), later listed as a subspecies of either <i>Maxomys surifer</i> or <i>Rattus coxingi </i>(=<i>Niviventer coninga</i>), but finally reinstated as a distinct species (Musser et al., 1979; Van Peenen et al., 1969). Closest phylogenetic relative is <i>M</i>. <i>surifer</i>, an estimate based on cranial, dental, and chromosomal traits shared by both species (Bulatova et al., 1992; Duncan and Van Peenen, 1971; Musser et al., 1979).","30","30-01484","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1484"
"13001485","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","musschenbroekii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1878","","Notes Leyden Mus.","1","","10","","","Musschenbroek’s Sulawesi Maxomys","Indonesia, Sulawesi, NE peninsula, Menado.","Throughout Sulawesi in most forest formations (Musser, 1991; Musser and Holden, 1991).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aspinatus</i>  (Tate and Archbold, 1935); <i>lalawora</i> (Sody, 1941); <i>tetricus </i>(Miller and Hollister, 1921).","Considered conspecific with Sundaic <i>M</i>. <i>whiteheadi</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), but <i>musschenbroekii</i> is a separate species endemic to Sulawesi (Medway, 1977; Musser, 1991). Spermatozoal morphology more similar to that described for Malayan species of <i>Maxomys</i> than to sperm of other sampled Sulawesian species (Breed and Musser, 1991). Occurs sympatrically with all other species of Sulawesian <i>Maxomys</i>, and does not show significant morphological variation among samples from different island regions (Musser, ms).","30","30-01485","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1485"
"13001486","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","ochraceiventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","451","","","Ochraceous-bellied Bornean Maxomys","Malaysia, Sabah (N Borneo), Gunung Kinabalu, below 1700 m (Md Nor, 2001).","Sabah and Sarawak (N Borneo), and East Kalimantan (E Borneo); apparently restricted to hills (Medway, 1964).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>perasper</i> (Shamel, 1940).","Once treated as a lower altitudinal subspecies of the higher montane <i>M. alticola</i> on Borneo (Chasen, 1940), but the two species are sympatric at 1067 m on slopes of Gunung Kinabalu (Medway, 1977). Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992). Member of the cluster of murine species endemic to Borneo (Musser, 1986; also see account of <i>Chiropodomys major</i>).","30","30-01486","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1486"
"13001487","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","pagensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","45","","39","","","Mentawai Archipelago Maxomys","Indonesia, Kepulauan Mentawai, Pulau Pagai Selattan (S Pagai Isl), off coast W Sumatra.","Endemic to islands of South Pagai, North Pagai, Sipora, and Siberut in Mentawai Arch.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Usually listed as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>surifer</i> (Chasen, 1940), but treated as a species by Musser et al. (1979) and retained as such by Corbet and Hill (1992). Closest phylogenetic relative is probably <i>M</i>. <i>surifer</i>. Part of the rodent fauna endemic to Mentawai Arch. (see account of <i>Leopoldamys siporanus</i>).","30","30-01487","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1487"
"13001488","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","panglima","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","235","","","Palawan Maxomys","Philippines, Palawan Isl.","Greater Palawan Faunal Region; endemic to Balabac, Palawan, Busuanga, Calauit, and Culion Isls; politically part of Philippines, but faunistically an extension of the Sunda Shelf. Recorded from primary and secondary tropical lowland evergreen rainforest from sea level to 1000 m (Heaney et al., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>palawanensis</i> (Taylor, 1934).","Treated in the past as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>surifer</i>, but morphological features support its independence as a species; uncertain whether <i>M. panglima</i> is more closely related to <i>M</i>. <i>surifer</i> or <i>M</i>. <i>rajah</i> (Musser et al., 1979). Joins <i>Palawanomys furvus</i> and <i>Chiropodomys calamianus</i> as the only recorded murines endemic to the Greater Palawan Faunal Region.","30","30-01488","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1488"
"13001489","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","rajah","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","451","","","Rajah Sundaic Maxomys","Malaysia, Sarawak (N Borneo), Gunung Batu Song.","Endemic to the Sunda Shelf; Peninsular Thailand south of Isthmus of Kra, Malay Peninsula, Riau Arch., Sumatra, amd Borneo; absent from Java and Bali.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hidongis</i>  (Kloss, 1921); <i>lingensis</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>pellax</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>similis </i>(Robinson and Kloss, 1916).","Insular distribution similar in broad outline to that of <i>M</i>. <i>whiteheadi</i>. Once regarded as conspecific with <i>M. surifer </i>(Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Misonne, 1969), but occurs sympatrically with that species, and although samples of each are regularly misidentified, the two differ in a suite of morphological, ecological, behavioral, and biochemical traits, as well as albumin immunology (Chan et al., 1979; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Musser et al., 1979; Yong, 1972; Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>).","30","30-01489","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1489"
"13001490","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","surifer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","13","","148","","","Indomalayan Maxomys","Peninsular Thailand, Trang.","Indochina; S Burma, Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>; Robinson et al., 1995), Laos, S and SW Cambodia (Elephant Mtns, specimens in FMNH; Cardamom Mtns, A. Smith, in litt., 2002), throughout Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994; Van Peenen et al., 1969; specimens in AMNH and IEBR; including Thom and PhuQuoc Isls off the S coast of Vietnam, see Kuznetsov, 2000), and extreme S Yunnan near Laotian border (specimens in IZAS, D. Lunde, in litt., 2004; Wang, 2003; Wu et al., 1996); and the Sunda Shelf (Peninsular Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and many smaller islands); in addition to references cited above, range is generally extracted from Corbet and Hill (1992) and Musser et al. (1979).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anambae</i>  (Miller, 1900); <i>antucus</i> (Lyon, 1916); <i>aoris</i> (Robinson, 1912); <i>banacus</i> (Lyon, 1916); <i>bandahara</i> (Robinson, 1921); <i>bentincanus</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>binominatus</i> (Kloss, 1915); <i>butangensis</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>carimatae</i> (Miller, 1906);<i> casensis</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>catellifer</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>changensis</i> (Kloss, 1916); <i>connectens</i> (Kloss, 1916); <i>domelicus</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>eclipsis</i> (Kloss, 1916); <i>finis</i> (Kloss, 1916);<i> flavidulus</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>flavigrandis</i> (Kloss, 1911); <i>grandis</i> (Kloss, 1911); <i>koratis</i> (Kloss, 1919); <i>kramis</i> (Kloss, 1919); <i>kutensis</i> (Kloss, 1916); <i>leonis</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1911); <i>luteolus</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>mabalus</i> (Lyon, 1916); <i>manicalis</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1914); <i>microdon</i> (Kloss, 1908) [not Peters, 1852]; <i>muntia</i> (Chasen, 1940); <i>natunae</i> (Chasen, 1940); <i>pelagius</i> (Kloss, 1916); <i>pemangilis</i> (Robinson, 1912); <i>perflavus</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>pidonis</i> (Chasen, 1940); <i>pinacus</i> (Lyon, 1916); <i>puket</i> (Chasen, 1940); <i>ravus</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1916); <i>saturatus</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>serutus</i> (Miller, 1906); <i>siarma</i> (Kloss, 1919); <i>solaris</i> (Sody, 1934); <i>spurcus</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1914); <i>telibon</i> (Chasen, 1940); <i>tenebrosus</i> (Kloss, 1916); <i>ubecus</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>umbridorsum</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>verbeeki </i>(Sody, 1930).","<p>The only species of <i>Maxomys</i> with a range encompassing Indochinese and Sundaic faunal regions. The two groups of samples differ in morphological features, and the significance of this variation should be determined in a careful systematic revision of the genus. <i>Berylmys bowersii</i>, <i>Chiropodomys gliroides</i>, <i>Leopoldamys sabanus</i>, and <i>L</i>. <i>edwardsi</i> have roughly concordant geographic ranges and demonstrate similar patterns of geographic morphological variation (Musser and Newcomb, 1983; Musser et al., 1979). Virtually every insular sample from the Sunda Shelf has been given a scientific name, but any significance of insular variation has yet to be assessed. Corbet and Hill (1992) detected a geographic pattern in pelage coloration, but whether it is concordant with distribution of morphological and molecular traits has yet to be determined. Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>sequences by A. J. Gorog et al. (2004) identified six distinct ... [truncated]","30","30-01490","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1490"
"13001491","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","wattsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser","1991","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3001","","20","","","Watts’s Sulawesi Maxomys","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Gunung Tambusisi, Tambusisi Damar, 4700 ft (1432 m).","Known only from 4700-6000 ft (1432-1830 m) on Gunung Tambusisi, C Sulawesi.","IUCN – Endangered.","","A distinctive species that is morphologically isolated from all other Sulawesian <i>Maxomys</i> except possibly <i>M. musschenbroekii</i>; assessing its phylogenetic relations to other species in the genus will require systematic revision of <i>Maxomys</i> (Musser, 1991).","30","30-01491","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1491"
"13001492","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Maxomys","","whiteheadi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","452","","","Whitehead’s Sundaic Maxomys","Malaysia, Sabah (N Borneo), Gunung Kinabalu.","Peninsular Thailand south of Isthmus of Kra, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and various adjacent islands; absent from Java and Bali; see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Musser et al. (1979).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>asper</i>  (Miller, 1900); <i>batamanus</i> (Lyon, 1907); <i>batus</i> (Miller, 1911); <i>coritzae</i> (Sody, 1941); <i>klossi</i> (Bonhote, 1906); <i>mandus</i> (Lyon, 1908); <i>melanurus</i> (Shamel, 1940); <i>melinogaster</i> (Cabrera, 1920); <i>perlutus</i> (Thomas, 1911); <i>piratae</i> (Chasen, 1940); <i>subitus </i>(Chasen, 1940).","A Sundaic endemic. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) included <i>whiteheadi</i> in the Sulawesi <i>M. musschenbroekii</i>, but the two are separate species (Chasen, 1940; Medway, 1977; Musser, 1991; Musser et al., 1979; Tate, 1936). Spermatozoal morphology (Breed and Yong, 1986) and data from biochemical, morphological, and cytological studies (Chan et al., 1978, 1979; Yong, 1969) pointed to a close relationship between <i>M</i>. <i>whiteheadi</i> and the Malayan <i>M</i>. <i>inas</i>. Md Nor (1996) documented occurrence of <i>M. whiteheadi</i> on the small islands off the tip of N Sabah. Generally a lowland species on Borneo, it does reach 2100 m on the slopes of Mt Kinabalu (Md Nor, 2001, and references cited therein). Noticeable geographic variation in pelage coloration and aspects of cranial morphology exists among insular samples on the Sunda Shelf, but its significance has yet to be determined. However, phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>sequences by Gorog et al.... [truncated]","30","30-01492","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1475-0000-1492"
"13001493","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melasmothrix","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","93","","<i>Melasmothrix naso</i> Miller and Hollister, 1921.","","","","","","<i>Melasmothrix</i>Division. Member of Sulawesian Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Closely related to <i>Tateomys</i> as judged by morphological, ecological, and spermatozoal characters (Breed and Musser, 1991; Musser, 1982<i>c</i>). Both genera are highly specialized diurnal (<i>Melasmothrix</i>) or nocturnal (<i>Tateomys</i>) vermivores whose phylogenetic affinities have yet to be determined. However, their molar occlusal patterns (Musser, 1982<i>c</i>) are somewhat specialized versions of those characterizing Miocene <i>Progonomys</i> like morphologies, and the shrew rats may have evolved from one of the earliest divergences from a <i>Progonomys</i> like stock.","30","30-01493","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1493"
"13001494","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melasmothrix","","naso","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","93","","","Diurnal Sulawesian Shrew Rat","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Rano Rano, 6000 ft (1830 m); see Musser (1982<i>c</i>) for additional information.","Sulawesi; known only from tropical upper montane rain forest at Rano Rano and on Gunung Nokilalaki, 1950-2286 m; probably occurs in upper montane forest on other mountains in C core of the island.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Stomach morphology described and contrasted with other Sulawesi shrew rats and the insectivorous <i>Sommeromys</i> <i>macrorhinos </i>by Musser and Durden (2002). Other morphological aspects, along with altitudinal distribution, diet, and ecology of this terrestrial, diurnal, and primarily vermivorous shrew rat reviewed by Musser (1982<i>c</i>).","30","30-01494","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1493-0000-1494"
"13001495","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","261","","<i>Uromys rufescens</i> Alston, 1877.","","","","","","<i>Uromys</i>Division. Member of the Australian and New Guinea region Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>, 1982<i>b</i>). Data from microcomplement fixation of albumin indicated Australian <i>Melomys</i> is closely related to <i>Uromys</i> and in the same monophyletic group with <i>Mesembriomys</i>, <i>Leporillus</i>,<i> Conilurus</i>, and <i>Zyzomys</i> (Watts et al., 1992). These genera join other Australian and some New Guinea genera to form an ""Australasian clade"" as estimated by albumin immunology (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>, 1995<i>b</i>, 1996). Menzies (1996) has revised the New Guinea species that were formerly included in <i>Melomys</i>. His results considerably contracted the scope of the genus by raising subgenus <i>Paramelomys</i> to generic rank, separating <i>lanosus </i>and <i>rattoides</i> as a separate genus (see account of <i>Mammelomys</i>) and placing <i>fellowsi </i>in its own genus<i> </i>(see account of <i>Protochromys</i>). Mahoney and Richardson (1988) c... [truncated]","30","30-01495","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495"
"13001496","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","aerosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","428","","","Dusky Seram Melomys","Indonesia, Pulau Seram, Mt Manusela, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Endemic to Seram Isl, 1200-1830 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Tate (1951:292) suggested a relationship between <i>M</i>. <i>aerosus</i> and the New Guinea <i>M</i>. <i>levipes</i> group, but cranial morphology indicates <i>M</i>. <i>aerosus</i> to be more closely related to Australian species of <i>Melomys</i>, especially <i>M</i>. <i>cervinipes</i>, than to the endemic <i>Melomys</i> of New Guinea (Musser’s study of specimens in BMNH). Menzies (1996:418) noted that <i>M. aerosus</i> ""has the long incisive foramina characteristic of the <i>cervinipes</i> division of <i>Melomys</i>"" but ""does not fit comfortably in any group"" Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Helgen (2003<i>b</i>).","30","30-01496","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1496"
"13001497","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","arcium","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","12","","214","","","Rossel Island Melomys","Papua New Guinea, Louisiade Arch., Rossel Isl.","Endemic to Rossel Isl, 50-700 m.","","","Originally described as a species of <i>Uromys</i>, treated as a subspecies of <i>M. leucogaster</i> by Rümmler (1938), Musser and Carleton (1993), and Flannery (1995<i>b</i>), but retained as a species by Laurie and Hill (1954) and Menzies (1996). <i>Melomys arcium</i> is closely related to <i>M. leucogaster</i> (Menzies, 1996, and our study of the holotype and AMNH 159597-159600), and Flannery (1995<i>b</i>:135) wrote that although closely related to <i>M. leucogaster</i>, it may represent ""a distinct species."" Flannery (1995<i>b</i>:135) noted that most islands off the E coast of Papua New Guinea in Milne Bay have been heavily surveyed and neither <i>M. leucogaster</i> nor <i>M. arcium</i> has been found, ""Therefore it seems likely that it is found only on Rossel among the Milne Bay Islands. This is very unusual, because Rossel is the most distant of the Louisiade Group from New Guinea. Presumably, it did exist previously on other islands of the group, but has become extinct on all ... [truncated]","30","30-01497","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1497"
"13001498","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","bannisteri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener and Maryanto","1993","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","16","","428","","","Great Key Island Melomys","Indonesia, Maluku Tengah, Pulau Kai Besar (Great Key Isl), 2 km W Fakoi, 200 m (see Kitchener and Maryanto, 1993<i>b</i>, for details).","Recorded only from Pulau Kai Besar in Kepulauan Kai (Ewab), between Seram Isl and the Aru Isls.","","","Morphologically similar to <i>M. lutillus</i>. Flannery (1995<i>b</i>:138) included <i>bannisteri</i> in <i>M. lutillus</i> because ""it is clearly part of the <i>M. lutillus</i> group,"" and also noted that ""the confused taxonomic relationships of the <i>M. lutillus</i> group make it difficult to assess the validity of this taxon."" <i>Melomys bannisteri</i> is one average larger than either <i>M. lutillus</i> or <i>M. frigicola</i> on New Guinea, and much larger than <i>M. burtoni</i> from the Trans-Fly region (<i>muscalis</i>); compare the measurements listed by Kitchener and Maryanto (1993<i>b</i>:431) with those of <i>M. lutillus</i> and <i>M. frigicola</i> presented by Menzies (1996:397). Kitchener and Maryanto’s taxon should be highlighted as a species until its diagnostic characteristics can be more critically assessed in the context of a revision of these small-bodied <i>Melomys.</i> The Kai Isls are in deep water and not on the continental shelf connecting Australia and New Guin... [truncated]","30","30-01498","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1498"
"13001499","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","bougainville","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1936","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","19","","344","","","Bougainville Island Melomys","Solomon Isls, Bougainville Isl, Buin.","Recorded only from islands of Buka, Bougainville, and Choiseul in northern Solomon Arch. (Flannery and Wickler, 1990; Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Although historically treated as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>rufescens</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>bougainville</i> is a separate species known by small samples of extant and archaeological specimens (Flannery and Wickler, 1990). Most closely related to <i>M. rufescens</i>,<i> M. matambuai</i>,<i> </i>and <i>M. paveli</i> (Helgen, 2003<i>b</i>; Menzies, 1996).","30","30-01499","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1499"
"13001500","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","burtoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1887","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., ser. 2","2","","531","","","Grassland Melomys","Australia, Western Australia, near Derby; Mahoney and Richardson (1988:161) provided details.","Australia; along the coast ""from just south of the New South Wales-Queensland border, north to the tip of Cape York, and in coastal areas of the Northern Territory and north-eastern Western Australia"" (Watts and Aslin, 1981:84; Kerle, 1995<i>c</i>:633); also found on many offshore islands. SC New Guinea (recorded only from the Trans-Fly region).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albiventer</i>  Kellogg, 1945; <i>australius</i> Thomas, 1924; <i>callopes</i> Finlayson, 1943; <i>froggatti</i> Troughton, 1937; <i>insulae</i> Troughton and Le Souef, 1929; <i>littoralis</i> (Lönnberg, 1916); <i>melicus</i> (Thomas, 1913); <i>mixtus</i> Troughton, 1935; <i>murinus</i> (Thomas, 1913); <i>muscalis </i>(Thomas, 1913).","Results of chromosomal and electrophoretic studies reported by Baverstock et al. (1977<i>c</i>, 1980, 1981, 1983<i>b</i>). Anatomy of male reproductive tract and spermatozoal morphology presented by Breed and Sarafis (1978), Morrissey and Breed (1982), and Breed (1984, 1986). Tate (1951), Mahoney and Richardson (1988), and Musser and Carleton treated populations from Australian and New Guinea region as a single species, and Musser and Carleton (1993) noted that the complex needs revision using data from morphological, chromosomal, and molecular sets to assess significance of the variation apparent both among samples from New Guinea and between those from New Guinea and Australia. In the absence of such a revisionary study, Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) treated the New Guinea samples as a separate species, <i>M. lutillus</i>. Recently, Menzies (1996) has provided a revision of the New Guinea segment, as <i>M. lutillus</i>, recognizing <i>M. l. lutillus</i> as occurring in E Papua, <... [truncated]","30","30-01500","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1500"
"13001501","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","capensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1951","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","97","","295","","","Cape York Melomys","Australia, Queensland, Nesbit River, Rocky Scrub (east of Coen), 1500 ft (457 m).","Australia, Queensland, Iron and McIlwraith Ranges of Cape York (north of Cooktown).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>cervinipes</i> by Tate (1951:295), but separated as a distinct species by Baverstock et al. (1980) based on differences in blood proteins; otherwise, <i>M. capensis</i> and <i>M. cervinipes</i> are similar in morphological traits and body size (Watts and Aslin, 1981:82). Other allozymic results presented by Baverstock et al. (1981). Reviewed by Leung (1995), who also presented the first detailed ecological study of the species (Leung, 1999<i>a</i>).","30","30-01501","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1501"
"13001502","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","caurinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Treubia","2","","112","","","Short-tailed Talaud Melomys","Indonesia, Kepulauan Talaud, Pulau Karakelang.","Recorded only by four specimens from Pulau Karakelang and Pulau Salebabu (MZB) in the Talaud Isls (Helgen, 2003<i>b</i>).","","","Morphologically very similar to <i>M. leucogaster</i> (Menzies, 1996; our own study of the specimens discussed by Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>). Originally described as a species, but Rümmler (1938) and Ellerman (1941) treated <i>caurinus</i> as a subspecies of <i>M. leucogaster</i>, Musser and Carleton (1993) listed it in the synonymy of that species, and Laurie and Hill (1954) arranged it as a subspecies of <i>M. fulgens</i>. Tate (1951) recognized <i>caurinus</i> as a distinct species as have Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Menzies (1996). It is sympatric with <i>M. talaudium</i>,<i> </i>which has a longer tail relative to head and body length, suggesting that <i>M. caurinus</i> may be terrestrial and <i>M. talaudium</i> arboreal (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>; Thomas, 1921<i>i</i>). Except for tail length these two species are hardly distinguishable in cranial and dental features and to Flannery (1995<i>b</i>:132) ""there seems little doubt that these two species have evolved in the Talaud Isls from... [truncated]","30","30-01502","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1502"
"13001503","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","cervinipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1852","","Mamm. Aust.","pt. 4, 3","","pl. 14","","","Fawn-footed Melomys","Australia, Queensland, Stradbrook Isl (as indicated by Thomas’ lectotype designation; see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:162).","Australia; extant range is closed forest and more open habitat along the E Australian coast from Cooktown region of Cape York in Queensland south to Gosford area of New South Wales (Watts and Aslin, 1981:79; Redhead, 1995<i>a</i>:636). Late Pleistocene specimens indicate distribution once extended farther south to the Pyramids Cave region in Victoria (Wakefield, 1972<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>banfieldi</i>  (De Vis, 1907); <i>bunya </i>Tate, 1951;<i> eboreus </i>Thomas, 1924;<i> limicauda</i> Troughton, 1935; <i>pallidus </i>Troughton and Le Souef, 1929.","Anatomy of male reproductive tract and spermatozoa reported by Breed and Sarafis (1978), Morrissey and Breed (1982), and Breed (1984, 1986). Chromosomal morphology, G-banding homologies, and results of electrophoretic analyses presented by Baverstock et al. (1977<i>c</i>, 1980, 1981, 1983<i>b</i>), who (1980) reported that <i>M</i>. <i>cervinipes</i> is phylogenetically close to <i>M</i>. <i>capensis</i> but electrophoretically distant, having experienced a rapid rate of protein evolution relative to <i>M</i>. <i>capensis</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>burtoni</i>. Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Redhead (1995<i>a</i>).","30","30-01503","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1503"
"13001504","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","cooperae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, in Kitchener and Maryanto","1995","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","17","","43","","","Yamdena Island Melomys","Indonesia, Maluku Tenggara, Tanimbar Isl Group, Yamdena Isl, 1 km S Kebun Lorulun, <i>c</i>. 20 km N Saumlaki, 200 m.","Recorded only from Yamdena Isl in the Tanimbar Group of islands.","","","A member of what Menzies (1996) called the <i>Melomys</i> <i>rufescens</i> Group. Kitchener and Maryanto (1995<i>a</i>) compared this species with <i>M. leucogaster</i>,<i> M. rubicola</i>,<i> M. arcium</i>,<i> M. fulgens</i>,<i> M. talaudium</i>,<i> M. caurinus</i>,<i> </i>and<i> M. rufescens.</i>","30","30-01504","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1504"
"13001505","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","dollmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rümmler","1935","","Z. Säugetierk.","10","","106","","","Dollman’s Melomys","Papua New Guinea, Eastern Highlands Province, Kratke Mtns, 1200-1500 m.","Papua New Guinea; above 1200 m along Central Cordillera in the Eastern Highlands (Garaina area, Wau region, Kratke Mtns, Upper Ramu River Plateau, Okapa area) to slopes of Mt Hagen (Tomba); also apparently Mt Sisa (see Flannery et al., 1994); does not occur east of the Okapa area on mountains of the E peninsula of Papua.","","Although usually listed as a subspecies or synonym of <i>M</i> . <i>rufescens</i> (Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>; Laurie and Hill, 1954; Tate, 1951), <i>M</i>. <i>dollmani</i> is a separate species. It has been collected at the same place as <i>M</i>. <i>rufescens</i> in the Kratke Mtns, on the Upper Ramu River Plateau, in the Okapa area, and at Tomba (specimens in AMNH and BMNH). This is the same species listed as <i>M. gracilis</i> by Musser and Carleton (1993). Musser recently rexamined the specimens described as <i>gracilis </i>from the Owen Stanley Range, both by qualitative observation and discriminant function analysis, and agrees with Menzies’ (1996) allocation of the taxon to <i>M. rufescens. </i>However, <i>M. dollmanni</i> is not the same as <i>gracilis. </i>In all multivariate analyses it is set well apart from all the other clusters conforming to different geographic groups of <i>M. rufescens</i> (Musser, ms). Compared with <i>M. rufescens</i> from the same area, <i>M. dollmani</i> has a significantly longer head and body, hind foot, and much longer tail; longer skull and incisive foramina, wider interorbit and mastoid breadth, shorter molar row, conspicuously narrower zygomatic plate, lower mandibular ramus; woollier pelage, and 1-3 caudal hairs per scale (a single hair per scale in all <i>M. rufescens</i> examined, including <i>gracilis</i>). The presence of two species of <i>rufescens</i> like <i>Melomys</i> on Mt Hagen and Mt Sisa was was also demonstrated by analysis of allozymic variation (Flannery et al., 1994).","","30","30-01505","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1505"
"13001506","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","fraterculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","428","","","Manusela Melomys","Indonesia, Pulau Seram, Mt Manusela, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Endemic to Seram Isl.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Still known only by the type series (2 specimens in BMNH; Helgen, 2003<i>b</i>). Originally described as a species of <i>Uromys</i>, then placed in <i>Pogonomelomys</i> by Rümmler (1938), kept there by Tate (1951), but returned to <i>Melomys</i> by Laurie and Hill (1954). Based on our study of specimens, <i>M. fraterculus</i> shares many derived cranial features with the Australian <i>M</i>. <i>cervinipes</i> complex and may be more closely related to the indigenous Australian <i>Melomys</i> than to those on New Guinea. Menzies (1990:134), however, wrote that ""Without more material and additional study it is difficult to say more about it. For the present it is best left in <i>Melomys</i>,"" and for Flannery (1995<i>b</i>:133) ""It may ultimately be necessary to create a new genus for it."" Helgen (2003<i>b</i>) promised a review in a forthcoming report.","30","30-01506","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1506"
"13001507","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","frigicola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1951","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","97","","303","","","Snow Mountains Grassland Melomys","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Snow Mtns (Pegunungan Maoke), Bele River, 18 km N Lake Habbema, 2200 m.","Known only from the N slopes of the Snow Mtns and nearby Baliem River, 1600-2800 m; probably occurs elsewhere in Pegunungan Maoke.","","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>M. lutillus</i> by Tate (1951), retained that way by Laurie and Hill (1954) and Flannery (1995<i>a</i>), but included among the synonyms of <i>M. burtoni</i> by Mahoney and Richardson (1988) and Musser and Carleton (1993). Menzies (1996) elevated <i>frigicola</i> to species rank based on results of morphometric analysis. Most closely related to <i>M. lutillus </i>of New Guinea and <i>M. burtoni</i> of Australia and the Trans-Fly region of New Guinea (see those accounts).","30","30-01507","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1507"
"13001508","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","fulgens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","426","","","Seram Long-tailed Melomys","Indonesia, S Pulau Seram, Teluk Taluti (=Teloeti Bay).","Recorded only from the southern coast of Seram Isl.","","","Still known only by the holotype and one other specimen (in BMNH; Helgen, 2003<i>b</i>). Originally described as a <i>Uromys</i>, arranged as a subspecies of <i>M. leucogaster</i> by Rümmler (1938) and Ellerman (1941), placed in synonymy of that species by Musser and Carleton (1993), but treated as a distinct species by Tate (1951), Laurie and Hill (1954), Flannery (1995<i>b</i>), and Menzies (1996). Although superficially very similar in its morphology to <i>M. leucogaster</i>, it has a much longer tail relative to length of head and body that is scaleless and calloused near the tip, indicating dorsal prehensility, an adaptation absent in the shorter-tailed <i>M. leucogaster</i>. Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Helgen (2003<i>b</i>).","30","30-01508","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1508"
"13001509","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","howi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, in Kitchener and Suyanto","1996","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","18","","113","","","Riama Island Melomys","Indonesia, Maluka Tenggara, Tanimbar Isls, Pulau Riama, sea level (see Kitchener and Suyanto, 1996, for additional information).","Known only from Riama, a small island off the west coast of the larger Pulau Selaru in the Tanimbar Isls.","","","In its morphology and body size, <i>M. howi</i> is closely related to the New Guinea <i>M. lutillus</i>; its description recalls those in samples from Woodlark, Misima, and Sudest islands east of the Papua New Guinea mainland, which resemble mainland <i>M. lutillus</i> but are larger in body size. Those samples, the specimens from Riama Isl, and series of <i>M. lutillus</i> from mainland New Guinea need to be reanalyzed to determine how many species are actually present in the complex and their relationship to one another. <i>Melomys howi</i> is not closely related to <i>M. cooperae</i> from the large Pulau Yamdena in the Tanimbar Isls; that distinct species is a member of the New Guinea <i>M. rufescens-M. leucogaster </i>complex. Kitchener and Suyanto (1996) provided habitat and other information about <i>M. howi</i>.","30","30-01509","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1509"
"13001510","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","leucogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1908","","Nova Guinea","9","","3","","","White-bellied Melomys","New Guinea, S Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Lorentz River, Alkmaar, 300 m.","New Guinea; primarily S side of Central Cordillera from the type locality in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) east through Papua New Guinea to the Mori River on the mainland (see Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:296), sea level to 1400 m (Menzies, 1996); also recorded from Jayapura (Hollandia) on north coast of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) (Tate, 1951), Yule Isl off the coast of E Papua New Guinea in Central Province, and small treeless offshore islands (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>latipes</i>  Tate and Archbold, 1935.","A close morphological relative of <i>M</i>. <i>rufescens </i>and placed in ""The <i>rufescens</i> Division"" of <i>Melomys </i>by Menzies (1996). Tate (1951:307) recorded four specimens (AMNH152842-152845) from Hollandia (Jayapura) on the north coast of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya, Indonesia), which is way outside of the known range of <i>M. leucogaster</i>,<b><i> </i></b>and thought by Menzies (1996:405) to be an error. Musser examined the rats, which are examples of <i>M. leucogaster</i>, and there is no indication in the catalog or other archival documents that they could have been collected elsewhere and mislabeled.","30","30-01510","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1510"
"13001511","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","lutillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","12","","216","","","Papua Grassland Melomys","SE Papua New Guinea, Angabunga River, Owgarra.","Discontinuous range from the northern lowlands of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) throughout Papua New Guinea in foothills and higher in Central Cordillera, from sea level to 1500 m on mainland; not in the Trans-Fly region (Menzies, 1996). Also recorded from Woodlark Isl (AMNH 159593 and 159594), Misima Isl (AMNH 159591, 159592, and 190514), and the Conflict Isls (sample in BMNH) in the Louisiade Arch. east of mainland E Papua (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>).","<i>hintoni</i> Rümmler, 1935.","Menzies (1996) outlined the range as E New Guinea; we extend it along the N coast to the Lake Sentani region in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), the type locality of <i>hintoni. </i> Menzies did not allocate <i>hintoni</i> to any of the subspecies of <i>M. lutillus</i> he recognized. Menzies included <i>muscalis</i> from the Trans-Fly region as a distinct subspecies of <i>M. lutillus</i>, but we place it in the Australian <i>M. burtoni</i> (see that account). The specimens from Woodlark and Misima Isls are slightly larger in body size than mainland samples of <i>M. lutillus</i>. There are three specimens from Sudest Isl in the Louisiade Arch. (AMNH 159595, 159596, 190566) that represent an undescribed species. Although morphologically related to mainland <i>M. lutillus</i>, they are much larger in body size with conspicuously longer molar rows, larger even than the animals on Woodlark and Misima.","","30","30-01511","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1511"
"13001512","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","matambuai","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery, Colgan, and Trimble","1994","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","114","","39","","","Manus Island Melomys","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Admirality Isls, Manus Isl.","Known only by two specimens from Manus Isl.","","","A member of the ""<i>Melomys rufescens </i>Division"" (Menzies, 1996) and ""very distinct, both in its biochemistry and morphology, and . . . presumably a long-isolated species"" (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>:140). <i>Melomys matambuai</i> is most closely related to <i>M. paveli</i> on Seram Isl., <i>M. bougainville </i>on Manus Isl, and the wide-ranging <i>M. rufescens</i> (Helgen, 2003<i>b</i>; see account of <i>M. paveli</i>).","30","30-01512","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1512"
"13001513","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","obiensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","7","","208","","","Obi Island Melomys","Indonesia, Malukus, Pulau Obi.","Endemic to Obi and Bisa, Isls, south of Halmahera (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>; Helgen, 2003<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Judged by morphological traits, possibly a close relative of <i>M</i>. <i>fraterculus</i> from Seram, and more closely related to Australian <i>Melomys cervinipes</i> than to any New Guinea species, an observation gleaned from Musser’s study of specimens and earlier recorded by Tate (1951:297).","30","30-01513","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1513"
"13001514","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","paveli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Helgen","2003","","J. Zool. London","261","","168","","","Pavel’s Seram Melomys","Indonesia, coast of S Pulau Seram, Piliana, 400 m (see Helgen, 2003<i>b</i>, for coordinates and additional information).","Known only from the type locality.","","","Represented only by the holotype. Member of the <i>M. rufescens</i> group as defined by Menzies (1996) and originally described as a subspecies of <i>M. rufescens</i> that in body size and pelage coloration is most similar to <i>M. r. niviventer</i> occurring in forest and savannas of the lower Fly and Digul Rivers in S New Guinea (see Menzies, 1996, and Tate, 1951 for characteristics of <i>niviventer</i>). A better hypothesis recognizes <i>paveli</i> as a species related to <i>M. rufescens</i>,<i> M. bougainville</i>, and <i>M. matambuai </i>(see those accounts),<i> </i>for Helgen (2003<i>b</i>:169) noted that <i>paveli</i> ""differs in several ways from other mosaic-tailed rats placed in <i>M. rufescens </i>and can probably be considered as distinctive as <i>M. matambuai</i> or <i>M. bougainville</i>, both of which are currently separated from <i>M. rufescens</i> as distinct species."" Analyses of additional specimens of <i>paveli </i>using morphological traits and gene sequences may r... [truncated]","30","30-01514","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1514"
"13001515","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","rubicola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1924","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","13","","298","","","Bramble Cay Melomys","Australia, Queensland, Torres Strait, Bramble Cay, about 9ES, 144EE; see Mahoney and Richardson (1988:163).","Australia; endemic to Bramble Cay at the extreme N end of the Great Barrier Reef of Queensland (Limpus et al., 1983).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Studies of blood proteins and morphology suggested <i>M</i>. <i>rubicola</i> was closely related to <i>M</i>. <i>capensis</i>, which is endemic to Cape York in N Queensland (Limpus et al., 1983). Structure of sperm head described by Breed (1984). Reviewed by Watts (1995<i>g</i>).","30","30-01515","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1515"
"13001516","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","rufescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Alston","1877","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1877","","124","","","Black-tailed Melomys","""Duke of York Isl or adjacent parts of New Britain or New Ireland"" (Tate, 1951:304).","New Guinea; throughout the island continent, from the Vogelkop in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) to the E end of Papua New Guinea, coastal lowlands to high altitudes in mountains (at least 2000 m). Also on islands of New Britain, New Ireland, Mioko, and Lamassa in the Bismarck Arch.; three large islands in E Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Yapen, Waigeo, and Salawati; on islands of Blup Blup and Karkar, off northern coast of Papua New Guinea; and on Sideia Isl, off coast of SE Papua New Guinea (Emmons and Kinbag, 2002; Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>; Flannery and White, 1991; Menzies, 1996); Kitchener and Maryanto (1995<i>a</i>:49) recorded it from Wokam Isl in the Aru Isl Group.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M. gracilis </i>and <i>M. rufescens</i>.","<i>calidior</i> (Thomas, 1911); <i>gracilis </i>(Thomas, 1906); <i>hageni </i>Troughton, 1937; <i>musavora </i>(Ramsay, 1877);<i> niviventer</i> Tate, 1951; <i>sexplicatus </i>(Jentink, 1907);<i> stalkeri</i> (Thomas, 1904); <i>wisselensis</i> Menzies, 1996.","The significant geographic variation in morphological traits present among samples allows recognition of four distinct groups; <i>rufescens</i> from N and W New Guinea and the Bismarck Arch., <i>niviventer</i> from Fly River drainage, <i>stalkeri</i> from E Papua New Guinea, and <i>hageni</i> from the Eastern Highlands (based on Musser’s study of specimens in AMNH and BMNH), which is generally concordant with the subspecies recognized by Menzies (1996) in his revision of New Guinea <i>Melomys</i>. Menzies (1996) also described <i>wisselensis</i> from the Wissel Lakes region in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) as a subspecies of <i>M. rufescens</i>. Morphologically and likely phylogenetically, <i>M. rufescens</i> is related to <i>M. paveli</i> on Seram Isl, <i>M. matambuai</i> on Manus Isl, and <i>M. bougainville</i> on the northern Solomon islands, and according to Helgen (2003<i>b</i>:170), all four "". . . undoubtedly share a recent common ancestry. . . .""","30","30-01516","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1516"
"13001517","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","spechti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery and Wickler","1990","","Aust. Mammal.","13","","130","","","Buka Island Melomys","Solomon Isls, Buka Isl, Kilu Rockshelter.","Recorded only from Buka Isl.","","","A distinctive species known only by archaeological fragments (Flannery and Wickler, 1990).","30","30-01517","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1517"
"13001518","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Melomys","","talaudium","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","248","","","Long-tailed Talaud Melomys","Indonesia, Kepulauan Talaud, Pulau Salebabu, Lirung.","Recorded only from the islands of Karakelang and Salebabu in the Talaud Isls (specimens in BMNH and MZB; Helgen, 2003<i>b</i>).","","","Morphologically similar to <i>M. leucogaster</i> (Menzies, 1996; our own study of the specimens discussed by Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>). Originally described as a species, but Rümmler (1938) and Ellerman (1941) treated <i>talaudium</i> as a subspecies of <i>M. leucogaster</i>, Musser and Carleton (1993) listed it in the synonymy of that species, and Laurie and Hill (1954) arranged it as a subspecies of <i>M. fulgens</i>. Tate (1951) recognized <i>talaudium</i> as a distinct species as have Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Menzies (1996). It is sympatric with <i>M. caurinus</i>,<i> </i>which has a shorter tail relative to head and body length, suggesting that <i>M. caurinus</i> may be terrestrial and <i>M. talaudium</i> arboreal (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>; Thomas, 1921<i>i</i>). Except for tail length these two species are hardly distinguishable in cranial and dental features and to Flannery (1995<i>b</i>:132) ""there seems little doubt that these two species have evolved in the Talaud islands from... [truncated]","30","30-01518","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1495-0000-1518"
"13001519","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mesembriomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Palmer","1906","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","19","","97","","<i>Mus hirsutus</i> Gould, 1842 (= <i>Hapalotis gouldii</i> Gray, 1843).","","","","","<i>Ammomys</i>  Thomas, 1906 [not Bonaparte, 1831].","<i>Pseudomys</i>Division. Member of the Australian Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>:167), which includes the Conilurini where Baverstock (1984) placed <i>Mesembriomys</i>, and closely related to <i>Leporillus</i> and <i>Conilurus</i> (Watts et al., 1992). Analyses of immunological distances (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>, 1996) and sperm morphology (Breed and Aplin, 1994; Breed, 1997) support the inclusion of <i>Mesembriomys</i> in large clade that includes members of our <i>Hydromys</i>,<i> Xeromys</i>, <i>Pseudomys</i>, and <i>Uromys </i>Divisions from Australia and New Guinea (the ""Australasian clade"" of Watts and Baverstock, 1995<i>b</i>, 1996), but not our strictly New Guinea <i>Pogonomys</i> Division or <i>Lorentzimys</i> Division. Mahoney and Richardson (1988:164) cataloged taxonomic, distributional, and biological references.","30","30-01519","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1519"
"13001520","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mesembriomys","","gouldii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","List Specimens Mamm. Coll. Br. Mus.","","","116","","","Black-footed Mesembriomys","Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington; see details in Mahoney and Richardson (1988:163).","Australia; N Western Australia, N Northern Territory, N Queensland, Melville Isl, and Bathurst Isl (Friend, 1991; Watts and Aslin, 1981).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>hirsutus</i>  (Gould, 1842) [not Elliot, 1839]; <i>melvillensis </i>Hayman, 1936;<i> rattoides </i>Thomas, 1924.","Analyses of chromosomal and electrophoretic data (Baverstock et al., 1977<i>a</i>, <i>c</i>, 1981, 1983<i>b</i>) as well as phallic and dental morphology (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987; Misonne, 1969) indicated <i>M</i>. <i>gouldii</i> is phylogenetically most closely related to species of <i>Conilurus</i>. Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Friend and Calaby (1995).","30","30-01520","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1519-0000-1520"
"13001521","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mesembriomys","","macrurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1876","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","","","355","","","Golden-backed Mesembriomys","Australia, Western Australia, ""at a small mainland creek, Mermaid Strait"" (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:164).","N Western Australia and N Northern Territory (Watts and Aslin, 1981:128); probably extinct in NW central region of Western Australia (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:164). Possibly S New Guinea (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:65).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>boweri</i>  (Ramsay, 1887).","Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and McKenzie and Kerle (1995), who discussed decline of the species in some regions and other areas where secure populations persist.","30","30-01521","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1519-0000-1521"
"13001522","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Micaelamys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ellerman","1941","","Families and Genera of Living Rodents","2","","170","","<i>Mus granti </i>Wroughton, 1908.","","","","","","<i>Aethomys</i>Division. Formerly included in <i>Aethomys</i> as a subgenus, but a variety of data sets ranging from morphological to molecular indicate the two species discussed below belong in a monophyletic group, <i>Micaelamys</i>, separate from that containing species of <i>Aethomys </i>(see generic account of <i>Aethomys</i>). References cited in the following accounts treated <i>granti </i>and <i>namaquensis </i>as species of <i>Aethomys.</i> Including <i>Micaelamys</i> with <i>Aethomys</i> in the same Division is provisional. In phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences, <i>Aethomys</i> (represented by <i>A. chrysophilus</i> and <i>A. kaiseri</i>) is closest to <i>Grammomys</i>, while <i>Micaelamys</i> (<i>M. namaquensis</i>) joins other African genera depending on the analyses (Castiglia et al., 2003<i>b</i>; Ducroz et al., 2001). Phylogenetic analyses employing a broader sampling of not only species in <i>Aethomys </i>but of endemic African murine genera us... [truncated]","30","30-01522","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1522"
"13001523","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Micaelamys","","granti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","257","","","Grant’s Micaelamys","South Africa, NE Western Cape Province, Deelfontein, north of Richmond, (see Chimimba, 1998:435, for details).","South Africa, known only from the fynbos, succulent karoo, and nama-Karoo biomes (Mugo et al., 1995) in SC South Africa (the Great Karoo region; Chimimba et al., 1999:508; de Graaff, 1997<i>w</i>; Skinner and Smithers, 1990:279).","IUCN – Least Concern as <i>Aethomys granti.</i>","","Meester et al. (1986:292) and Chimimba (1998:435) provided historical taxonomic allocations of <i>granti</i>, which ranged from <i>Myomys</i>, through <i>Rattus</i> and <i>Mastomys</i>, and finally to <i>Micaelamys</i> as either genus or subgenus of <i>Aethomys</i>. Reviewed and compared with <i>M</i>. <i>namaquensis</i>, its closest relative, by Skinner and Smithers (1990) and also reviewed by de Graaff (1997<i>w</i>). Analysis of geographic variation (Chimimba et al., 1998) suggested a clinal pattern (southwesterly-northeasterly) with size of cranium negatively correlated with longitude and positively with latitude. No significant steps in the clinal variation were detected and subspecies were not recognized.","30","30-01523","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1522-0000-1523"
"13001524","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Micaelamys","","namaquensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","160","","","Namaqua Micaelamys","South Africa, S Western Cape Province, Little Namaqualand, Cape of Good Hope (restricted to Witwater by Shortridge, 1942).","E Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998), South Africa (except parts of Western, Northern, and Eastern Cape provinces, coastal KwaZulu-Natal Province, and Namib Desert; de Graaff, 1997<i>v</i>; Taylor, 1998), Botswana, Zimbabwe, S and C Mozambique (absent from central and coastal regions), S Malawi, and SE Zambia. Range abstracted from Skinner and Smithers (1990:278) and Chimimba et al. (1999:507).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Aethomys namaquensis.</i>","<i>arborarius</i> Peters, 1852; <i>auricomis </i>De Winton, 1897; <i>avarillus </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1908; <i>avunculus </i>(Thomas, 1904); <i>calarius </i>Thomas, 1926; <i>capensis </i>Roberts, 1926; <i>centralis </i>Schwann, 1906; <i>drakensbergi </i>Roberts, 1926; <i>epupae </i>Von Lehmann, 1975; <i>grahami </i>Roberts, 1915; <i>klaverensis </i>Roberts, 1926; <i>lechochloides </i>Roberts, 1926; <i>lehocla </i>A. Smith, 1836; <i>longicaudatus </i>Von Lehmann, 1955; <i>monticularis </i>Jameson, 1909; <i>namibensis </i>Roberts, 1946; <i>phippsi </i>Hill and Carter, 1937; <i>siccatus </i>Thomas, 1926; <i>waterbergensis </i>Roberts, 1938.","Originally described as a species of <i>Gerbillus </i>(Gerbillinae), subsequently treated as a species of <i>Aethomys </i>(G. M. Allen, 1939), <i>Thallomys</i> (Ellerman, 1941) or <i>Rattus </i>in subgenus <i>Praomys </i>(Ellerman et al., 1953). There is appreciable variation in body size and pelage coloration among geographic samples, but past systematic studies do not recognize subspecies or significant clinal patterns of variation (Chimimba, 1998; Chimimba et al., 1999). A recent intraspecific morphometric analysis across a more comprehensive geographic region in southern Africa suggested recognition of four subspecies (Chimimba, 2001<i>a</i>) in which distributional limits coincide with major phytogeographical zones. Integrity of these subspecific units, however, requires independent testing with molecular data. Non-geographic variation due to sex and age reported by Chimimba and Dippenaar (1994). Of all the species of either <i>Micaelamys </i>or even <i>Aethomys</i>,<i> M. namaque... [truncated]","30","30-01524","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1522-0000-1524"
"13001525","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Microhydromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1941","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1101","","2","","<i>Microhydromys richardsoni</i> Tate and Archbold, 1941.","","","","","","<i>Hydromys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Reviewed by Flannery (1989).","30","30-01525","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1525"
"13001526","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Microhydromys","","musseri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1989","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","111","","216","","","Torricelli Mountains Shrew Mouse","Papua New Guinea, West Sepik Province, Torricelli Mtns, Mt Somoro, 1350 m (see Flannery, 1989, for details).","Recorded only from the type locality.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Represented only by the holotype. A very distinct species that is part of a highland fauna endemic to the N coastal ranges of Papua New Guinea (see account of <i>Paraleptomys rufilatus</i>). Its cranial and dental morphology is most like <i>M. richardsoni</i>, but ""both possess a number of independent specializations not seen in the other"" suggesting that they ""have been evolving separately for a considerable period of time"" (Flannery, 1989:220). Flannery preferred to include <i>musseri</i> in <i>Microhydromys</i> rather than its own monotypic genus because doing so would highlight its apparent close morphological affinity with <i>richardsoni</i>, at least ""until relationships within the group are clarified"" (p. 220), but a new genus will likely have to be erected for the species.","30","30-01526","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1525-0000-1526"
"13001527","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Microhydromys","","richardsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1941","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1101","","2","","","Richardson’s Shrew Mouse","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Snow Mtns (Pegunungan Maoke), Idenburg River, 4 km SW Bernhard Camp, 850 m.","New Guinea; scattered localities in hill forest from type locality in Prov. of Papua east to Sogeri in Port Moresby region (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:248).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","The smallest-bodied of New Guinea’s endemic murids, the only one among members of the <i>Hydromys</i> and <i>Xeromys</i> Divisions with longitudinally grooved upper incisors, and known only by five specimens (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>). Distributional and biological data summarized by Flannery (1989, 1990<i>b</i>, 1995<i>a</i>). In its morphological structure, <i>M. richardsoni </i>is a miniature version of <i>Hydromys</i> but with grooved upper incisors and strictly terrestrial rather than amphibious habitus. It also possesses the primitive cephalic arterial pattern, a conformation shared with species of <i>Xeromys</i>,<i> Crossomys</i>, <i>Hydromys</i>, <i>Paraleptomys</i>, and <i>Parahydromys</i>, but not with <i>Leptomys</i> or the terrestrial New Guinea shrew mice in <i>Pseudohydromys</i> (which includes <i>Mayermys </i>and <i>Neohydromys</i>) that exhibit a derived configuration. Whether the same pattern is present in <i>M. musseri</i> has yet to be determined.","30","30-01527","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1525-0000-1527"
"13001528","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Micromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Dehne","1841","","<i>Micromys agilis</i>, Ein Neues Säugetier der Fauna von Dresden","","","1","","<i>Micromys agilis</i> Dehne, 1841 (= <i>Mus minitus</i> Pallas, 1771).","","","","","","<p><i>Micromys</i>Division. Generic diagnosis based upon molar traits provided by Storch (1987). Molar morphology indicates a close relationship with members of Misonne’s (1969) <i>Progonomys</i> group (within a more inclusive <i>Lenothrix-Parapodemus</i> Division), and phylogenetic relationships assessed by microcomplement fixation of albumin (Watts and Baverstock, 1995<i>b</i>) pointed to the Asian <i>Vandeleuria</i> (also a member of Misonne’s <i>Progonomys </i>cluster) as the closest living relative of <i>Micromys</i>, an alliance hinted at by Jüdes’s (1981) interpretation of chromosomal data, and explicitly indicated by Ellerman (1949:132) based upon morphology. Phylogenetic analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences by Martin et al. (2000) could not resolve the phylogenetic position of <i>Micromys</i> relative to other murines and deomyines sampled (<i>Apodemus</i>,<i> Mus</i>,<i> Rattus</i>,<i> Acomys</i>), nor could analyses of sequences from the nuclear LCAT (Rob... [truncated]","30","30-01528","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1528"
"13001529","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Micromys","","minutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1771","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","1","","454","","","Harvest Mouse","Russia, Ulyanovsk. Obl. Middle Volga River, Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk).","From NW Spain through most of Europe (including Thrace region of Turkey; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001, but missing from the Alps, Portugal, and most of Sweden, Norway, Italy, and Spain; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999), across Siberia to Ussuri region and Korea (Won and Smith, 1999), north to about 65°E in European Russia and Yakutia, south to N edge of Caucasus and N Mongolia (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995); isolated ranges in NW China (Xinjiang) and throughout S and NE China (from SE Xizang in west to Heilongjiang and Nei Mongol in far northeast; Wang, 2003, and Zhang et al., 1997); south to NW Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994), N Burma (Anthony, 1941; Ellerman, 1961), and NE India (Meghalaya and Nagaland; Agrawal, 2000). Island distributions include Britain; Texel, Terschelling, and Ameland off coast of Netherlands in Wadden Sea (Mostert, 1992<i>b</i>; Naber, 1982); Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Tsushima), Quelpart Isl (Korea), and Taiwan (M.-J. Yu, 1996); see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) for details, and map by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995). Possibly introduced to the Japanese Isls because no fossils have ever been found while all the Japanese endemic muroids are represented by Pleistocene and Holocene fossils (Kowalski and Hasegawa, 1976). The species also occurs in Great Britain where it was also probably introduced (Sutcliffe and Kowalski, 1976; Yalden, 1999).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>agilis</i>  Dehne, 1841; <i>aokii</i> Kuroda, 1922 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>arundinaceus</i> (Petenyi, 1882); <i>arvensis </i>(Leach, 1816) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>avenarius</i> (Wolf, 1794); <i>batarovi</i> (Kastschenko, 1910); <i>berezowskii </i>Argyropulo, 1929; <i>brauneri </i>Martino, 1930; <i>campestris</i> (Desmarest, 1822); <i>danubialis </i>Simonescu, 1971; <i>erythrotis</i> (Blyth, 1856); <i>fenniae</i> (Hilzheimer, 1911); <i>flavus</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>hertigi</i> Johnson and Jones, 1955; <i>hondonis</i> Kuroda, 1933 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>japonicus</i> Thomas, 1906; <i>kastschenkoi </i>Charlamagne, 1915 [see Zagorodnyuk, 1992<i>b</i>]; <i>kurodai </i>Mori, 1942 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>kytmanovi</i> (Kastschenko, 1910); <i>mehelyi </i>Bolkay, 1925; <i>meridionalis</i> (Costa, 1844); <i>messorius </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>minatus</i> (Schinz, 1840); <i>minimus</i> (White, 1789); <i>oryzivorus</i> (de Sélys-Longchamps, 1841); <i>parvulus</i> (Hermann, 1804) [not Mosanský, 1994]; <i>pendulinus</i> (Hermann, 1804); <i>pianmaensis </i>Peng, 1981; <i>pratensis</i> (Ockskay, 1831); <i>pumilus</i> (F. Cuvier, 1842); <i>pygmaeus </i>(Milne-Edwards, 1872); <i>sareptae</i> (Hilzheimer, 1911); <i>shenshiensis </i>Li, Wu, and Shao, 1965; <i>soricinus</i> (Hermann, 1780); <i>subobscurus</i> Fritsche, 1934; <i>takasagoensis </i>Tokuda, 1939 [<i>nomen nudum</i>; see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002];<i> takasagoensis</i> Tokuda, 1941 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>triticeus</i> (Boddaert, 1785); <i>typicus </i>(Barrett-Hamilton, 1899); <i>ussuricus </i>(Barrett-Hamilton, 1899); <i>zhenjiangensis</i> Huang, 1989.","<p>Reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>, 1984). Chromosomal information reported by Jüdes (1981), Zima (1983), Lungeanu et al. (1984), Solleder et al. (1984), and Schmid et al. (1987). Results of morphometric analyses of selected European samples and its significance to applying subspecific names to the geographic variation reported by Kratochvíl and Simionescu (1983). Alveolar pattern of molar roots and comparisons with those of <i>Rattus</i> and <i>Apodemus</i> reported by Gallego (1974). Phallic morphology of Chinese samples described by Yang and Fang (1988) in context of assessing relationships among Chinese murines. Haffner (1996) described a tendon-locking mechanism in <i>M. minutus </i>that is engaged when the middle phalanx is bent so that less muscular energy is expended when twigs or stalks are grasped. This structure should be compared with digits in species of the related <i>Vandeleuria</i> and <i>Vernaya.</i></p><p>European populations reviewed by Böhme (1978<i>a</i>) and Mitc... [truncated]","30","30-01529","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1528-0000-1529"
"13001530","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Millardia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","20","","998","","<i>Golunda meltada</i> Gray, 1837.","","","","","<i>Grypomys</i>  Thomas, 1911; <i>Guyia</i> Thomas, 1917; <i>Millardomys </i>Sody, 1941.","<p><i>Millardia</i>Division. Listed as a genus by Ellerman in 1941, but later as a subgenus of <i>Rattus</i> (Ellerman, 1961). By 1969, <i>Millardia</i> was again treated as a genus and thought to be closely related to the Indian <i>Cremnomys</i> (Misonne, 1969). Subsequent analyses of morphological features and particularly chromosomal traits have demonstrated the great phylogenetic distance between <i>Rattus</i> and <i>Millardia</i> (Gadi and Sharma, 1983; Mishra and Dhandra, 1975; Raman and Sharma, 1977). Cytogenetic analyses resulted in a phylogenetic hypothesis isolating <i>Millardia</i> and <i>Cremnomys</i> from other Asian genera (Gadi and Sharma, 1983), which is corroborated by analyses of mitochondrial sequences (DNA cytochrome <i>b</i>, 12S and 16S rRNA gene fragments), in which Ducroz et al. (2001:200) found no evidence of close relationship between <i>Millardia</i> and African arvicanthines (contradicting results from DNA/DNA hybridization; Chevret et al., 1994) or between ... [truncated]","30","30-01530","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1530"
"13001531","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Millardia","","gleadowi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Murray","1885","1886","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1885","","809","","","Sand-colored Metad","Pakistan, Clifton Plain, Karachi.","S and C Pakistan on west side of Indus River (Roberts, 1977, 1997) and adjacent NW India (Agrawal, 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A distinctive species morphologically unlike any other <i>Millardia</i> and adapted to semideserts of shifting sand dunes, clay flats, and rocky hillsides. Raman and Sharma (1977) reported essentially no similarity between karyotypes of <i>M</i>. <i>meltada</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>gleadowi</i>. Its inclusion in <i>Millardia</i> should be reexamined. Indian population reviewed by Agrawal (2000); ecology and distribution in Gujarat State of NW India recorded by Chakraborty and Agrawal (2000).","30","30-01531","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1530-0000-1531"
"13001532","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Millardia","","kathleenae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","23","","29","","","Burmese Metad","Burma, Pagan.","Apparently endemic to C Burma (Ellerman, 1961).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Sody (1941) proposed the genus <i>Millardomys</i> for this species. Aplin (in litt., 2004) trapped it at Mt Popa and near Pagan, found it absent from surrounding areas, and suspected it to be locally common in the central dry zone of Burma.","30","30-01532","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1530-0000-1532"
"13001533","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Millardia","","kondana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mishra and Dhanda","1975","","J. Mammal.","56","","76","","","Large Metad","India, Maharashtra State, Poona Dist, Sinhgarh (18°23'N, 73°42'E).","Endemic to India; known only from the Sinhgarh Plateau in the Maharashtra region.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Morphological comparisons between this distinctive species and <i>M</i>. <i>gleadowi</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>kathleenae</i>, and <i>M</i>. <i>meltada</i> reported by Mishra and Dhanda (1975). Reviewed by Agrawal (2000).","30","30-01533","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1530-0000-1533"
"13001534","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Millardia","","meltada","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","1","","586","","","Common Metad","India, S Mahratta, Dharwar.","Sri Lanka; Indian Peninsula west to Gujarat and Rajasthan, north to Himachal Pradesh, and east to West Bengal; E Pakistan; and Terai region of Nepal (Agrawal, 2000, Chakraborty and Agrawal, 2000; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Ellerman, 1961; Rana, 1985).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>comberi</i> (Wroughton, 1907);<i> dunni </i>Thomas, 1917;<i> lanuginosus</i> (Elliot, 1839); <i>listoni</i> (Wroughton, 1907); <i>mettada </i>(Wroughton, 1907); <i>pallidior</i> Ryley, 1914; <i>singuri</i> Mandal and Ghosh, 1981.","Cytogenetics of this species is the subject of a substantial body of literature (Nanda and Raman, 1981; Raman and Sharma, 1977; Sobti and Gill, 1984; Yosida, 1978<i>a</i>). Mandal and Ghosh (1981) described <i>singuri</i> as a subspecies of <i>M. meltada</i>. Subspecies formerly recognized in <i>M. meltada</i> (Ellerman, 1961) were based upon differences in fur coloration, but Agrawal (2000) noted the lack of significant geographic pattern in color variation as well as external and cranial dimensions among samples and treated the taxa as synonyms. Habitat and distribution on Abu Hill in the Aravalli Range in Rajasthan, India documented by Prakash et al. (1995<i>a</i>, 1995<i>b</i>), and in Gujarat State of NW India by Chakraborty and Agrawal (2000). Reviewed by Agrawal (2000).","30","30-01534","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1530-0000-1534"
"13001535","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Muriculus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","1903","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1902","2","314","","<i>Mus imberbis</i> Rüppell, 1842.","","","","","","<i>Mus</i>Division. When Thomas proposed <i>Muriculus</i> he suggested it might be related to <i>Lophuromys</i>, but Osgood (1936) found little affinity between the two genera and instead noted a closer morphological relationship with <i>Mus</i> and <i>Zelotomys</i>. The close tie to <i>Mus</i> is real (Ellerman, 1941), and Misonne (1974) noted that <i>Muriculus</i> might be merged with <i>Mus</i>; however, the middorsal stripe and morphological specializations of rostrum, mandible, incisors, and increased expanse of incisor enamel associated with pronounced proodonty, are not part of the character suite defining <i>Mus</i> and set <i>Muriculus</i> apart as a distinctive genus.","30","30-01535","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1535"
"13001536","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Muriculus","","imberbis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1842","","Mus. Senckenberg.","3","","110","","","Ethiopian Striped Mouse","N Ethiopia, Simien, 3300 m.","Endemic to mountains of Ethiopia on both sides of the Rift Valley, 1900-3400 m (Rupp, 1980).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>chilaloensis</i>  Osgood, 1936.","Member of a unique rodent fauna endemic to high mountains of Ethiopia. Osgood (1936) described <i>chilaloensis</i> as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>imberbis</i>. Yalden and Largen (1992) reviewed the species as an Ethiopian endemic, which is infrequently encountered by collectors (Yalden et al., 1996).","30","30-01536","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1535-0000-1536"
"13001537","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","59","","<i>Mus musculus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Budamys</i>  Kretzoi and Vertes, 1967; <i>Coelomys</i> Thomas, 1915; <i>Drymomys</i> Tschudi, 1844; <i>Gatamiya</i> Deraniyagala, 1966; <i>Hylenomys</i> Thomas, 1925; <i>Leggada</i> Gray, 1837; <i>Leggadilla</i> Thomas, 1914; <i>Musculus</i> Rafinesque, 1814; <i>Mycteromys</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1918; <i>Nannomys</i> Peters, 1876; <i>Oromys</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1916 [not Leidy, 1853]; <i>Pseudoconomys</i> Rhoads, 1896; <i>Pyromys</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>Tautatus </i>Kloss, 1917.","<p><i>Mus</i>Division. Extant species of <i>Mus</i> are contained in subgenera <i>Coelomys</i>, <i>Mus</i>, <i>Nannomys</i>, and <i>Pyromys</i>, each diagnosed by a suite of discrete morphological traits (see J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>b</i>, 1986, for diagnoses of <i>Coelomys</i>,<i> Mus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Pyromys</i>; morphological characters distinguishing each subgenus are listed by Chevret et al., 2003), morphometric features (Macholán, 2001), and biochemical characteristics (Bonhomme, 1986; She et al., 1990). <i>Nannomys</i>,<i> Pyromys</i>, and <i>Coelomys</i> alternatively have been treated as genera (Bonhomme, 1986; She et al., 1990). The DNA-DNA hybridization and morphological study by Catzeflis and Denys (1992) using selected species of subgenera <i>Nannomys</i>,<i> Pyromys</i>,<i> Coelomys</i>,<i> </i>and<i> Mus</i> indicated the two African species sampled are more closely allied to <i>Mus</i> than to other African and European non <i>Mus</i> genera sampled, and at least ... [truncated]","30","30-01537","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537"
"13001538","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","59","","<i>Mus musculus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","","","30","30-01538","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538"
"13001539","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1876","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-01539","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539"
"13001540","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Coelomys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-01540","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1540"
"13001541","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Pyromys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-01541","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1541"
"13001542","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","baoulei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vermeiren and Verheyen","1980","","Rev. Zool. Afr.","94","","573","","","Baoule’s Mouse","Côte d’Ivoire, Lamto.","Known only from Côte d’Ivoire and E Guinea (Grubb et al., 1998, guessed the species may reach Ghana or Sierra Leone).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. Occurs sympatrically with <i>M</i>. <i>minutoides</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>setulosus</i>, morphology closely similar to species in the <i>M</i>. <i>sorella</i> group (Vermeiren and Verheyen, 1980). The diagnostic traits reported for <i>M. baoulei</i> by Vermeiren and Verheyen (1980) are those that set <i>M. sorella</i> apart from other species of <i>Mus</i> (Verheyen, 1965<i>a</i>). Judged by their description, <i>M. baoulei</i> is distinguished from <i>M. sorella</i> by smaller size, a contrast that also exists between <i>M. sorella</i> and <i>M. neavei</i> (see that account). The relationship of <i>baoulei</i> to other members of the <i>M. sorella</i> group requires fresh assessment.","30","30-01542","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1542"
"13001543","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","booduga","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","586","","","Little Indian Field Mouse","India, S Mahratta.","Sri Lanka, Peninsular India (north to Jammu and Kashmir; Agrawal, 2000; Chakraborty and Agrawal, 2000), Bangladesh (Posamentier, 1989), S Nepal and C Burma (Corbet and Hill, 1992), and Pakistan (Roberts, 1977, 1997; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albidiventris</i> Blyth, 1852 [not Burg, 1923]; <i>fulvidiventris</i> Blyth, 1852; <i>lepidoides</i> (Fry, 1931); <i>weragami</i> (Deraniyagala, 1965).","Subgenus <i>Mus</i>. Revised by J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>b</i>). Results from chromosomal analyses reported by Sen and Sharma (1983) and Sharma et al. (1986) in context of evolutionary divergence relative to other species of <i>Mus</i>. Chromosomal information along with molecular data (allozymes, serum proteins, mtDNA sequences) used by Sharma (1996) in a comparative study with other species of <i>Mus</i>. Corbet and Hill (1992) suspected the species to be widespread but its distribution poorly known because of confusion with the morphologically similar <i>M. terricolor. </i>They listed <i>terricolor </i>Blyth, 1851 and <i>beavanii</i> Peters, 1866 as synonyms of <i>M. booduga</i>, but the former is the oldest name for <i>M. dunni</i> and the latter is a synonym of <i>terricolor</i>. Agrawal (2000) reviewed the Indian populations and treated <i>dunni</i> and <i>terricolor</i> as synonyms of <i>M. booduga</i>. In a morphometric study of samples from the C Punjab region of N Pakistan... [truncated]","30","30-01543","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1543"
"13001544","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","bufo","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","145","","","Toad Mouse","Uganda, Ruwenzori East, 6000 ft (1830 m).","E Dem. Rep. Congo (Kivu region), adjacent Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi; a montane Western Rift endemic.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ablutus</i>  G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1939;<i> wambutti</i> (Lönnberg and Gyldenstolpe, 1925).","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. In body size and morphology, <i>M. bufo</i> superficially resembles the large-bodied <i>M. triton</i>, but they are distinguished by dental traits and tail length (F. Petter and Matthey, 1975) as well as karyotypes (Robbins and Baker, 1978), and occur together in the Kivu region of E Dem. Rep. Congo (specimens in AMNH). Electrophoretic analysis of 19 protein enzymes at 24 loci indicated <i>M. bufo</i> to be more closely related to <i>M. gratus </i>(= <i>M. minutoides</i>) than to <i>M. triton</i> (Van Rompaey et al., 1984). Chromosomal data for Burundi samples reported by Maddalena et al. (1989). Altitudinal distribution on Ugandan slopes of Ruwenzori Mtns reviewed by Kerbis Peterhans et al. (1998); documented from Kalinzu Forest in SW Uganda by Lunde and Sarmiento (2002), and from Kibale Forest by Hoffmann (1997).","30","30-01544","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1544"
"13001545","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","callewaerti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","15","","668","","","Callewaert’s Mouse","S Dem. Rep. Congo, Kasaï-Occidental, Kananga (= Luluabourg), 610 m.","Recorded only from NE and C Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998), S and W Dem. Rep. Congo; limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. Thomas described this species as a member of the genus <i>Hylenomys</i>, which is now united with <i>Mus</i> (Hill and Carter, 1941; Misonne, 1965<i>a</i>) as a synonym of <i>Nannomys</i>. It is the largest-bodied of any of the African <i>Mus</i> (F. Petter and Matthey, 1975), has ivory incisors and very large auditory bullae, and in external features resembles <i>M</i>. <i>triton</i>, which misled Hatt (1940<i>a</i>) into treating <i>callewaerti</i> as a subspecies of <i>triton</i>. Misonne (1965<i>a</i>) summarized distributional and other information.","30","30-01545","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1545"
"13001546","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","caroli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1902","","Novit. Zool.","9","","627","","","Ryukyu Mouse","Japan, Ryukyu (= Liukiu) Isls, Okinawa Isl.","Natural range probably from Ryukyu Isls (Kaneko, 1994) to Taiwan (M.-J. Yu, 1996, and Wang, 2003), S China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan Isl; Wang, 2003, and Zhang et al., 1997) and Hong Kong (Chandrasekar-Rao and Musser, 1993), Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994; also Cat Ba Isl, off north coast; Kuznetsov, 2000), Laos (Aplin et al., 2003<i>c</i>; Smith et al., In Press), Cambodia, and Thailand (N of Isthmus of Kra; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>). Also recorded from Malay Peninsula (S Kedah State), Sumatra, Java, Madura, and Flores Isls in Nusa Tenggara, all places where it was likely inadvertently introduced (Musser and Newcomb, 1983).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>boninensis</i> Kishida, 1926 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> boninensis </i>Kuroda, 1930;<i> formosanus </i>Kuroda, 1925;<i> kurilensis </i>Kuroda, 1924;<i> ouwensi </i>Kloss, 1921.","<p>Subgenus <i>Mus</i>. For synonyms see Kaneko and Maeda (2002). Morphologically similar to but easily distinguished (especially by cranial traits) from <i>M. cervicolor</i> (Macholán, 2001; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>b</i>); member of a clade containing <i>M. cookii</i> and <i>M. cervicolor</i> as assessed by sequences of several different genes (Graur, 1994; Lundrigan et al., 2002). This alignment also supported by combined analyses of morphological traits, DNA/DNA hybridization, and mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences (Chevret et al, 2003). Multivariate morphometric analysis by Macholán (2001) of Thai and Vietnamese samples suggested significant morphometric differences between populations from the two geographic regions and Macholán speculated that the Mekong River may impede gene flow between them. Habitat use on Taiwan reported by Adler (1995). Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992), who doubted that <i>ouwensi</i> is synonymous with <i>M. caroli</i>. Sterile hybrid females were obtai... [truncated]","30","30-01546","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1546"
"13001547","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","cervicolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1845","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","15","","268","","","Fawn-colored Mouse","Nepal.","Indigenous range from N India (Jammu, Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Meghalaya, and Manipur; Agrawal, 2000) and Nepal east through Burma, Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>; Robinson et al., 1995), Laos (Aplin et al., 2003<i>c</i>; Smith et al., In Press), Cambodia, Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994), and S China (Yunnan; Wang, 2003, and Zhang et al., 1997); see overall distribution in J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>a</i>). Also recorded from Sumatra and Java where it has likely been inadvertently introduced (Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Mandal and Ghosh (1984) reported a specimen from South Andaman Isl in the Andaman Isls; whether representative of natural range or anthropogenic introduction is unknown (""most likely introduced,"" J. T. Marshall, Jr., in litt., 2004). Roberts (1977, 1997) reported the species from C and S Pakistan but that identification requires verification.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>annamensis</i>  (Robinson and Kloss, 1922); <i>cunicularis</i> Blyth, 1855; <i>imphalensis</i> (Roonwal, 1948); <i>nitidulus </i>Blyth, 1859;<i> popaeus</i> (Thomas, 1919); <i>strophiatus </i>Hodgson, 1845.","Subgenus <i>Mus</i>. Closely related to <i>Mus caroli</i> in morphology (Macholán, 2001); a member of a clade containing <i>M. cookii </i>and <i>M. caroli</i> as assessed by sequences from several different genes (Graur, 1994; Lundrigan et al., 2002), and combined analyses of morphological traits, DNA/DNA hybridization, and mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences (Chevret et al., 2003). J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>b</i>) recognized two subspecies in Thailand, the large-bodied <i>T. c. popaeus</i> found in forests, and the smaller-bodied <i>T. c. cervicolor</i> inhabiting ricefields, with some intermediates in forest near Tak,NW Thailand. Macholán’s (2001) multivariate analysis of morphometric traits could not distinguish samples of the two kinds, and he noted their respective ranges formed a mosaic defined by habitat discontinuities; the two subspecies are also indistinguishable by molecular markers (Auffray et al., 2003). Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992). <i>Mus cervicolor</i> has resided ... [truncated]","30","30-01547","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1547"
"13001548","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","cookii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ryley","1914","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","22","","663","","","Cook’s Mouse","N Burma, Shan States, Gokteik, 2133 ft (650 m).","India (disjunct, one part in S Peninsular India, the other in the northeast; Agrawal, 2000), Nepal through Burma and S China (SW Yunnan; Wang, 2003; Zhang et al., 1997, as <i>M. famulus cookii</i>) to N and C Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>; Robinson et al., 1995), Laos (Smith et al., In Press), and Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>darjilingensis</i> Hodgson, 1849 [holotype is example of <i>M. cookii</i>, but name is a <i>nomen nudum</i>; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>b</i>, 1998];<i> nagarum</i> (Thomas, 1921); <i>palnica </i>(Thomas, 1923); <i>rahengis </i>(Kloss, 1920); <i>thai </i>(Kloss, 1917).","Subgenus <i>Mus</i>. Revised by J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>b</i>) and reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992). Analysis of sequences from the <i>Sry</i> gene indicates close alliance with <i>M. cervicolor</i> (Graur, 1994), and combined analyses of morphological traits, DNA/DNA hybridization, and mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences bring <i>M. cooki</i> together with <i>M. cervicolor</i> and <i>M. caroli</i> in a clade separate from a clade of European species (Chevret et al., 2003). Except for <i>M. musculus</i>,<i> M. cooki</i> is the only species of <i>Mus</i> common to peninsular India and Southeast Asia, but phylogenetic relationships between populations in these two regions have not been critically examined and perhaps more than one species is present in what is now defined as <i>M. cooki</i>. Agrawal (2000), for example, recognized typical <i>cooki</i> with a skull longer than 23 mm, and <i>M. c. nagrum</i> with skull length less than 23 mm. J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>b</i>:202) descr... [truncated]","30","30-01548","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1548"
"13001549","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Coelomys","crociduroides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1916","","J. Str. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc.","73","","271","","","Sumatran Shrewlike Mouse","Indonesia, W Sumatra, Korinchi Peak, 10,000 ft (3050 m).","Upper montane rain forest in mountain chain along W Sumatra.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Coelomys</i>. A distinct montane species endemic to the mountains of W Sumatra (Musser, 1986; Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Listed by Chasen (1940) as a species of <i>Mycteromys</i>, which also contained the Javan <i>M. vulcani</i>, the closest relative of <i>M. crociduroides</i>. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences clustered <i>M. crociduroides</i> with <i>M. pahari</i> (Catzeflis and Denys, 1992; Chevret et al., 2003), reinforcing the alliance indicated by morphological traits (Chevret et al., 2003; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>b</i>) – both are in subgenus <i>Coelomys</i>. Member of the suite of murines endemic to Sumatra (Musser, 1986; also see account of <i>Maxomys hylomyoides</i>).","30","30-01549","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1540-1549"
"13001550","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","famulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1898","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","12","","99","","","Servant Mouse","S India, Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri Hills, Coonoor, 5000 ft (1524 m).","An Indian endemic recorded only from the Western Ghats (= Sahyadris) in tropical evergreen rain forest covering the Nilgiri Hills in SW peninsular India, about 1500 m (Agrawal, 2000; Corbet and Hill, 1992).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Mus</i>. Revised by J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>b</i>); reviewed by Agrawal (2000) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Originally considered a member of subgenus <i>Coelomys</i> along with <i>M. vulcani</i>,<i> M. crociduroides</i>,<i> M. mayori</i>, and <i>M. pahari </i>(J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>b</i> [Marshall acknowledges his mistake and now supports the subgeneric allocation identified here; in litt., 2004). However, recent analyses of morphological traits, DNA/DNA hybridization, and mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences indicates close relationship with European (<i>M. spicilegus</i>,<i> M. spretus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>M. musculus</i>) and Asian (<i>M. cervicolor</i>,<i> M. cookii</i>, and <i>M. caroli</i>) clades within subgenus <i>Mus</i> (Chevret et al., 2003; Guénet and Bonhomme, 2003); molecular data place <i>M. famulus</i> as sister to first <i>M. fragilicauda </i>and then the European clade (see review by Guénet and Bonhomme, 2003), but morphology nests it within the Asian ... [truncated]","30","30-01550","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1550"
"13001551","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Pyromys","fernandoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Phillips","1932","","Spolia Zeylan.","16","","325","","","Ceylon Spiny Mouse","Sri Lanka, Mulhalkelle Dist., Kubalgamuwa, 3000 ft (915 m).","Endemic to Sri Lanka.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Pyromys</i>. Revised by J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>b</i>); reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992) and Phillips (1980).","30","30-01551","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1541-1551"
"13001552","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","fragilicauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Auffray, Orth, Catalan, Gonzalez, Desmarais, and Bonhomme","2003","","Zoologica Scripta","32","","121","","","Sheath-Tailed Mouse","SC Thailand, Nahkon Ratchasima (Khorat) Province, Wang Nam Yen Dist., Ban Nong Sanga (14E32,33'N, 101E57,44'E).","Recorded from the type locality and Tumbon, both places 50 km SSE of Khorat. Either this taxon or a close relative (DNA sequences are weakly divergent) is present in Sekong Province of Laos (K. Aplin, in litt., 2004). Additional field surveys and reexamination of museum specimens may reveal an even wider range.","","Subgenus <i>Mus</i> . Known by 21 specimens collected in dry grass and patches of pygmy bamboo along roadsides or dikes bordering dry ricefields; <i>M. cervicolor</i> and <i>M. caroli</i> were taken at the same localities. <i>Mus fragilicauda</i> closely resembles <i>M. cervicolor</i> in morphology, differing in some cranial measurements and qualitative traits, fur texture, and its thinner skin that is easily pulled from the tail when mice are handled (Auffray et al., 2003); the two also differ in chromosomal features. Analyses of DNA sequences indicates <i>M. fragilicauda</i> to be cladistically aligned most closely first with Indian <i>M. famulus </i>and<i> </i>then<i> </i>with European <i>M. musculus</i>,<i> M. macedonicus</i>,<i> M. spicilegus</i>,<i> </i>and<i> M. spretus</i>, but not closely with Asian <i>M. cervicolor</i>,<i> M. caroli</i>, or <i>M. cookii</i> (Guénet and Bonhomme, 2003)<i>.</i> This recently described species was not identified in the field but in the laboratory after exhaustive morphological, chromosomal, and molecular analyses.","","30","30-01552","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1552"
"13001553","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","goundae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Petter and Genest","1970","","Mammalia","34","","455","","","Gounda Mouse","Central African Republic, vicinity of Gounda River (F. Petter, 1981<i>b</i>, provided coordinates).","Recorded only from the vicinity of the type locality (Jotterand, 1972); limits unknown.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. F. Petter (1981<i>b</i>) treated <i>M. goundae</i> as a species related to others in the <i>M. sorella</i> group, but the nature of that alliance remains unresolved (see account of <i>M. sorella</i>). Chromosomal data reported by Jotterand (1972).","30","30-01553","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1553"
"13001554","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","haussa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1920","","Novit. Zool.","27","","319","","","Hausa Mouse","Nigeria, Farniso.","Senegal (Duplantier and Granjon, 1992) and S Mauritania through Mali, Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, S Niger (Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>), and Benin to N Nigeria; limits undocumented.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. Body size, pelage color and pattern, and other morphological traits of <i>M</i>. <i>haussa</i> are very similar to those of <i>M</i>. <i>tenellus</i> (F. Petter, 1963<i>c</i>, 1972<i>a</i>; Rosevear, 1969), and F. Petter (1969) considered combining them; relationship between the two needs to be assessed by systematic revision of the <i>M. tenellus</i> complex. Chromosomal data (2n = 31-34, FN = 38) reported by Dogigny et al. (2002), Jotterand (1972), and Matthey (1967<i>a</i>). Ghana population reviewed by Grubb et al. (1998). Abundant in owl pellets reported from S Mali (Meinig, 2000).","30","30-01554","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1554"
"13001555","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","indutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","89","","","Desert Pygmy Mouse","N South Africa, Northern Cape Province, Molopo River, west of Morokwen.","N South Africa, W Zimbabwe, Botswana, C and N Namibia (de Graaff, 1997<i>n</i>:143; Skinner and Smithers, 1990:264); also S Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>deserti</i>  (Thomas, 1912); <i>pretoriae </i>(Roberts, 1926);<i> valschensis</i> (Roberts, 1926).","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. Skinner and Smithers (1990) and Meester et al. (1986) discussed the morphological and chromosomal distinctions between <i>M</i>. <i>indutus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>minutoides</i>. Skinner and Smithers (1990) also summarized biological data, and Meester et al. (1986) provided citations for synonyms. Definition of this species is ambiguous (Meester et al., 1986; Skinner and Smithers, 1990). Meester et al. (1986) included the Angolan <i>sybilla</i> in <i>M. indutus</i>, but our study of the holotype revealed that <i>sybilla</i> belongs with <i>M. minutoides</i>.","30","30-01555","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1555"
"13001556","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","macedonicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Petrov and Ruzic","1983","","Proc. Fauna SR Serbia, Serbian Acad. Sci. and Arts, Belgrade","2","","177","","","Macedonian Mouse","Macedonia, near Valandovo.","Mediterranean environments in the Balkan Peninsula (Macedonia, Bulgaria south of the Stara Planina Mtns to Greece and some Aegean islands; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999:285; Peshev, 1996; Petrov, 1992), Turkey, Transcaucasia (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995, as <i>abbotti</i>), N and W Iran (see map in J. T. Marshall, Jr. 1998), Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Israel (Auffray et al., 1988, 1990<i>b</i>); see Macholán (1996<i>a</i>) for distributional details. Recorded also from Cyprus (Cheylan, 1991, as <i>abbotti</i>; Cucchi et al., 2002).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>camini</i> Bate, 1942;<i> makovensis </i>Orlov, Nadjafova, and Bulatova, 1992; <i>spretoides </i>Bonhomme, Catalan, Britton-Davidian, Chapman, Moriwaki, Nevo, and Thaler, 1984 [<i>nomen nudum</i>; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1998].","<p>Subgenus <i>Mus</i>. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>hortulanus</i> (Petrov and Ruzic, 1983), but now recognized as a separate species (Boursot et al., 1993; Bonhomme, 1986; Macholán, 1996<i>a</i>, 1996<i>c</i>; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1998; Sage, et al., 1993; and references cited therein). <i>Mus macedonicus</i> was first recognized as a distinct species by Kratochvil (1986), who monographed it as <i>M. abbotti</i>, the name still used by some researchers (Cheylan, 1991; Mezhzherin and Kotenkova, 1992; Orlov et al., 1992<i>b</i>, Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995, e. g.), but the holotype of <i>abbotti</i> is an example of <i>M. musculus domesticus</i> (Boursot et al., 1993; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1998). The taxon <i>tataricus</i>, another synonym of <i>M. musculus domesticus</i>, has also been used by Russian researchers for <i>M. macedonicus </i>(Mezhzherin and Kotenkova, 1992; Kotenkova and Bulatova, 1994; also see discussion in Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999:284). Orlov e... [truncated]","30","30-01556","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1556"
"13001557","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","mahomet","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1896","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","","","532","","","Mahomet Mouse","SC Ethiopia, Sheikh Mahomet.","Ethiopian highlands, 1500-3400 m (Lavrenchenko, 2000; Rupp, 1980; Yalden et al., 1976, 1996; specimens in FMNH), SW Uganda and SW Kenya (specimens in USNM); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>emesi</i> Heller, 1911.","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. Heller (1911) described <i>emesi</i> as a subspecies of <i>M. musculoides</i>, but Hollister (1919:96) and Hatt (1940<i>a</i>) treated it as a distinct species. Musser’s study of Hatt's specimens from NE Dem. Rep. Congo (in AMNH) revealed they consisted of <i>M. minutoides</i> and <i>M. sorella</i>. The holotype of <i>emesi</i> and most of Hollister's other examples from Uganda do represent a species distinct from <i>M. minutoides</i>; in morphology and chromatic traits, we cannot distinguish the series of <i>emesi</i> from the large samples of <i>mahomet</i> collected by Osgood in Ethiopia. <i>Mus mahomet</i> is sympatric with <i>M. minutoides</i> in Uganda and Kenya and narrowly sympatric or closely parapatric with <i>M. setulosus</i> in Ethiopia (Yalden et al., 1976; specimens in FMNH). Yalden and Largen (1992) reviewed the species as an Ethiopian endemic. Karyotype (2n = FN = 36) documented by Orlov and Bulatova (1997), spermatozoal morphology described by... [truncated]","30","30-01557","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1557"
"13001558","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","mattheyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Petter","1969","","Mammalia","33","","118","","","Matthey’s Mouse","Ghana, Accra.","Recognized only from the type locality.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. This form has been recorded from Senegal, Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, and Ghana (Duplantier and Granjon, 1992; Grubb et al., 1998; F. Petter, 1969; F. Petter et al., 1971; F. Petter and Matthey, 1975), but after studying large series (in MNHN and USNM) of the <i>M. haussa</i> and <i>M. minutoides</i> complexes from West Africa, we are unable to assign anything to <i>M. mattheyi</i>. The morphological traits used to distinguish <i>M. mattheyi</i> from <i>M. haussa</i> by F. Petter (1969) and F. Petter and Matthey (1975) vary in a continuous fashion from typical <i>M. haussa</i> morphology to that considered diagnostic for <i>M. mattheyi</i>. The status of <i>M. mattheyi</i> needs to be reassessed in a taxonomic revision of the group. A chromosomal complement of 2n = 36, FN = 36 characterizes samples identified as <i>M. matheyi</i> and is considered primitive for African <i>Mus</i> (Jotterand-Bellomo, 1986; F. Petter, 1969).","30","30-01558","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1558"
"13001559","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Coelomys","mayori","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","23","","415","","","Mayor’s Mouse","Sri Lanka, Central Mtns, Pattipola, 6200 ft (1890 m).","Endemic to rainforests of Sri Lanka.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>pococki</i>  Ellerman, 1947 [not Tichomirow and Kortchagin, 1889].","Subgenus <i>Coelomys</i>. Recognized by Ellerman (1941:234) as the only species in genus <i>Coelomys</i>, but morphological and molecular traits support inclusion of <i>M. mayori </i>in a clade also containing <i>M. crociduroides</i>,<i> M. pahari</i>,<i> and M. vulcani</i>,<i> </i>and point to <i>Coelomys</i> as a highly distinct subgenus of <i>Mus </i>(Chevret et al., 2003; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>b</i>). Phillips (1980) recognized highland <i>mayori</i> and lowland <i>pococki</i> as subspecies, and summarized distributional and biological information for both. J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>b</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992) discussed variation in pelage coloration and texture within each form, and neither regarded those traits to reflect significant intraspecific entities.","30","30-01559","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1540-1559"
"13001560","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","minutoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J., ser. 2","2","","157","","","Southern African Pygmy Mouse","South Africa, S Western Cape Province, Cape Town.","Southern African Subregion: Zimbabwe, Mozambique (south of the Zambezi River), southern and eastern regions of South Africa (S Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape provinces; KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho, Free State, C and E Limpopo provinces), and Swaziland; northern limits unresolved (de Graaff, 1997<i>o</i>; Meester et al., 1986:283; Skinner and Smithers, 1990:264).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>marica</i>  (Thomas, 1910); <i>minimus</i> (Peters, 1852) [not White, 1789]; <i>umbratus</i> (Thomas, 1910).","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. Relationship of this species to <i>M. musculoides </i>has to be assessed by careful systematic revision of the <i>minutoides-musculoides </i>complex (see following account). Until such a study reveals otherwise, we view <i>M. minutoides </i>as occurring only in the Southern African Subregion, as the range of the species is outlined by de Graaf (1997<i>o</i>) and Skinner and Smithers (1990). Pertinent reviews covering taxonomy, morphology, distribution, and biology are available for populations in Zimbabwe (Smithers and Wilson, 1979), Mozambique (south of the Zambezi River; Smithers and Lobao Tello, 1976), KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa (Taylor, 1998); and the Southern African Subregion (de Graaff, 1997<i>o</i>; Skinner and Smithers, 1990).","30","30-01560","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1560"
"13001561","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","musculoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. Sur la Côte de Guine","","","161","","","Subsaharan Pygmy Mouse","West Africa, ""Côte de Guine.""","Subsaharan Africa (including Ethiopia and Somalia) southward to contact with <i>M. minutoides</i> (see preceeding account).","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>M. kasaicus</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M. musculoides</i>.","<i>bella</i>  (Thomas, 1910); <i>enclavae</i> Heller, 1911; <i>gallarum</i> (Thomas, 1910); <i>gondokorae</i> Heller, 1911; <i>grata</i> (Thomas and Wroughton, 1910); <i>kasaica </i>(Cabrera, 1924); <i>paulina</i> (Thomas, 1918); <i>petila</i> Hollister, 1916; <i>soricoides</i> Heller, 1914; <i>sungarae</i> Heller, 1911; <i>sybilla</i> (Thomas, 1918); <i>vicina</i> (Thomas, 1910).","<p>Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. Whether samples reflect only one or a complex of species is unresolved. Meester et al. (1986:283) noted that Van der Straeten ""regards <i>minutoides</i> as a complex of different species and considers East and West African taxa different from those occurring in Southern Africa."" F. Petter and Matthey (1975:3) recognized only <i>M. minutoides</i>,<i> </i>noting that among all taxa referable to that species "". . . it is still impossible to recognize those which morphologically merit specific rank."" Karyotypes, however, are more revealing, and by using them F. Petter and Matthey (1975) could distinguish the typical South African <i>minutoides</i> (2n = 18-19), populations from all of West Africa and a part of Central Africa (2n =18-34), and populations from southern East Africa (2n = 30). The taxon <i>grata</i> (or <i>gratus</i>) is often listed as a separate species (Hatt, 1940<i>a</i>; Hollister, 1919; F. Petter and Matthey, 1975). Unresolved also is the geo... [truncated]","30","30-01561","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1561"
"13001562","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","musculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","62","","","House Mouse","Sweden, Uppsala County, Uppsala.","Spread over the world’s continents and islands (except Antarctica) through its close association with humans (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1998); in some areas restricted to human dwellings and habitats maintained by human activity; sometimes feral where introduced; and maintaining natural, wild populations in other regions. Distributional summaries available for Europe (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999), Italy (Amori et al., 1999; Andreotti et al., 2001), Eolian Arch. (Cristaldi and Amori, 1988), Netherlands (Wammes, 1992<i>b</i>), Greek island of Astpálaia (Angelici et al., 1992) and other Greek Isls (Chondropoulos et al., 1995), Balearic Isls (Alcover and Gosalbez, 1988), Slovakia (Mosansky, 1994; Stanko, 1995; Stanko and Mosansky, 1994, 2000), Czech Republic (Smaha, 1996), Transylvanian Romania (Istrate, 1998), Baltic region (Miljutin, 1998; Timm et al., 1998), Russia and adjacent regions (Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995), Svjatoj Nos peninsula and isthmus in Lake Baikal (Reiter et al., 1995) and Kamchatka region (Nikanorov, 2000) in Russia, Korea (Won and Smith, 1999), Philippines (Heaney et, al., 1998), India (Agrawal, 2000), Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994), China (Zhang et al., 1997), Australia (Redhead et al., 1991; Singleton, 1995; Watts and Aslin, 1981), New Guinea (Flannery, 1995a), New Zealand (Murphy and Pickard, 1990), Mariana Isls (Stinson, 1994), Hawaii (Tomich, 1986), and Africa (Ansell, 1978; Ansell and Dowsett, 1988; Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986; Crawford-Cabral, 1998; Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>; de Graaff, 1981; Duplantier et al., 1997; Grubb et al., 1998; Osborn and Helmy, 1980; Ranck, 1968; Skinner and Smithers, 1990).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albicans</i>  Billberg, 1827; <i>amurensis</i> Argyropulo, 1933;<i> arenarius </i>Migulin, 1938;<i> bicolor</i> Tichomirow and Kortchagin, 1889; <i>borealis</i> Ognev, 1924;<i> decolor</i> Argyropulo, 1932;<i> funereus</i> Ognev, 1924; <i>gansuensis</i> Satunin, 1902;<i> germanicus</i> Noack, 1918; <i>gilvus</i> Petényi, 1882; <i>hanuma</i><b> </b>Ognev, 1948; <i>hapsaliensis</i> Reinwaldt, 1927;<i> helvolus</i> Fitzinger, 1867 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> heroldii</i> Krausse, 1922; <i>hortulanus</i> Nordmann, 1840; <i>kambei</i> Kishida and Mori, 1931 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> kuro</i> Kuroda, 1940 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>longicauda </i>Mori, 1939 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002];<i> manchu</i> Thomas, 1909;<i> mongolium</i> Thomas, 1908; <i>niveus</i> Billberg, 1827; <i>nogaiorum</i> Heptner, 1934;<i> orii </i>Kuroda, 1924 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>oxyrrhinus</i> Kashkarov, 1922;<i> pachycercus</i> Blanford, 1875;<i> polonicus</i> Niezabitowsky, 1934;<i> raddei</i> Kastschenko, 1910; <i>rotans</i> Fortuyn, 1912; <i>rufiventris</i> Argyropulo, 1932;<i> sareptanicus</i> Hilzheimer, 1911; <i>severtzovi</i> Kashkarov, 1922; <i>solymarensis </i>Kretzoi, <i>in</i> Jánossy, 1986 [<i>nomen nudum</i> according to Kowalski, 2001];<i> striatus</i> Billberg, 1827;<i> synanthropus </i>Kretzoi, 1965; <i>takagii</i> Kishida and Mori, 1931 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> takayamai</i> Kuroda, 1938 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002];<i> tomensis</i> Kastschenko, 1899; <i>utsuryonis</i> Mori, 1938 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>variabilis</i> Argyropulo, 1933;<i> vinogradovi</i> Argyropulo, 1933; <i>wagneri</i> Eversmann, 1848; <i>yamashinai</i> Kuroda, 1934 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>yesonis</i> Kuroda, 1928 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <b><i>bactrianus</i> </b>Blyth, 1846; <b><i>castaneus </i></b>Waterhouse, 1843; <i>albertisii<b> </b></i>Peters and Doria, 1881; <i>bieni</i> Young, 1934; <i>canacorum</i><b> </b>Revilloid, 1914; <i>commissarius</i> Mearns, 1905;<b><i> </i></b><i>dubius</i> Hodgson, 1845 [not Fischer, 1829];<b><i> </i></b><i>dunckeri </i>Mohr, 1923; <i>fredericae</i> Sody, 1933; <i>manei</i> Gray, 1843 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>manei</i> Kelaart, 1852; <i>mohri </i>Ellerman, 1941; <i>momiyamai </i>Kuroda, 1920 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002];<b><i> </i></b><i>mystacinus</i> Mohr, 1923 [not Danford and Alston, 1877]; <i>nipalensis</i> Hodgson, 1841 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> rama</i> Blyth, 1865; <i>sinicus</i> Cabrera, 1922;<b><i> </i></b><i>taitensis </i>Zelebor, 1869 [probably <i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> taiwanus</i> Horikawa, 1929 [not Tokuda, 1941; see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002];<b><i> </i></b><i>tytleri</i> Blyth, 1859; <i>urbanus</i> Hodgson, 1845; <i>viculorum</i> Anderson, 1879; <b><i>domesticus </i></b>Schwarz and Schwarz, 1943 [not Rutty, 1772, a <i>nomen nudum</i>, but conserved as <i>domesticus</i> Schwarz and Schwarz, 1943; see explanation and references in J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1998, and ICZN, 1990]; <i>abbotti</i> Waterhouse, 1837; <i>adelaidensis</i> Gray, 1841; <i>airolensis</i> Burg, 1921; <i>albidiventris</i> (Burg, 1923) [not Blyth, 1852]; <i>albinus</i> Minà Palumbo, 1868; <i>albus</i> Bechstein, 1801; <i>ater</i> Fraipont, 1907 [<i>nomen nudum</i>; not Millais, 1905];<i> azoricus</i> Schinz, 1845;<b><i> </i></b><i>brevirostris </i>Waterhouse, 1837; <i>deserti </i>(Loche, 1867) [see Cockrum and Setzer, 1976]; <i>candidus</i> Laurent, 1937 [not Bechstein, 1796];<b><i> </i></b><i>caudatus</i> Martino, 1934;<b><i> </i></b><i>corsicus </i>Kratochvil, 1986;<b><i> </i></b><i>faeroensis</i> Clarke, 1904; <i>far</i> Cabrera, 1921;<b><i> </i></b><i>flavescens</i> Fischer, 1872 [not Elliot, 1839, or Waterhouse, 1837]; <i>flavus</i> Bechstein, 1801 [not Kerr, 1792]; <i>formosovi</i> Heptner, 1930;<b><i> </i></b><i>gentilis</i><b> </b>Brants, 1827; <i>gerbillinus</i> Blyth, 1853; <i>helgolandicus<b> </b></i>Zimmerman, 1953;<i> helviticus</i> Burg, 1923; <i>homourus</i> Hodgson, 1845;<b><i> </i></b><i>indianus</i> Wied, 1862; <i>jalapae</i><b> </b>J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1897; <i>jamesoni</i> Krausse, 1921; <i>kalehpeninsularis</i> Goodwin, 1940;<b><i> </i></b><i>lundii<b> </b></i>Fitzinger, 1867 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> makovensis </i>Orlov, Nadjafova, and Bulatova, 1992; <i>maculatus</i> Bechstein, 1801; <i>major</i> Severtzov, 1873 [not Brants, 1827, or Pallas, 1779]; <i>melanogaster</i> Minà Palumbo, 1868; <i>microdontoides </i>Noack, 1889; <i>modestus</i> Wagner, 1842;<i> muralis</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1899; <i>mykinessiensis</i> Degerbol, 1940; <i>nattereri </i>Fitzinger, 1867 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> niger</i> Bechstein, 1801 [not Bechstein, 1796];<b><i> nudoplicatus Gaskoin, 1856; pallescens Heuglin, 1877; parvulus Tschudi, 1844 [not Hermann, 1804, or Mosanský, 1994]; percnonotus Moulthrop, 1942; peruvianus Peale, 1848; poschiavinus Fatio, 1869; praetextus Brants, 1827; rubicundus Minà Palumbo, 1868; simsoni Higgins and Petterd, 1883; subcaeruleus Fritsche, 1928 [not Lesson, 1842]; subterraneus Montessus, 1899; tataricus Satunin, 1908; theobaldi Blyth, 1853; orientalis Cretzschmar, 1826 [not Desmarest, 1819]; vignaudii Des Murs and Prévost, 1850; gentilulus Thomas, 1919. Not allocated to subspecies: albula Kishida, 1924 [Japan; see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; cinereomaculatus Fitzinger, 1867 [Europe, nomen nudum]; molossinus Temminck, 1844 [Japan; holotype is hybrid between castaneus and musculus; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1998]; nordmanni Keyserling and Blasius, 1840 [nomen nudum]; reboudi Loche, 1867 [Lataste, 1883a, and Cabrera, 1923, identified this as a house mouse; J. T. Marshall, Jr. treated it as a synonym of domesticus but noted from the original description that the tail is too long for M. spretus and the eye was gerbil-like; Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991, claimed the holotype to be lost and the name should be treated as nomen dubium]; tantillus G. M. Allen, 1927 [holotype is a hybrid between musculus and castaneus; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1998]; varius Fitzinger, 1867 [not Bechstein, 1796; Europe, nomen nudum]; yonakuni Kuroda, 1924 [S Ryukyu Isls; description seems to indicate hybrid between castaneus and musculus and such a phenetic mixture is reflected in specimens from Okinawa identified by J. T. Marshall, Jr.; see also Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]. </i></b>","<p>Subgenus <i>Mus</i>. Schwarz and Schwarz (1943) provided a revision that was followed with minor changes by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951). This arrangement was criticized by Jones and Johnson (1965:394) who found that specimens from Asia that they studied ""bear little or no relation to this idealized classification."" Subsequent treatments of this group were presented by J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>b</i>, 1981, 1986, 1998) and J. T. Marshall, Jr. and Sage (1981). The most recent classification combined biochemical analyses of European, Asian, and African mice (Bonhomme et al., 1984; Boursot et al., 1993, 1996; Prager et al., 1998). The translation of these results, as well as incorporation of morphological data, into a new classification of <i>Mus musculus</i> and its allies (J. T. Marshall, Jr, 1998), and the allocation of the many names to <i>M</i>. <i>musculus</i>, are surprisingly concordant with the treatment of Schwarz and Schwarz (1943). Some of the scientific n... [truncated]","30","30-01562","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1562"
"13001563","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","musculus","musculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","62","","","","Sweden, Uppsala County, Uppsala.","","","","See comments under species account.","30","30-01563","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1562-1563"
"13001564","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","musculus","bactrianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1846","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species account.","30","30-01564","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1562-1564"
"13001565","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","musculus","castaneus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species account.","30","30-01565","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1562-1565"
"13001566","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","musculus","domesticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz and Schwarz","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species account. Not Rutty, 1772, a <i>nomen nudum</i>, but conserved as <i>domesticus</i> Schwarz and Schwarz, 1943; see explanation and references in J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1998) and ICZN (1990).","30","30-01566","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1562-1566"
"13001567","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","musculus","gentilulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species account.","30","30-01567","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1562-1567"
"13001568","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","neavei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","90","","","Neave’s Mouse","SE Zambia, E Loangwe Dist., Petauke, 2400 ft (732 m; Ansell, 1978, provided coordinates).","E Dem. Rep. Congo, SE Zambia (Ansell, 1978), S Zimbabwe, Limpopo Province of South Africa, W Mozambique, and S Tanzania; (range derived from Meester et al., 1986:282, and our study of material in AMNH, BMNH, and USNM). Distributional limits undocumented; supposed records of <i>M</i>. <i>neavei</i> from Malawi represent other species (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. Originally described as a species, <i>neavei</i> was later treated as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>sorella</i> (Verheyen, 1965<i>a</i>), an arrangement accepted by Ansell (1978), Meester et al. (1986), and Skinner and Smithers (1990). F. Petter (1981<i>b</i>), however, pointed out that while a member of the <i>M</i>. <i>sorella</i> group, <i>neavei</i> should be treated as a separate species; in morphology and body size it appears to be close to <i>M</i>. <i>oubanguii</i> (F. Petter, 1981<i>b</i>). Our study (series in AMNH, BMNH, and USNM) corroborates F. Petter's view. <i>Mus neavei</i> is a distinct species and easily distinguished from <i>M. sorella</i> by its richer tawny fur, much smaller size, more delicate cranium, and shorter molar rows (3.0-3.2 mm in seven examples of <i>M. neavei</i>, 3.2-3.7 mm in nine <i>M. sorella</i>). How <i>M. neavei</i> is related to <i>M. oubanguii</i> and the small-bodied <i>M. baoulei</i> (both in the <i>M. sorella</i> gro... [truncated]","30","30-01568","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1568"
"13001569","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","orangiae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1926","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","11","","251","","","Orange Mouse","South Africa, N Free State, Kruisementifontein, Viljoensdrift, near Vereeniging.","South Africa; N Free State (Vermeiren and Verheyen, 1983).","IUCN – Least Concern.","","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. Either treated as a species possibly allied to <i>M</i>. <i>setzeri</i> (Vermeiren and Verheyen, 1983) or listed as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>minutoides</i> (Meester et al., 1986; Skinner and Smithers, 1990). The definition of this form and its phylogenetic relationship to other southern African species require resolution.","30","30-01569","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1569"
"13001570","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","oubanguii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Petter and Genest","1970","","Mammalia","34","","454","","","Oubangui Mouse","Central African Republic, La Maboke, Ippy, Bangassou (F. Petter, 1981<i>b</i>, provided coordinates).","Recorded only from Central African Republic (savanna north of Oubangui River); see Jotterand (1972:332).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. Sympatric with <i>M</i>. <i>setulosus</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>minutoides</i> (F. Petter and Genest, 1970), but a phylogenetic member of the <i>M</i>. <i>sorella</i> group, according to F. Petter (1981<i>b</i>), who also noted that its morphology, except for a dental trait, is similar to that of <i>M</i>. <i>neavei</i> (see that account). Chromosomal information, in context of understanding chromosomal evolution among species of African <i>Mus</i>, documented by Jotterand (1972) and Jotterand-Bellomo (1984, 1986).","30","30-01570","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1570"
"13001571","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Coelomys","pahari","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","","414","","","Indochinese Shrewlike Mouse","India, Sikkim, Batasia, 6000 ft (1830 m).","From NE India (Sikkim, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram; Agrawal, 2000) and Bhutan through N Burma, S China (SE Xizang, Yunnan, S Sichuan, Guizhou, and Guangxi; Wang [2003], Zhang et al. [1997], Wu et al. [1996], FMNH 40710), Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>; Robinson et al., 1996), Cardamom Mtns of SW Cambodia (A. Smith, in litt.), Laos, and C and N Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994; specimens in AMNH and IEBR); see J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>a</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gairdneri</i> (Kloss, 1920); <i>jacksoniae</i> (Thomas, 1921); <i>meator</i> (G.M. Allen, 1927); <i>mocchauensis</i> Dao, 1978.","<p>Subgenus <i>Coelomys</i>. Dao (1978) described <i>mocchauensis</i> as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>pahari</i>. Chromosomal features of Thai samples reported by Gropp et al. (1973); 2n = FN = 48. Relationships within <i>Mus </i>assessed by sequences of the <i>Sry</i> gene (Graur, 1994); forms clade basal to species in subgenera <i>Nannomys</i>,<i> Pyromys</i>, and <i>Mus</i> according to study of <i>Sry</i> and five other genes (Lundrigan et al., 2002) and DNA/DNA hybridization experiments (Chevret et al., 2003). The close association between <i>M. pahari</i> and <i>M. crociduroides </i>and placement in subgenus <i>Coelomys</i> is supported by analysis of mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences (Chevret et al., 2003). Those two species and <i>M. mayori</i> belong in a clade as indicated by analyses of morphological traits (Chevret et al., 2003; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>b</i>). Sequences of APRT gene used to illuminate substitution rate variation among <i>M. pahari</i>,<i> M. spicilegus</... [truncated]","30","30-01571","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1540-1571"
"13001572","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Pyromys","phillipsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1912","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","21","","772","","","Phillips’s Mouse","India, Central Province, Nimur Dist., Asirgarh, 1500 ft (458 m).","S and WC Peninsular India (Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Andra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu; Agrawal, 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>siva</i>  (Thomas and Ryley, 1913);<i> surkha</i> (Wroughton and Ryley, 1913).","Subgenus <i>Pyromys</i>. An Indian endemic revised by J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>b</i>) and reviewed by Agrawal (2000). Its occurrence and ecology in the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan State documented by Prakash et al. (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>), and in Gujarat State by Chakraborty and Agrawal (2000).","30","30-01572","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1541-1572"
"13001573","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Pyromys","platythrix","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1832","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1832","","121","","","Flat-haired Mouse","Peninsular India, Dukhun (=Deccan).","Peninsular India north to West Bengal (Agrawal, 2000; Corbet and Hill, 1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bahadur</i>  (Wroughton and Ryley, 1913); <i>grahami</i> (Ryley, 1913); <i>hannyngtoni </i>(Ryley, 1913).","Subgenus <i>Pyromys</i>. Close relationship with <i>M. saxicola</i>, also in subgenus <i>Coelomys</i>, substantiated by analyses of DNA/DNA hybridization and mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences, but not morphological traits (Chevret et al., 2003). May be more than one species within present definition of <i>M. platythrix</i>. Samples from the northwest have 2n = 30, those from S India have 2n = 26, but ""the limits of these forms and any correlation with morphological characters have not been defined"" (Corbet and Hill, 1992:330). Another Indian endemic revised by J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>b</i>) and reviewed by Agrawal (2000). Occurrence and ecology in the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan State documented by Prakash et al. (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>), and in the Western Ghats of S India by Chandrasekar-Rao and Sunquist (1996). Roberts (1977, 1997) reported <i>M. platythrix</i> from S Pakistan, but that record probably represents <i>M. saxicola</i>, which occurs in India and S Pakistan... [truncated]","30","30-01573","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1541-1573"
"13001574","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Pyromys","saxicola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1839","","Madras J. Litt. Sci.","10","","215","","","Saxicolous Mouse","India, Madras.","India (disjunct distribution mapped by Agrawal, 2000), S Nepal, and S Pakistan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cinderella</i> (Wroughton, 1912);<i> gurkha</i> (Thomas, 1914); <i>khumbuensis </i>Biswas and Khajuria, 1968;<i> priestlyi </i>(Thomas, 1911);<i> pygmaeus</i> Biswas and Khajuria, 1955 [not Milne-Edwards, 1874];<i> ramnadensis </i>Bentham, 1908;<i> sadhu</i> Wroughton, 1911.","Subgenus <i>Pyromys</i>. Indian populations reviewed by Agrawal (2000), who recognized three subspecies based primarily upon the chromosomal traits originally documented by Rishi and Puri (1978; 2n = 22-26). Corbet and Hill (1992) expressed the need to confirm the inclusion of <i>gurkha</i>, which has soft fur, in the spinous-furred <i>M. saxicola</i>. J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1998;63) examined the holotype of <i>pygmaeus</i> and identified it as a nestling <i>M. saxicola</i>; Musser and Carleton (1993) had listed it as a synonym of <i>M. musculus</i>. Sister-group to members of subgenus <i>Mus</i> as assessed by analysis of sequences from six genes (Lundrigan et al., 2002). Analyses of DNA/DNA hybridizations and mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences but not morphological traits support close relationship between <i>M. saxicola</i> and <i>M. platythrix</i>, also in subgenus <i>Pyromys</i> (Chevret et al., 2003). Occurrence and ecology in the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan State reported by Prakas... [truncated]","30","30-01574","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1541-1574"
"13001575","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","setulosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1876","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","","","480","","","Peters’s Mouse","Cameroon, Victoria.","From Senegal (Duplantier and Granjon, 1992), Guinea (Mt Nimba) and Sierra Leone; eastward through Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, N Dem. Rep. Congo (Orientale), S Sudan, WC and S Ethiopia; to N Uganda and W Kenya (range documented by Grubb et al., 1998; Rosevear, 1969; F. Petter and Genest, 1970; our study of samples in AMNH, BMNH, FMNH, and USNM).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pasha</i> (Thomas, 1910);<i> proconodon</i> (Rhoads, 1896).","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. A distinct species sometimes confused with <i>M</i>. <i>minutoides</i>, which occurs over approximately the same region (Rosevear, 1969). Multivariate analysis of morphometric traits by Macholán (2001) indicated that <i>M. setulosus</i> and <i>M. minutoides</i> were distantly related. Both <i>pasha</i> (Thomas, 1910<i>a</i>) and <i>proconodon</i> (Rhoads, 1896) were originally described as species; Osgood (1936) associated <i>pasha</i> with <i>M. proconodon</i>, and we agree with his identification. F. Petter and Matthey (1975) regarded <i>pasha</i> as a species, noting that it might be referrable to <i>M. setulosus</i>. Both Osgood (1936) and Yalden et al. (1976) recognized <i>proconodon</i> as a species endemic to Ethiopia. Our study of Osgood's specimens, some of which are near-topotypes, revealed that their morphological traits fell within the range of variation typical of <i>M. setulosus</i>. Our identification was foreshadowed by F. Petter and Matthey (1... [truncated]","30","30-01575","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1575"
"13001576","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","setzeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Petter","1978","","Mammalia","42","","377","","","Setzer’s Mouse","Botswana, 82 km west of Mohembo (near Namibian border).","NE Namibia, NW and S Botswana, and W Zambia (Vermeiren and Verheyen, 1983).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. A unique desert species reviewed by Vermeiren and Verheyen (1983), Meester et al. (1986), Skinner and Smithers (1990), and de Graaff (1997<i>k</i>).","30","30-01576","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1576"
"13001577","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Pyromys","shortridgei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","23","","30","","","Shortridge’s Mouse","Burma, Mt Popa, 4961 ft (1512 m).","Burma (Ellerman, 1961), Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>), SW Cambodia (A. Smith, in litt.), C Laos (Smith et al., In Press), and NW Vietnam (Dao, 1978); see J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>a</i>:431).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nghialoensis</i> Dao, 1966.","Subgenus <i>Pyromys</i>. Dao (1966) described <i>nghialoensis</i> as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>platythrix</i>, which at the time embraced the Indochinese <i>shortridgei</i>. Chromosomal composition of Thai samples, which demonstrate a complex polymorphism, reported by Gropp et al. (1973). Evolutionary history extends back to the late Pliocene of Thailand, based on isolated molars recovered from cave sediments (Chaimanee, 1998).","30","30-01577","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1541-1577"
"13001578","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","sorella","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","548","","","Thomas’s Mouse","W Kenya, Mt Elgon, Kirui, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Documented by specimens from E Cameroon, EC Angola, NE and SE Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Kenya, and N Tanzania (F. Petter, 1981<i>b</i>; Verheyen, 1965<i>a</i>; specimens examined in AMNH, BMNH, CM, and USNM); range limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acholi</i> Heller, 1911;<i> wamae</i> Heller, 1911.","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. Closest relatives are <i>M. baoulei</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>goundae</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>neavei</i>, and <i>M</i>. <i>oubanguii</i>; F. Petter (1981<i>b</i>) placed these (except <i>M. baoulei</i>) together in the <i>M</i>. <i>sorella</i> group. He also recognized <i>wamae</i> and <i>acholi</i> as species in the <i>sorella</i> complex, but after examining holotypes and other specimens we agree with Verheyen (1965<i>a</i>), who united them with <i>M</i>. <i>sorella</i>. There are at least two morphologically distinct species in the group, <i>M. sorella</i> and <i>M. neavei</i> (see that account), but the nature of their phylogenetic relationship to other forms in this complex needs to be assessed by critical systematic review. Reidentification of museum specimens might also help resolve boundaries of geographic ranges. The specimens from Angola, for example, were originally identified by Hill and Carter (1941) as <i>M. bella</i>. The southern African range mapped by de ... [truncated]","30","30-01578","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1578"
"13001579","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","spicilegus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Petényi","1882","","Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, Budapest","5","","114","","","Mound-building Mouse","Hungary, Budapest, Rakos Plains.","Lowlands of Austria, S Slovakia (Bauer et al., 1998; Stollmann and Macholán, 1999), Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Greece, N Bulgaria (Peshev, 1996), and steppes of Moldavia and S Ukraine (see references cited below).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>adriaticus</i> Kryštufek and Macholán, 1998; <i>mehelyi</i> Bolkay, 1925; <i>petenyi </i>Kryzhov, 1936 [see Zagorodnyuk, 1992<i>b</i>]; <i>sergii </i>Valch, 1927 [see Zagorodnyuk, 1992<i>b</i>]. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:608) and J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1998) listed <i>acervator</i>,<i> acervifex</i>,<i> canicularius</i>,<i> </i>and <i>caniculator</i> as alternative names proposed by Petényi in the same report where he described <i>M. spicilegus</i>; all are <i>nomina nuda</i>.","<p>Subgenus <i>Mus</i>. This is the mouse that constructs soil-covered storage mounds of grain, and was formally known as <i>M</i>. <i>hortulanus</i> (Corbet, 1984; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995); however, the holotype of <i>hortulanus</i> is an example of <i>M. musculus</i> so the earliest name for the species is <i>spicilegus</i> (Gerasimov et al., 1990; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1998; Zagorodnyuk, 1996<i>b</i>). Sympatric and frequently syntopic with <i>M. m. musculus</i> (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999). Results of morphometric and allozymic analyses reported by Bonhomme et al. (1984), Petrov and Ruzic (1985), Gerasimov et al. (1990), She et al. (1990), and Lyalyukhina et al. (1991). Forms a clade with <i>M. musculus</i>,<i> M. macedonicus</i>, and <i>M. spretus</i> as indicated by analyses of DNA sequences from several different genes (Graur, 1994; Larizza et al., 2002; Lundrigan et al., 2002; Martin et al., 2000). Combined analyses of morphological traits, DNA/DNA hybridization, and mitochon... [truncated]","30","30-01579","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1579"
"13001580","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","spretus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lataste","1883","","Actes Soc. Linn. De Bordeaux, ser. 7","4","","27","","","Western Mediterranean Mouse","Algeria, Oued Magra, between M'sila and Barika, north of Hodna.","Natural grasslands and agricultural fields in Western Mediterranean climatic zone of W Europe (S France, Spain, Portugal, Balearic Isls; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999:291) and North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya); see J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1981; 1998) and Macholán (1996<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caoccii</i> Krausse, 1919; <i>hispanicus</i> Miller, 1909; <i>lusitanicus</i> Miller, 1909; <i>lynesi </i>Cabrera, 1923;<i> mogrebinus</i> Cabrera, 1911; <i>parvus </i>Alcover, Gosalbez, and Orsini, 1985 [not Beckstein, 1796];<i> rifensis </i>Cabrera, 1923.","<p>Subgenus <i>Mus</i>. See J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1998) for identification of synonyms. Throughout its range, <i>M. spretus</i> is sympatric but not syntopic with <i>M. musculus domesticus</i> (Boursot et al., 1993; Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999). The species has been the subject of various inquiries covering biometrical and morphological analyses (Darviche and Orsini, 1982; Engels, 1980, 1983<i>b</i>; Gerasimov et al., 1990; Palomo, 1988; Palomo et al., 1983; Vargas, et al., 1984); chromosomal and electrophoretic studies (Cano et al., 1984; Engels, 1983<i>a</i>; Matsuda and Chapman, 1992; Traut et al., 1992); distribution of the p53 pseudogene as another molecular trait distinguishing <i>M. spretus</i> from <i>M. spicilegus</i> and <i>M. musculus</i> (Ohtsuka et al., 1996); phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial D-loop sequences to also distinguish <i>M. spretus</i> from <i>M. spicilegus</i> and <i>M. musculus </i>(Flegr et al., 1994); variability in mtDNA that revealed two genetically d... [truncated]","30","30-01580","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1580"
"13001581","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","tenellus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1903","1","298","","","Delicate Mouse","Sudan, Blue Nile, Roseires.","Sudan (Setzer, 1956), S Ethiopia (below 2000 m; Rupp, 1980), S Somalia, and south through Kenya to C Tanzania (Dodoma), including lower flanks of Mt Kilimanjaro (Grimshaw et al., 1995); range based upon our study of material at AMNH, BMNH, CNHM, MCZ, AND USNM; distributional limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aequatorius</i> Setzer, 1953;<i> delamensis</i> Setzer, 1956; <i>gerbillus </i>(G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1933);<i> suahelica</i> (Thomas, 1910).","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. Reviewed by F. Petter (1972<i>a</i>) and Yalden et al. (1976). Morphologically and ecologically closely similar to <i>M</i>. <i>haussa</i> (see that account). The southernmost record is based on holotype of <i>gerbillus</i> (G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1933), which is an example of <i>M</i>. <i>tenellus</i>; <i>aequatorius</i>, <i>delamensis</i>, and <i>suahelica</i> also represent that species (our study of holotypes). Yalden et al. (1976) listed <i>gallarum</i> as a synonym of <i>M. tenellus</i>, but the holotype is a <i>M. minutoides</i>. Judged by our studies of museum specimens, most published Ethiopian records of <i>M. tenellus</i> are actually <i>M. minutoides</i>, but we have not seen the samples from SW Ethiopia referenced by Yalden et al. (1996).","30","30-01581","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1581"
"13001582","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Mus","terricolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1851","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","20","","172","","","Earth-Colored mouse","S India, Bengal, neighborhood of Calcutta.","Indigenous to peninsular India and Nepal (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1998), Bangladesh (Comilla District, Chittagong Province; Alpin et al., 2003<i>c</i>; K. Alpin, in litt., 2004), and Pakistan (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1998); occurs also in Medan region of N Sumatra (Indonesia) where it was probably inadvertently introduced (Musser and Newcomb, 1983, recorded as <i>dunni</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>beavanii</i>  Peters, 1866; <i>dunni </i>Wroughton, 1912.","Subgenus <i>Mus</i>. Formerly referred to as <i>M</i>. <i>dunni</i> (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>b</i>, 1986), but <i>terricolor</i> is the older name (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>b</i>,<i> </i>1998:80, and in litt., 1989). Chromosomal results presented by Sharma et al. (1986, under <i>dunni</i>) and Boyeskorov et al. (1997, as <i>dunni</i>) in context of evolutionary divergence from other species of <i>Mus</i>. Closely related to <i>Mus booduga. </i>Both species have 2n = 40, with all telocentric chromosomes, but <i>M. booduga</i> has a slightly smaller Y chromosome. All populations sampled show the same karyotype; <i>M. terricolor</i>, however, has a large submetacentric X and telocentric Y. Furthermore, different populations of <i>M. terricolor</i> have three different karyotypes (formally labelled I, II, and III) indicating various stages of evolutionary differentiation in which heterochromatin may be important in the speciation process (Bahadur and Sharma, 1995; Sharma et al., 200... [truncated]","30","30-01582","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1538-1582"
"13001583","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Nannomys","triton","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","548","","","Gray-bellied Mouse","Kenya, Mt Elgon, Kirui, 6000 ft (1830 m).","N and E Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda (Delany, 1975), Kenya (Hollister, 1919), S Ethiopia (Lavrenchenko, 2000; Yalden et al., 1996), Tanzania (Grimshaw et al., 1995; Stanley et al., 1998; Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951), Malawi (Ansell, 1989<i>b</i>; Ansell and Dowsett, 1988), Tete Dist. of Mozambique (de Graaff, 1997<i>h</i>; Smithers and Lobao Tello, 1976), Zambia (Ansell, 1978), and C and NE Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>birungensis</i> (Lönnberg and Gyldenstolpe, 1925);<i> fors </i>(Thomas, 1909);<i> imatongensis </i>Setzer, 1953; <i>murilla </i>(Thomas, 1910);<i> naivashae</i> (Heller, 1910).","Subgenus <i>Nannomys</i>. Listed as a questionable synonym of <i>M</i>. <i>mahomet</i> by Yalden et al. (1976:30), who were unsure about the equivalence of <i>mahomet</i> and <i>triton</i> and merely noted that Ethiopian samples previously identified as <i>triton</i> were really <i>mahomet</i>. Lavrenchenko (2000) claimed that <i>M. </i>cf <i>triton </i>from the Ethiopian Harenna Forest, along with Ethiopian <i>M. mahomet</i>, belong to the same cytotaxonomic group, which excludes true <i>M. triton</i>; Yalden et al. (1996) noted that <i>M. triton</i> and <i>M. mahomet</i> are sympatric in S Ethiopia but the former lives in forest, the latter in grassy forest clearings. The description of <i>Mus birungensis</i> (Lonnberg and Gyldenstolpe, 1925) mirrors the range of variation of <i>M. triton</i> in samples (in AMNH) we have examined from the Kivu region of E Dem. Rep. Congo. Considerable chromosomal polymorphism has been reported in samples identified as <i>M. triton</i> (Robbins and Ba... [truncated]","30","30-01583","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1539-1583"
"13001584","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mus","Coelomys","vulcani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1919","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","4","","378","","","Javan Shrew-like Mouse","Indonesia, W Java, Gunung Gede, Gandang Badak, 7900 ft (2408 m).","Endemic to upper montane tropical evergreen rain forests in mountains of W Java.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Coelomys</i>. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>Mycteromys crociduroides</i> (Chasen, 1940), but <i>vulcani </i>is a separate species (based upon Musser’s study of specimens of <i>vulcani</i> and <i>crociduroides</i>). Both <i>M</i>. <i>vulcani</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>crociduroides</i> are the only living native <i>Mus</i> recorded from islands on the Sunda Shelf (Musser, 1986; Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Part of the suite of murines endemic to Java (see account of <i>Kadarsanomys sodyi</i>). Curiously, Wang (2003) listed <i>M. vulcani</i> as part of the Chinese fauna from S Yunnan.","30","30-01584","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1537-1540-1584"
"13001585","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mylomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","224","","<i>Mylomys cuninghamei</i> Thomas, 1906 (= <i>Golunda dybowskii</i> Pousargues, 1893).","","","","","","<i>Arvicanthis</i>Group. The Indian <i>Golunda</i> and <i>Mylomys</i> are usually considered close relatives of each other, but Musser (1987<i>b</i>) discussed traits that indicated their distant relationship and a closer phylogenetic alliance between <i>Mylomys</i> and <i>Pelomys</i>, which is substantiated by mtDNA sequences of cytochrome <i>b</i> and 12S and 16S rRNA gene fragments (Ducroz et al., 2001). Those latter two genera are members of a division that includes <i>Arvicanthis</i>,<i> Lemniscomys</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Rhabdomys</i> as assessed by morphological data (Musser, 1987<i>b</i>). The molecular results of Ducroz et al. also indicate that <i>Desmomys</i> belongs with this assemblage, and that <i>Mylomys</i>,<i> Pelomys</i>, and <i>Arvicanthis</i> form one lineage, <i>Desmomys</i> and <i>Rhabdomys </i>a second, and a third contains only <i>Lemniscomys</i>.","30","30-01585","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1585"
"13001586","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mylomys","","dybowskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pousargues","1893","","Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.","18","","163","","","Common Mylomys","Central African Republic, Kemo River.","Guinea (Mt Nimba), Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana (Grubb et al., 1998), S Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, W, N and E Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania (Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951), Kenya (Hollister, 1919), Uganda (Delany, 1975), and S Sudan (Setzer, 1958); abstracted from Rosevear (1969), Misonne (1974), many faunal reports, and specimens examined in AMNH, BMNH, FMNH, and USNM.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alberti</i> Thomas, 1915;<i> christyi </i>Thomas, 1917;<i> cuninghamei</i> Thomas, 1906; <i>lowei</i> Hayman, 1935; <i>lutescens </i>Thomas, 1915; <i>massaicus</i> Lönnberg, 1916; <i>rex </i>(Thomas, 1906);<i> richardi </i>Hayman, 1939;<i> roosevelti</i> (Heller, 1910).","Hatt (1940<i>a</i>) noted that the cotypes of <i>dybowskii</i> are examples of <i>Mylomys</i>, not <i>Pelomys</i> under which the name had been listed (Ellerman, 1941), and selected a lectotype. The identity was verified by F. Petter (1962<i>b</i>), who also thought there were two species in the genus, <i>M. dybowskii</i> and the West African <i>M. lowei</i>, named by Hayman (1935) as a subspecies of <i>M. cuninghamei</i>. Rosevear (1969) followed F. Petter in recognizing <i>M. lowei</i> and in turn was followed by Grubb et al. (1998). Hayman (1935:934), however, regarded all forms to be part of a single species: ""In considering what value to place on this Ashanti form [<i>lowei</i>] it has seemed best to regard all the known <i>Mylomys</i> as a subspecies of the original <i>cuninghamei</i> Thos. From that small and rather dark form, through the middle-sized <i>lutescens</i> and <i>christyi</i> to the large brightly-coloured races <i>roosevelti</i>,<i> alberti</i>, and the present form... [truncated]","30","30-01586","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1585-0000-1586"
"13001587","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Mylomys","","rex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","304","","","Ethiopian Mylomys","C Ethiopia, Kaffa, Charada Forest.","Recorded only from the type locality.","","","The taxon <i>rex</i>, represented only by the holotype (a skin without skull), was described by Thomas (1906<i>c</i>) as a species of <i>Arvicanthis</i>, but later ""provisionally considered as a giant member of <i>Desmomys</i>"" (Thomas, 1916<i>a</i>:68). Dieterlen (1974) challenged the validity of <i>rex</i>, but Yalden et al. (1976) pointed out the features distinguishing the holotype from samples of <i>D. harringtoni</i>, and treated <i>rex</i> as another distinctive species endemic to Ethiopia. Musser and Carleton (1993:630) wrote that ""Our study of the holotype skin reveals it to be a large and probably old adult of <i>Mylomys</i> that is not as brightly pigmented as most samples of that genus. Whether the holotype actually came from Ethiopia, or represents a separate species of <i>Mylomys</i> are unknown; we provisionally list <i>rex</i> in the synonymy of <i>M. dybowskii</i>."" Yalden et al. (1996) were content to adopt this provisional arrangement, but explained there w... [truncated]","30","30-01587","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1585-0000-1587"
"13001588","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Myomyscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Shortridge","1942","","Ann. S. Afr. Mus.","36","","93","","<i>Mus verroxii </i>(= <i>verreauxi</i>) A. Smith, 1834.","","","","","","<p><i>Stenocephalemys</i>Division. <i>Myomys</i> has traditionally been used for the species we list under <i>Myomyscus</i>, but the holotype of <i>colonus</i> (Brants, 1827), which is the type species of <i>Myomys</i>, is an example of <i>Mastomys </i>(Van der Straeten and Robbins, 1997), making <i>Myomys</i> a synonym of that genus. Shortridge’s (1942) <i>Myomyscus</i> is the next available name (see generic account of <i>Mastomys</i>). The species <i>ruppi</i> and <i>albipes</i> were listed in <i>Myomys</i> by Musser and Carleton (1993), but are here added to the Ethiopian <i>Stenocephalemys</i> (see accounts of those species). They also placed <i>daltoni</i> and <i>derooi</i> in <i>Myomys</i>, but here we transfer them to <i>Praomys</i> (see those accounts).</p><p>Even as reconstituted here, <i>Myomyscus </i>remains polyphyletic. Recent analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences, for example, places <i>M. verreauxii </i>(type-species of the genus) as sister to <i>Colo... [truncated]","30","30-01588","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1588"
"13001589","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Myomyscus","","angolensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1890","","J. Sci. Math., Phys. Nat., Lisboa, ser. 2","2","","12","","","Angolan Myomyscus","Angola, Capangombe, interior of Moçâmedes District, 527 m (additional information provided by Crawford-Cabral, 1989<i>b</i>, 1998).","W Angola, primarily on the Angolan Plateau (Crawford-Cabral, 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Mastomys angolensis</i>.","<i>angolae</i> (Crawford-Cabral, 1989).","<p>Our inclusion of this species in <i>Myomyscus</i> is provisional. It has been placed in <i>Rattus</i> (Ellerman, 1941), <i>Myomyscus </i>(or <i>Myomys</i>) (G. M. Allen, 1939; D. H. S. Davis, 1965; Hill and Carter, 1941), <i>Praomys</i> (see references in Crawford-Cabral, 1989<i>b</i>), or regarded as a species of <i>Mastomys</i> (Crawford-Cabral, 1989<i>b</i>, 1998; Misonne, 1974). Ansell (1978) and Ellerman et al. (1953) thought it morphologically similar to <i>M</i>. <i>shortridgei</i>, which they treated as a subspecies of <i>M</i>. <i>angolensis</i>. In their review of <i>Mastomys</i> systematics, Granjon et al. (1997<i>b</i>) transferred <i>angolensis </i>to <i>Myomys </i>and retained <i>shortridgei</i> in <i>Mastomys</i>. Incorporation of <i>M. angolensis</i> in phylogenetic analyses derived from morphological and molecular data is needed to clarify its relationship. <i>Myomyscus angolensis</i> is either sympatric (Hill and Carter, 1941; Crawford-Cabral, 1983, 1998) or altitu... [truncated]","30","30-01589","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1588-0000-1589"
"13001590","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Myomyscus","","brockmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","298","","","Brockman’s Myomyscus","Somalia (British Somaliland), Upper Sheikh.","Primarily tree savannas from EC Tanzania north through Kenya (Hollister, 1919) and N Uganda (Delany, 1975) into Somalia, SE Ethiopia (Yalden et al., 1976, 1996; specimens in CM), and S Sudan (Setzer, 1956); W and S limits unknown.","","<i>allisoni</i> (Hayman, 1960);<i> niveiventris</i> (Osgood, 1910); <i>oweni </i>Setzer, 1956;<i> subfuscus </i>(Osgood, 1910); <i>ulae</i> (Heller, 1910).","Chromosomal and immunological data indicate close relationship with species of <i>Mastomys</i> (Qumsiyeh et al., 1990), an alliance also suggested by analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Lecompte et al., 2002<i>b</i>). Analyses of nuclear IRBP gene sequences, however, indicates <i>brockmani</i>, along with <i>M. yemeni</i>, to be closely allied to species of <i>Stenocephalemys</i> and should be included in that genus (Lecompte, 2003). Spermatozoal morphology described by Baskovich and Lavrenchenko (1995, as <i>fumatus</i>). This species has traditionally been known as <i>M. fumatus</i> (Musser and Carleton, 1993), but Van der Straeten and Robbins (1997) demonstrated the holotype of <i>fumatus </i>to be an example of <i>Mastomys</i> and not <i>Myomys </i>(Musser independently examined the holotype and identified it as a <i>Mastomys</i>). We include <i>fumatus </i>in the synonymy of <i>Mastomys natalensis</i> (see that account). The next oldest name available for this species... [truncated]","30","30-01590","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1588-0000-1590"
"13001591","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Myomyscus","","verreauxii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","156","","","Verreaux’s White-footed Rat","South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape of Good Hope, near Cape Town.","South Africa, Western Cape Province, from Olifants River in the west to Nature's Valley, Plettenberg Bay in the east (de Graaff, 1981:218; Skinner and Smithers, 1990:271).","IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>verreauxi</i> (Sclater, 1901); <i>veroxii</i> (Smith, 1834).","A distinctive South African endemic confined to the fynbos biome (Mugo et al., 1995). Taxonomy reviewed by Meester et al. (1986); distributional and biological information provided by de Graaff (1981) and Skinner and Smithers (1990). Roberts listed measurements and treated <i>verreauxii</i> as a subspecies of<i> </i>""<i>Myomys colonus</i>."" Analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Lecompte et al., 2002<i>b</i>) and nuclear IRBP gene sequences (Lecompte, 2003) separates <i>M. verreauxii</i> from <i>M. brockmani</i> and <i>M. yemeni</i> (<i>M. angolensis</i> has yet to be included in molecular inquiries) and clusters it with <i>Colomys</i> and <i>Zelotomys</i>, providing an hypothesis that should be tested with morphological data and sequences from a wider range of genes. Ultimately, <i>verreauxii</i> may represent the only species of <i>Myomyscus</i>. Reviewed by de Graaff (1997<i>t</i>). Earliest fossils of <i>Myomyscus</i>, presumably either <i>M. verreauxii</i> or so... [truncated]","30","30-01591","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1588-0000-1591"
"13001592","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Myomyscus","","yemeni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn and Hoogstraal","1953","","Fieldiana Zool.","34","","241","","","Yemen White-footed Rat","Yemen, Kariet Wadi Dhahr, six miles (9.7 km) northwest of San'a, 6400 ft (1950 m).","Recorded only from N Yemen and SW Saudi Arabia (see Harrision and Bates, 1991:249; also references in Al-Jumaily, 1998, for Yemen population).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Myomys yemeni</i>.","","Originally described by Sanborn and Hoogstraal (1953) as a subspecies of <i>Myomys fumatus </i>(= <i>brockmani</i>), the diagnostic traits of <i>yemeni</i> are outside the range of variation recorded for any sample of <i>M. brockmani</i>. Our study of holotype and specimens of <i>M. yemeni</i> and <i>M.</i> <i>brockmani</i> at FMNH revealed that <i>M. yemeni</i> is much larger in body, cranial, and dental dimensions than <i>M. brockmani</i> (no overlap in length of molar rows, for example), with paler pelage and significantly larger ears and auditory bullae (both absolutely and relative to body size). The morphological attributes of <i>M. yemeni</i> define a distinctive species; however, its phylogenetic relationships to other species in the genus, or within the <i>Stenocephalemys</i> Division, have yet to be fully resolved. Analyses of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences, for example, suggests <i>M. yemeni</i> to be more closely related to <i>Praomys verschureni</i> than to any other ... [truncated]","30","30-01592","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1588-0000-1592"
"13001593","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Nesokia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7 [check – this should be ser 1? – or year wrong?]","10","","264","","<i>Arvicola indica</i> Gray, 1830.","","","","","<i>Erythronesokia</i> Khajuria, 1981;<i> Nesocia </i>Blanford, 1891; <i>Spalacomys </i>Peters, 1860.","<i>Rattus</i>Division. Early placed with the Philippine <i>Phloeomys</i> in the Phloeomyinae (Alston, 1876), but phylogenetically most closely allied to <i>Bandicota</i> among living murines (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Jansa et al., 1999; Musser and Brothers, 1994; Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>); see generic account of <i>Bandicota</i>. Of the two living species in the genus, <i>N. indica</i> is fossorial, <i>N. bunnii</i> is amphibious. Earliest record of <i>Nesokia</i> is <i>N. panchkulaensis</i> from early Pleistocene Pinjor beds in the Siwaliks of N India (Raghavan, 1989).","30","30-01593","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1593"
"13001594","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Nesokia","","bunnii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Khajuria","1981","","Bull. Nat. Hist. Res. Centre","7","","162","","","Long-tailed Nesokia","SE Iraq, Basra Province, Al-Qurna.","Recorded only from marshes at the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in SE Iraq. Possibly occurs in Al-Hawizeh marsh to the east straddling the Iraq-Iran border.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Originally described under genus <i>Erythronesokia</i> by Khajuria (1981), but shown to be a distinctive species of <i>Nesokia</i> by Al-Robaae and Felten (1990). The meager available ecological information about this unique <i>Nesokia</i> is reported by Khajuria (1981) and Al-Robaae and Felten (1990). Because the vast wetlands of southern Iraq were largely destroyed by the Saddam Hussein regime during the last decade (Associated Press, 2003; UNEP, 2003), current population status of <i>N. bunnii</i> in Iraq is unknown.","30","30-01594","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1593-0000-1594"
"13001595","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Nesokia","","indica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1830-1835","1830","Illustr. Indian Zool.","","","pl. xi (see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1955, and Corbet and Hill, 1992)","","","Short-tailed Nesokia","India (uncertain).","Modern range covers Bangladesh, N India (Bihar, West Bengal, Punjap, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, and Rajasthan; Agrawal, 2000; Chakraborty and Agrawal, 2000), Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Israel-Jordan, NE Egypt, NW China (Xinjiang, south of Tian Shan; Wang, 2003, and Zhang et al., 1997), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bacheri</i>  Nehring, 1897; <i>bailwardi</i> Thomas, 1907; <i>beaba</i> Wroughton, 1908; <i>boettgeri</i> Radde and Walter, 1889; <i>brachyura</i> Büchner, 1889; <i>buxtoni</i> Thomas, 1919; <i>chitralensis</i> Schlitter and Setzer, 1973; <i>dukelskiana</i> Heptner, 1928; <i>griffithi</i> Horsfield, 1851; <i>hardwickei</i> (Gray, 1837); <i>huttoni</i> (Blyth, 1846); <i>indicus </i>(Peters, 1860); <i>insularis</i> Goodwin, 1940; <i>legendrei</i> Goodwin, 1939; <i>myosura</i> (Wagner, 1845); <i>satunini</i> Nehring, 1899; <i>scullyi</i> Wood-Mason, 1876; <i>suilla </i>Thomas, 1907.","Reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Chromosomal data in different contexts reported by Thelma and Rao (1982), Gadi and Sharma (1983), Rao et al. (1983), Juyal et al. (1989), and Dubey and Raman (1992). External, cranial, and dental morphology, along with albumin immunology supports a close phylogenetic relationship with <i>Bandicota</i> (Misonne, 1969; Musser and Brothers, 1994; Niethammer, 1977; Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>; Wroughton, 1908<i>a</i>), and electrophoretic comparisons of eight loci indicated a sister-species alliance with <i>B</i>. <i>indica</i> (Radtke and Niethammer, 1984[1985]). Chromosomal traits are closely similar in <i>N. indica</i> and <i>Bandicota bengalensis</i> (Gadi and Sharma, 1983). Substantial morphological variation is present among geographic samples of <i>N</i>. <i>indica</i>, and careful systematic revision is required to determine whether this variation represents one or more species. Geographic reviews covering taxonom... [truncated]","30","30-01595","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1593-0000-1595"
"13001596","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Nesoromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","263","","<i>Stenomys ceramicus</i> Thomas, 1920.","","","","","","<i>Rattus</i>Division. Rümmler (1938) united <i>Nesoromys</i> with <i>Stenomys</i> explaining only that the differences between it and other species in <i>Stenomys</i> was insufficient to recognize a separate genus for <i>ceramicus</i>; he considered <i>ceramicus</i> to represent <i>Stenomys</i>, a group primarily New Guinean in distribution, on Seram. The species, however, exhibits a combination of primitive and highly derived traits not seen in other species of <i>Stenomys </i>or <i>Rattus </i>(Aplin et al., 2003<i>b</i>; Misonne, 1969). While <i>ceramicus</i> does bear a superficial resemblance to New Guinea <i>R. niobe</i> (which Rümmler placed in <i>Stenomys</i>) in body size, pelage coloration and texture, and general cranial conformation, it differs considerably from any other endemics in the Indomaylan, Moluccan, and Australia-New Guinea regions by its combination of very specialized bony palate (extremely broad and projecting way beyond posterior margins of molar rows), short ... [truncated]","30","30-01596","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1596"
"13001597","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Nesoromys","","ceramicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","425","","","Seram Island Mountain Rat","Indonesia, Moluccas, Pulau Seram, Gunung Manusela, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Endemic to montane forests of Pulau Seram.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Stenomys ceramicus.</i>","","Morphologically superficially similar to the <i>Rattus</i> <i>niobe</i> complex of New Guinea, but may not be closely related to that group (Ellerman, 1941; Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>). Originally described as a species of <i>Nesoromys </i>(Thomas, 1920<i>c</i>), but subsequently merged with <i>Stenomys</i> (Rümmler, 1938; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Known only by the type series consisting of three specimens (in BMNH) and an additional example in the Western Australia Museum (Helgen, 2003<i>b</i>).","30","30-01597","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1596-0000-1597"
"13001598","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Nilopegamys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Osgood","1928","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.","12","","185","","<i>Nilopegamys plumbeus</i> Osgood, 1928.","","","","","","<i>Colomys</i>Division. Described as a genus by Osgood (1928) and recognized as such by G. M. Allen (1939) and Ellerman (1941), but subsequently included in <i>Colomys</i> by Hayman (1966) and most checklists published after his report covering African rodents, including the revision of <i>Colomys</i> by Dieterlen (1983) in which <i>plumbeus</i> was maintained as a subspecies of <i>C. goslingi</i>, the allocation recommended by Hayman (1966). Kerbis Peterhans and Patterson (1995) reviewed the taxonomic history and resurrected <i>Nilopegamys </i>within a context of comparison with <i>Colomys</i> and other African muroids.","30","30-01598","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1598"
"13001599","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Nilopegamys","","plumbeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1928","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.","12","","185, pl. 15","","","Ethiopian Amphibious Rat","NW Ethiopia, Gojjam, Little Abbai, a small stream that is a tributary of the Blue Nile (11E7'20""N, 37E12'40""W); see Kerbis Peterhans and Patterson (1995) for additional information.","Recorded only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Represented only by the type specimen, which is morphologically similar to <i>Colomys</i>. Kerbis Peterhans and Patterson (1995) enumerated the traits they considered to distinguish the two genera and noted that <i>N. plumbeus</i> has the largest cranial capacity and foramen magnum area of any African muroid sampled, close only to <i>Colomys</i>,<i> Malacomys</i>, and <i>Deomys</i>. Amphibious rodents exhibit large brains relative to body size with an enlarged medulla oblongata, which is correlated with an expansive foramen magnum (Voss, 1988). Kerbis Peterhans and Patterson (1995) contended that <i>N. plumbeus</i> has more morphological adaptations reflecting an amphibious life style than any other African muroid, including <i>C. goslingi</i>. That <i>plumbeus</i> represents a monophyletic group separate from the species of <i>Colomys</i>,<i> </i>however, is not universally accepted and the significance of the traits enumerated by Kerbis Pererhans and Patterson (1995) distinguishing <... [truncated]","30","30-01599","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1598-0000-1599"
"13001600","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","J. T. Marshall, Jr.","1976","","Family Muridae: rats and mice [Government Printing Office, Bangkok]","","","402 (See Musser, 1981<i>b</i>, for discussion of original citation)","","<i>Mus niviventer</i> Hodgeson, 1836.","","","","","","<p><i>Dacnomys</i> Division. Diagnosed and contrasted with other Indo-Sundaic genera by Musser (1981<i>b</i>), who also reviewed morphological, chromosomal, and distributional information. Additional chromosomal data are available for Vietnamese (Bulatova et al., 1992; Baskevich and Kuznetsov, 2000), Taiwanese (H.-T. Yu et al., 1996) and Chinese species (Wang et al., 1997).</p><p>Closest phylogenetic relatives are Indochinese <i>Chiromyscus</i> and <i>Dacnomys</i>; among Sundaic genera, <i>Niviventer</i> shares dental derivations with <i>Berylmys</i>, <i>Leopoldamys</i>, and <i>Maxomys</i> (Musser, 1981<i>b</i>; Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Analyses of chromosomal data postulated similarities among <i>Niviventer</i>, <i>Lenothrix</i>, and possibly <i>Maxomys</i>, and an origin from a common ancestor (Gadi and Sharma, 1983). Analyses of allozymic and morphological data for Malay Peninsula species demonstrated substantial separation from <i>Rattus</i>, with which <i>Niviventer</i> had been... [truncated]","30","30-01600","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600"
"13001601","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","andersoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","90","4","","","Anderson’s Niviventer","SW China, Sichuan, Omi San, 6000 ft (1830 m).","SW China; E Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan, W Sichuan, N Ghizhou and S Shaanxi (Feng et al., 1986; Musser and Chiu, 1979; Wang, 2003).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>lushuiensis</i>  Wu and Wang, 2002 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Systematically revised and contrasted with <i>N</i>. <i>excelsior</i> and <i>N</i>. <i>confucianus</i> by Musser and Chiu (1979). Closest relative is apparently <i>N. excelsior</i>; the two species are set apart from other <i>Niviventer</i> by primitive traits they share, the two form a tight cluster reflected in multivariate analysis of morphometric traits (Musser and Lunde, ms), and both are isolated in the high mountains of S China (Musser, 1981<i>b</i>). This hypothesized phyletic alliance and morphological isolation from other species of <i>Niviventer </i>should be tested by analyses of molecular data. Anthony (1941) recorded <i>N. andersoni</i> from NE Burma but that series represents an undescribed species of <i>Niviventer</i> not closely related to <i>N. andersoni </i>(Musser and Lunde, ms). In his checklist of Chinese mammals, Wang (2003:204) listed <i>lushuiensis</i> as simply Wu <i>et</i> Wang, subsp. Nov. 2002,"" a subspecies of <i>N. andersoni</i>,<i> </i>but the name has y... [truncated]","30","30-01601","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1601"
"13001602","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","brahma","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","23","","232","","","Brahman Niviventer","NE India, NE Arunachal Pradesh, Anzong Valley in Mishmi Hills, 6000 ft (1830 m).","NE India (NE Arunachal Pradesh), N Burma (Adung Valley and Nyetmaw River region), and SW China (NW Yunnan; Wang, 2003).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Morphological and geographic limits outlined by Musser (1970<i>b</i>, 1973<i>a</i>, 1981<i>b</i>), who also reported that the species is represented by few specimens, and is most closely related to <i>N</i>. <i>eha</i> in morphological features, a conclusion echoed by Corbet and Hill (1992). We have not examined the material upon which the Chinese record is based.","30","30-01602","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1602"
"13001603","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","cameroni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1940","","Bull. Raffles Mus.","15","","176","","","Cameron Highlands Niviventer","Malay Peninsula, Pahang, Cameron Highlands, 5000 ft (1524 m).","Recorded only from mountain forest in the Cameron Highlands, 5000-6600 ft (1524-2012 m; specimens in BMNH, RMBR, and USNM).","","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>Rattus rapit</i> (= <i>Niviventer rapit</i>) but differs from <i>N. rapit</i> in being much larger in all cranial and dental dimensions, especially the longer molar row, and lacking a conspicuously tufted tail. Whether <i>N. cameroni</i> is phylogenetically more closely related to <i>N. rapit</i> than to other species on the Sunda Shelf and in the Indochinese region needs to be determined using other morphological suites and gene sequences. <i>Niviventer cameroni </i>joins <i>Maxomys inas</i> and <i>Pithecheir parvus</i> as the three endemic murines occurring on the Malay Peninsula south of the Isthmus of Kra.","30","30-01603","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1603"
"13001604","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","confucianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1871","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","7","Bull.","93","","","Confucian Niviventer","China, Szechwan, Moupin.","N Burma and mainland China (from Yunnan and W Sichuan west to Fujian and north to Jilin Province; Wang, 2003, and Zhang et al., 1997); also mountains of NW Thailand (summit Doi Inthanon, Chiengmai Province) and extreme NW Vietnam (summit Mt Fan Si Pan west of the Red River); may also be found on summits of mountains in N Laos; not recorded from islands off coast of China. Because of past confusion of <i>N. confucianus</i> with <i>N. tenaster</i>,<i> N. niviventer</i>, and <i>N. fulvescens</i>, the range outlined here is derived primarily from Musser’s identification of specimens in AMNH, BMNH, FMNH, MCZ, MVZ, and USNM.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>canorus</i>  (Thomas, 1911); <i>chihliensis</i> (Thomas, 1917); <i>deqinensis </i>Deng and Wang, 2000; <i>elegans</i> (Shih, 1931); <i>littoreus</i> (Cabrera, 1922); <i>luticolor</i> (Thomas, 1908); <i>mentosus</i> (Thomas, 1916); <i>naoniuensis </i>(Zhang and Zhao, 1984);<i> sacer</i> (Thomas, 1908); <i>sinianus</i> (Shih, 1931); <i>yajiangensis </i>Deng and Wang, 2000; <i>yushuensis</i> (Wang and Zheng, 1981); <i>zappeyi </i>(G. M. Allen, 1912).","<p>Usually included in <i>N</i>. <i>niviventer</i>, but that allocation is not supported by present evidence (Abe, 1983; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Musser, 1981<i>b</i>; Musser and Lunde, ms). <i>Niviventer confucianus </i>is basically endemic to SE portion of the Palearctic region east of the Himalayas<b> </b>and generally north of the Tropic of Cancer; south of that line, this northern species has been found only on mountaintops in NW Thailand and NW Vietnam. Sympatric with <i>N. fulvescens </i>and an undescribed larger-bodied species in N Burma, with <i>N. fulvescens </i>in S China, with and with <i>N. andersoni</i> and <i>N. confucianus</i> in highlands of Sichuan. <i>Niviventer confucianus</i> is replaced westward in the Himalayas by the smaller-bodied <i>N. niviventer</i> and in mountains south of the Tropic of Cancer by the larger-bodied and montane <i>N. tenaster</i> (Musser and Lunde, ms). In NW Vietnam, <i>N. confucianus</i> is found near summit of Mt Fan Si Pan with <i>N. tenast... [truncated]","30","30-01604","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1604"
"13001605","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","coninga","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1864","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","","185","","","Spiny Taiwan Niviventer","Taiwan.","Endemic to Taiwan, below about 2000 m and common at 1300 m (H.-T. Yu, 1993, 1994; M.-J. Yu, 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>N. coxinga</i>.","<i>coxinga</i> (Swinhoe, 1871); <i>coxingi</i> (Thomas, 1892) [unjustified emendation].","Corbet and Hill (1992:364) explained why <i>coninga</i> instead of <i>coxingi </i>is the correct name for this species. Musser (1981<i>b</i>) included a population from NE Burma, but that is a separate undescribed species; current morphometric analyses indicates <i>N. coninga</i> is not closely related to any species of <i>Niviventer </i>on the mainland (Musser and Lunde, ms), but analysis of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences ties <i>N. coninga</i> to <i>N. tenaster </i>within a clade also containing <i>N. confucianus</i> and <i>N. culturatus</i> (J. L. Patton, in litt., 2000). Chromosomal data documented by H.-T. Yu et al. (1996) and contrasted with karyotype of Taiwanese <i>N. culturatus</i>, which indicates that <i>N. coninga</i> and and Taiwanese <i>N. culturatus</i> are not sister-species but represent independent invasions of Taiwan from the Asian mainland, a pattern also supported by allozymic data (H.-T. Yu, 1995). Ecology, altitudinal distribution, and genetic population str... [truncated]","30","30-01605","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1605"
"13001606","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","cremoriventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","13","","144","","","Sundaic Arboreal<b> </b>Niviventer","S Peninsular Thailand, Trang Province, Trang (07E30'N, 99E18'E).","Peninsular Thailand and Malaya and some offshore islands; Mergui Arch., Anambas Isls; Sumatra, and smaller islands of Nias, Billiton and Banka; Borneo and some offshore islands, Java, and Bali; see Musser (1973<i>c</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not occur north of the Isthmus of Kra (10E30'N).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>barussanus</i>  (Miller, 1911); <i>cretaceiventer</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1919); <i>flaviventer</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>gilbiventer</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>kina</i> (Bonhote, 1903); <i>malawali</i> (Chasen and Kloss, 1932); <i>mengurus</i> (Miller, 1911); <i>solus</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>spatulatus</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>sumatrae </i>(Bartels, 1937).","Revised by Musser (1973<i>c</i>, 1981<i>b</i>); a Sundaic endemic whose closest morphological and likely phylogenetic relative is the Indochinese <i>N</i>. <i>langbianis</i>. Considerable variation in body size exists among samples, with those in small island populations being larger than individuals in populations on larger islands and the Malay Peninsula (Musser, 1973<i>c</i>). Tuen et al. (2000) documented <i>N. cremoriventer</i> from peninsular Mt Santubong in W Sarawak, and Md Nor (1996) recorded its distribution and ecology on the small islands off N tip of Sabah. This generally lowland species reaches 1530 m on the slopes of Mt Kinabalu in Sabah (Md Nor, 2001, and references cited therein). <i>Niviventer cremoriventer</i> joins <i>N. rapit</i> as the only two species in the genus occurring on Borneo.","30","30-01606","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1606"
"13001607","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","culturatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","20","","198","","","Soft-furred Taiwan Niviventer","Taiwan, Mt Arizan, 8000 ft (2440 m).","Endemic to highlands of Taiwan, 2000-3000 m (H.-T. Yu, 1994; M.-J. Yu, 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Historically listed as a species (Ellerman, 1941), a subspecies of <i>N</i>. <i>niviventer</i> (Ellerman, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Wang and Zheng, 1981), or included in <i>N</i>. <i>confucianus</i> (Musser, 1981<i>b</i>; Corbet and Hill, 1992). <i>Niviventer culturatus</i> is a distinctive insular form that in morphology superficially resembles mainland <i>N</i>. <i>confucianus</i>, but differs sufficiently that it should be treated as a species, as revealed by multivariate analysis of morphometric traits by Musser and Lunde (ms), which also clusters <i>N. culturatus</i> with the Javan <i>N. lepturus</i>, Chinese <i>N. andersoni</i> and <i>N. excelsior</i>, and Burmese <i>N. brahma</i>, but not with <i>N. confucianus</i>. Analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences also highlights the specific integrity of <i>N. culturatus</i> but places it with <i>N. confucianus</i>,<i> N. coninga</i>, and <i>N. tenaster</i> in a monophyletic clade (J. L. Patton, in litt., ... [truncated]","30","30-01607","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1607"
"13001608","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","eha","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1916","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","","428","","","Smoke-bellied<b> </b>Niviventer","India, Sikkim, Lachen, 8800 ft (2680 m).","Recorded from C and E Nepal, India (West Bengal, Sikkim, and N Assam; Agrawal, 2000, and Ellerman, 1961), N Burma (Musser, 1970<i>b</i>), and S China (S Xizang and W Yunnan; Wang, 2003) in montane forests.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ninus</i> (Thomas, 1922).","Reviewed by Musser (1970<i>b</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Shared morphological traits and proportions support the hypothesis of close phylogenetic relationship between <i>N</i>. <i>eha</i> and <i>N</i>. <i>brahma </i>(Musser, 1981<i>b</i>; Corbet and Hill, 1992), but this alliance should be tested by analyses of other morphological traits and gene sequences. Anthony reviewed the population from N Burma, and G. M. Allen (1940) discussed distribution and morphological traits of population in Yunnan. Zhang et al. (1997) mapped the species as occurring east of Yunnan in the provinces of Guizhou and Guangxi, but those records are so far out of the documented biogeographical range that they require verification. Biology, habitats, and aspects of morphological variation for samples from C and E Nepal reported by Abe (1971) and Gruber (1969).","30","30-01608","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1608"
"13001609","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","excelsior","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","90","4","","","Sichuan Niviventer","SW China, W Sichuan, Tatsienlu, 9000 ft (2744 m).","SW China (W Sichuan, NW and C Yunnan); see Musser and Chiu (1979) and Wang (2003).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>tengchongensis</i>  Deng and Wang, 2002 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","A montane southwestern Chinese endemic apparently morphologically most closely related to <i>N. andersoni</i> and occurring sympatrically with it and <i>N. confucianus </i>(Musser, 1981<i>b</i>; Musser and Chiu, 1979). Early to middle Pleistocene cave sediments in the Sichuan-Guizhou region of S China have yielded fossils identified as <i>N. excelsior</i> (Zheng, 1993). See account of <i>N. andersoni</i>. In his checklist of Chinese mammals, Wang (2003:203) listed <i>tengchongensis</i> as simply ""Deng <i>et</i> Wang, subsp. Nov. 2002,"" a subspecies of <i>N. excelsior</i>,<i> </i>but the taxon has yet to be published with a diagnosis and identification of holotype (D. Lunde, in litt., 2004).","30","30-01609","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1609"
"13001610","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","fraternus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1916","","J. Strs. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc.","73","","373","","","Montane Sumatran Niviventer","Indonesia, W Sumatra, Korinchi Peak, 4700 ft (1432 m).","Montane forest formations along mountainous backbone of W Sumatra.","","<i>atchinensis</i> (Sody, 1941).","Originally described as <i>Epimys fraternus</i>, but subsequently treated as a subspecies of <i>Rattus</i> <i>rapit</i> (Chasen, 1940), <i>R. orbus </i>(Ellerman, 1941), or <i>Niviventer rapit </i>( = Chasen’s <i>R. rapit</i>;<i> </i>Musser, 1970<i>b</i>; Corbet and Hill, 1992); the latter authorities also included the Bornean <i>rapit</i> and Malay Peninsula <i>cameroni</i> as subspecies. <i>Niviventer fraternus</i> is about same size or larger than <i>N. rapit</i>, but smaller in body size than <i>N. cameroni</i>, without a tufted tail, and has a wider zygomatic plate than either <i>N.</i> <i>cameroni</i> or <i>N. rapit. </i>Multivariate analyses of morphometric traits cluster <i>N. fraternus</i> tightly with <i>N. fulvescens</i> and its allies and not with either <i>N. cameroni</i> or <i>N. rapit </i>(Musser and Lunde, ms). Member of a murine cluster endemic to Sumatra (Musser, 1986; also see account of <i>Maxomys</i> <i>hylomyoides</i>).","30","30-01610","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1610"
"13001611","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","fulvescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1847","","Cat. Hodgson Coll. Br. Mus.","","","18","","","Indomalayan Niviventer","Nepal.","From S Himalayas (Nepal and N India; see Agrawal, 2000, for Indian distribution; Corbet and Hill, 1992 extend range to N Pakistan, but we have not seen any specimens from that region) through Bangladesh, S China (Wang, 2003; including Hainan Isl and Hong Kong), and Indochina (including Con Son Isl and several other islands off coast of Vietnam; Kuznetsov, 2000; Musser and Lunde, ms) to the Sunda Shelf on Peninsular Thailand (and offshore Koh Chang), Malay Peninsula (and offshore Koh Samui), Sumatra, Java, and Bali; absent from Borneo and other islands on the Sunda Shelf. Because samples of <i>N. fulvescens</i> have been confused with those of <i>N. confucianus</i>,<i> N. niviventer</i>,<i> </i>and <i>N. tenaster</i> in museum collections and the literature, the range outlined here derives primarily from Musser’s identification of specimens in AMNH, ANSP, BMNH, FMNH, HUNHM, MCZ, MNHN, MZB, RMBR, RMNH, USNM, and ZFMK.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>baturus</i>  (Sody, 1932); <i>besuki</i> (Sody, 1931); <i>blythi</i> (Kloss, 1917); <i>bukit</i> (Bonhote, 1903); <i>caudatior</i> (Hodgson, 1849); <i>cinnamomeus</i> (Blyth, 1859) [not Pictet, 1844]; <i>condorensis</i> (Kloss, 1926); <i>flavipilis</i> (Shih, 1930); <i>gracilis</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>huang</i> (Bonhote, 1905); <i>jacobsoni</i> (Bartels, 1937); <i>jerdoni</i> (Blyth, 1863); <i>lepidus</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>lepturoides</i> (Sody, 1934); <i>lieftincki</i> (Chasen, 1939); <i>ling</i> (Bonhote, 1905); <i>marinus</i> (Kloss, 1916); <i>mekongis</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1922); <i>minor</i> (Shih, 1930); <i>octomammis</i> (Gray, 1863); <i>orbus</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1914); <i>pan</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1914); <i>temmincki</i> (Kloss, 1921); <i>treubii</i> (Robinson and Kiloss, 1919); <i>vulpicolor</i> (G. M. Allen, 1926); <i>wongi </i>(Shih, 1931).","<p>Some authors have referred to populations on Bali, Java, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, and peninsular Thailand as either <i>N. rapit</i> (Chasen, 1940) or <i>N. bukit </i>(Corbet and Hill, 1992; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>; Musser, 1981<i>b</i>), and those occurring north of the Isthmus of Kra as <i>N. fulvescens</i>, pending taxonomic revision of the group. Abe’s (1983) study, which focused on Thai samples, and recent morphometric analyses combining Indochinese and Sundaic samples (Musser and Lunde, ms) support the hypothesis that specimens of <i>bukit</i> represent <i>N</i>. <i>fulvescens</i> (Abe, 1983), an arrangement reflecting the earlier view of Ellerman (1941) and particularly Osgood (1932:305): ""The relationship of <i>fulvescens</i> to southern forms is obvious in several instances, especially in that of <i>R</i>. <i>f</i>. <i>bukit</i> which can at most be no more than a subspecies."" This hypothesis will require additional testing with other data sets, includin... [truncated]","30","30-01611","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1611"
"13001612","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","hinpoon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. T. Marshall, Jr.","1976","","Family Muridae: rats and mice [Privately printed by Government Printing Office, Bangkok]","","","459","","","Limestone Niviventer","Thailand, Saraburi Province, Kaengkhoi Dist., ""outside the entrance to the bat cave, half-way up the face of a wooded limestone cliff, 200 meters altitude.""","Endemic to Korat Plateau in Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr.; specimens in AMNH and USNM).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","See Musser (1981<i>b</i>) for discussion of original citation. A very distinctive species (the only one with buffy underparts) that is morphometrically most closely related to <i>N. fulvescens</i> (Musser and Lunde, ms).","30","30-01612","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1612"
"13001613","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","langbianis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","96","","","Indochinese Arboreal Niviventer","S Vietnam, Lâm Dðng Province, Langbian Mtns (= Lam Vien Plateau) Langbian Peak, 1800-2300 m.","Tropical evergreen rainforest formations in Indochina north of the Isthmus of Kra: recorded from NE India (Aranachal Pradesch; USNM 564482; Musser, 1973<i>c</i>), Burma (Musser, 1973<i>c</i>), Thailand north of Isthmus of Kra (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>), Cardamom Mtns of SW Cambodia (A. Smith, in litt., 2002), Laos (Musser, 1973<i>c</i>), and Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994; Lunde et al., 2003<i>b</i>; specimens in AMNH and IEBR). See maps in Musser (1973<i>c</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Sketch of range derived from Musser (1973<i>c</i>) and Musser’s study of recently collected material in AMNH and IEBR; see also Lunde et al., 2003<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>indosinicus</i>  (Osgood, 1932); <i>quangninhensis </i>(Dao and Cao, 1990);<i> vientianensis<b> </b></i>(Bourret, 1942).","Morphological limits and comparisons with <i>N</i>. <i>cremoriventer</i>, which is similar in some external and cranial traits, were reported by Musser (1973<i>c</i>, 1981<i>b</i>); also reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992). Dao and Cao (1990) described <i>quangninhensis</i> as a subspecies of <i>Rattus cremoriventer </i>(= <i>N. cremoriventer</i>). <i>Niviventer cremoriventer </i>occurs in Indochina only south of the Isthmus of Kra (see that account), but <i>N. langbianis </i>is still referred to as either <i>Rattus cremoriventer </i>or <i>Niviventer cremoriventer </i>in most of the current Vietnamese (Dang et al., 1994) and Chinese (Zhang et al., 1997) literature. One out of the several distinct traits characterizing <i>N. langbianis</i> is its monocolored brown tail, which is the feature used by most researchers to separate the species from specimens of <i>N. fulvescens</i>, but the tail ranges from bicolored to monocolored brown in <i>N. fulvescens</i> and those with brown tails are ... [truncated]","30","30-01613","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1613"
"13001614","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","lepturus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1879","","Notes Leyden Mus.","2","","17","","","Montane Javan Niviventer","Indonesia, W Java, Gunung Gede.","Endemic to montane forest in W and C Java (based upon specimens in AMNH, BMNH, MVZ, RMBR, and RMNH).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fredericae</i>  (Sody, 1931); <i>maculipectus </i>(Sody, 1934).","Reviewed and compared with other species of <i>Niviventer</i> by Musser (1981<i>b</i>). Originally described as a species, subsequently kept that way in a ""<i>lepturus</i> Group"" by Ellerman (1941:197), then arranged as a subspecies of <i>rapit </i>(Chasen, 1940; Sody, 1941), and finally recognized again as a separate species and distinctive member of the endemic Javan murine fauna (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Musser, 1986; Musser and Newcomb, 1983; see account of <i>Kadarsanomys sodyi</i>). Multivariate analyses of morphometric traits cluster <i>N. lepturus</i> with the Taiwanese <i>N. culturatus</i>, Chinese <i>N. andersoni</i> and <i>N. excelsior</i>, and Burmese <i>N. brahma</i>, and not with any of the other species of <i>Niviventer</i> occurring on the Sunda Shelf (Musser and Lunde, ms).","30","30-01614","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1614"
"13001615","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","niviventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","5","","234","","","Himalayan Niviventer","Nepal, Katmandu.","Himalayas in montane habitats from N Pakistan (USNM 359793), through NW India (Uttar Pradesh), and Nepal to NE India in Sikkim and higher altitudes of West Bengal (Darjiling Dist.); 1800-3600 m (Abe, 1977; Agrawal, 2000). Range derived from Musser’s study of specimens (in BMNH, HUNHM, ROM, USNM, and ZFMK), which coincides with that outlined by Corbet and Hill (1992) but not Agrawal (2000; see below).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>lepcha</i>  (Wroughton, 1916); <i>monticola</i> (Ghose, 1964); <i>niveiventer</i> (Blanford, 1891).","<p>Recognized as a species since Ellerman (1941); <i>N. niviventer </i>later came to embrace populations extending from Nepal through Indochina, Malay Peninsula, and some islands on the Sunda Shelf (Ellerman, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Niethammer and Martens, 1975); some of the names associated with <i>N. niviventer</i> in those reports now identify separate species or are synonyms of others (<i>N. confucianus</i>,<i> N. culturatus</i>,<i> N. fulvescens</i>, and <i>N tenaster</i>; see those accounts). ""There is yet no convincing evidence that the Nepalese populations are the same as those from areas farther east in northern Burma and China"" (Musser, 1981<i>b</i>:253), or from Thailand (Abe, 1983:160), or anywhere else in Indochina or on the Sunda Shelf. Multivariate analysis of morphometric traits incorporating samples of most named forms in <i>Niviventer</i> isolates <i>N. niviventer</i> from clusters containing the four species listed above (Musser and Lunde, ... [truncated]","30","30-01615","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1615"
"13001616","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","rapit","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","123","","","Montane Bornean Niviventer","Malaysia, Sabah (N Borneo), Gunung Kinabalu.","Highlands of Borneo (specimens in BMNH, MZB, RMBR UMMZ, and USNM); found between 940 and 3360 m on the slopes of Mt Kinabalu in Sabah (Md Nor, 2001), and probably occurs throughout Borneo in mountain forests. In 1998, a large sample was collected by A. J. Gorog on Bukit Baka in Bukit Raya National Park in SW Kalimantan (specimens in UMMZ and MZB).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed and contrasted with other species of <i>Niviventer</i> by Musser (1981<i>b</i>), who arranged <i>cameroni</i> from the Malay Peninsula and <i>fraternus</i> from Sumatra as subspecies. Musser and Carleton (1993) noted that the ""hypothesis that only one species is involved in such a disjunct insular distribution requires evaluation in context of systematic revision of <i>Niviventer</i>."" Recent unpublished multivariate analyses of morphometric variation among samples of all species of <i>Niviventer</i> indicates that the three taxa are morphologically highly distinctive and that each should be treated as a separate species (Musser and Lunde, ms). In those analyses, <i>N. rapit </i>is isolated among species of <i>Niviventer</i>, does not cluster with either <i>N. cameroni </i>or<i> N. fraternus</i>, and differs from the latter two by its long and tufted tail, short molar rows, small bullae, and short and wide incisive foramina, among other traits. Member of the suite of murine sp... [truncated]","30","30-01616","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1616"
"13001617","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Niviventer","","tenaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","17","","425","","","Indochinese Mountain Niviventer","S Burma (Kayin State), Mulayit (also spelled Mooleyit, Mulaiyit, Muleyit) Taung (= peak) (16°11'N/98°32'E), 5000-6000 ft (1525-1830 m).","Mountains of WC (Mt Victoria) and S (Mulayit Taung) Burma, NW Thailand (Doi Pui and Doi Suthep, Chiengmai Province), S Cambodia (Elephant Mtns), S Laos, Vietnam, and in China in the Tengchong region of W Yunnan (east of the Salween River bordering N Burma; specimens in IZAS, D. Lunde, in litt., 2004); also on Hainan Isl off southern coast of China; probably occurs in mountains of N Laos. Range primarily derived from specimens identified by Musser in AMNH, BMNH, FMNH, IEBR, USNM, and ZMA; also see Lunde et al. (2003<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>champa</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1922); <i>lotipes</i> (G. M. Allen, 1926).","Originally described as a species, <i>tenaster</i> was later arranged as a subspecies of <i>N. cremoriventer</i> (Ellerman, 1941, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951) until the type specimens were shown to represent a separate species (Musser, 1973<i>c</i>, 1981<i>b</i>). The large-bodied and montane <i>N. tenaster</i> is morphometrically most closely related to <i>N. confucianus</i> among species of <i>Niviventer</i> (Musser and Lunde, ms). Analysis of mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences points to <i>N. coninga</i> as the close ally of <i>N. tenaster</i>, and clusters both within a monophyletic clade also containing <i>N. confucianus</i> and <i>N. culturatus</i> (J. L. Patton, in litt., 2000; <i>N. fulvescens</i> and <i>N. langbianis</i> were the only other <i>Niviventer</i> sampled). <i>Niviventer tenaster</i> is restricted to montane habitats in Indochina mostly beyond the range of <i>N. confucianus</i>, and is sympatric in some places with <i>N</i>. <i>fulvescens</i> and <i>N. ... [truncated]","30","30-01617","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1600-0000-1617"
"13001618","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Notomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1842","","Nouv. Tabl. Regne Anim. Mammifères","","","129","","<i>Dipus mitchellii</i> Ogilby, 1838.","","","","","<i>Ascopharynx</i> Waite, 1900;<i> Podanomalus</i> Waite, 1898; <i>Thylacomys </i>Waite, 1898.","<p><i>Pseudomys</i>Division. Member of the Australian Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>), which includes the Conilurini in which Baverstock (1984) placed <i>Notomys</i>. Gross and microscopical anatomy of neck glands described by Watts (1975); morphological variation in female reproductive tract documented by Breed (1985); morphology of male reproductive tract, glans penis, and spermatozoa described by Breed (1980, 1984, 1986), Breed and Sarafis (1978), and Morrissey and Breed (1982); results of electrophoretic studies presented by Baverstock et al. (1977<i>b</i>, 1981); chromosomal evolution and G-banding homologies addressed by Baverstock et al. (1977<i>c</i>, <i>e</i>, 1983<i>b</i>). Mahoney and Richardson (1988) cataloged references to taxonomy, distribution, and biology of the species.</p><p>Members of <i>Notomys</i> form a monophyletic group diagnosed by a suite of distinctive morphological and genic traits; closest phylogenetic relatives are species of <i>Pseudomys</i> (see Lid... [truncated]","30","30-01618","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1618"
"13001619","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Notomys","","alexis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","316","","","Spinifex Hopping Mouse","Australia, Northern Territory, 35 miles (56.3 km) SW of Alroy, 800 ft (244 m); see Mahoney and Richardson (1988:166).","Australia; Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, and W Queensland (Breed, 1995<i>b</i>:568; Robinson et al., 2000; Watts and Aslin, 1981:109).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>everardensis</i> Finlayson, 1940;<i> reginae </i>Troughton, 1936.","Of all the species of <i>Notomys</i>, <i>N</i>. <i>alexis</i> has the most extensive geographic range (Watts and Aslin, 1981). Variation in sperm head morphology documented by Breed and Sarafis (1983) and its phylogenetic significance discussed by Breed (1997). Studies on sperm storage in vas deferens and comparison with other Notomys provided by Peirce et al. (2003). Digestive tract traits and relation to diet documented by Murray et al. (1994). Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Breed (1995<i>b</i>).","30","30-01619","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1618-0000-1619"
"13001620","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Notomys","","amplus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brazenor","1936","","Mem. Nat. Mus. Melb.","9","","7","","","Short-tailed Hopping Mouse","Australia, Northern Territory, Charlotte Waters.","Australia; S Northern Territory and N South Australia (see Watts and Aslin, 1981:104); recorded as subfossils from South Australia (Robinson et al., 2000).","IUCN – Extinct.","","Known by only two extant specimens from the type locality (Watts and Aslin, 1981) and a skin collected during the last century from Burt Plain near Alice Springs (in the Australian Museum; T. Flannery, in litt., 2002), but also represented by owl pellet deposits from Flinders Ranges of South Australia (Dixon, 1995<i>b</i>); apparently extinct (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988; Watts and Aslin, 1981). Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981<i>b</i>) and Dixon (1995<i>d</i>).","30","30-01620","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1618-0000-1620"
"13001621","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Notomys","","aquilo","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","540","","","Northern Hopping Mouse","Australia, Queensland, Cape York.","Australia; N Queensland and N Northern Territory (Groote Eylandt and N Arnhem Land); Watts and Aslin (1981:113).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>carpentarius</i> Johnson, 1959.","Found only in three coastal or near-coastal areas of ridges around the Gulf of Carpentaria (Flannery, 1995<i>c</i>). Distribution, habitat, and conservation status of <i>N. aquilo</i> documented by Woinarski et al. (1999).","30","30-01621","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1618-0000-1621"
"13001622","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Notomys","","cervinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1851","1853","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1851","","127","","","Fawn Hopping Mouse","Australia, ""Interior of South Australia"" (as restricted by Thomas’s lectotype designation; see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:167).","Australia; SW Queensland, NW New South Wales, South Australia, and S Northern Territory (Ellis, 1993; Robinson et al., 2000; Watts, 1995<i>a</i>:574; Watts and Aslin, 1981:99).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>aistoni</i>  Brazenor, 1934.","For date of publication see Mahoney and Richardson (1988:167). Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Watts (1995<i>a</i>).","30","30-01622","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1618-0000-1622"
"13001623","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Notomys","","fuscus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jones","1925","","Rec. S. Aust. Mus.","3","","3","","","Dusky Hopping Mouse","Australia, South Australia, Ooldea Dist. (as restricted by lectotype designation; see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:168).","Inland Australia; SE Western Australia, S Northern Territory, South Australia, and SW Queensland (Robinson et al., 2000; Watts and Aslin, 1981:115; Watts, 1995<i>b</i>:576). Also in W New South Wales (Watts, in litt.).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>eyreius</i>  Finlayson, 1960; <i>filmeri </i>Mack, 1961.","Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Watts (1995<i>b</i>). Distribution, habitat, and conservation status documented by Moseby et al. (1999).","30","30-01623","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1618-0000-1623"
"13001624","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Notomys","","longicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1844","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1844","","104","","","Long-tailed Hopping Mouse","Australia, Western Australia, Moore River (as restricted by Thomas’s lectotype designation; see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:168).","Australia: Western Australia and Northern Territory (Watts and Aslin, 1981:107; Dixon, 1995<i>c</i>:577); extinct but recorded as subfossils from South Australia (Robinson et al., 2000). ""Given the wide range of locations that live animals were collected from, and the increasing number of locations where its remains have been found, this species must have once occupied much of the arid and semi-arid zones of western and central Australia."" (Ellis, 1995:40).","IUCN – Extinct.","<i>sturti</i>  Thomas, 1921.","No living animals have either been seen or trapped since 1901, and the species is apparently extinct (Watts and Aslin, 1981). Dixon (1995<i>c</i>:578) noted that ""Once widespread throughout arid and semiarid country where the vegetation included acacia and eucalypt woodlands, hummock grassland and low shrubland, the Long-tailed Hopping-mouse is now unknown and possibly extinct."" Male reproductive anatomy and spermatozoal morphology described by Breed (1990).","30","30-01624","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1618-0000-1624"
"13001625","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Notomys","","macrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","538","","","Big-eared Hopping Mouse","Australia, Western Australia, Moore River.","Known only from the type locality (Dixon, 1995<i>d</i>:578).","IUCN – Extinct.","<i>megalotis</i> Iredale and Troughton, 1934.","Represented only by the holotype and paratype from ""Australia"" (Mahoney, 1975). Apparently extinct. Closest phylogenetic relative is probably <i>Notomys cervinus</i> (Mahoney, 1975). Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Dixon (1995<i>d</i>).","30","30-01625","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1618-0000-1625"
"13001626","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Notomys","","mitchellii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1838","","Lond. Edinb. Philos. Mag. J. Sci.","12","","96","","","Mitchell’s Hopping Mouse","Australia, Victoria, about 12 km SE Lake Boga (see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:169).","Australia; S Western Australia, S South Australia, and W Victoria (Bennett and Lumsden, 1995:213; Robinson et al., 2000; Watts, 1995<i>c</i>:579; Watts and Aslin, 1981:118); once occurred in SW New South Wales but is now apparently extinct there (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:170).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alutacea</i> Brazenor, 1934;<i> gouldi </i>(Gould, 1863);<i> macropus </i>Thomas, 1921;<i> richardsonii </i>(Gray, 1844).","The largest living species of <i>Notomys</i>; reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Watts (1995<i>c</i>).","30","30-01626","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1618-0000-1626"
"13001627","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Notomys","","mordax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","317","","","Darling Downs Hopping Mouse","Australia, SE Queensland, Darling Downs.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Extinct.","","Still represented only by the the skull of the holotype (Mahoney, 1977). Apparently extinct (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988; Watts, 1995<i>d</i>; Watts and Aslin, 1981). Provenance of the skull was questioned by Mack (1961), but Mahoney (1977) claimed there were no adequate reasons for doubting that it came from Darling Downs and considered <i>N</i>. <i>mordax</i> a valid species closely related to <i>N. mitchelli.</i> Watts and Aslin (1981:121) remarked that ""it is not possible to be sure that this one skull really represents a distinct species, or whether it is simply that of a large specimen of Mitchell's hopping-mouse."" K. Aplin (in litt., 2004) wrote that a subfossil sample obtained recently from near Coonabarabran (NE New South Wales) contains good material of a <i>Notomys</i> similar to <i>N. mitchelli</i> from W Victoria, but with slightly smaller teeth (<i>N. mitchelli</i> has smaller molars than exhibited by the larger-toothed <i>N. mordax</i>; Mahoney, 1977). Habitat... [truncated]","30","30-01627","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1618-0000-1627"
"13001628","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Oenomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","13","","416","","<i>Mus hypoxanthus</i> Pucheran, 1855.","","","","","<i>Aenomys</i> Kershaw, 1923.","<i>Oenomys</i>Division. A phylogenetic analysis of 17 cranial and 23 dental traits related <i>Oenomys</i> most closely to African <i>Thamnomys </i>(Lopez-Martinez et al., 1998), a link previously suggested by Hatt (1940<i>a</i>), and <i>Lamottemys. </i>A morphometric study using a Fourier analysis applied to outlines of first upper and lower molars underscored the existence of the two species discussed below and the presence of possibly two other undescribed species (Renaud, 1999). DNA/DNA hybridization experiments placed <i>Oenomys</i> in a clade with <i>Arvicanthis</i>,<i> Dasymys</i>,<i> Aethomys</i>, and <i>Hybomys</i> (Chevret, 1994). Isolated molars of <i>Oenomys</i> have been uncovered from Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments in East Africa (Jaeger, 1976; Sabatier, 1982; Wesselman, 1984; see review by Denys, 1999).","30","30-01628","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1628"
"13001629","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Oenomys","","hypoxanthus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pucheran","1855","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","7","","206","","","Common Oenomys","Gabon.","Tropical forest block from S Nigeria south to W and NE Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998), and east across Dem. Rep. Congo (incl. islands of Zaire River between Kisangani and Kinshasa; Colyn and Dudu, 1986) to Rwanda, Burundi, and Uganda; also isolated forest patches in S Sudan, SW Ethiopia (Yalden et al., 1996), Kenya and W Tanzania (see section of map east of Ghana in Dieterlen and Rupp, 1976).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>albiventris</i>  Eisentraut, 1968; <i>anchietae</i> (Bocage, 1890); <i>bacchante</i> (Thomas, 1903); <i>editus</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1910; <i>marungensis</i> (Noack, 1887); <i>moerens</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>oris</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>rufinus</i> (Matschie, 1895) [not Temminck, 1855]; <i>talangae</i> Setzer, 1956; <i>unyori</i> (Thomas, 1903); <i>vallicola</i> Heller, 1914.","Another African species showing appreciable geographic variation in fur color and body size (Dieterlen and Rupp, 1976; Rosevear, 1969; Thomas, 1915). Chromosomal data reported by Matthey (1963, 1967<i>a</i>) and Maddalena et al. (1989). Palatal ridges of sample from Mount Oku described and contrasted with <i>Lamottemys okuensis</i> (Fülling, 1992). Altitudinal distribution on Ugandan slopes of Ruwenzori Mtns reviewed by Kerbis Peterhans et al. (1998).","30","30-01629","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1628-0000-1629"
"13001630","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Oenomys","","ornatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","7","","378","","","West African Oenomys","Ghana, Bibianaha, near Dunkwa.","Records are from SE Guinea (Mt Nimba; Tranier and Gautun, 1979), E Sierra Leone, and S Ghana (Grubb et al., 1998); probably also occurs in Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia in suitable forest habitats.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Originally described by Thomas (1911<i>b</i>) as a species, and subsequently either listed that way (G. M. Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1941) or included in <i>O. hypoxanthus</i> (Misonne, 1974). Rosevear (1969), however, recognized <i>ornatus</i> as a distinctive subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>hypoxanthus</i>, and Tranier and Gautun (1979) reinstated its specific uniqueness as indicated by chromosomal, morphological, and distributional attributes. Populations in Sierra Leone and Ghana reviewed by Grubb et al. (1998). Member of murine fauna endemic to West Africa (see account of <i>Grammomys buntingi</i>).","30","30-01630","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1628-0000-1630"
"13001631","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Palawanomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Musser and Newcomb","1983","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","174","","335","","<i>Palawanomys furvus</i> Musser and Newcomb, 1983.","","","","","","<i>Rattus</i>Division. Phylogenetic affinities unclear, but among murines native to the Sunda Shelf, <i>Palawanomys</i> appears morphologically most closely allied to the cluster of genera that includes <i>Rattus</i>; broader regional comparisons required before more precise affinities can be determined (Musser and Newcomb, 1983).","30","30-01631","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1631"
"13001632","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Palawanomys","","furvus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser and Newcomb","1983","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","174","","335","","","Palawan Mountain Rat","Philippines, Palawan Isl, Brooke's Point Municipality, Mt Mantalingajan, 4500 ft (1370 m).","Greater Palawan Faunal Region (politically part of the Philippines but faunistically an insular extension of the Sunda Shelf). Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Recorded only by four melanistic examples, possibly highly restricted in distribution (Heaney et al., 1998; Musser and Newcomb, 1983). One of three murines endemic to the Greater Palawan Faunal Region (<i>Maxomys panglima</i> and <i>Chiropodomys calamianus</i> are the other two).","30","30-01632","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1631-0000-1632"
"13001633","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Papagomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Sody","1941","","Treubia","18","","322","","<i>Mus armandvillei</i> Jentink, 1892.","","","","","","<i>Rattus</i>Division. Formerly thought closely related to <i>Mallomys</i> but has little affinity to that New Guinea Old Endemic and instead is phylogenetically related to the living <i>Komodomys</i> <i>rintjanus</i> and Pleistocene <i>Hooijeromys nusatenggara</i>, both endemics of Nusa Tenggara (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>) and members of the <i>Rattus </i>Division. This association is indicated by cranial and dental morphology (Musser and Newcomb, 1993) along with albumin immunology (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>). Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>a</i>) listed <i>Papagomys</i> and <i>Komodomys</i> in a <i>Pithecheir</i> Section of a more inclusive <i>Micromys</i> Group. <i>Hooijeromys</i> is the only rat found in late Pleistocene sediments on Flores (0.8-0.7 million years ago) and is part of an extinct depauperate insular fauna that also consisted of the living <i>Varanus komodoensis </i>(Komodo dragon), the elephantid <i>Stegodon</i> <i>florensis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Homo erectus </i>(Sondaar ... [truncated]","30","30-01633","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1633"
"13001634","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Papagomys","","armandvillei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1892","","Weber's Zool. Ergebn.","3","","79, pl. 5","","","Armandville’s Papagomys","Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara (Lesser Sunda Isls), Pulau Flores.","Recorded only from Flores Isl.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>besar</i> Hooijer, 1957;<i> verhoeveni </i>Hooijer, 1957.","Known by extant specimens as well as subfossil fragments (3000-4000 years old).","30","30-01634","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1633-0000-1634"
"13001635","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Papagomys","","theodorverhoeveni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser","1981","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","169","","95","","","Theodore Verhoeven’s Papagomys","Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara (Lesser Sunda Isls), Pulau Flores, Menggarai Province, Liang Toge, a cave near Warukia, 1 km south of Lepa.","Known only from Flores Isl.","IUCN – Extinct (but see comments).","","Recorded only as subfossil fragments (3000-4000 years old), but possibly still living on Flores.","30","30-01635","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1633-0000-1635"
"13001636","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Parahydromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Poche","1906","","Zool. Anz.","30","","326","","<i>Limnomys asper</i> Thomas, 1906.","","","","","<i>Drosomys</i>  Thomas, 1906; <i>Limnomys</i> (Thomas, 1906) [not Mearns, 1905].","<i>Hydromys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Thought to be closely related to species of <i>Hydromys</i> judged by cranial and dental morphology (Tate, 1951; Flannery, 1989; Musser’s study of specimens) phallic traits (Lidicker, 1968), immunological distances (Watts and Baverstock, 1994), and spermatozoal structure (Breed, 1997; Breed and Aplin, 1994). Based upon albumin immunology and spermatozoal traits, <i>Parahydromys</i> joins <i>Hydromys</i> and <i>Leggadina </i>in a larger clade containing members of our <i>Xeromys</i>,<i> Pseudomys</i>, and <i>Uromys</i> Divisions (the ""Australasian clade,"" Watts and Baverstock, 1996), and not the clades formed by our <i>Pogonomys</i> or <i>Lorentzimys</i> Divisions (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>,<i> </i>1995<i>b</i>, 1996; Breed and Aplin, 1994; Breed, 1997). However, analyses of multiple mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences disassociate <i>Leggadina</i> from <i>Parahydromys</i> and <i>Hydromys... [truncated]","30","30-01636","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1636"
"13001637","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Parahydromys","","asper","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","326","","","New Guinea Waterside Rat","Papua, New Guinea, Central Province, Owen Stanley Range, Richardson Range, Mt Gayata, 2000-4000 m.","New Guinea; Central Cordillera from the Arfak Mountains and Weyland Range in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) to E flanks of the Owen Stanley Range in Papua New Guinea, as well as Huon Peninsula (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:251).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Flannery (1990<i>b</i>, 1995<i>a</i>) reviewed the little distributional and biological information recorded for the species, which unlike species of <i>Hydromys</i>, is not amphibious. Donnellan (1987) reported chromosomal data. Cole et al. (1997) discussed a specimen from the Mt Dayman region at the E end of the species’ range. Aplin et al. (1999) reported a specimen of this species from a Holocene archaeological site on the Ayamaru Plateau, central Bird’s Head Peninsula of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya).","30","30-01637","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1636-0000-1637"
"13001638","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paraleptomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1941","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1101","","1","","<i>Paraleptomys wilhelmina</i> Tate and Archbold, 1941.","","","","","","<i>Hydromys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Based on phallic and some cranial traits (Lidicker, 1968; Tate, 1951), <i>Paraleptomys</i> has traditionally been phylogenetically linked to <i>Leptomys</i>, which is more closely allied to <i>Pseudohydromys </i>(which includes <i>Mayremys </i>and<i> Neohydromys</i>),<i> </i>and <i>Xeromys</i> than to any member of the <i>Hydromys</i> Division (see account of <i>Leptomys</i>). Although cranial conformation is similar in <i>Paraleptomys </i>and <i>Leptomys</i>, the former is more like <i>Hydromys </i>in possessing a primitive murine cephalic arterial pattern<i> </i>(derived configuration in <i>Leptomys</i>), lacking third upper and lower molars (retained in <i>Leptomys</i>), and having basined occlusal patterns on the remaining molars (much more elaborate occlusal surfaces in <i>Leptomys</i>). We suggest that <i>Paraleptomys</i> is a terrestrial representative of our <i>Hydromys</i> Division (<i>Hydro... [truncated]","30","30-01638","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1638"
"13001639","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paraleptomys","","rufilatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1945","","Fieldiana Zool.","31","","1","","","Northern Paraleptomys","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Cyclops Mtns, Mt Dafonsero, 4700 ft (1432 m).","NC New Guinea; known only from montane forest formations (1200-1800 m) on N coastal ranges in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) on Mt. Dafonsero, Cyclops Mtns (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>;<i> </i>Osgood, 1945) and adjacent Papua New Guinea on Mt. Somoro,Torricelli Mtns (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:253), and Mt. Menawa, Bewani Mtns (specimens in BBM, K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A distinct species (Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>; Osgood, 1945) that along with the murine <i>Microhydromys musseri</i>,<i> </i>monotreme <i>Zaglossus attenboroughi</i>, and marsupials <i>Dendrolagus scottae</i> and <i>Petaurus abidi</i> is endemic to the northern coastal ranges (Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>, 1995<i>a</i>).","30","30-01639","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1638-0000-1639"
"13001640","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paraleptomys","","wilhelmina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1941","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1101","","1","","","Central Cordilleran Paraleptomys","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), near Mt Wilhelmina, Snow Mtns (Pegunungan Maoke), 9 km NE Lake Habbema, 2800 m.","C New Guinea; known only from N slopes of Snow Mtns between Idenburg River and Mt Wilhelmina in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) (Tate and Archbold, 1941) and the Tifalmin Valley in W Papua New Guinea (Flannery and Seri, 1990:189; Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>); altitudinal range, 1800-2800 m (specimens in AMNH).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","A common part of the montane small mammal fauna on north slopes of the Snow Mtns (Musser and Lunde, ms). More than two species may be represented in available samples: series from above 2200 m on north slopes of the Snow Mtns and Tifalmin Valley represent <i>P. wilhelmina</i>, but specimens from below 2200 m on north slopes of the Snow Mtns likely sample a morphologically closely related but separate species (K. Helgen, in litt., 2003).","30","30-01640","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1638-0000-1640"
"13001641","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paramelomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rümmler","1936","","Z. Säugetierk.","10","","248","","<i>Uromys levipes</i> Thomas, 1897.","","","","","","<i>Uromys</i>Division. Originally described as a subgenus of <i>Melomys</i> by Rümmler (1936) and either retained as a synonym of that genus (Musser and Carleton, 1993; Tate, 1951) or ignored (Laurie and Hill, 1954) until Menzies (1996) rediagnosed <i>Paramelomys</i> and raised it to generic rank (using principally multivariate analyses of continuous variation in morphological traits). Included are nine species whose shared traits, according to Menzies, isolate them as a monophyletic group endemic to New Guinea and separate from the species of <i>Melomys</i>. Analysis of albumin immunology of some species also supports their exclusion from <i>Melomys</i> (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>). All species revised by Menzies (1996).","30","30-01641","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1641"
"13001642","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paramelomys","","gressitti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Menzies","1996","","Aust. J. Zool.","44","","407","","","Gressitt’s Paramelomys","Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Wau region, near summit of Mt Kaindi, 2300 m.","Known only from 2300 m on Mt Kaindi and 2400 m on Mt Garaina (80 km from Mt Kaindi), both in Morobe Province. In addition to the five specimens in the type series listed by Menzies (1996:407), five others have also been collected on Mt Kaindi (USNM 357443-357445, 357488, and 357489).","","A very distinctive species restricted to montane forest formations and apparently morphologically related to <i>P. moncktoni </i> and <i>P. lorentzii</i> (Menzies, 1996).","","30","30-01642","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1641-0000-1642"
"13001643","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paramelomys","","levipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","18","","617","","","Papuan Lowland Paramelomys","New Guinea, Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Sogeri Plateau, Haveri, 700 m (additional information provided by Laurie and Hill, 1954:121, and Menzies, 1989).","Papua New Guinea, S Central Province; the only specimens we have seen are from the Sogeri Plateau and Astrolabe Range near Port Moresby, below about 700 m. Leary and Seri (1997) reported two examples at Omo (06°58'41"" S 144°18'15"" E), 170 m in the Kikori River Basin in S Papua New Guinea. Menzies (1996:415) gave the range as ""Lowlands of eastern New Guinea, probably not over 1200 m. Lack of specimens prevents defining precise distribution.""","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Melomys levipes</i>.","","A lectotype was designated by Menzies (1989), but Rümmler (1938) had already indicated which of Thomas' two cotypes should be considered the holotype. Our examination of series indicated that true <i>P. levipes</i> is documented by the holotype and Tate's (1951:291) series from Baruari and Itiki in the Astrolabe Range (other material Tate listed as <i>P. levipes</i> are examples of either <i>P</i>. <i>platyops</i> or <i>P</i>. <i>mollis</i>). All other records usually associated with <i>P</i>. <i>levipes</i> (Laurie and Hill, 1954; Tate, 1951) represent either<i> Mammelomys</i> <i>lanosus</i> and <i>M. rattoides</i> or <i>Paramelomys</i> <i>lorentzii</i> and <i>P.</i> <i>mollis</i>. In morphology and altitudinal distribution, <i>P</i>. <i>levipes</i> is morphologically very similar to <i>P</i>. <i>naso</i> from SW lowlands of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) and may represent the SE Papuan New Guinea relative of that species. A skull only from New Britain (AMNH 194397) is cranially and de... [truncated]","30","30-01643","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1641-0000-1643"
"13001644","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paramelomys","","lorentzii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1908","","Nova Guinea","9","","3","","","Lorentz’s Paramelomys","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Lorentz River, Resi Camp, 900 m.","New Guinea; specimens are from lowlands along the south side of Central Cordillera, from Mimika River in SW Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) to middle altitudes and lowlands of the upper and middle Fly River; sea level to 780 m (based on specimens examined in AMNH and BMNH); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Melomys lorentzii</i>.","","Usually listed as a subspecies of <i>Melomys</i> <i>levipes</i> [= <i>Peramelomys lorentzii</i>] (Laurie and Hill, 1954; Tate, 1951), <i>lorentzii</i> is a distinct species morphologically related to <i>P</i>. <i>moncktoni</i> (Menzies, 1996, and our observations). <i>P. lorentzii</i> and <i>P. moncktoni</i> have not yet been recorded as sympatric, but they both occur along the Fly River in S Papua New Guinea. <i>Paramelomys lorentzii</i> was collected by members of the Archbold 1936-1937 Expedition along the upper Fly River and downriver to Lake Daviumbu in the middle Fly River; <i>P. moncktoni</i> was collected opposite Sturt Isl on the lower Fly River, about 115 direct air miles (185 km) southeast of Lake Daviumbu.","30","30-01644","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1641-0000-1644"
"13001645","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paramelomys","","mollis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","12","","210","","","Montane Soft-furred Paramelomys","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Nassau Range, upper Utakwa River, S slope Mount Carstenz, Camp Padang, 6c, 5500 ft (1676 m).","New Guinea; scattered in montane forest throughout Central Cordillera from Arfak Mtns in Vogelkop and Weyland Range of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) to Mt Dayman at end of the Owen Stanley Range in extreme E Papua New Guinea; above 1200 m to 2500 m or more; not recorded from N coastal ranges or the Huon Peninsula (Flannery, 1995a; Menzies, 1996; and specimens we studied).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Melomys mollis</i>.","<i>arfakianus</i>  (Rümmler, 1935); <i>clarae</i> (Rümmler, 1935); <i>meeki</i> (Rümmler, 1935); <i>stevensi </i>(Rümmler, 1935); <i>weylandi </i>(Rümmler, 1935).","Specimens representing <i>P</i>. <i>mollis</i> have been identified as <i>P. levipes</i> in the literature (usually as <i>Melomys levipes</i>), and the synonyms listed here have also been associated with that species. However, judged by Musser’s study of specimens in AMNH and BMNH, <i>P. mollis</i> is a distinct species tied to montane forest formations and differs from <i>P</i>. <i>levipes</i> in habitat and morphology. Specimens from W Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) are more darkly pigmented than those from E Papua New Guinea, but series from Papua New Guinea Central and Eastern highlands bridge this chromatic gap. Menzies’s (1996:416) concept of the species is much the same as ours (Musser and Carleton, 1993) and he noted, ""As this rat has a wide altitudinal range. . . and occurs on discontinuous mountain ranges, some geographical variation is to be expected.""","30","30-01645","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1641-0000-1645"
"13001646","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paramelomys","","moncktoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","399","","","Monckton’s Paramelomys","Papua New Guinea, Northern Province, NE coast, 8°30'S, 148°20'E (Kumusi River).","Papua New Guinea; reliable records are from coastal plains and foothills (sea level to 1400 m) of SE Papua New Guinea, from Wewak on the NE coast eastward to S lowlands where westernmost record is from Sturt Isl camp on the lower Fly River (from our study of specimens, and Menzies, 1996); also on Sideia Isl, just off the E coast near Milne Bay. Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) recorded a specimen from Yapen Isl in NW Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) and mapped two localities on the mainland of SW Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>); these should be reexamined to determine if the former is a <i>P. platyops </i>and the latter <i>P. lorentzii</i>, or if indeed they are <i>P. moncktoni</i>.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Melomys moncktoni</i>.","<i>sturti</i>  (Tate, 1951).","<p>Horizontal and altitudinal distributions of this species have been misunderstood due to incorrect identifications of specimens. <i>Paramelomys moncktoni</i> was thought to have a primarily southern distribution from Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) to Papua New Guinea, and to extend up into moss forest (see map and discussion in Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>:225), but all samples from moss forest represent other species. Examples of <i>P</i>. <i>moncktoni</i> come only from the restricted range described above (based upon series in AMNH and BMNH; also see Menzies, 1996).</p><p>The forms <i>intermedius </i>and <i>shawi</i> are usually associated with <i>P. moncktoni</i> (Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>; Laurie and Hill, 1954; Tate, 1951, under <i>Melomys</i>), but the holotype of <i>shawi</i> is a <i>P</i>. <i>rubex</i> and the type series of <i>intermedius</i> belongs to <i>P</i>. <i>platyops </i>(Musser’s study of specimens and Menzies, 1996). Musser and Carleton (1993) incorrectly allocated <i>sturt... [truncated]","30","30-01646","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1641-0000-1646"
"13001647","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paramelomys","","naso","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","7","","386","","","Long-nosed Paramelomys","New Guinea; SW Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), foothills of Nassau Range, Whitewater Camp on the Kafari (=Kaparé) River (see Laurie and Hill, 1954:121).","New Guinea; lowlands of SW Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) and Weyland Range, limits unknown on mainland; also on Wokam Isl in the Aru Isl Group (Menzies, 1995; Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>,<i> </i>identified the specimen from Wokam as <i>P. lorentzii</i>).","","","Treated as a synonym of <i>Melomys levipes lorentzii</i> by Rümmler (1938) and as a subspecies of <i>M. levipes</i> by Tate (1951) and Laurie and Hill (1954). Musser and Carleton (1993) incorrectly included <i>naso </i>in <i>P. lorentzii </i>but the two are sympatric (Menzies, 1996). Morphologically and probably phylogenetically most closely related to <i>P. levipes</i> in the lowlands of SE Papua New Guinea. An adult from the Weyland Range (AMNH 101957) collected at 5000 ft (1524 m), much higher than any other record, has all the characteristics of <i>P. naso </i>(including one hair per tail scale); it was collected along with examples of montane <i>P. mollis</i> and <i>P. rubex</i>.","30","30-01647","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1641-0000-1647"
"13001648","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paramelomys","","platyops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","327","","","Common Lowland Paramelomys","SE Papua New Guinea, Central Province, head of Aroa River.","New Guinea, throughout lowlands and mid-mountain altitudes on the mainland except seasonally dry savanna forests of the southern lowlands; altitudinal range from sea level to 1500 m. Also occurs on islands of Yapen and Biak in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya); New Britain in the Bismarck Arch.; and the islands of Normanby, Fergusson, and Goodenough in the D'Entrecasteaux Arch. (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>; Menzies, 1996; specimens in AMNH).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Melomys platyops</i>.","<i>fuscus</i>  (Rümmler, 1935); <i>intermedius </i>(Rümmler, 1935);<i> jobiensis </i>(Rümmler, 1935);<i> mamberanus </i>(Sody, 1937).","This species was thought to range primarily throughout N New Guinea (see map in Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>:224) but our reidentification of museum specimens and holotypes, along with Menzies’s revision (1996) reveals otherwise. The form <i>intermedius</i> was originally described as a subspecies of <i>Melomys</i> <i>moncktoni</i> (see Rümmler, 1938), but members of type series from Utakwa River (type locality) in SW Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) have only one hair per scale (all <i>P.</i> <i>moncktoni</i> have three hairs per scale), as does <i>P.</i> <i>platyops</i>, and their cranial, dental, and other external traits are also characteristic of <i>P. platyops</i>, not <i>P. moncktoni</i>. Geographic variation in body size exists among samples of <i>P</i>. <i>platyops</i>, especially lowland versus highland samples (Menzies, 1996, and our observations) and mainland versus island populations (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>), and a careful systematic revision of the species is required to assess it... [truncated]","30","30-01648","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1641-0000-1648"
"13001649","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paramelomys","","rubex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","263","","","Mountain Paramelomys","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Mamberano River, Doormanpad-bivak, 1410 m.","New Guinea; montane forests in the Central Cordillera from the Arfak Mtns on the Vogelkop of W Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) to Mt Dayman at the end of the Owen Stanley Range in E Papua New Guinea; also in the N coastal Torricelli Mtns and Huon Peninsula; altitudinal range, 900-3000 m (specimens we examined; Menzies, 1996; see map in Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Melomys rubex</i>.","<i>alleni</i>  (Rümmler, 1935); <i>arfakiensis</i> (Rümmler, 1935); <i>clarus</i> (Rümmler, 1935); <i>pohlei </i>(Rümmler, 1935); <i>rutilus</i> (Rümmler, 1935); <i>shawi</i> (Tate and Archbold, 1935); <i>stresemanni</i> (Rümmler, 1935); <i>tafa</i> (Tate and Archbold, 1935).","The many names applied to <i>P. rubex</i> reflect morphological variation among samples that is concordant with interrupted highland distributions (Menzies, 1996, and our study of specimens in various museums). Menzies (1996) revised the species and earlier (Menzies, 1974) commented on the status of some names associated with <i>P. rubex</i>.","30","30-01649","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1641-0000-1649"
"13001650","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paramelomys","","steini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rümmler","1935","","Z. Säugetierk.","10","","111","","","Stein’s Paramelomys","E Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Sumuri Mtn, Weyland Mtns, 2000-2600 m.","Recorded only from the type locality.","","","Similar to <i>P. rubex</i> in fur coloration, but averages larger in most dimensions except for its shorter and broader hind feet (Menzies, 1996). <i>Paramelomys rubex</i> occurs at lower elevations (originally reported as <i>shawi</i> from 1200 m) in the Weyland Mtns.","30","30-01650","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1641-0000-1650"
"13001651","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paruromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ellerman","1954","","<i>In</i> Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands","","","117","","<i>Rattus dominator</i> Thomas, 1921.","","","","","","<i>Rattus</i>Division. Described by Ellerman as a subgenus of <i>Rattus</i>, but now recognized as distinct genus (Musser and Newcomb, 1983; Musser, 1984). Membership in the <i>Rattus </i>Division is supported by morphological data (Musser and Newcomb, 1983) and albumin immunology (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>). Morphological comparisons with Sundaic <i>Sundamys</i>, also in the <i>Rattus</i> Division, recorded by Musser and Newcomb, 1983).","30","30-01651","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1651"
"13001652","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paruromys","","dominator","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","244","","","Giant Sulawesi Rat","Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Minahassa, Mt Masarang, 4000 ft (1220 m).","Sulawesi; Tropical evergreen lowland and montane rainforests throughout the island, from sea level to tree-line.","IUCN – Endangered as <i>P. ursinus</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>frosti</i>  (Ellerman, 1949); <i>ursinus</i> (Sody, 1941).","<p>Musser and Newcomb (1983) reviewed the taxonomic allocations of <i>dominator</i> from the time it was originally described as a species of <i>Rattus</i> (Thomas, 1921<i>a</i>), through its allocation to genus <i>Taeromys</i> (Sody, 1941) and use as type-species of subgenus <i>Paruromys</i> in <i>Rattus </i>(Ellerman, <i>in</i> Laurie and Hill, 1954), up to its inclusion in subgenus <i>Bullimus</i> in <i>Rattus </i>(Misonne, 1969). Spermatozoal morphology of <i>P. dominator</i> is unlike species of <i>Rattus</i> or any other species for which data from spermatozoal morphology are available (Breed and Musser, 1991), and stomach morphology is also unique among sampled murines (Musser and Durden, 2002). Musser (1971<i>b</i>) documented the association of Ellerman’s <i>frosti</i> with <i>P. dominator</i>. Sody’s (1941) <i>ursinus</i>, based upon specimens from the upper slopes of Gunung Lampobatang on the SE peninsula of Sulawesi, was described as a subspecies of <i>Taeromys dominator</i... [truncated]","30","30-01652","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1651-0000-1652"
"13001653","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paulamys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Musser","1986","","<i>In</i> Musser et al., Am. Mus. Novit.","2850","","2","","<i>Floresomys naso</i> Musser, 1981.","","","","","<i>Floresomys</i>  Musser, 1981 [not Fries et al., 1955].","<i>Rattus</i>Division. Phylogenetically most closely related to Sulawesian <i>Bunomys</i> as assessed by morphology (Kitchener et al., 1991<i>a</i>), and the Timorese <i>Rattus</i> <i>timorensis </i>as inferred from albumin immunology (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>); included in <i>Bunomys</i> by Corbet and Hill (1992). This postulated affinity between <i>Paulamys</i> and <i>Bunomys </i>needs testing by study of more extant specimens of <i>P</i>. <i>naso</i> in a phylogenetic context that would also compare the sample with species of native New Guinea, Nusa Tenggara, and Australian <i>Rattus</i>, along with Sulawesi <i>Bunomys</i>. Musser’s <i>Floresomys</i> is invalid because of Fries et al.’s (1955) <i>Floresomys</i>, an Eocene geomyoid (McKenna and Bell, 1997:181).","30","30-01653","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1653"
"13001654","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Paulamys","","naso","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser","1981","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","169","","112","","","Paula’s Long-nosed Rat","Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara (Lesser Sunda Isls), Pulau Flores, Menggarai Province, Liang Toge, cave near Warukia, 1 km S Lepa.","Recorded only on Flores Isl.","IUCN – Extinct (but see comments).","","Originally described from subfossil fragments (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>; Musser et al., 1986), but an extant specimen collected in tropical rainforest at 1600 m from SC Flores was referred to this species by Kitchener et al. (1991<i>a</i>), who suggested it is closely related to Sulawesian <i>Bunomys</i>. Apparently <i>P. naso</i> is not uncommon in forested habitats between 1000 and 2000 m on Gunung Ranaka in West Flores (Kitchener and Yani, 1998; Kitchener et al., 1998).","30","30-01654","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1653-0000-1654"
"13001655","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pelomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","17","","275","","<i>Mus</i> (<i>Pelomys</i>) <i>fallax</i> Peters, 1852.","","","","","<i>Komemys</i> De Beaux, 1924.","<i>Arvicanthis</i>Division<b><i>. </i></b>Definition and phylogenetic position of <i>Pelomys</i> need to be reassessed in context of a systematic revision of arvicanthine murines. In overall morphology, the genus is most closely related to <i>Mylomys</i> and <i>Desmomys</i>, which in turn are members of a group also containing species of <i>Arvicanthis</i>,<i> Lemniscomys</i>,<i> </i>and<i> Rhabdomys </i>(Musser, 1987<i>b</i>), an alliance corroborated by mtDNA sequences of cytochrome <i>b</i> and 12S and 16S rRNA gene fragments (Ducroz et al., 2001). The latter study indicated <i>Pelomys </i>to be most closely related to <i>Mylomys</i> (Ducroz et al., 2001) and some authors regard them as congeneric (e. g., Heim de Balsac and Bellier, 1967). Analysis of microcomplement fixation of albumin groups <i>Pelomys</i> with <i>Lemniscomys</i>,<i> Rhabdomys</i>,<i> Grammomys</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Thallomys</i> (Watts and Baverstock, 1995<i>a</i>). <i>Komemys</i> is usually treated as a subgenus fo... [truncated]","30","30-01655","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1655"
"13001656","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pelomys","","campanae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Huet","1888","","Le Naturaliste, ser. 2","10","31","143","","","Angolan Pelomys","W Angola, Landana.","W Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1983) and W Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A distinctive species occurring either sympatrically or parapatrically with <i>P</i>. <i>fallax</i> in parts of its range (Crawford-Cabral, 1983).","30","30-01656","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1655-0000-1656"
"13001657","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pelomys","","fallax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","17","","275","","","East African Pelomys","Mozambique, Caya Dist., Zambezi River.","Savanna habitats from S Kenya (Hollister, 1919) and SW Uganda (Delany, 1975) through Tanzania (Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951), E and S Dem. Rep. Congo, Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998), Zambia (Ansell, 1978), Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett, 1988), and Mozambique (Smithers and Lobao Tello, 1976), to E and NW Zimbabwe (Smithers and Wilson, 1979) and N Botswana (Smithers, 1971).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>australis</i>  Roberts, 1913; <i>concolor</i> Heller, 1912; <i>frater </i>Thomas, 1904;<i> insignatus</i> Osgood, 1910; <i>iridescens</i> Heller, 1912; <i>luluae </i>Matschie, 1926;<i> rhodesiae</i> Roberts, 1929; <i>vumbae</i> Roberts, 1946.","Appreciable variation in size and fur color exists between samples from Angola and Zambia and those from the rest of the geographic range of <i>P</i>. <i>fallax</i>, suggesting more than one species may be present in this complex. No extant records are from South Africa but the species occurred in KwaZulu-Natal more than 17,000 years before present when the region was covered with deciduous woodland instead of thornveld (Avery, 1991). Southern African Subregion population reviewed by de Graaff (1981, 1997<i>a</i>) and Skinner and Smithers (1990).","30","30-01657","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1655-0000-1657"
"13001658","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pelomys","","hopkinsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1955","","Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr.","52","","323","","","Hopkins’ Pelomys","SW Uganda, Kigezi, Rwamachuchu.","Rwanda, Uganda, and SW Kenya (Bekele and Schlitter, 1989).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Morphologically similar to <i>P</i>. <i>isseli</i>, but significant distinguishing traits suggest that <i>hopkinsi</i> and <i>isseli</i> should be viewed as separate species (Bekele and Schlitter, 1989).","30","30-01658","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1655-0000-1658"
"13001659","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pelomys","","isseli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Beaux","1924","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","51","","207","","","Lake Victoria Pelomys","Uganda, Lake Victoria, Kome Isl.","Uganda; endemic to islands of Kome, Bugala, and Bunyama in Lake Victoria (Bekele and Schlitter, 1989; Delany, 1975).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Morphologically closely related to <i>P</i>. <i>hopkinsi</i>.","30","30-01659","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1655-0000-1659"
"13001660","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pelomys","","minor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera and Ruxton","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","17","","601","","","Least Pelomys","Dem. Rep. Congo, Kasaï-Occidental, Kananga (= Luluabourg).","NE Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998), NW Zambia (Ansell, 1978), S and E Dem. Rep. Congo, and W Tanzania (Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A distinct species; aspects of its morphology resemble some species of <i>Lemniscomys</i> (e.g., <i>L</i>. <i>griselda</i>).","30","30-01660","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1655-0000-1660"
"13001661","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Phloeomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1839","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1839","","108","","<i>Mus</i> (<i>Phloeomys</i>) <i>cumingi</i> Waterhouse, 1839.","","","","","","<i>Phloeomys</i>Division. Part of the Philippine Old Endemics; phylogenetic relationships relative to genera in other areas of Indo-Australian region unresolved (Musser and Heaney, 1992). Originally included with the Asian <i>Nesokia </i>(in reality, a phylogenetic close relative of <i>Bandicota</i> and <i>Rattus</i>) in the Phloeomyinae by Alston (1976) because of their similar laminar molar occulusal patterns, but listed as the only genus in that subfamily by Thomas (1896). Considered a member of Phloeomyinae by Tate (1936) and Simpson (1945), along with <i>Chiropodomys</i>,<i> Coryphomys</i>,<i> Crateromys</i>,<i> Lenomys</i>,<i> Mallomys</i>, and <i>Pogonomys</i>, but except for <i>Crateromys</i>, no data supports such an allocation (Ellerman, 1949<i>a</i>; our research). Phylogenetic analyses of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences for 13 of the 16 genera of endemic Philippine murines join <i>Phloeomys</i>,<i> Crateromys</i>, and <i>Batomys</i> in a clade separate from ot... [truncated]","30","30-01661","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1661"
"13001662","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Phloeomys","","cumingi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1839","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1839","","108","","","Southern Luzon Phloeomys","Philippines, Luzon Isl.","Greater Luzon Faunal Region on S Luzon, Marinduque, and Catanduanes Isls (Heaney et al., 1991, 1998; Musser and Heaney, 1992; Oliver et al., 1993).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>albayensis</i> (Elera, 1895) [<i>nomen nudum</i> according to Ellerman, 1941:293]; <i>elegans </i>(Cabrera, 1901).","Sometimes considered conspecific with <i>P</i>. <i>pallidus</i>, but <i>P. cumingi</i> is a distinct species (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Musser and Heaney, 1992; Thomas, 1898<i>b</i>). Standard karyotype (2n = 44, FN = 66) reported by Rickart and Musser (1993), G-banding pattern described by Rickart and Heaney (2002). Elevational and ecological summary for S Luzon population provided by Heaney et al. (1999).","30","30-01662","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1661-0000-1662"
"13001663","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Phloeomys","","pallidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nehring","1890","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","106","","","Northern Luzon Phloeomys","Philippines, Luzon Isl.","Greater Luzon Faunal Region. Endemic to N and C Luzon; widespread in primary and secondary tropical forests from sea level to at least 2000 m (see Oliver et al. [1993] and Heaney et al. [1998], and references cited therein).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Standard karyotype (2n = 40, FN = 60) described by Jotterand-Bellomo and Schauenberg, 1988, as <i>P. cumingi</i>); a minimum of two Robertsonian and three non-Robertsonian events separate karyotypes of the two <i>Phloeomys</i> (Rickart and Musser, 1993). This species is becoming common in zoos.","30","30-01663","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1661-0000-1663"
"13001664","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pithecheir","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1840","","Species des Mammifères","","","264","","<i>Pithecheir melanurus</i> Lesson, 1840.","","","","","<i>Pithechir</i> Müller, 1840 [<i>nomen nudum</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951, and Corbet and Hill, 1992].","<p><i>Pithecheir</i>Division. The name is often attributed to Cuvier 1833 (e.g., Ellerman, 1941; Musser and Carleton, 1993), ""which was a vernacular description of ‘Pithecheir melanure’ and has no validity"" (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1955:39). Reviewed by Emmons (1993<i>b</i>) in context of describing Bornean <i>Pithecheirops</i>. <i>Pithecheir </i>is an endemic of the Sunda Shelf. Musser and Newcomb (1983) suggested on the basis of cranial and dental traits that <i>Pithecheir</i> is distantly related to <i>Lenothrix</i>, which is supported by molar occlusal patterns (Misonne, 1969) but unsupported by chromosomal data (Yong et al., 1982) and spermatozoal morphology (Breed and Yong, 1986). Chaimanee’s (1998) cladistic analysis of molar traits, however, placed <i>Pithecheir</i>,<i> Lenothrix</i>, and <i>Vandeleuria</i> in the same clade and speculated that it, along with the Palearctic <i>Micromys</i>, may have been the earliest evolutionary cluster to have diverged from the main muri... [truncated]","30","30-01664","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1664"
"13001665","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pithecheir","","melanurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1840","","Species des Mammifères","","","265","","","Javan Pithecheir","Indonesia, Java (Bengal or Sumatra have also been proposed as type localities; see Corbet and Hill, 1992, for history and restriction to Java).","Java only (see Musser, 1982<i>d</i>:76).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>melanurus</i>  Müller, 1840 [<i>nomen nudum</i>; see Corbet and Hill, 1992].","Represented by few specimens collected before World War II. Bartels’ (1937) observations on habitat and habits remain the most complete report of this Javan endemic, which is a member of the suite of murine rodents unique to Java (Musser, 1986; see account of <i>Kadarsanomys sodyi</i>).","30","30-01665","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1664-0000-1665"
"13001666","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pithecheir","","parvus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1916","","J. Fed. Malay St. Mus.","6","","250","","","Malay Peninsula Pithecheir","Malay Peninsula, Selangor, Bukit Kutu, near Kuala Kubu, 3,400 ft (1035 m).","Malay Peninsula (Pahang and Selangor).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>melanurus</i>, but <i>parvus </i>is a distinctive species endemic to Malay Peninsula (Musser and Newcomb, 1983; Muul and Lim, 1971). Karyotype has same diploid number as <i>Hapalomys longicaudus</i>, but is uninformative about inferring phylogenetic relationships (Yong, et al., 1982). Spermatozoal morphology very distinctive (no apical hook), unlike that of any other Sundaic endemic (Breed and Yong, 1986), and resembling sperm of Sulawesian <i>Lenomys</i> and <i>Eropeplus</i> (Breed and Musser, 1991). Joins <i>Maxomys inas</i> and <i>Niviventer cameroni</i> in being the only recorded endemic murines on the Malay Peninsula south of the Isthmus of Kra (Musser, 1986; see account of <i>Niviventer cameroni</i>). Distribution of <i>P. parvus</i> has been restricted to south of the Isthmus of Kra since early Pleistocene. Isolated molars identified as this species have been recovered from early and middle Pleistocene cave sediments in penins... [truncated]","30","30-01666","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1664-0000-1666"
"13001667","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pithecheirops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Emmons","1993","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","106","","752","","<i>Pithecheirops otion </i>Emmons, 1993.","","","","","","<i>Pithecheir</i>Division. Closely related to <i>Pithecheir </i>and morphologically similar to species in that genus except for small details of molar occlusal patterns, and its much smaller and uninflated bullae, all of which were noted in the original description and comparisons. The contrasting middle ear features not clearly emphasized are: blade of manubium nearly parallel in <i>Pithecheirops</i> (perpendicular in <i>Pithecheir</i>), orbicularis apophysis present (absent in <i>Pithecheir</i>), pars flaccida present (absent in <i>Pithecheir</i>), and as a consequence of the latter, the posterodorsal rim of ectotympanic is incomplete (complete in <i>Pithecheir</i>). These states in <i>Pithecheirops</i> are likely plesiomorphic relative to those in <i>Pithecheir</i>, which agrees with the difference in extent of bullar inflation between the two. Whether these comparisons contrast a more ancestral species with derived ones within a monophyletic group (single genus), or whether <i>Pith... [truncated]","30","30-01667","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1667"
"13001668","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pithecheirops","","otion","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Emmons","1993","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","106","","753","","","Bornean Pithecheirops","Malaysia, Sabah (N Borneo), Danum Valley Field Centre, 150 m (see Emmons, 1993<i>b</i>, for more information).","Known only from the type locality.","","","Described from a single juvenile collected in ""dense viny roadside secondary brush on an abandoned logging road"" in what was primary lowland dipterocarp forest, which still persists ""within 600 m and is the dominant vegetation type of the entire surrounding region"" (Emmons, 1993<i>b</i>:753). Member of a group of murines endemic to Borneo (see account of <i>Chiropodomys major</i>).","30","30-01668","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1667-0000-1668"
"13001669","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pogonomelomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rümmler","1936","","Z. Säugetierk.","11","","248","","<i>Melomys mayeri</i> Rothschild and Dollman, 1932.","","","","","","<i>Pogonomys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Revised by Menzies (1990). Originally described as a subgenus of <i>Melomys</i>, but now regarded as a distinct genus (Laurie and Hill, 1954; Menzies, 1990; Tate, 1951). Its phylogenetic relationships to <i>Melomys</i> and other related genera in the <i>Uromys </i>cluster still require resolution by multi-trait morphological and molecular inquiries. Our examination of skins and skulls, however, suggests <i>Pogonomelomys</i> is not closely related to any member in the <i>Uromys</i> Division. Spermatozoal morphology is also unlike that of <i>Uromys</i> and most of its allies (Musser and Breed, ms), but resembles that of some of the genera we list in our <i>Pogonomys</i> Division (Breed and Aplin, 1994; Musser and Breed, ms), where we provisionally place <i>Pogonomelomys</i>. Aplin et al. (1999) reported on material of a likely undescribed species of <i>Pogonomelomys</i> from Holocene archaeological si... [truncated]","30","30-01669","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1669"
"13001670","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pogonomelomys","","bruijni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters and Doria","1876","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","8","","336","","","Bruijn’s Pogonomelomys","W New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Pulau Salawati, off W coast of Vogelkop.","New Guinea; known only by 11 specimens from type locality and Vogelkop mainland in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya); lower Fly River, and low altitudes on Mt Bosavi and Mt Sisa in Papua New Guinea; not recorded higher than about 60 m (Menzies, 1990; Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:312).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>brassi</i> Tate and Archbold, 1941.","The lowland, larger-bodied morphological and phylogenetic counterpart of the highland <i>P</i>. <i>mayeri</i>. Aplin et al. (1999) reported material of this species from late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene archaeological sites on the Ayamaru Plateau, central Bird’s Head Peninsula of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya).","30","30-01670","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1669-0000-1670"
"13001671","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pogonomelomys","","mayeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rothschild and Dollman","1932","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1932","353","14","","","Shaw Mayer’s Pogonomelomys","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Weyland Range, Gebroeders Mtns, 5000 ft (1524 m).","New Guinea; mountains from Weyland Range in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) to Wau region and Huon Peninsula in Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea; not known from the Vogelkop in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) or the Owen Stanley Range in E Papua New Guinea; 400-1500 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Phallic morphology described by Lidicker (1968). Specimens of <i>P. mayeri</i> and <i>P. bruijni</i> were collected on Mt Sisa in the Kikori River Basin of S Papua New Guinea (Leary and Seri, 1997), but altitudinal relationships between the two there have not been published.","30","30-01671","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1669-0000-1671"
"13001672","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pogonomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1877","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","85","","1081","","<i>Mus</i> (<i>Pogonomys</i>) <i>macrourus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1877.","","","","","","<p><i>Pogonomys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea and Australian Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Analysis of immunological distances by Watts and Baverstock (1994<i>a</i>) indicated <i>Pogonomys</i> to be related to <i>Chiruromys</i>,<i> Anisomys</i>,<i> Coccymys</i>,<i> Hyomys</i>,<i> </i>and possibly <i>Mallomys</i>. Tate’s (1936) inclusion of <i>Pogonomys</i> (with <i>Chiruromys</i> as a subgenus) in the Phloeomyinae along with <i>Chiropodomys</i>,<i> Crateromys</i>,<i> Lenomys</i>,<i> Mallomys</i>, and <i>Phloeomys</i> (followed by Simpson, 1945) has no merit except for the link with <i>Mallomys</i> (Ellerman, 1949<i>a</i>; our research). A chromosomal and morphometric study, which separated species of <i>Pogonomys</i> from those of <i>Chiruromys</i>, was offered by Dennis and Menzies (1979). Additional chromosomal data reported by Donnellan (1987). <i>Pogonomys fergussoniensis</i> is endemic to the D’Entrecasteaux Isls; all other species are recorded only from mainland lo... [truncated]","30","30-01672","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1672"
"13001673","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pogonomys","","championi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1988","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","40","","333","","","Champion’s Pogonomys","Papua New Guinea, Sandaun Provomce, Telefomin Valley, Ofektaman, 1400 m (see Flannery, 1988, for additional information).","Papua New Guinea; known only from Telefomin and Tifalmin valleys between 1400 and 2300 m (Flannery, 1988).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Apparently ecologically replaces the smaller-bodied <i>P. sylvestris</i>, but is morphologically similar to <i>P</i>. <i>macrourus</i> (Musser and Lunde, ms.).","30","30-01673","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1672-0000-1673"
"13001674","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pogonomys","","fergussoniensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Laurie","1952","","Bull. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.","1","","299","","","D’Entrecasteaux Archipelago Pogonomys","Papua New Guinea, D’Entrecasteaux Isls, Fergusson Isl, Awabula District, Saibutu (Laurie gave ""Faralulu district"" and ""Taibutu"", which are incorrect).","Recorded (only by five specimens) from Fergusson Isl (holotype and paratype, Laurie, 1952:299, and AMNH 157601), Goodenough Isl (AMNH 157613), and Normanby Isl (AM M20309, Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>) in the D’Entrecasteaux group off the NE end of Papua New Guinea.","","","Recognized as a species in Laurie and Hill’s (1954) checklist, but treated as a distinct subspecies of <i>P. loriae</i> by Dennis and Menzies (1979) in their morphometric revision of <i>Pogonomys </i>and <i>Chiruromys</i>, and finally included in <i>P. loriae</i> (Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>, 1995<i>a</i>; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Flannery (1995<i>b</i>:149) listed it under <i>P. loriae</i> in his account of the <i>Pogonomys</i> on the D’Entrecasteaux Isls, but noted that ""<i>fergussoniensis</i> is very distinctive, being very large and having a reddish rather than grey dorsum. I suspect that further studies will reveal it to represent a distinct species."" <i>Pogonomys fergussoniensis</i> can be distinguished from all samples of <i>P. loriae </i>by its significantly larger body and skull size (see measurements in Dennis and Menzies, 1979:320), brownish red upperparts, buffy gray underparts, and sleek fur (dark brownish gray dorsal coat that is thick and woolly and white underparts in <i>... [truncated]","30","30-01674","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1672-0000-1674"
"13001675","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pogonomys","","loriae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","18","","613","","","Loria’s Pogonomys","Papua New Guinea, Central Province, mountains behind Astrolabe Range, near Mt Wori, Haveri, 700 m (Laurie and Hill, 1954:96, provided details).","New Guinea; Recorded only from the Vogelkop and Weyland Range in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), but widespread in Papua New Guinea from the Telefomin area in the west through the Central Cordillera to the E flanks of the Owen Stanley Range in the east; also found in the N coastal Torricelli Mtns, the Huon Peninsula and the upper Fly River drainage; 100-3000 m (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i> and Dennis and Menzies, 1979:328).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dryas</i> Thomas, 1904.","Until the revision by Dennis and Menzies (1979), this species was known as <i>P. mollipilosus</i> (Tate, 1951), but the holotype of that taxon is a <i>P. macrourus</i> (see account of that species). Dennis and Menzies (1979) also included <i>fergussoniensis</i> from the D’Entrecasteaux Isls, which we separate as a distinct species (see that account). <i>Pogonomys loriae</i> has traditionally been considered to be montane, occurring ""generally over 1500 m,"" (Dennis and Menzies, 1979:330), which is generally accurate but there are interesting exceptions. Five specimens listed by Tate (1951) from the upper Fly River near the foothills of the Central Cordillera were collected at about 100 m, which is the lowest record of the species. Flannery (1995a:316) noted that ""In northern New Guinea it is restricted to a narrow elevational band of between approximately 200 and 800 metres. Above this, it is replaced by <i>Pogonomys macrourus</i>."" This is unusual because elsewhere <i>P. macrourus</i> ... [truncated]","30","30-01675","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1672-0000-1675"
"13001676","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pogonomys","","macrourus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1877","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","85","","1081","","","Chestnut Pogonomys","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Arfak Mtns, Amberbaki.","New Guinea; throughout lowland and midmontane forests from sea level to 1800 m (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:319); also recorded from Yapen and New Britain (Rümmler, 1938; Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>); represented in the Trans-fly region (near Daru) only by the holotype of <i>mollipilosus.</i>","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>derimapa</i>  Tate and Archbold, 1935; <i>huon</i> Tate and Archbold, 1935; <i>lepidus </i>Thomas, 1897;<i> mollipilosus</i> (Peters and Doria, 1881).","Phallic morphology described by Lidicker (1968). There is appreciable geographic variation in cranial and dental dimensions and proportions among samples of <i>P. macrourus </i>(Musser and Lunde, ms) and its significance should be assessed in a fresh taxonomic revision of the species. The holotype of <i>mollipilosus</i> is a young adult that Tate (1951:280), who examined it, associated with the holotypes of <i>loriae </i>and<i> dryas</i>, although he had ""some doubt of the absolute identity of these with <i>mollipilosus</i>."" However, Dennis and Menzies (1979) and Flannery (in litt.), who also studied the holotype, thought it an example of <i>P. macrourus</i>, the New Guinea species with reddish brown upperparts and smaller body size and shorter tail length than <i>P. loriae </i>(which has dark brownish gray upperparts tinged with buff and white underparts). Tate wrote that the dorsal coat of the holotype is reddish brown and the ventral coat creamy white; the color is typical of <i>P.... [truncated]","30","30-01676","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1672-0000-1676"
"13001677","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pogonomys","","sylvestris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","534","","","Gray-bellied Pogonomys","Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Rawlinson Mtns, 1500 m.","New Guinea; in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) known only from the Arfak Mountains in the Vogelkop region, but widespread in mountainous Papua New Guinea, from about the Mendi region east through the mountains (including those on the Huon Peninsula) to the western margin of the Owen Stanley Range at elevations between 1300 and 2800 m. It has not been taken on the N coastal ranges and is conspicuously absent from the mountain valleys in the Telefomin area of S Sandaun Province in W Papua (where <i>P. championi</i> occurs), and from the Snow Mountains (Pegunungan Maoke) in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), which is occupied by an undescribed species related to <i>P. sylvestris</i> (Musser and Lunde, ms.).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","This is the smallest in body size of any species of <i>Pogonomys</i>. The few localities from the Central Cordillera in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) attributed to <i>P. sylvestris </i>(Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>, for example) represent an undescribed species (Musser and Lunde, ms.), and <i>P. sylvestris</i> is apparently replaced in the Telefomin area by <i>P. championi</i> (Flannery, 1988). Cole et al. (1997) reported that <i>P. sylvestris</i> is common in the Mt Dayman region at the eastern margin of the Owen Stanley Range.","30","30-01677","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1672-0000-1677"
"13001678","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","4","","<i>Epimys tullbergi</i> Thomas, 1894.","","","","","<i>Berberomys</i> Jaeger, 1975.","<p><i>Stenocephalemys</i>Division. <i>Myomyscus </i>(or <i>Myomys</i>), <i>Mastomys</i>, and <i>Hylomyscus</i> have been united with <i>Praomys</i> as subgenera (D. H. S. Davis, 1965; Misonne, 1974), but are treated as separate genera here and by other workers such as Rosevear (1969), who also reviewed the taxonomic history of some species in <i>Praomys</i> as well as its generic status relative to the other genera allied with it. Cladistic analyses of morphological variation has also supported the monophyly of <i>Mastomys</i>, <i>Myomyscus</i>, and <i>Hylomyscus</i> relative to <i>Praomys</i>, but also revealed that the latter is paraphyletic, consisting of a monophyletic <i>P. tullbergi</i> group that is separate from the other <i>Praomys </i>sampled (members of the <i>P. jacksoni</i> and <i>P. delectorum</i> clusters), which may have to be contained in a separate genus (Lecompte et al., 2002<i>a</i>). This pattern has been confirmed by analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> ... [truncated]","30","30-01678","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678"
"13001679","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","daltoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","10","","181","","","Dalton’s Praomys","West Africa, Senegal, Niokolo Koba National Park (see discussion in Grubb et al., 1998:197).","Sudanian and Sahelian zones (see Dobigny et al. 2002<i>b</i>:500) from Gambia and Senegal through Guinea (Ziegler et al., 2002), Sierra Leone, N Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, S Chad and Central African Republic to SW Sudan; E limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Myomys daltoni.</i>","<i>butleri</i> (Wroughton, 1907);<i> ingoldbyi </i>(Ellerman, 1941); <i>saturatus</i> (Ingoldby, 1929) [not Lyon, 1911]; <i>tuareg</i> (Braestrup, 1935).","Reviewed by Rosevear (1969) and Van der Straeten and Verheyen (1978<i>b</i>). Although its geographic range allopatrically complements the distribution of <i>Myomyscus</i> <i>brockmani</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>daltoni</i> is not conspecific with that E African species, a conclusion based on our study of specimens and analyses of morphological (Lecompte et al., 2001<i>a</i>) and molecular (Lecompte et al., 2002<i>b</i>) data. DNA/DNA hybridization results clustered <i>daltoni</i> with species of <i>Praomys</i> (Chevret et al., 1994) as did phylogenetic analyses of morphometric traits (Van der Straeten, 1979), complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>sequences<i> </i>(Lecompte et al., 2002<i>b</i>), and nuclear IRBP gene data (E. Lecompte, in litt., 2002); however, partial 16S rRNA mitochondrial sequences pointed to <i>daltoni</i> as sister group to species of <i>Stenocephalemys</i>. Van der Straeten (in litt., 1994) regarded <i>derooi</i> and <i>daltoni</i> to be closely related to <i>Praomys tullbe... [truncated]","30","30-01679","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1679"
"13001680","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","degraaffi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van der Straeten and Kerbis Peterhans","1999","","S. Afr. J. Zool.","34","","81","","","De Graaff’s Praomys","Burundi, Nyamugari, 2200 m.","Recorded only from moist montane forest covering the Albertine Rift Mtns in Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda (Van der Straeten and Kerbis Peterhans, 1999, who also indicated the species to be ""restricted"" to high forested elevations in the Albertine Rift).","IUCN – Near Threatened.","","A distinct and one of the more easily identified species in the <i>P. jacksoni</i> complex; distinguished from <i>P. jacksoni</i> by a suite of chromosomal traits (2n = 26, FN = 24), fur coloration, morphometric data, and number of teats. Where the altitudinal ranges of <i>P. degraaffi</i> and <i>P. jacksoni</i> narrowly overlap, the former is usually found at higher elevations.","30","30-01680","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1680"
"13001681","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","delectorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","430","","","East African Praomys","S Malawi, Mlanji Plateau, 5500 ft (1675 m).","High plateaus and isolated mountains from NE Zambia (Nyika Plateau, Makutus, and Mafingas; Ansell, 1978) and Malawi (Nyika Plateau; Ansell and Dowsett, 1988), through Tanzania (Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951) to SE Kenya (Hollister, 1919).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>melanotus</i>  G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1933; <i>octomastis</i> Hatt, 1940; <i>taitae </i>(Heller, 1912).","Of the synonyms belonging here, <i>taitae</i> was described as a species (Heller, 1912) and recognized as such by Hollister (1919) and Swynnerton and Hayman (1951), <i>melanotus</i> was described as a form of <i>P</i>. <i>tullbergi</i> (G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1933), and <i>octomastis</i> was presented as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>jacksoni</i> (Hatt, 1940<i>b</i>). Demeter and Hutterer (1986) suggested that <i>taitae</i> is synonymous with <i>Hylomyscus denniae</i>, but it is not, judging from our study of specimens and relevant holotypes. Van der Straeten and Kerbis Peterhans (1999) recognized <i>melanotus</i>,<i> octomastis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>taitae</i> as valid species in the <i>P. delectorum</i> complex, but presented no substantiating evidence defining their morphological and distributional limits. A sample of <i>taitae</i> had 2n = 48 (Matthey, 1965<i>a</i>). Distribution in the Eastern Arc Mtns of Tanzania discussed by Stanley et al. (1998) and on slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro ... [truncated]","30","30-01681","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1681"
"13001682","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","derooi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van der Straeten and Verheyen","1978","","Z. Säugetierk.","43","","33","","","Deroo’s Praomys","Togo, Borgou, 160 m.","Known only from E and S Ghana, Togo, Benin, and W Nigeria (see Van der Straeten and Verheyen, 1978<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Myomys derooi.</i>","","Part of the murine fauna endemic to West Africa (see account of <i>Grammomys buntingi</i>). Described as a savanna species found living in and around human dwellings. Grubb et al. (1998) reviewed the Ghana population, and Decher et al. (1997) recorded two animals from the Accra Plains region in SE Ghana, one caught in a house, the other near a house. Phylogenetic relationships of this species are with <i>P. daltoni</i>; the two are closely similar in pelage coloration and texture (except that underparts are gray in most <i>derooi</i> and white in most <i>daltoni</i>, but we have seen series of USNM <i>P. daltoni </i>ranging from gray to white), external, cranial, and dental morphology (our observations), habitat (see account of <i>P. daltoni</i>), and variation in mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Lecompte et al., 2002<i>b</i>) and nuclear IRBP gene sequences (E. Lecompte, in litt., 2002). The morphological and molecular resemblances are so close we suspect the samples of <i>derooi<... [truncated]","30","30-01682","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1682"
"13001683","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","hartwigi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eisentraut","1968","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","19","","11-Aug","","","Hartwig’s Praomys","Cameroon, Bamenda Plateau, Mt Oku, Lake Oku, 2100 m (coordinates provided by Ansell, 1989:56).","Recorded only in isolated mountain forests along the mountain chain on the Bamenda Plateau in W Cameroon (Mt Bambuto, Mt Lefo and Mt Oku; Hutterer et al., 1992<i>a</i>; Van der Straeten, in litt., 1994).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Lecompte et al. (1999) regarded <i>P. hartwigi</i> as a member of the <i>P. tullbergi </i>complex, which has been confirmed by phylogenetic analyses of morphological traits (Lecompte et al., 2002<i>a</i>) and complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Lecompte et al., 2002<i>b</i>)<i>. </i>Fülling (1992) contrasted morphology of palatal ridges between samples of <i>P. hartwigi</i> (2 + 7 = 9) and <i>P. jacksoni </i>(2 + 5 = 7) collected from slopes of Mt Oku. Morphologically and phylogenetically allied to <i>P. obscurus</i> (see that account), which is separated from <i>P. hartwigi</i> by about 100 km in the Gotel Mtns on the Mambilla Plateau to the northeast of the Bamenda Plateau (Hutterer et al., 1992<i>a</i>).","30","30-01683","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1683"
"13001684","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","jacksoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","20","","318","","","Jackson’s Praomys","Uganda, Entebbe.","C Nigeria through Cameroon and Central African Republic to S Sudan, Dem. Rep. Congo, NE Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998), Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya, and southward through E Tanzania to N and E Zambia; the most expansive geographic range of any species in <i>Praomys</i> (Lecompte et al., 2001).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>P. jacksoni</i>, P<i>. montis</i>, and <i>P. peromyscus</i>.","<i>montis</i>  (Thomas and Wroughton, 1910); <i>peromyscus</i> (Hollister, 1919); <i>sudanensis</i> Setzer, 1956; <i>viator</i> (Thomas, 1911).","<p>2n = 28, FN = 30 (Matthey, 1959). At one time listed as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>tullbergi</i> (e.g., Hollister, 1919), <i>jacksoni</i> is a distinct species occurring sympatrically with <i>P</i>. <i>tullbergi </i>(G. M. Allen, 1939; Ansell, 1978; Van der Straeten and Dieterlen, 1987; Van der Straeten and Dudu, 1990; Lecompte et al., 2001). The problem of identifying the holotype of <i>P. jacksoni</i>, as well as current names associated with the species, was reviewed and discussed by Van der Straeten and Dieterlen (1987), Van der Straeten and Dudu (1990), and Van der Straeten and Kerbis Peterhans (1999). Van der Straeten and Dudu (1990) regarded <i>montis</i> and <i>peromyscus</i> as valid species and Van der Straeten and Kerbis Peterhans (1999) claimed that <i>montis</i>, <i>peromyscus</i>,<i> sudanensis</i>, and <i>viator</i>, all names that we place in synonymy, are separate species. The canonical analyses presented by those authors, however, employing series representing th... [truncated]","30","30-01684","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1684"
"13001685","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","lukolelae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hatt","1934","","Am. Mus. Novit.","708","","13","","","Lukolela Praomys","Dem. Rep. Congo, Equateur, Lukolela.","N Dem. Rep. Congo; recorded from the type locality and Kisangani region in Orientale (specimens in UCA).","IUCN – Near Threatened as <i>Malacomys lukolelae.</i>","","<p>F. Petter (1975<i>c</i>) and Chevret et al. (1994) recorded <i>P. lukolelae</i> from the Central African Republic, but the specimens we have seen from that series represent an undescribed species of <i>Praomys</i> in the <i>P. tullbergi</i> group (see also Lecompte et al., 2001, 2002<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>) that has now been described as <i>P. petteri </i>(see that account). Up to 1990, <i>P. lukolelae</i> was represented only by the three specimens in the type series (Van der Straeten and Dudu, 1990), but we have examined 90 specimens from the Kisangani region that are morphologically closely similar to the three examples from Lukolela. Hatt (1934<i>b</i>) described <i>lukolelae</i> as a subspecies of <i>Praomys tullbergi</i>, but its long and very slim hind feet, tip of short fifth digit extending only to base of digital pad of fourth digit, very large ears, cranial conformation, and molar dental patterns identify the specimens as a separate species. Citing those same traits, Musser an... [truncated]","30","30-01685","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1685"
"13001686","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","minor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hatt","1934","","Am. Mus. Novit.","708","","11","","","Least Praomys","Dem. Rep. Congo, Equateur, Lukolela.","Recorded only from the type locality.","IUCN – Vulnerable","","Still only known by the three specimens in Hatt’s sample. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>jacksoni</i> (Hatt, 1934<i>b</i>), and then treated as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>tullbergi</i> (F. Petter, 1975<i>c</i>), <i>minor</i> is a distinct species in the <i>P</i>. <i>jacksoni</i> complex (Van der Straeten and Dieterlen, 1987; Van der Straeten and Dudu, 1990; Van der Straeten and Kerbis Peterhans, 1999).","30","30-01686","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1686"
"13001687","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","misonnei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van der Straeten and Dieterlen","1987","","Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk. ser. A","402","","3","","","Misonne’s Praomys","E Dem. Rep. Congo, Kivu region, Irangi.","N and E Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Sympatric with <i>P</i>. <i>jacksoni</i> at the type locality and with <i>P</i>. <i>jacksoni</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>mutoni</i> in Orientale (Van der Straeten and Dudu, 1990). Regarded as related to <i>P</i>. <i>tullbergi</i> by Van der Straeten and Dieterlen (1987; Van der Straeten and Dudu, 1990; Dudu et al., 1997). Examples of <i>misonnei</i> we examined from the Ituri Forest in E Dem. Rep. Congo and Gamangui in the Orientale Province, where <i>P</i>. <i>jacksoni</i> was also trapped, are morphologically very similar to <i>P</i>. <i>tullbergi</i>; the possibility that <i>misonnei</i> simply represents populations of <i>P</i>. <i>tullbergi</i> at the eastern margins of its geographic range needs to be considered in any systematic revision of the complex. They are very closely associated in phylogenetic analyses of morphological traits (Lecompte et al., 2002<i>a</i>) and complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Lecompte et a., 2002<i>b</i>). Qumsiyeh et al. (1990) identified Kenyan ... [truncated]","30","30-01687","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1687"
"13001688","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","morio","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Trouessart","1881","","Bull. Soc. Etudes Sci. Angers","10","","121","","","Cameroon Praomys","Cameroon, Mt Cameroon, 7000 ft (2135 m); see Rosevear (1969:399).","Mt Cameroon and the mountainous island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), essentially the distribution outlined by Eisentraut (1970).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>maura</i>  (Gray, 1862) [not Waterhouse, 1839].","2n = 34 (Matthey, 1965<i>a</i>). A member of the <i>P</i>. <i>tullbergi</i> complex. Musser and Carleton (1993) restricted <i>P. morio</i> to Mt Cameroon, although Eisentraut (1970) recorded it from the island of Bioko, and F. Petter (1965) discussed samples from the Central African Republic. Musser and Carleton also noted that ""The species requires definition; alleged distinctions between it and <i>P. tullbergi</i> may not reflect specific differences (Hutterer, in litt.). Our study revealed that series from outside of Mt Cameroon identified as <i>morio</i> are either <i>tullbergi</i> or an undescribed species of <i>Praomys</i> (the series from Central African Republic, for example [see <i>P. petteri</i> below])."" Van der Straeten (in litt., 1994) wrote us that ""The morphological differences between <i>morio</i> and <i>tullbergi</i> are clear and were described in detail by Eisentraut. I obtained the same results using all <i>Praomys</i> specimens collected by Eisentraut in Bioko and ... [truncated]","30","30-01688","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1688"
"13001689","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","mutoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van der Straeten and Dudu","1990","","<i>In</i> Peters and Hutterer (eds.), Vertebrates in the tropics, Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn","","","75","","","Riverine Praomys","N Dem. Rep. Congo, Orientale, Batiabongena (Masako Forest Reserve), 00°36'N, 25°13'E.","Recorded only from the type locality.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","A tropical evergeen riverine forest species morphologically related to <i>P</i>. <i>jacksoni</i> and occurring sympatrically with it (Van der Straeten and Dudu, 1990). Dudu et al. (1997) documented data covering reproductive biology for this distinctive species. Mutoni is a Swahili word for riverbank or wet area (mto or muto = river), and refers to the typical biotype where the specimens were trapped (Van der Straeten and Dudu, 1990).","30","30-01689","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1689"
"13001690","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","obscurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hutterer and Dieterlen","1992","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","43","","402","","","Gotel Mountain Praomys","SE Nigeria, Mambilla Plateau, Gotel Mtns, Gangirwal, 2300 m (coordinates and habitat information provided by Hutterer et al., 1992<i>a</i>).","Recorded only from fern-grassland, swamp and gallery forest, and along forest streams at the type locality and nearby Chappal Waddi.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Hutterer et al. (1992<i>a</i>) described <i>obscurus</i> as a subspecies of <i>P. hartwigi. </i>Those authors were also impressed with the morphological distinctions between typical <i>P. hartwigi</i> from Mt. Oku and <i>obscurus</i> from the Gotel Mtns and were unsure whether to treat the latter as a subspecies of <i>P. hartwigi</i> (Dieterlen’s opinion) or a separate species (Hutterer’s view). We treat <i>obscurus </i>as a separate species because contrasted with <i>P. hartwigi </i>it has much darker pelage, larger body measurements, but significantly smaller cranial and dental measurements (Hutterer et al., 1992<i>a</i>); this proposal was recently advocated by Hutterer (in litt., 2003). <i>Praomys obscurus</i> is morphologically and phylogenetically most closely related to <i>P. hartwigi</i> (see that account), which occurs in mountain forest on the Bamenda Plateau to the southwest of the Gotel Mtns; both species are members of the <i>P. tullbergi</i> complex (Hutterer et al., 1992... [truncated]","30","30-01690","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1690"
"13001691","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","petteri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van der Straeten, Lecompte, and Denys","2003","","Bonn. zool. Beitr.","50","","333","","","Petter’s Praomys","Central African Republic, Boukoko, 03E54' N, 17E56' E.","Tropical lowland rainforest in S Cameroon, S Central African Republic, and S Republic of Congo.","","","One of the largest-bodied species of <i>Praomys</i> in the <i>P. tullbergi</i> group. Populations formerly included in <i>P. morio</i> (F. Petter, 1965; Matthey, 1965), <i>P. lukolelae </i>(F. Petter, 1975; Genest-Villard, 1980; Granjon, 1991; Chevret et al., 1994), or considered distinct but unnamed (Musser and Carleton, 1993). Phylogenetic affinities discussed by Van der Straeten et al. (2003), who compared <i>P. petteri</i> with samples of <i>P. rostratus</i>,<i> P. misonnei</i>, <i>P. verschureni</i>, and <i>P. lukolelae. </i>Locally sympatric with either <i>P. tullbergi</i> or <i>P. jacksoni</i> in Republic of Congo (Granjon, 1991).","30","30-01691","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1691"
"13001692","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","rostratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","2","","637","","","West African Praomys","Liberia, Mt Coffee.","Recorded only from forest in Liberia, C Guinea (Ziegler et al., 2002), Mt Nimba region of Guinea, and Côte d’Ivoire; limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","2n = 34 (Gautun et al., 1986). Member of the <i>P. tullbergi </i>complex. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>tullbergi</i>, but Van der Straeten and Verheyen (1981) distinguished <i>rostratus</i> from <i>tullbergi</i> by its greater body size, noted that both kinds were sympatric, and raised <i>rostratus</i> to specific rank. A similar distribution of body sizes, as well as different ecologies, were claimed by Gautun et al. (1986) from Mt Nimba, and they also separated their samples into either <i>P</i>. <i>tullbergi</i> or <i>P</i>. <i>rostratus</i>. However, the existence of a larger-bodied species in W Africa related to <i>P. tullbergi</i> requires verification because published data separating the two is not convincing according to L. Granjon (in litt., 2002): ""The text by Gautun et al. (1986) is not clear, and in Mali we now have a good sample of 2n = 34 (all acrocentric autosomes) <i>Praomys</i> from various localities with measurements covering the entire range of the tw... [truncated]","30","30-01692","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1692"
"13001693","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","tullbergi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","13","","205","","","Tullberg’s Praomys","Ghana, Ashanti, Wasa, Ankober River.","Forest and Guinea woodland from Gambia River in the west through Cameroon to N and E Dem. Rep. Congo; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea); also NW Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998; specimens in FMNH) and Kakamega Forest Reserve in NW Kenya (specimen in USNM); limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>burtoni</i>  (Thomas, 1892) [not Ramsay, 1887].","Reviewed by Rosevear (1969), Van der Straeten and Verheyen (1981), and more recent reports cited in the above species accounts. Morphologically closely related to <i>P</i>. <i>misonnei</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>morio</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>rostratus</i>. Grubb et al. (1998) reviewed populations in the Gambia, Sierra Leone, and Ghana. Ecological information recorded for population on Accra Plains of S Ghana by Decher and Bahian (1999). A karyotype of 2n = 34 (all acrocentric autosomes) was recorded by Granjon et al. (1992) from Senegal, which is similar to karyotypes obtained from samples collected in Côte d’Ivoire and Central African Republic (Matthey, 1958). Additional comments on Senegal distribution given by Duplantier and Granjon (1992). Barnett et al. (1996) documented its occurrence on the Kounounkan Massif in SW Guinea. See account of <i>P. rostratus</i>.","30","30-01693","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1693"
"13001694","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Praomys","","verschureni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Verheyen and Van der Straeten","1977","","Rev. Zool. Afr.","91","","739","","","Verschuren’s Praomys","Dem. Rep. Congo, Orientale, Mamiki.","Known only from NE Dem. Rep. Congo (eastern edge of Central African high forest block).","IUCN – Near Threatened as <i>Malacomys verschureni.</i>","","Described as a species of <i>Malacomys</i> and all published information referenced under that taxonomic combination. Original description was based on one specimen (Verheyen and Van der Straeten, 1977), and the species is still represented by very few examples (Dieterlen and Van der Straeten, 1984; Robbins and Van der Straeten, 1982). Chromosomal information reported by Robbins and Van der Straeten (1982). Analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences placed <i>P. verschureni</i> near <i>Myomyscus yemeni</i> and not species of <i>Praomys</i> (Lecompte et al., 2002<i>b</i>), but nuclear IRBP gene sequences alligned it with species of <i>Praomys</i> (E. Lecompte, in litt., 2002). See account of <i>P. lukolelae</i>.","30","30-01694","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1678-0000-1694"
"13001695","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Protochromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Menzies","1996","","Aust. J. Zool.","44","","416","","<i>Melomys fellowsi</i> Hinton, 1943.","","","","","","<i>Uromys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea Old Endemics that is morphologically and morphometrically closely related to <i>Melomys </i>and <i>Paramelomys</i> (Menzies, 1996)<i>.</i>","30","30-01695","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1695"
"13001696","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Protochromys","","fellowsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1943","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11","10","","554","","","Papuan Protochromys","Papua New Guinea, Purari-Ramu Divide, Baiyanka, 8000 ft (2440 m).","Papua New Guinea; known only from a few places at high elevations (usually above 2000 m) in the Central Cordillera, from the Porgera area in the west (143EE) eastward to Mt Wilhelm in the Bismarck Range in the east (see Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:292); may range farther west and east in Papua New Guinea (Menzies, 1996).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Melomys fellowsi.</i>","","Originally described as a very distinctive species of <i>Melomys</i> that resembles <i>M</i>. <i>rufescens</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>leucogaster</i> in some morphometric features (Menzies, 1990). Its inclusion in <i>Melomys</i> has always been questioned by systematists familiar with the group. Recently, Menzies (1996) demonstrated that while <i>fellowsi</i> shared traits with both <i>Melomys</i> and <i>Paramelomys</i>, it should be separated from both groups of species because of its pale (unpigmented to pale yellow) incisors, narrow zygomatic plate, and alisphenoid strut. Its separation as a different monophyletic entity will have to be tested by phylogenetic analyses of the <i>Melomys-Paramelomys</i> complex that also incorporate molecular data and a broader array of morphological traits.","30","30-01696","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1695-0000-1696"
"13001697","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudohydromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rümmler","1934","","Z. Säugetierk.","9","","47","","<i>Pseudohydromys murinus</i> Rümmler, 1934.","","","","","<i>Mayermys</i>  Laurie and Hill, 1954; <i>Neohydromys</i> Laurie, 1952.","<i>Xeromys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Species of <i>Pseudohydromys</i>,<i> Neohydromys</i>, and <i>Mayermys</i> are all terrestrial, primarily insectivorous, small-bodied shrew mice living in mountain forests of New Guinea. They share dense, velvety fur, generally similar cranial conformation (see photographs in Laurie and Hill [1954] and Flannery [1995<i>a</i>:plates 22-23]), spacious postglenoid and middle lacerate foramina, derived configuration of cephalic arterial pattern (Musser and Heaney, 1992), loss of third molars (<i>Pseudohydromys</i>,<i> Neohydromys</i>) or second and third molars (<i>Mayermys</i>), dentary shape and degree of penetration of incisor alveolus, extent of enamel relative to dentine on upper and lower incisors, similar phallic morphology (Lidicker, 1968) and spermatozoal structure (Breed and Aplin, 1994), and no divergence in immunological distance (albumins indistinguishable among the three as assessed by microc... [truncated]","30","30-01697","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1697"
"13001698","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudohydromys","","ellermani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Laurie and Hill","1954","","List of Land Mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and Adjacent Islands, 1952 [check this – is this listed as pub date?]","","","134","","","Shaw Mayer’s Shrew Mouse","Papua New Guinea, Chimbu Province, Bismarck Range, N slopes Mt Wilhelm, 8000 ft (2440 m).","New Guinea: known from montane forest localities scattered along the Central Cordillera from Porokma in the Lake Habbema area (Snow Mtns) of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) through the Telefomin region in W Papua New Guinea eastward to the Wau area and all the way to near Agaun near the E portion of the Owen Stanley Range (Flannery 1995<i>a</i>:245, as <i>Mayermys</i>).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Mayermys ellermani</i>.","","The type species of <i>Mayermys </i>(Laurie and Hill, 1954). Flannery (1990<i>b</i>:183, 1995<i>a</i>) provided a photograph of the animal and a summary of distributional and biological data. This small-bodied mouse is unique among all living muroid rodents in having only four minute molars (12 is usual, three in each quadrant of the jaw). An undescribed species related to <i>P. ellermani </i>occurs in the SE peninsula of Papua New Guinea (K. Helgen, in litt., 2003). Of the species in <i>Pseudohydromys</i>,<i> P. ellermani</i> is the only one with with a distribution in both western and eastern portions of the Central Cordillera.","30","30-01698","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1697-0000-1698"
"13001699","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudohydromys","","fuscus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Laurie","1952","","Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.","1","","311","","","Mottled-tailed Shrew Mouse","Papua New Guinea, Chimbu Province, N slopes Mt. Wilhelm, 9000-10,000 ft (2744-3048 m).","Papua New Guinea: Known from Lake Louise (Sandaun Province), Mt Erimbari and Mt Wilhelm (Chimbu Province), and Mt Kaindi (Morobe Province) above 2400 m (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>, as <i>Neohydromys</i>).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Neohydromys fuscus.</i>","","Type species of <i>Neohydromys. </i>The little information about habitat and diet is reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>a</i>). Except for its smaller molars (relative to cranial size) and slightly proodont upper incisors, <i>P. fuscus</i> closely resembles <i>P. murinus </i>in pelage coloration and texture, body size, and craniodental traits (Musser’s observations). <i>Pseudohydromys fuscus</i>,<i> </i>along with <i>P. murinus</i>, are known only from the eastern Central Cordillera of New Guinea.","30","30-01699","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1697-0000-1699"
"13001700","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudohydromys","","murinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rümmler","1934","","Z. Säugetierk.","9","","48","","","Eastern New Guinea Shrew Mouse","Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Wau area, Mt. Missim, 7000 ft (2135 m).","Papua New Guinea; known only from several localities around the Wau area in the east and the vicinity of Mt. Wilhelm in the west (Laurie, 1952; Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","The scanty information available for distribution, ecology, and diet is summarized by Flannery (1995<i>a</i>).","30","30-01700","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1697-0000-1700"
"13001701","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudohydromys","","occidentalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1951","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","97","","224","","","Western New Guinea Shrew Mouse","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), north of Mt Wilhelmina, Snow Mtns (Pegunungan Maoke), Lake Habbema, 3225 m.","New Guinea; known only from the area around Lake Habbema and slopes of Mt Wilhelmina in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) (Tate, 1951:225); apparently a Snow Mtn endemic.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>Pseudohydromys occidentalis</i> and its eastern relative <i>P. murinus</i> are found only in tropical upper montane rainforest. Other than being montane and primarily insectivorous, little is recorded about its natural history (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>). Records from the Star Mtns and Victor Emmanuel Range in W Papua New Guinea attributed to <i>P. occidentalis </i>(Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:256) actually represent a separate morphologically distinctive species (K. Helgen, in litt., 2003).","30","30-01701","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1697-0000-1701"
"13001702","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1832","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1832","","39","","<i>Pseudomys australis</i> Gray, 1832.","","","","","<i>Gyomys</i>  Thomas, 1910; <i>Paraleporillus</i> Martinez and Lidicker, 1971; <i>Thetomys </i>Thomas, 1910.","<p><i>Pseudomys</i>Division. Member of the Australian Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>), part of which is the Conilurini where Lee et al. (1981) and Baverstock (1984) placed <i>Pseudomys</i>. The genus is now regarded by some as part of an expanded Hydromyini (which includes Australian and New Guinea genera in our <i>Hydromys</i>,<i> Uromys</i>, and<i> Xeromys</i> Divisions), an ""Australasian clade"" defined by similarities in albumin immunology and spermatozoal structure (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>, 1995<i>b</i>, 1996). Taxonomic, distributional, and biological references to all species cataloged by Mahoney and Richardson (1988).</p><p>Data from several character suites have been used to estimate relationships among species of <i>Pseudomys</i>: anatomy of male and female reproductive tracts (Breed, 1980, 1985, 1986); phallic morphology (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987; Morrissey and Breed, 1982); spermatozoal morphology (Breed, 1983, 1984, 1997; Breed and Sarafis, 1978); electroph... [truncated]","30","30-01702","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702"
"13001703","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","albocinereus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1845","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1845","","78","","","Ash-gray Pseudomys","Australia, Western Australia, ""scrubby plains near Perth"" (as restricted by Thomas’ lectotype designation; see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:171).","Australia, SW Western Australia (from Shark Bay area southeast to Israelite Bay); also found on islands of Bernier, Dorre, Shark Bay, and Woody (Watts and Aslin, 1981:196, and Morris, 1995:584).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>squalorum</i>  (Thomas, 1907).","Analysis of phallic morphology suggested <i>P</i>. <i>albocinereus</i> belongs in group with <i>P</i>. <i>fumeus</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>shortridgei</i> (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987), but electrophoretic data placed it in a cluster containing <i>P</i>. <i>apodemoides</i> and seven other species, excluding <i>P</i>. <i>fumeus</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>shortridgei</i> (Baverstock et al., 1981). Dental traits suggested <i>P</i>. <i>albocinereus</i> is closely related to the Pliocene <i>P</i>. <i>vandycki</i>, and if this resemblance reflects monophyly, the two species form a distinct group within <i>Pseudomys</i> (Godthelp, 1990). But Watts (in litt.) wrote us that ""virtually all data supports close relationships between <i>P. apodemoides</i> and <i>P. albocinereus</i>. Relationships beyond this are any one’s guess."" See also Watts et al. (1992).","30","30-01703","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1703"
"13001704","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","apodemoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Finlayson","1932","","Trans. R. Proc. Soc. S. Aust.","56","","170","","","Silky Pseudomys","Australia, Southern Australia, Coombe.","Australia; Mallee-heath of SE South Australia and W Victoria (Murray-Darling Basin); see maps in Cockburn (1995<i>a</i>:586), Menkhorst (1995<i>c</i>:214), and Watts and Aslin (1981:199, only the portion in SE South Australia and W Victoria); also see Robinson et al. (2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Phylogenetic relationships are equivocal to some (see discussion in Lidicker and Brylski, 1987:635, and references therein), but not to other workers (see preceding account).","30","30-01704","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1704"
"13001705","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1832","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1832","","39","","","Plains Pseudomys","Australia, New South Wales, SW side of Liverpool Plains; see Mahoney and Richardson (1988:172).","Australia; New South Wales, S Queensland, South Australia, and S Northern Territory; late Pleistocene to Recent remains from W Victoria (Breed and Head, 1991; Robinson et al., 2000; Watts and Aslin, 1981; Williams and Menkhorst, 1995<i>b</i>); probably extinct in New South Wales (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:172), where the species has not been found alive for more than 100 years (Ellis, 1995); present range summarized by Watts (1995<i>e</i>).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>auritus</i>  Thomas, 1910; <i>flavescens</i> Troughton, 1936; <i>lineolatus</i> (Gould, 1845); <i>minnie</i> Troughton, 1932; <i>murinus</i> (Gould, 1845); <i>stirtoni</i> (Martinez and Lidicker, 1971).","Microscopic structure of hooks on sperm head reported by Flaherty and Breed (1982), and protein composition of ventral processes on the sperm head and its significance documented by Breed et al. (2000). Phallic information suggested <i>P</i>. <i>australis</i> is related to <i>P</i>. <i>gouldii</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>higginsi</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>nanus</i>, to the exclusion of other species of <i>Pseudomys</i> (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987:635); electrophoretic data (Baverstock et al., 1981) and spermatozoal morphology (Breed, 1983) concordant with this association. Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Watts (1995<i>e</i>). Comparative ecology of two populations in N South Australia is reported by Brandle and Moseby (1999), and distribution, ecology, and conservation status are documented by Brandle et al. (1999).","30","30-01705","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1705"
"13001706","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","bolami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1932","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","18","","292","","","Bolam’s Pseudomys","Australia, South Australia, Ooldea.","Australia, S South Australia and S Western Australia (Kitchener, 1985:216, and Watts, 1995<i>f</i>:588; Robinson et al., 2000); possibly once occurred in W Victoria (Menkhorst and Williams, 1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Originally described by Troughton (1932<i>a</i>) as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>hermannsburgensis</i>, but distinguished from it and redescribed by Kitchener et al. (1984<i>a</i>), who also reported sympatry of both species at Goongarrie, Western Australia. Reviewed by Watts (1995<i>f</i>).","30","30-01706","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1706"
"13001707","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","calabyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener and Humphreys","1987","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","13","","296","","","Kakadu Pebble-mound Pseudomys","Australia, Northern Territory, Uranium Development Project Falls, 100 m.","Australia, recorded only from a small area in N part of Northern Territory (Woinarski et al., 1995<i>a</i>).","","","Kitchener and Humphreys (1987) proposed <i>calabyi</i> as a distinctive subspecies of <i>P. laborifex </i>(see also Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:177), but Woinarski et al. (1995<i>a</i>) claimed that study of more material collected between 1988 and 1990 confirms its specific status. The small range of <i>P. calabyi </i>is allopatric to that of <i>P. laborifex</i>.","30","30-01707","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1707"
"13001708","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","chapmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1980","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","8","","405","","","Western Pebble-mound Mouse","Australia, Western Australia, Pilbara Dist., East Hammersley Range, West Angelas Mine Site (Kitchener, 1980, provided additional information).","Australia, NW Western Australia; extant specimens known only from Pilbara Dist. (Kitchener, 1985:216), but distribution of pebble mounds indicates range once extended through Gascoyne to Murchison Dist. with S limit near Mileura, N limit the Great Sandy Desert, and E limit the Gibson Desert (Dunlop and Pound, 1981; Start and Kitchener, 1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","This species builds pebble mounds and is sympatric with <i>P</i>. <i>hermannsburgensis</i> (Kitchener, 1980), which does not construct such mounds (Dunlop and Pound, 1981), but phylogenetically most closely allied to <i>P</i>. <i>johnsoni</i>, another species that constructs pebble mounds (Kitchener, 1985). The use of pebble mounds as indicators of the presence of <i>P. chapmani</i> is documented by Anstee (1996). Reviewed by Start and Kitchener (1995).","30","30-01708","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1708"
"13001709","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","delicatulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1842","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1842","","13","","","Delicate Pseudomys","Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington (as restricted by Thomas’s lectotype designation; see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:173).","Torresian distribution in N Australia; N coastal region from near Port Hedland in Western Australia to Bundaberg area in Queensland, including some nearshore islands (Watts and Aslin, 1981:188; Braithwaite and Covacevich, 1995:593). SC Papua New Guinea, Morehead region on the trans-Fly plains (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>; Waithman, 1979).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>mimulus</i>  Thomas, 1926; <i>pumilus </i>Troughton, 1936.","Electrophoretic data and spermatozoal morphology supported a close relationship between <i>P</i>. <i>delicatulus</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>novaehollandiae</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>pilligaensis</i> (Breed, 1983; Briscoe et al., 1981). Sperm head morphology documented by Breed (2000) in context of distinguishing <i>P. delicatulus</i> from <i>P. patrius</i>, and revealing significant geographic variation within the former. Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Braithwaite and Covacevich (1995). There is no evidence of range reduction in Australia from the time of European settlement (Braithwaite and Covacevich, 1995). Palmer (2001) described some new collection sites of <i>P. delicatulus</i> in Queensland representing range extensions. <i>Pseudomys delicatulus</i> is one of 17 Australian species of mammals that are also found in the Trans-Fly region of SC New Guinea and nowhere else on the island (Norris and Musser, 2001).","30","30-01709","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1709"
"13001710","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","desertor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1932","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","18","","293","","","Desert Pseudomys","Australia, ""Central Australia"" (see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:174).","Arid and semiarid tropical regions of Australia; Western Australia, South Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, and possibly Victoria; also recorded from Bernier Isl, Western Australia (Kerle, 1995<i>a</i>:595; Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:174); Robinson et al. (2000) summarized the distribution in South Australia; Williams (1995<i>c</i>) discussed the possible distribution in Victoria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>murrayensis</i>  (Krefft, 1862); <i>subrufus </i>(Krefft, 1862).","Spermatozoal morphology similar to <i>P</i>. <i>australis</i> and many other species of <i>Pseudomys</i> (Breed, 1983). Both names listed above are unused senior synonyms of <i>desertor</i> and should not be resurrected (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:174). Reviewed by Kerle (1995<i>a</i>). Read et al. (1999) documented the distribution, ecology, and current status of <i>P. desertor</i> in South Australia.","30","30-01710","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1710"
"13001711","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","fieldi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waite","1896","","Rept. Horn Sci. Exped. Cent. Aust., Zool.","2","","403","","","Shark Bay Pseudomys","Australia, S Northern Territory, Alice Springs.","Australia. The only natural living population occurs on Bernier Isl in Shark Bay, Western Australia; some animals from there were translocated to Doole Isl in Exmouth Gulf in 1993 (Morris and Robinson, 1995).","CITES – Appendix I as <i>P. praeconis</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>P. fieldi </i>and <i>P. praeconis</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>P. fieldi</i>,<i> </i>Vulnerable as <i>P. praeconis</i>.","<i>praeconis</i>  Thomas, 1910.","Clustered with most other species of <i>Pseudomys</i>, judged by electrophoretic data (Baverstock et al., 1981, reported under <i>praeconis</i>). In the 1980s, <i>fieldi</i> was thought to be represented only by the holotype collected at Alice Springs in Northern Territory in 1895 and <i>praeconis</i> was known only from Bernier Isl. While listing <i>fieldi</i> as a species, Watts and Aslin (1981:171) wrote that ""It is difficult to determine whether or not this represents a distinct species or a rather aberrant specimen of some other species."" Subfossil samples have now been discovered along the west coast south of Shark Bay, and through Western Australia (the upper Gascoyne, northern Goldfields, and Gibson Desert) to the S region of Northern Territory. Study of this material and the holotypes of <i>fieldi</i> and <i>praeconis</i> indicates that all the samples represent the same species and that it once had an extensive mainland distribution before European settlement (Morris and... [truncated]","30","30-01711","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1711"
"13001712","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","fumeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brazenor","1934","","Mem. Nat. Mus. Melb.","8","","158","","","Smoky Pseudomys","Australia, Victoria, Turton's Pass, Otway Forest.","Australia, Victoria (Cockburn, 1995<i>b</i>:599; Menkhorst, 1995<i>d</i>:219; Watts and Aslin, 1981:202). Range during late Pleistocene extended into E New South Wales (Wakefield, 1972<i>a</i>).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Electrophoretic data separated <i>P</i>. <i>fumeus</i> from other species of <i>Pseudomys</i> (Baverstock et al., 1981); phallic morphology suggested a close tie between <i>P</i>. <i>fumeus</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>albocinereus</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>shortridgei</i>, a group for which the generic name <i>Gyomys</i> is available (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987:635); but spermatozoal structure tied <i>P</i>. <i>fumeus</i> with most other species of <i>Pseudomys</i> (Breed, 1983). Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Cockburn (1995<i>b</i>).","30","30-01712","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1712"
"13001713","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","glaucus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","609","","","Blue-gray Pseudomys","Australia, S Queensland.","Australia, Murray-Darling basin in New South Wales and S Queensland (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:175).","IUCN – Critically Endangered. Possibly extinct (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:175).","","Questionably listed as a synonym of <i>P. apodemoides</i> by Watts and Aslin (1981), and and sometimes considered synonymous with that species (Cockburn, 1995<i>a</i>), but no data supports such an association (Aplin, in litt., 2004; our survey of relevant literature).","30","30-01713","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1713"
"13001714","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","gouldii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1839","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Beagle,""","Mammalia","2","67","","","Gould’s Pseudomys","Australia, New South Wales, north of Hunter River (as restricted by Thomas’ lectotype designation; see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:175).","Australia; range based on Recent and subfossil specimens includes E South Australia and New South Wales (Dixon, 1995<i>e</i>); subfossils of either <i>P. gouldii</i> or <i>P. fieldi</i> (the two are difficult to distinguish) are from localities widespread across South Australia (Robinson et al., 2000.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct.","<i>rawlinnae</i> Troughton, 1932.","For full citation and other information see Mahoney and Richardson (1988:175). Apparently extinct (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:175); no live animals seen or collected since the middle 1850s (Watts and Aslin, 1981:169). Phallic morphology indicated <i>gouldii</i> is clustered with <i>P</i>. <i>australis</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>higginsi</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>nanus</i> (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987). Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Dixon (1995<i>e</i>).","30","30-01714","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1714"
"13001715","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","gracilicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1845","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1845","","77","","","Eastern Chestnut Pseudomys","Australia, Queensland, Darling Downs, Oakey Creek; see Mahoney and Richardson (1988:175).","Australia; modern range along the eastern coast from Townsville in N Queensland to Sydney area in New South Wales; subfossil specimens from farther south in New South Wales (Mahoney and Posamentier, 1975) and from S Victoria (Fox, 1995<i>a</i>:601; Watts and Aslin, 1981:180; Watts and Tweedie, 1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ultra</i> Troughton, 1939.","Phylogenetically closely related to <i>P</i>. <i>nanus</i>, an estimate based on spermatozoal morphology (Breed, 1983), electrophoretic data (Baverstock et al., 1977<i>a</i>, 1981), and morphology of skin, skull, and teeth (Watts and Aslin, 1981). Fox (1995<i>a</i>) provided a short recent review.","30","30-01715","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1715"
"13001716","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","hermannsburgensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waite","1896","","Rept. Horn Sci. Exped. Cent. Aust., Zool.","2","","405","","","Sandy Inland Pseudomys","Australia, Northern Territory, George Gill Range (as restricted by lectotype designation; see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:176).","Australia; arid parts of Western Australia, South Australia, Northern Territory, W Queensland, W New South Wales, and NW Victoria (Breed, 1995<i>c</i>:604; Robinson et al., 2000; Watts and Aslin, 1981:190; see also the range retraction by Ellis, 1995<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brazenori</i> Troughton, 1937.","Electrophoretic data (Baverstock et al., 1981) and spermatozoal morphology (Breed, 1983) clustered <i>P</i>. <i>hermannsburgensis</i> with most other species in <i>Pseudomys</i>, but phallic morphology interpreted by Lidicker and Brylski (1987) indicated closer affinity to species they placed in <i>Leggadina</i>. Digestive tract traits in relation to diet documented by Murray et al. (1994). Reviewed by Breed (1995<i>c</i>).","30","30-01716","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1716"
"13001717","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","higginsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Trouessart","1897","","Cat. Mamm. Viv. Foss.","1","","473","","","Long-tailed Pseudomys","Australia, Tasmania, Kentishbury; see Mahoney and Richardson (1988:177).","Australia; extant population known only from Tasmania (Rounsevell et al., 1991); represented on mainland in Victoria and E New South Wales by late Pleistocene samples (Wakefield, 1972<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>australiensis</i> Wakefield, 1972;<i> leucopus</i> (Higgins and Petterd, 1881) [not Rafinesque, 1818].","Spermatozoal morphology (Breed, 1983) and electrophoretic data (Baverstock et al., 1981) placed <i>P</i>. <i>higginsi</i> with most other species of <i>Pseudomys</i>, but phallic anatomy (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987) clustered <i>P. higginsi</i> with <i>P</i>. <i>australis</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>gouldii</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>nanus</i>. Wakefield (1972<i>b</i>) described <i>australiensis</i> as a subspecies based on late Pleistocene fossils. Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Green (1995).","30","30-01717","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1717"
"13001718","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","johnsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1985","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","12","","208","","","Central Pebble-mound Pseudomys","Australia, C Northern Territory, Kurundi Station, Kurinelli Mine, 150 m (Kitchener, 1985, provided additional information); also Queensland west of the Great Dividing Range, from near Cloncurrys to Camooweal (Van Dyck, 1997, as potentially undescribed species).","Australia; originally reported from small area in arid C Northern Territory (Kerle, 1995<i>b</i>:608; Kitchener, 1985:216). Recent discovery of <i>P. johnsoni</i> in Queensland highlights lack of detailed survey data for many parts of northern Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Closest phylogenetic relative is apparently <i>P</i>. <i>chapmani</i>, which occurs in NW Western Australia (Kitchener, 1985).","30","30-01718","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1718"
"13001719","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","laborifex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener and Humphreys","1986","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","12","","420","","","Kimberley Pseudomys","Australia, N Western Australia, Kimberley Region, Mitchell Plateau, adjacent to Camp Creek, 270 m (Kitchener and Humphreys, 1986:421, provided more information, including description of habitat at type locality).","Australia, N Western Australia and N Northern Territory (Kitchener and Humphreys, 1986:430, 1987:292).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Kitchener (1995).","30","30-01719","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1719"
"13001720","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","nanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1858","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1858","","242","","","Western Chestnut Pseudomys","Australia, Western Australia, Victoria Plains (as restricted by Thomas’ lectotype designation; see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:177).","Australia; W coast of Western Australia (also Barrow Isl), between Port Hedland and the Barkly Tableland in NE Western Australia, N Northern Territory, and NW Queensland (also South-West Isl in Gulf of Carpentaria); Watts and Aslin (1981:177); once ranged through W part of Western Australia (Robinson, 1995<i>c</i>:610).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>ferculinus</i> (Thomas, 1902).","Type species of <i>Thetomys</i>. A close relative of <i>P</i>. <i>gracilicaudatus</i> to the exclusion of other species of <i>Pseudomys</i>, judged by analyses of electrophoretic data (Baverstock et al., 1977<i>a</i>, 1981); but a member of the group that includes only <i>P</i>. <i>australis</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>gouldi</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>higginsi</i> based on phallic morphology (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987); however, not distinctive relative to most other species in the genus as judged by spermatozoal form (Breed, 1983). Anatomy of mammary glands described by Griffiths and Simms (1993). Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Robinson (1995<i>c</i>).","30","30-01720","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1720"
"13001721","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","novaehollandiae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1842","1843","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1842","","146","","","New Holland Pseudomys","Australia, New South Wales, upper Hunter River, Yarrundi (as restricted by Thomas’ lectotype designation; see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:178).","Australia; Coastal region of E New South Wales, S Victoria, and N Tasmania (Kemper, 1995<i>b</i>:611; Rounsevell et al., 1991:711; Seebeck and Menkhorst, 1995:222; Watts and Aslin, 1981:193; Wilson, 1994:47, 1996:32).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Type species of <i>Gyomys</i>. External, cranial, and dental morphology, along with electrophoretic data and spermatozoal anatomy, pointed to a close relationship between <i>P</i>. <i>novaehollandiae</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>pilligaensis</i> (Breed, 1983; Briscoe et al., 1981). Wilson and Roede (1997) described how populations can be sampled using hair sampling tubes. Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Kemper (1995<i>b</i>). Distribution and its correlation with vegetation type in Victoria documented by Lock and Wilson (1999).","30","30-01721","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1721"
"13001722","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","occidentalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1951","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","97","","246","","","Western Pseudomys","Australia, Western Australia, Tambellup.","Australia; extant range in SW Western Australia, subfossil specimens indicate species extended along S coastline to Kangaroo Isl off coast of South Australia (Kitchener, 1992; Robinson et al., 2000; Watts and Aslin, 1981:205).","U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","","Considered ""rare and likely to become extinct,"" but range was contracting before arrival of Europeans (Watts and Aslin, 1981:205). Electrophoretic data clustered <i>P</i>. <i>occidentalis</i> with all other <i>Pseudomys</i> analyzed except <i>P</i>. <i>fumeus</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>gracilicaudatus</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>nanus</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>shortridgei</i> (Baverstock et al., 1981). Reviewed by Whisson and Kitchener (1995).","30","30-01722","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1722"
"13001723","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","oralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","621","","","Hastings River Pseudomys","Australia; exact place unknown, but likely located in NE New South Wales or SE Queensland (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:179).","Australia; extant specimens from NE New South Wales and SE Queensland, but late Pleistocene fossils are from farther south in New South Wales and E Victoria (Gynther and O’Reilly, 1995; Meek and Triggs, 1999; Poole, 1994; Read, 1993; Watts and Aslin, 1981:170).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>P</i>. <i>australis</i>. Once considered to be the least known and rarest of <i>Pseudomys</i> (Watts and Aslin, 1981), but is less rare than thought although extremely local in distribution (Kirkpatrick, 1995). Body size and geographic distribution documented by Read (1993)","30","30-01723","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1723"
"13001724","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","patrius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Dollman","1909","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1908","","791","","","Eastern Pebble-mound Pseudomys","Australia; Queensland, Mount Inkerman; see Mahoney and Richardson (1988:179).","Australia; coastal region of NE Queensland, along the Gread Dividing Range from near Townsville to Kilkivan (Van Dyck, 1997).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Treated as a distinct species by Fox and Briscoe (1980) and Mahoney and Richardson (1988:179), but earlier judged by Mahoney to be a synonym of <i>P</i>. <i>delicatulus</i> (Kitchener, 1985:218), where it was placed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Braithwaite and Covacevich (1995). Recently <i>patrius</i> was returned to the status of a species (Van Dyck, 1997), an action reinforced by Breed’s (2000) study of sperm head morphology: ""<i>P. patrius</i>. . . has a sperm head morphology that differs markedly in its structural organisation from the spermatozoon of all <i>P. delicatulus</i> so far examined.""","30","30-01724","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1724"
"13001725","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","pilligaensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fox and Briscoe","1980","","Aust. Mamm.","3","","112","","","Pilliga Pseudomys","Australia, New South Wales, Merriwindi State Forest, 3 km west of Pilliga-Baradine Road., Cumberdeen Road (Fox and Briscoe, 1980, provided additional information).","Australia, N New South Wales, collected from a few localities within the Pilliga Scrub (Fox and Briscoe, 1980:119).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Chromosomal morphology described by Fox and Briscoe (1980). Morphological and electrophoretic data supported a close phylogenetic relationship of <i>P</i>. <i>pilligaensis</i> to <i>P</i>. <i>delicatulus</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>novaehollandiae</i> (Briscoe et al., 1981), which was reinforced by spermatozoal morphology (Breed, 1983). Reviewed by Fox (1995<i>b</i>). Recent DNA sequencing studies by F. Ford reveal a complex mosaic of <i>delicatulus</i> and <i>novaehollandiae</i> genotypes and phenotypes within the geographic area occupied by ‘<i>pillagaensis</i>,’ raising the distinct possibility that the latter ‘taxon’ actually identifies a zone of hybrid interaction between <i>delicatulus</i> and <i>novaehollandiae</i> (F. Ford, in litt., 2004).","30","30-01725","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1725"
"13001726","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Pseudomys","","shortridgei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","1907","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","","765","","","Heath Pseudomys","Australia, SW Western Australia, neighborhood of Woyerling Reserve, 973 ft (297 m); additional information in Mahoney and Richardson (1988:180).","Australia; S Western Australia and SW Victoria (Grampian Mtns and Portland areas); see maps in Watts and Aslin (1981:185) and Menkhorst (1995<i>e</i>:223); living specimen collected in 1967 from South Australia where the species is otherwise represented only by subfossils (Robinson et al., 2000).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","","Thought to be extinct in Western Australia (Watts and Aslin, 1981), but recently rediscovered there (Baynes et al., 1987). Level of DNA sequence divergence between Western and South Australian populations examined by Cooper et al. (2003<i>b</i>). Electrophoretic data suggested <i>P</i>. <i>shortridgei</i> is phylogenetically isolated from all other species of <i>Pseudomys</i> (Baverstock et al., 1981); spermatozoal morphology unlike most other <i>Pseudomys</i> but similar to that of <i>P</i>. <i>delicatulus</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>novaehollandiae</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>pilligaensis</i> (Breed, 1983); phallic anatomy linked <i>P</i>. <i>shortridgei</i> to <i>P</i>. <i>albocinereus</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>fumeus</i>, a group that could be generically recognized by calling it <i>Gyomys</i> (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987:635). Gross and microscopic anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract documented by Meulman et al. (1999). Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Cockburn (1995<i>c</i>).","30","30-01726","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1702-0000-1726"
"13001727","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Fischer","1803","","Natl. Mus. Nat. Paris","2","","128","","<i>Mus decumanus</i> Pallas, 1779 (see Hollister, 1916<i>b</i>; = <i>Mus norvegicus</i> Berkenhout, 1769).","","","","","<i>Acanthomys</i>  (Gray, 1867) [not Lesson, 1842, or Tokuda, 1941]; <i>Christomys</i> Sody, 1941; <i>Cironomys</i> Sody, 1941; <i>Epimys</i> Trouessart, 1881; <i>Geromys</i> Sody, 1941; <i>Mollicomys</i> Sody, 1941; <i>Octomys</i> (Sody, 1941) [not Thomas, 1922]; <i>Pullomys</i> Sody, 1941; <i>Rattus </i>Frisch, 1775; <i>Stenomys</i> Thomas, 1910; <i>Togomys </i>Dieterlen, 1989.","<p><i>Rattus</i>Division. <i>Rattus</i> Frisch, 1775, is unavailable. Corbet and Hill (1992:334) noted that Fischer’s original spelling is <i>Ruttus </i>but "". . . there is no evidence within this publication that the spelling <i>Ruttus </i>was an error. However it has, very sensibly, been universally accepted as an error for <i>Rattus </i>and it would serve no useful purpose to revert to <i>Ruttus.</i>""<i> </i>Sody (1941) proposed the genera <i>Christomys</i>, <i>Cironomys</i>, <i>Geromys</i>, <i>Mollicomys</i>, <i>Octomys</i>, and <i>Pullomys </i>for various species we list in <i>Rattus</i>; Corbet and Hill (1992) doubted the validity of <i>Mollicomys</i> and <i>Octomys </i>since they are based on mammary formulae shared with other murines (but see generic account of <i>Taeromys</i>). <i>Togomys</i> is based on <i>R</i>. <i>exulans</i> (Dieterlen, in Ansell, 1989). Taxonomic changes altering the definition of <i>Rattus</i> as understood by systematists working in the middle 1900s (Ch... [truncated]","30","30-01727","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727"
"13001728","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","adustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1940","","Treubia","17","","397","","","Burnished Enggano Rat","Indonesia, Pulau Enggano, off the coast of W Sumatra (and off the continental shelf), Kiojoh, sea level.","Pulau Enggano.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. Still known only by the holotype. Although Sody (1940) described <i>adustus</i> as a species, he later listed it as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>rattus</i> in a section also containing <i>lugens</i> and <i>mentawai</i>, populations endemic to the Mentawai Isls (Sody, 1941). In morphology and geographic proximity, <i>R. adustus</i> is related to <i>R</i>. <i>lugens</i>, the two are allies of <i>R. simalurensis</i> from the Simalur Arch., and all three share close kinship with Sundaic <i>R. tiomanicus</i> (Musser and Heaney, 1985; Musser, ms.). <i>Rattus adustus</i>, <i>R. enganus</i> (see that account), and <i>R. tiomanicus</i> are the only native <i>Rattus </i>(and the sole native murines) on Pulau Enggano.","30","30-01728","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1728"
"13001729","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","andamanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1860","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","29","","103","","","Indochinese Forest Rat","India, Andaman Isls, South Andaman Isl.","S China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Fujian, islands of Hong Kong and Hainan), Vietnam (including four coastal islands; Kuznetsov, 2000, recorded as <i>koratensis</i>), Laos, Cambodia, Thailand (including Koh Klum off SE Thailand in the Gulf of Siam), C and N Burma, NE India (Sikkim, N West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya), Bhutan, and E Nepal. Not recorded from the mainland of peninsular Thailand south of Isthmus of Kra (10EE, 30' N), but occurs on four islands (Koh Tau, Koh Phangan, Koh Samui, and Koh Kra) off the coast well south of the Isthmus (see Musser and Heaney, 1985). Also on the Andaman Isls (islands of North Andaman, Interview, Middle Andaman, Long, Henry Lawrence, Havelock, South Andaman, and Little Andaman) and Car Nicobar, northernmost of the Nicobar Isls. Limits in NE India and Nepal unresolved. Distribution based on specimens examined by Musser).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>R. sikkimensis</i>","<i>burrulus</i>  (Miller, 1902); <i>flebilis</i> (Miller, 1902); <i>hainanicus </i>G. M. Allen, 1925;<i> holchu </i>Chaturvedi, 1965; <i>klumensis </i>(Kloss, 1916);<i> koratensis </i>Kloss, 1919; <i>kraensis </i>(Kloss, 1916);<i> remotus </i>(Robinson and Kloss, 1914); <i>sikkimensis</i> Hinton, 1919; <i>yaoshanensis </i>Shih, 1930.","<p><i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. Usually listed as <i>sikkimensis</i>, which was described as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>rattus</i> (Hinton, 1919<i>a</i>), then arranged as a synonym of <i>R</i>. <i>r</i>. <i>brunneusculus</i> (Ellerman, 1961), later identified as <i>R. sikkimensis </i>(Musser and Newcomb, 1983; Musser and Heaney, 1985; Musser and Carleton, 1993), and discussed under <i>R. remotus </i>by Corbet and Hill (1992), who noted that <i>remotus </i>is an older name than <i>sikkimensis</i>. South Vietnamese samples have also been described under <i>R</i>. <i>sladeni</i> (Van Peenen et al., 1969), N Vietnamese series as <i>R</i>. <i>koratensis</i> (Dao, 1985), and Thai samples under <i>R</i>. <i>koratensis</i> and <i>R</i>. <i>remotus</i> (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>).</p><p>The oldest name for the species is <i>andamanensis</i>, which Musser and Lunde (ms) determined by study of the holotype and large series (in USNM, KNMB, and ZSI) collected on the Andaman Isls. ... [truncated]","30","30-01729","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1729"
"13001730","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","annandalei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1903","","<i>In</i> Annandale, Fasciculi Malayenses, Zool.","pt. I","","30","","","Annandale’s Sundaic Rat","Malaysia (Malay Peninsula), S Perak, Sungkei.","Malay Peninsula, Singapore, E Sumatra, and islands of Padang and Rupat off the coast of E Sumatra (see Musser and Newcomb, 1983:515, and references therein).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bullatus</i>  (Lyon, 1908); <i>villosus</i> (Lyon, 1908).","<i>Rattus</i>species group unresolved. A Sundaic endemic; superficially resembles <i>Sundamys muelleri</i> and some species of <i>Rattus</i> in primitive external, cranial, and dental features, but in other specialized traits <i>R</i>. <i>annandalei</i> is unlike any species of <i>Sundamys</i> and may eventually be removed from <i>Rattus</i> (Musser and Newcomb, 1983).","30","30-01730","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1730"
"13001731","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","arfakiensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rümmler","1935","","Z. Säugetierk.","10","","118","","","Vogelkop Mountain Rat","New Guinea, NW Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Vogelkop Peninsula, Arfak Mtns, 2000 m.","Recorded only by the holotype from the Arfak Mtns.","","","<i>Rattus leucopus </i>species group; member of the <i>R. niobe</i> complex. Usually associated with <i>R. niobe</i> as a subspecies (Laurie and Hill, 1954; Tate, 1951) or one of the synonyms of <i>R. niobe arrogans</i> (Taylor et al., 1982). Its brown upperparts and long incisive foramina do not fit neatly into either <i>R. niobe</i>,<i> R. pococki</i>, or <i>R. arrogans</i>. We provisionally recognize <i>arfakiensis</i> as a species until a fresh assessment is made of individual and geographic variation among samples of the <i>R. niobe </i>complex. A larger series of <i>arfakiensis</i> is required for study to determine its relationship to populations of this complex in the Central Cordillera of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) and Papua New Guinea.","30","30-01731","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1731"
"13001732","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","argentiventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1916","","J. Strs. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc.","73","","274","","","Ricefield Rat","Indonesia, west coast of Sumatra, Pasir Ganting.","Indochina: Thailand and Koh Samui off the east coast of peninsular Thailand (J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>), Cambodia, C Laos (Smith et al., In Press), and Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994) in Indochina (including islands of Cham and Thô Chu off the coast of S Vietnam; Kuznetsov, 2000). Sunda Shelf: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Kangean Isl, and Bali. Nusa Tenggara (Lesser Sunda Isls): islands of Lombok, Sumbawa, Sangeang, Komodo, Rintja, Flores, Adonara, Lembata, Alor, Sumba, Timor, and Tanimbar. East of Indochina and the Sunda Shelf: Philippines (Cebu, Luzon, Mindoro, Negros, and Mindanao Isls; Heaney et al., 1998); Sulawesi (Musser and Holden, 1991); and one place and date of collection in New Guinea (Musser, 1973<i>b</i>; Taylor et al., 1982). See Musser (1973<i>b</i>) and Maryanto (2003) for details of range. Corbet and Hill (1992), followed by Helgen (2003<i>b</i>), recorded the species from Seram in the Moluccas, but we cannot locate any specimens that would substantiate that occurrence, and Maryanto’s (2003) taxonomic revision of Indonesian populations does not include Seram within the distribution.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bali</i> Kloss, 1921;<i> brevicaudatus</i> Horst and Raadt, 1918; <i>chaseni </i>Sody, 1941;<i> hoxaensis </i>Dao, 1960; <i>kalimantanensis </i>Maryanto, 2003; <i>pesticulus</i> Thomas, 1921; <i>saturnus</i> Sody, 1941; <i>umbriventer </i>Kellogg, 1945.","<i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. The incorrect historical association of <i>argentiventer</i> as a subspecies of <i>Rattus rattus</i> summarized by Musser (1973<i>b</i>). Judged by its close morphological alliance with species that Ellerman (1941) placed in subgenus <i>Rattus</i>, which are mostly mainland Asian in origin, and its peculiar Indo-australian geographic distribution that is discordant with ranges of endemic species, <i>R</i>. <i>argentiventer</i> was likely inadvertently introduced into the highly distinctive murine faunas of the Sunda Shelf, Philippines, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and New Guinea from its Indochinese homeland, possibly with the spread of rice culture (Musser, 1973<i>b</i>; Musser and Holden, 1991; Musser and Newcomb, 1983; Taylor et al., 1982). <i>Rattus hoxaensis</i> from C Vietnam, described by Dao (1960), represents <i>R</i>. <i>argentiventer </i>(Musser’s identification of specimens in ZMVNU that Dao himself identified as <i>hoxaensis</i>); reasons fo... [truncated]","30","30-01732","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1732"
"13001733","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","arrogans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","263","","","Western New Guinea Mountain Rat","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), N slopes Snow Mtns (Pegunungan Maoke), Doormanpad-bivak, 2400 m, 03E30'S, 138E30'E (Laurie and Hill, 1954).","Western New Guinea; recorded from the central mountainous backbone of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya; Pegunungan Maoke) eastward to the Star Mtns in W Papua New Guinea (longitude 141EE), 2200-4050 m (some of the material cited by Taylor et al., 1982 as <i>Rattus niobe arrogans</i>; Flannery and Seri, 1990; specimens in AMNH).","<i>haymani</i>(Ellerman, 1941);<i> klossi </i>Thomas, 1913 [not Bonhote, 1906].","<i>Rattus leucopus </i> species group; member of the <i>R. niobe</i> complex. Taylor et al., (1982) treated <i>arrogans</i> as a subspecies of <i>R. niobe </i>and western montane counterpart of the eastern <i>R. n. niobe. </i>Our examination of hundreds of specimens in AMNH led us to a different interpretation. There are at least three species in what is currently regarded as <i>R. niobe</i>. One is <i>R. niobe</i>,<i> </i>which we have not been able to identify outside of Papua New Guinea. In Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), two kinds occur on N slopes of the Snow Mtns. Between 1500 and 2150 m is a dark blackish brown (upperparts and underparts) species closely similar in fur coloration to most Papuan <i>R. niobe</i>, but averages larger in external and most cranial dimensions. We provisionally apply <i>pococki</i> to this species, as did Tate (1951:340, as <i>Rattus niobe pococki</i>) who examined the same material. The zone between 2200 and 3900 m is occupied by a different species that has brown instead of blackish pelage, even larger dimensions, a larger skull with more inflated braincase, and wider molars. Thomas’s (1922<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>) and Tate’s (1951) description of <i>arrogans </i>fit these specimens (type locality is in same region but farther north), and they were also assigned to <i>arrogans</i> by Tate (1951, as a subspecies of <i>niobe</i>). Tate’s (1951) description of the holotype of <i>haymani</i> (replacement name for Thomas’s, 1913<i>b</i>, <i>klossi</i>) suggests it is a synonym. Flannery (1990<i>b</i>:241) noted that unpublished results from biochemical studies indicated that two species are present in what Taylor et al. (1982) defined as a single entity, one at high altitudes and the other at lower, but did not indicate which region of New Guinea. According to K. Aplin (in litt., 2004), those results came from samples collected by him on Mt. Karimui (northern Papua New Guinea in Chimbu Province) in 1984. He encountered two morphologically (in external and cranial traits) distinct forms overlapping at about 1400 m. His allozyme study confirmed they were also genetically distinct (more so than <i>R. leucopus</i> and <i>R. verecundus</i> that were included on the same gels). Flannery and Seri (1990) also recognized a high-altitude form they labelled <i>arrogans</i> and a middle-altitude entity they identified as <i>pococki</i> in the Central Cordillera of West Sepik Province in northwestern Papua New Guinea. Whether these names identify the same species that live on northern slopes of the Snow Mtns remains to be determined.","","30","30-01733","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1733"
"13001734","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","baluensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","454","","","Kinabalu Rat","Malaysia, Sabah (N Borneo), Mt Kinabalu, 8000 ft (2438 m).","Known only between 1524 and 3360 m on slopes of Mt Kinabalu, N Borneo (Md Nor, 2000; Musser, 1986).","IUCN – Endangered.","","<i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. Taxonomic history of past association of <i>baluensis</i> with <i>Rattus rattus</i> documented by Musser (1986), who also noted that its closest relative is probably <i>R</i>. <i>tiomanicus</i>, which occurs in lowlands of Borneo and on many islands on the Sunda Shelf. Member of the suite of murine species endemic to Borneo (Musser, 1986; see also account of <i>Chiropodomys major</i>).","30","30-01734","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1734"
"13001735","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","blangorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1942","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","94","","145","","","Aceh Rat","Indonesia, N Sumatra, Aceh foothills of Gunung Leuser, near Blangnanga Base Camp, 3600 ft (1097 m; see Miller, 1942, for details).","Known only from the type locality.","","","<i>Rattus rattus</i> species group. Still represented only by the holotype and another specimen (ANSP 20348, 20349). Originally described as a species (Miller, 1942), but later included in <i>R. tiomanicus</i> (Musser and Califia, 1982; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Recent multivariate analyses employing morphometric traits of Sundaic samples of the <i>R. tiomanicus</i> complex indicate <i>blangorum</i> to be distinct from all other insular samples in that assemblage, which is partly a reflection of its small body size compared to the usual size range in <i>R. tiomanicus </i>(Musser, ms.). Member of the suite of murine species endemic to Sumatra (Musser, 1986, and account of <i>Maxomys hylomyoides</i>).","30","30-01735","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1735"
"13001736","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","bontanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","246","","","Southwestern Xanthurus Rat","Indonesia, SW Sulawesi, Mt Bonthain (Gunung Lampobatang), 2000 ft (610 m).","SW Sulawesi: 600-2500 m on the slopes of Gunung Lampobatang and adjacent coastal lowlands.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>R. bontanus</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>R. foramineus</i>.","<i>foramineus</i> Sody, 1941.","<i>Rattus xanthurus </i>species group. Sody (1941) questionably included this species in <i>Taeromys</i>, Laurie and Hill (1954) and Musser (1984) treated it as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>xanthurus</i>, but Musser and Holden (1991) contended that it is a distinct species most closely related to <i>R</i>. <i>foramineus</i>, which occurs in coastal lowlands of the southern end of the SW peninsula of Sulawesi and is represented only by four modern specimens (Sody, 1941) and subfossil fragments from a few localities (Musser, 1984; Musser and Holden, 1991). Recent morphometric analyses reveal that <i>foramineus</i> is a lowland population of <i>R. bontanus</i>, which has external and morphological traits that distinguish it from any other species in the <i>R. xanthurus</i> group of Sulawesi (Musser, ms). Sody described <i>pelurus</i> from Pulau Peleng as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>foramineus</i>, but the Peleng Isl rat is a separate species (Musser and Holden, 1991; see that account).","30","30-01736","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1736"
"13001737","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","burrus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.","24","","768","","","Nicobar Archipelago Rat","India, Nicobar Isls, Trinkat Isl.","Islands of Trinkat, Little Nicobar, and Great Nicobar in the Nicobar Arch.; apparently absent from Car Nicobar, northernmost of the Nicobar Isls, which is inhabited by populations of <i>R. andamanensis</i> and <i>R. palmarum </i>(see those accounts).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>burrescens</i> (Miller, 1902).","<i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. Recent morphometric analyses indicate <i>R. burrus</i> to be most closely related to <i>R. simalurensis</i> from the Simalur Arch., <i>R. lugens </i>from the Mentawai Arch., and <i>R. adustus</i> from Pulau Enggano. Except for larger body size, morphology of the four species resembles that characterizing the <i>R</i>. <i>tiomanicus</i> complex from the Sunda Shelf (Musser, 1986; Musser, ms.). <i>Rattus burrus</i> is also morphologically similar to <i>R. palmarum</i> from Car Nicobar, the northernmost of the Nicobar Isls (see that account), but differs in being smaller in body size (e. g., greatest skull length = 41.3-46.7 mm for 12 adult <i>R. burrus</i>, 49.0-54.0 mm for three adult <i>R. palmarum</i>), with softer pelage. Whether <i>burrus</i> is a separate species or simply a smaller-bodied insular variant of the larger-bodied and coarse-furred <i>R. palmarum</i> warrants careful study. Both taxa may be Nicobar endemics, but their status will have... [truncated]","30","30-01737","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1737"
"13001738","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","colletti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Novit. Zool.","11","","599","","","Australian Dusky Rat","Australia, Northern Territory, South Alligator River (see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988).","Australia; known only from the coastal floodplains of the Northern Territory, the most restricted range of all the native Australian <i>Rattus</i> (Watts and Aslin, 1981; Williams, 1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>Rattus fuscipes</i> species group. Arranged as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>sordidus</i> by Taylor and Horner (1973), but subsequently treated as a separate species (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988; Watts and Aslin, 1981; Williams, 1995). Although diploid counts are very different, <i>Rattus colletti</i> (2n = 42) is genetically very close to <i>R</i>. <i>villosissimus</i> (2n = 50); the two hybridize in the laboratory, but the offspring exhibit severely reduced fertility (Baverstock et al., 1983<i>a</i>, 1986). An undescribed species related to <i>R. colletti </i>and <i>R. villosissimus </i>is known from a small area in C Queensland (Aplin, in litt., 2004). Fertile hybrids have also been obtained between laboratory crosses of <i>R</i>. <i>colletti</i> and <i>R</i>. <i>tunneyi</i> (Baverstock et al., 1983<i>a</i>).","30","30-01738","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1738"
"13001739","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","elaphinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1941","","Treubia","18","","307","","","Sula Archipelago Rat","Indonesia, Kepulauan Sula, Pulau Taliabu (east of Pulau Peleng and Sulawesi).","Known only from Pulau Taliabu, Indonesia (Musser and Holden, 1991) and adjacent Pulau Manggole in the Sula Arch., but absent from nearby Pulau Sanana in the same archipelago, where only the introduced <i>R. tanezumi</i> and <i>R. exulans</i> are found (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>Rattus leucopus </i>species group. A morphologically distinctive species that is likely most closely related to native <i>Rattus</i> on the Moluccas and New Guinea. Amplified description and comparisons with Sulawesian <i>R</i>. <i>hoffmanni</i> and <i>R</i>. <i>koopmani</i> from Peleng Isl provided by Musser and Holden (1991).","30","30-01739","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1739"
"13001740","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","enganus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","30","","821","","","Enggano Island Rat","Indonesia, Pulau Enggano (southwest of Sumatra and off the continental margin).","Known only from Pulau Enggano.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","<i>Rattus</i>species group unresolved. Represented only by the holotype. Some cranial, dental, and external features resemble those in <i>R</i>. <i>macleari</i> from Christmas Isl and <i>R</i>. <i>xanthurus</i> from Sulawesi, but the holotype of <i>R</i>. <i>enganus</i> is morphologically distinctive; determining its phylogenetic affinities within <i>Rattus</i> will require more specimens from Pulau Enggano and revisionary study of the genus (Musser and Newcomb, 1983). In addition to <i>R. enganus</i> and <i>R. adustus</i>, there is a single specimen of <i>R. tiomanicus </i>(USNM 140975) collected on Pulau Enggano.","30","30-01740","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1740"
"13001741","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","everetti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1879","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1879","","75","","","Philippine Forest Rat","Philippines, N Mindanao Isl (see Heaney and Rabor, 1982, for details).","Endemic and widespread in the Philippines except for the Greater Palawan and Sulu faunal regions and the Batanes-Babuyan groups. Islands of Luzon, Catanduanes, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Ticao, Camiguin, Samar, Calicoan, Leyte, Dinagat, Siargao, Mindanao, Basilan, Bohol, Biliran, Marinduque, Panay, and Maripipi (Heaney et al., 1998); probably occurs on other islands in the Philippine Arch. (Musser and Heaney, 1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albigularis</i>  (Mearns, 1905); <i>gala</i> (Miller, 1910); <i>tagulayensis</i> (Mearns, 1905); <i>tyrannus </i>(Miller, 1910).","<i>Rattus</i>species group unresolved. Member of the Philippine New Endemics (Musser and Heaney, 1992). May be more than one species represented in insular samples; the <i>everetti</i> complex needs critical systematic revision. Corbet and Hill (1992), for example, recognized <i>tyrannus</i> from Ticao and Negros Isls as a separate species. Cranial, dental, and spermatozoal characters elaborated by Breed and Musser (1991) and Musser and Heaney (1992). Not closely related to other species of <i>Rattus</i> endemic to the Philippines and likely should be generically separated. Phylogenetic analyses of complete DNA mitochondrial cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences for 13 of the 16 genera of endemic Philippine murines place <i>R. everetti</i> as either basal to other species of <i>Rattus</i> or near the clade containing species of <i>Bullimus</i>,<i> Tarsomys</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Limnomys</i> (Jansa and Heaney, 2001; Heaney, pers. comm.), which are also New Endemics. Standard karyotype (2n = 42, FN... [truncated]","30","30-01741","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1741"
"13001742","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","exulans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peale","1848","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","","47","","","Pacific Rat","Society Isls, Tahiti Isl (France).","E Bangladesh, C and S Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, C and S Vietnam, Yongxing Isl in the Xisha Arch (in South China Sea southeast of Hainan Isl between 16E and 18EN; Wang, 2003), E Taiwan and Miyakojima Isl in S Ryukyus (Motokawa et al., 2001<i>a</i>), Sundaic region (incl. Mentawai Isls, and islands of Enggano, Nias, and Simeulule), Christmas Isl (Gibson-Hill, 1947), Sulawesi, Philippines (Heaney et al., 1998), Moluccas (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>), and Nusa Tenggara (Lesser Sunda Isls); New Guinea Region (Taylor et al., 1982; Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>), SW Pacific Isls (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>) Adele and Murray Isls off the coast of NW and NE Australia (not recorded from mainland; Mahoney and Richardson, 1988; Taylor and Horner, 1973; Watts, 1995<i>h</i>; Watts and Aslin, 1981), Micronesia, New Zealand (Atkinson and Moller, 1990), Polynesia (including Caroline Isls; Buden, 1996<i>a</i>, 1996<i>b</i>), Hawaiian Isls (Tomich, 1986), and Easter Isl. Not documented from Andaman or Nicobar Isls (Chaturvedi, 1980; Musser’s research), despite assertion of Wodzicki and Taylor (1984), who otherwise adequately summarized general distribution; details recorded by Musser and Newcomb (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Range also based upon our study of specimens in several museums (also see Matisoo-Smith et al., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aemuli</i>  (Thomas, 1896); <i>aitape</i> Troughton, 1937; <i>apicus</i> (Mearns, 1905); <i>basilanus</i> (Hollister, 1913); <i>bocourti</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1872); <i>browni</i> (Alston, 1877); <i>buruensis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1911); <i>calcis</i> (Hollister, 1911); <i>clabatus</i> (Lyon, 1906); <i>concolor</i> (Blyth, 1859); <i>echimyoides</i> (Ramsay, 1877); <i>ephippium</i> (Jentink, 1880); <i>equile</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1927; <i>eurous</i> Miller and Hollister, 1921; <i>gawae</i> Troughton, 1845; <i>hawaiiensis</i> Stone, 1917; <i>huegeli</i> (Thomas, 1880); <i>jessook</i> (Jentink, 1879); <i>lassacquerei</i> Sody, 1933; <i>leucophaetus</i> (Hollister, 1913); <i>luteiventris</i> (J. A. Allen, 1910); <i>malengiensis</i> Sody, 1941; <i>manoquarius</i> Sody, 1934; <i>maorium</i> (Hutton, 1870); <i>mayonicus</i> (Hollister, 1913); <i>melanoderma</i> (Dieterlen, 1986); <i>meringgit</i> Sody, 1941; <i>micronesiensis</i> Tokuda, 1933 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>negrinus</i> (Thomas, 1898); <i>obscurus</i> (Miller, 1900) [not Waterhouse, 1837]; <i>ornatulus</i> (Hollister, 1913); <i>otteni</i> Kopstein, 1931; <i>pantarensis</i> (Mearns, 1905); <i>praecelsus</i> Troughton, 1937; <i>pullus</i> (Miller, 1901); <i>querceti</i> (Hollister, 1911); <i>raveni</i> Miller and Hollister, 1921; <i>rennelli</i> Troughton, 1945; <i>schuitemakeri</i> Sody, 1933; <i>solatus</i> Kellogg, 1945; <i>stragulum</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1916); <i>suffectus</i> Troughton, 1937; <i>surdus</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>tibicen</i> Troughton, 1937; <i>todayensis</i> (Mearns, 1905); <i>vigoratus</i> (Hollister, 1913); <i>vitiensis</i> (Peale, 1848); <i>vulcani</i> (Mearns, 1905); <i>wichmanni </i>(Jentink, 1890).","<p><i>Rattus exulans </i>species group. Inadvertent or intentional human introduction or possibly natural rafting is responsible for most of the Pacific insular occurrences (Langdon, 1995; Matisoo-Smith and Robins, 2004; Matisoo-Smith et al., 1998; Roberts, 1991), and for distributions on islands and archipelagos outside of mainland SE Asia, the region where the species may have originated (Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Matisoo-Smith et al. (1998) claimed that <i>R. exulans</i> was among the plant and animal species carried by ancestral Polynesians in their colonizing canoes. They analyzed mtDNA sequences in an array of Polynesian samples, concluding that the sequences ""prove to be valuable genetic markers for tracing the migration routes and movement of the first humans entering the remote Pacific"" (p. 15149). A subsequent study by Matisoo-Smith and Robins (2004) documents evidence for origins and dispersals of Polynesians derived from mtDNA phylogenies of <i>R. exulans. </i>Standard kar... [truncated]","30","30-01742","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1742"
"13001743","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","feliceus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","423","","","Spiny Seram Island Rat","Indonesia, Kepulauan Maluku, Pulau Seram, Gunung Manusela, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Known only from Seram Isl, sea level to 1830 m (Helgen, 2003<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>Rattus leucopus </i>species group. Amplified description and comparison with <i>R</i>. <i>koopmani</i> from Peleng Isl provided by Musser and Holden (1991), who also discussed past subspecific allocations of <i>feliceus</i> to other species of <i>Rattus</i>. Phylogenetic affinities of <i>R</i>. <i>feliceus</i> are probably with species of <i>Rattus</i> endemic to New Guinea region (Musser and Holden, 1991), an alliance based upon morphology that should be tested with molecular data. Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Helgen (2003<i>b</i>).","30","30-01743","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1743"
"13001744","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","fuscipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1839","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Beagle,"" Mammalia","","","66","","","Australian Bush Rat","Australia, Western Australia, Albany, ""Little Grove"" on Princess Royal Harbor, 4 mi (6 km) S Mt Melville (as restricted by neotype designation by Taylor and Horner, 1973; also see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988).","Coastal, subcoastal, and offshore islands of SW Western Australia; S coast from Eyre Peninsula in South Australia (Robinson et al., 2000) to W Victoria; coastal and subcoastal Victoria from Otway Peninsula north to near Rockhampton in Queensland; coastal Queensland from Townsville to Cooktown (Lunney, 1995<i>a</i>:652; Seebeck, 1995<i>c</i>:225; Taylor and Horner, 1973:15).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>assimilis</i>  (Gould, 1858); <i>brazenori</i> Tate, 1940; <i>coracius</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>glauerti</i> Thomas, 1926; <i>greyii</i> (Gray, 1841); <i>manicatus</i> (Gould, 1858); <i>mondraineus</i> Thomas, 1921; <i>murrayi</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>peccatus</i> Troughton, 1937; <i>pelori</i> Finlayson, 1960; <i>ravus </i>Brazenor, 1936.","<i>Rattus fuscipes </i>species group. Taylor and Horner (1973) suggested, on morphological grounds, that the Queensland population of <i>R</i>. <i>fuscipes</i> (<i>coracius</i>) has a common ancestry with Queensland <i>R</i>. <i>leucopus</i>, a hypothesis reasserted by Taylor et al. (1982, 1983). This relationship, however, is unsupported by either chromosomal (Dennis and Menzies, 1978) or allozymic data (Baverstock et al., 1983<i>a</i>, 1986). Reviewed by Taylor and Horner (1973), Watts and Aslin (1981), Mahoney and Richardson (1988), and Lunney (1995<i>a</i>). See Taylor and Calaby (1988<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species, 298). The name <i>manicatus</i> was included in the synonymy of <i>Rattus fuscipes</i> by Taylor and Horner (1973), but listed as <i>incertae sedis</i> by Mahoney and Richardson (1988:192).","30","30-01744","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1744"
"13001745","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","giluwensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1960","","J. Mammal.","41","","277","","","Mount Giluwe Rat","NE New Guinea, Papua, Mt Giluwe, 11,000-12,000 ft (3350-3660 m).","Recorded only from Mt Giluwe in Papua New Guinea and adjoining highlands, 2195-3660 m (Taylor et al., 1982).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>melanurus</i> Laurie and Hill, 1954 [not Shamel, 1940].","<i>Rattus leucopus</i> species group. Originally described as <i>R</i>. <i>ruber melanurus</i> (Laurie and Hill, 1954:112), but the name is preoccupied by <i>Rattus melanurus</i> Shamel, 1940, which refers to a sample of <i>Maxomys whiteheadi</i>. A morphologically distinctive species whose phylogenetic affinities are equivocal (Taylor et al., 1982, 1983).","30","30-01745","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1745"
"13001746","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","hainaldi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, How, and Maharadatunkamsi","1991","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","15","","557","","","Hainald’s Flores Island Rat","Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Pulau Flores, Gunung Ranakah, 1300 m, above Kampong Robo, Desa Longko, 8 km SSE Ruteng.","Known only from Flores Isl.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>Rattus</i> species group unresolved. Described from two specimens (Kitchener et al., 1991<i>c</i>), and later found to be common in forest habitats (Kitchener and Yani, 1998; Kitchener et al., 1998). Phylogenetic affinities uncertain; placement in <i>Rattus </i>originally provisional (Kitchener et al., 1991), results from albumin immunology suggest transfer to either <i>Bunomys</i> or <i>Komodomys</i> (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>), but electrophoretic data indicate <i>R. hainaldi</i> to be equidistant from the <i>Komodomys-Rattus timorensis </i>clade of Nusa Tenggara clade and true <i>Rattus</i> (K. Aplin, in litt., 2004).","30","30-01746","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1746"
"13001747","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","hoffmanni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1901","","Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges.","25","","284","","","Hoffmann’s Sulawesi Rat","Indonesia, NE Sulawesi, Minahassa region.","Sulawesi; throughout island except upper slopes of Gunung Lampobatang at the end of the SW peninsula; also on Pulau Malenge in Kepulauan Togian (Musser and Holden, 1991).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>biformatus</i>  Sody, 1941; <i>celebensis</i> (Hoffmann, 1887) [not Gray, 1867]; <i>linduensis</i> Miller and Hollister, 1921; <i>mengkoka</i> Tate and Archbold, 1935; <i>mollicomus</i> Miller and Hollister, 1921; <i>tatei</i> Ellerman, 1941.","<i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. Morphological, chromosomal, distributional, and ecological boundaries of species elaborated by Musser and Holden (1991), who also documented taxonomic history. Stomach morphology described and contrasted with other Sulawesian endemics by Musser and Durden (2002). Closest relative of <i>R</i>. <i>hoffmanni</i> is <i>R</i>. <i>mollicomulus</i> from Gunung Lampobatang, Sulawesi. <i>Rattus koopmani</i>, endemic to Pulau Peleng, is also likely closely related to <i>R. hoffmanni</i>. Phylogenetic affinities of this cluster to other species of <i>Rattus</i> are unresolved.","30","30-01747","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1747"
"13001748","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","hoogerwerfi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1939","","Treubia","17","3","496","","","Hoogerwerf’s Sumatran Rat","Indonesia, W Sumatra, Aceh, Gunung Leuser, Blang Kedjeren, 2900 ft (885 m).","Recorded from only between 885 and 2835 m in foothills and upper slopes of Gunung Leuser, Sumatra (Musser, 1986).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>Rattus</i>species group unresolved. Very distinctive and possibly not a member of <i>Rattus</i>. Morphology and comparisons with other species documented by Musser and Newcomb (1983) and Musser (1986). Although phylogenetic affinities with species of <i>Rattus</i> from Sulawesi, the Philippines, and Christmas Isl have been claimed (Miller, 1942), and with <i>R</i>. <i>korinchi</i> (Chasen, 1939), no compelling evidence links <i>R</i>. <i>hoogerwerfi</i> with any other species (Musser, 1986). Member of the suite of murine species endemic to Sumatra (see Musser, 1986, and account of <i>Maxomys hylomyoides</i>).","30","30-01748","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1748"
"13001749","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","jobiensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rümmler","1935","","Z. Säugetierk.","10","","116","","","Yapen Island Rat","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Pulau Yapen in Teluk Cendrawasih (Geelvinck Bay).","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), recorded only from islands of Yapen, Owi, Supiori, and Biak in Geelvinck Bay (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>:154; Taylor et al., 1982:262).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>biakensis</i>  Troughton, 1945; <i>owiensis </i>Troughton, 1946.","<i>Rattus leucopus </i>species group. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>leucopus</i>, <i>jobiensis</i> is a distinctive, separate species that may be more closely related to Moluccan endemics than to native mainland New Guinea species (Taylor et al., 1982). Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","30","30-01749","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1749"
"13001750","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","koopmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser and Holden","1991","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","206","","389","","","Koopman’s Peleng Island Rat","Indonesia, Kepulauan Banggai, Pulau Peleng (1°23'S, 123°14'E), which is separated from mainland Sulawesi by deepwater Selat Peleng.","Known only from Peleng Isl.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. Represented only by the holotype. In many characters, <i>R</i>. <i>koopmani</i> resembles the Sulawesian <i>R</i>. <i>hoffmanni</i> and bears the same degree of relationship to that species as the Peleng <i>R. pelurus</i> does to mainland <i>R. xanthurus</i>. More specimens are needed to assess morphological variation and better estimate phylogenetic affinity (Musser and Holden, 1991). Occurs with <i>R. pelurus</i>, a member of the <i>R. xanthurus</i> group; no other species of <i>Rattus </i>have been found on Pulau Peleng, but past biological surveys have been limited.","30","30-01750","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1750"
"13001751","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","korinchi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1916","","J. Str. Br. Roy. Asiatic Soc.","73","","275","","","Sumatran Mountain Rat","Indonesia, W Sumatra, Propinsi Jambi, Gunung Kerinci, Sungai Kring, 7300 ft (2225 m).","Recorded only from Gunung Kerinci and Gunung Talakmau in W Sumatra (Musser, 1986:4).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>Rattus</i>species group unresolved. Revised by Musser (1986). Represented by very few specimens, and morphologically unlike any other described species of <i>Rattus</i>. Member of the cluster of murine species endemic to Sumatra (Musser, 1986; see also account of <i>Maxomys hylomyoides</i>).","30","30-01751","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1751"
"13001752","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","leucopus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1867","","598","","","Cape York Rat","Australia, Queensland, Cape York (as restricted by Thomas’ lectotype selection; see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:183).","Australia, Queensland: one population ranges from the tip of Cape York south down E side of the peninsula to vicinity of Coen, another from region of Cooktown south along the coast to Tully; all records are east of the Great Dividing Range (Moore and Leung, 1995; Taylor and Horner, 1973; Watts and Aslin, 1981). New Guinea: widespread in lowlands south of Central Cordillera, in N and S lowland regions fringing the Owen Stanley Range in E Papua New Guinea (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>; Taylor et al., 1982:232); also Wokam Isl in the Aru Isls (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>). Altitudinal range, sea level to 1200 m (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cooktownensis</i> Tate, 1951; <i>dobodurae</i> Troughton, 1946; <i>mcilwraithi</i> Tate, 1951; <i>personata</i> (Krefft, 1867); <i>ratticolor</i> (Jentink, 1908); <i>ringens</i> (Peters and Doria, 1881); <i>terra-reginae</i> (Alston, 1879).","<i>Rattus leucopus</i> species group. This species and <i>R</i>. <i>sordidus</i> are the only two native <i>Rattus</i> occurring on both New Guinea and the NE coastal region of Australia (Taylor et al., 1982). Morphologically related to other species of <i>Rattus</i> native to New Guinea (Taylor et al., 1982). Morphological data interpreted by Taylor and Horner (1973) to indicate close affiliation between <i>R</i>. <i>leucopus</i> and <i>R</i>. <i>fuscipes</i> from coastal Queensland; allozymic data discordant with this view (Baverstock et al., 1983<i>a</i>, 1986). Australian segment reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981), Mahoney and Richardson (1988), and Moore and Leung (1995); New Guinea segment reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>a</i>). Leung (1999<i>b</i>) provided the first detailed ecological study of <i>R. leucopus</i> in Australia. Leary and Seri (1997) discussed specimens taken in the Kikori River Basin of S Papua.","30","30-01752","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1752"
"13001753","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","losea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1870","1871","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1870","","637","","","Losea Rat","Taiwan.","Taiwan (M.-J. Yu, 1996), Pescadores Isls, S China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Chongqing, E Sichuan, S Shaanxi, Hainan Isl, Hong Kong; Wang, 2003), Vietnam (Dang et al., 1994), C and S Laos (Smith et al., In Press), Thailand (excluding peninsular Thailand; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>; Robinson et al., 1995 ), and S and SW Cambodia (specimens in FMNH and MNHN; A. Smith in litt., 2000); details of range reported by Musser and Newcomb (1985) and also based upon our study of other specimens not recorded in that report.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>exiguus</i>  Howell, 1927; <i>sakeratensis </i>Gyldenstolpe, 1917.","<i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. Known morphological, geographical, and altitudinal boundaries; correctly and incorrectly associated scientific names; and geographic variation reviewed by Musser and Newcomb (1985). They also suggested that <i>R</i>. <i>losea</i> is morphologically and probably phylogenetically closest to <i>R</i>. <i>osgoodi</i> from the highlands of S Vietnam and phylogenetically linked to <i>R</i>. <i>argentiventer</i>; see also Corbet and Hill (1992:341). Chromosomal contrasts between <i>R. losea</i> and three other species of <i>Rattus </i>from S Vietnam documented by Baskevich and Kuznetsov (1998). Karyotype from Taiwanese sample described by H.-T. Yu et al. (1996), who noted that the chromosomal complement is the same as that recorded for Thai samples except for differences in the X chromosome. Additional chromosomal data summarized by Rickart and Musser (1993). Adler (1995) documented habitat use on Taiwan.","30","30-01753","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1753"
"13001754","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","lugens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","45","","33","","","Mentawai Archipelago Rat","Indonesia, Kepulauan Mentawai, Pulau Utara Pagai (North Pagai Isl).","Islands of Siberut, Sipora, Pagai Utara, and Pagai Selattan in the Mentawai Arch. off coast of SW Sumatra; these islands lie on a slender extension of the continental shelf.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>mentawai</i> Chasen and Kloss, 1928.","<i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. Chasen (1940) listed <i>lugens</i> and <i>mentawai</i> each as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>rattus</i>, but the Mentawai endemic is a morphologically distinctive species most closely related to <i>R</i>. <i>adustus</i> from Enggano Isl and <i>R. simalurensis</i> from the adjacent Simalur Arch., and both those two species along with <i>R. lugens</i> appear to be morphologically related to the <i>R</i>. <i>tiomanicus</i> complex (Musser, 1986; Musser and Califia, 1982; Musser and Heaney, 1985; Musser, ms.). Member of the murine fauna endemic to Mentawai Arch. (see account of <i>Leopoldamys siporanus</i>).","30","30-01754","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1754"
"13001755","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","lutreolus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. E. Gray","1841","","<i>In</i> G. Gray, App. C <i>in</i> Jour. Two Exped. Aust.","II","","409","","","Australian Swamp Rat","Australia, New South Wales, Hunter River, Moscheto Isl (as restricted by Thomas’ lectotype selection; see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:184).","Tasmania (Rounsevell et al., 1991); coastal and subcoastal habitats from vicinity of Adelaide in SE South Australia east and north through S Victoria, New South Wales to SE Queensland, with isolated populations in N Queensland; also on Kangaroo Isl off coast of South Australia (Lunney, 1995<i>b</i>:656; Robinson et al., 2000; Seebeck, 1995<i>d</i>:227; Taylor and Horner, 1973:53; Watts and Aslin, 1981:231).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cambricus</i>  Troughton, 1937; <i>imbil</i> Troughton, 1937; <i>lacus</i> Tate, 1951; <i>pachyurus</i> (Higgins and Petterd, 1884); <i>petterdi</i> (Trouessart, 1904); <i>tetragonurus</i> (Higgins and Petterd, 1884); <i>vellerosus</i> (Gray, 1847); <i>velutinus </i>(Thomas, 1882).","<i>Rattus fuscipes</i> species group. Watts and Aslin (1981) provided comprehensive discussion of the species. Gross and microscopic anatomy of gastrointestinal tract described by Meulman et al. (1999). Reviewed by Mahoney and Richardson (1988) and Lunney (1995<i>b</i>). See Taylor and Calaby (1988<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species, 299).","30","30-01755","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1755"
"13001756","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","macleari","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1887","","513","","","Maclear’s Christmas Island Rat","Christmas Isl (Australia).","Endemic to Christmas Isl, 320 km south of Java in the Indian Ocean; thought to be extinct by 1908 (Andrews, 1909) and now considered extirpated (Flannery, 1990<i>c</i>), with time of extinction between 1901 and 1904 (Pickering and Norris, 1996).","IUCN – Extinct.","","<p><i>Rattus</i>species group unresolved. Ellerman (1941) first listed the species as the only member of ""<i>macleari</i>"" group in subgenus <i>Rattus</i>, then placed it and <i>R</i>. <i>nativitatis</i> in same group within subgenus <i>Stenomys</i> of <i>Rattus</i> (Ellerman, 1949<i>a</i>). Chasen (1940) thought <i>R. macleari</i> to be nearest <i>Sundamys muelleri</i>, but in their comparisons, Musser and Newcomb (1983) found no support for this alliance. Misonne (1969) included <i>R. macleari</i> in subgenus <i>Rattus</i>; at the other extreme, Sody (1941) proposed genus <i>Christomys</i> to contain it. In the original description, Thomas (1887<i>c</i>) indicated <i>R. macleari</i> belonged to a group that included <i>Taeromys celebensis</i>, <i>Lenomys meyeri</i>, <i>Rattus everetti</i>, and <i>R. xanthurus</i> (he treated all as <i>Rattus</i>); of these, only <i>R. xanthurus</i> resembles <i>R. macleari</i> (Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Phylogenetic relationships remain un... [truncated]","30","30-01756","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1756"
"13001757","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","marmosurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","246","","","Marmoset Xanthurus Rat","Indonesia, NE Sulawesi, Minahassa, Gunung Masarang, 2000 ft (610 m).","Northern arm and central core of Sulawesi. Absent from SE peninsula where it is replaced by <i>R. salocco</i> and SW peninsula where <i>R. bontanus</i> occurs. Altitudinal range, lowlands to mountain summits in a variety of forest formations.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>facetus</i>  Miller and Hollister, 1921;<i> tondanus </i>Sody, 1932.","<i>Rattus xanthurus </i>species group. Although <i>marmosurus</i> has been listed as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>xanthurus</i> (Ellerman, 1941; Laurie and Hill, 1954), most researchers besides Thomas have recognized its specific uniqueness (Misonne, 1969; Musser, 1971<i>e</i>, 1984; Musser and Holden, 1991; Sody, 1941; Tate, 1936). Furthermore, the two are sympatric in NE Sulawesi (Musser, 1971<i>e</i>). Sody (1941) questionably included <i>marmosurus</i> in <i>Taeromys</i>, but it is a member of the <i>Rattus xanthurus</i> group. Musser (1971<i>e</i>) explained why <i>tondanus</i>, from the NE arm, is a synonym; <i>facetus</i> is based on a juvenile from the central core of the island. Musser and Carleton (1993) confined the species to NE region of the northern peninsula of Sulawesi, but recent morphometric analyses unequivocally indicate that it is <i>R. xanthurus</i> that is restricted to the NE arm and <i>R. marmosurus</i> that has the wider distribution on the island (Musser, ms)... [truncated]","30","30-01757","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1757"
"13001758","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","mindorensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.","14","","402","","","Mindoro Mountain Rat","Philippines, Mindoro Isl, Mt Dulangan, 5000 ft (1524 m).","Greater Mindoro Faunal Region. Endemic to highlands of Mindoro (Philippines).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>picinus</i> (Hollister, 1913).","<i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. Phylogenetically distant from other species of <i>Rattus</i> endemic to the Philippines (Musser and Heaney, 1992). Morphologically closely related to <i>Rattus tiomanicus</i>, which is native to Malay Peninsula and islands on the Sunda Shelf, and possibly only an insular variant of that species (Musser and Califia, 1982; Musser and Heaney, 1985; Musser, ms). Musser (1977<i>b</i>) explained why <i>picinus</i> is a synonym. Murine fauna on Mindoro consists of Sundaic and Philippine elements, and <i>R. mindorensis</i> is a member of the former (see account of <i>Anonymomys</i>).","30","30-01758","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1758"
"13001759","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","mollicomulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1935","","Am. Mus. Novit.","802","","4","","","Lampobatang Sulawesi Rat","Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Gunung Lampobatang, Wawokaraeng, 1500 m.","Known only from higher slopes of Gunung Lampobatang, Sulawesi (Musser and Holden, 1991).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. Morphological and distributional limits outlined by Musser and Holden (1991), who also provided past historical allocations of the name. Closest relative is <i>R</i>. <i>hoffmanni</i>, which occurs in lowlands of the SW peninsula and throughout the rest of Sulawesi (see that account).","30","30-01759","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1759"
"13001760","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","montanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Phillips","1932","","Ceylon J. Sci., Sec. B","16","","323","","","Sri Lankan Mountain Rat","Sri Lanka (Ceylon), West Haputale, Ohiya, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Known only from the type locality, Horton Plains at 2135 m, and Nuwara Eliya at 1830 m in primary montane forests of Central and Uva Provinces of Sri Lanka (Phillips, 1980).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","<i>Rattus</i>species group unresolved. A montane endemic on Sri Lanka and morphologically so unlike other species of <i>Rattus</i> that it should probably be removed from the genus, despite McKay’s (1984) assertion that it is nothing more than a large form of <i>R</i>. <i>rattus</i> (see Musser, 1986:22, and Corbet and Hill, 1991:346). Like <i>R. annandalei</i>,<i> R. hoogerwerfi</i>, <i>R. korinchi</i>, <i>R. macleari</i>, <i>R. nativitatis</i>, and members of the <i>R</i>. <i>xanthurus</i> group, the Ceylon endemic seems isolated within the morphological boundaries of <i>Rattus</i> as presently understood (Musser, 1986).","30","30-01760","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1760"
"13001761","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","mordax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","398","","","Eastern New Guinea Rat","Papua New Guinea, Kumusi River (see Tate, 1951:333, for comments).","Papua New Guinea; Huon Peninsula and both sides of Owen Stanley Range on mainland, sea level to 2750 m (Taylor et al., 1982; Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>). Also recorded from Goodenough, Fergusson, and Normanby Isls in the D'Entrecasteaux Arch.; Woodlark Isl in the Trobriand Arch.; Misima and Sudest in the Louisiade Arch.; the Conflict Group of islands; and Sideia Isl, off the tip of E Papua (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fergussoniensis</i> Laurie, 1952.","<i>Rattus leucopus</i> species group. Originally described by Thomas as a species, <i>mordax</i> had been treated as a subspecies of either <i>leucopus</i>, <i>ringens</i>, or <i>ruber</i> until it was reinstated by Taylor et al. (1982). Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>a</i>).","30","30-01761","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1761"
"13001762","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","morotaiensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kellogg","1945","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","58","","66","","","Halmahara Rat","Indonesia, Moluccas, Pulau Morotai, off N coast of Pulau Halmahera.","Endemic to the Halmahara Isls; recorded from Morotai, Halmahara, and Batjan Isls (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>Rattus</i>species-group unresolved. Arboreal, and the only recorded murine endemic to the Halmahara Isls. Kellogg (1945) regarded <i>R. morotaiensis</i> to be more closely related to the New Guinea species (""<i>R. ringens </i>group"") than to Sundaic species (""<i>Rattus rajah</i> group""), but morphology of the Halmahara rat indicates otherwise (K. Aplin, in litt., 2004). It is characterized by a suite of distinctive external traits (very spiny fur, long slightly tufted tail), cranial conformation, and molar structure (posterior cingula on upper molars, large peg-like anterolabial and anterolingual cusps on m1, wide cingular margins on m2, and crenulated enamel on all molars) not found in any other species of <i>Rattus</i> from New Guinea, the Moluccas, or anywhere else (Musser and Holden, ms). Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","30","30-01762","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1762"
"13001763","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","nativitatis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","1889","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1888","","533","","","Christmas Island Rat","Christmas Isl (Australia).","Endemic to Christmas Isl, 320 km south of Java in the Indian Ocean; suspected to be extinct by 1908 (Andrews, 1909) and is now considered extinct (Flannery, 1990<i>c</i>).","IUCN – Extinct.","","<i>Rattus</i>species group unresolved. For Thomas (1888<i>b</i>), the morphology of <i>R</i>. <i>nativitatis</i> distanced it from any other described species of <i>Rattus</i>. Ellerman (1941) first listed the species as the only member of the ""<i>nativitatis</i>"" group in subgenus <i>Rattus</i>, then placed it and <i>R</i>. <i>macleari</i> in same group within subgenus <i>Stenomys</i> of <i>Rattus</i> (Ellerman, 1949<i>a</i>). Chasen (1940) thought <i>R</i>. <i>nativitatis</i> to be without close relatives in Malaysia, but Misonne (1969) placed it close to <i>rajah</i> in the subgenus <i>Leopoldamys</i> of <i>Rattus</i>, an allocation rejected by Musser (1981<i>b</i>) and Musser and Newcomb (1983). Four hypotheses about phylogenetic position of <i>R</i>. <i>nativitatis</i> require testing: 1) it is most closely related to <i>R</i>. <i>macleari</i>, the other endemic on Christmas Isl; 2) it is not related to <i>R</i>. <i>macleari</i> but to other species of <i>Rattus</i>; 3) ... [truncated]","30","30-01763","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1763"
"13001764","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","niobe","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","327","","","Eastern New Guinea Mountain Rat","Papua New Guinea, Angabunga River, Owgarra, 2750 m.","Montane habitat in Papua New Guinea: ""from the southeastern extremity of New Guinea northward and westward to 141EE longitude; also in the Saruwaged Mountains of the Huon Peninsula "" (Taylor et al., 1982:193), 762-4000 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Stenomys niobe.</i>","<i>rufulus</i>  Thomas, 1922; <i>stevensi</i> Rümmler, 1935.","<i>Rattus leucopus </i>species group. Our view of <i>R. niobe</i> corresponds to Papuan <i>R. n. niobe</i> as defined by Taylor et al. (1982). They recognized Central Cordillera populations in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) and a population in the Arfak Mtns of the Vogelkop Peninsula as <i>R. n. arrogans</i>, which we divided into <i>R. arrogans</i>,<i> R. pococki</i>, and <i>R. arfakiensis</i> (see those accounts). Chromosomal morphology presented by Dennis and Menzies (1978). Phallic anatomy described by Lidicker (1968). See account of <i>R. arrogans.</i>","30","30-01764","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1764"
"13001765","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","nitidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1845","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","15","","267","","","White-footed Indochinese Rat","Nepal.","Mainland Southeast Asia from S China (SE Xixang,Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunna, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, S Shaanxi, SE Gansu, and Hainan Isl; Wang, 2003), Vietnam (including the coastal islands of Cat Ba and Thô Chu; Kuznetsov, 2000), Laos, N Thailand, Burma, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and N India (Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, and Manipur; Agrawal, 2000); this distribution probably represents the indigenous range (Musser and Holden, 1991). Records east of the continental shelf are from C Sulawesi, Luzon Isl in the Philippines (recorded only from Benguet Province, Heaney et al., 1998; Musser, 1977<i>a</i>; Musser and Holden, 1991), Pulau Seram in the Moluccas, the Vogelkop Peninsula of the Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), and the Palau Isls (east of the Philippines; Barbehenn, 1974); this distribution likely represents introductions mediated by human agency (Musser and Holden, 1991).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aequicaudalus</i> (Hodgson, 1849); <i>guhai </i>(Nath, 1952); <i>horeites</i> (Hodgson, 1845); <i>manuselae </i>Thomas, 1920; <i>obsoletus </i>Hinton, 1919; <i>rahengis </i>Kloss, 1919;<i> ruber </i>(Jentink, 1880);<i> rubricosa</i> (Anderson, 1879); <i>subditivus </i>Miller and Hollister, 1921; <i>vanheurni</i> Sody, 1933.","<p><i>Rattus norvegicus </i>species group. Association of synonyms documented by Corbet and Hill (1992), Ellerman (1941), Khajuria et al. (1977), J. T. Marshall, Jr. (1977<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), Musser (1981<i>c</i>), Musser and Holden (1991), and Taylor et al. (1982). Phallic morphology described by Yang and Fang (1988) in context of assessing phylogenetic relationships among Chinese murines. Yang et al. (1994) and Zeng et al. (1996<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>,<i> </i>1999) reported various aspects of population ecology for Chinese populations, which are among the few studies of this kind covering <i>R. nitidus</i>. In pristine environments, <i>R. nitidus</i> lives in forested habitats along streams and readily enters water (field observations by G. Musser and D. Lunde in N Vietnam), which may account for its dense pelage resembling that of <i>R. norvegicus</i>, also a forager in streams and lakes. The names <i>manuselae </i>(Seram), <i>ruber </i>and <i>vanheurni</i> (Vogelkop Peninsula), and <i>s... [truncated]","30","30-01765","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1765"
"13001766","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","norvegicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Berkenhout","1769","","Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland","1","","5","","","Brown Rat","Great Britain.","Original distribution assumed to be SE Siberia, N China (Heilongjiang), and Hondo region (islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu; see Dobson, 1994) of Japan (Jones and Johnson, 1965; Kowalski and Hasegawa, 1976; Kawamura, 1989), but introduced worldwide where it is more common in colder climates of higher N and S latitudes (Kucheruk, 1990); in warmer regions and tropics restricted to habitats highly modified by humans (e. g., sewers, buildings, wharves, breakwaters, ports, and large cities; Johnson, 1962<i>a</i>, Corbet and Hill, 1992). Considered extinct in Norway (Syvertsen et al., 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aquaticus</i> (Rutty, 1772); <i>albinus </i>(Donaldson, 1912); <i>albus </i>Hatai, 1907 [not of Fitzinger, 1867; see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>americanus </i>(de Kay, 1842); <i>caraco</i> (Pallas, 1778); <i>caspius</i> (Oken, 1816); <i>cauquenensis</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>decaryi</i> (Grandidier, 1934); <i>decumanoides</i> (Hodgson, 1841) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>decumanus</i> (Pallas, 1779); <i>discolor</i> (Noack, 1918); <i>fossilis </i>(Ameghino, 1889) [see Massoia and Pardiñas, 1993]; <i>fossor </i>(Walker, 1808); <i>griseipectus</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1872); <i>hibernicus</i> (Thompson, 1837) [see McKee, 1981]; <i>hoffmanni</i> (Trouessart, 1904) [not of Matschie, 1901]; <i>humiliatus</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1868); <i>hybridus</i> (Bechstein, 1800); <i>insolatus</i> Howell, 1927; <i>javanus</i> (Hermann, 1804); <i>kurodobu </i>Kuroda, 1953 [unavailable, see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>leucosternum</i> (Rüppell, 1842); <i>lutescens</i> (Gay, 1848); <i>magnirostris</i> (Mearns, 1905); <i>major</i> (Hoffmann, 1887); <i>maniculatus</i> (Wagner, 1848); <i>maurus </i>(Waterhouse, 1839); <i>migrans </i>(Zimmermann, 1777); <i>orii </i>Kuroda, 1952 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>otomoi</i> Yamada, 1930; <i>ouangthomae </i>(Milne-Edwards, 1871); <i>plumbeus</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1874); <i>praestans</i> (Trouessart, 1904); <i>primarius</i> Kastschenko, 1912; <i>shirokuma </i>Kuroda, 1953 [unavailable; see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>simpsoni</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>socer</i> Miller, 1914; <i>sowerbyi</i> Howell, 1928; <i>suffureoventris </i>Kuroda, 1952 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>surmulottus</i> (Severinus, 1779); <i>tamarensis</i> (Higgins and Petterd, 1883).","<p><i>Rattus norvegicus </i>species group. Latitudinal geographic variation among Chinese populations reported by Wu (1982). Samples from native Asian, free-living introduced, and laboratory populations have been the subject of numerous morphological (e.g., Bugge, 1970; Cheng and Yen, 1993; Greene, 1935; Kiliaridis et al., 1996; Kimura et al., 1994, 1996; Millien-Parra, 2000<i>a</i>; Naftel et al., 1999; Piette and Lametschwandtner, 1995; Puzachenko and Lapshov, 1994; Sakamoto, 1996), physiological, chromosomal and molecular (many are summarized in Yosida, 1980, and Levan et al., 1990; see also Behboudi et al., 2002; Belcheva et al., 1992; Koh et al., 1995; Robinson, 1984; Rothenburg et al., 2002) studies, which have produced among the mass of data a gene map of <i>R</i>. <i>norvegicus</i> (Levan et al., 1990). Results of attempted hybridizations between <i>R</i>. <i>norvegicus</i> and different forms of <i>R</i>. <i>rattus</i> summarized by Yosida (1980). Assessment and review of swim... [truncated]","30","30-01766","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1766"
"13001767","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","novaeguineae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor and Calaby","1982","","<i>in</i> Taylor et al., Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","173","","259","","","Papua New Guinea Rat","Papua New Guinea, Kalolo Creek, 1070 m.","Recorded only from C Papua New Guinea ""from Kassam westward to Karimui in the north, and southward to Koranga, at altitudes ranging from 740 to 1525 m"" (Taylor et al., 1982:259), and from Wasi Falls and Mt Sisa in the Kikori River Basin of S Papua New Guinea (Leary and Seri, 1997); see Taylor et al. (1982) and Flannery (1995<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>Rattus leucopus</i> species group. Virtually all taxonomic, distributional, and ecological information associated with <i>R. novaeguineae</i> is contained in the reports by Flannery (1995<i>a</i>), Leary and Seri (1997), and Taylor et al. (1982).","30","30-01767","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1767"
"13001768","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","omichlodes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Misonne","1979","","Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgium (Biologie)","51","","6","","","Arianus’ New Guinea Mountain Rat","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), W Snow Mtns (Pegunungan Maoke), Ertsberg (04E04' S, 137E07' E), 3400 m.","Recorded only from western region of Snow Mtns at Ertsberg (3400 m) and Carstensz Peak area, 2950-3950 m (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:340).","","","<i>Rattus leucopus </i>species group. Regarded by Taylor et al. (1982) as identical to <i>R. richardsoni</i> after examining two paratypes of <i>omichlodes </i>(KNMB 4030, 4031), a synonymy followed by Musser and Carleton (1993) who had not studied the type series. Misonne (1979), however, had collected <i>R. richardsoni</i> at the same place but in a different habitat and his comparison with <i>omichlodes</i> clearly indicated the two are different species. Flannery (1995<i>a</i>;340) revived the latter after finding it in alpine scrub with samples of <i>R. richardsoni</i> and <i>R. arrogans </i>(recorded as <i>R. niobe</i>)<i> </i>in Meren Valley in the Carstensz Peak region; at lower elevations, ""[<i>Rattus</i>]<i> omichlodes</i> occupies boggy alpine heath while [<i>Rattus</i>]<i> niobe</i> [= <i>R. arrogans</i>] occurs in mossy forest."" Flannery had also examined the holotype. Misonne (1979:9) noted that <i>R. arrogans </i>(reported as <i>R. niobe</i>) was common in the forest and... [truncated]","30","30-01768","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1768"
"13001769","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","osgoodi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser and Newcomb","1985","","Am. Mus. Novit.","2814","","18","","","Osgood’s Vietnamese Rat","S Vietnam, Lâm Dðng Province, Langbian Peak, 5000 ft (1524 m; see Musser and Newcomb, 1985:18, for details).","Recorded only from two localities on Langbian (= Lam Vien) Plateau in the Dà Lat region of S Vietnam, 900-2000 m (Musser and Newcomb, 1985).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. A Lang Bian Plateau endemic morphologically and probably phylogenetically related to <i>R</i>. <i>losea</i> (Musser and Newcomb, 1985). Among the smallest in body size of the <i>R. rattus</i> species group.","30","30-01769","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1769"
"13001770","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","palmarum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zelebor","1869","","Reise Oesterr. Fregatte Novara. Zool.","I(Wirbelthiere)","I(Säugeth.)","26","","","Car Nicobar Rat","India, Nicobar Isls, Car Nicobar (see below).","Nicobar Isls, Car Nicobar.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>novarae</i> (Fitzinger, 1861); <i>palmarum </i>(Fitzinger, 1861); both names are <i>nomina nuda</i> (Miller, 1902:759).","<p><i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. A distinctive species known only by four specimens in the original series (NMW B26, B27, 21497, and 27027; Musser and Heaney, 1985; Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Because Zelebor (1869) provided no exact collection site, Musser and Heaney (1985) stated that the island was unknown where the rats were obtained. In response, Dr. K. Bauer wrote Musser the following: ""It is true, that Zelebor (1869) gave no more exact information. But K. Scherzer, the ‘Historiographer’ of the expedition did. In his detailed three volume report ‘Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore R. von Wüllerstort-Urbair,’ published in Vienna 1861/62 (and later in Italian and English translations), he summarized the scientific results. And in connection with a sketch of the fauna found on the Nicobar Islands (vol. 2:71/72) he states (in translation): ‘In mammals, all islands of the group are poor. We only f... [truncated]","30","30-01770","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1770"
"13001771","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","pelurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1941","","Treubia","18","","308","","","Peleng Island Xanthurus Rat","Indonesia, Kepulauan Banggai, Pulau Peleng (1°23'S, 123°14'E), east of Sulawesi.","Known only from Peleng Isl.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>Rattus xanthurus </i>species group. Originally described by Sody as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>foramineus</i>, but provisionally treated as an insular population of <i>R</i>. <i>xanthurus</i> by Musser (1984), and finally reviewed as a distinctive species by Musser and Holden (1991), who also placed it in the <i>R. xanthurus</i> group. Recent morphometric analyses corroborated the separation of <i>pelurus</i> as a different species from mainland <i>R. xanthurus </i>(Musser, ms).","30","30-01771","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1771"
"13001772","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","pococki","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ellerman","1941","","Family and Genera of Living Rodents","2","","206","","","Pocock’s New Guinea Highland Rat","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Weyland Range, Mt Sumuri, 2500 m.","New Guinea, middle altitudes along Central Cordillera of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), 1500-2500 m.","","<i>clarae</i>  Rümmler, 1935 [not Miller, 1913].","<i>Rattus leucopus </i>species group; member of the <i>R. niobe</i> complex. <i>Rattus pococki</i> is replaced at higher elevations in the Central Cordillera (Pegunungan Maoke) of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) by <i>R. arrogans</i> (see that account).<i> </i>Relationship to <i>R. niobe</i> of Papua New Guinea remains to be determined.","30","30-01772","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1772"
"13001773","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","praetor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","2","","158","","","Large New Guinea Spiny Rat","Solomon Isls, Guadalcanal Isl, Aola.","New Guinea; on the mainland north of the Central Cordillera from Vogelkop Peninsula throughout N New Guinea to about the Sepik-Ramu drainage in Papua New Guinea, and south of the Cordillera to W Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya); sea level to 1900 m; absent from the Trans-Fly region and E Papua New Guinea. Living populations also recorded from Manus Isl in Admiralty Isls; Bougainville and Guadalcanal Isls in the Solomon Isls; Karkar Isl, Blup Blup Isl, Bat Isl, New Britain Isl, and New Ireland Isl in the Bismarck Arch.; and Salawati and Gebe islands off the western tip of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya); found as fossils only on Nissan and Tikopia islands in the Solomons (Emmons and Kinbag, 2001; Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>; Flannery and White, 1991; Taylor et al., 1982). Also recorded from Fiji Isl as a subfossil (K. Aplin, in litt., 2004).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bandiculus</i>  Thomas, 1922; <i>coenorum</i> Thomas, 1922; <i>mediocris</i> Troughton, 1936; <i>purdiensis</i> Troughton, 1946; <i>sansapor</i> Troughton, 1946; <i>tramitius</i> Thomas, 1922; <i>utakwa</i> Ellerman, 1941.","<i>Rattus leucopus</i> species group. In Tate's (1951) monograph, this species was listed as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>ruber</i>; the holotype of <i>ruber</i> is an example of the introduced <i>R</i>. <i>nitidus</i> (Taylor et al., 1983, summarized the taxonomic history). According to Flannery (1995<i>b</i>:159), <i>R. praetor</i> ""has been introduced prehistorically into most of its insular distribution, reaching New Ireland by 3500 year ago. . . and the Solomon Islands soon after."" Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>).","30","30-01773","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1773"
"13001774","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","pyctoris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1845","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","15","","267","","","Himalayan Rat","Nepal.","Mountains of SE Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, E Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan (Kucheruk, 2000); EC Iran (NE Kerman Province; FMNH series); N Afghanistan (Hassinger, 1973; Niethammer and Martens, 1975; BMNH and FMNH specimens); N Pakistan (Akhtar, 1959; USNM material); N India (Agrawal, 2000; large series in BMNH, FMNH, and USNM); Nepal (Ellerman, 1961; Niethammer and Martens, 1975; BMNH, FMNH, and USNM specimens); and S China (Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guangdong; AMNH and FMNH material).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>R. turkestanicus.</i>","<i>celsus</i> G. M. Allen, 1926; <i>gilgitianus </i>Akhtar, 1959;<i> khumbuensis </i>Biswas and Khajuria, 1955; <i>rattoides</i> (Hodgson, 1845) [not Pictet and Pictet, 1844]; <i>shigarus </i>(Miller, 1913);<i> turkestanicus</i> (Satunin, 1903);<i> vicerex </i>(Bonhote, 1903).","<p><i>Rattus norvegicus </i>species group. Despite past use of <i>rattoides</i> Hodgson, 1845 (Caldarini et al., 1989; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), it is preoccupied by <i>rattoides </i>Pictet and Pictet, 1844, a synonym of <i>R</i>. <i>rattus</i> (Schlitter and Thonglongya, 1971). The name <i>turkestanicus</i> (type-locality = Kyrgyzstan, Oshskaya Obl., Lenniskii p-h, Arslanbob) has generally replaced <i>rattoides </i>(Corbet and Hill, 1992; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Musser and Newcomb, 1985; Niethammer and Martens, 1975) for the species but should be abandoned for <i>pyctoris</i>, which is the oldest name (Musser and Carleton, 1993). Hodgson’s (1845) <i>pyctoris</i> has historically been treated as a synonym of either <i>R. rattus </i>(Ellerman, 1941) or <i>R</i>. <i>nitidus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman, 1961; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951). Musser studied the holotype of <i>pyctoris</i> (BMNH 45.1.8.381), the skin and skull of... [truncated]","30","30-01774","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1774"
"13001775","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","ranjiniae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Agrawal and Ghosal","1969","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Calcutta","22","","41","","","Ranjini’s Rat","SW Indian Peninsula, India, Kerala State, Trivandrum.","Recorded only by specimens collected in rice fields from the districts of Trichur, Alleppy, and Trivandrum in the state of Kerala.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>Rattus</i>species group unresolved. Still represented by few specimens. Information about the species is meager and contained in the original description and the review by Agrawal (2000). Study of two paratypes kindly loaned to Musser by Dr. S. Chakraborty revealed that <i>R. ranjiniae</i> is characterized by large claws relative to body size, very long and slender hind feet, large body size, long molar rows, small bullae, narrow incisive foramina, and a short bony plate that does not extend past the third molars. These traits combine in a morphology that is unique compared with all other species now placed in <i>Rattus </i>(a conclusion also endorsed by Corbet and Hill, 1992). Phylogenetic relationships of <i>R. ranjiniae</i> are unknown; this species probably should be removed from <i>Rattus</i>.","30","30-01775","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1775"
"13001776","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","rattus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","61","","","Roof Rat","Sweden, Uppsala County, Uppsala.","Native to Indian Peninsula (Niethammer, 1975) and introduced worldwide in the temperate zone and parts of the tropical and subantarctic zones (Alcover and Gosalbez, 1988; Al-Jumaily, 1998; Amoti et al., 1999; Andreotti et al., 2001; Armitage, 1994; Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986; Becker, 1978<i>a</i>; Blaaderen, 1992; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Crawford-Cabral, 1998; de Graaff, 1981; de Roguin, 1991; Dieterlen, 1979; Dobigny et al., 2002<i>b</i>; Downs and Wirminghaus, 1997; Duplantier et al., 1991<i>b</i>, 1997; Endepols et al., 2001; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Grubb et al., 1998; Hall, 1981; Harrison and Bates, 1991; Helgen, 2001; Innes, 1990; Johnson, 1962<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>; Key et al., 1998; Kryštufek, 1991; Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001; Kucheruk, 1994; Lay, 1967; Le Berre, 1990; Mahoney and Richardson, 1988; Meinig, 2000; Mitchell-Jones, et al., 1999; Niethammer, 1975; Osborn and Helmy, 1980; Osgood, 1943; Petrov, 1992; Prakash et al., 1995<i>a</i>, 1995<i>b</i>; Qumsiyeh, 1996; Ranck, 1968; Roberts, 1977, 1997; Smaha, 1996; Stanley et al., 1998, 2000, 2002; Taylor and Horner, 1973; Taylor et al., 1982; Tomich, 1986; Twigg, 1992; Vincent, 2001; Vohralík and Andera, 2000; Watts, 1995<i>j</i>; Yosida, 1980; Yosida et al., 1985). Southernmost limit is the subantarctic Macquarie Isl where <i>R. rattus</i> was introduced by sealers during the 19th century (Pye et al., 1999).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aequicaudalis</i> (Hodgson, 1845);<i> aethiops</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>albiventer</i> (Jentink, 1909); <i>albiventris</i> (Jentink, 1909); <i>albus</i> (Fitzinger, 1867) [not of Hatai, 1907]; <i>alexandrino-rattus</i> (Fatio, 1902); <i>alexandrinus</i> (É. Geoffroy, 1803); <i>alexandrinus </i>(Desmarest, 1819); <i>arboreus</i> (Horsfield, 1851);<i> arboricola</i> (Gould, 1863); <i>asiaticus</i> (Gray, 1837); <i>ater</i> (Fitzinger, 1867); <i>ater</i> (Millais, 1905); <i>atratus</i> (Miller, 1902) [not of Philippi, 1900]; <i>atridorsum</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>auratus</i> (Grandidier, 1899); <i>beccarii</i> (Peters and Doria, 1881) [not Jentink, 1881]; <i>brahminicus </i>(Lloyd, 1909); <i>brookei</i> (Crew, 1923); <i>caeruleus</i> (Lesson, 1842); <i>caledonicus </i>(Wagner, 1842); <i>ceylonus</i> (Kelaart, 1850); <i>chionogaster </i>(Cabrera, 1921), <i>chionogaster</i> (Lönnberg and Mjoberg, 1916); <i>coquimbensis</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>crassipes</i> (Blyth, 1859); <i>cyaneus</i> (Philippi, 1895) [not of Molina, 1782]; <i>doboensis</i> (de Beaufort, 1911); <i>domesticus</i> (Fitzinger, 1857); <i>doriae</i> (Trouessart, 1897); <i>erythronotus </i>(Temminck, 1844);<i> flavescens</i> (Elliot, 1839); <i>flavigaster </i>(Heuglin, 1861); <i>flaviventris</i> (Brants, 1827); <i>frugivorus</i> (Rafinesque, 1814); <i>fuliginosus</i> (Bonaparte, 1833); <i>fulvaster</i> (Fitzinger, 1867); <i>fuscus</i> (Fitzinger, 1857);<i> galapagoensis </i>(Waterhouse, 1830); <i>girensis </i>Hinton, 1918;<i> griseocaeruleus</i> (Higgins and Petterd, 1883); <i>indicus</i> (É. Geoffroy, 1803) [not Bechstein, 1800]; <i>infralineatus</i> (Blylth, 1863) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>insularis </i>(Waterhouse, 1838) [not Phillips, 1936]; <i>intermedius</i> (Ninni, 1882); <i>jacobiae </i>(Waterhouse, 1838); <i>jujensis</i> (Lönnberg, 1916); <i>jurassicus</i> (Burg, 1921); <i>kandianus</i> (Kelaart, 1850); <i>kandiyanus</i> (Kelaart, 1887); <i>keelingensis </i>Tate, 1950;<i> kelaarti</i> (Wroughton, 1915); <i>kijabius</i> (J. A. Allen, 1909); <i>latipes</i> (Bennett, 1835); <i>leucogaster</i> (Pictet, 1841); <i>longicaudus </i>Mori, 1937 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>muansae</i> (Matschie, 1911); <i>narbadae</i> Hinton, 1918; <i>nemoralis</i> (Selys Longchamps, 1841) [not Blyth, 1851]; <i>nericola</i> Cabrera, 1921; <i>novaezelandiae </i>(Buller, 1871); <i>osorninus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>personatus </i>(Krefft, 1867); <i>picteti</i> (Schinz, 1845); <i>rattiformis</i> (Matschie, 1915); <i>rattoides</i> (Pictet and Pictet, 1844) [not of Hodgson, 1845]; <i>rufescens</i> (Gray, 1837); <i>ruthenus</i> Ognev and Stroganov, 1936; <i>saltuum</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>samharensis</i> (Heuglin, 1877); <i>setosus </i>(Lund, 1841); <i>siculae</i> (Lesson, 1827); <i>subcaeruleus</i> (Lesson, 1842); <i>subrufus</i> (Philippi, 1900); <i>sueirensis</i> Cabrera, 1921; <i>sylvestris</i> (Pictet, 1841); <i>tectorum </i>(Savi, 1825); <i>tetragonurus</i> (Kelaart, 1850); <i>tettensis</i> (Peters, 1852); <i>tompsoni</i> (Ramsay, 1881); <i>variabilis<b> </b></i>(Higgins and Petterd, 1883); <i>varius </i>(Fitzinger, 1867) <i>wroughtoni</i> Hinton, 1919.","<p><i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. Numerous cytogenetic studies focusing on the <i>R</i>. <i>rattus</i> complex, as summarized by Baverstock et al. (1983<i>c</i>), Bekasova and Mezhova (1983), Niethammer (1975), and Yosida (1980), have revealed two basic groups of populations. The Oceanian or European type has 2n = 38 (40 in some), the Asian type is characterized by 2n = 42; the two are also distinguished by biochemical features (Baverstock et al., 1983<i>c</i>) as well as morphological traits (Schwabe, 1979). An ongoing taxonomic study of the <i>Rattus rattus </i>complex by K. Aplin and H. Suzuki and their collaborators, has confirmed that separateness of the 2n = 38 populations (based on samples from four continents, but not yet including Indian samples) from the various East and Southeast Asian populations (Aplin et al., 2003<i>c</i>). Moreover, their studies indicate that the widespread ‘introduced’ populations are genetically all very similar, consistent with progressive linea... [truncated]","30","30-01776","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1776"
"13001777","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","richardsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1949","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1421","","1","","","Richardson’s New Guinea Mountain Rat","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), northern slopes of Snow Mtns (Pegunungan Maoke), near Lake Habbema, 3225 m.","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya); recorded from three areas high in the Snow Mtns: Lake Habbema region, Mt Wilhelmina, and Mt Jaya (Carstensz Range), 3225-4500 m (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>; Taylor et al., 1982).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Stenomys richardsoni.</i>","","<i>Rattus leucopus </i>species group. Described as an unusual and distinctive member of <i>Rattus</i>, but later provisionally associated with a ""<i>niobe</i> group"" (Tate, 1951), a relationship supported by multivariate analyses of morphometric variables (Taylor et al., 1982). Most specimens are from tussock grassland and tundra-like habitat (mainly rock or gravel interspersed with mats of herbs and grass tufts), regions that are cold and wet throughout the year (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>; Taylor et al., 1982). Taylor et al. (1982) included <i>omichlodes</i>, but Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) correctly removed it from synonymy (see that account).","30","30-01777","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1777"
"13001778","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","salocco","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1935","","Am. Mus. Novit.","802","","7","","","Southeastern Xanthurus Rat","Indonesia, SE peninsula of Sulawesi, Pegunungan Mekongga (= Mengkoka), Tanke Salokko (highest point on Pengunungan), 03<sup>o</sup>35'S/121<sup>o</sup>15'E, 1500 m.","SE Peninsula; recorded from Tanke Salokko and in lowlands at Mowewe (03<sup>o</sup>57'S/121<sup>o</sup>43'E), 300 m.","","<i>orientalis</i> (Revilliod, 1911) [not Desmarest, 1819, or Cretzschmar, 1826].","<i>Rattus xanthurus</i> species group. Described as a species by Tate and Archbold, but subsequently usually included in <i>R. xanthurus </i>(e. g., Musser and Carleton, 1993). Musser (ms) demonstrated that the species is most closely related to <i>R. marmosurus</i> of C and N Sulawesi, and documented the synonymy of <i>orientalis</i>. See account of <i>Taeromys</i> <i>arcuatus</i> for information on the biogeographic pattern exhibited by this and other species pairs on Sulawesi.","30","30-01778","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1778"
"13001779","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","sanila","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery and White","1991","","Nat. Geog. Res. Explor.","7","","102","","","New Ireland Forest Rat","Bismarck Arch., New Ireland, Balof, site 2.","Apparently endemic to New Ireland.","","","<i>Rattus</i>species group unresolved. Represented only by subfossil fragments dated at 3000 years before present and older (late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene), but may still occur in primary forest, which has not been adequately sampled. Flannery and White (1991) described <i>sanila</i> as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>mordax</i>, but most dental measurements of <i>sanila</i> exceed and do not overlap those of even the largest known <i>R. mordax</i>, suggesting the former to be a separate species, which even Flannery and White acknowledged (also see Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>). Recent taxonomic and stratigraphic analysis of rodent remains from New Ireland and Manus Isl has confirmed the specific status of <i>sanila</i> (K. P. Aplin and M. Leavesley, in litt., 2004). Although originally phylogenetically allied with <i>R. mordax</i> (Flannery and White, 1991), K. Aplin (in litt., 2004) noted that upper molars of <i>R. sanila</i> "". . . are very complex in comparison with typical New Guinea <i... [truncated]","30","30-01779","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1779"
"13001780","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","satarae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1918","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","26","","87","","","Sahyadris Forest Rat","SW Peninsular India, E margin of Western Ghats (= Sahyadris), Maharashtra State, Satara Dist., Ghatmatha (Crestline), 2000 ft (610 m).","Endemic to the Western Ghats and occurring in tropical evergreen rain forest. Records are from N part of the Western Ghats at and near the type locality (Hinton, 1918; Tiwari et al., 1971) and Nilgiri Hills (Tamil Nadu State) in the south (Verneau et al., 1997), which approximates the extent of tropical evergreen rain forest along the SW mountainous margin of SW peninsular India (see Morley, 2000:162); altitudinal range, 1500-2150 m (from data with specimens). Although wet, tropical forests once occurred along the length of the Western Ghats (Subramanyam and Nayer, 1974), they are presently reduced to small, isolated patches through conversion to agriculture and plantations (Chandrasekar-Rao and Sunquist, 1996); these forest islands between Satara region and Nilgiri Hills probably also contain <i>R. satarae</i>.","","A distinctive species with golden brown upperparts, white underparts, soft and dense fur, a very long tail relative to head and body length, and 2n = 42. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>R. rattus</i>  by Hinton (1918:88), who noted that it was ""distinguished from all other Indian subspecies by its peculiar skull and relatively long tail."" Sympatric with <i>R. rattus </i>(<i>wroughtoni</i>, 2n = 38) from which it is distinguished by its fur texture, dorsal coloration, very long tail, and cranial, molecular, and biochemical traits (Verneau et al., 1997:425; Usdin et al., 1995). Chromosomal studies had identified <i>R. rattus wroughtoni</i> with 2n = 42 and <i>R. r. rufescens</i> having 2n = 38 from S Western Ghats (Lakhotia et al., 1973; Gadi and Sharman, 1983). Samples used by Verneau et al. (1997) from the Nilgiri Hills consisted of both taxa. Gordon Corbet (in litt., 2003) examined their material and wrote that the ""holotype and two paratypes of <i>wroughtoni</i> show all the cranial characters of the 2n = 38 group; hence this name cannot be applied to the form with 42 chromosomes,"" and noted that the holotype of <i>satarae</i> ""agrees well with the karyotyped 2n = 42 group from S India in 10 out of 14 cranial characters, including the most important ones mentioned in the diagnosis."" Because two distinct species of <i>Rattus</i> occur in the S Western Ghats, ecological information gathered from rats living there identified as only <i>R. r. wroughtoni</i> (e.g., Boshell-M and Rajagopalan, 1968; Chandrasekar-Rao and Sunquist, 1996; Rajagopalan, 1970) is not as useful as it could have been. <i>Rattus satarae </i>joins the other murines <i>Mus famulus</i> and <i>Vandeleuria nilagirica</i>,<i> </i>and the lion-tailed macaque (<i>Macaca silenus</i>) in being endemic to tropical rainforests along the Western Ghats.","","30","30-01780","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1780"
"13001781","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","simalurensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","26","","458","","","Simalur Archipelago Rat","Indonesia, Sumatra, Pulau Simeulue (Simalur).","Simalur Isl and nearby islands of Siumat, Lasia, and Babi.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>babi</i> Lyon, 1916; <i>lasiae</i> Lyon, 1916.","<i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. The form <i>simalurensis</i> and its two synonyms were each listed as a separate subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>rattus</i> by Chasen (1940), but <i>simalurensis</i> is distinct from <i>R</i>. <i>rattus</i> and in morphology represents larger-bodied island variants of <i>R</i>. <i>tiomanicus</i> (Musser, 1986; Musser and Califia, 1982; Musser and Heaney, 1985); <i>simalurensis</i>,<i> babi</i>,<i> </i>and <i>lasiae</i> were included in <i>R. tiomanicus</i> by Corbet and Hill (1992). Whether populations on the Simalur islands are distinct species or insular representatives of <i>R</i>. <i>tiomanicus</i> that occur off the margin of the continental shelf will have to be determined by systematic revision of the <i>R</i>. <i>tiomanicus</i> complex. Recent morphometric analyses indicate <i>R. simalurensis</i> to be more closely tied to <i>R. burrus </i>(Nicobar Isls), <i>R. lugens</i> (Mentawai Arch.), and <i>R. adustus</i> (Pulau Enggano) than to <i>R. tioman... [truncated]","30","30-01781","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1781"
"13001782","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","sordidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1857","1858","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1857","","242","","","Canefield Rat","Australia, Queensland, open plains Darling Downs (as restricted by Thomas’ lectotype designation; see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:187).","Australia: E coast from tip of Cape York to NE New South Wales, and some off-shore islands (see Watts and Aslin, 1981:239, and Redhead, 1995<i>b</i>:662). New Guinea: lowlands south of Central Cordillera from Dobodura in E Papua New Guinea west and north to Koembe in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya); sea level to 670 m (see Taylor et al., 1983:265, and Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:335); also on Yule Isl, off the coast of SE Papua (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>aramia</i>  Troughton, 1937; <i>brachyrhinus</i> Tate and Archbold, 1935; <i>bunae</i> Troughton, 1946; <i>conatus</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>gestri</i> (Thomas, 1897); <i>gestroi</i> [misspelling of <i>gestri</i> first appearing in Laurie and Hill, 1954]; <i>youngi </i>Thomas, 1926.","<i>Rattus fuscipes</i> species group. One of the two species of native <i>Rattus</i> in the New Guinea-Australian region that occurs on both land masses. On morphological evidence, Taylor and Horner (1973) arranged <i>villosissimus</i> and <i>colletti</i> as subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>sordidus</i>. Later evaluations, however, using chromosomal, biochemical, and hybridization data, suggested the three should be viewed as separate species in the same monophyletic cluster (Baverstock et al., 1977<i>d</i>, 1983<i>a</i>, 1986), which is the way they are treated in current faunal accounts and catalogs (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988; Redhead, 1995<i>b</i>; Watts and Aslin, 1981).","30","30-01782","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1782"
"13001783","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","steini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rümmler","1935","","Z. Säugetierk.","10","","115","","","Stein’s New Guinea Rat","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Weyland Range, Mt Kunupi.","Mostly mid-montane elevations along Central Cordillera of the Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) to C Papua New Guinea, as well as highlands along N coast and on Huon Peninsula; 20-2800 m; absent from the Vogelkop Peninsula, Trans-Fly region, and E Papua (see Taylor et al., 1982:243, and Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:337).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>baliemensis</i>  Taylor and Calaby, 1982; <i>försteri</i> (Rümmler, 1935); <i>hageni</i> Troughton, 1937; <i>rosalinda</i> Hinton, 1943.","<i>Rattus leucopus</i> species group. Until Taylor et al.'s (1982) revision, the distinctness of <i>R. steini</i> was obscured by its historical allocation at different times as a subspecies of <i>R. leucopus</i>, <i>R. mordax</i>, <i>R. ringens </i>(= <i>R. leucopus</i>), <i>R. ruber </i>(= <i>R. nitidus</i>), and <i>Stenomys verecundus</i>.","30","30-01783","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1783"
"13001784","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","stoicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","24","","759","","","Andaman Archipelago Rat","India, Andaman Isls, Henry Lawrence Isl.","Islands of Henry Lawrence, Little Andaman, and South Andaman in the Andaman Arch. (Musser and Newcomb, 1983).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>rogersi</i>  (Thomas, 1907); <i>taciturnus </i>(Miller, 1902).","<i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. Despite past confusion with <i>Sundamys muelleri</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>stoicus</i> is defined by a unique set of derived and primitive features and is endemic to the Andaman Isls (Musser and Heaney, 1985; Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Its closest phylogenetic ally within the <i>R. rattus</i> species complex has yet to be determined (Musser, 1986).","30","30-01784","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1784"
"13001785","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","tanezumi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1844","","<i>In</i> Siebold, Temminck, and Schlegel. Fauna Japonica, Arnz et Socii, Lugduni Batavorum","","","51","","","Oriental House Rat","Japan, possibly from near Nagasaki on Kyushu Isl (see Jones and Johnson, 1965).","Apparently indigenous to SE Asia, from E Afghanistan (Niethammer and Martens, 1975) through C and S Nepal (below about 2000 m), Bhutan, N India, N Bangladesh and NE India into S and C China (including Hainan Isl), Korea, and mainland Indochina (including offshore islands) south to Isthmus of Kra; also probably native to Mergui Arch.; not found in the Andaman Isls and most of the Nicobar Isls. Whether native or introduced to Taiwan and Japan is unknown (but see Yosida and Harada, 1985; Japanese distribution reviewed by Kaneko, 1994). Most likely introduced to the Malay Peninsula and islands on the Sunda Shelf (Medway and Yong, 1976) and nearby archipelagos just off of the Shelf, including the Mentawais (Musser and Califia, 1982; Musser and Newcomb, 1983) and Nicobar Isls (the only museum records are the holotype of <i>pulliventer</i> from Great Nicobar Isl described by Miller, 1902, and BMNH 20.3.1907 from Little Nicobar Isl; Musser’s identifications). Certainly introduced to the Philippines (Musser, 1977<i>a</i>; Heaney et al., 1998, summarized records), Sulawesi (Musser and Holden, 1991), and numerous islands east through the Moluccas and Nusa Tenggara (Flannery, 1995<i>b;</i> Musser, 1970<i>a</i>, 1972, 1981<i>c</i>) to W New Guinea (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>; Sody, 1941), and farther east through Micronesia to islands of Eniwetok and Fiji (Johnson, 1962<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), but not to the Samoas where <i>R</i>. <i>rattus</i> occurs (Yosida et al., 1985).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alangensis</i>  Chasen, 1937; <i>amboinensis</i> Laurie and Hill, 1954;<i> argyraceus</i> Sody, 1941; <i>auroreus</i> Sody, 1941; <i>barussanoides</i> Sody, 1941; <i>benguetensis</i> [Hollister, 1913; see Musser, 1977<i>a</i>]; <i>bhotia</i> Hinton, 1918; <i>brevicaudus</i> Kuroda, 1952 [see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>brevicaudus</i> Chakraborty, 1975; <i>brunneus</i> (Hodgson, 1845); <i>brunneusculus</i> (Hodgson, 1845); <i>bullocki</i> Roonwal, 1948; <i>canna </i>(Swinhoe, 1871); <i>coloratus</i> (Hollister, 1913); <i>dammermani</i> Thomas, 1921; <i>dentatus</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>diardii</i> (Jentink, 1880); <i>exsul</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>flavipectus</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1872); <i>fortunatus</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>gangutrianus</i> Hinton, 1919;<i> germaini</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1872); <i>griseiventer</i> (Bonhote, 1903); <i>insulanus</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>kadanus</i> Chasen, 1937; <i>kelleri</i> (Mearns, 1905); <i>khyensis</i> Hinton, 1919; <i>kurokuma </i>Kuroda, 1953 [unavailable; see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>kramensis</i> Kloss, 1919; <i>lalolis</i> Tate and Archbold, 1935; <i>lanensis</i> Kloss, 1919; <i>lontaris</i> Chasen 1937; <i>macmillani</i> Hinton, 1919; <i>makassarius</i> Sody, 1941; <i>makensis</i> Kloss, 1916; <i>mansorius </i>Johnson, 1962; <i>masaretes</i> Sody, 1937; <i>mesanis</i> Kloss, 1919; <i>mindanensis</i> (Mearns, 1905); <i>moheius</i> Chasen, 1937; <i>molliculus</i> Robinson and Kloss, 1922; <i>moluccarius</i> Sody, 1933;<i> neglectus</i> (Jentink, 1880); <i>nemoralis </i>(Blyth, 1851) [not Selys Longchamps, 1841]; <i>obiensis</i> Sody, 1941; <i>ouangthomae</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1872); <i>palelae</i> Miller and Hollister, 1921; <i>palembang</i> Tate and Archbold, 1935; <i>panjius</i> Chasen, 1937; <i>pannellus</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>pannosus</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>pelengensis</i> Sody, 1941; <i>pipidonis</i> Chasen, 1937; <i>poenitentiarii</i> (Kloss, 1915); <i>portus</i> (Kloss, 1915); <i>povolny </i>Niethammer and Martens, 1975; <i>pulliventer</i> (Miller, 1902); <i>rangensis</i> (Kloss, 1916); <i>robiginosus</i> (Hollister, 1913); <i>robinsoni</i> Chasen, 1940; <i>robustulus</i> (Blyth, 1859); <i>sakisimana </i>Tokuda, 1939 [<i>nomen nudum</i>; see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002];<i> samati</i> Sody, 1932; <i>santalum</i> Sody, 1932; <i>sapoensis</i> Sody, 1941; <i>satarae</i> Hinton, 1918;<i> septicus</i> Sody, 1933; <i>shirokuma </i>Kuroda, 1953 [unavailable; see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002]; <i>sladeni</i> (Anderson, 1879); <i>sumbae</i> Sody, 1930; <i>tablasi</i> Taylor, 1934; <i>talaudensis</i> Sody, 1941; <i>tatkonensis</i> Hinton, 1910; <i>thai</i> Kloss, 1917; <i>tikos</i> Hinton, 1919; <i>tistae</i> Hinton, 1918; <i>toxi</i> Sody, 1941; <i>turbidus</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>yeni</i> Dao, 1960; <i>yunnanensis</i> (Anderson, 1879); <i>zamboangae </i>(Mearns, 1905).","<p><i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. The authority is usually cited as 1845, but was published in 1844 (Holthuis and Sakai, 1970). The name <i>tanezumi</i> is the oldest for the 2n = 42 group of Asian houserats that is distinguished from the 2n = 38/40 <i>R</i>. <i>rattus</i> not only by chromosomal characters but also morphological and biochemical traits (see account of <i>R</i>. <i>rattus</i>). The probable indigenous range is generally north and east of peninsular India (judged by Musser’s study of material in AMNH, BMNH, FMNH, MZB, RMNH, USNM, and geographic distribution of karyotypes with 2n = 42; Duncan and Van Peenen, 1971; Gadi and Sharma, 1983; Markvong et al., 1973; Niethammer, 1975; Niethammer and Martens, 1975; Ray-Chaudhuri and Pathak, 1970; Raman and Sharma, 1974, 1977; Gill and Gupta, 1989; Tripathy et al., 1985; Yong, 1969; Yosida et al., 1971). In the southern portion of the Western Ghats (along SW peninsula in Karnataka and Maharashtra States) at Sagar, three indivi... [truncated]","30","30-01785","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1785"
"13001786","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","tawitawiensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser and Heaney","1985","","Am. Mus. Novit.","2818","","5","","","Tawitawi Forest Rat","Philippines, Sulu Arch., Tawitawi Isl, Batu Batu.","Greater Sulu Faunal Region. Known only from Tawitawi Isl in S part of Sulu Arch.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. Still recorded by only three specimens. Phylogenetic affinities unclear; in some traits resembles Sulawesian <i>R</i>. <i>hoffmanni</i> and members of the <i>Rattus palmarum-burrus-simalurensis-lugens </i>clusters on the Nicobar, Simalur, and Mentawai islands more closely than any described <i>Rattus</i> from the Indo-Australian region (Musser and Heaney, 1985).","30","30-01786","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1786"
"13001787","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","timorensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, Aplin, and Boeadi","1991","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","15","","446","","","Timor Forest Rat","Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Timor, Gunung Mutis, 1900 m, 7 km E Desa Nenas.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","<i>Rattus</i> species-group unresolved. Represented only by the holotype. Some of the large series of subfossil fragments collected in E Timor by Glover (1986) may be this species. Phylogenetic affinities unknown and possibly not even a member of <i>Rattus</i> (Kitchener et al., 1991<i>b</i>). Albumin immunological analysis suggests a close phyletic affinity with <i>Bunomys chrysocomus</i> from Sulawesi and <i>Komodomys rintjanus</i> from Nusa Tenggara (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>); the close alliance between <i>rintjanus</i> and <i>timorensis</i>, and their great phylogenetic distance from <i>Rattus</i>, is supported by a recent unpublished allozyme electrophoresis study (K. Aplin, in litt., 2004). Recently, K. Helgen (in litt., 2003) collected an extant specimen from a forest fragment on Timor that is not <i>R. timorensis</i>, but an undescribed species that is also represented by large series in Glover’s subfossil collections.","30","30-01787","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1787"
"13001788","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","tiomanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","2","","212","","","Malaysian Field Rat","Malaysia, Pahang, Tioman Isl, off the east coast Malay Peninsula.","Endemic to the Sunda Shelf and some offshore islands. Records on the Shelf are from peninsular Thailand south of Isthmus of Kra (10°30'N), the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, Palawan (see Heaney et al., 1998, for records from the Palawan Faunal Region), and many smaller islands. Off the Sunda Shelf, <i>R. tiomanicus</i> is documented from Enggano Isl, southwest of Sumatra, and Maratua Arch., east of Borneo (Musser and Calafia, 1982; Musser and Heaney, 1985).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ambersoni</i>  Schwarz and Schwarz, 1967; <i>banguei</i> Chasen and Kloss, 1932; <i>batin</i> Robinson, 1916; <i>delirius</i> Sody, 1941; <i>ducis</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>fulmineus</i> (Miller, 1913);<i> generatius</i> Sody, 1941; <i>jalorensis</i> (Bonhote, 1903); <i>jarak</i> (Bonhote, 1905); <i>jemuris</i> Chasen and Kloss, 1931; <i>julianus</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>kabanicus</i> Hill, 1960; <i>kunduris</i> Chasen and Kloss, 1931; <i>lamucotanus</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>lasurius</i> Sody, 1941; <i>luxuriosus</i> Chasen, 1935; <i>maerens</i> (Miller, 1911); <i>mangalumis</i> Kloss, 1931; <i>mara</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>pauper</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>payanus</i> Chasen and Kloss, 1931; <i>pemanggis</i> Chasen, 1940; <i>perhentianus</i> Chasen, 1940; <i>pharus</i> Hill, 1960; <i>piperis</i> Schwarz and Schwarz, 1967; <i>rhionis</i> (Thomas and Wroughton, 1909); <i>roa</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>roquei</i> Sody, 1929; <i>rumpia</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1911); <i>sabae</i> Medway, 1965; <i>sebasianus</i> Sody, 1941; <i>siantanicus</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>sribuatensis</i> Hill, 1960; <i>tambelanicus</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>tenggolensis</i> Yong, 1971; <i>terutavensis</i> Hill, 1960; <i>tingius</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>tua</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>vernalus</i> Sody, 1940; <i>viclana</i> (Miller, 1913).","<p><i>Rattus rattus </i>species group. Reviewed by Musser and Califia (1982), who also summarized and provided references documenting the incorrect historical association of <i>tiomanicus</i> and the other synonyms listed here as subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>rattus</i>. They also pointed out that careful study of inter-island variation among named forms of the <i>R</i>. <i>tiomanicus</i> complex is necessary before relationships among the insular populations can be discerned; more than one species may be represented in what is now viewed as <i>R</i>. <i>tiomanicus</i>. Miller’s (1942) <i>blangorum</i> from the Aceh region of N Sumatra, for example, was originally described as a species, then included in <i>R. tiomanicus</i> (Musser and Califia, 1982), and is here reinstated as a separate species (see account of <i>R. blangorum</i>).</p><p><i>Rattus mindorensis</i> from Mindoro Isl in the Philippines; <i>R</i>. <i>simalurensis</i> from the islands of Babi, Lasia, Siumat, and Simalule, off... [truncated]","30","30-01788","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1788"
"13001789","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","tunneyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Novit. Zool.","11","","223","","","Australian Pale Field Rat","Australia, Northern Territory, Mary River.","Australia; NE and SW Western Australia, Northern Territory, E Queensland, and NE New South Wales. Also occurs on offshore islands. Recorded historically (holotype of <i>austrinus </i>probably from Kangaroo Isl; see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:188), but otherwise only by subfossils (Robinson et al., 2000) from South Australia. Extant range vastly reduced from former distribution (see Taylor and Horner, 1973:89; Watts and Aslin, 1981; Braithwaite and Baverstock, 1995:663).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>apex</i> Troughton, 1939;<i> austrinus </i>Thomas, 1921;<i> culmorum </i>(Thomas and Dollman, 1909);<i> dispar </i>Brazenor, 1936;<i> melvilleus </i>Thomas, 1921;<i> vallesius </i>Thomas, 1921;<i> woodwardi </i>(Thomas, 1908).","<i>Rattus fuscipes </i>species group. This species hybridized in the laboratory with <i>R</i>. <i>colletti</i> (Baverstock et al., 1983<i>a</i>, 1986). Revised by Taylor and Horner (1973) and reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981), Mahoney and Richardson (1988), and Braithwaite and Baverstock (1995).","30","30-01789","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1789"
"13001790","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","vandeuseni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor and Calaby","1982","","<i>In</i> Taylor et al., Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","173","","211","","","Van Deusen’s New Guinea Mountain Rat","Papua New Guinea, Maneau Range, N slope Mt Dayman, Middle Camp, 1540 m.","Recorded only from the Mt Dayman region at the E end of the Owen Stanley Range in Papua New Guinea, 1500-1540 m (Musser and Carleton, 1993; Musser and Lunde, ms).","IUCN – Endangered as <i>Stenomys vandeuseni.</i>","","<p><i>Rattus leucopus </i>species group. Cole et al. (1997) reported one example from an E ridge of Mt Dayman (identified by comparing it with two specimens from the type series) and noted that Flannery had indicated to them that most <i>R. vandeuseni</i> (in AM) from that area were from 1300 m. Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) also reported specimens from the Agaun Valley at 300 m (according to Cole et al., 1997), but it is unclear if these are from 300 m (in which case they should be reexamined to determine if they are really the lowland <i>R. verecundus</i>) or the specimens from 1300 m. We can only vouch that the type series, which we studied, represents a montane species morphologically distinguishable from the lower altitudinal<i> R. verecundus</i>.</p><p>Taylor and Calaby described <i>vandeuseni</i> as a subspecies of <i>R. verecundus</i> (Taylor et al., 1982), but its distinctive morphology and habitat indicate otherwise, as the describers even suggested, and as Flannery (1990<i>b</i>:2... [truncated]","30","30-01790","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1790"
"13001791","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","verecundus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Novit. Zool.","11","","598","","","New Guinea slender Rat","Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Aroa River, Avera, 200 m.","New Guinea; from the Vogelkop region in W Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya) to easternmost Papua New Guinea; nearly all records are from Papua New Guinea; altitudinal range, 150 to 2750 m (Taylor et al., 1982:204, and Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>:345).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Stenomys verecundus.</i>","<i>mollis</i>  Rümmler, 1935; <i>tomba</i> (Laurie, 1952); <i>unicolor</i> Rümmler, 1935.","<i>Rattus leucopus </i>species group. Revised by Taylor et al. (1982), who recognized three subspecies: <i>mollis</i>, <i>unicolor</i>, and <i>verecundus</i>. Chromosomal morphology discussed by Dennis and Menzies (1978). Leary and Seri (1997) described the distribution in the Kikori River Basin in S Papua where <i>R. verecundus</i> occurs sympatrically with <i>R. niobe</i> at the upper altitudinal part of its range and <i>Rattus leucopus</i> at the lower end.","30","30-01791","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1791"
"13001792","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","villosissimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waite","1898","","Proc. R. Soc. Victoria","10","","125","","","Australian Long-haired Rat","Australia, Queensland, ""from probably the vicinity of Goonhaghooheeny Billabong, Cooper Creek"" (Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:188).","Australia; broad inland range from NW Western Australia through Northern Territory into most of Queensland and N South Australia and N New South Wales (see Watts and Aslin, 1981:245); fossils indicate a past broader range once extended across the Nullarbor Plain to the Great Australian Bight (Watts and Aslin, 1981; Watts, 1995<i>k</i>). Range in South Australia summarized by Robinson et al. (2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>longipilis</i>  (Gould, 1854) [not Waterhouse, 1837]; <i>profusus </i>Thomas, 1921.","<i>Rattus fuscipes </i>species group. Geographic range is allopatric to the coastal <i>R</i>. <i>sordidus</i> in Queensland and <i>R</i>. <i>colletti</i> in Northern Territory (see Taylor and Horner, 1973:72). The three species are closely related; <i>villosissimus</i> was treated as a subspecies of <i>R</i>. <i>sordidus</i> by Taylor and Horner (1973), but is considered genically closer to <i>colletti</i> by Baverstock et al. (1983<i>a</i>, 1986); see accounts of <i>R. sordidus</i> and <i>R. colletti</i>. An undescribed species related to <i>R. villosissimus </i>and <i>R. colletti </i>is known from a small area in C Queensland (Aplin, in litt., 2004). Analyses of electrophoretic data by Gemmeke and Niethammer (1984) indicated <i>R</i>. <i>villosissimus</i> to be greatly separated from <i>R</i>. <i>argentiventer</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>exulans</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>norvegicus</i>, and <i>R</i>. <i>tiomanicus</i>, and closer to species of <i>Bandicota</i> and <i>Maxomys</i>. Reviewed by Mahoney a... [truncated]","30","30-01792","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1792"
"13001793","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rattus","","xanthurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1867","","598","","","Northeastern Xanthurus Rat","Indonesia, NE Sulawesi, Tondano, 3600 ft (1100 m).","NE Sulawesi only, from vicinity of Teluk Kuandang (0°50'N, 122°52'E) eastward in NE region of N peninsula of Sulawesi.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>faberi</i>  (Jentink, 1883); <i>paraxanthus</i> (Sody, 1941).","<i>Rattus xanthurus </i>species group. See Musser (1971<i>c-e</i>, 1984) for justification behind allocation of synonyms. One of the larger-bodied members of this complex, which includes <i>R</i>. <i>bontanus</i>, <i>R</i>. <i>marmosurus</i>, <i>R. salocco</i>, and <i>R</i>. <i>pelurus</i>. Occurs sympatrically with <i>R</i>. <i>marmosurus</i> on the NE Peninsula. Sody (1941) included <i>xanthurus</i> in <i>Taeromys</i>. Although the <i>R</i>. <i>xanthurus</i> group may eventually be removed from <i>Rattus</i> (Musser and Holden, 1991), it does not belong in <i>Taeromys </i>(Musser, ms).","30","30-01793","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1727-0000-1793"
"13001794","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rhabdomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","18","","69","","<i>Mus pumilio</i> Sparrman, 1784.","","","","","","<p><i>Arvicanthis</i>Division. Morphological traits place <i>Rhabdomys</i> in a group containing species of <i>Arvicanthis</i>,<i> Lemniscomys</i>,<i> Mylomys</i>,<i> </i>and<i> Pelomys</i> (Musser, 1987<i>b</i>), which is corroborated by analysis of mitochondrial gene sequences (cytochrome <i>b</i>, 12S and 16S rRNA gene fragments), and also includes <i>Desmomys</i> (Ducroz et al., 2001). The sequence data of Ducroz et al. also indicate that within this arvicanthine cluster, <i>Rhabdomys</i> and <i>Desmomys</i> are members of a lineage separate from that comprised of only <i>Lemniscomys</i>, and from another containing <i>Arvicanthis</i>,<i> Mylomys</i>, and <i>Pelomys.</i> Analysis of microcomplement fixation of albumin groups <i>Rhabdomys</i> with <i>Lemniscomys</i>, <i>Pelomys</i>,<i> Grammomys</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Thallomys</i> (Watts and Baverstock, 1995<i>a</i>).</p><p>When Wroughton (1905<i>b</i>) reviewed <i>R. pumilio</i>, he distinguished four morphological groups, each with d... [truncated]","30","30-01794","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1794"
"13001795","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rhabdomys","","dilectus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","De Winton","1897","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1896","","803","","","Mesic Four-striped Grass Rat","NE Zimbabwe, Mashonaland, Mazowe.","E South Africa (Rambau et al., 2003), E Zimbabwe (Smithers and Wilson, 1979), WC Mozambique (Smithers and Lobao Tello, 1976), Malawi (Nyika Plateau and Mulanje Massif; Ansell and Dowsett, 1988), NE Zambia (Nyika Plateau; Ansell, 1978), SE Dem. Rep. Congo (Kasaki, Marungu Mtns, 2300 m; Hatt, 1940<i>b</i>), highlands in Tanzania (Grimshaw et al., 1995; Shore and Garbett, 1991; Swynnerton and Hayman, 1951; Vesey-Fitzgerald, 1966), Kenya (Hollister, 1919), E Uganda (Mt. Elgon; Clausnitzer, 2001; Clausnitzer and Kityo, 2001; Delany, 1975), and S and C Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998; Hill and Carter, 1941); all referred to as <i>P. pumilio</i> except Rambau et al. (2003).","<i>algoae</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>angolae </i>(Wroughton, 1905); <i>bethuliensis</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>chakae</i> (Wroughton, 1905); <i>cradockensis</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>diminutus</i> (Thomas, 1893); <i>griquoides</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>moshesh</i> (Wroughton, 1905); <i>nyasae</i> (Wroughton, 1905); <i>vaalensis</i> Roberts, 1946.","Definition of <i>R. dilectus </i> generally follows Rambau et al. (2003), who sampled populations in South Africa, W Zimbabwe, Nyika Plateau in Malawi, and Mt. Elgon in Uganda. The species occurs in mesic grasslands and savannas in southern Africa (probably the more mesic of the six biotic zones of southern Africa in which <i>Rhabdomys</i> occurs; Yom-Tov, 1993) but north of that region (in SE Demo Rep. Congo, NE Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda) is restricted to disjunct montane savannas (e. g., Delany, 1975; Hollister, 1919; and other references cited above for regions north of South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique).","<p>Definition of <i>R. dilectus </i>generally follows Rambau et al. (2003), who sampled populations in South Africa, W Zimbabwe, Nyika Plateau in Malawi, and Mt. Elgon in Uganda. The species occurs in mesic grasslands and savannas in southern Africa (probably the more mesic of the six biotic zones of southern Africa in which <i>Rhabdomys</i> occurs; Yom-Tov, 1993) but north of that region (in SE Demo Rep. Congo, NE Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda) is restricted to disjunct montane savannas (e. g., Delany, 1975; Hollister, 1919; and other references cited above for regions north of South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique).</p><p>Two species occur in Angola. <i>Rhabdomys pumilio </i>occupies only the southwestern Namib desert of Angola (see account below); it is their sample from here that Carter and Hill (1941:102) identified as <i>R. bechuanae. </i>The other is represented by populations occurring over most of the Angolan Plateau. Rambau et al. (2003) did not sample Angola, ... [truncated]","30","30-01795","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1794-0000-1795"
"13001796","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rhabdomys","","pumilio","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sparrman","1784","","K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockholm","","","236","","","Xeric Four-striped Grass Rat","South Africa, S Western Cape Province, east of Knysna, Tsitsikamma Forest, Slangrivier.","Xeric grasslands and savannas from W South Africa north through Namibia and C and S Botswana to SW Angola.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>bechuanae</i>  (Thomas, 1893); <i>cinereus</i> (Thomas and Schwann, 1904); <i>deserti</i> (Dollman, 1910); <i>donavani</i> (Lesson, 1827); <i>fouriei</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>griquae</i> (Wroughton, 1905); <i>intermedius</i> (Wroughton, 1905); <i>lineatus</i> (F. Cuvier, 1829); <i>major</i> (Brants, 1827); <i>meridionalis</i> (Wroughton, 1905); <i>namaquensis</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>namibensis</i> Roberts, 1926; <i>orangiae</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>prieskae</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>septemvittatus</i> (Schinz, 1845); <i>typicus</i> (Sclater, 1899); <i>vittatus</i> (Wagner, 1842).","As defined by Rambau et al. (2003), <i>P. pumilio</i> is endemic to the Southern African Subregion. Rambau et al. did not sample populations from Angola or Botswana, but we regard Hill and Carter’s (1941:102) record of ""<i>R. bechuanae</i>"" from the Namib desert in southwestern Angola as an extension of <i>P. pumilio</i> through Namibia (see accounts above). Most of Botswana is covered by arid savanna, and records of <i>Rhabdomys</i> from there (see de Graaff, 1997<i>e</i>; Smithers, 1971) are likely <i>P. pumilio</i> and not <i>P. dilectus</i>,<i> </i>which occupies mesic grasslands and savannas (Rambau et al., 2003).","30","30-01796","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1794-0000-1796"
"13001797","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rhagamys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Major","1905","","Geol. Mag.","Dec. 5, 2","","503","","<i>Mus orthodon</i> Hensel, 1856.","","","","","","<i>Apodemus</i>Division. Redescribed by Schaub (1938), revised by Brandy (1978) and Martín Suárez and Mein (1998). Consists of two extinct species known only from the Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Sardinia. Martín Suárez and Mein (1998:92) explained that ""When Forsyth Major (1905) created the genus <i>Rhagamys </i>he considered it to be closer to the group <i>Mäuse</i> (that is what we now call <i>Apodemus</i> and <i>Micromys</i>) than to the group <i>Ratten</i> (what we call <i>Mus</i> and <i>Rattus</i>).""","30","30-01797","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1797"
"13001798","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rhagamys","","orthodon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hensel","1856","","Z. Dtsch. Geol. Ges.","","","281","","","Tyrrhenian Field Rat","Unknown (see Alcover et al., 1998), presumably from somewhere on either Corsica or Sardinia.","Recorded only from Corsica and Sardinia (Kotsakis, 1980; Caloi et al., 1986; Martín Suárez and Mein, 1998; Alcover et al., 1998; Pereira et al., 2001).","Extinct.","","<p>An extinct insular species that was large in body size (up to 50 grams; Libois et al., 1993) compared with its continental ancestors, and with bulky, high-crowned molars. Represented only by fossils recovered from late Pleistocene to Holocene sediments (Sondaar et al., 1984; Sondaar, 2000; Amori, 1993; Vigne, 1988; Pereira et al., 2001). A smaller species,<i> minor</i>, known by fossils from early and middle Pleistocene deposits on both islands, was described as a species of <i>Rhagamys </i>(Brandy, 1978; Pereira et al., 2001; Sondaar, 2000) but later transferred to <i>Rhagapodemus</i>. This extinct genus dates back to late Miocene, and all the other species are represented by fossils from the Mediterranean continental mainland (Martín Suárez and Mein, 1998); <i>Rhagapodemus minor</i> has never been found in late Pleistocene horizons on Corsica or Sardinia, the time zone during which <i>Rhagamys orthodon</i> is first recorded. <i>Rhagamys orthodon</i> coexisted with the introduced <... [truncated]","30","30-01798","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1797-0000-1798"
"13001799","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rhynchomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","160","","<i>Rhynchomys soricoides</i> Thomas, 1895.","","","","","","<i>Chrotomys</i>Division. Member of the Philippine Old Endemics (Musser and Heaney, 1992). Considered the only genus in Rhynchomyinae by Thomas (1896), who later included <i>Echiothrix</i> (Thomas, 1898<i>b</i>). Phylogenetic analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome b sequences for 13 of the 16 genera of endemic Philippine murines place <i>Rhynchomys </i>in a clade containing <i>Apomys</i>,<i> Chrotomys </i>(including<i> Celaenomys</i>),<i> </i>and <i>Archboldomys</i> (Jansa and Heaney, 2001), which is supported by chromosomal data (Rickart and Heaney, 2002). The species of Philippine shrew rats in <i>Rhynchomys</i>,<i> Chrotomys </i>(including<i> Celaenomys</i>), and <i>Archboldomys </i>are unrelated to the other groups of shrew rats endemic to either Sulawesi or the Australia-New Guinea region (Musser and Heaney, 1992).","30","30-01799","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1799"
"13001800","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rhynchomys","","isarogensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser and Freeman","1981","","J. Mammal.","62","","154","","","Isarog Rhynchomys","Philippines, Camarines Sur Province, SE Peninsula of Luzon Isl, Mt Isarog, 5000 ft (1524 m).","Greater Luzon Faunal Region. Known only from Mt Isarog, Luzon, in montane forest formations from 1125 to 1750 m (Heaney et al., 1998; Rickart et al., 1991).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Distributional and ecological information summarized by Heaney et al. (1999). Standard karyotype (2n = 44, FN = 52; Rickart and Musser, 1993; Rickart and Heaney, 2002) indistinguishable from those of <i>Chrotomys silaceus</i> (recorded as <i>Celaenomys</i>) and <i>C. gonzalesi</i> (Rickart and Heaney, 2002).","30","30-01800","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1799-0000-1800"
"13001801","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Rhynchomys","","soricoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","160","","","Northern Luzon Rhynchomys","Philippines, N Luzon Isl, Mountain Province, Mt Data, 8000 ft (2440 m).","Greater Luzon Faunal Region; recorded only from Mt Data in the Central Cordillera (Largen, 1985; Sanborn, 1952<i>a</i>; Thomas, 1895) and Kalinga Province (Rickart, in litt.), but probably occurs elsewhere in montane forest formations in N Luzon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","30","30-01801","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1799-0000-1801"
"13001802","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Solomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","261","","<i>Uromys sapientis</i> Thomas, 1902.","","","","","<i>Unicomys</i> Troughton, 1935.","<p><i>Uromys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea region Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Included in <i>Melomys</i> by Ellerman (1941:226), then transferred to <i>Uromys</i> by Tate (1951:312), but finally recognized again as a distinct genus (Flannery and Wickler, 1990; Laurie and Hill, 1954:128). Traditionally allied with <i>Uromys</i> and <i>Melomys </i>(Menzies, 1990; Misonne, 1969; Simpson, 1961; Tate, 1951), and analysis of albumin immunology linked <i>Solomys</i> ""closely with a group of <i>Melomys</i> species represented by <i>M. cervinipes</i>"" (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>:301). Sperm head morphology, however, is unusual among murines and unlike that characteristic of species in <i>Uromys</i> and <i>Melomys</i> (Breed, 1997; Breed and Aplin, 1994). Membership of <i>Solomys</i> in the <i>Uromys</i> cluster should be tested by phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular data.</p><p>Species of <i>Solomys</i> are arboreal and endemic to the Solomon Isls. Ther... [truncated]","30","30-01802","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1802"
"13001803","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Solomys","","ponceleti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1935","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","19","","260","","","Poncelet’s Solomys","Solomon Isls, Bougainville Isl, about 10 mi (16 km) inland from Buin.","Solomon Isls; endemic to islands of Buka, Bougainville, and Choiseul (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>; Flannery and Wickler, 1990); sample from Buka Isl represented only by fossils.","IUCN – Endangered.","","An arboreal species that builds stick nests high in large tall trees and known by a few extant specimens and archaeological fragments (Flannery et al., 1988; Flannery and Wickler, 1990). Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","30","30-01803","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1802-0000-1803"
"13001804","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Solomys","","salamonis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1883","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","7","","43","","","Florida Island Solomys","Solomon Isls, Florida Isl in the Nggela Group (Flannery and Wickler, 1990:13).","Recorded only from Florida Isl in the Solomon Arch. (Flannery and Wickler, 1990).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Originally described as a <i>Mus</i>, the species was transferred to <i>Uromys</i> (Rümmler, 1938; Tate, 1951), but then correctly placed in <i>Solomys</i> by Troughton (1936). Holotype of <i>S. salamonis</i> is an adult male and was originally preserved in alcohol with the skull extracted, but the body has been lost and only the skull now represents the species (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>).","30","30-01804","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1802-0000-1804"
"13001805","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Solomys","","salebrosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1936","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","19","","436","","","Bougainville Island Solomys","Solomon Isls, Bougainville Isl.","Recorded from the islands of Buka, Bougainville, and Choiseul in Solomon Arch.; sample from Buka Isl represented only by fossils (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Known by extant specimens and archaeological fragments (Flannery and Wickler, 1990). Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","30","30-01805","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1802-0000-1805"
"13001806","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Solomys","","sapientis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","44","","","Isabel Island Solomys","Solomon Isls, Santa Isabel Isl.","Recorded only from Santa Isabel Isl (Flannery and Wickler, 1990).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Represented by extant specimens; no archaeological fragments have been uncovered. Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","30","30-01806","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1802-0000-1806"
"13001807","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Solomys","","spriggsarum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery and Wickler","1990","","Aust. Mamm.","13","","133","","","Buka Island Solomys","Solomon Isls, Buka Isl, Kilu rockshelter.","Endemic to Buka Isl.","","","Known only by subfossil archaeological material (Flannery and Wickler, 1990).","30","30-01807","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1802-0000-1807"
"13001808","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Sommeromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Musser and Durden","2002","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3368","","4","","<i>Sommeromys macrorhinos</i> Musser and Durden, 2002.","","","","","","<i>Crunomys</i>Division. Monotypic and represented only by the holotype. Morphology of skin, skull, dentition, and stomach described and contrasted with other murines, particularly the Sulawesian shrew rats (<i>Melasmothrix</i>,<i> Tateomys</i>, and <i>Echiothrix</i>) and Sulawesi and Philippine shrew mice (<i>Crunomys</i>) by Musser and Durden (2002). Certain derived cranial osteological and cephalic arterial complexes suggest affinity with <i>Crunomys</i>; otherwise, <i>Sommeromys</i> has no close morphological or phylogenetic affinity with any other described Sulawesian endemic. It may be a highly specialized relict of a group that diverged early from the Miocene <i>Progonomys</i> like murine ancestral stock.","30","30-01808","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1808"
"13001809","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Sommeromys","","macrorhinos","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser and Durden","2002","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3368","","7","","","Sommer’s Sulawesi Rat","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Gunung Tokala, 02E13' S/120E04' E, 2400 m (see Musser and Durden, 2002:7, for additional information).","Recorded only from tropical upper montane rain forest at the type locality.","","","Gracile, insectivorous, nocturnal, scansorial, and arboreal. The species is unique among murines in morphology of its highly specialized rostral region, tail, feet and digits (Musser and Durden, 2002). Member of montane forest species known only from mountainous C Sulawesi (Musser and Durden, 2002; Musser and Holden, 1991).","30","30-01809","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1808-0000-1809"
"13001810","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Spelaeomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hooijer","1957","","Zool. Meded. Leiden","35","","306","","<i>Spelaeomys florensis</i> Hooijer, 1957.","","","","","","<i>Pogonomys</i>Division. Reviewed by Musser (1981<i>c</i>), who also recorded past opinions about phylogenetic affinities of <i>Spelaeomys</i>, noted that it is not closely related to the other Nusa Tenggara endemics <i>Hooijeromys</i>, <i>Komodomys</i>, <i>Papagomys</i>, or <i>Paulamys</i>, and hypothesized that ""<i>Spelaeomys</i> belongs with the old native genera of New Guinea, possibly Australia, and likely Timor."" Molar occlusal patterns and configuration of unreported cranial fragments (studied by Musser) resemble a giant version of species in New Guinea <i>Pogonomys</i> and <i>Chiruromys</i>. But additional data is required to test this notion of cladistic membership with the New Guinea endemics in the <i>Pogonomys</i> Division. The alternative hypothesis relates <i>Spelaeomys</i> to members of the <i>Pithecheir</i> Division, which is centered on the Sunda Shelf and Sulawesi. Two genera in that Division, Sundaic <i>Lenothrix</i> and Sulawesian <i>Lenomys</i> also have... [truncated]","30","30-01810","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1810"
"13001811","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Spelaeomys","","florensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hooijer","1957","","Zool. Meded. Leiden","35","","306","","","Flores Island Spelaeomys","Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Palau Flores, Manggarai Province, Liang Toge, a cave near Warukia, 1 km S Lepa.","Known only from Flores Isl.","IUCN – Extinct.","","A large-bodied, probably arboreal frugivore and folivore represented only by subfossil fragments (3000-4000 years old). The species may still live on Flores, possibly other nearby islands, and should be sought in any remnants of tropical evergreen rainforest.","30","30-01811","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1810-0000-1811"
"13001812","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Srilankamys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Musser","1981","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","168","","268","","<i>Rattus ohiensis</i> Phillips, 1929.","","","","","","<i>Dacnomys</i>Division. A montane insular relict with possible phylogenetic ties to <i>Chiromyscus </i>and <i>Niviventer</i>, but not to <i>Rattus</i> (Musser, 1981<i>b</i>). The genus also exhibits some morphological traits characteristic of <i>Maxomys</i>; its inclusion in the <i>Dacnomys </i>Division has to be tested by broader character analyses that includes chromosomal and molecular data.","30","30-01812","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1812"
"13001813","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Srilankamys","","ohiensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Phillips","1929","","Ceylon J. Sci., Sec. B","15","","167","","","Phillips’s Srilankamys","Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Ohiya, W Haputale, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Primary lowland tropical and montane evergreen rainforest formations on mountains in Uva and Central Provinces of Sri Lanka between 915 and 2135 m (Phillips, 1980).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Musser (1981<i>b</i>) described the history of past and incorrect allocations of <i>ohiensis</i> to groups that are now recognized as <i>Apomys</i>, <i>Lenothrix</i>, <i>Leopoldamys</i>, <i>Maxomys</i>, <i>Niviventer</i>, and <i>Rattus</i>.","30","30-01813","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1812-0000-1813"
"13001814","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Stenocephalemys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Frick","1914","","Ann. Carnegie Mus.","9","","7","","<i>Stenocephalemys albocaudata</i> Frick, 1914.","","","","","","<i>Stenocephalemys</i>Division<i>. </i>An Ethiopian endemic that is phylogenetically related to species of <i>Praomys</i>,<i> Mastomys</i>, <i>Myomyscus</i>,<i> Heimyscus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Hylomyscus </i>(Lecompte et al., 2002<i>b</i>)<i>. </i>Significance of analyses of craniodental and phallic structure, allozymes, chromosomal data, partial mitochondrial 16S rRNA and complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b </i>gene sequences, and geometric morphometrics from samples of <i>S. albipes</i>,<i> S. albocaudata</i>, and <i>S. griseicauda </i>(Corti et al., 1999; Fadda and Corti, 2000; Fadda et al., 2001<i>a</i>; Lavrenchenko et al., 1999, 2000; Lecompte et al., 2002<i>b</i>) are discussed in accounts that follow. Statistical summaries of external measurements from large series of <i>S. albocaudata</i> and <i>S. griseicauda</i> reported by Sillero-Zubiri (1995<i>a</i>), and the habitat preferences of these two species, abundance, and biomass in relation to predation by the endangered Ethiopian wolf... [truncated]","30","30-01814","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1814"
"13001815","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Stenocephalemys","","albipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1842","","Mus. Senckenberg.","3","","107","","","White-footed Stenocephalemys","Ethiopia, Massawa.","Ethiopia; endemic to Ethiopian Plateau between 800-3300 m (Van der Straeten and Dieterlen, 1983; Yalden and Largen, 1992; Yalden et al., 1976, 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Myomys albipes</i>.","<i>alettensis</i>  (Frick, 1914); <i>ankoberensis</i> (Frick, 1914); <i>leucopus</i> (Fitzinger, 1867); <i>minor </i>(Heuglin, 1877).","<p>Usually listed as either a species of <i>Myomys</i> (G. M. Allen, 1939), <i>Myomyscus</i> (Davis, 1965), or <i>Praomys</i> (Yalden et al., 1976, 1996). Morphometric traits related <i>albipes</i> closely to species of <i>Stenocephalemys</i> and what was described as <i>Praomys ruppi</i> (Van der Straeten and Dieterlen, 1983). Furthermore, qualitative external, cranial (see Rupp, 1980: Fig. 5), and molar (see illustrations in Misonne, 1969) features of <i>albipes</i> are more similar to species of <i>Stenocephalemys</i> than to other species in <i>Myomys </i>(= <i>Myomyscus</i>). Musser and Carleton (1993) noted that ""The phylogenetic significance of this morphologically annectant relationship of <i>M</i>. <i>albipes</i> between other <i>Myomys</i> and <i>Stenocephalemys</i> needs to be assessed by taxonomic revision of both groups."" Analyses of chromosomal data (Corti et al., 1995, 1999; Lavrenchenko et al., 1999), allozymic information (Lavrenchenko et al., 1999, 2000), partial 16S ... [truncated]","30","30-01815","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1814-0000-1815"
"13001816","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Stenocephalemys","","albocaudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Frick","1914","","Ann. Carnegie Mus.","9","","8","","","White-tailed Stenocephalemys","S Ethiopia, Chilalo Mtns, Inyala Camp.","Ethiopia; endemic to the eastern plateau (eastern side of Rift Valley), 3000-4050 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Inhabits the Afro-alpine moorland where it occurs with <i>Arvicanthis blicki</i>, <i>Lophuromys melanonyx</i>, and <i>Tachyoryctes macrocephalus</i>, which are also moorland specialists (Rupp, 1980; Yalden, 1988; Yalden and Largen, 1992). Chromosomal data reported by Corti et al. (1995, 1999) and Lavrenchenko et al. (1999). Yalden et al. (1996) cited Schlitter who claimed he caught the species on Mt Entoto (north of Addis Ababa), which would extend the range to the highlands west of the Rift Valley but that record requires verification.","30","30-01816","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1814-0000-1816"
"13001817","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Stenocephalemys","","griseicauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Petter","1972","","Mammalia","36","","171","","","Gray-tailed Stenocephalemys","Ethiopia, Bale Mtns, Dinsho.","Ethiopia; S and N highlands, 2400-3900 m (Demeter and Topal, 1982; Yalden, 1988; Yalden and Largen, 1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Another Ethiopian mountain endemic that overlaps altitudinally with <i>S</i>. <i>albocaudata</i> but occupies bushy areas rather than moorland (Yalden, 1988). Chromosomal data documented by Corti et al. (1999) and Lavrenchenko et al. (1999). Distribution in isolated Harenna Forest of S Ethiopia documented by Lavrenchenko (2000). Yalden et al. (19965) cited Schlitter as collecting this species and <i>S. albocaudata</i> on Mt Entoto north of Addis Ababa, which would be west of the Rift Valley, but those records have yet to be documented by publication.","30","30-01817","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1814-0000-1817"
"13001818","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Stenocephalemys","","ruppi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van der Straeten and Dieterlen","1983","","Ann. Mus. R. Afr. C.","237","","121","","","Rupp’s Stenocephalemys","Ethiopia, Bonke, north of Bulta, 2800-3200 m.","Ethiopia; known only from Bonke and Bulta in the Gamo Gofa region of SW Ethiopia, 2700-3200 m (Rupp, 1980; Van der Straeten and Dieterlen, 1983; Yalden and Largen, 1992)","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Myomys ruppi.</i>","","Originally described as a species of <i>Praomys</i> based on material collected by Rupp (1980), who illustrated the skull as ""<i>Praomys albipes</i>, stenocephaler Typ"" (p. 92). Musser and Carleton (1993) wrote that ""<i>M. ruppi</i> combines morphological features of both <i>M. albipes</i> and <i>Stenocephalemys</i>, an observation reinforced by morphometric analyses (Van der Straeten and Dieterlen, 1983). Were it not for the long tail of <i>M. ruppi</i> (a trait shared with <i>M. albipes</i>), the species could as easily be included within <i>Stenocephalemys.</i>"" In their canonical analysis of <i>ruppi</i>,<i> albipes</i>, and <i>S. griseicauda</i>, Van der Straeten and Dieterlen (1983) derived scores for <i>ruppi</i> that fell between those representing the other two species, but portrayed <i>ruppi</i> as being overall more closely related to <i>S. griseicauda. </i>Fadda and Corti (2000) disagreed with that assessment, noting that in their study ""<i>ruppi</i> shares centro... [truncated]","30","30-01818","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1814-0000-1818"
"13001819","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Stochomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","17","","176","","<i>Dasymys longicaudatus</i> Tullberg, 1893.","","","","","","<i>Hybomys</i>Division. Listed as a genus by G. M. Allen (1939), but allocated to <i>Rattus</i> as a subgenus by Ellerman (1941). D. H. S. Davis (1965) placed <i>Stochomys</i> in <i>Aethomys</i> as a subgenus, which reflected Thomas' (1915) early allocation of <i>longicaudatus</i> to subgenus <i>Aethomys</i>. Misonne (1969) and Rosevear (1969), however, reinstated the generic status of <i>Stochomys</i>, correctly noting that it was distinctive and not closely related to <i>Rattus</i>. It has been phylogenetically associated with <i>Dephomys</i> (D. H. S. Davis, 1965; Misonne, 1969; an alliance supported by our study of specimens), but Van der Straeten (1984) considered it unrelated to that genus, as reflected by multivariate analysis of morphometric variation. His conclusion, however, derives from analysis of continuous variables and neglected discrete differences in character traits, and the resulting tree is a phenogram of shape-size similarity, not a cladogram reflecting shared-deri... [truncated]","30","30-01819","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1819"
"13001820","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Stochomys","","longicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tullberg","1893","","Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Uppsala, ser. 3","16","","36","","","Target Rat","Cameroon.","Tropical evergreen forest; recorded from Togo, S Nigeria, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Gabon, Dem. Rep. Congo, and Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hypoleucus</i>  (Pucheran, 1855) [not Sundevall]; <i>ituricus </i>(Thomas, 1915);<i> sebastianus</i> (De Winton, 1897).","Rosevear (1969) described the historical allocations of <i>longicaudatus</i> to <i>Aethomys</i>, <i>Dasymys</i>, <i>Epimys</i>, <i>Mus</i>, <i>Rattus</i>, and <i>Stochomys</i>. Morphometric analyses, which resulted in distinguishing two distinct subspecies, reported by Van der Straeten (1984).","30","30-01820","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1819-0000-1820"
"13001821","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Sundamys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Musser and Newcomb","1983","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","174","","401","","<i>Mus muelleri</i> Jentink, 1879.","","","","","","<i>Rattus</i>Division. Endemic to the Malay Peninsula and islands on the Sunda Shelf. Revised by Musser and Newcomb (1983), whose analysis of morphological traits placed it phylogenetically closer to <i>Rattus</i> and <i>Kadarsanomys</i> than to other Sundaic genera. The close relationship to <i>Rattus</i> is corroborated by albumin immunology (Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>, 1995<i>b</i>, 1996), spermatozoal morphology (Breed and Yong, 1986), and analyses of LINE-1 retrotransposons (Verneau et al., 1997, 1998).","30","30-01821","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1821"
"13001822","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Sundamys","","infraluteus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","2","","409","","","Mountain Sundamys","Malaysia, Sabah (N Borneo), Kinabalu.","Gunung Kinabalu, 920-2930 m (Md Nor, 2001), and Gunung Trus Madi in Sabah; W mountain chain of Sumatra, 700-2400 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>atchinus</i> (Miller, 1942).","A montane species related to <i>S</i>. <i>muelleri</i>, which occurs at middle altitudes and lowlands; narrowly sympatric with it on both N Borneo and Sumatra. Specimens from each island differ slightly in pelage tone and craniodental dimensions and proportions, but the sample from Sumatra (<i>atchinus</i>) is small and significance of the differences between it and the much larger series from Sabah requires study of more material from Sumatra (Musser and Newcomb, 1983).","30","30-01822","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1821-0000-1822"
"13001823","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Sundamys","","maxi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1932","","Natuurh. Maandbl. Maastricht.","21","","157","","","Javan Sundamys","Indonesia, Java, Bandung, Cibuni.","Known only from W Java, 900-1350 m.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Described as a species of <i>Rattus</i> (Sody, 1932), later treated as a subspecies of <i>R. infraluteus</i> (Chasen, 1940), but shown to be a very distinctive species and member of the suite of endemic Javanese murines (Musser and Newcomb, 1983; see account of <i>Kadarsanomys sodyi</i>). Still only represented by specimens collected between 1932 and 1935 by Max Bartels Jr. Phylogenetic relationship may be closer to <i>S</i>. <i>muelleri</i> than to <i>S. infraluteus</i> as judged by morphology. This is the only species of <i>Sundamys</i> known to occur on Java and the only one with a derived cephalic arterial pattern.","30","30-01823","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1821-0000-1823"
"13001824","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Sundamys","","muelleri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1879","","Notes Leyden Mus.","2","","16","","","Müller’s Sundamys","Indonesia, W Sumatra, Batang Singgalang, Padang Highlands.","Endemic to large and small islands and penninsula on the Sunda Shelf south of the Isthmus of Kra (10E30' N): SW peninsular Burma, peninsular Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and Palawan; and on the smaller islands of Siantan (Anamba Isl), many of the Riau Isls, Tuangku and Bangkuru (Banjak Isls), Mansalar (W Sumatra), Pinie, Tanahmasa and Tanahbala (Batu Isls), Banka, Bunguan and Serasan (Natuna Isls), Karimata Isl (SW Borneo), Sebuku (SE Borneo), Balembangan and Banggi (N Borneo), and Balabac, Culion, and Busuanga (Palawan Faunal Region). Older published records from islands off Sunda Shelf (Nicobars, for example) proved to represent other species (all but the Karimata records are documented in the gazetteer and range maps in Musser and Newcomb, 1983; specimens in UMMZ and MZB were obtained on Karimata Isl by A. J. Gorog in 2000). Does not occur on Java.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>balabagensis</i>  (Sanborn, 1952); <i>balmasus</i> (Lyon, 1916); <i>borneanus</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>campus</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1916); <i>chombolis</i> (Lyon, 1909); <i>crassus</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>credulus</i> (Chasen, 1940); <i>culionensis</i> (Sanborn, 1952); <i>domitor</i> (Miller, 1903); <i>firmus</i> (Miller, 1902); <i>foederis</i> (Robinson and Kloss, 1911); <i>integer</i> (Miller, 1901); <i>otiosus</i> (Chasen, 1935); <i>pinatus</i> (Lyon, 1916); <i>pollens</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>potens</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>sebucus</i> (Lyon, 1911); <i>terempa</i> (Chasen and Kloss, 1928); <i>valens</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>validus</i> (Miller, 1900); <i>victor</i> (Miller, 1913); <i>virtus</i> (Lyon, 1916); <i>waringensis </i>(Sody, 1941).","<p>Morphological, chromosomal, and spermatozoal data suggested <i>S</i>. <i>muelleri</i> is a distant relative of <i>Rattus</i> but in the same monophyletic clade (Breed and Yong, 1986; Musser and Newcomb, 1983; Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>). Like <i>Maxomys surifer</i>, which also has an extensive insular distribution on the Sunda Shelf (see that account), nearly every island sample of <i>S. muelleri</i> was described as a separate subspecies, some based on real differences in pelage coloration and body size, others diagnosed primarily by their insular distribution (see history in Musser and Newcomb, 1983). There are detectable differences among some samples. Populations from SW Burma, Peninsular Thailand, and the Malay Peninsula, for example, are significantly larger in body size than those from elsewhere on the Sunda Shelf and may be a separate species (Musser and Newcomb, 1983). Phylogenetic analyses of gene sequences from insular and peninsular samples of <i>S. muelleri </i>... [truncated]","30","30-01824","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1821-0000-1824"
"13001825","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Taeromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Sody","1941","","Treubia","18","","260","","<i>Mus</i> (<i>Gymnomys</i>) <i>celebensis</i> Gray, 1867.","","","","","<i>Arcuomys</i> Sody, 1941.","<p><i>Rattus</i>Division. A Sulawesi endemic. Formerly included in <i>Rattus</i> by Ellerman (1949<i>a</i>), and in subgenus <i>Bullimus</i> of <i>Rattus</i> by Misonne (1969), but considered a distinct genus by Musser (1981<i>c</i>, 1984, 1987) and Musser and Newcomb (1983); albumin immunology nestles <i>Taeromys</i> in a <i>Rattus </i>clade (also containing <i>Sundamys</i>,<i> Bunomys</i>,<i> Komodomys</i>,<i> Stenomys</i>,<i> Bullimus</i>,<i> Bandicota</i>,<i> Nesokia</i>,<i> Paruromys</i>,<i> Papagomys</i>,<i> </i>and<i> Berylmys</i>; Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>, 1995<i>b</i>, 1996). Partially reviewed and contrasted with Sundaic <i>Sundamys</i> by Musser and Newcomb (1983). Marked interspecific contrasts in spermatozoal morphology evident among species and reflected by differences in cranial and dental traits (Breed and Musser, 1991). Sody (1941:260) proposed nine new genera, each diagnosed by mammary formula. Among these were <i>Taeromys</i> and <i>Arcuomys</i>,<i> </i>whi... [truncated]","30","30-01825","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1825"
"13001826","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Taeromys","","arcuatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1935","","Am. Mus. Novit.","802","","9","","","Southeastern Mountain Taeromys","Indonesia, SE Sulawesi, Pegunnungan Mekongga (= Mengkoka), Tanke Salokko (highest spot on the mountain), 03E35'S/121E15'E, 1500 m.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Closest relative is an undescribed species in mountains of C Sulawesi (Musser and Holden, 1991; Musser, ms). This geographic pattern, in which a species in the central part of the island has a close ally on the SE Peninsula, is repeated by <i>Taeromys</i> <i>callitrichus</i> (central) and <i>T. microbullatus </i>(southeast), an undescribed species of <i>Maxomys </i>(central) and <i>M. dollmani </i>(southeast), and <i>Rattus marmosurus </i>(central) and <i>R. salocco </i>(southeast). Sody (1941) proposed <i>Arcuomys</i> for <i>arcuatus</i>.","30","30-01826","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1825-0000-1826"
"13001827","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Taeromys","","callitrichus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1879","","Notes Leyden Mus.","","","12","","","Greater Taeromys","Indonesia, NE Sulawesi, Kakas.","Sulawesi: recorded from a few places on the NE peninsula, 600-1100 m; and in the central core, 760-2260 m (Musser, 1970<i>d</i>; Musser and Holden, 1991).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>jentinki</i> (Laurie and Hill, 1954); <i>maculipilis </i>(Laurie and Hill, 1954).","Reviewed by Musser (1970<i>d</i>). The largest in body size among the species. The original description is vague and based upon 12 specimens, all of which Jentink (1879<i>b</i>, 1888:65) regarded as types. Subsequently, Tate (1940) selected one of the specimens as a lectotype, and Musser (1970<i>d</i>) identified all 12 specimens: the lectotype and two others are examples of <i>callitrichus</i>, one is <i>Paruromys</i> <i>dominator</i>, another is <i>Rattus hoffmanni</i>, three are <i>Bunomys chrysocomus</i>, and four are <i>Bunomys fratrorum.</i> Musser (1970<i>d</i>) also described the historical allocations of <i>callitrichus</i> with <i>Mus</i>,<i> Rattus</i>,<i> Lenomys</i>, and <i>Eropeplus</i>. <i>Taeromys callitrichus</i> is the central and northeastern peninsular highland and morphological counterpart to the southeastern highland <i>T. microbullatus</i>; judged by cranial and dental traits, both species are more closely related to <i>T. arcuatus</i> and its undescribed ally<i>... [truncated]","30","30-01827","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1825-0000-1827"
"13001828","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Taeromys","","celebensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1867","","598","","","Long-tailed Taeromys","Indonesia, NE Peninsula, Manado.","Sulawesi: recorded from throughout the island in lowland tropical evergreen rainforest, sea level to 1200 m; absent from montane forest formations (Musser and Holden, 1991).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Documented from SW peninsula only by subfossil fragment (Musser, 1984), but from elsewhere by extant specimens. An arboreal species with a very long tail relative to head and body length, and morphologically unlike any other species in the genus, all of which are terrestrial and have relatively short tails (Breed and Musser, 1991; Musser and Newcomb, 1983; Musser, ms). <i>Taeromys celebensis</i> is relatively common in primary forest, not difficult to trap, and represented by many more specimens than the other species of <i>Taeromys</i>. It is superficially similar to <i>Paruromys dominator</i> and often misidentified as that species in museum collections.","30","30-01828","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1825-0000-1828"
"13001829","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Taeromys","","hamatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","96","","","Central Mountain Taeromys","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Gunung Lehio, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Sulawesi: known only from a few montane localities in the central core of the island, 1280-2287 m; absent from lowland tropical evergreen rainforest formations.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Closest relative is <i>T. taerae</i> from the NE peninsular highlands.","30","30-01829","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1825-0000-1829"
"13001830","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Taeromys","","microbullatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1935","","Am. Mus. Novit.","802","","8","","","Small-eared Taeromys","Indonesia, SE Peninsula, Pegunungan Mekongga (= Mengkoka), Tanke Salokko (highest place in Pegunungan Mekongga), 03E35'S/121E15'E, 1500 m.","Recorded only from the type locality.","","","Still represented only by two adults and a juvenile collected in 1932. Although described as a species of <i>Rattus</i>, <i>microbullatus</i> has been allied to the <i>Rattus xanthurus</i> group (Ellerman, 1941), included in <i>Paruromys<b> </b></i>(Ellerman, 1949<i>a</i>; Laurie and Hill, 1954) or synonymized with <i>T. callitrichus</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Musser, 1970<i>d</i>; Musser and Carleton, 1993), but morphometric analyses indicates the small sample represents a distinctive entity that is more closely related to <i>T. callitrichus</i> than to any other species of <i>Taeromys </i>(Musser, ms).","30","30-01830","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1825-0000-1830"
"13001831","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Taeromys","","punicans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","98","","","Reddish-furred Taeromys","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Pinedapa, 100 ft (30 m).","Sulawesi: known only from the central part and the SW peninsula.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","A lowland species represented by two specimens caught in 1918<b> </b>from the type locality and a few subfossil fragments from the SW peninsula (Musser, 1984). Other than that it inhabits tropical lowland evergreen rainforest, nothing is known about ecology of this species or its actual distribution over the island.","30","30-01831","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1825-0000-1831"
"13001832","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Taeromys","","taerae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1932","","Natuurh. Maandbl. Maastricht.","21","","158","","","Northeastern Mountain Taeromys","Indonesia, NE Sulawesi, Lembean, near Tondano.","Sulawesi: recorded only from highlands on the NE peninsula, 600-800 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>simpsoni</i>  (Ellerman, 1949) [not Philippi, 1900]; <i>tatei</i> (Sody, 1941) [not Ellerman, 1941].","Reviewed by Musser (1971<i>d</i>). <i>Taeromys taerae</i> is the NE peninsular highland and morphological relative of <i>T. hamatus</i>, which is found only in mountains of central Sulawesi.","30","30-01832","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1825-0000-1832"
"13001833","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Tarsomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Mearns","1905","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","28","","453","","<i>Tarsomys apoensis</i> Mearns, 1905.","","","","","","<i>Rattus</i>Division. Revised by Musser and Heaney (1992), who recorded history of the incorrect inclusion of <i>Tarsomys</i> in <i>Rattus</i> and placed the genus among the Philippine New Endemics. Phylogenetic analyses of complete mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences for 13 of the 16 genera of endemic Philippine murines place <i>Tarsomys</i> as sister-taxon to <i>Limnomys</i>, and in a clade with <i>Bullimus </i>and <i>Rattus everetti</i>, which are also New Endemics (Jansa and Heaney, 2001); this alliance and membership in the <i>Rattus</i> Group also supported by chromosomal data (Rickart and Heaney, 2002).","30","30-01833","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1833"
"13001834","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Tarsomys","","apoensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1905","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","28","","453","","","Dusky Tarsomys","Philippines, S Mindanao Isl, Davao City Province, Mt Apo, 6750 ft (2058 m).","Greater Mindanao Faunal Region. Endemic to the mountains on Mindanao from 1550 to 2400 m in tropical lower and upper montane rainforest (Heaney et al, 1998; Musser and Heaney, 1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","This dark-furred, short-tailed mountain rat may be the ecological equivalent of the Sulawesian <i>Bunomys chrysocomus</i>, which it superficially resembles in some morphological traits (Musser and Heaney, 1992). Standard karyotype (2n = 42, FN = 61/62) identical to that of <i>Limnomys</i> in autosomes and X chromosome but differs by its larger telocentric Y chromosome (Rickart and Heaney, 2002).","30","30-01834","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1833-0000-1834"
"13001835","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Tarsomys","","echinatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser and Heaney","1992","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","138","","33","","","Spiny Tarsomys","Philippines, S Mindanao, South Cotabato Province, Mt Matutum, Tupi, Balisong, 2700-3700 ft (823-1128 m).","Greater Mindanao Faunal Region. Endemic to tropical lowland evergreen rainforests on Mindanao and known only from the vicinity of type locality and Mt Katanglad in Bukidnon Province (Heaney et al., 1998; Musser, 1994); probably occurs elsewhere on Mindanao where lowland forest formations persist.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","This distinctive species is replaced at higher elevations by <i>T. apoensis</i> in the region of Mt Katangland.","30","30-01835","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1833-0000-1835"
"13001836","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Tateomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Musser","1969","","Am. Mus. Novit.","2384","","2","","<i>Tateomys rhinogradoides</i> Musser, 1969.","","","","","","<i>Melasmothrix</i>Division. Originally, and incorrectly, linked to the ""<i>Rattus chrysocomus</i> group"" by Musser (1969<i>b</i>), but morphological, spermatozoal, and ecological characteristics unite <i>Tateomys</i> and the other Sulawesian shrew rat <i>Melasmothrix</i> in the same monophyletic group to the exclusion of either <i>Rattus</i>, <i>Bunomys</i>, or any other Sulawesian endemic (Breed and Musser, 1991; Musser, 1982<i>c</i>). Listed as part of the Sulawesi Old Endemics by Musser (1981<i>c</i>) and revised by him (Musser, 1982<i>c</i>); united with <i>Melasmothrix</i> by Corbet and Hill (1992). <i>Tateomys</i>, along with <i>Melasmothrix</i>, possibly are specialized remnants of one of the earliest lineages to have diverged from the ancestral <i>Progonomys</i> like murine stock. See <i>Melasmothrix</i> generic account.","30","30-01836","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1836"
"13001837","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Tateomys","","macrocercus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser","1982","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","174","","64","","","Long-tailed Sulawesian Shrew Rat","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Gunung Nokilalaki, 7500 ft (2286 m).","Known only between 1980 and 2286 m in tropical upper montane rain forest on Gunung Nokilalaki, but probably occurs in other mountainous regions of C Sulawesi.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Stomach morphology of <i>T. macrocercus</i>, which is scansorial, nocturnal, and vermivorous, described and compared with the arboreal and insectivorous <i>Sommeromys</i> and other Sulawesian endemics by Musser and Durden (2002).","30","30-01837","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1836-0000-1837"
"13001838","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Tateomys","","rhinogradoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Musser","1969","","Am. Mus. Novit.","2384","","3","","","Tate’s Sulawesian Shrew Rat","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Gunung Latimodjong, 2200 m.","Known from the type locality, Gunung Tokala, and Gunung Nokilalaki at high elevations in tropical upper montane rain forest in C core of Sulawesi; most likely will be found on other mountains in C Sulawesi in similar forest formations.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","This terrestrial vermivore is the largest-bodied of the species of <i>Tateomys</i> and <i>Melasmothrix</i>. Stomach morphology closely similar to that of <i>Tateomys macrocercus</i> and <i>Melasmothrix naso</i> and unlike the large-bodied, Sulawesian shrew rat, <i>Echiothrix centrosa</i>, which occurs in lowland tropical evergeen rain forest at lower altitudes in the same region<i> </i>(Musser and Durden, 2002).","30","30-01838","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1836-0000-1838"
"13001839","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Thallomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","5","","141","","<i>Mus nigricauda</i> Thomas, 1882.","","","","","","<p><i>Oenomys</i>Division. After being proposed as a genus by Thomas (1920<i>a</i>), <i>Thallomys</i> was used in checklists (e.g., G. M. Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1941) until Ellerman et al. (1953) united it with subgenus <i>Aethomys</i> of <i>Rattus</i>. <i>Thallomys</i> was reinstated by Lundholm (1955<i>c</i>), who also suggested it was closely related to <i>Thamnomys</i>. Misonne (1969) pointed out that <i>Thallomys</i> has nothing to do with <i>Rattus</i>, and is most closely related to Tertiary European <i>Parapodemus</i>, an evaluation based on molar occlusal patterns. Analysis of microcomplement fixation of albumin groups <i>Thallomys</i> with <i>Grammomys</i>,<i> Pelomys</i>,<i> Lemniscomys</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Rhabdomys </i>(Watts and Baverstock, 1995<i>a</i>). Although unrelated to <i>Rattus</i>, the phylogenetic position of <i>Thallomys</i> within the diversity of African murines is still unresolved; our allocation to the <i>Oenomys</i> Division must be tested by analyses of ge... [truncated]","30","30-01839","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1839"
"13001840","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Thallomys","","loringi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1909","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","52","","471","","","Loring’s Thallomys","E Kenya, Lake Naivasha.","Known only by specimens from E Kenya, and N and E Tanzania; limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Originally described as a species of <i>Thamnomys</i> (Heller, 1909), then listed as a subspecies of <i>Thallomys nigricauda</i> (G. M. Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1941), and finally allocated to <i>T</i>. <i>damarensis</i> (here included in <i>nigricauda</i>) as a subspecies (F. Petter, 1973<i>a</i>). <i>Thallomys loringi</i> is morphologically and probably phylogenetically allied to <i>T. nigricauda</i>, but no critical documentation of its conspecificity with that species has ever been presented. Because <i>T. loringi</i> can be diagnosed by pelage and other distinctions, we list it as a species, a hypothesis that can be tested by careful systematic revision of samples from regions outside of southern Africa. Morphometric analyses presented by Taylor et al. (1995) identified a skull from Kenya as possibly being <i>T. nigricauda</i>, which highlights the need to determine the relationship between that species and <i>T. loringi</i>.","30","30-01840","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1839-0000-1840"
"13001841","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Thallomys","","nigricauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1882","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1882","","266","","","Black-tailed Thallomys","Namibia, Great Namaqualand, Hountop (= Hudup or Hutop) River, west of Gibeon (Meester et al., 1986).","W and S Angola, Namibia, N South Africa, Zimbabwe, N Botswana, and SE Zambia; northern and eastern limits unknown. The range described here is mapped by Taylor et al. (1995), who also identified a skull from Kenya as possibly an example of <i>T. nigricauda.</i>","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bradfieldi</i> Roberts, 1933;<i> damarensis </i>(De Winton, 1897);<i> davisi </i>Lundholm, 1955;<i> herero </i>Thomas, 1926;<i> kalaharicus </i>(Dollman, 1911);<i> leuconoe </i>Thomas, 1926;<i> molopensis </i>Roberts, 1933;<i> nitela </i>Thomas and Hinton, 1923;<i> quissamae </i>F. Petter and Beaufort, 1960;<i> robertsi</i> (Ellerman, Morrison-Scott, and Hayman, 1953).","<i>Thallomys nigricauda</i> and <i>T. paedulcus</i> are now recognized as occurring in the Southern African Subregion by Skinner and Smithers (1990), who also summarized some of the chromosomal, morphological, and ecological distinctions between the two species. They also suggested that <i>herero</i> and <i>leuconoe</i> may represent samples of <i>T. paedulcus</i>, but we examined the holotypes and they are examples of <i>T. nigricauda</i>. Musser and Carleton (1993:669) wrote that ""Morphological and geographic definitions of <i>T. nigricauda</i> are unsatisfactory. Appreciable geographic variation in body size, length of molar row, pelage coloration, and tail pilosity exists among samples and its significance will have to be assessed by critical systematic revision."" Results of such a study are presented by Taylor et al. (1995), who employed multivariate analyses of southern African samples already identified by chromosomal traits as either <i>T. nigricauda</i> (2n = 47-50) or <i>T. p... [truncated]","30","30-01841","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1839-0000-1841"
"13001842","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Thallomys","","paedulcus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1846","","Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. Stockholm","3","","120","","","Acacia Thallomys","South Africa, ""In Caffraria interiore, prope tropicum,"" (Ellerman et al., 1953); ""type locality was in the Magaliesberg area and has been provisionally fixed as Crocodile Drift, Brits, Transvaal [= Gauteng]"" (D. H. S. Davis, 1965:127).","From NE South Africa (N KwaZulu-Natal, W Mpumalanga, Limpopo, Gauteng, and North West), Swaziland, and Botswana north through Zimbabwe, S Zambia, Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya to S Ethiopia and S Somalia; limits unknown. See Taylor et al. (1995) for distribution in Southern African Subregion.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acaciae</i>  (Roberts, 1915); <i>lebomboensis</i> Roberts, 1931; <i>moggi</i> (Roberts, 1913); <i>rhodesiae </i>(Osgood, 1910);<i> ruddi </i>(Thomas and Wroughton, 1908); <i>scotti</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1923; <i>somaliensis </i>(Roche, 1964); <i>stevensoni </i>Roberts, 1933;<i> zambesiana </i>Lundholm, 1955.","In body size, the smallest of all the species. Identification of <i>paedulcus</i> as a separate species compared with the larger <i>T</i>. <i>damarensis</i> and association of <i>scotti</i>, were correctly perceived and documented by F. Petter (1973<i>a</i>). Thomas and Wroughton's (1908) <i>ruddi</i>, described as a species of <i>Thamnomys</i>, is a <i>Thallomys</i> (Lawrence and Loveridge, 1953) and another example of <i>T</i>. <i>paedulcus</i>. Identification of the holotype of <i>paedulcus</i>, along with critical measurements, recorded by Ellerman et al. (1953) and verified by F. Petter (1973<i>a</i>). The names <i>acaciae</i>,<i> lebomboensis</i>, and <i>stevensoni</i> were listed by Roberts (1951) as subspecies of <i>T. moggi</i>; <i>rhodesiae</i> was described by Osgood (1910) as a subspecies of <i>Mus damarensis</i> (which is here synonymized in <i>T. nigricauda</i>); and <i>zambesiana</i> was proposed by Lundholm (1955<i>a</i>) as a subspecies of <i>T. nigricauda</i>. Roche (... [truncated]","30","30-01842","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1839-0000-1842"
"13001843","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Thallomys","","shortridgei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1923","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1923","","492","","","Shortridge’s Thallomys","South Africa, Western Cape Province, Louisvale, S bank of Orange River.","South Africa; known only from south bank of Orange River from about Upington west to Goodhouse, Little Namaqualand, in Western Cape Province; limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Thomas and Hinton's (1923<i>b</i>) acute description points to a distinctive species distinguished by a diagnostic combination of chromatic and cranial traits (especially the small bullae). Ellerman (1941) treated <i>shortridgei</i> as a species, its distinction has been recognized by others (Musser and Carleton, 1993; Roberts, 1951; Van Rooyen <i>in</i> De Graff, 1978), and despite recent checklists where it is listed as a subspecies of either <i>T</i>. <i>paedulcus</i> (Meester et al., 1986) or <i>T. nigricauda</i> (Skinner and Smithers, 1990), the name identifies a valid species (our study of the holotype and specimens in MCZ).","30","30-01843","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1839-0000-1843"
"13001844","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Thamnomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","121","","<i>Thamnomys venustus</i> Thomas, 1907.","","","","","","<p><i>Oenomys</i>Division. Many have asserted that species of <i>Thamnomys</i> and <i>Grammomys</i> are in the same monophyletic group and separable only at the subgeneric level (G. M. Allen, 1939; Hatt, 1940<i>a</i>; Hollister, 1919; Misonne, 1974; F. Petter and Tranier, 1975; and others, see references in Meester et al., 1986). <i>Thamnomys</i> is a distinct genus, however, as explained by Ellerman (1941), Hutterer and Dieterlen (1984), Misonne (1969), Rosevear (1969), and other workers (see references in Meester et al., 1986). Those systematists also included <i>rutilans</i>, which is now regarded to be a synonym of <i>Grammomys poensis </i>(see that account). The considerable geographic and individual variation in body size, pelage coloration, and craniodental dimensions in <i>Thamnomys</i> needs to be assessed in a careful systematic revision of the genus. Until then we recognize the three species listed below based upon our examination of specimens and preliminary principle compo... [truncated]","30","30-01844","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1844"
"13001845","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Thamnomys","","kempi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","8","","658","","","Dollman’s Thamnomys","E Dem. Rep. Congo, Nord-Kivu Province, Buhamba, near Lake Kivu, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Apparently endemic to Kivu and Virunga volcanos in E Dem. Rep. Congo (Dollman, 1911; Gyldenstolpe, 1928; Hatt, 1934; Rahm, 1967; specimens in AMNH, MCZ, USNM), SW Uganda (specimens in FMNH, MCZ, USNM), W Rwanda (Elbl et al., 1966; specimens in USNM), and E Burundi (specimens in FMNH); 1670-3900 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","The more than 30 specimens we examined indicate <i>T. kempi </i>should be treated as a species (G. M. Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1941), not a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>venustus</i> (Misonne, 1974; Rahm, 1967). <i>Thamnomys kempi</i> is larger, with a longer skull and molar row (29.5-38.9 mm, 6.1-6.8 mm, respectively in <i>T. kempi</i>; 30.8-35.5 mm, 5.4-5.8 mm in <i>T. venustus</i>) and generally occurs at higher altitudes. Both are sympatric at Kibati (specimens in MCZ) and Irangi (R. Hutterer, in litt., 2002) in the Kivu highlands of E Dem. Rep. Congo.","30","30-01845","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1844-0000-1845"
"13001846","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Thamnomys","","major","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hatt","1934","","Am. Mus. Novit.","708","","10","","","Hatt’s Thamnomys","E Dem. Rep. Congo, Nord-Kivu Province, Lukumi, N slope Mt Karisimbi, Kivu volcanos, 12,000 ft (3658 m).","Known only from the type locality.","","","Still represented only by the holotype (AMNH 82693). Originally described as a subspecies of <i>Thamnomys kempi</i>, but the holotype is significantly larger than any specimen of <i>T. kempi</i> we have examined, has saturated buffy underparts suffused with underlying gray (whitish gray or with buff tinge in <i>T. kempi</i>), and conspicuously longer molar rows (7.5 mm for <i>major</i>, 6.1-6.8 for 31 <i>T. kempi</i> examined). Gyldenstolpe (1928) described a specimen collected at 3900 m on Mt Karisimbi and mentioned that it was larger than the holotype of <i>T. kempi</i>, which suggested to Hatt (1934) that it might be another example of <i>major</i>. Dimensions of Gyldenstolpe’s specimen, however, fall within the range of variation characteristic of <i>T. kempi</i>. Hatt (1934:10) designated AMNH 82695 and 82689 ""from Kabara, a site at 3354 m on the saddle between Mtns. Mikeno and Karisimbi"" as paratypes of <i>major</i>, but their cranial and dental dimensions along with venter color... [truncated]","30","30-01846","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1844-0000-1846"
"13001847","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Thamnomys","","venustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","122","","","Thomas’s Thamnomys","Uganda, Mubuku Valley, Ruwenzori East, 7000 ft (2134 m); see G. M. Allen and Loveridge (1942) for details.","From lowlands of NE Dem Rep. Congo at Medje (617 m; specimens in AMNH) south through Ruwenzori Mtns of W Uganda (G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1942; Delany, 1975; Thomas, 1907<i>a</i>; specimens in FMNH and MCZ) to the Kivu volcanos in E Dem. Rep. Congo (G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1942; specimens in MCZ), 600-2100 m; distributional limits unresolved.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kivuensis</i> G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1942; <i>schoutedeni</i> Hatt, 1934.","An appreciably smaller-bodied species than <i>T. major </i>(see that account) and recorded from a more expansive range and generally at lower altitudes. Both <i>kivuensis </i>(G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1942) and <i>schoutedeni</i> (Hatt, 1934) were described as a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>venustus</i>. Altitudinal distribution on Ugandan slopes of Ruwenzori Mtns reviewed by Kerbis Peterhans et al. (1998) and compared with distributions of entire small mammal fauna in those highlands.","30","30-01847","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1844-0000-1847"
"13001848","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Tokudaia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kuroda","1943","","Biogeographica","139","","61","","<i>Rattus jerdoni osimensis</i> Abe, 1933 (see Kaneko and Maeda, 2002).","","","","","<i>Acanthomys</i>  Tokuda, 1941 [not Lesson, 1842, or Gray, 1867]; <i>Tokudamys </i>Johnson, 1943.","<p><i>Apodemus</i>Division. Kaneko (2001) provided the first detailed morphological study comparing specimens (of all age groups) from S Okinawa Isl (<i>muenninki</i>) with those from N Amami-oshima Isl (<i>osimensis</i>). The significant morphological differences he documented parallel impressive chromosomal distinctions between the two insular populations (Honda et al., 1978; Tsuchiya, 1981; Tsuchiya et al., 1989),<b> </b>which support the specific status of each as listed by Musser and Carleton (1993). Kaneko also detailed the taxonomic history of the names now associated with <i>Tokudaia</i>.</p><p>Based on molar morphology, Kawamura (1989) placed <i>Tokudaia</i> in a group containing <i>Apodemus</i>, Pliocene <i>Rhagapodemus</i>, and Quaternary <i>Rhagamys</i>; and suggested that <i>Tokudaia</i> evolved from Miocene <i>Parapodemus</i> <i>Apodemus</i> ancestral stock; its evolutionary link to primitive species of <i>Apodemus</i>,<i> </i>Kawamura<i> </i>suggested, may be found in Mi... [truncated]","30","30-01848","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1848"
"13001849","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Tokudaia","","muenninki","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Johnson","1946","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","59","","170","","","Okinawa Island Spiny Rat","Japan, Ryukyu Isls (= Nansei Isls), N Okinawa Isl, Hentona (western coast).","Known by modern specimens from N Okinawa, and late Pleistocene and Holocene samples from Okinawa and adjacent island of Le-jima (Kawamura, 1989; Kowalski and Hasegawa, 1976).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","<p>Originally described as a subspecies of <i>T</i>. <i>osimensis</i> (Johnson, 1946<i>a</i>), but chromosomal evidence (2n = 44 for <i>muenninki</i>, 2n = 25 for <i>osimensis</i>), as well as external and cranial morphology distinguish <i>muenninki</i> as a separate species (Kaneko, 2001; Tsuchiya, 1981, Tsuchiya et al., 1989). Based upon molar measurements, Kaneko (2001) suggested that the late Pleistocene specimens identified as <i>T. osimensis</i> by Kowalski and Hasegawa (1976) and Kawamura (1989, 1991, 1994) actually represent <i>T. muenninki</i> and <i>T. osimensis</i>, indicating that both species occurred on Okinawa during late Pleistocene. Kaneko cautioned, however, that the fossils must be reexamined to confirm these possible identifications.</p><p>A population of <i>Tokudaia</i> also occurs on Tokuno-shima Isl, south of Amami-oshima and north of Okinawa. Chromosomal distinctions between <i>osimensis </i>(2n = 25) from Amami-oshima, <i>muenninki </i>(2n = 44) from Okinawa, a... [truncated]","30","30-01849","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1848-0000-1849"
"13001850","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Tokudaia","","osimensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Abe","1933","","Botany and Zoology","1","","942","","","Amami-oshima Island Spiny Rat","Japan, Ryukyu Isls (= Nansei Isls), Amami-oshima Isl, Mt Kiyago-kan, village of Sumiyo.","Known only by modern samples from Amami-oshima Isl.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Abe, 1934, J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., ser. B, div. 1, 3:107, is the usual date and citation for <i>osimensis </i>(see Corbet and Hill, 1992 and Musser and Carleton, 1993), but the name was proposed a year earlier in a different journal according to Kaneko (2001); also see Kaneko and Maeda (2002).The unique chromosomal complement of this species (2n = 25, with no X in the female or visible Y in the male) first documented by Honda et al. (1977) and corroborated by Kimiyuki et al. (1989). Testes devopment depends upon inheritance of the <i>Sry</i> gene encoded on the Y chromosome, but <i>T. osimensis</i> lacks this gene (Suzuki et al., 1999<i>b</i>), a phenomenon found elsewhere among murids only in species of the arvicoline<i> Ellobius</i> (Just et al., 1995). Suzuki et al. (1999<i>b</i>:590) noted that to describe the mechanism of sex determination in these species ""will require a more precise genetic analysis . . . and will bring us new information on sex determination mechanisms, evolut... [truncated]","30","30-01850","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1848-0000-1850"
"13001851","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Tryphomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1910","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","38","","399","","<i>Tryphomys adustus</i> Miller, 1910.","","","","","","<i>Rattus</i>Division. Musser and Newcomb (1983) and Musser and Heaney (1992) revised the genus and documented the history of its past association with <i>Rattus</i>; identified as a Philippine New Endemic (Musser and Heaney, 1992). <i>Tryphomys</i> and <i>Abditomys</i>, another Luzon endemic, form a monophyletic cluster; their phylogenetic alliances to other genera of Philippine New Endemics, or to genera native to other regions in the Indo-Australian region, remain unresolved.","30","30-01851","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1851"
"13001852","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Tryphomys","","adustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1910","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","38","","399","","","Luzon Tryphomys","Philippines, Luzon Isl, Benguet, Haights-in-the-Oaks.","Greater Luzon Faunal Region. Endemic to Luzon; known only from a few localities in highlands of the Central Cordillera and lower portion of Mount Makiling (Barbehenn et al., 1972-1973; Heaney et al., 1998; Sanborn, 1952<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Nothing is known about ecology of this species, but its morphology indicates <i>T. adustus</i> is terrestrial, probably inhabiting grassy or shrubby clearings in forests.","30","30-01852","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1851-0000-1852"
"13001853","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Uromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","","","343","","<i>Mus macropus</i> Gray, 1866 (= <i>Hapalotis caudimaculatus</i> Krefft, 1867).","","","","","<i>Cyromys</i>  Thomas, 1910; <i>Gymnomys<b> </b></i>Gray, 1867; <i>Melanomys</i> Winter, 1983 [not Thomas, 1902].","<i>Uromys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea and Australian Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Using albumin immunology, Watts and Baverstock (1994<i>a</i>) clustered <i>Uromys</i> with <i>Melomys </i>and <i>Solomys</i> within a larger clade that includes members of our <i>Hydromys</i>,<i> Xeromys</i>, and <i>Pseudomys </i>Divisions (the ""Australasian clade"" of Watts and Baverstock, 1995<i>b</i>, 1996), which occur on New Guinea and Australia, and not in our endemic New Guinea <i>Pogonomys</i> Division or <i>Lorentzimys</i> Division. This cladistic configuration is consistent with chromosomal traits (Baverstock et al., 1977<i>c</i>) and sperm morphology (Breed, 1997; Breed and Aplin, 1994). Revised by Groves and Flannery (1994), who arranged the species in subgenera <i>Uromys</i> and <i>Cyromys </i>(type species = <i>Mus imperator</i>).","30","30-01853","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1853"
"13001854","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Uromys","Uromys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","","","343","","<i>Mus macropus</i> Gray, 1866 (= <i>Hapalotis caudimaculatus</i> Krefft, 1867).","","","","","","","30","30-01854","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1853-1854"
"13001855","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Uromys","Cyromys","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","30","30-01855","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1853-1855"
"13001856","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Uromys","Uromys","anak","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","72","","","Black-tailed Uromys","Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Brown River, Efogi, ""not less than"" 4000 ft (1220 m).","New Guinea; throughout the Central Cordillera from Weyland Range in the west to Mt Dayman in the east as well as the Huon Peninsula; not recorded from any of the N coastal ranges or the Vogelkop region; 850-2950 m (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>albiventer</i> Groves and Flannery, 1994; <i>rothschildi </i>Thomas, 1912.","Subgenus <i>Uromys</i>. Closely related to <i>U. neobritannicus</i>. Geographic variation of morphological traits analyzed by Groves and Flannery (1994) in context of a revision of <i>Uromys</i>. Sperm morphology documented by Breed and Aplin (1994). Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>a</i>).","30","30-01856","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1853-1854-1856"
"13001857","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Uromys","Uromys","boeadii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Groves and Flannery","1994","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","46","","157","","","Biak Island Uromys","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Geelvinck Bay, Pulau Biak, 25 km northeast of Biak (town), 65 m (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>).","Known only by the holotype collected on Pulau Biak.","","","Subgenus <i>Uromys</i>. Regarded as a primitive member of the subgenus (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>) and ""the plesiomorphic sister-group to all other species of subgenus <i>Uromys</i>"" (Groves and Flannery (1994:164).","30","30-01857","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1853-1854-1857"
"13001858","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Uromys","Uromys","caudimaculatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Krefft","1867","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1867","","316","","","Giant White-tailed Uromys","Australia, Queensland, Cape York (see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988).","Australia: NE coastal Queensland in tropical forests from Townsville area north to tip of Cape York, and a few islands off the coast of N Queensland (Moore, 1995:640; Watts and Aslin, 1981:91). New Guinea: widespread throughout lowland and midmontane regions on the mainland, sea level to 1925 m; also on Aru Isls, Kai Isls, Waigeo Isl, Yapen Isl, and Normanby and Fergusson in the D’Entrecasteaux Arch. (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>; Leary and Seri, 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aruensis</i>  Gray, 1873; <i>ductor</i> Thomas, 1913; <i>exilis</i> Troughton and Le Soeuf, 1929; <i>lamington</i> Troughton, 1937; <i>macropus</i> (Gray, 1866) [not Hodgson, 1845]; <i>multiplicatus</i> (Jentink, 1907); <i>nero</i> Thomas, 1913; <i>papuanus</i> (Ramsay, 1883) [not von Meyer, 1876, a <i>nomen</i> <i>nudum</i>]; <i>prolixus</i> Thomas, 1913; <i>scaphax</i> Thomas, 1913; <i>sherrini</i> Thomas, 1923; <i>validus</i> Peters and Doria, 1881; <i>waigeuensis </i>Frechkop, 1932.","Subgenus <i>Uromys</i>. The Australian population has been studied from viewpoints of chromosomal morphology (Baverstock et al., 1977<i>c</i>), heterochromatin variation (Baverstock et al., 1976<i>b</i>, 1982), electrophoretic data (Baverstock et al., 1981), G-banding homologies (Baverstock et al., 1983<i>b</i>), morphology of male reproductive tract (Breed, 1986), and spermatozoal structure (Breed, 1984; Breed and Sarafis, 1978). Donnellan (1987) provided chromosomal information for samples from New Guinea, Breed and Aplin (1994) reported spermatozoal morphology, and Lidicker (1968) described phallic anatomy. Morphology of gastrointestinal tract and its significance covered by Comport and Hume (1998). Mahoney and Richardson (1988:189) cataloged taxonomic, distributional, and biological references covering Australian populations. Two different chromosomal forms of Australian <i>U</i>. <i>caudimaculatus</i> exist, one extending from McIlwraith Ranges northward, the other from Cooktown s... [truncated]","30","30-01858","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1853-1854-1858"
"13001859","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Uromys","Uromys","emmae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Groves and Flannery","1994","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","46","","159","","","Emma’s Uromys","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), Geelvinck Bay, Schouten Isl Group, Pulau Awai (Owi Isl).","Recorded only from Pulau Awai, but may also occur on adjacent Biak and Supiori Isls (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>).","","","Subgenus <i>Uromys</i>. Still known only by the holotype. Morphologically and phylogenetically most closely related to the Australian-New Guinea <i>U. caudimaculatus</i> and NE Australian <i>U. hadrourus</i> (Groves and flannery, 1994).","30","30-01859","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1853-1854-1859"
"13001860","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Uromys","Uromys","hadrourus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Winter","1984","","Mem. Queensland Mus.","21","","519","","","Masked White-tailed Uromys","Australia, NE Queensland, Thornton Peak summit area, 1200 m; see Winter (1984) and Mahoney and Richardson (1988:163) for additional information.","Originally known by only a few specimens from rainforest on Mareeba Franite of the Thornton Peak massif north of the Daintree River valley (Winter, 1983, 1984), but now also recorded south of the Daintree River in the Mount Carbine Tableland and farther south in the Lamins Hill area of the Atherton Tableland (Winter and Moore, 1995).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Uromys</i>. Originally described as a species of <i>Melomys</i>, subsequently placed in <i>Uromys</i> and allied with <i>U. caudimaculatus </i>(Groves and Flannery, 1994). <i>Uromys hadrourus</i> is a member of a group of species that are endemic to ""the Townsville to Cooktown region, and considered to be relicts of a wet- and cool-adapted fauna which may have originated in Australia from a common pre-Pleistocene stock of Australia and New Guinea"" (Winter, 1984:525). Chromosomal morphology reported by Baverstock et al. (1977<i>c</i>). McAllan and Bruce (1989) claimed 1983 to be the publication date for <i>hadrourus</i> instead of 1984 as is usually accepted, noting that the species was first given the name <i>Melanomys hadrourus. </i>That name was in the title of report cited by Winter (1983:379) as ""in press"" and placed in a sidebar and not in the main account, which was headed by the name <i>Melomys</i> sp. <i>Melanomys</i> is a <i>nomen nudum </i>as entered in Winter (19... [truncated]","30","30-01860","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1853-1854-1860"
"13001861","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Uromys","Cyromys","imperator","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","1","","157","","","Emperor Uromys","Solomon Isls, Guadalcanal Isl, Aola.","Endemic to Guadalcanal Isl.","IUCN – Extinct. May be extinct (see Flannery, 1991; Groves and Flannery, 1994).","","Subgenus <i>Cyromys</i>. Type species of <i>Cyromys</i>; historically assigned to either genus <i>Uromys</i> or <i>Cyromys</i>, but is now regarded as a member of the former (Flannery and Wickler, 1990; Groves and Flannery, 1994). Known only by a few historical and archaeological specimens (Flannery, 1991; Groves and Flannery, 1994). Closest relative is apparently <i>U. rex</i>, also endemic to Guadalcanal Isl. Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","30","30-01861","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1853-1855-1861"
"13001862","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Uromys","Uromys","neobritannicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1935","","Am. Mus. Novit.","803","","4","","","New Britain Island Uromys","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., New Britain Isl.","Endemic to New Britain Isl.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Uromys</i>. Included in <i>U</i>. <i>anak</i> by Ziegler (1982<i>b</i>:882) without explanation, but <i>neobritannicus</i> is diagnosed by distinctive external and cranial traits that are outside the range of morphological variation characteristic of <i>U</i>. <i>anak</i> (Groves and Flannery, 1994). Chromosomal data reported by Donnellan (1987). Still known only by a few specimens. Extensive survey of living and fossil mammals on nearby New Ireland did not yield the species, and Groves and Flannery (1994) think it unlikely that <i>U. neobritannicus</i> inhabits any of the smaller islands adjacent to New Britain.","30","30-01862","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1853-1854-1862"
"13001863","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Uromys","Cyromys","porculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","400","","","Guadalcanal Uromys","Solomon Isls, Guadalcanal Isl, Aola.","Endemic to Guadalcanal Isl.","IUCN – Extinct. Probably extinct (see Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>).","","Subgenus <i>Cyromys</i>. Although originally described as a species of <i>Uromys</i>, it was transferred to <i>Melomys</i> (Ellerman, 1941; Rümmler, 1938), placed once more in <i>Uromys</i> (Tate, 1951), again put in <i>Melomys</i> (Laurie and Hill, 1954), and currently returned to <i>Uromys</i> (Flannery and Wickler, 1990; Groves and Flannery, 1994). Still known only by the holotype. Morphologically closely related to <i>U. rex</i> and <i>U. imperator</i>. Reviewed by Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","30","30-01863","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1853-1855-1863"
"13001864","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Uromys","Cyromys","rex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","1","","157","","","King Uromys","Solomon Isls, Guadalcanal Isl, Aola.","Found only on Guadalcanal Isl.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Cyromys</i>. Another Guadalcanal species that has historically been placed in either genus <i>Uromys</i> or <i>Cyromys</i>, but is currently allocated to the former (Flannery and Wickler, 1990; Groves and Flannery, 1994). Still represented by less than a dozen specimens (Flannery, 1991), and likely the only species in subgenus <i>Cyromys</i> that is not extinct (Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>).","30","30-01864","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1853-1855-1864"
"13001865","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Uromys","see comments","siebersi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","Treubia","3","","422","","","Great Key Island Uromys","Indonesia, Maluku Tengah, Pulau Kai Besar (Great Key Isl), Gunung Daab.","Recorded only from Pulau Kai Besar in Kepulauan Kai (Ewab), between Seram Isl and the Aru Isls.","","","Originally described as a species but subsequently treated as a subspecies of <i>Uromys caudimaculatus</i> (Ellerman, 1941; Rümmler, 1938) or synonym of <i>U. caudimaculatus aruensis</i> (Laurie and Hill, 1954). In their revision of <i>Uromys</i>, Groves and Flannery (1994) identified <i>siebersi</i> as a taxon of ""uncertain status"" because they could not allocate it to any of the subspecies of <i>U. caudimaculatus</i> they recognized. Still known only by two skins and a single skull (Groves and Flannery, 1994), Thomas’s <i>siebersi </i>should be highlighted as a species. Among its diagnostic characteristics are very short tail relative to head and body length, small slit-like incisive foramina, and distinctly bowed skull (K. Helgen, in litt., 2004). The phylogenetic relationship of <i>U. siebersi</i> with samples of <i>U. caudimaculatus</i> along with the other recognized species of <i>Uromys</i> should be critically assessed in the context of a new taxonomic evaluation of geographic ... [truncated]","30","30-01865","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1853-0000-1865"
"13001866","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Vandeleuria","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","265","","<i>Mus oleraceus</i> Bennett, 1832.","","","","","","<i>Micromys</i>Division. An Indomalayan endemic allied to <i>Chiropodomys</i>, <i>Vernaya</i>, and <i>Micromys</i>, a hypothesis based on dental morphology (Misonne, 1969). Ellerman (1949:132) also tied <i>Vandeleuria</i> to <i>Chiropodomys</i> and <i>Micromys</i> through their complex molar occlusal patterns. Using albumin immunology, Watts and Baverstock (1995<i>b</i>) pointed to <i>Micromys</i> as the closest phylogenetic extant relative of <i>Vandeleuria</i>. Phylogenetic analysis of molar traits by Chaimanee (1998) indicated <i>Vandeleuria</i> formed a clade with <i>Pithecheir</i> and <i>Lenothrix</i>; the close alliance between <i>Vandeleuria</i> and <i>Pithecheir</i> was foretold by Ellerman (1949:132).<i> </i>Because of the immunological relationship between <i>Micromys</i> and <i>Vandeleuria</i>, the early split of <i>Micromys</i> from the central murine lineage represented by a <i>Pogonomys</i> like ancestor (see account of <i>Micromys</i>), and the close cladistic relationsh... [truncated]","30","30-01866","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1866"
"13001867","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Vandeleuria","","nilagirica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jerdon","1867","","Mammals of India","","","203","","","Nilgiri Vandeleuria","SW India, E Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri Hills, Ootacamund.","Recorded only from S end of the Western Ghats (= Sahyadris) in the Nilgiri Hills of SW Peninsular India (Corbet and Hill, 1992), but may occur farther north along the Western Ghats wherever tropical evergreen rain forest has not been eliminated.","","","Originally described as a species by Jerdon (1867:203), who wrote of having ""on several occasions found this tree-mouse in woods on the summit of the Neelgherries, near Ootacamund."" Jerdon was also familiar with <i>oleracea</i>,<i> </i>noting on the previous page that ""This very pretty little mouse has been found in all parts of India, from the Himalayas to the extreme south."" Subsequently retained as a species by Ellerman (1941), thereafter usually included in <i>V. oleracea </i>(Agrawal, 2000; Agrawal and Chakraborty, 1980; Ellerman, 1961; Musser and Carleton, 1993), but separated as a separate species by Corbet and Hill (1992) on the basis of the type description (no holotype exists) and a specimen from Kutta, S Coorg in the Nilgiri Hills (much longer tail than any sample of <i>V. oleracea</i> and whitish gray rather than pure white underparts). A typical <i>V. oleracea</i> was also collected at Kutta. See Corbet and Hill (1992) for expanded discussion and comparisons. The murines <... [truncated]","30","30-01867","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1866-0000-1867"
"13001868","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Vandeleuria","","nolthenii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Phillips","1929","","Ceylon J. Sci., Sec. B","15","","165","","","Sri Lankan Vandeleuria","Sri Lanka, Uva, Ohiya, West Haputale, 6000 ft (1830 m).","Forested highlands (above 1158 m) of Central and Uva provinces of Sri Lanka.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Described as a subspecies of <i>V. nilagirica</i>,<i> </i>kept that way by Ellerman (1941), but usually considered a subspecies of <i>V</i>. <i>oleracea</i> (Agrawal and Chakraborty, 1980; Ellerman, 1961; Phillips, 1980). Howver, <i>nolthenii</i> is distinct in its montane distribution, pelage (longer, dark reddish brown upperparts, gray venter), and external and cranial traits (longer tail, larger skull with more inflated braincase, larger bullae, and longer and heavier rostrum) from <i>V. oleracea</i> occurring at lower elevations, and should be treated as a separate species (Musser, 1979), an arrangement endorsed by Corbet and Hill (1992). Phillips’ (1929) original description and subsequent review (Phillips, 1980) encapsule all that is known about the species.","30","30-01868","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1866-0000-1868"
"13001869","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Vandeleuria","","oleracea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1832","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1832","","121","","","Indomalayan Vandeleuria","India, Madras, Deccan region.","Recorded from Sri Lanka (lowlands; Phillips, 1980), peninsular India, S Nepal, Burma (Ellerman, 1941), SE China (W Yunnan; Wang, 2003), Thailand (except peninsula south of Isthmus of Kra, 10EE, 30’N; J. T. Marshall, Jr., 1977<i>a</i>), SW Cambodia (Cardamom Mtns; A. Smith, in litt., 2002), and S Vietnam (Osgood, 1932; Dang et al., 1994); probably occurs in S Laos in suitable habitat. See Corbet and Hill (1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>badius</i>  (Blyth, 1859); <i>domecolus</i> (Hodgson, 1841) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>dumeticola</i> (Hodgson, 1845); <i>marica</i> Thomas, 1915; <i>modesta</i> Thomas, 1914; <i>povensis</i> (Hodgson, 1845); <i>rubida</i> Thomas, 1914; <i>sibylla</i> Thomas, 1914; <i>scandens </i>Osgood, 1932; <i>spadicea</i> Ryley, 1914; <i>wroughtoni </i>Ryley, 1914.","Musser and Carleton (1993) noted that ""<i>oleracea</i> is possibly a composite of species, and despite Agrawal and Chakraborty’s (1980) review of geographic variation, needs careful systematic revision."" Chromosomal features vary geographically: 2n = 26 or 28 for N, NE and E Thailand samples (Gropp et al., 1972; Winking et al., 1979); 2n = 29 for N India sample (Sharma and Raman, 1972), and 2n = 28 for SW India (Prakash and Aswathanarayana, 1973, 1976). Agrawal (2000) reviewed Indian populations, pointing out that samples from N India have rusty brown upperparts while those from S India and Gujarat have a dull brown dorsum; slight chromosomal differences are concordant with the chromatic distribution. Morphological variation in what has been defined as <i>V. oleracea</i> excludes <i>nilagirica</i>, which Corbet and Hill (1992) treat as a separate species (see that account). Ecology and distribution in the Aravalli Ranges in Rajasthan, India documented by Prakash et al. (1995<i>a</i>, <... [truncated]","30","30-01869","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1866-0000-1869"
"13001870","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Vernaya","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Anthony","1941","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","27","","110","","<i>Chiropodomys fulvus</i> G. M. Allen, 1927.","","","","","<i>Octopodomys</i> Sody, 1941.","<i>Micromys</i>Division. Dental morphology interpreted by Misonne (1969) to indicate close relationship with <i>Chiropodomys</i>; hypothesis requires testing with other characters. About the same time Anthony described <i>Vernaya</i>, Sody (1941) proposed <i>Octopodomys</i>. There is a single extant species, the remains of which have been found in late Pleistocene cave sediments in the Sichuan-Guizhou region of S China, and four extinct species have been described based on early to late Pleistocene fossils from the same region (Zheng, 1993).","30","30-01870","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1870"
"13001871","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Vernaya","","fulva","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1927","","Am. Mus. Novit.","270","","11","","","Vernay’s Climbing Mouse","China, Yunnan, Yinpankai, Mekong River.","S China (N Sichuan, W Yunnan, S Gansu, and SW Shaanxi; Li and Wang, 1995) and N Burma (Anthony, 1941); recorded only above 2135 m.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>foramena</i> Wang, Hu, and Chen, 1980.","Originally described by G. M. Allen as a species of <i>Chiropodomys</i>, but later reidentified by him as the only example of <i>Vandeleuria dumeticola</i> known from Yunnan (G. M. Allen, 1940), which was refuted by Ellerman (1949). Anthony (1941) correctly pointed out the morphological uniqueness of <i>fulva</i> by erecting a new genus to contain it. Still known only by few specimens. Wang et al. (1980) described <i>foramena</i> as a species of <i>Vernaya</i>, but diagnostic traits simply represent individual and geographic variation found in <i>V</i>. <i>fulva </i>(Corbet and Hill, 1992; Li and Wang, 1995; and Musser’s study of the Chinese material described by Wang et al., 1980); Wang (2003) listed <i>foramena</i> as a synonym of <i>V. fulva</i> in his checklist of Chinese mammals.","30","30-01871","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1870-0000-1871"
"13001872","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Xenuromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1941","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1101","","3","","<i>Mus barbatus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1900.","","","","","","<i>Pogonomys</i>Division. Member of the New Guinea Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>). Generally regarded as morphologically similar to <i>Uromys</i> and phylogenetically related to it (Flannery, 1995<i>a</i>; Tate, 1951; Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>a</i>), but sperm morphology is unlike most members of our <i>Uromys </i>Division and resembles many forms in our <i>Pogonomys </i>Division (Breed and Aplin, 1994). Our allocation to the latter cluster is provisional and must be tested by phylogenetic analyses of gene sequences and other kinds of morphological character sets.","30","30-01872","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1872"
"13001873","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Xenuromys","","barbatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1900","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","6","","167","","","Rock-dwelling Giant Rat","Papua New Guinea, ""British New Guinea.""","New Guinea; represented by only a few specimens collected along the Central Cordillera from Mt Dayman in E Papua to the Idenberg River in Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya), and in E end of Torricelli Mtns on north coast; 75-1200 m (Flannery, 1990<i>b</i>, 1995<i>a</i>; Flannery et al., 1985).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>guba</i> Tate and Archbold, 1941.","Leary and Seri (1997) reported a specimen taken at 600 m in karst limestone habitat in the Kikori River Basin of S Papua New Guinea. Very little is known about the actual distribution of this species on New Guinea and its natural history, other than it seems to reside in rocky habitats, is terrestrial, and may be frugivorous (Flannery et al., 1985). Aplin et al. (1999) reported a specimen of this species from a late Pleistocene archaeological site on the Ayamaru Plateau, central Bird’s Head Peninsula of Prov. of Papua (= Irian Jaya).","30","30-01873","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1872-0000-1873"
"13001874","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Xeromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1889","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1889","","248","","<i>Xeromys myoides</i> Thomas, 1889.","","","","","","<i>Xeromys</i>Division. Member of the Australian Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>:166) or Hydromyini of Baverstock (1984) and Lee et al. (1981). <i>Xeromys</i> is phylogenetically distantly related to <i>Hydromys</i> (Watts et al., 1992), and albumin immunology allies <i>Xeromys</i> with <i>Crossomys </i>(but see generic account),<i> Leptomys</i>, and<i> Pseudohydromys </i>(which includes <i>Neohydromys</i> and <i>Mayermys</i>)<i> </i>in a clade that is part of a larger assemblage, the Hydromyini, which contains genera in our <i>Hydromys</i>,<i> Pseudomys</i>, and <i>Uromys </i>Divisions (the ""Australasian clade"" of Watts and Baverstock, 1994<i>b</i>, 1995<i>b</i>, 1996).","30","30-01874","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1874"
"13001875","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Xeromys","","myoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1889","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1889","","248","","","False Water Rat","Australia, Queensland, Mackay.","Australia: C and S Queensland (Dwyer et al., 1979), North Stradbroke Isl off the coast of SEQueensland (Van Dyck, 1996; Van Dyck et al., 1979), Northern Territory, and Melville Isl off the coast of Northern Territory; probably has a wider range (Van Dyck, 1995, 1996; Watts and Aslin, 1981; Woinarski et al., 2000). S Papua New Guinea: Western Province, Bensbach River in lowlands of the Trans-Fly (Hitchcock, 1998).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Closely associated with tidal mangrove swamps and known by few samples (some of them large, however), most collected since 1970 (Dwyer et al., 1979; Van Dyck, 1996; Watts and Aslin, 1981; Woinarski et al., 2000). Morphology of sperm head structure and male reproductive tract studied by Breed (1984, 1986) in context of comparisons of reproductive structures among Australian murines. Chromosomal complement similar to that of <i>Hydromys chrysogaster</i> (Baverstock et al., 1977<i>c</i>), as is primitive pattern (for Murinae) of cephalic arterial configuration (Musser’s unpublished observations). Mahoney and Richardson (1988:190) cataloged references to taxonomy and natural history for Australian records. Reviewed by Van Dyck (1995, 1996) and Woinarski et al. (2000). <i>Xeromys myoides</i> is one of 17 species of Australian mammals that are also found only in the Trans-Fly region of S New Guinea (Norris and Musser, 2001).","30","30-01875","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1874-0000-1875"
"13001876","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Zelotomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Osgood","1910","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","7","","<i>Mus hildegardeae</i> Thomas, 1902.","","","","","<i>Ochromys</i>  Thomas, 1920.","<i>Colomys</i>Division. Similar to <i>Colomys</i> in molar occlusal patterns (Misonne, 1969, and our observations), but strength of evolutionary link to either that genus or other murines requires assessment by phylogenetic analyses of morphological traits incorporating more characters than those associated with molars. The phyletic link between <i>Zelotomys</i> and <i>Colomys</i>, however, is reinforced by mtDNA cytochrome <i>b</i> (Lecompte et al., 2002<i>b</i>) and nuclear IRBP gene sequences (E. Lecompte, in litt., 2002), which place <i>Zelotomys</i> as sister to <i>Colomys </i>and align both with <i>Myomyscus</i> <i>verreauxii</i> in a monophyletic cluster within a larger group composed of <i>Praomys</i>,<i> Mastomys</i>,<i> Myomyscus</i>,<i> Hylomyscus</i>, <i>Heimyscus</i>, and <i>Stenocephalemys</i>. The relationship between <i>Zelotomys</i> and the <i>Stenocephalemys </i>Division was earlier inferred by Davis (1965) and Jaeger (1976). Earliest records of <i>Zelotomys</i> comes... [truncated]","30","30-01876","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1876"
"13001877","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Zelotomys","","hildegardeae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","219","","","Hildegarde’s Zelotomys","Kenya (Kenya Colony), Machakos.","W Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998), Zambia (Ansell, 1978), N Malawi (Nyika Plateau; Ansell and Dowsett, 1988), Tanzania, Kenya (Hollister, 1919), SW Uganda (Delany, 1975), Rwanda, Burundi, NE Dem. Rep. Congo (G. M. Allen, 1939), S Sudan (Setzer, 1956), and Central African Republic; see Misonne (1974).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>instans</i> Thomas, 1916;<i> kuvelaiensis </i>St. Leger, 1936;<i> lillyana </i>Bohmann, 1950;<i> shortridgei </i>Hinton, 1920;<i> vinaceus</i> Heller, 1912.","Terrestrial, partly diurnal, primarily insectivorous, emitting high-pitched whistles (Ansell, 1960; Delany, 1975), <i>Z. hildegardeae</i> inhabits tall grassland biomes and is infrequently encountered by collectors (Ansell, 1978). G. M. Allen (1939) listed <i>hildegardeae</i>,<i> shortridgei</i> and <i>instans</i> as separate species, as did Ellerman (1941:238), who noted that ""The species are very closely allied, and may later be regarded all as races of the type,"" which reflects modern taxonomic treatment.","30","30-01877","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1876-0000-1877"
"13001878","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Zelotomys","","woosnami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schwann","1906","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","","108","","","Woosnam’s Zelotomys","S Botswana, Molopo River.","A Southern African Subregion endemic ranging from N South Africa (Northern Cape Province) through N and W Botswana (Smithers, 1971) to E and N Namibia (de Graaff, 1997<i>f; </i>Skinner and Smithers, 1990).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Past taxonomic allocations (in <i>Ochromys</i>) have been with <i>Aethomys</i>, <i>Rattus</i>, and <i>Thallomys </i>(D. H. S. Davis, 1965; Ellerman, 1941; Meester et al., 1986, and references therein). Graminivorous and carnivorous, terrestrial, nocturnal, and inhabiting arid savanna biome in southern Africa (de Graaff, 1981; Mugo et al., 1995). Excellent reviews of distribution, ecology, and morphological traits provided by Skinner and Smithers (1990) and de Graaff (1981, 1997<i>f</i>).","30","30-01878","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1876-0000-1878"
"13001879","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Zyzomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","3","","372","","<i>Mus argurus</i> Thomas, 1889.","","","","","<i>Laomys</i> Thomas, 1909.","<i>Pseudomys</i>Division. Member of the Australian Old Endemics (Musser, 1981<i>c</i>) or Conilurini of Baverstock (1984) and Lee et al. (1981), or Hydromyini of Baverstock and Watts (1994<i>a</i>). Taxonomy of species appraised by Kitchener (1989). Chromosomal morphology distinct from other Australian murines (Baverstock et al., 1977<i>c</i>), but not allozymic data (Baverstock et al., 1981), and G-banding homologies suggested karyotype of <i>Zyzomys</i> ""to be derived from the ancestral karyotype characterizing <i>Conilurus</i>, <i>Mesembriomys</i>, and <i>Leggadina</i>"" (Baverstock et al., 1983<i>b</i>). Molar traits resemble those characterizing <i>Conilurus</i> (Misonne, 1969), but phallic characters link <i>Zyzomys</i> to <i>Pseudomys</i> and its close relatives (Lidicker and Brylski, 1987). Albumin immunology indicates <i>Zyzomys</i> belongs in a clade with <i>Mesembriomys</i>,<i> Conilurus</i>,<i> Leporillus</i>, and <i>Melomys</i> (Watts et al., 1992), and Watts and Baverstock... [truncated]","30","30-01879","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1879"
"13001880","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Zyzomys","","argurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1889","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","3","","433","","","Common Australian Rock Rat","Australia, probably Northern Territory (see Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:191).","Northern Australia; always in rocky outcrops in Pilbara region of Western Australia through Kimberleys to N coastal Queensland between Cooktown and Townsville; also on offshore islands (Fleming, 1995<i>a</i>:621; Watts and Aslin, 1981:138).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>indutus</i> (Thomas, 1909).","Patterns of allozymic comparisons between populations discordant with chromosomal differences (Baverstock et al., 1977<i>d</i>). Reviewed by Watts and Aslin (1981) and Fleming (1995<i>a</i>); also see Churchill (1996).","30","30-01880","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1879-0000-1880"
"13001881","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Zyzomys","","maini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1989","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","14","","357","","","Arnhem Land Rock Rat","Australia, Northern Territory, Djawamba Massif, 1.5 km east of Ja Ja Billabong, 150 m (see Kitchener, 1989:357).","Australia, Northern Territory in region of East and South Alligator Rivers on outliers of stony Arnhem Land escarpment (Kitchener, 1989).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Fleming (1995<i>b</i>).","30","30-01881","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1879-0000-1881"
"13001882","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Zyzomys","","palatilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1989","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","14","","361","","","Carpentarian Rock Rat","Australia, Northern Territory, Echo Gorge, Wollogorang Station, 180 m (see Kitchener, 1989:361).","Australia; endemic to Gulf region of Northern Territory near the border with Queensland where it appears to be restricted to monsoon rainforest on scree slopes (Churchill, 1996).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Reviewed by Woinarski et al. (1995<i>b</i>). Distribution, habitat, status, and sympatry with <i>Z. argurus</i> documented by Churchill (1996).","30","30-01882","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1879-0000-1882"
"13001883","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Zyzomys","","pedunculatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waite","1896","","Rept. Horn Sci. Exped. Cent. Aust., Zool.","2","","395","","","Central Australian Rock Rat","Australia, Northern Territory, Alice Springs, but this locality is suspect (Kitchener, 1989; see also Mahoney and Richardson, 1988:191).","C Australia; Northern Territory (Watts and Aslin, 1981:143; Wurst, 1995:625).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>brachyotis</i> (Waite, 1896).","Rare and restricted to rocks. Distribution of fossils indicated species ""may once have extended across the rocky ranges of central Western Australia, through the Hamersleys to the coast"" (Watts and Aslin, 1981:143). This ""is either one of Australia’s rarest rodents or its most recently extinct mammal. . . . The last specimen was collected in 1960 by a stockman in the Western MacDonnell Ranges near Mount Leibig, about 300 kilometres west of Alice Springs, while it was attempting to break into the camp food supplies."" (Wurst, 1995:624). Recently the species has been rediscovered living in two national parks in the Northern Territory (Wurst, 1997, who also provided first photograph of the live animal).","30","30-01883","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1879-0000-1883"
"13001884","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Murinae","","Zyzomys","","woodwardi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","3","","373","","","Kimberley Rock Rat","Australia, Western Australia, E Kimberly, Parry Creek, 5 miles (8 km) west of Trig Station HJ9, 100 ft (30.5 m); Mahoney and Richardson (1988:191) provided coordinates and other information.","Australia; known only from the north Kimberleys of Western Australia (Fleming and McKenzie, 1995:626). Watts and Aslin (1981:141) included Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory within the range, but those animals represent <i>Z. maini</i> (Kitchener, 1989).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Restricted to rocky regions, especially boulders at the base of cliffs; limited in distribution but common at some localities (Watts and Aslin, 1981). Reviewed by Fleming and McKenzie (1995).","30","30-01884","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1184-0000-1879-0000-1884"
"13001885","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","1897","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1896","","1017","","","","","","","Otomyini Tullberg, 1899; Otomyidae Roberts, 1951.","<p>Morphologically, a strongly circumscribed group of species indigenous to Subsaharan Africa. Early on ranked as a subfamily of Muridae, whether defined <i>sensu lato</i> (Thomas, 1896; Ellerman, 1941; Roberts, 1951) or <i>sensu stricto</i> (Tullberg, 1899; Miller and Gidley, 1918; Simpson, 1945; Reig, 1981); or even a separate family (Roberts, 1951); and later considered a subfamily of Cricetidae (Misonne, 1974) or Nesomyidae (Chaline et al., 1977; Lavocat, 1978). Paleontological evidence and anatomical considerations unequivocally affirm their phyletic origin from African murines, especially arvicanthine-like forms (Pocock, 1976; Carleton and Musser, 1984; Bernard et al., 1991; Breed, 1995<i>d</i>; Sénégas, 2001). Similarly, evolutionary affinities inferred from DNA-DNA hybridization (Chevret et al., 1993<i>b</i>), immunological assays (Contrafatto et al., 1994; Watts and Baverstock, 1995<i>a</i>), and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences (Ducroz et al., 2001; Jansa and Weksler, ... [truncated]","30","30-01885","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885"
"13001886","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Myotomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","2","","206","","<i>Otomys unisulcatus</i> F. Cuvier, 1829.","","","","","<i>Metotomys</i>  Broom, 1937.","Described by Thomas (1918<i>b</i>) as a genus, a rank occasionally observed (Pocock, 1976; Roberts, 1951) but not conventionally so (e.g., Bohmann, 1952; Ellerman et al., 1953; Misonne, 1974; Meester et al., 1986). In merging <i>Myotomys</i> as junior synonym of <i>Otomys</i>, Ellerman (1941) considered its component species to be morphologically linked with those of that genus. However, cladistic assessments of allozymic data disclose closer affinity of <i>sloggetti</i> and <i>unisulcatus</i> to species of <i>Parotomys</i> (Meester et al., 1992; Taylor et al., 1989), as do the morphological traits enumerated above and those mentioned by Pocock (1976). Phylogenetic investigations should focus on whether <i>sloggetti</i> and <i>unisulcatus</i> are separate branches in a lineage that also includes <i>brantsii</i> and <i>littledalei</i> (all as <i>Parotomys</i>) or whether they are early diverging sister species (<i>Myotomys</i>) relative to <i>brantsii</i> <i>littledalei</i> (<i>Parotomy... [truncated]","30","30-01886","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1886"
"13001887","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Myotomys","","sloggetti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","10","","311","","","Rock Karroo Rat","South Africa, N Western Cape Province, Deelfontein, north of Richmond.","Subalpine and alpine zones, above 2000 m, in Eastern Cape Province, Lesotho, and W KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa (Lynch and Watson, 1992:Fig. 1; Taylor, 1998:Fig. 78).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Otomys sloggetti</i>.","<i>basuticus</i>  Roberts, 1929; <i>jeppei</i> Roberts, 1929; <i>robertsi</i> (Hewett, 1927); <i>turneri</i> (Wroughton, 1907).","Viewed as closely related to <i>O</i>. <i>unisulcatus</i> (Bohmann, 1952; Roberts, 1951; Taylor et al., 1989; Thomas, 1918<i>b</i>), but details of sperm morphology question the closeness of their relationship (Bernard et al., 1991). Taxonomy, distributional records, and ecology reviewed by Lynch and Watson (1992) and Lynch (1994); karyotypic and genetic data and comparisons supplied by Contrafatto et al. (1992<i>a</i>).","30","30-01887","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1886-0000-1887"
"13001888","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Myotomys","","unisulcatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1829","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères","pt. 3","6(60)","1-2 ""Otomys cafre.""","","","Bush Karroo Rat","South Africa, Western Cape Province, southwestern Karroo, Matjiesfontein, southwest of Laingsburg (as designated by Roberts, 1946:318).","Little Namaqualand in W Northern Cape Province, through the Great and Little Karroo, to Eastern Cape Province, South Africa (De Graaff, 1981:155).","IUCN – Least Concern as <i>Otomys unisulcatus.</i>","<i>albaniensis</i>  Roberts 1946; <i>bergensis</i> Roberts, 1929; <i>broomi</i> (Thomas, 1902); <i>grantii</i> (Thomas, 1902).","A species having a relictual distribution and exhibiting many traits interpreted as plesiomorphic for the subfamily (e.g., Bohmann, 1952). Genetic distance data (Taylor et al., 1989) suggest the inclusion of <i>unisulcatus</i> with species of <i>Parotomys</i>, but sperm morphology (Bernard et al., 1991) indicates its singular differentiation from both the <i>Parotomys</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> groups. All named forms listed, with reservation, as subspecies by Meester et al. (1986), but allozymic variation unappreciable over species range and erodes validity of these divisions (Van Dyk et al., 1991).","30","30-01888","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1886-0000-1888"
"13001889","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1824","","Dents des Mammifères","","","255","","<i>Euryotis irrorata</i> Brants, 1827.","","","","","<i>Anchotomys</i>  Thomas, 1918; <i>Euryotis</i> Brants, 1827; <i>Lamotomys</i> Thomas, 1918; <i>Oreinomys</i> Trouessart, 1880 [replacement name for <i>Oreomys</i>]; <i>Oreomys</i> Heuglin, 1877; <i>Palaeotomys</i> Broom, 1937; <i>Prototomys</i> Broom, 1948.","<p>Whereas Bohmann (1952) included all otomyine species in <i>Otomys</i>, most systematists have accorded the large-bullar forms separate generic status as <i>Parotomys</i> (see below), and we follow Thomas (1918<i>b</i>) in recognizing <i>Myotomys</i> as genus (see subfamily remarks). Roberts (1951) also treated <i>Lamotomys</i> as generically distinct, but cladistic interpretation of allozymic and immunologcial data, albeit limited to few species so far, clearly affiliate its type species <i>laminatus</i> with other <i>Otomys</i> (Contrafatto et al., 1994; Taylor et al., 1989). Oldest known fossil <i>Otomys</i> species date from the middle to late Pliocene (2-3.5 million years ago) in South Africa and from early Pleistocene (1-2 million years ago) in East Africa (see Denys, 1989<i>a</i>; Sénégas, 2001; Sénégas and Avery, 1998). Synonymy of the fossil <i>Prototomys</i> follows the observations of Avery (1998), who noted the marginal distinction of its type species, <i>P</i>. <i>campbe... [truncated]","30","30-01889","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889"
"13001890","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","anchietae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1882","","J. Sci. Acad. Lisbon","9","","26","","","Angolan Vlei Rat","Angola, Huila, Caconda.","C and NE Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998:Map 23).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Type species of <i>Anchotomys</i>, employed as a subgenus of <i>Otomys</i> by Thomas (1918<i>b</i>). Cranial form and dental traits strongly differentiated compared with other <i>Otomys</i> (Taylor and Kumirai, 2001). Dieterlen and Van der Straeten (1992) reasonably argued the recognition of <i>barbouri</i> and <i>lacustris</i>, formerly arranged as subspecies (Misonne, 1974), as species (see those accounts).","30","30-01890","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1890"
"13001891","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","angoniensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","274","","","Angoni Vlei Rat","Malawi, Misuku Range, Matipa Forest, 7000 ft (as amended by Ansell and Dowsett, 1991).","SE savannah and grasslands, from S Kenya to SE Botswana and NE South Africa (provinces of Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, Free State, North West; also Lesotho).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>canescens</i>  Osgood, 1910; <i>divinorum</i> Thomas, 1910; <i>elassodon</i> Osgood, 1910; <i>mashona</i> Thomas, 1918; <i>nyikae</i> Wroughton, 1906; <i>pretoriae</i> Roberts, 1929; <i>rowleyi</i> Thomas, 1918; <i>sabiensis</i> Roberts, 1929; <i>tugelensis</i> Roberts, 1929.","Populations confused under <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> by Bohmann (1952) and Ellerman et al. (1953), but morphological, karyotypic, and allozymic differences decidedly support their separate specific status (Davis, 1962; De Graaff, 1981; Matthey, 1964; Misonne, 1974; Taylor et al., 1989). G-banding comparisons with the highly variable chromosomes of <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> conducted by Contrafatto et al. (1992<i>a</i>). Synonymy of the listed species-group epithets and distributional limits need verification in the context of a full revision, including the form <i>maximus</i> (see account below), which many have viewed as another subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>angoniensis</i> (e.g., De Graaff, 1981; Meester et al., 1986; Misonne, 1974). Reported presence in NE Cape Province (=Eastern Cape Province) and Lesotho (e.g., Meester et al., 1986; Skinner and Smithers, 1990) questioned by Lynch (1994). See Bronner and Meester (1988, Mammalian Species, 306).","30","30-01891","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1891"
"13001892","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","barbouri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lawrence and Loveridge","1953","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard","110","","63","","","Barbour’s Vlei Rat","Uganda, Mount Elgon, Kaburomi, 10,500 ft; 01º14&#8242;N, 34º31&#8242;E.","Afro-alpine zone of Mount Elgon, ca. 3500-4300 m, Uganda and Kenya.","","","Lawrence and Loveridge (1953) emphasized the contrasts between their new species and <i>O</i>. (<i>Anchotomys</i>) <i>anchietae</i>, but Misonne (1974) reassigned it as a synonym of the latter, an opinion erroneously followed by others (Honacki et al., 1982; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Trenchant differences from <i>O</i>. <i>anchietae</i> explicated by Dieterlen and Van der Straeten (1992), who reinstated <i>barbouri</i> as species and suggested its closer relationship to <i>O</i>. <i>occidentalis</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>lacustris</i>; morphological and morphometric discrimination amplified by Taylor and Kimurai (2001). Knowledge of altitudinal distribution, autecology, and natural history vastly improved by the studies of Clausnitzer (2000, 2001; Clausnitzer and Kityo, 2001).","30","30-01892","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1892"
"13001893","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","burtoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","2","","210","","","Burton’s Vlei Rat","Cameroon, Cameroon Mountains, 7000 ft.","Highlands of NW Cameroon; range limits unknown.","","","Retained as a species until submerged within the pan-African rassenkreis of <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> (Bohmann, 1952; Petter, 1982). As noted by Thomas (1918<i>b</i>), among the smallest species of <i>Otomys</i>, resembling <i>nubilus</i> (here = <i>O</i>. <i>tropicalis</i>) in Kenya.","30","30-01893","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1893"
"13001894","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","cuanzensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill and Carter","1937","","Am. Mus. Novitates","913","","7","","","Cuanza Vlei Rat","Angola, Chitau, 4930 ft.","C Angola; limits uncertain.","","","Described as a species, but Bohmann (1952) drew it within his polytypic interpretation of <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i>, its usual allocation thereafter (Crawford-Cabral, 1986; Ellerman et al., 1953; Meester et al., 1986; Misonne, 1974). Musser and Carleton (1993) mistakenly aligned <i>cuanzensis</i> as a synonym of <i>O</i>. <i>maximus</i>, but its affinity lies with <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> proper, as appreciated by Crawford-Cabral (1986). Hill and Carter’s (1937) specific description is terse, contrasting <i>cuanzensis</i> solely with Angolan populations of the very different form <i>maximus</i>, not <i>irroratus</i> in the strict sense. The holotype (AMNH 85841) and referred specimens (AMNH series) of <i>cuanzensis</i> approximate <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> in overall size and uniformly possess a six-laminated M3 and large stapedial foramen; however, they differ from <i>O. irroratus</i> in their predominantly brown dorsal pelage and narrower nasals, a contrast also remarked by Bohma... [truncated]","30","30-01894","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1894"
"13001895","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","dartmouthi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","141","","","Ruwenzori Vlei Rat","Uganda, Ruwenzori East, Mubuku Valley, 12,500 ft.","Open moorland, 3300-3900 m, in the Ruwenzori Mtns (Kerbis Peterhans et al., 1998, as <i>O</i>. <i>typus</i>).","","","Treated as another montane variant of a highly polymorphic <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> (Petter, 1982) or <i>O</i>. <i>typus</i> (Bohmann, 1952; Misonne, 1974). As noted by Thomas (1906<i>a</i>) and Dollman (1915), this form consistently possesses only 6 M3 laminae (confirmed in FMNH 144327, 144328, 144330), unlike the 8-9 in <i>O</i>. <i>typus</i> proper, and is much smaller with more darkly colored, somewhat woolly fur. Morphological and genetic conformity with Ethiopian populations should be demonstrated.","30","30-01895","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1895"
"13001896","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","denti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","142","","","Dent’s Vlei Rat","Uganda, east slope of Mount Ruwenzori, Mubuku Valley, 6000 ft (as restricted by Moreau et al., 1946:420).","Intermittently found in EC Africa—Ruwenzori Mtns, SW Uganda and contiguous Dem. Rep. Congo; through the Virunga volcanoes, E Dem. Rep. Congo (Kivu), Rwanda, and Burundi; to the Nyika Plateau, N Malawi and NE Zambia, and the Usambara and Uluguru mountains, EC Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>kempi</i>  Dollman, 1915; <i>sungae</i> Bohmann, 1943.","The form <i>kempi</i> was treated as a distinct species (e.g., Ellerman, 1941; Thomas, 1918<i>b</i>), as originally described (Dollman, 1915), and later reduced to subspecific rank by Bohmann (1952), as observed currently (Ansell, 1978; Delany, 1975; Misonne, 1974; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Confirmation of its status and that of <i>sungae</i>, isolated in the Nyika Plateau and Eastern Arc Mtns, deserves critical evaluation.","30","30-01896","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1896"
"13001897","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","dollmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1912","","Smithsonian Misc. coll.","59","","5","","","Dollman’s Vlei Rat","Kenya, Matthews Range, Mount Gargues (Urguess), 7000 ft.","Known only from the type locality.","","","Described as a subspecies of <i>orestes</i> and afterwards swept under either <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> (Bohmann, 1952; Petter, 1982) or <i>O</i>. <i>tropicalis</i> (Misonne, 1974; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Hollister (1919) noted <i>dollmani</i>’s differentiation from both <i>orestes</i> and <i>tropicalis</i> on Mount Kenya (notably its smaller size, lack of postauricular patches, six-laminated M3, flatter skull profile, as verified with USNM type series) and long ago elevated it to species. We agree.","30","30-01897","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1897"
"13001898","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","irroratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brants","1827","","Het Geslacht der Muizen","","","94","","","Southern African Vlei Rat","South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape Town district, near Constantia (fixed by A. Smith, 1834:149, in supplying replacement name <i>typicus</i>; see Meester et al., 1986:250).","Mesic savannah and grasslands of southern Africa—S Western Cape Province to Limpopo Province, South Africa; disjunct populations in W South Africa and in E Zimbabwe and contiguous Mozambique (De Graaff, 1981:146).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>auratus</i>  Wroughton, 1906; <i>bisulcatus</i> F. Cuvier, 1829; <i>capensis</i> G. Cuvier, 1830; <i>coenosus</i> Thomas, 1918; <i>cupreoides</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>cupreus</i> Wroughton, 1906; <i>natalensis</i> Roberts, 1929; <i>obscura</i> (Lichtenstein, 1842); <i>orientalis</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>randensis</i> Roberts, 1929; <i>saundersiae</i> Roberts, 1929; <i>typicus</i> (A. Smith, 1834).","<p>Bohmann (1952) established a broad, improbably polymorphic definition of <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i>, including some 23 subspecies, a concept further enlarged by Dieterlen (1968) and Petter (1982) and collectively enveloping the following forms here (and elsewhere) treated as separate species (see individual accounts): <i>O</i>. <i>anchietae</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>angoniensis</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>barbouri</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>burtoni</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>cuanzensis</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>dollmani</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>jacksoni</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>laminatus</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>maximus</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>orestes</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>tropicalis</i>, <i>O</i>. <i>typus</i>, and <i>O</i>. <i>uzungwensis</i>. Although followed to a greater or lesser extent (e.g., Delany, 1975; Honacki et al., 1982; Kingdon, 1974<i>b</i>), such an inclusive species construct has been refuted by others who identify <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> proper as a species indigenous to southern Africa, south of the Zambezi River (e.g., De Graaff, 19... [truncated]","30","30-01898","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1898"
"13001899","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","jacksoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","7","","304","","","Mount Elgon Vlei Rat","Uganda, crater of Mount Elgon, 13,200 ft.","Restricted to Mount Elgon, ca. 3300-4200 m, Uganda and Kenya.","","","Typically considered a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>typus</i> subsequent to Bohmann’s (1952) monograph (e.g., Misonne, 1974; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Although their lower incisors do possess two well-defined grooves, as in <i>O</i>. <i>typus</i>, the Mount Elgon populations contrast sharply in their smaller size, dark brown pelage, and M3 with only 7 laminae. Clausnitzer and Kityo (2001) recorded the species (as <i>O</i>. <i>typus</i>) as common in afro-alpine habitats, where it exists sympatrically with <i>O</i>. <i>barbouri</i>.","30","30-01899","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1899"
"13001900","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","lacustris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen and Loveridge","1933","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","75","","120","","","Tanzanian Vlei Rat","Tanzania, Ukinga Mtns, north end of Lake Nyasa, Madehani, 7000 ft.","Isolated populations in mountains, ca. 1400-2300 m, of N Malawi, SC Tanzania (e.g., Stanley et al., 1998), and SW Kenya (Aberdare Range as per Taylor and Kumirai, 2001:Fig. 1).","","","A distinctive form diagnosed as a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>anchietae</i> by its describers and thereafter placed in taxonomic compendia (Bohmann, 1952; Misonne, 1974; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Morphological contrasts noted and specific status reasserted by Dieterlen and Van der Straeten (1992); morphological and morphometric discrimination amplified by Taylor and Kimurai (2001).","30","30-01900","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1900"
"13001901","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","laminatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1905","","Abst. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","18","23","","","KwaZulu Vlei Rat","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Zululand, Nkandhla, Sibudeni, 1050 m.","SE Mpumalanga and Free State provinces through KwaZulu-Natal Province, to Transkei; isolated segment in SW Western Cape Province, South Africa (Taylor et al., 1994<i>a</i>:Fig. 6).","IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>fannini</i>  (Roberts, 1951); <i>mariepsi</i> Roberts, 1929; <i>pondoensis</i> Roberts, 1924; <i>silberbaueri</i> Roberts, 1919.","A species with highly derived M3 and m1 patterns, designated as the type of <i>Lamotomys</i>, a taxon employed as a subgenus of <i>Otomys</i> by Thomas (1918<i>b</i>) and as a genus by Roberts (1951). Believed to intergrade with <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> by Petter (1982) but usually retained as a distinct species in systematic works (Bohmann, 1952; Misonne, 1974) and faunal studies (De Graaff, 1981; Smithers, 1983; Meester et al., 1986). In addition to the many and obvious morphological differences, allozymic assessments demonstrate the genetic separation of <i>O</i>. <i>laminatus</i> from <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> (Taylor et al., 1989). Karyotype reported by Taylor et al. (1994<i>a</i>), who collected <i>O</i>. <i>laminatus</i> in sympatry with <i>O</i>. <i>angoniensis</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> in Natal.","30","30-01901","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1901"
"13001902","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","maximus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","10","","70","","","Okavango Vlei Rat","Zambia, Machile River, a northern tributary of the Zambezi (1725Ac quadrant as restricted by Davis, 1974:173).","Angola (Crawford-Cabral, 1998:Map 22), SW Zambia, Okavango region of Botswana, NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip), and extreme W Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>davisi</i>  Lundholm, 1955.","Described as a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> but Roberts (1951) reconsidered its status as a full species. Thereafter returned to subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> (Bohmann, 1952; Ellerman et al., 1953); or viewed as a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>angoniensis</i> by Davis (1974), the commonly observed synonymy in faunal and systematic treatises (e.g., Ansell, 1978; De Graaff, 1981; Meester et al., 1986; Misonne, 1974); or continued as a distinct species in others (Corbet and Hill, 1991; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Smithers, 1983; Swanepoel et al., 1980). Based on examinations of AMNH and USNM series from Angola and Botswana, we still favor the last treatment as the best working hypothesis. Although the two are apparently closely related, sharing a nearly occluded or absent stapedial foramen, <i>O</i>. <i>maximus</i> is a larger animal in most external and craniodental measurements (particularly as seen in the robust hindfoot, longer molar row, and deeper mandibular ramus... [truncated]","30","30-01902","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1902"
"13001903","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","occidentalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dieterlen and Van der Straeten","1992","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","43","","386","","","Western Vlei Rat","Nigeria, Gotel Mountains, Chappal Waddi.","Recorded only from the Gotel Mtns, E Nigeria, and Mount Oku, W Cameroon.","IUCN – Endangered.","","A species with 5 laminae on m1, closely related to <i>O</i>. <i>barbouri</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>lacustris</i> in mountains of eastern Africa according to Dieterlen and Van der Straeten (1992).","30","30-01903","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1903"
"13001904","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","orestes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1900","","175","","","Afroalpine Vlei Rat","Kenya, Mount Kenya, Teleki Valley, 13,000 ft.","Discontinuous in alpine settings, ca. 3200-4500 m, of W and C Kenya and NE Tanzania (Grimshaw et al., 1995).","","<i>malleus</i>  Dollman, 1915;<i> percivali</i> Dollman, 1915; <i>thomasi</i> Osgood, 1910; <i>squalus</i> Dollman, 1915; <i>zinki</i> Bohmann, 1943.","Populations of <i>O</i>. <i>orestes</i> are apparently confined to open habitats above treeline and exhibit a characteristic morphology: medium-sized species with relatively short tail; fur very deep, soft, and dense with creamy-buff post-auricular patches present; cranial arching strongly pronounced, anterior zygomatic arches squared, and distal expansion of nasals less exaggerated; M3 laminae 6-7, lower incisors with deep lateral and shallow medial grooves. Thomas (1900<i>b</i>) appreciated such morphological distinctions between <i>O</i>. <i>orestes</i> and samples from the middle slopes of Mount Kenya that he later (1902<i>c</i>) recognized as <i>O</i>. <i>tropicalis</i>, as did other early workers with East African <i>Otomys</i> (Wroughton, 1906; Dollman, 1915; Hollister, 1919; Lawrence and Loveridge, 1953). Bohmann (1952) also considered the two Mount Kenyan series as separate species, although he viewed <i>orestes</i> as a synonym of a broadly, if patchily, distributed <i>O</i>.... [truncated]","30","30-01904","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1904"
"13001905","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","saundersiae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1929","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","13","","115","","","Saunders’ Vlei Rat","South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Grahamstown.","Isolated populations in Western Cape, Eastern Cape, and Free State provinces, South Africa, and in Lesotho.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>karoensis</i>  Roberts, 1931.","Roberts (1929) named <i>saundersiae</i> as a subspecies of <i>tugelensis</i> (= <i>O</i>. <i>angoniensis</i>) but later (1951) raised it to full species, as commonly recognized in the literature (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1991; De Graaff, 1981; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1953; Misonne, 1974; Meester et al., 1986). The form <i>karoensis</i>, in Western Cape Province, has been variously treated as a species (G. M. Allen, 1939; Bohmann, 1952; Roberts, 1931; Taylor et al., 1993) or as a distinctive subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>saundersiae</i> (Roberts, 1951; Taylor et al., in prep.). Taylor et al. (1993, as <i>karoensis</i>; in prep.) provided morphological bases for discrimination of <i>O</i>. <i>saundersiae</i> from <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i>, evaluated geographic and nongeographic variation, and contrasted G-banded karyotypes. The apparent rarity of <i>O</i>. <i>saundersiae</i> populations in the region of its type locality, Eastern Cape Province, is discussed by Taylor et al. (in prep.).","30","30-01905","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1905"
"13001906","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","tropicalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","10","","314","","","East African Vlei Rat","Kenya, west slope of Mount Kenya, 10,000 ft.","S Sudan, S Ethiopia, NE and E Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, W Kenya, and NE Tanzania; limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>elgonis</i>  Wroughton, 1910; <i>faradjius</i> Hatt, 1934;<i> ghigii</i> de Beaux, 1924;<i> giloensis</i> Setzer, 1953; <i>nubilus</i> Dollman, 1915; <i>rubeculus</i> Dollman, 1915; <i>vivax</i> Dollman, 1915; <i>vulcanis</i> Lönnberg and Gyldenstolpe 1925.","<p>Regarded as conspecific with <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> by Bohmann (1952) and accordingly recognized in regional treatments (Delany, 1975; Kingdon, 1974<i>b</i>); however, others have recognized eastern African <i>tropicalis</i> as morphologically divergent and specifically distinct from the southern African <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> (De Graaff, 1981; Meester et al., 1986; Misonne, 1974; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Taylor and Kumirai, 2001).</p><p>Even removed from <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> and divorced of <i>burtoni</i> and <i>dollmani</i> (see those accounts), at least three assemblages are apparent among the populations embraced by this nominal species. The taxon <i>tropicalis</i> in the strict sense inhabits middle to upper slopes, 2300-4000 m (specimens in USNM), of Mt Kenya and Aberdare Mtns. Examples of the <i>elgonis</i> complex (also <i>faradjius</i>, <i>ghigii</i>?,<i> giloensis</i>, <i>nubilus</i>, <i>vivax</i>) exhibit a dark russet-brown pelage that is somewhat sleek a... [truncated]","30","30-01906","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1906"
"13001907","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","typus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1877","","Reise in Nordost-Afrika","2","","77","","","Ethiopian Vlei Rat","Ethiopia, Gonder Province, Simien Mtns.","Highlands, ca. 1800-4000 m, of NC (Gonder) to SC (Gamo Gofa, N Sidamo, and Bale) Ethiopia (Yalden et al., 1976:Fig. 32).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>degeni</i>  Thomas, 1902; <i>fortior</i> Thomas, 1906; <i>helleri</i> Frick, 1914; <i>malkensis</i> Frick, 1914.","Dieterlen (1968) and Petter (1982) viewed <i>typus</i> as another variant of a highly polymorphic <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i>, a conclusion that conflicts with their morphological discrimination as presented elsewhere (e.g., Ansell, 1978; Bohmann, 1952; Kingdon, 1974<i>b</i>; Misonne, 1974). Nonetheless, the synonyms listed and wide East African distribution as conveyed by the classifications of Bohmann (1952) and Misonne (1974) embrace such immense morphological heterogeneity that diagnosis as a single species is incomprehensible and geographically improbable. In our view, <i>O</i>. <i>typus</i> proper corresponds to those populations with grizzled brown pelage, a moderately vaulted skull, M3 with 8-9 laminae, and two strongly creased grooves on the lower incisors, a morphology endemic to the highlands of Ethiopia. Even so narrowly delineated, the conspecific stature of Ethiopian populations is highly suspect, as suggested by the karyotypic and allozymic diversity reported for <i>Otomy... [truncated]","30","30-01907","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1907"
"13001908","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Otomys","","uzungwensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lawrence and Loveridge","1953","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","110","","61","","","Uzungwe Vlei Rat","Tanzania, Iringa District, Uzungwe Mtns, Dadaga, 6000 ft [1829 km].","Uzungwe Mtns, WC Tanzania, and Nyika Plateau, N Malawi and NE Zambia, as so far known.","","","Lawrence and Loveridge (1953) understood their new species as generally affiliated with the <i>jacksoni</i> group, but they presented a combination of traits (especially smaller size, lack of postauricular patches, flatter skull, and broader nasals) that differentiate it from other members of that complex. Relegated to a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>typus</i> by Misonne (1974), presumably applying Bohmann’s (1952) expansive concept of the species. Certainly not a form of either <i>O</i>. <i>irroratus</i> or <i>O</i>. <i>typus</i> in the strict sense; its relationship and status with regard to <i>O</i>. <i>orestes</i> and included taxa invite investigation.","30","30-01908","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1889-0000-1908"
"13001909","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Parotomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","2","","205","","<i>Euryotis brantsii</i> A. Smith, 1834.","","","","","<i>Liotomys</i>  Thomas, 1918.","Diagnosed as genus by Thomas (1918b) and maintained at that rank in most systematic and faunal accounts (Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman et al., 1953; Misonne, 1974; De Graaff, 1981; Meester et al., 1986; Musser and Carleton, 1993). Bohmann (1952) allocated Parotomys as another synonym of an all- inclusive genus Otomys; Roberts (1951) elevated Liotomys to generic rank. Generic boundaries may also include sloggetti and unisulcatus, species typically classified as Otomys; see comments and references under subfamily and Myotomys.","30","30-01909","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1909"
"13001910","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Parotomys","","brantsii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","","South African Quart. J., Ser. 2","2","","150","","","Brants’s Whistling Rat","South Africa, Northern Cape Province, Little Namaqualand, ""toward the mouth of the Orange River.""","Western, Eastern, and Northern Cape provinces, South Africa, to SW Botswana and SE Namibia (De Graaff, 1981:160).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>deserti</i>  Roberts, 1933; <i>luteolus</i> (Thomas and Schwann, 1904); <i>pallida</i> (Wagner, 1841); <i>rufifrons</i> (Rüppell, 1842).","Although Port Nolloth, purportedly as restricted by Thomas and Schwann (1904:178), is usually cited as the type locality of <i>P</i>. <i>brantsii</i> (e.g., Ellerman et al., 1953; Meester et al., 1986), a careful reading of Thomas and Schwann indicates that they had actually associated one of Smith’s cotypes with a series collected at Klipfontein, a place some 50 miles inland from Port Nolloth. The notion that the type locality was ""restricted"" to Port Nolloth apparently stems from an inadvertent indication in Roberts (1951). A future revisor of the species should clarify this matter. Meester et al. (1986) recognized <i>deserti</i> and <i>rufifrons</i> as subspecies in addition to the nominate form.","30","30-01910","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1909-0000-1910"
"13001911","RODENTIA","MYOMORPHA","","Muroidea","Muridae","Otomyinae","","Parotomys","","littledalei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","2","","205","","","Littledale’s Whistling Rat","South Africa, Northern Cape Province, Bushmanland, Kenhardt, Tuin.","N Western Cape and Northern Cape provinces, South Africa, to S and W Namibia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>molopensis</i>  Roberts, 1933; <i>namibensis</i> Roberts, 1933.","Type species of <i>Liotomys</i>, named as a subgenus of <i>Parotomys</i> by Thomas (1918<i>b</i>) and viewed as a genus by Roberts (1951). Sister species to <i>P</i>. <i>brantsii</i> according to phylogenetic interpretation of allozymic data (Meester et al., 1992; Taylor et al., 1989). Meester et al. (1986) retained all species-group taxa as subspecies.","30","30-01911","30-0001-0001-0000-0001-0995-1885-0000-1909-0000-1911"
"13100001","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Bugge","1974","","","","","","","","","","","","","","31","31-00001","31-0001-0001"
"13100002","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gervais","1849","","In D’Orbigny, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat.","11","","203","","","","","","","","See Misonne (1974, pt. 6:3-5).","31","31-00002","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002"
"13100003","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","Anomalurinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gervais","1849","","In D’Orbigny, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat.","11","","203","","","","","","","","","31","31-00003","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0003"
"13100004","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","Anomalurinae","","Anomalurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1842","1843","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1842","","124","","<i>Anomalurus fraseri </i>Waterhouse, 1843 ( = <i>Pteromys derbianus</i> Gray, 1842).","","","","","<i>Anomalurella</i>  Matschie, 1914; <i>Anomalurops</i> Matschie, 1914; <i>Aroaethrus</i> Waterhouse, 1843","See Misonne (1974, pt. 6:3–5).","31","31-00004","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004"
"13100005","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","Anomalurinae","","Anomalurus","","beecrofti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fraser","1852","1853","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1852","","17","","","Beecroft’s Scaly-tailed Squirrel.","Equatorial Guinea, ""Fernando Po"" (= Bioko).","Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, N Angola, Dem. Rep. Congo, W Uganda, NW Zambia.","CITES – Appendix III (Ghana); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Not mentioned in Schlitter (1989).","<i>argenteus</i> Schwann, 1904; <i>chapini </i>(J. A. Allen, 1922); <i>citrinus </i>Thomas, 1916; <i>fulgens </i>Gray, 1869; <i>hervoi</i> Dekeyser and Villiers, 1951; <i>laniger</i> Temminck, 1853; <i>schoutedeni</i> Verheyen, 1968.","Belongs to the distinct genus <i>Anomalurops</i> according to Ansell (1978:73), Grubb et al. (1998:185), Rosevear (1969:159), and Verheyen (1968:404). Taxa<i> argenteus</i> and <i>hervoi </i>were considered ""valid as a race"" by Rosevear (1969); <i>chapini </i>and<i> citrinus</i> were considered ""well defined subspecies"" by Verheyen (1968); <i>schoutedeni </i>was considered a distinct species by Verheyen (1968) and by Cabral (1971). There is no proof of the validity of subspecies (A. C. Schunke, in litt.).","31","31-00005","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0005"
"13100006","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","Anomalurinae","","Anomalurus","","derbianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","262","","","Lord Derby’s Scaly-tailed Squirrel","""Sierra Leone"".","Sierra Leone, Côte d’Iroire, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, N Malawi, Mozambique.","CITES – Appendix III (Ghana); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Not mentioned in Schlitter (1989).","<i>beldeni</i>  Du Chaillu, 1860; <i>chrysophaenus </i>Dubois, 1888; <i>cinereus</i> Thomas, 1895; <i>erythronotus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1879; <i>fortior </i>Lönnberg, 1917; <i>fraseri</i> (Waterhouse, 1843); <i>griselda</i> Dollman, 1914; <i>imperator </i>Dollman, 1911; <i>jacksoni</i> de Winton, 1898; <i>jordani</i> St. Leger, 1935; <i>laticeps</i> d’Aquilar-Amat, 1922; <i>neavei</i> Dollman, 1909; <i>nigrensis</i> Thomas, 1904; <i>orientalis</i> Peters, 1880; <i>perustus</i> Thomas, 1914; <i>squamicaudus </i>(Schinz, 1845).","See Misonne (1974, pt. 6:4-5). Distribution in Côte d’Iroire formerly questionable, but occurrence confirmed by Fischer et al. (2002). Taxa<i> fraseri, imperator</i> and <i>nigrensis </i>were considered<i> </i>""valid as a race"" by Rosevear (1969); <i>beldeni, neavei</i> and <i>perustus</i> were considered ""well defined subspecies"" by Verheyen (1968); <i>laticeps</i> and<i> squamicaudus </i>are synonyms of <i>fraseri </i>(Allen 1939); <i>fortior</i> is a synonym of <i>jacksoni </i>(Verheyen 1968). There is no proof of the validity of subspecies (A. C. Schunke, in litt.).","31","31-00006","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0006"
"13100007","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","Anomalurinae","","Anomalurus","","pelii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schlegel and S. Müller","1845","","In Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia","1","pt. 2","109 [1843-1845]","","","Pel’s Scaly-tailed Squirrel","Ghana, ""Daboeram"" ( ""Daboerom (or Dabocrom), aan de Goudkust"" were mis-spellings, see Grubb et al., 1998:184).","NE Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire to Ghana.","CITES – Appendix III (Ghana); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt). Not mentioned in Schlitter (1989).","<b><i>auzembergeri</i> </b> Matschie, 1914.","Kuhn (1966:337) considered <i>auzembergeri</i> a distinct subspecies, which was confirmed by A. C. Schunke (in litt.).","31","31-00007","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0007"
"13100008","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","Anomalurinae","","Anomalurus","","pelii","pelii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schlegel and S. Müller","1845","","In Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia","1","pt. 2","109 [1843-1845]","","","","Ghana, ""Daboeram"" ( ""Daboerom (or Dabocrom), aan de Goudkust"" were mis-spellings, see Grubb et al., 1998:184).","","","","","31","31-00008","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0007-0008"
"13100009","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","Anomalurinae","","Anomalurus","","pelii","auzembergeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","31","31-00009","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0007-0009"
"13100010","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","Anomalurinae","","Anomalurus","","pusillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","20","","440","","","Dwarf Scaly-tailed Squirrel","Dem. Rep. Congo, Monbuttu (Mangbetu) region, Bellima and Tingasi (= Niangara).","Liberia (Rosevear 1969:159), S Cameroon, Gabon, NE and E Dem. Rep. Congo, W Uganda (?).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>batesi</i>  de Winton, 1897.","Rosevear (1969:158) considered <i>batesi </i>a valid race, but not valid according to A. C. Schunke (in litt.).","31","31-00010","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0010"
"13100011","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","Zenkerellinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Matschie","1898","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin","4","","26","","","","","","","<i>Idiurinae</i> Miller and Gidley, 1918.","","31","31-00011","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0011"
"13100012","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","Zenkerellinae","","Idiurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1894","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin","8","","194","","<i>Idiurus zenkeri </i>Matschie, 1894","","","","","","Revised by Verheyen (1963).","31","31-00012","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0011-0000-0012"
"13100013","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","Zenkerellinae","","Idiurus","","macrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","73","","","Long-eared Scaly-tailed Flying Squirrel","Cameroon, ""Efulen, Cameroon district, West Africa"".","Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (see Julliot et al., 1998). N, NE, and E Dem. Rep. Congo, W Tanzania (see Schunke and Hutterer, 2000).","CITES – Appendix III (Ghana); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt). Not mentioned in Schlitter (1989).","<i>cansdalei</i> Hayman, 1946; <i>langi</i> J. A. Allen, 1922; <i>panga</i> J. A. Allen, 1922.","The names <i>langi</i> and <i>panga</i> were considered synonyms of <i>I. m. macrotis </i>by Verheyen (1963:183); <i>cansdalei</i> was regarded as a subspecies by Hayman (1946:211) and by Verheyen (1963:183). In the second edition of this text, Dieterlen (1993) included <i>kivuensis </i>Lönnberg, 1917, by mistake in <i>macrotis</i> instead of including it in <i>zenkeri</i>, as was correctly done by Verheyen (1963:182).","31","31-00013","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0011-0000-0012-0000-0013"
"13100014","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","Zenkerellinae","","Idiurus","","zenkeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1894","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin","","","197, text-f [1894]","","","Pygmy Scaly-tailed Flying Squirrel","S Cameroon, Yaounde.","Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, NE and E Dem. Rep. Congo, W Uganda. See Schunke and Hutterer (2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt); ""Insufficiently known"" according to Schlitter (1989).","<i>haymani</i>  Verheyen, 1963; <i>kivuensis</i> Lönnberg, 1917.","Includes <i>kivuensis,</i> originally considered (by Lönnberg), as a subspecies of <i>zenkeri</i>, then considered a valid species by Hayman (1946:211); Verheyen (1963:183) regarded it as a synonym of <i>I. z. zenkeri</i>. Dieterlen (1993:758) included <i>kivuensis </i>erronously in <i>I. macrotis,</i> see comments therein.","31","31-00014","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0011-0000-0012-0000-0014"
"13100015","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","Zenkerellinae","","Zenkerella","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1898","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin","4","","23","","<i>Zenkerella insignis</i> Matschie, 1898.","","","","","<i>Aethurus</i> de Winton, 1898.","","31","31-00015","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0011-0000-0015"
"13100016","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Anomaluridae","Zenkerellinae","","Zenkerella","","insignis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1898","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin","4","","24","","","Cameroon Scaly-tail","""Kamerun ((Cameroon)) Afr. occ., Yaunde"".","Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (incl. Bioko), Central African Republic, Republic of Congo. No records from Gabon, see Pérez de Val et al. (1995), Schunke and Hutterer (2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt); ""Insufficiently known"" according to Schlitter (1989).","<i>glirinus</i>  (de Winton, 1898).","","31","31-00016","31-0001-0001-0000-0000-0002-0011-0000-0015-0000-0016"
"13200001","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Pedetidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","342","","","","","","","","See Misonne (1974, Pt. 6:8). The phylogenetic position of the Pedetidae (as is also the case with ctenodactilids) has traditionally been uncertain because it shares both hystricognathic and sciurognatic characters. Ellerman (1940) suggested placing them in an independent Superfamily Pedetoidea within the Suborder Sciuromorpha, which was supported by Fischer and Mossman (1969), Lavocat (1974), and Wood (1974). Otianga’a-Owiti et al. (1992) investigated fetal membranes and placental development of the East African Springhare and confirmed a close relationship to Suborder Sciuromorpha, in which they would place springhares in their own Superfamily Pedetoidea. Landry (1999) recognized the pedetids as a group of high phylogenetic position and suggested the creation of a separate Suborder Pedetomorpha, of equal rank with Entodacrya and Sciurognathi. According to Huchon et al. (2000), the pedetids form an independent and early diverging major lineage because of their incisors possessing a mul... [truncated]","32","32-00001","32-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001"
"13200002","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Pedetidae","","","Pedetes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium.","","","81","","<i>Yerbua capensis</i> Forster, 1778.","","","","","<i>Helamis</i> G. Cuvier, 1821;<i> Helamys </i>G. Cuvier, 1816 [variant]; <i>Pedestes</i> Gray, 1843 [<i>lapsus cal</i>.]; <i>Yerbua</i> Forster, 1778.","","32","32-00002","32-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002"
"13200003","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Pedetidae","","","Pedetes","","capensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Forster","1778","","K. Svenska Vet.-Akad., Handl. Stockholm (1)","39","","109","","","South African Spring Hare","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope.","South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, S Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>albaniensis</i>  Roberts, 1946; <i>angolae</i> Hinton, 1920; <i>cafer </i>(Pallas, 1778); <i>damarensis </i>Roberts, 1926; <i>fouriei </i>Roberts, 1938; <i>orangiae</i> Wroughton, 1907; <i>salinae</i> Wroughton, 1907; <i>typicus</i> A. Smith, 1834.","See Misonne (1974, pt. 6:8); de Graaff (1981:43). According to Matthee and Robinson (1997), there is no proof of the validity of subspecies.","32","32-00003","32-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0003"
"13200004","RODENTIA","ANOMALUROMORPHA","","","Pedetidae","","","Pedetes","","surdaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","440","","","East African Spring Hare","Kenya, Naivasha Prov., Mordat, mile 365 of Uganda Railway.","Tanzania, Kenya.","IUCN – Vulnerable (as included in <i>P. capensis</i>?).","<i>currax</i>  Hollister, 1918; <i>dentatus</i> Miller, 1927; <i>larvalis</i> Hollister, 1918; <i>taborae</i> G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1927.","A distinct species according to Thomas (1902), Hollister (1918), Coe (1969), and Davies (1982). The separation of <i>surdaster </i>from <i>capensis </i>was strongly supported by Matthee and Robinson (1997) based upon genetic, morphological, and ethological differences between the East African and South African Springhares. There is no proof of the validity of subspecies.","32","32-00004","32-0001-0001-0000-0000-0001-0000-0000-0002-0000-0004"
"13300001","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Brandt","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","33","33-00001","33-0001-0001"
"13300002","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","CTENODACTYLOMORPHI","","","","","","","","","INFRAORDER","False","","YES","Chaline and Mein","1979","","","","","","","","","","","","","","33","33-00002","33-0001-0001-0002"
"13300003","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","CTENODACTYLOMORPHI","","Ctenodactylidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gervais","1853","","Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), ser. 3","20","","245","","","","","","","","Reviewed by W. George (1979<i>a</i>). The phylogenetic position of the Ctenodactylidae has traditionally been uncertain, being either grouped with the Hystricognathi or considered a quite separate and early ofshoot of the rodent stem (Hartenberger, 1985). According to Luckett (1985), Bugge (1985), and George (1985), ctenodactylids are an early offshoot of the hystricognathous rodents. Beintema et al. (1991), stating that no molecular data were available, investigated tissues, blood, and proteins and concluded that it was not yet possible to determine whether ctenodactylids and hystricognathous rodents ""share a common ancestor or are located on separate branches."" Huchon et al. (2000), using the von Willebrand factor (vWF) gene and working with two different molecular dating methods, concluded that their analyses strongly supported a sister-clade relationship between Ctenodactylidae and Hystricognathi and rejected the possibility that the Ctenodactylidae alone might be the earliest bran... [truncated]","33","33-00003","33-0001-0001-0002-0000-0003"
"13300004","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","CTENODACTYLOMORPHI","","Ctenodactylidae","","","Ctenodactylus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1830","","Spicilegia Zoologica","2","","10","","<i>Ctenodactylus massonii</i> Gray, 1830 (= <i>Mus gundi</i> Rothmann, 1776).","","","","","","Reviewed by W. George (1979<i>a</i>).","33","33-00004","33-0001-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004"
"13300005","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","CTENODACTYLOMORPHI","","Ctenodactylidae","","","Ctenodactylus","","gundi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rothmann","1776","","<i>In</i> Schlözers Briefwechsel","1","339","","","","Common Gundi","Libya, Gharian, 80 km S of Tripoli.","N Morocco, N Algeria, Tunisia, NW Libya.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arabicus</i> (Shaw, 1801); <i>massonii</i> Gray, 1830; <i>typicus </i>A. Smith, 1834.","Reviewed by W. George (1979<i>a</i>).","33","33-00005","33-0001-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0005"
"13300006","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","CTENODACTYLOMORPHI","","Ctenodactylidae","","","Ctenodactylus","","vali","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1902","2","11","","","Val’s Gundi","Libya, ""Wadi Bey"", NW of Bonjem, Tripoli.","S Morocco, W Algeria, S Tunisia, NW Libya.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>joleaudi</i>  Heim de Balsac 1936.","Ranck (1968:253) and Corbet (1978:160) included <i>vali</i> in <i>gundi, </i>but George (1982) and Corbet and Hill (1991) listed both as distinct species.","33","33-00006","33-0001-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0006"
"13300007","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","CTENODACTYLOMORPHI","","Ctenodactylidae","","","Felovia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lataste","1886","","Le Naturaliste","7","36","287","","<i>Massoutiera</i>(<i>Felovia</i>)<i> vae</i> Lataste, 1886.","","","","","","Proposed as a subgenus of <i>Massoutiera</i>; recognized as a valid genus by O. Thomas (1913<i>a</i>:31) and St. Leger (1931:978).","33","33-00007","33-0001-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0000-0007"
"13300008","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","CTENODACTYLOMORPHI","","Ctenodactylidae","","","Felovia","","vae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lataste","1886","","Le Naturaliste","7","36","287","","","Felou Gundi","Senegal, upper Senegal River, Medina District, Felou.","Senegal, Mauritania, Mali.","IUCN – Vulnerable; see also Schlitter (1989).","","","33","33-00008","33-0001-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0000-0007-0000-0008"
"13300009","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","CTENODACTYLOMORPHI","","Ctenodactylidae","","","Massoutiera","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lataste","1885","","Le Naturaliste","7","3","21","","<i>Ctenodactylus mzabi</i> Lataste 1881.","","","","","","","33","33-00009","33-0001-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0000-0009"
"13300010","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","CTENODACTYLOMORPHI","","Ctenodactylidae","","","Massoutiera","","mzabi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lataste","1881","","Bull. Soc. Zool. de France","6","","314","","","Mzab Gundi","Algeria, Mzab, Ghardaia.","SE Algeria, SW Libya, NE Mali, N Niger, N Chad.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>harterti</i>  Thomas, 1913; <i>rothschildi</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1921.","","33","33-00010","33-0001-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0000-0009-0000-0010"
"13300011","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","CTENODACTYLOMORPHI","","Ctenodactylidae","","","Pectinator","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blyth","1855","1856","Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal","24[for 1855]","2","294","","<i>Pectinator spekei</i> Blyth, 1856.","","","","","<i>Petrobates</i>  Heuglin, 1860.","","33","33-00011","33-0001-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0000-0011"
"13300012","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","CTENODACTYLOMORPHI","","Ctenodactylidae","","","Pectinator","","spekei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1855","1856","Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal","24[for 1855]","2","294, pl. 2, f. 1","","","Speke’s Pectinator","Somalia (between Goree Bunder and Nogal, ca. 09°N, 47° E).","Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>legerae</i> de Beaux, 1934; <i>meridionalis</i> de Beaux, 1922.","","33","33-00012","33-0001-0001-0002-0000-0003-0000-0000-0011-0000-0012"
"13400001","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","","","","","","","","INFRAORDER","False","","YES","Brandt","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","Originally used as a tribe (Tribus) by Tullberg under his Order Glires, Suborder Simplicidentati, the first time this natural group was united together without various hystricomorphous forms. Includes: Hystricidae, Thryonomyoidea, Bathyergoidea, ""Caviomorpha"", and the Eocene-Oligocene Franimorpha. See Tullberg (1899:69-71) and Wood (1985:478-495) for definitions of hystricognath characters and lists of taxa. The Ctenodactylidae have been identified as the sister taxon of the Hystricognathi from analyses of molecular data (Adkins et al., 2003; Huchon et al., 2000) and Huchon et al. (2000) suggested that the two taxa be recognized as the Ctenohystricha. The name Ctenohystricha is predated by Entodacrya Landry, 1999. Woods (1993) suggested that the term ""Caviomorpha"" was inappropriate since it was unlikely that all New World forms were part of a single radiation, however, molecular data (Huchon and Douzery, 2001; Nedbal et al., 1994) have consistently found that the Caviomorpha form a mon... [truncated]","34","34-00001","34-0001-0001-0001"
"13400002","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1841","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser.1]","8","","81","","","","","","","Orycterideae Lesson, 1842<i>.</i>","The family traditionally has been divided into two subfamilies (Roberts, 1951): Bathyerginae with grooved upper incisors (<i>Bathyergus</i>); and Georychinae with ungrooved upper incisors (<i>Cryptomys</i>, <i>Georychus</i>, <i>Heliophobius</i>, <i>Heterocephalus</i>). Ellerman et al. (1953:227) suggested that a third subfamily should be recognized for the aberrant East African <i>Heterocephalus</i>. Molecular data (Allard and Honeycutt, 1992; Faulkes et al., 1997; Honeycutt et al., 1991; Janecek et al., 1992; Nevo et al., 1987; Walton et al., 2000) do not support the traditional division into two subfamilies, but <i>Heterocephalus</i> is the most basal taxon of this family in nearly all of these studies. McKenna and Bell (1997) recognized two subfamilies, the Bathyerginae and the Heterocephalinae and placed the family in the parvorder Bathyergomorphi. Recent protein electrophoretic (Filippucci et al., 1994; 1997; Janecek et al., 1992; Nevo et al., 1987), karyotypic (Aguilar, 1993; Bur... [truncated]","34","34-00002","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002"
"13400003","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1841","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser.1]","8","","81","","","","","","","Georychinae Roberts, 1951.","Includes both the Bathyerginae and the Georychinae of Roberts (1951), thus including all living genera of the Bathyergidae except <i>Heterocephalus</i>.","34","34-00003","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003"
"13400004","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Bathyergus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium.","","","86","","<i>Mus maritimus</i> Gmelin, 1788 (= <i>Mus suillus</i> Schreber, 1782).","","","","","<i>Orycterus</i>  Cuvier, 1829<i>.</i>","","34","34-00004","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004"
"13400005","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Bathyergus","","janetta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1904","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1904","2","6","","","Namaqua Dune Mole-rat","South Africa, Northern Cape Prov., coastal Little Namaqualand, Port Nolloth.","SW South Africa; S Namibia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>inselbergensis</i>  Shortridge and Carter, 1938;<i> plowesi</i> Roberts, 1946<i>.</i>","Ellerman et al. (1953) included <i>janetta</i> as a subspecies of <i>suillus</i>, but de Graaff (1975) regarded <i>janetta</i> and <i>suillus</i> as separate species. The genetic distance (Janeck et al., 1992; Nevo et al., 1987) and sequence divergence (Allard and Honeycutt, 1992) observed between these two taxa are smaller or similar to values reported between subspecies of <i>Cryptomys</i> <i>hottentotus</i>. Roberts (1951) recognized three subspecies of <i>janetta</i> but de Graaff (1981) considered this taxon monotypic. Karyptype has 2n=54 and FN=104 (Nevo et al., 1986).","34","34-00005","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0005"
"13400006","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Bathyergus","","suillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1782","","Die Säugethiere","4","","715","","","Cape Dune Mole-rat","South Africa, Cape of Good Hope.","S South Africa.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>africana</i>  (Lamarck, 1796); <i>intermedius</i> Roberts, 1926; <i>maritimus</i> (Gmelin, 1788).","De Graaff (1981) considered <i>suillus</i> monotypic. Karyptype has 2n=56 and FN=102 (Nevo et al., 1986).","34","34-00006","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0006"
"13400007","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1864","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","","124","","<i>Georychus holosericeus</i> Wagner, 1842 (= <i>Bathyergus hottentotus</i> Lesson, 1826).","","","","","<i>Coetomys</i>  Gray, 1864;<i> Typhloryctes</i> Fitzinger, 1867<i>.</i>","Originally a subgenus of <i>Georychus</i>; a relationship generally not supported by molecular data (Allard and Honeycutt, 1992; Honeycutt et al., 1991; Janecek et al., 1992; Nevo et al., 1987; Walton et al., 2000), which suggest a sister taxon relationship between <i>Georychus</i> and <i>Bathyergus</i>. This genus has long been problematic because of extreme morphological variation and is in need of further revision.","34","34-00007","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007"
"13400008","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","amatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1907","","Manchester Mem.","51","5","28","","","Zambian Mole-rat","Zambia, Alala Plateau.","Zambia and Dem. Rep. Congo.","","<i>molyneuxi</i>  (Chubb, 1908).","Included as a subspecies of <i>hottentotus</i> by de Graaff (1975) but considered a distinct species based on chromosomal differentiation by Macholán et al. (1998). Karyotype has 2n=50 and FN=92 (Macholán et al., 1998).","34","34-00008","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0008"
"13400009","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","anselli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burda, Zima, Scharff, Macholán, and Kawalika","1999","","Z. Säugetierk.","64","1","37","","","Ansell’s Mole-rat","Zambia, Lusaka Prov., NE part of Lusaka, Chainama Hills Golf Club.","Vicinity of Lusaka, S Zambia.","","","Protein electrophoretic data (Filippucci et al., 1997) suggest a close relationship with <i>mechowi</i>. Karyotype has 2n=68 and FN=75-78 (Burda et al., 1999).","34","34-00009","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0009"
"13400010","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","bocagei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","20","","323","","","Bocage’s Mole-rat","Angola, Hanha.","C Angola, NW Zambia, S Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kubangensis</i>  (Monard, 1933)<i>.</i>","Included as a subspecies of <i>hottentotus</i> by de Graaff (1975, 1981) but considered a distinct species based on characteristics of the infraorbital foramina by Honeycutt et al. (1991).","34","34-00010","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0010"
"13400011","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","damarensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","5","","","Damara Mole-rat","Namibia, Damaraland.","E Namibia, Botswana, W Zimbabwe, S Zambia, S Angola.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>lugardi</i>  (de Winton, 1898);<i> micklemi</i> (Chubb, 1909);<i> ovamboensis</i> Roberts, 1946<i>.</i>","Included as a subspecies of <i>hottentotus</i> by de Graaff (1975, 1981) but considered a distinct species based on characteristics of the infraorbital foramina by Honeycutt et al. (1991). Protein electrophoretic data (Filippucci et al., 1994; 1997) suggest this taxon is more closely related to <i>anselli</i>, <i>kafuensis</i>, and <i>mechowi</i> than to <i>hottentotus</i>. Karyotype has 2n=74 or 78 and FN=92 (Nevo et al., 1986).","34","34-00011","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0011"
"13400012","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","darlingi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","239","","","Darling’s Mole-rat","Zimbabwe, Salisbury (= Harare) (1524 m).","E Zimbabwe and W Mozambique.","","<i>beirae</i>  (Thomas and Wroughton, 1907);<i> nimrodi</i> (de Winton, 1896);<i> zimbitiensis</i> Roberts, 1946<i>.</i>","Included as a subspecies of <i>hottentotus</i> by de Graaff (1975, 1981) and Honeycutt et al. (1991) but considered a distinct species based on chromosomal differentiation by Aguilar (1993). Karyotype has 2n=54 and FN=80 (Aguilar, 1993).","34","34-00012","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0012"
"13400013","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","foxi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","7","","462","","","Nigerian Mole-rat","Nigeria, Panyam (1212 m).","C Nigeria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Honeycutt et al. (1991:50) recognized <i>foxi</i> as distinct. Karyotype has 2n=66 and FN=126 or 2n=70 and FN=134 (Williams et al., 1984).","34","34-00013","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0013"
"13400014","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","hottentotus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1826","","Zool.","1","","166","","","Southern African Mole-rat","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., near Paarl (east of Capetown).","South Africa to Tanzania, S Dem. Rep. Congo, and Namibia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albus</i>  (Roberts, 1913);<i> bigalkei</i> Roberts, 1924; <i>caecutiens</i> (Brants, 1827);<i> cradockensis</i> Roberts, 1924;<i> exenticus</i> (Trouessart, 1899);<i> holosericeus</i> (Wagner, 1842);<i> jorisseni</i> (Jameson, 1909);<i> ludwigii</i> (Smith, 1829);<i> nemo</i> G. Allen, 1939;<i> orangiae</i> Roberts, 1926; <i>pallidus </i>(Roberts, 1917); <i>talpoides</i><b> </b>(Thomas and Schwann, 1906);<i> transvaalensis</i> Roberts, 1924;<i> valschensis</i> Roberts, 1946;<i> vandami</i> (Roberts, 1917);<i> vetensis</i> Roberts, 1926;<i> vryburgensis</i> (Roberts, 1917); <b><i>natalensis</i></b> Roberts, 1913; <i>aberrans</i> (Roberts, 1913);<i> anomalus</i> (Roberts, 1913);<i> arenarius</i> (Roberts, 1913);<i> jamesoni</i> (Roberts, 1913);<i> junodi</i> Roberts, 1926; <i>komatiensis</i> (Roberts, 1917);<i> langi</i> Roberts, 1929;<i> mahali</i> (Roberts, 1913); <i>melanoticus</i> Roberts, 1926;<i> montanus</i> Roberts, 1926; <i>palki</i> (Roberts, 1917); <i>pretoriae</i><b> </b>(Roberts, 1913);<i> rufulus</i> (Roberts, 1917);<i> stellatus</i> (Roberts, 1917);<i> streeteri</i> Roberts, 1946;<i> zuluensis</i> Roberts, 1951; <b><i>whytei</i></b> Thomas, 1897; <i>occlusus</i> Allen and Loveridge, 1933.","Includes <i>holosericeus </i>and<i> natalensis</i> (de Graaff, 1975:3-4; Honeycutt et al., 1991:51). Corbet and Hill (1991:208) recognized <i>natalensis</i> as a distinct species without comment. De Graff (1975, 1981) recognized seven subspecies (<i>amatus</i>, <i>bocagei</i>, <i>damarensis</i>, <i>hottentatus</i>, <i>natalensis</i>, and <i>whytei</i>) but <i>amatus</i>, <i>bocagei</i>, <i>damarensis</i> and <i>darlingi</i> have subsequently been considered distinct species. Karyotype of <i>C. h. hottentotus</i> has 2n=54 and FN=106 (Nevo et al., 1986) and <i>C. h. natalensis</i> has 2n=54 and FN=104 (Nevo et al., 1986).","34","34-00014","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0014"
"13400015","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","hottentotus","hottentotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1826","","Zool.","1","","166","","","","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., near Paarl (east of Capetown).","","","","","34","34-00015","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0014-0015"
"13400016","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","hottentotus","natalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00016","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0014-0016"
"13400017","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","hottentotus","whytei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00017","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0014-0017"
"13400018","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","kafuensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burda, Zima, Scharff, Macholán, and Kawalika","1999","","Z. Säugetierk.","64","1","39","","","Kafue Mole-rat","Zambia, Southern Prov., Kafue National Park, ""hot springs"" in Itezhi-Tezhi.","Vicinity of Itezhi-Tezhi, S Zambia.","","","Protein electrophoretic data (Filippucci et al., 1997) suggest affinity with <i>anselli</i> and <i>mechowi</i>. Karyotype with a 2n=58 and FN=78 (Burda et al., 1999).","34","34-00018","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0018"
"13400019","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","mechowi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1881","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr., Berlin","","","133","","","Giant Mole-rat","Angola, Malange.","Angola, S Dem. Rep. Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ansorgei</i>  (Thomas and Wroughton, 1905);<i> blainei</i> Hinton, 1921;<i> <b>mellandi</b></i><b> </b>(Thomas, 1906)<i>.</i>","Includes <i>ansorgei, blainei, </i>and<i> mellandi </i>(de Graaff, 1975:3). Corbet and Hill (1991:207) spelled the name <i>mechowii</i>. Karyotype has 2n=40 and FN=76 (Macholán et al., 1993). Filippucci et al. (1997) suggested affinity with <i>anselli</i>, <i>kafuensis</i> and <i>damarensis</i>.","34","34-00019","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0019"
"13400020","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","mechowi","mechowi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1881","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr., Berlin","","","133","","","","Angola, Malange.","","","","","34","34-00020","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0019-0020"
"13400021","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","mechowi","mellandi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00021","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0019-0021"
"13400022","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","ochraceocinereus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1864","","Nouv. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Dresden","31","","3","","","Ochre Mole-rat","Sudan, Upper Bahr-el-Ghazal.","E Nigeria, Central Africian Republic, N Dem. Rep. Congo, S Sudan, NW Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kummi</i>  (Thomas, 1911);<i> lechei</i> (Thomas, 1895); <b><i>oweni</i></b> Setzer, 1956<i>.</i>","Includes <i>kummi </i>and<i> lechei</i> (de Graaff, 1975:3).","34","34-00022","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0022"
"13400023","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","ochraceocinereus","ochraceocinereus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1864","","Nouv. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Dresden","31","","3","","","","Sudan, Upper Bahr-el-Ghazal.","","","","","34","34-00023","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0022-0023"
"13400024","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","ochraceocinereus","oweni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Setzer","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00024","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0022-0024"
"13400025","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Cryptomys","","zechi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1900","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr., Berlin","","","146","","","Togo Mole-rat","Togo, near Kete-Kradji.","EC Ghana, WC Togo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Includedin <i>ochraceocinereus</i> by de Graaff (1975) but considered a distinct species based on characteristics of the infraorbital foramina by Honeycutt et al. (1991).","34","34-00025","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0007-0000-0025"
"13400026","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Georychus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. mamm. Avium.","","","87","","<i>Mus capensis</i> Pallas, 1778.","","","","","<i>Fossor</i> Lichtenstein, 1844; <i>Georhychus</i> Wagner, 1843; <i>Georrychus</i> Minding, 1829<i>.</i>","","34","34-00026","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0026"
"13400027","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Georychus","","capensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","Njova. Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","76","","172","","","Cape Mole-rat","South Africa, Cape of Good Hope.","South Africa.","IUCN – KwaZulu Natal population Critically Endangered, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>buffonii</i>  (Cuvier, 1834);<i> canescens</i> (Thomas and Schwann, 1906);<i> leucops</i> (Lichtenstein, 1844);<i> yatesi</i> (Roberts, 1913)<i>.</i>","Roberts (1951) recognized three subspecies <i>capensis</i>,<i> canescens </i>and<i> yatesi</i> but de Graaff (1975) considered this taxon monotypic. Karyotype has 2n=54 and FN=100 (Nevo et al., 1986). Honeycutt et al. (1991:53) indicated there may be two species in South Africa, based on differences in mtDNA sequences and allozyme frequencies.","34","34-00027","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0026-0000-0027"
"13400028","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Heliophobius","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1846","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","11","","259","","<i>Heliophobius argenteocinereus</i> Peters, 1846.","","","","","<i>Myoscalops</i>  Thomas, 1890.","","34","34-00028","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0028"
"13400029","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Heliophobius","","argenteocinereus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1846","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","11","","259","","","Silvery Mole-rat","Mozambique, Tete (on the Zambezi River).","Zimbabwe, E Zambia, and N Mozambique to Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya, and N Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>albifrons</i> </b> (Gray, 1864);<i> pallidus </i>(Gray, 1864); <b><i>angonicus</i></b> Thomas, 1917;<i> <b>emini</b></i> Noack, 1894;<i> <b>kapiti</b></i><b> </b>Heller, 1909;<i> <b>marungensis</b></i><b> </b>Noack, 1887;<i> <b>mottoulei</b></i> (Schouteden, 1913);<i> <b>robustus</b></i> Thomas, 1906; <b><i>spalax</i></b> Thomas, 1910<i>.</i>","Honeycutt et al. (1991:54-55) concluded that the characters used to separate <i>H</i>. <i>spalax</i> from <i>H. argenteocinereus</i> are due to age variation, and that the genus is monotypic. See also de Graaff (1975, 1981) who considered the species polytypic with nine subspecies. Karyotype of specimens from Kenya has 2n=60 and FN=114 (George, 1979<i>b</i>) whereas specimens from Zambia have 2n=62 and FN=114 (Scharff et al., 2001).","34","34-00029","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0028-0000-0029"
"13400030","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Heliophobius","","argenteocinereus","argenteocinereus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1846","","Bericht Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","11","","259","","","","Mozambique, Tete (on the Zambezi River).","","","","","34","34-00030","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0028-0000-0029-0030"
"13400031","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Heliophobius","","argenteocinereus","albifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00031","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0028-0000-0029-0031"
"13400032","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Heliophobius","","argenteocinereus","angonicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00032","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0028-0000-0029-0032"
"13400033","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Heliophobius","","argenteocinereus","emini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Noack","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00033","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0028-0000-0029-0033"
"13400034","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Heliophobius","","argenteocinereus","kapiti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00034","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0028-0000-0029-0034"
"13400035","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Heliophobius","","argenteocinereus","marungensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Noack","1887","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00035","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0028-0000-0029-0035"
"13400036","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Heliophobius","","argenteocinereus","mottoulei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schouteden","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00036","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0028-0000-0029-0036"
"13400037","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Heliophobius","","argenteocinereus","robustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00037","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0028-0000-0029-0037"
"13400038","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Bathyerginae","","Heliophobius","","argenteocinereus","spalax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00038","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0003-0000-0028-0000-0029-0038"
"13400039","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Heterocephalinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Landry","1957","","Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.","56","","74","","","","","","","","Molecular data (Allard and Honeycutt, 1992; Faulkes et al., 1997; Nedbal et al., 1994; Walton et al., 2000) support the recognition of the aberrant East African <i>Heterocephalus</i> as a distinct subfamily.","34","34-00039","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0039"
"13400040","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Heterocephalinae","","Heterocephalus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rüppell","1842","","Mus. Senckenbergianum Abh.","3","2","99","","<i>Heterocephalus glaber </i>Rüppell, 1842.","","","","","<i>Fornarina</i>  Thomas, 1903.","","34","34-00040","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0039-0000-0040"
"13400041","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Bathyergidae","Heterocephalinae","","Heterocephalus","","glaber","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1842","","Mus. Senckenbergianum Abh.","3","2","99","","","Naked Mole-rat","Ethiopia, Shoa.","C Somalia, C and E Ethiopia, C and S Kenya.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>ansorgei</i>  Thomas, 1903;<i> dunni</i> Thomas, 1909;<i> phillipsi</i> Thomas, 1885;<i> progrediens</i> Lönnberg, 1911; <i>scortecci</i> de Beaux, 1934;<i> stygius</i> Allen, 1912<i>.</i>","Allen (1939) recognized two subspecies, however, this taxon is in need of a thorough revision (Honeycutt et al., 1991). According to Honeycutt et al. (1991:58), genetic data indicate there are two geographic groups of this species in Kenya. Karyotype has 2n=60 (George, 1979<i>b</i>).","34","34-00041","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0002-0039-0000-0040-0000-0041"
"13400042","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","G. Fischer","1817","","Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat., Moscow","5","","372","","","","","","","","Reviewed by Mohr (1965) and by Van Weers (1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1983). Usually divided into two subfamilies (Atherurinae, Hystricinae) see McKenna and Bell (1997), but Van Weers (1977, 1978, 1979) does not agree. This family appears to be the most divergent of the suborder (Huchon and Douzery, 2001).","34","34-00042","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042"
"13400043","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Atherurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1829","","Dict. Sci. Nat.","59","","483","","<i>Hystrix macroura</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","","See Van Weers (1977:213).","34","34-00043","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0043"
"13400044","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Atherurus","","africanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","261","","","African Brush-tailed Porcupine","Sierra Leone.","Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya, Uganda, S Sudan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>armata</i>  Gervais, 1854;<i> burrowsi</i> Thomas, 1902;<i> centralis</i> Thomas, 1895;<i> turneri</i> St. Leger, 1932<i>.</i>","Includes <i>centralis</i> and <i>turneri</i>; see Misonne (1974:8).","34","34-00044","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0043-0000-0044"
"13400045","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Atherurus","","macrourus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","57","","","Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine","""Habitat in Asia"", restricted to Malaysia, Malacca by Lyon (1907:584).","E Assam (India), Szeechwas, Yunnan, Hupei, and Hainan (China) to Malaya, Sumatra, and adjacent islands, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Burma.","IUCN – Endangered as <i>A. m. assamensis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angustiramus</i>  Mohr, 1964;<i> assamensis</i> Thomas, 1921;<i> hainanus</i> Allen, 1906;<i> pemangilis</i> Robinson, 1912;<i> retardatus </i>Mohr, 1964;<i> stevensi</i> Thomas, 1925;<i> terutaus</i> Lyon, 1907; <i>tionis</i> Thomas, 1908; <i>zygomatica</i> Miller, 1903<i>.</i>","Includes <i>angustiramus</i>, <i>assamensis</i>, <i>hainanus</i>, <i>retardatus</i>, <i>stevensi</i>,<i> terutaus</i>, <i>tionis</i>, and <i>zygomatica</i> (Van Weers, 1977).","34","34-00045","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0043-0000-0045"
"13400046","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","56","","<i>Hystrix cristata</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Acanthion</i>  Cuvier, 1823;<i> Acanthochoerus </i>Gray, 1866; <i>Oedocephalus</i> Gray, 1866 [see Allen, 1939]; <i>Thecurus</i> Lyon, 1907<i>.</i>","Divided into three subgenera: <i>Acanthion</i>, <i>Hystrix</i>, and <i>Thecurus </i>(see Van Weers, 1978; 1979).","34","34-00046","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046"
"13400047","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Hystrix","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","56","","<i>Hystrix cristata</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","","","34","34-00047","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0047"
"13400048","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Acanthion","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Cuvier","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00048","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0048"
"13400049","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Thecurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Lyon","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00049","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0049"
"13400050","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Hystrix","africaeaustralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peter","1852","","Reise nach Mossambique, Säugeth.","","","170","","","Cape Porcupine","Mozambique, Querimba coast and Tette, about 10<sup>o</sup>30’ to 12<sup>o</sup>S, 40<sup>o</sup>30’E, sea level.","Mouth of the Congo River to Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, W and S Tanzania, Mozambique, and South Africa. Sympatric with <i>H. cristata</i>.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>capensis</i>  Grill, 1858;<i> prittwitzi</i> Müller, 1910;<i> stegmanni</i> Müller, 1910;<i> <b>zuluensis</b></i> Roberts, 1936<i>.</i>","Subgenus <i>Hystrix</i>. Revised by Corbet and Jones (1965); see Van Weers (1983).","34","34-00050","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0047-0050"
"13400051","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Hystrix","africaeaustralis","africaeaustralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peter","1852","","Reise nach Mossambique, Säugeth.","","","170","","","","Mozambique, Querimba coast and Tette, about 10<sup>o</sup>30’ to 12<sup>o</sup>S, 40<sup>o</sup>30’E, sea level.","","","","","34","34-00051","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0047-0050-0051"
"13400052","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Hystrix","africaeaustralis","zuluensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00052","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0047-0050-0052"
"13400053","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Acanthion","brachyura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","57","","","Malayan Porcupine","Malaysia, Malacca.","Nepal, Sikkim, and Assam (India), C and S China, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Malay Isls of Pinang, Singapore.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>grotei</i>  (Gray, 1866);<i> longicauda</i> Marsden, 1811;<i> mulleri</i> Marshall, 1871;<i> <b>bengalensis </b></i>Blyth, 1851;<i> <b>hodgsoni</b></i> (Gray, 1847);<i> alophus</i> Hodgson, 1847;<i> <b>subcristata</b></i> Swinhoe, 1870;<i> klossi</i> (Thomas, 1916);<i> millsi</i> (Thomas, 1922);<i> papae</i> (Allen, 1927);<i> <b>yunnanensis</b></i> Anderson, 1878<i>.</i>","Subgenus <i>Acanthion</i> (Van Weers, 1979:233); also see Lekagul and McNeely (1988:492).","34","34-00053","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0048-0053"
"13400054","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Acanthion","brachyura","brachyura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","57","","","","Malaysia, Malacca.","","","","","34","34-00054","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0048-0053-0054"
"13400055","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Acanthion","brachyura","bengalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1851","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00055","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0048-0053-0055"
"13400056","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Acanthion","brachyura","hodgsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1847","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00056","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0048-0053-0056"
"13400057","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Acanthion","brachyura","subcristata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1870","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00057","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0048-0053-0057"
"13400058","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Acanthion","brachyura","yunnanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1878","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00058","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0048-0053-0058"
"13400059","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Thecurus","crassispinis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1876","1877","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1876","","736","","","Thick-spined Porcupine","Malaysia, Sabah, opposite Labuan Isl.","N Borneo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>major</i>  (Schwarz, 1939)<i>.</i>","Subgenus <i>Thecurus</i> (Van Weers, 1978:22).","34","34-00059","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0049-0059"
"13400060","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Hystrix","cristata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","56","","","Crested Porcupine","""Asia"", restricted to near Rome, Italy by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:141).","Morocco to Egypt; Senegal to Ethiopia and N Tanzania; Sicily, Italy, Albania, and N Greece (European population possibly introduced). Sympatric with <i>H</i>. <i>africaeaustralis</i> in C Africa.","CITES – Appendix III (Ghana); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>aerula</i> Thomas, 1925;<i> ambigua</i> Lonnberg, 1908; <i>conradsi</i> Muller, 1910; <i>cuvieri </i>Gray, 1847;<i> daubentoni</i> Cuvier, 1822;<i> europaea</i> Kerr, 1792;<i> galeata</i> Thomas, 1893;<i> lademanni</i> Muller, 1910; <i>lonnbergi </i>Muller, 1910; <i>occidanea</i> Cabrera, 1924;<i> senegalica</i> Cuvier, 1822;<i> somalensis</i> Lonnberg, 1912<i>. </i>","Subgenus <i>Hystrix</i>. Includes<i> galeata</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:159) and Corbet and Jones (1965). Allen (1939:441) commented on the status of <i>cuvieri</i> in N Africa. Karyotype has 2n=60-66 and FN=112-116 (George, 1980; George and Weir, 1974).","34","34-00060","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0047-0060"
"13400061","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Hystrix","indica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","In Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","213","","","Indian Crested Porcupine","India.","Transcaucasus; Asia Minor; Israel; Arabia to S Kazakhstan and India; Sri Lanka; Tibet (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Locally common.","<i>aharonii</i>  Müller, 1911;<i> blanfordi</i> Müller, 1911;<i> cuneiceps</i> Wroughton, 1912;<i> hirsutirostris</i> Brandt, 1835;<i> leucurus</i> Sykes, 1831;<i> malabarica</i> Sclater, 1865;<i> mersinae </i>Müller, 1911;<i> mesopotamica </i>Müller, 1911;<i> narynensis </i>Müller, 1911;<i> satunini</i> Müller, 1911;<i> schmidtzi </i>Müller, 1911;<i> zeylonensis</i> Blyth, 1851<i>.</i>","Subgenus <i>Hystrix</i>. Citation based on Smellie’s translation of Buffon (1781:206). Gromov and Baranova (1981:102) employed the name <i>leucura</i> for this species without reference to Kerr, 1792.","34","34-00061","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0047-0061"
"13400062","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Acanthion","javanica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1823","","Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","9","","431","","","Sunda Porcupine","Indonesia, Java.","Java, Bali, Sumbawa, Flores, Lombok, Madura, Tonahdjampea, and S Sulawesi (Indonesia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brevispinosa</i>  Wagner, 1844;<i> ecaudata</i> van der Hoeven and de Vriese, 1836;<i> javanicum </i>(Cuvier, 1823);<i> sumbawae</i> (Schwarz, 1911);<i> torquata</i> van der Hoeven and de Vriese, 1836<i>.</i>","Subgenus <i>Acanthion</i>. Formerly included in brachyura by Chasen (1940), but see Van Weers (1979).","34","34-00062","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0048-0062"
"13400063","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Thecurus","pumila","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1879","","Ann Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","4","","106","","","Phillipine Porcupine","Philippines, Palawan, Paragua (=Perto Princesa).","Palawan and Busuanga Isls (Philippines).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Thecurus</i>.","34","34-00063","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0049-0063"
"13400064","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Hystrix","Thecurus","sumatrae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1907","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","32","","583","","","Sumatran Porcupine","Indonesia, E coast of Sumatra, Aru Bay.","Sumatra.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Thecurus</i>. Treated as a subspecies of <i>crassispinis</i> by Chasen (1940), but see Van Weers (1978).","34","34-00064","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0046-0049-0064"
"13400065","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Trichys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Günther","1876","1877","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1876","","739","","<i>Trichys lipura</i> Günther, 1877 (= <i>Hystrix fasciculata</i> Shaw, 1801).","","","","","","Reviewed by Van Weers (1976).","34","34-00065","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0065"
"13400066","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Hystricidae","","","Trichys","","fasciculata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1801","","Gen. Zool.","2","","11","","","Long-tailed Porcupine","""Malacca"", but no holotype. Van Weers (1976) designated a neotype from ""Runuk Tanjong,"" Malaysia.","Borneo, Sumatra, Malaya.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>guentheri</i>  Thomas, 1889;<i> lipura</i> Günther, 1877;<i> macrotis</i> Miller, 1903<i>.</i>","Medway (1977:135) considered <i>lipura</i> a distinct species, but did not mention Van Weers (1976).","34","34-00066","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0042-0000-0000-0065-0000-0066"
"13400067","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Wood","1955","","J. Mammal","36","2","184","","","","","","","Petromyidae Tullberg, 1899.","Swanepoel et al. (1980:161) employed Petromuridae instead of Petromyidae for this family (see <i>Petromus</i>). The group had an elaborate Tertiary radiation composed of at least two subfamilies and seven known genera. The placement of this family along with the Thryonomyidae into the superfamily Thryonomuroidea is supported by many studies (Huchon and Douzery, 2001; Lavocat, 1973; Luckett and Harteberger, 1985<i>b</i>; Nedbal et al., 1994; Patterson and Wood, 1982; Sarich, 1985). The superfamily Thryonomuroidea was not recognized by McKenna and Bell (1997).","34","34-00067","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067"
"13400068","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","A. Smith","1831","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","1","5","10","","<i>Petromus typicus</i> A. Smith, 1831.","","","","","<i>Petromys</i>  A. Smith, 1834<i>.</i>","Originally named <i>Petromus</i>, but unjustifiably emended to <i>Petromys</i> by Smith (1834), see Swanepoel et al. (1980:161).","34","34-00068","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068"
"13400069","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1831","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","1","5","11","","","Dassie Rat","South Africa, ""Mountains toward mouth of Orange River"".","W South Africa, Namibia, to SW Angola.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<b><i>ausensis</i> </b><i> </i>Roberts, 1938;<i> <b>barbiensis</b> </i>Roberts, 1938;<i> <b>cinnamomeus</b> </i>Roberts, 1946;<i> <b>coetzeei </b></i>Cabral, 1966; <b><i>cunealis</i></b> Thomas, 1926;<i> <b>greeni</b></i> Lundholm, 1955;<i> <b>guinasensis</b></i> Roberts, 1938;<i> <b>karasensis</b> </i>Roberts, 1946;<i> <b>kobosensis</b></i> Roberts, 1938;<i> <b>majoriae</b></i> Bradfield, 1936;<i> <b>namaquensis</b> </i>Roberts, 1938;<i> <b>pallidior</b> </i>Lundholm, 1955;<i> <b>tropicalis</b> </i>Thomas and Hinton, 1925;<i> <b>windhoekensis</b></i> Roberts, 1938<i>.</i>","Fifteen subspecies have been named but no attempt has been made to assess their validity or geographic limits, but see Roberts (1951). Karyotype has 2n=56 and FN=112 (George, 1980).","34","34-00069","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069"
"13400070","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","typicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1831","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","1","5","11","","","","South Africa, ""Mountains toward mouth of Orange River"".","","","","","34","34-00070","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0070"
"13400071","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","ausensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00071","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0071"
"13400072","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","barbiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00072","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0072"
"13400073","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","cinnamomeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00073","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0073"
"13400074","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","coetzeei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabral","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00074","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0074"
"13400075","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","cunealis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00075","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0075"
"13400076","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","greeni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lundholm","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00076","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0076"
"13400077","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","guinasensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00077","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0077"
"13400078","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","karasensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00078","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0078"
"13400079","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","kobosensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00079","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0079"
"13400080","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","majoriae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bradfield","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00080","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0080"
"13400081","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","namaquensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00081","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0081"
"13400082","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","pallidior","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lundholm","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00082","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0082"
"13400083","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","tropicalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00083","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0083"
"13400084","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Petromuridae","","","Petromus","","typicus","windhoekensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00084","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0067-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069-0084"
"13400085","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Thryonomyidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Pocock","1922","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1922","","423","","","","","","","Thrynomyidae Pocock, 1922; Ulacodidae Brandt, 1855<i>.</i>","Includes several fossil forms from the Oligocene of North Africa. Placed in the superfamily Thryonomuroidea, see comments under Petromuridae.","34","34-00085","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0085"
"13400086","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Thryonomyidae","","","Thryonomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1867","","Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wein","56","1","141","","<i>Aulacodus swinderianus</i> Temminck, 1827.","","","","","<i>Aulacodus</i>  Temminck, 1827 [preoccupied by <i>Aulacodus</i> Eschscholtz, 1822, a genus of Coleoptera];<i> Choeromys </i>Thomas, 1922;<i> Triaulacodus</i> Lydekker, 1896<i>.</i>","","34","34-00086","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0085-0000-0000-0086"
"13400087","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Thryonomyidae","","","Thryonomys","","gregorianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","13","","202","","","Lesser Cane Rat","Kenya, Luiji Reru River (00<sup>o</sup>35’S, 37<sup>o</sup>05’E).","Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, S Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>camerunensis</i>  Monard, 1949;<i> congicus </i>Thomas, 1922; <i>harrisoni</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1907;<i> logonensis</i> Jeannin, 1936;<i> pusillus </i>Heller, 1912; <i>rutshuricus</i> Lönnberg, 1917;<i> <b>sclateri</b></i> Thomas, 1897<i>.</i>","Rosevear (1969:549) recognized <i>logonensis</i> and <i>camerunensis</i> as valid species; Misonne (1974:7) concluded that the affinities of <i>logonensis</i> and <i>camerunensis</i> were not clear and de Graaff (1981) indicated that their affinities should be reassessed. Misonne (1974:7) included <i>congicus</i>, <i>harrisoni</i>, <i>pusillus</i>, and <i>rutshuricus</i> in <i>gregoriamus</i>without comment of subspecific status. Meester et al. (1986) recognized two subspecies in southern Africa but did not comment on the subspecific validity of the other forms. Karyotype has 2n=40 and FN=80 (George, 1980).","34","34-00087","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0085-0000-0000-0086-0000-0087"
"13400088","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Thryonomyidae","","","Thryonomys","","gregorianus","gregorianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","13","","202","","","","Kenya, Luiji Reru River (00<sup>o</sup>35’S, 37<sup>o</sup>05’E).","","","","","34","34-00088","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0085-0000-0000-0086-0000-0087-0088"
"13400089","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Thryonomyidae","","","Thryonomys","","gregorianus","sclateri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00089","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0085-0000-0000-0086-0000-0087-0089"
"13400090","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Thryonomyidae","","","Thryonomys","","swinderianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1827","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","248","","","Greater Cane Rat","Sierra Leone.","Africa, south of the Sahara.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angolae</i> Thomas, 1922; <i>calamophagus </i>(De Beerst, 1897); <i>logani </i>Romer and Nesbitt, 1930; <i>raptorum</i> Thomas, 1922;<i> semipalmatus </i>(Heuglin, 1864);<i> variegatus</i> (Peters, 1852)<i>.</i>","","34","34-00090","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0085-0000-0000-0086-0000-0090"
"13400091","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1845","","Cat. Meth. Mamm. Europe","","","5","","","","","","","Coendidae Trouessart, 1897<i>.</i>","Spelled Erithizontidae by Corbet and Hill (1980:189); but see comments under <i>Erethizon</i>. Extinct forms date to the Oligocene of South America. Not included in the parvorder Caviida with the other New World Hystricognathi by McKenna and Bell (1997) but placement into a New World clade well supported by molecular data (Huchon and Douzery, 2001; Nedbal et al., 1994).","34","34-00091","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091"
"13400092","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Chaetomyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","1897","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1896","","1026","","","","","","","Cercolabidae Cabrera, 1901 [cited to Ameghino 1889 and listed as a synonym of the Erethizontidae by McKenna and Bell (1997)].","Patterson and Wood (1982) removed Chaetomyinae from the Erethizontidae and placed in the Echimyidae because this form retains deciduous premolars (an echimyid derived character) unlike all known erethizontids. <i>Chaetomys</i> shares characteristics of the enamel ultrastructure with taxa of the Erethizontidae (Martin, 1994<i>b</i>).","34","34-00092","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0092"
"13400093","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Chaetomyinae","","Chaetomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","List Specimens Mamm. Coll. Brit. Mus.","","","123","","<i>Hystrix subspinosus</i> Olfers, 1818.","","","","","<i>Plectrochorerus</i>  Pictet, 1843.","Included in Erethizontidae by Corbet and Hill (1991), Emmons and Feer (1997), McKenna and Bell (1997) and Voss and Angermann (1997) but some authors (e.g., Miller and Gidley, 1918; Patterson and Wood, 1982; Stehlin and Schaub, 1951; Woods, 1993) have included in the Echimyidae.","34","34-00093","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0092-0000-0093"
"13400094","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Chaetomyinae","","Chaetomys","","subspinosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Olfers","1818","","Neue Bibl. Reisenb.","","","211","","","Bristle-spined Rat","Brazil, N Bahia, Salvador.","Atlantic coastal forest of SE Brazil from S Sergipe state to N Rio de Janeiro, including easternmost Minas Gerais.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable. More common in suitable habitats than previously thought (Oliver and Santos, 1991:17), and may be quite common near Urucuca in S Bahia.","<i>moricandi</i>  (Pictet, 1943);<i> tortilis</i> (Olfers, 1820)<i>.</i>","Voss and Angermann (1997) indicated that Weid (1826) incorrectly gave the type locality as Cametá, in Pará state of Brazil, that Ávila-Pires (1967) erroneously emended the type to Ilhéus in Bahia state, and document that the type material was collected from Salvador. See Oliver and Santos (1991) for discussion of the confusion surrounding the distribution of this species. Hershkovitz (1959<i>a</i>) and Cabrera (1961) listed <i>rutila</i> (Olfers, 1818) and<i> volubilis</i> (Olfers, 1818) in their synonymies for <i>C. subspinosus</i> but <i>H. volubilis</i> Olfers, 1818 is a <i>nomen nudum</i>, and <i>H. rutila</i> Olfers, 1818, is unidentifiable, although possibly a <i>Coendou nycthemera</i> (Voss and Angermann, 1997).","34","34-00094","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0092-0000-0093-0000-0094"
"13400095","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1845","","Cat. Meth. Mamm. Europe","","","5","","","","","","","Coendinae Pocock, 1922; Sphingurinae Alston, 1876<i>.</i>","","34","34-00095","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095"
"13400096","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Coendou","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lacépède","1799","","Tabl. Mamm.","","","11","","<i>Hystrix prehensilis</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Coandu</i>  Fischer, 1814;<i> Coendu</i> Lesson, 1827; <i>Coendus </i>Geoffroy, 1803; <i>Cuandu</i> Liais, 1872.","Cabrera (1961), Hall (1981), Corbet and Hill (1991), Handley and Pine (1992), Emmons and Feer (1997), McKenna and Bell (1997), Voss and Angerman (1997), Alberico et al. (1999) and Voss and da Silva (2001) included <i>Sphiggurus</i> in <i>Coendou</i>; but see Husson (1978:484-490). Woods (1984, 1993) and Nowak (1991) followed Husson (1978) and recognized <i>Sphiggurus</i> as distinct from <i>Coendou</i>. Handley and Pine (1992), Voss and Angermann (1997), and Alberico et al. (1999) concluded that <i>Sphiggurus</i> could not be meaningfully diagnosed as a taxon distinct from <i>Coendou</i>. Bonvicino et al. (2000) suggested that <i>Coendou</i> and <i>Sphiggurus</i> represent distinct lineages that have evolved by different chromosomal mechanisms. <i>Coendou</i> appears to be karyotypically conserved with 2n=74 and FN=82 (Bonvicino et al., 2000). Although karyotypes have been reported in only two taxa of <i>Coendou</i>, the chromosomal and molecular data (Bonvicino et al., 2002<i>a</i>) t... [truncated]","34","34-00096","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0096"
"13400097","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Coendou","","bicolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1844","","Fauna Peruana","","","186","","","Bicolored-spined Porcupine","Peru, Junín Debt., between Tulumayo and Chanchamayo Rivers.","Bolivia, Peru, Andean and W Ecuador, N Colombia, SW Colombia; up to 2,500 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Locally common.","<b><i>quichua</i> </b> Thomas, 1899;<i> <b>richardsoni</b></i> Allen, 1913;<i> <b>simonsi</b></i> Thomas, 1902<i>.</i>","May include <i>rothschildi</i> (Hall, 1981:854), which Corbet and Hill (1991:200) listed as a subspecies of <i>bicolor</i> (see comments under <i>rothschildi</i>). Emmons and Feer (1997:218) and Alberico et al. (1999) considered <i>quichua</i> of the Andes of Ecuador and Colombia to be a distinct species based on small size and shorter tail. Emmons and Feer (1997:218) suggested that <i>richardsoni</i> may be a valid species or allied with <i>rothschildi</i>, whereas Alberico et al. (1999) recognized it as a distinct species. We tentatively retain these three subspecies, awaiting a needed comprehensive review of <i>Coendou</i>.","34","34-00097","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0096-0000-0097"
"13400098","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Coendou","","bicolor","bicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1844","","Fauna Peruana","","","186","","","","Peru, Junín Debt., between Tulumayo and Chanchamayo Rivers.","","","","","34","34-00098","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0096-0000-0097-0098"
"13400099","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Coendou","","bicolor","quichua","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00099","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0096-0000-0097-0099"
"13400100","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Coendou","","bicolor","richardsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00100","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0096-0000-0097-0100"
"13400101","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Coendou","","bicolor","simonsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00101","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0096-0000-0097-0101"
"13400102","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Coendou","","nycthemera","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Olfers","1818","","Neue Bibl. Reisenb.","","","211","","","Black Dwarf Porcupine","Brazil, E Amazonia, south of the main channel of the Rio Amazonas; as restricted by Voss and Angermann (1997).","Amazonian lowlands east of Rio Madeira and south of the Rio Amazonas, including at least part of Marajó Isl.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>C. koopmani</i>.","<i>koopmani</i>  Handley and Pine, 1992.","Sympatric with <i>C. prehensilis</i> throughout its range.","34","34-00102","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0096-0000-0102"
"13400103","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Coendou","","prehensilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","57","","","Brazilian Porcupine","Brazil, Pernambuco.","E Venezuela, Guyanas, C and E Brazil, N Argentina, Uruguay, E Paraguay, Bolivia, Trinidad (see Goodwin and Greenhall, 1961:202); up to 1,500 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>boliviensis</i>  Gray, 1850;<i> brandtii</i> Jentink, 1879;<i> centralis</i> Thomas, 1903; <i>cuandu</i> Desmarest, 1822;<i> longicatus</i> Lacépède, 1799;<i> platycentrotus</i> Brandt, 1835; <i>sanctamartae</i> Allen, 1904; <i>tricolor</i> Gray, 1850.","Emmons and Feer (1997:217) suggested that<i> centralis</i> and<i> sanctamartae</i> may be valid species and Alberico et al. (1999) considered <i>sanctamartae </i>a distinct species. Voss and da Silva (2001) suggested <i>prehensilis</i> may represent a complex of closely related species. Karyotype has 2n=74 and FN=82 (Lima, 1994).","34","34-00103","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0096-0000-0103"
"13400104","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Coendou","","rothschildi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","10","","169","","","Rothchild’s Porcupine","Panama, Chiriqui, Sevilla Isl.","Panama.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Possibly a subspecies of <i>bicolor</i> (Goldman, 1920:135; Hall, 1981:854). Corbet and Hill (1991:200) listed <i>rothschildi</i> as a subspecies of <i>bicolor.</i> Emmons and Feer (1997:218) stated that if <i>C. rothschildi</i> is a valid species, the <i>C</i>. ""<i>bicolor</i>"" west of the Andes are possibly<i> rothschildi</i>. Karyotype has 2n=74 and FN=84 (George and Weir, 1974).","34","34-00104","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0096-0000-0104"
"13400105","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Echinoprocta","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","321","","<i>Erithizon</i>(<i>Echinoprocta</i>)<i> rufescens</i> Gray, 1865.","","","","","","","34","34-00105","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0105"
"13400106","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Echinoprocta","","rufescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","321","","","Stump-tailed Porcupine","Colombia.","Colombia, montane areas of the eastern cordillera of Andes between 800 and 2,000 m (Eisenberg, 1989).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>epixanthus</i>  (Martínez, 1873);<i> sneiderni</i> (Lönnberg, 1937)<i> </i>[see comments under <i>Sphiggurus</i>]<i>.</i>","Included in <i>Coendou</i> (<i>Sphiggurus</i>) by McKenna and Bell (1997) and Alberico et al. (1999).","34","34-00106","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0105-0000-0106"
"13400107","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Erethizon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1823","","Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","9","","432","","<i>Hystrix dorsata </i>Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Erethison</i>  Cuvier, 1829;<i> Eretison</i> McMurtrie, 1831; <i>Eretizon</i> Cuvier, 1825; <i>Erithizon</i> Burnett, 1830; <i>Erythizon</i> Alston, 1876.","<i>Erithizon</i> Burnett, 1830, is a later spelling (Corbet and Hill, 1980:189).","34","34-00107","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0107"
"13400108","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Erethizon","","dorsata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","57","","","North American Porcupine","E Canada (= Quebec Prov.).","C Alaska (USA) to S Hudson Bay and Labrador (Canada), south to E Tennessee, C Iowa, and C Texas (USA), N Coahuila, Chihuahua, and Sonora (Mexico), and S California (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>doani</i>  Bailey, 1937;<i> <b>bruneri</b></i> Swenk, 1916;<i> <b>couesi</b></i> Mearns, 1897;<i> <b>epixanthus</b></i> Brandt, 1835;<i> <b>myops</b></i> Merriam, 1900;<i> <b>nigrescens</b></i> Allen, 1903;<i> <b>picinum</b></i> Bangs, 1900.","Reviewed by Miller and Kellogg (1955:631), who restricted the type locality; also see Anderson and Rand (1943). Includes <i>couesi</i> (see review by Woods, 1973). Karyotype has 2n=42 and FN=78 (George and Weir, 1974).","34","34-00108","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0107-0000-0108"
"13400109","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Erethizon","","dorsata","dorsata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","57","","","","E Canada (= Quebec Prov.).","","","","","34","34-00109","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0107-0000-0108-0109"
"13400110","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Erethizon","","dorsata","bruneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swenk","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00110","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0107-0000-0108-0110"
"13400111","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Erethizon","","dorsata","couesi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00111","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0107-0000-0108-0111"
"13400112","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Erethizon","","dorsata","epixanthus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brandt","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00112","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0107-0000-0108-0112"
"13400113","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Erethizon","","dorsata","myops","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00113","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0107-0000-0108-0113"
"13400114","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Erethizon","","dorsata","nigrescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00114","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0107-0000-0108-0114"
"13400115","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Erethizon","","dorsata","picinum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00115","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0107-0000-0108-0115"
"13400116","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Sphiggurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1825","","Dentes des Mammiferes","","","256","","<i>Hystrix spinosa </i>F. Cuvier, 1823.","","","","","<i>Cercolabes</i>  Brandt, 1835;<i> Sinethere</i> F. Cuvier, 1822; <i>Sinotherus</i> F. Cuvier, 1825; <i>Synetheres</i> G. Cuvier, 1829<i>.</i>","This genus possibly dates from F. Cuvier, 1823. Mem. Mus. Hist. Hat. Paris, 9:427, 433-435, where <i>Sphiggurus</i> seems only a French name ""Sphiggure"" except on pp. 433-434, where it is abbreviated ""<i>S. spinosa</i>"". Formerly included in <i>Coendou</i> by Cabrera (1961), Walker et al. (1975), and Hall (1981); see also comments under <i>Coendou</i>. Considered a distinct genus by Husson (1978:484-490). Voss and Angermann (1997) agreed with the conclusion of Handley and Pine (1992) that <i>Sphiggurus</i> could not be meaningfully diagnosed as a taxon distinct from <i>Coendou</i>. Bonvicino et al. (2000) suggested that <i>Coendou</i> and <i>Sphiggurus</i> represent distinct lineages that have evolved by different chromosomal mechanisms. <i>Sphiggurus</i> appears to have evolved by Robertsonian mechanisms and demonstrates variation in 2n ranging from 42 to 72 while retaining a FN=76 (Bonvicino et al., 2000). The Robertsonian pattern of chromosomal differentiation and molecular data (Bo... [truncated]","34","34-00116","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0116"
"13400117","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Sphiggurus","","ichillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Voss and da Silva","2001","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3351","","17","","","Streaked Dwarf Porcupine","Ecuador, Río Pastaza.","Amazonian lowlands E Ecuador but see Voss and da Silva (2001).","","","Assigned to <i>vestitus</i> group based on presence of bristle-quills (Voss and da Silva, 2001).","34","34-00117","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0116-0000-0117"
"13400118","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Sphiggurus","","insidiosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Olfers","1818","","Neue Bibl. Reisenb.","","","211","","","Bahia Porcupine","Brazil, Bahía, Salvador.","Atlantic coastal region SE Brazil.","Unknown. IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>S. insidiosus</i>, Extinct as <i>S. pallidus.</i>","<i>pallidus</i>  (Waterhouse, 1848)<i>.</i>","Reviewed by Voss and Angermann (1997), who included <i>pallidus</i>. Husson (1978) placed in <i>Sphiggurus</i> and included <i>melanurus</i> but see Voss and Angermann (1997). Karyotype has 2n=62 and FN=76 (Lima, 1994).","34","34-00118","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0116-0000-0118"
"13400119","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Sphiggurus","","melanurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Archiv. für Naturg.","I","","360","","","Black-tailed Hairy Dwarf Porcupine","Brazil, Rio Negro, Barra.","North of the Amazon in the Amazon Basin of Brazil, the Guianas, Colombia, and probably Venezuela.","","","Considered conspecific with <i>insidiosus</i> by Cabrera (1961) and Husson (1978), but see Voss and Angermann (1997). Considered a distinct species by Emmons and Feer (1997), Handley and Pine (1992), and Voss and Angermann (1997); a position supported by molecular and karyotypic data (Bonvicino et al., 2002<i>a</i>). Karyotype has 2n=72 and FN=76 (Bonvicino et al., 2002<i>a</i>).","34","34-00119","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0116-0000-0119"
"13400120","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Sphiggurus","","mexicanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","214","","","Mexican Hairy Dwarf Porcupine","Mexico, in the mountains.","San Luis Potosi and Yucatan (Mexico) to W Panama, to 3,000 m (Emmons and Feer, 1997).","CITES – Appendix III (Honduras); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>liebmani</i>  (Reinhart, 1844);<i> <b>laenatus</b></i><b> </b>(Thomas, 1903);<i> <b>yucataniae</b></i> (Thomas, 1902)<i>.</i>","Emmons and Feer (1997:222) indicated that the small forms from Chiriquí, Panama had been recognized as a distinct species (<i>laenatus</i>).","34","34-00120","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0116-0000-0120"
"13400121","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Sphiggurus","","mexicanus","mexicanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","214","","","","Mexico, in the mountains.","","","","","34","34-00121","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0116-0000-0120-0121"
"13400122","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Sphiggurus","","mexicanus","laenatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00122","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0116-0000-0120-0122"
"13400123","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Sphiggurus","","mexicanus","yucataniae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00123","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0116-0000-0120-0123"
"13400124","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Sphiggurus","","pruinosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","16","","310","","","Frosted Hairy Dwarf Porcupine","Venezuela, Montañas de la Pedregosa near Mérida, 2500 m.","C and N Colombia and W and N Venezuela.","","","Included in <i>vestitus </i>by Cabrera (1961), Concepcion and Molinari (1991), Woods (1993), and Soriano and Ochoa (1997), but see Voss and da Silva (2001) for a discussion of the morphological distinctiveness of these two taxa. Assigned to <i>vestitus</i> group based on presence of bristle-quills (Voss and da Silva, 2001). Karyotype has 2n=42 and FN=76 (Concepción and Molinari, 1991).","34","34-00124","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0116-0000-0124"
"13400125","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Sphiggurus","","roosmalenorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Voss and da Silva","2001","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3351","","24","","","Roosmalen’s Dwarf Porcupine","Brazil, Amazonas, Novo Jerusalem.","Banks of the middle Rio Maderia between 5 and 9<sup>o</sup> S latitude, Brazil.","","","Assigned to <i>vestitus</i> group based on presence of bristle-quills (Voss and da Silva, 2001).","34","34-00125","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0116-0000-0125"
"13400126","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Sphiggurus","","spinosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1823","","Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","9","","433","","","Paraguaian Hairy Dwarf Porcupine","Paraguay, along the Paraná River.","Paraguay, S and E Brazil, NE Argentina, Uruguay.","CITES – Appendix III (Uruguay); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc)..","<i>affinis</i>  (Brandt, 1835);<i> nigricans</i> (Brandt, 1835);<i> paragayensis</i> (Oken, 1816);<i> roberti</i> (Thomas, 1902);<i> sericeus</i> (Cope, 1889)<i>.</i>","Possibly restricted to the shores of the Paraná River. Formerly included in <i>Coendou</i>; see Husson (1978) and comments under <i>Sphiggurus</i>. Emmons and Feer (1997:221) considered <i>paragayensis</i> to be a separate species (Paraguay Hairy Dwarf Porcupine). Cabrera (1961:602) noted that Oken’s names are not recognized, but if Oken’s name is accepted, the type species for <i>Sphiggurus</i> becomes <i>paragayensis</i> (see Tate, 1935:307). Emmons and Feer (1997) included <i>villosus</i> and suggested that <i>spinosus</i> may intergrade with <i>insidosus</i>.","34","34-00126","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0116-0000-0126"
"13400127","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Sphiggurus","","vestitus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","4","","284","","","Brown Hairy Dwarf Porcupine","Colombia.","Colombia, small area of the E Andean cordillera about 60 km WNW of Bogotá at about 1300 m.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by Voss and da Silva (2001), who included <i>Sphiggurus</i> in <i>Coendou</i>. Includes <i>pruinosus </i>according to Cabrera (1961), Concepción and Molinari (1991), Woods (1993), and Soriano and Ochoa (1997), but see Voss and da Silva (2001) for a discussion of the morphological distinctiveness of these two taxa. Assigned to <i>vestitus</i> group based on presence of bristle-quills (Voss and da Silva, 2001).","34","34-00127","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0116-0000-0127"
"13400128","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Erethizontidae","Erethizontinae","","Sphiggurus","","villosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1823","","Mam. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","9","","434","","","Orange-spined Hairy Dwarf Porcupine","Brazil, mountains near Rio de Janeiro, Corcoracto.","Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul (SE Brazil).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Considered a distinct species by Husson (1978:489). Cabrera (1961:600-601) included this species in <i>insidiosus</i>, whereas Emmons and Feer (1997:221) included this species in <i>spinosus</i>. Formerly included in <i>Coendou</i> (see comments under <i>Sphiggurus</i>). Karyotype has 2n=42 and FN=76 (Bonvicino et al., 2000).","34","34-00128","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0091-0095-0000-0116-0000-0128"
"13400129","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Bennett","1833","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1833","","58","","","","","","","Eriomyidae Burmeister, 1854; Lagostomidae Bonaparte, 1838; Viacacidae Ameghino, 1904; Viscacciidae Roverto, 1914.","Placed in the superfamily Chinchilloidea by Woods (1982) and McKenna and Bell (1997). McKenna and Bell (1997) recognized two subfamilies, Chinchillinae and Lagostominae.","34","34-00129","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129"
"13400130","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Chinchilla","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Bennett","1829","","Gard. Menag. Zool. Soc.","1","","1","","<i>Chinchilla lanigera </i>Bennett, 1829.","","","","","<i>Eriomys</i>  Lichtenstein, 1829.","Osgood (1941) critically reviewed the early descriptions of chinchillas and suggested that Molina’s (1782) <i>Mus laniger</i> was a composite based on no known specimens. Bennett (1829) uses <i>Chinchilla lanigera</i>, derived from Molina’s <i>Mus laniger</i>, without stating that the animal described is the same as that described by Molina (1782). Geographic variation in this taxon is poorly understood making it difficult to determine the number of valid species. Osgood (1943) recognized a single species, Cabrera (1961) and Woods (1993) recognized two species, and Bidlingmaier (1937) recognized three species.","34","34-00130","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0130"
"13400131","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Chinchilla","","chinchilla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1829","","Darst, neu o. wenig. Bekannt. Säugeth.","","","2 unnumbered pages","","","Short-tailed Chinchilla","Peru, vicinity of Lima.","Andes of S Bolivia, S Peru, NW Argentina, and Chile.","CITES – Appendix I (non-domesticated forms only); U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>C. brevicauda boliviana</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>C. brevicauda</i>.","<i>brevicauda</i>  Waterhouse, 1848; <i>major</i> (Trouessart, 1896);<b><i> boliviana</i></b> Brass<i>,</i> 1911;<i> intermedia</i> (Dennler<i>,</i> 1939)<i>.</i>","Recognized as <i>brevicauda</i> by Cabrera (1961) and Woods (1993) but see Osgood (1943) and Anderson (1997). Pine et al. (1979) included <i>brevicaudata</i> in <i>lanigera</i> without comment.","34","34-00131","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0130-0000-0131"
"13400132","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Chinchilla","","chinchilla","chinchilla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1829","","Darst, neu o. wenig. Bekannt. Säugeth.","","","2 unnumbered pages","","","","Peru, vicinity of Lima.","","","","","34","34-00132","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0130-0000-0131-0132"
"13400133","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Chinchilla","","chinchilla","boliviana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brass","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00133","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0130-0000-0131-0133"
"13400134","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Chinchilla","","lanigera","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1829","","Gard. Menag. Zool. Soc.","1","","1","","","Long-tailed Chinchilla","Chile, Coquimbo Prov., Coquimbo.","N Chile, in foothills of the Andes and coastal mountains south to Talca.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>chincilla</i> (Fischer, 1814) [a renaming of <i>Mus laniger</i> Molina, 1782]; <i>velligera</i> Prell, 1934<i>.</i>","See Jimenez (1996) for current status of wild populations. Karyotype has 2n=64 and FN=126 (George and Weir, 1974).","34","34-00134","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0130-0000-0134"
"13400135","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Meyen","1833","","Nouv. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.","16","2","576","","<i>Lagidium peruanum </i>Meyen, 1833.","","","","","<i>Lagotis</i>  Bennett, 1833.","Revised by Osgood (1943). <i>Viscaccia</i> Oken, 1816 has precedence over <i>Lagidium</i>, but <i>Lagidium</i> was adopted in preference to <i>Viscaccia</i> by suspension of the rules (Opinion 110, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1929<i>a</i>). However, names from Oken’s 1816 ""Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte"" are non-Linnaean and not available and neither an opinion nor suspension of the Rules was required for the recognition of <i>Lagidium</i> (Hershkovitz, 1949<i>b</i>).","34","34-00135","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135"
"13400136","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","peruanum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Meyen","1833","","Nouv. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.","16","2","578","","","Northern Mountain Viscacha","Peru Puno Dept., Pisacoma.","C and S Peru, N Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Unknown.","<b><i>arequipe</i> </b> Thomas<i>,</i> 1907;<b><i> inca</i></b> Thomas<i>,</i> 1907; <b><i>pallipes</i></b> Bennett, 1835;<i> <b>punensis</b> </i>Thomas<i>,</i> 1907;<i> <b>saturata</b> </i>Thomas<i>,</i> 1907;<i> <b>subrosea</b> </i>Thomas<i>,</i> 1907.","Karyotype has 2n=64 and FN=126 (George and Weir, 1974).","34","34-00136","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0136"
"13400137","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","peruanum","peruanum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Meyen","1833","","Nouv. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.","16","2","578","","","","Peru Puno Dept., Pisacoma.","","","","","34","34-00137","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0136-0137"
"13400138","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","peruanum","arequipe","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00138","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0136-0138"
"13400139","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","peruanum","inca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00139","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0136-0139"
"13400140","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","peruanum","pallipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00140","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0136-0140"
"13400141","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","peruanum","punensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00141","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0136-0141"
"13400142","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","peruanum","saturata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00142","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0136-0142"
"13400143","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","peruanum","subrosea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00143","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0136-0143"
"13400144","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","viscacia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","307","","","Southern Moutain Viscacha","Chile, Santiago Prov., Cordillera de Santiago.","W Argentina, S and W Bolivia, N Chile, S Peru.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>aureus</i>  (Geoffroy and D’Orbigny, 1830);<i> chilensis</i> (Oken, 1816);<i> crassidens</i> Philippi<i>,</i> 1896; <i>crinigerum</i> Philippi, 1896; <i>viscaccica</i> Brandis, 1786; <b><i>boxi</i></b> Thomas<i>,</i> 1921; <b><i>cuscus</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas<i>,</i> 1907);<i> <b>cuvieri</b></i><b> </b>(Bennett<i>,</i> 1833); <i>lutea</i> (Thomas, 1907);<i> lutescens</i> Philippi<i>,</i> 1896; <b><i>famatinae</i></b> Thomas, 1920; <b><i>lockwoodi</i></b> Thomas<i>,</i> 1919; <b><i>moreni</i></b> Thomas<i>,</i> 1897; <b><i>perlutea</i></b> (Thomas, 1907); <b><i>sarae</i> </b>Thomas and St. Leger, 1926;<i> <b>tontalis</b></i> Thomas<i>,</i> 1921; <b><i>tucumana</i></b> (Thomas<i>,</i> 1907); <b><i>viatorum</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1921; <b><i>vulcani</i></b> Thomas, 1919.","Karyotype of <i>boxi</i> reported to have 2n=64 and FN=126 (George and Weir, 1974).","34","34-00144","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0144"
"13400145","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","viscacia","viscacia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","307","","","","Chile, Santiago Prov., Cordillera de Santiago.","","","","","34","34-00145","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0144-0145"
"13400146","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","viscacia","boxi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","Karyotype of <i>boxi</i> reported to have 2n=64 and FN=126 (George and Weir, 1974).","34","34-00146","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0144-0146"
"13400147","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","viscacia","cuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00147","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0144-0147"
"13400148","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","viscacia","cuvieri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00148","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0144-0148"
"13400149","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","viscacia","famatinae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00149","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0144-0149"
"13400150","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","viscacia","lockwoodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00150","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0144-0150"
"13400151","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","viscacia","moreni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00151","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0144-0151"
"13400152","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","viscacia","perlutea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00152","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0144-0152"
"13400153","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","viscacia","sarae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and St. Leger","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00153","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0144-0153"
"13400154","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","viscacia","tontalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00154","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0144-0154"
"13400155","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","viscacia","tucumana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00155","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0144-0155"
"13400156","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","viscacia","viatorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00156","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0144-0156"
"13400157","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","viscacia","vulcani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00157","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0144-0157"
"13400158","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagidium","","wolffsohni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","440","","","Wolffsohn’s Mountain Viscacha","Argentina, Santa Cruz, Baguales and Vizcachas Mtns (50<sup>o</sup>50’S, 72<sup>o</sup>20’W).","SW Argentina and adjacent Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","","34","34-00158","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0135-0000-0158"
"13400159","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagostomus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brookes","1828","","Trans. Linn. Soc. London","16","","96","","<i>Lagostomus trichodactylus </i>Brookes, 1828 (= <i>Dipus maximus</i> Desmarest, 1817).","","","","","<i>Lagostomopsis</i>  Kraglievich, 1926; <i>Viscaccia</i> Schinz, 1825 [not Oken, 1816].","","34","34-00159","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0159"
"13400160","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagostomus","","crassus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","246","","","Peruvian Plains Viscacha","Peru, Dist. Cuzco, Santa Ana.","Know only from the type locality.","Extinct<i>.</i>","","Known only by single skull from S Peru, presumably of an animal that lived in recent times (Nowak, 1999).","34","34-00160","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0159-0000-0160"
"13400161","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagostomus","","maximus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. Ed.","13","","117","","","Argentine Plains Viscacha","Unknown; possibly from pampas of Buenos Aires, Argentina; see Cabrera (1961).","N, C, and E Argentina, S and W Paraguay, SE Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>americana</i>  Schinz, 1825; <i>criniger</i> Lesson, 1842;<i> diana</i> Griffith, 1827; <i>pamparum</i> Schinz, 1825; <i>trichodactylus</i> Brooks, 1828; <i>viscaccia</i> Geoffroy and D’Orbigny, 1830;<i> <b>inmollis</b></i><b> </b>Thomas, 1910;<i> <b>petilidens</b></i> Hollister, 1914<i>.</i>","Reviewed by Jackson et al. (1996). Karyptype has 2n=56 and FN=110 (George and Weir, 1974).","34","34-00161","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0159-0000-0161"
"13400162","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagostomus","","maximus","maximus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. Ed.","13","","117","","","","Unknown; possibly from pampas of Buenos Aires, Argentina; see Cabrera (1961).","","","","","34","34-00162","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0159-0000-0161-0162"
"13400163","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagostomus","","maximus","inmollis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00163","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0159-0000-0161-0163"
"13400164","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Chinchillidae","","","Lagostomus","","maximus","petilidens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00164","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0129-0000-0000-0159-0000-0161-0164"
"13400165","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dinomyidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Peters","1873","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","","","552","","","","","","","","Includes a diversity of very large extinct species. Included in the superfamily Cavioidea by Woods (1982) and McKenna and Bell (1997).","34","34-00165","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0165"
"13400166","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dinomyidae","","","Dinomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1873","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","","","551","","<i>Dinomys branickii </i>Peters, 1873.","","","","","","","34","34-00166","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0165-0000-0000-0166"
"13400167","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dinomyidae","","","Dinomys","","branickii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1873","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","","","551","","","Pacarana","Peru, Junin Dept., Montana de Vitoc, Amable Maria.","Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia.","IUCN – Endangered; rare.","<i>gigas</i>  Anthony, 1921;<i> occidentalis</i> Lönnberg, 1921;<i> pacarana</i> de Miranda-Ribeiro, 1919<i>.</i>","Reviewed by White and Alberico (1992). The placement within the Chinchilloidea by Mones (1981) and Reig (1986) is supported in the molecular analysis of Huchon and Douzery (2001).","34","34-00167","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0165-0000-0000-0166-0000-0167"
"13400168","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer de Waldheim","1817","","Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat., Moscow","5","","372","","","","","","","","Name often accredited to Gray, 1821. The Hydrochoerids were included as a subfamily by Tate (1935) and Ellerman (1940) but others (McKenna and Bell, 1997; Miller and Gidley, 1918; Pocock, 1922<i>a</i>; Woods, 1993) have recognized them as a distinct family. Molecular data (Rowe and Honeycutt, 2002) clearly support the inclusion of <i>Hydrochoeris</i> within the Caviidae. Placed in the superfamily Cavioidea by Woods (1982) and McKenna and Bell (1997).","34","34-00168","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168"
"13400169","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer de Waldheim","1817","","Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat., Moscow","5","","372","","","","","","","","Numerous extinct genera are present in the fossil record.","34","34-00169","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169"
"13400170","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","30","","<i>Cavia cobaya</i> Pallas, 1766 (= <i>Mus porcellus</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Anoema</i>  F. Cuvier, 1809;<i> Cauia</i> Storr, 1780;<i> Cobaia</i> Aymard, 1854;<i> Cobaya</i> G. Cuvier, 1817; <i>Coiza</i> Billberg, 1828; <i>Mamcaviaus</i> Herrera, 1899<i>.</i>","Reviewed by Hückinghaus (1961) and Cabrera (1961). See Tate (1935:343) for the reason <i>porcellus</i> is ""excluded from consideration"" as the type because the name was not included under the generic name at the time of its original publication. This genus is in need of revision as the origin of the domesticated form and the number of species that occur in the wild remains unclear.","34","34-00170","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170"
"13400171","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","aperea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","348","","","Brazilian Guinea Pig","Brazil, Pernambuco.","Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, N Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>azarae</i>  Lichtenstein, 1823;<i> leucopyga </i>Brandt, 1815; <b><i>guianae</i></b> (Thomas, 1901); <i>caripensis</i> Ojasti, 1964; <i>venezuelae</i> (J. A. Allen, 1911);<i> <b>hypoleuca</b></i> Cabrera, 1953;<i> <b>pamparum</b></i><b> (</b>Thomas, 1901); <b><i>patzelti</i></b> Schliemann, 1982;<b><i> rosida</i> </b>(Thomas, 1917)<i>.</i>","Includes <i>guianae</i>; see Hückinghaus (1961:58) and Husson (1978:449); but also see Cabrera (1961:578) who placed <i>guianae</i> in <i>porcellus</i>. Includes <i>pamparum</i> according to Massoia and Fornes (1967) and Hückinghaus (1961:57), but Cabrera (1961:577) listed <i>pamparum</i> as a distinct species. Geographic variation in fundamental number has been reported; the karyotype of <i>C</i>. <i>a</i>. <i>aperea</i> has 2n=64 and FN=116 or 128 (George et al., 1972; Maia, 1984) and <i>C. a. pamparum</i> has 2n=64 and FN=128 (Gava et al., 1998).","34","34-00171","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0171"
"13400172","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","aperea","aperea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","348","","","","Brazil, Pernambuco.","","","","","34","34-00172","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0171-0172"
"13400173","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","aperea","guianae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00173","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0171-0173"
"13400174","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","aperea","hypoleuca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00174","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0171-0174"
"13400175","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","aperea","pamparum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00175","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0171-0175"
"13400176","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","aperea","patzelti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schliemann","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00176","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0171-0176"
"13400177","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","aperea","rosida","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00177","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0171-0177"
"13400178","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","fulgida","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagler","1831","","Isis.","24","","512","","","Shiny Guinea Pig","""Amazonia""; probably an error (Cabrera, 1961:577).","E Brazil, between Minas Gerais and Santa Catarina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nigricans</i>  Wagner, 1844;<i> rufescens</i> Lund, 1841<i>.</i>","Karyotype has 2n=64 and FN=128 (Gava et al., 1998).","34","34-00178","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0178"
"13400179","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","intermedia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cherem, Olimpio, and Ximenez","1999","","Biotemas","12","1","100","","","Moleques do Sul Guinea Pig","Brazil, Santa Catarina, Moleques do Sul Archipelago (27<sup>o</sup>51’S, 48<sup>o</sup>26’W).","Known only from the type locality in S Brazil.","","","Karyotype has 2n=62 and FN=112 (Gava et al., 1998).","34","34-00179","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0179"
"13400180","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","magna","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ximinez","1980","","Rev. Nordest. Biol.","3 (especial)","","148","","","Greater Guinea Pig","""en las orillas del arroyo Imbé, municipio de Tramandaí, estado de Rio Grande del Sur, Brasil"".","Dept. of Rocha, Uruguay, to Estados Rio Grande del Sur and Santa Catarina, N Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Karyotype has 2n=64 and FN=128 (Gava et al., 1998).","34","34-00180","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0180"
"13400181","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","porcellus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","59","","","Domesticated Guinea Pig","Brazil, Pernambuco (questionable).","Domesticated worldwide; possibly feral in N South America.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anolaimae</i>  J.A. Allen, 1916;<i> cobaya</i> Pallas, 1766;<i> cutleri</i> Bennett, 1836; <i>leucopyga </i>Cabanis, 1848; <i>longipilis</i> Fitzinger, 1879<i>.</i>","Husson (1978:451) reserved the use of <i>porcellus</i> to denote domesticated guinea pigs, which are probably derived from <i>tschudii</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1991:201), but also see Hückinghaus (1961:96), who regarded <i>porcellus</i> as a synonym of <i>aperea</i>. This species may be a domesticated animal with no established wild populations, K. F. Koopman (pers. comm.) believed that N South American populations may be feral domesticated guinea pigs; but see comments under <i>aperea</i>. <i>Cavia aperea</i> can be differentiated from <i>porcellus</i> by the presence of the processus cupularis (da Silva Neto, 2000). Karyotype has 2n=64 and FN=128 (George and Weir, 1974).","34","34-00181","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0181"
"13400182","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","tschudii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1857","","Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien","","","154","","","Montane Guinea Pig","Peru, Ica Dept., Ica.","Peru, S Bolivia, NW Argentina, N Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>atahualpae</i>  Osgood, 1913;<b><i> </i></b><i>cutleri </i>Tschudi, 1844; <i>umbrata</i> Thomas, 1917; <b><i>arequipae</i></b> Osgood, 1919; <i>pallidior</i> Thomas, 1917; <b><i>festina</i></b> Thomas, 1927;<i> <b>osgoodi</b></i> Sandborn, 1949;<i> <b>sodalis</b></i> Thomas, 1926;<i> nana</i> Thomas, 1917;<i> <b>stolida</b></i> Thomas, 1926<i>.</i>","Formerly included in <i>aperea</i> by Hückinghaus (1961:57); but see Cabrera (1961:579) and Pine et al. (1979:361), who considered <i>tschudii</i> a distinct species. Anderson (1997) recognized <i>nana</i> as a subspecies but Hückinghaus placed in synonymy with <i>sodalis</i>. Includes <i>stolida</i> (Cabrera, 1961:579), but also see Hückinghaus (1961:58), who considered <i>stolida</i> a distinct species.","34","34-00182","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0182"
"13400183","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","tschudii","tschudii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1857","","Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien","","","154","","","","Peru, Ica Dept., Ica.","","","","","34","34-00183","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0182-0183"
"13400184","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","tschudii","arequipae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00184","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0182-0184"
"13400185","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","tschudii","festina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00185","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0182-0185"
"13400186","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","tschudii","osgoodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sandborn","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00186","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0182-0186"
"13400187","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","tschudii","sodalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00187","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0182-0187"
"13400188","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Cavia","","tschudii","stolida","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00188","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0170-0000-0182-0188"
"13400189","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Galea","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Meyen","1832","","Nouv. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.","16","","597","","<i>Galea musteloides</i> Meyen, 1832.","","","","","","Reviewed by Hückinghaus (1961) and Cabrera (1961).","34","34-00189","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0189"
"13400190","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Galea","","flavidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brandt","1835","","Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, ser. 6","3","","439","","","Brazilian Yellow-toothed Cavy","Unknown; possibly Minas Gerais, Brazil.","Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bilobidens</i>  (Lund, 1841)<i>.</i>","Paula Couto (1950:232) considered <i>flavidens</i> synonymous with <i>spixii</i>, but see Cabrera (1961:573) who believed both to be distinct species and discussed the type locality.","34","34-00190","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0189-0000-0190"
"13400191","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Galea","","musteloides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Meyen","1832","","Nouv. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.","16","","597","","","Common Yellow-toothed Cavy","Peru, Paso de Tacna, on road to Lake Titicaca.","S Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, N Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>boliviensis</i>  (Waterhoues, 1848);<i> comes</i> Thomas, 1919;<i> <b>auceps</b></i> (Thomas, 1911);<i> <b>demissa</b></i> (Thomas 1921);<i> <b>leucoblephara</b></i> (Burmeister, 1861);<i> <b>littoralis</b></i> (Thomas, 1901);<i> negrensis</i> Thomas, 1919<i>.</i>","Reviewed by Mann (1950). Karyotype has 2n=68 and FN=136 (George et al., 1972).","34","34-00191","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0189-0000-0191"
"13400192","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Galea","","musteloides","musteloides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Meyen","1832","","Nouv. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.","16","","597","","","","Peru, Paso de Tacna, on road to Lake Titicaca.","","","","","34","34-00192","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0189-0000-0191-0192"
"13400193","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Galea","","musteloides","auceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00193","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0189-0000-0191-0193"
"13400194","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Galea","","musteloides","demissa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00194","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0189-0000-0191-0194"
"13400195","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Galea","","musteloides","leucoblephara","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burmeister","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00195","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0189-0000-0191-0195"
"13400196","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Galea","","musteloides","littoralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00196","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0189-0000-0191-0196"
"13400197","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Galea","","spixii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagler","1831","","Isis","24","","512","","","Spix’s Yellow-toothed Cavy","Brazil, restricted to Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa by Cabrera (1961:575).","Brazil, Bolivia, east of the Andes.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>campicola</i>  Doutt, 1938;<i> saxatilis</i> (Lund, 1841); <b><i>palustris</i></b> (Thomas, 1911);<i> <b>wellsi</b></i><b> </b>(Osgood, 1915)<i>.</i>","Includes <i>wellsi</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1991:201); also see Cabrera (1961:575). Huckinghaus (1961:71) considered <i>wellsi</i> a distinct species. Karyotype has 2n=64 and FN=118 (Maia, 1984).","34","34-00197","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0189-0000-0197"
"13400198","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Galea","","spixii","spixii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagler","1831","","Isis","24","","512","","","","Brazil, restricted to Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa by Cabrera (1961:575).","","","","","34","34-00198","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0189-0000-0197-0198"
"13400199","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Galea","","spixii","palustris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00199","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0189-0000-0197-0199"
"13400200","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Galea","","spixii","wellsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00200","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0189-0000-0197-0200"
"13400201","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Microcavia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","H. Gervais and Ameghino","1880","","Mamm. Fos. Am. Sud.","","","50","","<i>Microcavia typus</i> H. Gervais and Ameghino, 1880 (fossil).","","","","","<i>Caviella</i>  Osgood, 1915;<i> Monticavia</i> Thomas, 1916;<i> Nanocavia</i> Thomas, 1925<i>.</i>","Includes <i>Monticavia</i>. Reviewed by Hückinghaus (1961), Cabrera (1961), and Quintana (1996). Three extinct species recognized by Quintana (1996).","34","34-00201","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0201"
"13400202","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Microcavia","","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy and d’Orbigny","1833","","Mag. Zool. Paris","3","","3","","","Southern Mountain Cavy","Argentina, Pategonia, vicinity of the lower part of the Rio Negro.","Argentina between Jujuy and Santa Cruz Provs.; Aisen Prov. (Chile); possibly extreme S Bolivia but Anderson (1997) reported no known specimens.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>joannia</i>  (Thomas, 1921);<i> kingii</i> (Bennett, 1836); <i>nigricana</i> (Thomas, 1921); <b><i>maenas</i></b> (Thomas, 1898);<i> <b>salinia</b></i> (Thomas, 1921); see Cabrera (1954)<i>.</i>","Reviewed by Thomas (1921<i>b</i>:445) and Tognelli et al. (2001). For synonyms see Cabrera (1954).","34","34-00202","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0201-0000-0202"
"13400203","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Microcavia","","australis","australis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy and d’Orbigny","1833","","Mag. Zool. Paris","3","","3","","","","Argentina, Pategonia, vicinity of the lower part of the Rio Negro.","","","","","34","34-00203","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0201-0000-0202-0203"
"13400204","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Microcavia","","australis","maenas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00204","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0201-0000-0202-0204"
"13400205","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Microcavia","","australis","salinia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00205","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0201-0000-0202-0205"
"13400206","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Microcavia","","niata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","282","","","Andean Mountain Cavy","Bolivia, La Paz Dept., Esperanza, Monte Sajama, 4,000 m.","Altiplano of SW Bolivia and N Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>pallidior</i> </b> (Thomas, 1902).","","34","34-00206","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0201-0000-0206"
"13400207","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Microcavia","","niata","niata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","282","","","","Bolivia, La Paz Dept., Esperanza, Monte Sajama, 4,000 m.","","","","","34","34-00207","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0201-0000-0206-0207"
"13400208","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Microcavia","","niata","pallidior","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00208","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0201-0000-0206-0208"
"13400209","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Caviinae","","Microcavia","","shiptoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","15","","419","","","Shipton’s Mountain Cavy","Argentina, Catamarca Prov., Laguna Blanca, 3,400 m.","NW Argentina in the mountains of Tucuman, Catamarca, and Salta Provinces between 3,000 to 4,000 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","34","34-00209","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0169-0000-0201-0000-0209"
"13400210","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Dolichotinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Pocock","1922","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1922","","426","","","","","","","","","34","34-00210","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0210"
"13400211","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Dolichotinae","","Dolichotis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Desmarest","1820","","Jour. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts Paris","88","","205","","<i>Cavia patachonica</i> Shaw, 1801 (= <i>Cavia patagonum</i> Zimmerman, 1780).","","","","","<i>Chloromys</i>  Desmoulins, 1823;<i> Lagospedius</i> Marelli, 1928;<i> Mara</i> d’Orbigny, 1829;<i> Pediolagus</i> Marelli, 1927<i>.</i>","Includes <i>Pediolagus</i> (Starrett, 1967:263); but see Cabrera (1961:580) who considered it distinct.","34","34-00211","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0210-0000-0211"
"13400212","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Dolichotinae","","Dolichotis","","patagonum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","328","","","Patagonian Mara","Argentina, Santa Cruz Prov., Puerto Deseado.","Argentina, approx 28<sup>o</sup>S (Bolson de Pipanco, Catamarca Prov.) to 50<sup>o</sup>S.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>australis</i>  Yepes, in Cabrera and Yepes, 1940;<i> magellanica</i> (Kerr, 1792);<i> patachonicha</i> (Shaw 1801); <b><i>centricola</i> </b>(Thomas, 1902).","Reviewed by Campos et al. (2001). Two subspecies (<i>centricola</i>, <i>patagonum</i>) recognized by Cabrera (1954). Karyotype has 2n=64 and FN=126 (Wurster et al., 1971).","34","34-00212","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0210-0000-0211-0000-0212"
"13400213","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Dolichotinae","","Dolichotis","","patagonum","patagonum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","328","","","","Argentina, Santa Cruz Prov., Puerto Deseado.","","","","","34","34-00213","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0210-0000-0211-0000-0212-0213"
"13400214","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Dolichotinae","","Dolichotis","","patagonum","centricola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00214","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0210-0000-0211-0000-0212-0214"
"13400215","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Dolichotinae","","Dolichotis","","salinicola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burmeister","1875","1876","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","634","","","Chacoan Mara","Argentina, SW Catamarca Prov., between Totoralejos and Recreo.","Chaco of Paraguay; NW Argentina as far south as Cordoba Prov.; extreme S Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>ballivianensis</i>  Krumbiegel, 1941;<i> centralis</i> Weyenbergh, 1877;<i> cyniclus</i> (Cabrera, 1953)<i>.</i>","Formerly included in <i>Pediolagus</i> (Starrett, 1967:263); also see comments under <i>Dolichotis</i>.","34","34-00215","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0210-0000-0211-0000-0215"
"13400216","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Hydrochoerinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","341","","","","","","","","Molecular data (Rowe and Honeycutt, 2002) clearly support the inclusion of <i>Hydrochoeris</i> within the Caviidae. <i>Kerodon</i> is included due to the consistently observed sister taxon relationship between <i>Hydrochoeris</i> and <i>Kerodon</i> (dos Reis, 1994; Rowe and Honeycutt, 2002; Woods, 1984). Several distinct linages of the Hydrochoerinae are known in the fossil record and some fossil forms extend into North America during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene Mones (1984).","34","34-00216","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0216"
"13400217","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Hydrochoerinae","","Hydrochoeris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brisson","1762","","Regn. Anim. 2nd ed.","","","12","","<i>Sus hydrochaeris </i>Linnaeus, 1766.","","","","","<i>Capibara</i>  Moussy, 1860;<i> Capiguara</i> Liais, 1872;<i> Hydrochaeris </i>Brunnich, 1772; <i>Hydrochaerus</i> Erxleben, 1777; <i>Hydrocheirus</i> Hollande and Batisse, 1959;<i> Hydrocherus</i> F. Cuvier, 1829; <i>Hydrochoerus</i> Wagler, 1830; <i>Xenohydrochoerus</i> Rusconi, 1934<i>.</i>","Husson (1978:456-457) discussed the spelling of the generic name and concluded that <i>Hydrochoerus</i> Brisson, 1762 is not valid because Brisson’s (1762) work was not consistently binominal. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1998) ruled that <i>Hydrochoerus</i> Brisson, 1762 is valid. Reviewed by Mones (1991).","34","34-00217","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0216-0000-0217"
"13400218","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Hydrochoerinae","","Hydrochoeris","","hydrochaeris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","103","","","Capybara","""Habitat in Surinamo"". Cabrera (1961:583) gave Perambuco, Brazil, but see Husson (1978:451) for restriction to Suriname.","E Colombia, E Venezuela, the Guyanas and Peru, south through Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina, and Uruguay.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Locally common and farmed for meat in some areas.","<i>capybara</i>  (Pallas, 1766);<i> cobaya</i> (Buffon, 1802);<i> dabbeni</i> Rovereto, 1914; <i>irroratus</i> F. Ameghino, 1889;<i> notalis</i> Hollister, 1914;<i> uruguayensis</i> C. Ameghino and Roverto, 1914<i>.</i>","Reviewed by Mones and Ojasti (1986). Karyotype has 2n=66 and FN=102 (Wurster et al., 1971).","34","34-00218","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0216-0000-0217-0000-0218"
"13400219","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Hydrochoerinae","","Hydrochoeris","","isthmius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1912","","Smithsonian Misc.Coll.","60","2","11","","","Lesser Capybara","Panama, Darién, Río Tuyra, Marragantí.","Panama, W Colombia and W Venezuela.","Uncommon in Panama.","","Included in <i>hydrocharis</i> by Handley (1966<i>a</i>:785) but Mones (1991) recognized as a distinct species. Karyotype has 2n=64 and FN=104.","34","34-00219","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0216-0000-0217-0000-0219"
"13400220","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Hydrochoerinae","","Kerodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1825","","Dentes des Mammiferes","","","151","","<i>Kerodon moco</i> Lesson, 1827 (= <i>Cavia rupestris</i> Wied, 1820).","","","","","<i>Cerodon</i>  Waterhouse, 1848; <i>Kerodons</i> F. Cuvier, 1829<i>.</i>","Reviewed by Hückinghaus (1961). Placed in the Caviinae by most workers but a sister taxa relationship between <i>Kerodon</i> and <i>Hydrochoeris</i> has been consistently observed (dos Reis, 1994; Rowe and Honeycutt, 2002; Woods, 1984).","34","34-00220","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0216-0000-0220"
"13400221","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Hydrochoerinae","","Kerodon","","acrobata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Moojen, Locks, and Langguth","1997","","Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio Janeiro Zool.","377","","1","","","Climbing Cavy","Brazil, Goiás, Fazenda Santa Helena, at Rio São Mateus about 72 km from São Domingos (13<sup>o</sup>50’W, 46<sup>o</sup>50’W).","C Brazil in NE Goiás and probably Tocantins, west of the Espigão Mestre, Serra Geral de Goiás.","","","","34","34-00221","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0216-0000-0220-0000-0221"
"13400222","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Caviidae","Hydrochoerinae","","Kerodon","","rupestris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wied","1820","","Isis","6","","43","","","Rock Cavy","Brazil, Bahia, Rio Belmonte. Designated by Moojen (1952) as Rio Grande de Belmonte, Rio Pardo, Rio San Francisco; but see Cabrera (1961:580).","E Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>moco</i>  Lesson, 1827;<i> sciurens</i> Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1826<i>.</i>","Karyotype has 2n=52 and FN=92 (Maia, 1984).","34","34-00222","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0168-0216-0000-0220-0000-0222"
"13400223","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1838","","Syn. Vert. Syst., <i>in</i> Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna","2","","112","","","","","","","","The Cuniculidae (Agoutidae) has been included in Dasyproctidae by several authors, but see comments under Cuniculidae. McKenna and Bell (1997) included the dasyproctids as a subfamily (Dasyproctinae) within the Agoutidae. Molecular data (Rowe and Honeycutt, 2002) strongly support designation of two separate families: the Dasyproctidae and the Cunniculidae (Agoutidae). Placed in the superfamily Cavioidea by Woods (1982) and McKenna and Bell (1997).","34","34-00223","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223"
"13400224","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium.","","","93","","<i>Mus aguti </i>Linnaeus, 1766 (= <i>Mus leporinus</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Chloromys</i>  Lesson, 1927; <i>Cloromis</i> Cuvier, 1812; <i>Mamdasyproctaus</i> Herrera, 1899<i>.</i>","This group is in need of revision, and many of the species are questionable and based on geographic distribution at this time.","34","34-00224","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224"
"13400225","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","azarae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1823","","Verz. Doublet. Zool. Mus. Berlin","","","3","","","Azara’s Agouti","Brazil, São Paulo.","EC and S Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>acuti</i>  (Cuvier, 1812);<i> aurea</i> Cope, 1889;<i> catrinae</i> Thomas, 1917;<i> caudata</i> Lund, 1841;<i> felicia</i> Thomas, 1917;<i> paraguayensis</i> Liais, 1872<i>.</i>","","34","34-00225","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0225"
"13400226","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","coibae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Novit. Zool.","9","","136","","","Coiban Agouti","Panama, Coiba Isl.","Endemic to Coiba Isl.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Reviewed by Hall (1981:862).","34","34-00226","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0226"
"13400227","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","cristata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. d’Hist. Natur.","","","165","","","Crested Agouti","Suriname.","Guianas.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","May be synonymous with <i>leporina</i>; see Husson (1978:464-466) and Hershkovitz (1972b:311-341). Not recognized by Emmons and Feer (1997) or Eisenberg (1989).","34","34-00227","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0227"
"13400228","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","fuliginosa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagler","1832","","Isis","25","","1221","","","Black Agouti","Brazil, Amazonas, Borba, on lower Rio Madeira (=""Amazon River"").","Colombia, S Venezuela, Surinam, N Brazil, Peru.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common in many areas.","<b><i>candelensis</i> </b><i> </i>J. A. Allen, 1915.","Reviewed by J. A. Allen (1915<i>a</i>:625).","34","34-00228","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0228"
"13400229","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","fuliginosa","fuliginosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagler","1832","","Isis","25","","1221","","","","Brazil, Amazonas, Borba, on lower Rio Madeira (=""Amazon River"").","","","","","34","34-00229","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0228-0229"
"13400230","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","fuliginosa","candelensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00230","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0228-0230"
"13400231","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","guamara","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ojasti","1972","","Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle","32","","176","","","Orinoco Agouti","Venezuela, Delta Amacuro, Araguabisi, 9<sup>o</sup>13’27""N, 61<sup>o</sup>0’16""W.","Orinoco Delta (Venezuela).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","34","34-00231","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0231"
"13400232","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","kalinowskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","20","","219","","","Kalinowski’s Agouti","Peru, Cuzco Dept., Santa Ana Valley, Idma.","SE Peru.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","","34","34-00232","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0232"
"13400233","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","leporina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","59","","","Red-rumped Agouti","Suriname, Peninka, Peninka Creek and Cennewijne River.","Lesser Antilles, Venezuela, Guianas, Amazonian and E Brazil, introduced into the Virgin Isls.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>aguti</i>  (Linnaeus, 1766);<i> <b>albida</b></i> Gray, 1842;<i> <b>cayana</b></i> Lacépède, 1802; <i>cayennae</i> Thomas, 1903;<i> flavescens</i> Thomas, 1898; <i>lucifer</i> Thomas, 1903;<i> rubrata</i> Thomas, 1898;<i> <b>croconota</b></i> Wagler, 1831;<i> <b>fulvus</b></i>(Kerr, 1792);<i> antillensis</i> Sclater, 1874;<i> <b>lunaris</b></i><b> </b>Thomas, 1917;<i> <b>maraxica</b></i> Thomas, 1923;<b><i> noblei</i> </b>Allen, 1914<i>.</i>","Although the name <i>aguti</i> has been traditionally used, Husson (1978:462-463) explained why <i>Mus leporinus</i> has priority and Husson (1978) and Voss et al. (2001) explained why <i>aguti</i> should by synonymized. Recognized as <i>D. aguti cayana</i> by Cabrera (1961:585-586); may also include <i>cristata</i>. Includes <i>albida</i>, <i>antillensis</i>, and <i>noblei</i>; see Varona (1974:75), who included these forms in <i>aguti</i>. Several subspecies have been recognized by Cabrera (1961) and Ojasti (1972), but a comprehensive review of geographic variation is needed. The West Indian agoutis are descendents of forms introduced to the islands. The pattern appears to be <i>D. leporina</i> (from Brazil) to the Virgin Islands; <i>D. l. albida</i> on St. Vincent and Granada; <i>D. l.</i> <i>fulvus</i> on Martinique and St. Lucia; and <i>D. l. noblei</i> on Guadeloupe, St. Kitts, Dominica, and Montserrat. Karyotype has 2n=64 and FN=124 (Fredga, 1966).","34","34-00233","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0233"
"13400234","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","leporina","leporina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","59","","","","Suriname, Peninka, Peninka Creek and Cennewijne River.","","","","","34","34-00234","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0233-0234"
"13400235","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","leporina","albida","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00235","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0233-0235"
"13400236","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","leporina","cayana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lacépède","1802","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00236","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0233-0236"
"13400237","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","leporina","croconota","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagler","1831","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00237","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0233-0237"
"13400238","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","leporina","fulvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00238","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0233-0238"
"13400239","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","leporina","lunaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00239","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0233-0239"
"13400240","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","leporina","maraxica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00240","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0233-0240"
"13400241","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","leporina","noblei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00241","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0233-0241"
"13400242","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","mexicana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","12","","53","","","Mexican Agouti","Mexico, probably Veracruz (=""hot zone of Mexico""); see Hall (1981:859).","C Veracruz and E Oaxaca (Mexico); introduced into W and E Cuba.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","","34","34-00242","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0242"
"13400243","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","prymnolopha","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagler","1831","","Isis","24","","619","","","Black-rumped Agouti","Brazil, Pará. Original designation of Guyana was probably an error (Cabrera, 1961:588).","NE Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nigriclunis</i>  Osgood, 1915<i>.</i>","Ojasti (1972:164) considered the status of this form uncertain.","34","34-00243","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0243"
"13400244","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","264","","","Central American Agouti","Nicaragua, Chinadega, El Realejo.","Chiapas and Yucatan Peninsula (S Mexico) to S Bolivia, N Argentina, and SE Brazil. Introduced into W and E Cuba and the Cayman Isls.","CITES – Appendix III (Honduras); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>bellula</i> </b> Kellogg, 1946;<i> <b>boliviae</b></i> Thomas, 1917;<i> <b>callida</b></i> Bang, 1901;<i> <b>chiapensis</b></i> Goldman, 1913;<i> <b>chocoensis</b></i> Allen1915;<i> <b>columbiana</b></i> Bangs, 1898;<i> <b>dariensis</b></i><b> </b>Goldman, 1913;<i> <b>isthmica</b></i> Alston, 1876;<i> <b>nuchalis</b></i> Goldman, 1917;<i> <b>pallidiventris</b></i>Bole, 1937;<i> <b>pandora</b></i> Thomas, 1917;<i> <b>richmondi</b></i> Goldman, 1917;<i> <b>underwoodi</b></i><b> </b>Goldman, 1931;<i> <b>urucuma</b></i> Allen, 1915;<i> <b>variegata</b></i> Tschudi, 1845;<i> <b>yucatanica</b> </i>Goldman, 1913; <b><i>yungarum</i></b> Thomas, 1910;<i> <b>zamorae</b></i> Allen, 1915<i>.</i>","Includes <i>variegata</i> (Goldman, 1913:11); but also see Handley (1976:56) and Emmons and Feer (1997:227) who listed <i>variegata</i> as a distinct species. Hall (1981) recognized 11 subspecies in Central America and Cabrera (1961) recognaized 8 subspecies in South America, however, a comprehensive evaluation of geographic variation is needed. Karyotype of <i>variegata</i> reported as 2n=64 and FN=124 (George and Weir, 1974).","34","34-00244","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244"
"13400245","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","punctata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","264","","","","Nicaragua, Chinadega, El Realejo.","","","","","34","34-00245","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0245"
"13400246","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","bellula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kellogg","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00246","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0246"
"13400247","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","boliviae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00247","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0247"
"13400248","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","callida","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bang","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00248","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0248"
"13400249","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","chiapensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00249","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0249"
"13400250","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","chocoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00250","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0250"
"13400251","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","columbiana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00251","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0251"
"13400252","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","dariensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00252","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0252"
"13400253","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","isthmica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Alston","1876","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00253","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0253"
"13400254","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","nuchalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00254","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0254"
"13400255","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","pallidiventris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bole","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00255","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0255"
"13400256","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","pandora","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00256","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0256"
"13400257","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","richmondi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00257","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0257"
"13400258","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","underwoodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00258","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0258"
"13400259","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","urucuma","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00259","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0259"
"13400260","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","variegata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00260","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0260"
"13400261","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","yucatanica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00261","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0261"
"13400262","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","yungarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00262","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0262"
"13400263","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","punctata","zamorae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00263","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0244-0263"
"13400264","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Dasyprocta","","ruatanica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","272","","","Roatán Island Agouti","Honduras, Roatán Isl.","Endemic to Roatán Isl.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Similar to <i>D. punctata</i> but much smaller.","34","34-00264","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0224-0000-0264"
"13400265","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Myoprocta","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser 7","12","","464","","<i>Cavia acouchy </i>Erxleben, 1777.","","","","","","Voss et al. (2001) contributed substantially to the nomenclatural stability of this genus (see comments under <i>M. acouchy</i>) but additional revision, especially for the green acouchi is needed. Although two species have long been recognized, the green and the red acouchies, the nomenclature for these two forms is confusing (see Voss et al., 2001). Emmons and Feer (1997:230) suggested that hybridization may have occurred in Colombia in the headwaters of the Río Uaupés and the hybrid forms has been given the name <i>M</i>. <i>milleri</i>. Voss et al. (2001) suggested that these two forms are allopatrically distributed.","34","34-00265","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0265"
"13400266","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Myoprocta","","acouchy","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regn. Anim.","1","","354","","","Red Acouchi","French Guiana, Cayenne.","Guyana, Surinam. French Guiana, and Brazil north of the Amazon and east of the Rio Branco.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M. acouchy</i>, Data Deficient as <i>exilis</i>.","<i>acuschy</i>  (Linnaeus, 1788);<i> demararae</i> Tate, 1939;<i> exilis </i>(Wagler, 1831); <i>leptura</i> (Wagner, 1844).","The name<i> acouchy</i> has been applied to the red acouchi by Thomas (1926<i>d</i>:639), Cabrera (1961:591) and Emmons and Feer (1997:230-231) and to the green acouchi by Tate (1939), Husson (1978) and Woods (1993). Voss et al. (2001) pointed out that the disagreement among these authors is whether geography or color should be given greater importance in applying the name <i>acouchy</i>. Voss et al. (2001) favored geography and selected a neotype of <i>Cavia acouchy</i> Erxleben (1777) that stabilizes the nomenclature. Includes <i>exilis</i> (Voss et al., 2001:151), which has been applied to the red acouchi by Husson (1978:468-472) and Tate (1939:151-229) but Allen (1916) considered <i>exilis</i> a green acouchi (see Voss et al., 2001). Karyotype has 2n=62 and FN=120 (Fredga, 1966).","34","34-00266","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0265-0000-0266"
"13400267","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Dasyproctidae","","","Myoprocta","","pratti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser 8","12","","110","","","Green Acouchi","Peru, Rio Marañon, Pongo de Rentema.","S Venezuela (headwaters of the Orinoco), E Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru, W Brazil.","Unknown.","<i>archidonae</i>  Lönnberg, 1925;<i> caymanum</i> Thomas, 1926;<i> limanus</i> Thomas, 1920;<i> milleri</i> Allen, 1913;<i> parva</i> Lönnberg, 1921;<i> puralis</i> Thomas, 1926<i>.</i>","Voss et al. (2001) concluded the green acouchies exhibit substantial geographic variation and may represent a complex of closely related species. We have followed Voss et al. (2001) in provisionally recognizing the green acouchies as <i>M. pratti</i> pending further revision.","34","34-00267","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0223-0000-0000-0265-0000-0267"
"13400268","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Cuniculidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Miller and Gidley","1918","","J. Wash. Acad. Sci.","8","13","446","","","","","","","Agoutidae Gray, 1821; Coelogenyidae Gervais, 1849.","The familial and subfamilial status of this taxon has been debated; Husson (1978:472), Cabrera (1961:593) and McKenna and Bell, 1997:197) placed in Agoutidae; Hall (1981:858) placed in Agoutinae of the Dasyproctidae: Starrett (1967:269) placed in Cuniculinae of the Dasyproctidae; and Ellerman (1940:221) in the Cuniculidae. With the ruling by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1998) that <i>Cuniculus</i> is to be conserved, Cuniculidae is the proper familial name. Chromosomal (George and Weir, 1974), allozyme (Woods, 1982) and sequence data (Rowe and Honeycutt, 2002) support recognition as a distinct family. Placed in the superfamily Cavioidea by Woods (1982) and McKenna and Bell (1997).","34","34-00268","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0268"
"13400269","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Cuniculidae","","","Cuniculus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brisson","1762","","Regn. Anim. 2nd ed.","","","13, 98","","<i>Mus paca </i>Linnaeus, 1766.","","","","","<i>Agouti</i> Lacépède, 1799; <i>Caelogenus</i> Fleming, 1822; <i>Caelogenys</i> Agassiz, 1842; <i>Coelogenus</i> Cuvier, 1807; <i>Coelogenys</i> Illiger, 1811;<i> Mamcoelogenysus</i> Herrera, 1899; <i>Osteopera</i> Harlan, 1825;<i> Paca</i> Fischer, 1814;<i> Stictomys</i> Thomas, 1924<i>.</i>","The generic name of this taxon has been debated (see Pérez, 1992), but the nomenclatural instability of this genus was resolved by the ruling by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1998) for the conservation of <i>Cuniculus</i> Brisson, 1762.","34","34-00269","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0268-0000-0000-0269"
"13400270","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Cuniculidae","","","Cuniculus","","paca","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","81","","","Lowland Paca","French Guiana, Cayenne.","SE San Luis Potosi (Mexico) to Paraguay, Guianas, S Brazil, and NE Argentina. Introduced into Cuba.","CITES – Appendix III (Honduras) as <i>Agouti paca</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Agouti paca</i>.","<i>alba</i>  (Kerr, 1792);<i> fulvus</i> (Cuvier, 1807);<i> sublaevis</i> (Gervais, 1854);<i> subniger</i> (Cuvier, 1807);<i> venezuelica</i> Krumbriegel, 1940;<i> <b>guanta</b></i> (Lönnberg, 1921);<i> <b>mexicanae</b></i> (Hagmann, 1908);<i> <b>nelsoni</b></i> (Goldman, 1913);<i> <b>virgata</b></i> (Bangs, 1902)<i>.</i>","Reviewed by Pérez (1992). Five subspecies are recognized (Cabrera, 1961; Hall, 1981) but their status needs reevaluation. Karyotype has 2n=74 and FN=56 (Fredga, 1966). Preliminary data of the extent of genetic differentiation between geographic separated populations (Rowe and Honeycutt, 2002) suggests that <i>paca</i> may represent populations of more than a single species.","34","34-00270","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0268-0000-0000-0269-0000-0270"
"13400271","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Cuniculidae","","","Cuniculus","","paca","paca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","81","","","","French Guiana, Cayenne.","","","","","34","34-00271","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0268-0000-0000-0269-0000-0270-0271"
"13400272","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Cuniculidae","","","Cuniculus","","paca","guanta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00272","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0268-0000-0000-0269-0000-0270-0272"
"13400273","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Cuniculidae","","","Cuniculus","","paca","mexicanae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hagmann","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00273","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0268-0000-0000-0269-0000-0270-0273"
"13400274","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Cuniculidae","","","Cuniculus","","paca","nelsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00274","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0268-0000-0000-0269-0000-0270-0274"
"13400275","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Cuniculidae","","","Cuniculus","","paca","virgata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00275","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0268-0000-0000-0269-0000-0270-0275"
"13400276","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Cuniculidae","","","Cuniculus","","taczanowskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Stolzmann","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","161","","","Mountain Paca","Ecuador, Andes.","Mountains of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and NW Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Agouti taczanowskii</i>.","<i>andina</i>  (Lönnberg, 1913);<i> sierrae</i> (Thomas, 1905)<i>.</i>","Placed in <i>Stictomys </i>by Cabrera (1961:595) and in <i>Agouti </i>by Handley (1976:55) and Gardner (1971:1088). Karyotype has 2n=42 and FN=80 (Gardner, 1971).","34","34-00276","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0268-0000-0000-0269-0000-0276"
"13400277","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Lesson","1842","","Nouv. Tabl. Règne Animal., Mamm.","","","105","","","","","","","","This assemblage of approximately 85 named taxa is still in need of revision. The species are variable in chromosome number (2n=10-70), but fairly uniform in morphology, suggesting that the major radiation of species was in the Pleistocene (Roig and Reig, 1969; Reig et al., 1990<i>b</i>). Cook and Lessa (1998) and Lessa and Cook (1998) suggested an early burst in diversification. <i>Ctenomys</i> is most closely allied to <i>Octodontomys</i>. Whether the group should be recognized as a subfamily (Ctenomyinae, Reig, 1958), or as a family is debated. Although recognition as a subfamily within the Octodontidae best reflects the evolutionary history of this group, it is more common to treat the group as a distinct family specialized for fossorial life. McKenna and Bell (1997) considered it a tribe within the Octodontinae. Glanz and Anderson (1990) gave a cladogram and list of synapomorphies for the Ctenomyidae. Reig et al. (1990<i>b</i>) suggested that there might be as many as 55 living spe... [truncated]","34","34-00277","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277"
"13400278","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blainville","1826","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","","","62","","<i>Ctenomys brasiliensis </i>Blainville, 1826.","","","","","<i>Chacomys</i>  Osgood, 1946;<i> Haptomys</i> Thomas, 1916<i>.</i>","Cabrera (1961; based on Osgood, 1946) and Nowak (1999) listed two subgenera: <i>Chacomys </i>(<i>C. conoveri </i>only) and <i>Ctenomys </i>(all other species). The validity of subgenus <i>Chacomys</i> has not been supported by subsequent studies (Cook and Yates, 1994; Lessa and Cook, 1998). Thomas (1916<i>c</i>) placed <i>C. leucodon</i> in the subgenus <i>Haptomys</i>, an arrangement that is supported by sequence divergence (Lessa and Cook, 1998). Penis morphology appears to be useful in examining relationships among species (Balbontin et al., 1996). Sperm morphology (Feito and Gallardo, 1982; Vitullo et al., 1988; Vitullo and Cook, 1991) has been used to suggest two major divisions but the sequence analysis of D’Elía et al. (1999) does not support those lineages. A <i>mendocinus</i> group was designated by Massarini et al. (1991<i>a</i>) composed of morphologically similar species: <i>australis</i>, <i>azarae</i>, <i>mendocinus</i>, <i>porteousi</i>, and <i>C</i>. sp. from Chasicó. F... [truncated]","34","34-00278","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278"
"13400279","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","argentinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Conterras and Berry","1982","","Hist. Nat. (Argentina)","2","20","166","","","Argentine Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Chaco Prov., Libertador Gen. San Martin Dept., Campo Araos (26<sup>o</sup>31’S, 59<sup>o</sup>15’W).","Formosa, Chaco, Santiago del Estero, and Santa Fe Provinces (NC Argentina).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","See Contreras and Berry (1985) for distribution. Karyotype has 2n=44 and FN=50-52 (Giménez et al., 1997; Ortells et al., 1990).","34","34-00279","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0279"
"13400280","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rusconi","1934","","Rev. Chil. Nat. Hist.","38","","108","","","Southern Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Buenos Aires Prov.","E Argentina in Buenos Aires Prov.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Considered distinct from <i>porteousi</i> by Contreras and Reig (1965) and Roig and Reig (1969). Placed in the <i>mendocinus</i> group by Massarini et al. (1991<i>a</i>). Karyotype is 2n=48, FN=76 (Massarini et al., 1991<i>a</i>). In addition, to being the only member of the <i>mendocinus</i> group to have an invariant karyotype, <i>australis</i> exhibts much lower genetic variation than <i>porteousi</i> (Apfelbaum et al., 1991).","34","34-00280","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0280"
"13400281","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","azarae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","228","","","Azara’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Central Pampas, 780 km SW Buenos Aires (37<sup>o</sup>45’S, 65<sup>o</sup>W). Type location originally given as Sapucay, Paraguay (Thomas, 1903) but corrected to 780 km SW Buenos Aires by Thomas (1903). The type locality corresponds approximately to General Acha, La Pampa Province (Tate, 1935).","Córdoba and La Pampa Provs. (Argentina).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Cabrera (1961) synonymized <i>azarae </i>under <i>mendocinus</i>. Considered distinct from <i>mendocinus</i> by Roig and Reig (1969). Placed in the <i>mendocinus</i> group by Massarini et al. (1991<i>a</i>). Karyotype has 2n=46-48 and FN=68-74 (Massarini et al., 1998). Topotypes of <i>azarae</i>, <i>mendocinus</i> and <i>porteousi</i> have G-band equivalence and these three taxa share a Robertsonian polymorphism leading Massarini et al. (1998) to suggest that <i>azarae</i> and <i>porteousi</i> may be conspecific with <i>mendocinus</i>.","34","34-00281","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0281"
"13400282","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","bergi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","241","","","Berg’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Córdoba Prov., Cruz del Eje (30<sup>o</sup>44’S, 64<sup>o</sup>48’W).","SW Córdoba Prov. (C Argentina).","","","Included in <i>mendocinus</i> by Cabrera (1961). Karyotype has 2n=48 and FN=90 (Giménez et al., 1999).","34","34-00282","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0282"
"13400283","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","boliviensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1848","","Nat. Hist. Mamm.","2","","278","","","Bolivian Tuco-tuco","Bolivia, Santa Cruz Dept., Santa Cruz de la Sierra.","Santa Cruz Dept. (C Bolivia), Mato Grosso (SW Brazil), W Paraguay, and Formosa Prov., Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>C. nattereri</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>C. boliviensis</i>.","<i>braziliensis</i>  Pelzen, 1883; <b><i>nattereri</i> </b>Wagner, 1848;<i> rondoni</i> Ribeiro, 1914.","Several different karyotypes have been reported including 2n=36, FN=64; 2n=42, FN=64 and 2n=44-45, FN=68 (Anderson et al., 1987). Anderson et al. (1987) suggested that three or more cryptic species with different karyotypes may be included within this taxon, one of which (<i>goodfellowi</i>) was elevated to specific rank (Anderson, 1997). Anderson et al. (1987) considered <i>nattereri</i> a subspecies of <i>boliviensis</i> but Woods (1993) recognized it as a species without comment.","34","34-00283","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0283"
"13400284","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","boliviensis","boliviensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1848","","Nat. Hist. Mamm.","2","","278","","","","Bolivia, Santa Cruz Dept., Santa Cruz de la Sierra.","","","","","34","34-00284","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0283-0284"
"13400285","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","boliviensis","nattereri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1848","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00285","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0283-0285"
"13400286","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","bonettoi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Conterras and Berry","1982","","Hist. Nat. (Argentina)","2","14","123","","","Bonetto’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Chaco Prov., Dept. Sargento Cabral, 7.5 km SE of Capitán Solari (26<sup>o</sup>48’S, 59<sup>o</sup>33’W).","Argentina, SE Chaco Prov.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Very similar to <i>mendocinus</i> and <i>haigi</i> based on isozymes (Sage et al., 1986<i>a</i>).","34","34-00286","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0286"
"13400287","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","brasiliensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blainville","1826","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","3","","62","","","Brazilian Tuco-tuco","Brazil, Minas Gerais.","E Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","34","34-00287","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0287"
"13400288","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","budini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","141","","","Budin’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Jujuy Prov., Cerro de Lagunita, E Maimara 4500 m.","SE Jujuy Prov., Argentina.","","<b><i>barbarus</i> </b> (Thomas, 1921).","Considered a synonym of <i>frater</i> by Redford and Eisenberg (1992) and Woods (1993) without comment but listed as a distinct species by Galliari et al. (1996). Thomas (1921<i>b</i>) recognized four subspecies but Ellerman (1940) treated <i>sylvanus</i> as a separate species and considered <i>utibilis</i> as a subspecies of that taxon. Galliari et al. (1996) listed <i>barbarus</i> as a distinct species.","34","34-00288","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0288"
"13400289","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","budini","budini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","141","","","","Argentina, Jujuy Prov., Cerro de Lagunita, E Maimara 4500 m.","","","","","34","34-00289","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0288-0289"
"13400290","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","budini","barbarus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00290","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0288-0290"
"13400291","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","colburni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1903","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","19","","188","","","Colburn’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Santa Cruz Prov., Arroyo Aiken, 95 km SE Lake Buenos Ayres.","Extreme W Santa Cruz Prov. (Argentina).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Karyotype has 2n=34 and FN=64 (Gallardo, 1991).","34","34-00291","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0291"
"13400292","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","coludo","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","119","","","Puntilla Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Catamarca Prov., La Puntilla 1000 m.","Catamarca Prov., Argentina.","","","Included in <i>fulvus</i> by Cabrera (1961) and Woods (1993), but considered provisionally distinct by Contreras et al. (1977) and Galliari et al. (1996) commented on the absence of data for placing this taxon in synonomy.","34","34-00292","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0292"
"13400293","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","conoveri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1946","","Fieldiana Zool.","31","","47","","","Chacoan Tuco-tuco","Paraguay, Boqueron, 16 km W of Filadelfia (22<sup>o</sup>15’S, 60<sup>o</sup>10’W).","Gran Chaco of Paraguay, NE Argentina, and SE Boliva.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Cabrera (1961), based on Osgood (1946), placed this form in a separate subgenus <i>Chacomys</i>, as did Nowak (1999). Recognition of this monotypic subgenus is not supported by allozymes (Cook and Yates, 1994) or sequence analysis (Lessa and Cook, 1998). Karyotype has 2n=48-50 and FN=70 (Anderson et al., 1987).","34","34-00293","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0293"
"13400294","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","coyhaiquensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kelt and Gallardo","1994","","J. Mammal.","75","","344","","","Coyhaique Tuco-tuco","Chile, Prov. General Carrera, about 2 km S Chile Chico and 1 km W Chile Chico aerodromo (46<sup>o</sup>33’S, 71<sup>o</sup>46’W).","Known from type locality and Prov. Coyhaique, 4.5 km SE Coyhaique Alto (Chile).","","","Karyotype has 2n=28 and FN=44.","34","34-00294","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0294"
"13400295","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","dorbignyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Contreras and Contreras","1984","","Hist. Nat.","4","13","131","","","D’Orbigny’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Prov. Corrientes, Dept. Berón de Astrada, Paraje Mbarigüí (27<sup>o</sup>33’S, 57<sup>o</sup>31’W).","Prov. Corrientes (Argentina).","","","See Contreras and Scolaro (1986) for details of geographic distribution. Karyotype has 2n=70 and FN=84 (Ortells et al., 1990) but Garcia et al. (2000) reported a FN=88. The karyotype of <i>dorbignyi</i> is indistinguishable from some of the karyotypes assigned to <i>C. pearsoni</i> in gross morphology (Ortells et al., 1990) and G-band patterns (Garcia et al., 2000). Garcia et al. (2000) reported differences in the C-bands of the two species but results for <i>dorbignyi</i> are different from that reported by Reig et al. (1992). Phylogenetic analysis of chromosomal characters indicates that <i>dorbignyi</i> is paraphyletic within <i>pearsoni</i> and Garcia et al. (2000) concluded that there are insufficient cytogenetic data to consider <i>dorbignyi</i> distinct from <i>pearsoni</i>. The problem is that several distinct karyotypes from different localities have been reported or associated with <i>pearsoni</i>, none of which can be associated with specimens from the type locality (see com... [truncated]","34","34-00295","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0295"
"13400296","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","dorsalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","6","","385","","","Black-backed Tuco-tuco","Paraguay, Boqueron Prov., N Chaco.","Paraguay, west of the River of Paraguay in the N Chaco.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","The dubious taxonomic history of this taxon was discussed by Contreras and Roig (1991).","34","34-00296","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0296"
"13400297","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","emilianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and St. Leger","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","18","","637","","","Emilio’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Neuquén Prov., Chos Malal.","Neuquén Prov. (Argentina), confined to sand dune habitats at about 800 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","34","34-00297","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0297"
"13400298","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","famosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","420","","","Famatina Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Rioja Prov., La Invernada.","Sierra Famatina of NW Rioja Prov., Argentina.","","","Recognized as a subspecies of <i>fulvus</i> by Cabrera (1961) and Woods (1993), but considered provisionally distinct by Contreras et al. (1977) and Galliari et al. (1996) recognized it as distinct.","34","34-00298","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0298"
"13400299","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","flamarioni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Travi","1981","","Iheringia","60","","123","","","Flamarion’s Tuco-tuco","Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Estação Ecolóogica do Taim, Fazenda Caçapava.","Coastal sand dunes in Rio Grande do Sul, S Brazil.","Endangered from urbanization (Freitas, 1995).","","Karyotype has 2n=48 and FN=50-78 (Freitas, 1994). Freitas (1994) suggested that this species might belong to the <i>mendocinus</i> group.","34","34-00299","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0299"
"13400300","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","fochi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","3","","117","","","Foch’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Catamarca Prov., Chumbicha 600 m.","SW Catamarca Prov., Argentina.","","","Included in <i>mendocinus </i>by Cabrera (1961) and Woods (1993), but Galliari et al. (1996) indicated that neither make a case for its synonymy.","34","34-00300","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0300"
"13400301","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","fodax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","243","","","Lago Blanco Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Chubut, Lago Blanco (46<sup>o</sup>S, 71<sup>o</sup>W).","Known only from the type locality but see comments.","","","Included in <i>magellanicus </i>by Osgood (1943). Karyotype has 2n=28 and FN=42 (Reig et al., 1992). Reig et al. (1992) suggested that a specimen with this karyotype reported by Gallardo (1991) as <i>Ctenomys</i> sp. (aff. <i>colburni</i>) from Chile Chico on the west shore of General Carrera Lake (46<sup>o</sup>32’S, 71<sup>o</sup>45’W) was actually <i>fodax</i>.","34","34-00301","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0301"
"13400302","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","frater","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","185","","","Reddish Tuco-tuco","Bolivia, Potosí, Potosí 4300 m.","SW Bolivia at 600-4,300 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Uncommon.","<b><i>mordosus</i> </b> (Thomas, 1926); <i>sylvanus</i> Thomas 1925.","Woods (1993) included <i>barbarus</i>, <i>budini</i>, and <i>utibilis</i> but see Galliari et al. (1996). Argentine populations previously recognized as <i>frater</i> are here recognized as <i>budini</i> or <i>sylvanus</i>. Closely related to <i>lewisi</i> (Cook et al., 1990; Cook and Yates, 1994; Lessa and Cook, 1998). Karyotype has 2n=52 and FN=78 (Cook et al., 1990).","34","34-00302","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0302"
"13400303","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","frater","frater","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","185","","","","Bolivia, Potosí, Potosí 4300 m.","","","","","34","34-00303","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0302-0303"
"13400304","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","frater","mordosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00304","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0302-0304"
"13400305","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","fulvus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1860","","Reise Wuste Atacama","","","157","","","Tawny Tuco-tuco","Chile, Antofagasta Prov., Pingo-Pingo.","Mountains and Monte desert of NW Argentina and N Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>atracamensis</i>  Philippi, 1860;<i> chilensis</i> Philippi, 1896;<i> pallidus</i> Philippi, 1896;<i> pernix</i> Philippi, 1896;<i> <b>robustus</b></i> Philippi, 1896<i>.</i>","Includes <i>robustus</i>, a Rassenkreis subspecies restricted to the oasis of Pica in Tarapaca Prov., Chile (Mann, 1978:292). Cabrera (1961) and Woods (1993) included <i>coludo</i>, <i>famosus</i>, <i>johannis</i>, and <i>tulduco</i>; but Contreras et al. (1977) considered these forms provisionally distinct and Galliari et al. (1996) indicated a lack of data to support change from specific status. Nowak (1999) considered <i>johannis</i> and <i>robustus</i> as distinct species. Karyotype has 2n=26 and FN=48 (Gallardo, 1991), but see Redford and Eisenberg (1992) who reported karyotypes of 2n=26; FN=52 for <i>C. f. fulvus </i>and 2n=25; FN=52 for <i>C. f.</i> <i>robustus</i>. Gallardo (1991) noted that the C-band pattern of <i>robustus</i> differs from that of <i>fulvus</i> but Gallardo and Palma (1992) found little genetic divergence between these two subspecies based upon protein electrophoresis.","34","34-00305","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0305"
"13400306","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","fulvus","fulvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1860","","Reise Wuste Atacama","","","157","","","","Chile, Antofagasta Prov., Pingo-Pingo.","","","","","34","34-00306","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0305-0306"
"13400307","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","fulvus","robustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00307","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0305-0307"
"13400308","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","goodfellowi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","136","","","Goodfellow’s Tuco-tuco","Bolivia, Prov. Nuflo de Chaves, Esperanza, near Concepcion.","Santa Cruz Prov., SE Bolivia.","","","Considered a subspecies of <i>boliviensis</i> by Cabrera (1961) and by Woods (1993). Cook and Yates (1994) noted that ""this taxon is distinct from <i>boliviensis</i> at the species level"" and Anderson (1997) recognized it as a distinct species. Karyotype is 2n=46; FN=68 (Anderson et al., 1987).","34","34-00308","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0308"
"13400309","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","haigi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","3","","210","","","Haig’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Chubut Prov., El Maitén, 700 m.","Chubut and Rio Negro Provs., Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>lentulus</i> </b> Thomas<i>,</i> 1919.","Cabrera (1961) synonymized <i>haigi </i>under <i>mendocinus</i>, but Pearson (1984) elevated it to a species based on the unique karyotype of 2n=50, FN=66 (Gallardo, 1991). Although the isozyme study of Gallardo and Palma (1992) found that <i>haigi</i> was paraphyletic, the lack of data from other taxa of the <i>mendocinus</i> complex makes it difficult to evaluate this conclusion. Substantial divergence has been reported between <i>haigi</i> and <i>mendocinus</i> consistent with their recognition at the species level (Lessa and Cook, 1998; Sage et al., 1986<i>a</i>).","34","34-00309","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0309"
"13400310","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","haigi","haigi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","3","","210","","","","Argentina, Chubut Prov., El Maitén, 700 m.","","","","","34","34-00310","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0309-0310"
"13400311","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","haigi","lentulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00311","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0309-0311"
"13400312","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","johannis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","523","","","San Juan Tuco-tuco","Argentina, San Juan Prov., Cañada Honda, 600 m.","S San Juan Prov., Argentina.","","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>coludo</i> by Thomas (1921) but Cabrera (1961) and Woods (1993) included <i>coludo</i> and <i>johannis</i> in <i>fulvus</i>. Contreras et al. (1977) considered these forms provisionally distinct and Nowak (1999) and Galliari et al. (1996) considered <i>johannis</i> a distinct species. Contreras et al. (1977) corrected the elevation of the type locality to 600 m and suggested a close relationship with <i>validus</i>.","34","34-00312","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0312"
"13400313","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","juris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","5","","194","","","Jujuy Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Jujuy Prov., El Chaguaral 500 m.","SE Jujuy Prov., Argentina.","","","Cabrera (1961) synonymized<i> juris </i>under <i>mendocinus</i>. Included within <i>mendocinus </i>by Redford and Eisemberg (1992) and Woods (1993), but considered specifically distinct by Galliari et al. (1996).","34","34-00313","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0313"
"13400314","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","knighti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","3","","498","","","Catamarca Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Catamarca Prov., Otro Cerro.","Mountains of La Rioia (W Argentina), north to Salta.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Cabrera (1961) believed <i>viperinus</i> synonymous with <i>knighti</i>. Karyotype reported for this taxon (2n=36 and FN=64; Reig et al., 1992) is from specimens now recognized as <i>C. scagliai</i>.","34","34-00314","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0314"
"13400315","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","lami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Freitas","2001","","Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Envir.","36","1","2","","","Lami Tuco-tuco","Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Beco dos Cegos (30<sup>o</sup>51’S, 51<sup>o</sup>10’W).","Coxilha das Lombas, from the type locality NE of Guaiba River nearly 80 km to SW banks of Barros Lake, Rio Grande do Sul, S Brazil.","","","Karyotype has 2n=54-58 and FN=76-82.","34","34-00315","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0315"
"13400316","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","latro","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","1","","38","","","Mottled Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Tucumán Prov., Tapia, 600 m.","NW Argentina in Tucumán and Salta Provs.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Cabrera (1961) synonymized <i>latro</i> under <i>mendocinus</i>. Considered distinct from <i>mendocinus</i> by Roig and Reig (1969) and Reig and Kiblisky (1969). Karyotype has 2n=40-42 and FN=46-47 (Reig et al., 1992).","34","34-00316","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0316"
"13400317","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","leucodon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1848","","Nat. Hist. Mamm.","2","","281","","","White-toothed Tuco-tuco","Bolivia, La Paz Dept., San Andres de Machaca.","W Bolivia and E Peru around Lake Titicaca.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Osgood (1946) suggested that this taxon was distinct at the subgeneric level (<i>Haptomys</i>) and sequence analysis is consistant with that suggestion (Lessa and Cook, 1998). Karyotype has 2n=36 and FN=68 (Cook et al., 1990).","34","34-00317","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0317"
"13400318","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","lewisi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","17","","323","","","Lewis’ Tuco-tuco","Bolivia, Tarija Dept., Sama, 4,000 m.","S Bolivia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Closely related to <i>frater</i> (Cook et al., 1990; Cook and Yates, 1994; Lessa and Cook, 1998). May be semi-aquatic (Anderson, pers. comm.). Karyotype has 2n=56 and FN=74 (Cook et al., 1990).","34","34-00318","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0318"
"13400319","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","magellanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1835","1836","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1835","","190","","","Magellanic Tuco-tuco","Chile, Magallanes, Bahia de San Gregorio.","Extreme S Chile and S Argentina.","IUCN – Vulnerable; reduced in numbers by sheep grazing.","<i>neglectus</i>  Nehring, 1900;<i> <b>dicki</b></i> Osgood<i>,</i> 1943;<i> <b>fueginus</b></i> Philippi, 1880;<i> <b>osgoodi</b></i> Allen, 1905;<i> robustus</i> J. A. Allen, 1903<i>.</i>","Osgood (1943) included <i>fodax</i> but see coments under that taxon. Karyotype has 2n=34-36 and FN=64 (Gallardo, 1991).","34","34-00319","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0319"
"13400320","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","magellanicus","magellanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1835","1836","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1835","","190","","","","Chile, Magallanes, Bahia de San Gregorio.","","","","","34","34-00320","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0319-0320"
"13400321","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","magellanicus","dicki","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00321","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0319-0321"
"13400322","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","magellanicus","fueginus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1880","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00322","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0319-0322"
"13400323","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","magellanicus","osgoodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00323","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0319-0323"
"13400324","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","maulinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1872","","Z. Ges. Naturw., N.F.","6","","442","","","Maule Tuco-tuco","Chile, Talca Prov., Laguna de Maule.","Between Talca and Cautin Provs. (SC Chile), and Neuquén Prov. (Argentina).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>brunneus</i> </b><b> </b>Osgood, 1943<i>.</i>","Karyotype has 2n=26 and FN=48 (Gallardo, 1991).","34","34-00324","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0324"
"13400325","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","maulinus","maulinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1872","","Z. Ges. Naturw., N.F.","6","","442","","","","Chile, Talca Prov., Laguna de Maule.","","","","","34","34-00325","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0324-0325"
"13400326","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","maulinus","brunneus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00326","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0324-0326"
"13400327","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","mendocinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1869","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","38","","","Mendoza Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Mendoza Prov., Mendoza.","Eastern slopes of the Andes from Santa Cruz north to Mendoza province (Argentina).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Karyotype has 2n=47-48 and FN=75-76 (Massarini et al., 1991<i>b</i>). Cabrera (1961) synonymized <i>bergi</i>, <i>fochi, haigi, juris, azarae, latro, pundti, occultus</i>, and <i>tucumanus</i> under <i>mendocinus</i>. Roig and Reig (1969) considered <i>azarae</i>, <i>latro</i>, and <i>tucumanus</i> distinct from <i>mendocinus</i> based on the results of precipitin tests and Reig and Kiblisky (1969) recognized <i>occultus</i>, <i>latro</i>, and <i>tucumanus</i> as distinct based on strikingly different karyotypes. Several additional forms have been recognized as distinct species, including <i>bergi</i> (Giménez et al., 1999), <i>haigi</i> (Pearson, 1984), and <i>pundti</i> (Reig et al., 1992), based in part on karyotypic differentiation. Galliari et al. (1996) also recognized <i>fochi</i> and <i>juris</i> as species based in part on the lack of justification for their synonymy. A <i>mendocinus</i> group was designated by Massarini et al. (1991<i>a</i>) composed of morphologically simila... [truncated]","34","34-00327","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0327"
"13400328","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","minutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nehring","1887","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","47","","","Tiny Tuco-tuco","Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Campos E of Mondo Novo.","Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Mato Grosso (S Brazil) and E Bolivia, but see Freitas (1995) who suggested that <i>minutus</i> is endemic to the Coastal Plains of S Brazil and that specimens described as <i>minutus</i> from Bolivia represent another species.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>beltzeri</i>  Contreras and Contreras, 1984; <i>marthae </i>Contreras and Contreras, 1984; <i>monesi</i> Contreras and Contreras, 1984; <i>reigi</i> Contreras and Contreras, 1984; <b><i>bicolor</i></b> Ribeiro, 1914<i>.</i>","Reviewed by Langguth and Abella (1970). Six subspecies were recognized by Contreras and Contreras (1984), however, no justification was given for the four new subspecies named in that paper. Altuna and Lessa (1985) and Altuna et al. (1985) regarded <i>C. m.</i> <i>rionegrensis</i> as a full species (see comments under <i>rionegrensis</i>). Karyotype has 2n=42, 45-50 and FN=76 (Freitas, 1997).","34","34-00328","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0328"
"13400329","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","minutus","minutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nehring","1887","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","47","","","","Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Campos E of Mondo Novo.","","","","","34","34-00329","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0328-0329"
"13400330","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","minutus","bicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ribeiro","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00330","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0328-0330"
"13400331","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","occultus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","243","","","Furtive Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Monteagudo, 80 km SE Tucumán City.","NW Argentina in Tucumán and adjacent Provs.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Revised by Reig et al. (1966); also see Cabrera (1961) who included it in <i>mendocinus</i>. Karyotype is 2n=22; FN=38 (Reig et al., 1992).","34","34-00331","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0331"
"13400332","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","opimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1848","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","75","","","Highland Tuco-tuco","Bolivia, Oruro Dept., Monte Sajama.","NW Argentina, SW Bolivia, S Peru, N Chile between 2,000 and 5,000 m on the high Andean steppe (=Puna).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<b><i>luteolus</i> </b><i> </i>Thomas, 1900; <b><i>nigriceps</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1900.","May be conspecific with <i>fulvus</i>; <i>opimus</i> and <i>fulvus</i> cannot be separated on the basis of karyotypes (see Gallardo, 1979 and Cook et al., 1990). Karyotype has 2n=26 and FN=48 (Gallardo, 1991).","34","34-00332","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0332"
"13400333","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","opimus","opimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1848","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","75","","","","Bolivia, Oruro Dept., Monte Sajama.","","","","","34","34-00333","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0332-0333"
"13400334","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","opimus","luteolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00334","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0332-0334"
"13400335","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","opimus","nigriceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00335","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0332-0335"
"13400336","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","osvaldoreigi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Contreras","1995","","Notulas Faunisticas","84","","1","","","Reig’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Córdoba Prov., Estancia San Luis (31<sup>o</sup>24’S, 64<sup>o</sup>48’W).","Known only from the type locality above 2000 m in the Sierras Grandes (Argentina).","","","Not recognized by Galliari et al. (1996). Karyotpe has 2n=52, FN=56 (Giménez et al., 1999).","34","34-00336","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0336"
"13400337","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","pearsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lessa and Langguth","1983","","Com. Jour. Cienc. Nat. Montevideo (Uruguay)","3","","86","","","Pearson’s Tuco-tuco","Uruguay, Dept. Colonia, 25 km SE of Carmelo, Arroyo Limetas.","Soriana, San José, and Colonia Depts. (Uruguay).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Several karyotypes from different localities have been reported or associated with this taxon, including 2n=68-70, FN=80 (Novello et al., 1990); 2n=70, FN=80 (Kiblisky et al., 1977; associated with <i>pearsoni</i> by Lessa and Langguth, 1983); and 2n=56 and FN=77-79 (Novello et al., 1990). Three different fundamental numbers have been reported for the 2n=70 karyotype (80 by Novello et al., 1990; 84 by Ortells et al., 1990; and 88 by Garcia et al., 2000). No karyotype can be associated with specimens from the type locality. The lack of G-band homology between the 2n=70 karyotype and the 2n=56 karyotype led Novello and Lessa (1986) to suggest that more than a single species was represented in <i>C. pearsoni</i>. Garcia et al. (2000) concluded that the 2n=70 karyotype of <i>pearsoni</i> was identical to the karyotype of <i>dorbignyi</i> and that there was no cytogenetic data for the regognition of <i>dorbignyi</i>.","34","34-00337","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0337"
"13400338","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","perrensi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","311","","","Goya Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Corrientes Prov., Goya.","Central area of W Corrientes Prov. (NE Argentina).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","See Contreras et al. (1985) for distribution. Specimens from the type locality have karyotypes of 2n=50, FN=84 (Ortells et al., 1990). Specimens taken north of the type locality with FN=84 and 2n=53-56 or 58 were tentatively assigned to this taxon (Ortells et al., 1990; Reig et al., 1992) but specimens from two other localities with FN=84 and 2n=62 were not included. Little or no genetic differentiation and no fixed differences of isozymes were observed among any of the populations with FN=84 from Corrientes Prov., suggesting that these populations are conspecific (Ortells and Barrantes, 1994). Further, no fixed differences of isozymes were observed among <i>perrensi</i>, <i>dorbignyi</i>, and <i>roigi</i> (Ortells and Barrantes, 1994).","34","34-00338","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0338"
"13400339","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","peruanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn and Pearson","1947","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","60","","13","","","Peruvian Tuco-tuco","Peru, Puno Dept., Pisacoma.","Altiplano of extreme S Peru.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","34","34-00339","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0339"
"13400340","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","pilarensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Contreras","1993","","Resúmenes VI Congreso Iberoamericano de Conservación v Zoología de Vertebrados","","","44","","","Pilar Tuco-tuco","Paraguay, Dept. Ñembucú, 4.5 Km E Pilar, Yatayty (26<sup>o</sup>52’S, 58<sup>o</sup>18’W).","E Paraguay, Depts. Ñembucú and Misiones, between the Paraguay and Parana Rivers.","","","Karyotype has 2n=48 or 50, FN=50 (Giménez et al., 1997).","34","34-00340","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0340"
"13400341","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","pontifex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","1","","39","","","San Luis Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Mendoza Prov., San Rafael.","W Argentina, east of the Andes in San Luis and Mendoza Provs.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Pearson and Lagiglia (1992) noted that <i>pontifex </i>may be a synonym of <i>maulinus</i>.","34","34-00341","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0341"
"13400342","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","porteousi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","18","","304","","","Porteous’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Buenos Aires Prov., Bonifacio.","Buenos Aires and La Pampa Provs. (E Argentina).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Cabrera (1961) included <i>australis</i> in <i>porteousi</i>; but see Contreras and Reig (1965) and Roig and Reig (1969:670) who considered <i>australis</i> as a distinct species. Placed in the <i>mendocinus</i> group by Massarini et al. (1991<i>a</i>). Karyotype has 2n=47-48 and FN=71-73 (Massarini et al., 1991<i>a</i>). Although populations of <i>porteousi</i> demonstrate both highly polymorphic karyotypes and high allozymic heterozygosity, Massarini et al. (1992) inferred high rates of gene flow to account for the homogeneity observed among local populations. See comments under <i>azarae</i>.","34","34-00342","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0342"
"13400343","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","pundti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nehring","1900","","Zool. Anz.","23","","423","","","Pundt’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Prov. Cordoba, Alejo Ledesna.","S Cordoba and S San Luis Provs. (Argentina).","","","Included in <i>mendocinus</i> by Cabrera (1961). Redford and Eisenberg (1992) and Woods (1993) included <i>pundti </i>in <i>mendocinus</i> but Galliari et al. (1996) listed it as a distinct species. Karyotype has 2n=50 and FN=86 (Reig et al., 1992).","34","34-00343","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0343"
"13400344","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","rionegrensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Langguth and Abella","1970","","Comn. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo","10","129","13","","","Rio Negro Tuco-tuco","Uruguay, Dept. Rio Negro, Las Canas, 7 km S Fray Bentos.","Entre Rios Prov. (Argentina) and Dept. Rio Negro (Uruguay).","","","Included in <i>minutus</i> by Redford and Eisenberg (1992) but it is distinct based on cranial (Langguth and Abella, 1970), penial, and sperm morphology (Altuna and Lessa, 1985). The relationship with the four subspecies of <i>minutus</i> from Entre Rio Province named without describtion by Contreras and Contreras (1984) is unknown. Karyotype has 2n=48, 50, 52, or 56; FN=68-70, 72, 74, or 80 (Reig et al., 1992).","34","34-00344","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0344"
"13400345","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","roigi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Contreras","1988","","Bol. Inst. Estud. Almerienses","","","53","","","Roig’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Corrientes Prov., Costa Mansión, 10 km S Empedrado (28<sup>o</sup>02’S, 58<sup>o</sup>49’W).","Rio Paraná in Corrientes Prov. (Argentina).","","","Not listed by Redford and Eisenberg (1992) but recognized by Galliari et al. (1996). Karyotype has 2n=48 and FN=80 (Ortells et al., 1990, but see Reig et al. 1992).","34","34-00345","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0345"
"13400346","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","saltarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","639","","","Salta Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Salta Prov., Salta.","Salta and Jujuy Provs. (N Argentina).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common<i>.</i>","","","34","34-00346","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0346"
"13400347","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","scagliai","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Contreras","1999","","Ciencia Siglo XXI","3","","10","","","Scaglia’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Tucumán Prov., Los Cardones (26<sup>o</sup>40’S, 65<sup>o</sup>51’W) 2,500 m.","Known only from the type locality.","","","Contreras (1999) concluded that this taxon is related to a primitive stem of the genus including <i>C. opimus</i> – <i>C. pundit</i> – <i>C. talarum</i>. The karyotype attributed to <i>C.</i> <i>knighti</i> with a 2n=36 and FN=64 (Reig et al., 1992) are from representatives of this species.","34","34-00347","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0347"
"13400348","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","sericeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1903","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","19","","187","","","Silky Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Santa Cruz Prov., Rio Chico.","SW Argentina in Santa Cruz, Chubut, and Río Negro Provs.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","34","34-00348","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0348"
"13400349","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","sociabilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pearson and Christie","1985","","Hist. Nat. (Argentina)","5","","338","","","Colonial Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Prov. Neuquén, 2 km W Cerro Puntudo, Estancia Fortín Chacabuco (1075 m).","In region of Reserva Nacional del Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Neuquén Prov., Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Not included in Redford and Eisenberg (1992). Karyotype has 2n=56 and FN=72 (Gallardo, 1991) but see Reig et al. (1992) for comments concerning FN.","34","34-00349","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0349"
"13400350","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","steinbachi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","164","","","Steinbach’s Tuco-tuco","Bolivia, Santa Cruz Dept., near Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Anderson et al. (1987) noted that the type locality was a large area only partially occupied by <i>C. steinbachi</i> and therefore restricted the type locality to 6 km N Buen Retiro (17<sup>o</sup>13’S, 63<sup>o</sup>38’W).","Bolivia, W Santa Cruz Dept.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Karyotype has 2n=10 and FN=16 (Anderson et al., 1987).","34","34-00350","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0350"
"13400351","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","sylvanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","4","","155","","","Forest Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Salta Prov., Tartagal.","SE Jujuy Prov. and Salta Prov. (NW Argentina).","","<b><i>utibilis</i> </b> (Thomas, 1920).","Considered a synonym of <i>frater</i> by Woods (1993) without comment but listed as a distinct species by Galliari et al. (1996).","34","34-00351","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0351"
"13400352","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","sylvanus","sylvanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","4","","155","","","","Argentina, Salta Prov., Tartagal.","","","","","34","34-00352","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0351-0352"
"13400353","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","sylvanus","utibilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00353","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0351-0353"
"13400354","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","talarum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","285","","","Los Talas Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Buenos Aires Prov., Los Talas.","Along the coast in Buenos Aires Prov. (E Argentina), possibly to Santa Fe Prov.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>antonii</i> </b> Thomas 1910; <b><i>occidentalis</i></b> Justo, 1992; <b><i>recessus</i></b> (Thomas, 1912).","Considered a subspecies of <i>mendocinus </i>by Cabrera (1961). Karyotype has 2n=46-50 and FN =73-86 (see Reig et al., 1992).","34","34-00354","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0354"
"13400355","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","talarum","talarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","285","","","","Argentina, Buenos Aires Prov., Los Talas.","","","","","34","34-00355","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0354-0355"
"13400356","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","talarum","antonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00356","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0354-0356"
"13400357","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","talarum","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Justo","1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00357","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0354-0357"
"13400358","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","talarum","recessus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00358","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0354-0358"
"13400359","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","torquatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1830","","Darst. Säugeth.","","","text of pl. 31","","","Collared Tuco-tuco","Brazil, S provinces, and banks of Uruguay River. See Moojen (1952:188).","Uruguay, NE Argentina, extreme S Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Endangered from stripe coal mining (Freitas, 1995).","","Considered a distinct species by Ellerman (1940) and Nowak (1999); but see Cabrera (1961:547) who provisionally included it in <i>brasiliensis</i>. Although six different karyotypes attributed to <i>C. torquatus</i> have been reported (Freitas and Lessa, 1984; Kiblisky et al., 1977; Reig et al., 1966), two of those (2n=56 and 70) were from populations currently recognized as <i>C. pearsoni</i> (Novello and Lessa, 1986). Populations of <i>C. torquatus</i> from S Brazil and N Uruguay have 2n=44-46 (FN=72) and populations from S Uruguay and NE Argentina have 2n=64 or 68 (FN=96); see Freitas and Lessa (1984).","34","34-00359","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0359"
"13400360","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","tuconax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","15","","583","","","Robust Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Tucumán Prov., Concepcion, 500 m.","East of the mountains to 3,000 m in Tucumán Prov. (NW Argentina).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Karyotype has 2n=58-61 and FN=80.","34","34-00360","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0360"
"13400361","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","tucumanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","6","","301","","","Tucumán Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Tucumán Prov., 450 m.","NW Argentina.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Cabrera (1961) synonymized <i>tucumanus</i> under <i>mendocinus</i>. Considered distinct from <i>mendocinus</i> by Roig and Reig (1969) and Reig and Kiblisky (1969). Karyotype has 2n=28 and FN=52 (Reig et al., 1992).","34","34-00361","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0361"
"13400362","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","tulduco","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","218","","","Sierra Tontal Tuco-tuco","Argentina, San Juan Prov., Los Sombreros, 2700 m.","Sierra Tontal, San Juan Prov., Argentina","","","Included in <i>fulvus</i> by Cabrera (1961), but considered provisionally distinct by Contreras et al. (1977) and listed as a distinct species by Galliari et al. (1996).","34","34-00362","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0362"
"13400363","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","validus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Contreras, Roig, and Suzarte","1977","","Physis. Sec. C.","36","92","160","","","Guanacache Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Mendoza Prov., Guaymallén Dept., Médanos del Borbollón, El Algarrobal (near city of Mendoza).","Mendoza Prov. (Argentina).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Closely related to <i>johannis</i> according to Contreras et al. (1977).","34","34-00363","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0363"
"13400364","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","viperinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","17","","605","","","Vipos Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Tucuman Prov., Vipos, tableland above Ñorco.","N Tucuman Prov. (Argentina).","","","Cabrera (1961) considered <i>viperinus</i> synonymous with <i>knighti</i> but Galliari et al. (1996) listed it as a distinct species.","34","34-00364","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0364"
"13400365","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Ctenomyidae","","","Ctenomys","","yolandae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Contreras and Berry","1984","","Resumenes VII Jornadas Argentinas Zoologia, Mar del Plata","","","75","","","Yolanda’s Tuco-tuco","Argentina, Santa Fe Prov., Las Palmas (29o25’S, 59o40’W).","Along the Paraná and San Javier Rivers, Santa Fe Prov.","","","Not recognized by Redford and Eisenberg (1992) but listed by Galliari et al. (1996). Karyotype has 2n=50 and FN=78 and shares several chromosomal characteristics with <i>rionegrensis</i> (Ortells et al. 1990). Distinct in both penial (Balbontin et al., 1996) and sperm morphology (Vitullo et al., 1988).","34","34-00365","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0277-0000-0000-0278-0000-0365"
"13400366","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1839","1840","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1839","","172","","","","","","","Spalacopidae Lilljeborg, 1866.","Sometimes considered the most primitive group of South American hystricognaths with numerous fossil genera from Oligocene on, but Reig (1986:418) reserved this distinction for the Echimyidae. <i>Ctenomys</i> is often placed here as a subfamily, and is closely related to octodontids (see comments under Ctenomyidae and in Cook et al. (1990:22-23). Chromosomal variation is not as conservative as previously thought, 2n=38-102 and includes the only known mammalian tetraploid (Gallardo et al., 1999). Molecular data (Gallardo and Kirsch, 2000; Honeycutt et al., 2003) support the monophyly of the Octodontidae and the sister taxon relationship with the Ctenomyidae.","34","34-00366","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366"
"13400367","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Aconaemys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ameghino","1891","","Rev. Argent. Hist. Nat.","1","","245","","<i>Schizodon fuscus</i> Waterhouse, 1842.","","","","","","Reig (1986:408) noted that <i>Aconaemys</i> is not separable from the Pliocene/Pleistocene form <i>Pithanotomys</i> Ameghino, 1887 at the generic level. If indeed the two are not separable, <i>Pithanotomys</i> would have priority as a name over <i>Aconaemys</i>. McKenna and Bell (1997) included in <i>Pithanotomys</i>. <i>Aconaemys</i> appears to by paraphyletic to <i>Spalacopus</i> (Gallardo and Kirsch, 2000; Honeycutt et al., 2003).","34","34-00367","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0367"
"13400368","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Aconaemys","","fuscus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1841","1842","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1841","","91","","","Chilean Rock Rat","Argentina, Mendoza Prov., Valle de las Cuevas; see comments.","High Andes of Chile and Argentina (between 33<sup>o</sup> and 41<sup>o</sup>S).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Locally abundant.","","Waterhouse never designated a type specimen, which was finally designated by Thomas (1917<i>a</i>). Waterhouse’s original type locality was ""from Chile"", but in 1848 he added that the locality was from the Valle de las Cuevas near the Volcano of Peteroa, which would make the locality in Argentina (Pearson, 1984). Karyotype has 2n=56 and FN=108 (Gallardo and Reise, 1992).","34","34-00368","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0367-0000-0368"
"13400369","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Aconaemys","","porteri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8.","19","","281","","","Porter’s Rock Rat","Chile, Osorno Prov., Osorno .","NE slope of Villarrica Volcano to Puyehue (Chile) and to Nahuelhuapi Lake district (Argentina); between 900 to 2,000 m.","","","Pearson (1984) synomyized <i>porteri</i> with <i>fuscus</i>, but Gallardo and Reise (1992) demonstrated that the two are morphologically and chromosomally distinct. Karyotype has 2n=58 and FN=112 (Gallardo and Reise, 1992).","34","34-00369","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0367-0000-0369"
"13400370","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Aconaemys","","sagei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pearson","1984","","J. Zool. Lond.","202","","229","","","Sage’s Rock Rat","Argentina, Neuquén Prov., 2 km S Cerro Quillén at Pampa de Hui Hui (1050 m).","Known only from near Lago Quillén and Lago Hui Hui at Pampa de Hui Hui in Neuquén Prov. of Argentina. but reports suggest it might also occur in Malleco Prov. of Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Locally abundant, but may have very limited distribution.","","Much smaller than <i>A. fuscus</i>. Karyotype has 2n=54 and FN=104 (Gallardo and Reise, 1992).","34","34-00370","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0367-0000-0370"
"13400371","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Octodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Bennett","1832","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1832","","46","","<i>Octodon cumingii</i> Bennett, 1832 (= <i>Sciurus degus</i> Molina, 1782).","","","","","<i>Dendrobius</i> Meyen, 1833; <i>Dendroleius</i> Meyen, 1833<i>.</i>","","34","34-00371","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0371"
"13400372","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Octodon","","bridgesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1844","1845","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1844","","155","","","Bridges’s Degu","Chile, Curico Prov., Rio Teno.","Chilean Andes from 34<sup>o</sup>15’ to at least 40<sup>o</sup>S (Redford and Eisenberg, 1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Once common, but now quite rare (Redford and Eisenberg, 1992).","","Massoia (1979:36) reported <i>Octodon</i>, perhaps <i>bridgesi</i>, from S Argentina. Karyotype has 2n=58 and FN=112 (Gallardo, 1992).","34","34-00372","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0371-0000-0372"
"13400373","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Octodon","","degus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","303","","","Degu","Chile, Santiago Prov., Santiago.","Chile, west slope of the Andes between Vallenar and Curico, to 1,200 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>alba</i>  Fitzinger, 1867;<i> clivorum</i> Thomas, 1927; <i>cumingii</i> Bennett, 1832;<i> getulus</i> (Poeppig, 1829);<i> kummingii</i> (Schinz, 1845); <i>pallidus</i> Wagner, 1845;<i> peruana</i><b> </b>Waterhouse, 1848.","Reviewed by Woods and Boraker (1975). Karyotype has 2n=58 and FN=112 (Reig et al., 1972).","34","34-00373","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0371-0000-0373"
"13400374","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Octodon","","lunatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1943","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","30","","110","","","Moon-toothed Degu","Chile, Valparaiso Prov., Olmue.","Coastal mountains of Valparaiso, Aconcagua, and Coquimbo Provs. (Chile) between 31<sup>o</sup>30’ and 35<sup>o</sup>S.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","","Included in <i>Octodon</i> <i>bridgesi</i> by Tamayo and Frassinetti (1980:354). Karyotype has 2n=78 (Spotorno et al., 1988).","34","34-00374","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0371-0000-0374"
"13400375","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Octodon","","pacificus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hutterer","1994","","Z. Säugetierk.","59","","28","","","Pacific Degu","Chile, Arauca Prov., Isla Mocha (38<sup>o</sup>22’S, 73<sup>o</sup>55’W).","Known only from type locality.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Larger and heavier than the three mainland species of this genus.","34","34-00375","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0371-0000-0375"
"13400376","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Octodontomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Palmer","1903","","Science, n.s.","17","","873","","<i>Neoctodon simonsi </i>Thomas, 1902 (= <i>Octodon gliroides</i> Gervais and d’Orbigny, 1844).","","","","","<i>Neoctodon</i>  Thomas, 1902 [preoccupied].","","34","34-00376","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0376"
"13400377","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Octodontomys","","gliroides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gervais and d’Orbigny","1844","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","","","22","","","Mountain Degu","Bolivia, La Paz Dept., near La Paz.","Andes of N Chile, SW Bolivia, and NW Argentina; occurs between 2,000 and 5,000 m in xeric habitats.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>simonsi</i>  Thomas, 1902<i>.</i>","Karyotype has 2n=38 and FN=64 (Gallardo, 1992; George and Weir, 1972<i>a</i>).","34","34-00377","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0376-0000-0377"
"13400378","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Octomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","117","","<i>Octomys mimax</i> Thomas, 1920.","","","","","","Formerly included <i>Octomys barrerae</i>, which is now separated as <i>Tympanoctomys</i>.","34","34-00378","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0378"
"13400379","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Octomys","","mimax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","118","","","Viscacha Rat","Argentina, Catamarca Prov., La Puntilla.","Foothills and lower montane slopes of the Andes, and portions of the Monte Desert of Catamarca, La Rioja, San Juan, and N Mendoza Provs. (Argentina).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>joannius</i>  Thomas, 1921<i>.</i>","Occurs at higher elevations in Andes, and is similar in habits to <i>Neotoma</i>, the North American Woodrat (Redford and Eisenberg, 1992). Karyotype has 2n=56 and FN=108 (Contreras et al., 1994).","34","34-00379","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0378-0000-0379"
"13400380","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Pipanacoctomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Mares, Braum, Barquez, and Diaz","2000","","Occas. Papers, Mus. Texas Tech Univ","203","","3","","<i>Pipanacoctomys aureus</i> Mares","","Braum, Barquez, and Diaz, 2000.","","","","","34","34-00380","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0380"
"13400381","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Pipanacoctomys","","aureus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mares, Braum, Barquez, and Diaz","2000","","Occas. Papers, Mus. Texas Tech Univ.","203","","3","","","Golden Vizcacha Rat","Argentina, Catamarca Prov., Dept. Pomán, 28 km S, 9.3 km W Andalgalá (27o50’03""S, 66o15’50""W), 680 m.","Known only from the type locality.","","","Analysis of morphological data (Mares et al., 2000) suggests sister taxon relationship with <i>Salinoctomys</i> and close relationship with <i>Tympanoctomys</i>.","34","34-00381","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0380-0000-0381"
"13400382","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Salinoctomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Mares, Braum, Barquez, and Diaz","2000","","Occas. Papers, Mus. Texas Tech Univ.","203","","6","","<i>Salinoctomys loschalchalerosorum</i> Mares, Braum, Barquez, and Diaz, 2000.","","","","","","","34","34-00382","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0382"
"13400383","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Salinoctomys","","loschalchalerosorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mares, Braum, Barquez, and Diaz","2000","","Occas. Papers, Mus. Texas Tech Univ.","203","","6","","","Chalchalero Vizcacha Rat","Argentina, La Rioja Prov., Dept. Chamical, 26 km SW Quimilo (30<sup>o</sup>02’43.4""S, 65<sup>o</sup>31’13.4""W), 581 m.","Known only from the type locality.","","","Analysis of morphological data (Mares et al., 2000) suggests sister taxon relationship with <i>Pipanacoctomys</i> and close relationship with <i>Tympanoctomys</i>.","34","34-00383","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0382-0000-0383"
"13400384","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Spalacopus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wagler","1832","","Isis","25","","1219","","<i>Spalacopus poeppigii</i> Wagler, 1832 (= <i>Mus cyanus</i> Molina, 1782).","","","","","<i>Poephagomys</i>  F. Cuvier, 1834;<i> Psammoryctes</i> Poeppig, 1835.","<i>Aconaemys</i> appears to by paraphyletic to <i>Spalacopus</i> (Gallardo and Kirsch, 2000; Honeycutt et al., 2003).","34","34-00384","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0384"
"13400385","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Spalacopus","","cyanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","300","","","Coruro","Chile, Valparaiso Prov.","Chile, west of the Andes between 27<sup>o</sup> and 36<sup>o</sup>S.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Locally common, very fossorial.","<i>ater</i>  (F. Cuvier, 1834);<i> noctivagus</i> (Poeppig, 1835);<b><i> maulinus</i></b> Osgood<i>,</i> 1943;<b><i> poeppigii</i></b> Wagler, 1832;<i> tabanus</i> Thomas, 1925<i>.</i>","Reviewed by Torres-Mura and Contreras (1998). Includes <i>tabanus</i> (Cabrera, 1961:517; Corbet and Hill, 1991:203; Osgood, 1943). Three subspecies (<i>cyanus</i>, <i>poeppigi</i>, <i>maulinus</i>) recognized by Contreras et al. (1987). Karyotype has 2n=58 and FN=112 (Reig et al., 1972).","34","34-00385","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0384-0000-0385"
"13400386","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Spalacopus","","cyanus","cyanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","300","","","","Chile, Valparaiso Prov.","","","","","34","34-00386","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0384-0000-0385-0386"
"13400387","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Spalacopus","","cyanus","maulinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00387","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0384-0000-0385-0387"
"13400388","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Spalacopus","","cyanus","poeppigii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagler","1832","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00388","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0384-0000-0385-0388"
"13400389","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Tympanoctomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Yepes","1940","1941","Rev. Inst. Bact.","9","","569","","<i>Octomys barrerae</i> Lawrence, 1941.","","","","","","Considered a synonym of <i>Octomys </i>(see Reig, 1986:408; Corbet and Hill, 1991:204), but Cabrera (1961:516) and Redford and Eisenberg (1992) considered it a separate genus based on very enlarged tympanic bullae. <i>Octomys</i> identified as sister taxon by molecular data (Gallardo and Kirsch, 2001; Honeycutt et al., 2003), however, Mares et al. (2000) suggested <i>Pipanacoctomys</i> and <i>Salinoctomys</i> are the sister taxa. Although demonstrated to be a tetraploid, its chromosomal evolution is more complicated than a simple duplication of the chromosomes of <i>Octomys</i> (Gallardo et al., 1999).","34","34-00389","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0389"
"13400390","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Octodontidae","","","Tympanoctomys","","barrerae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lawrence","1941","","Proc. New England Zool. Club","18","","43","","","Red Viscacha-rat","Argentina, Mendoza Prov., La Paz.","Arid plains of Mendoza Province.","IUCN – Vulnerable; rare<i>.</i>","","Reviewed by Diaz et al. (2000, Mammalian Species 646). Karyotype is 2n=102 (Contreras and Tores-Mura, 1987) and Gallardo et al. (1999) demonstrated that this species is tetraploid.","34","34-00390","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0366-0000-0000-0389-0000-0390"
"13400391","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Miller and Gidley","1918","","Jour. Washington Acad. Sci.","8","13","447","","","","","","","","The phylogenetic affinity of <i>Abrocoma</i> has been problematic; Ellerman (1940) placed within the family Echimyidae, Landry (1957) within the family Octodontidae whereas Patterson and Wood (1982) assigned familial status. Glanz and Anderson (1990) suggested a sister relationship between Abrocomidae and Chinchillidae. Molecular data (Gallardo and Kirsch, 2001; Honeycutt et al., 2003; Huchon and Douzery, 2001) and allozyme data (Köhler et al., 2000) support familial status within the superfamily Octodontoidea and most suggest a basal position for the Abrocomidae.","34","34-00391","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391"
"13400392","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","Abrocoma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","30","","<i>Abrocoma bennettii </i>Waterhouse, 1837.","","","","","<i>Habrocoma</i>  Wagner, 1842<i>.</i>","","34","34-00392","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391-0000-0000-0392"
"13400393","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","Abrocoma","","bennettii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","31","","","Bennett’s Chinchilla Rat","Chile, Aconcagua Prov., vicinity Aconcagua, flanks of Cordillera.","Chile from Copiapo to the area of Rio Biobio.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common<i>.</i>","<i>cuvieri</i>  Waterhouse, 1837;<i> helvina</i> (Wagner, 1842);<i> laniger </i>Prell, 1934; <b><i>murrayi</i> </b>Wolffsohn, 1916<i>.</i>","Karyotype has 2n=64 and FN=110 (Contreras et al., 1990).","34","34-00393","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391-0000-0000-0392-0000-0393"
"13400394","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","Abrocoma","","bennettii","bennettii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","31","","","","Chile, Aconcagua Prov., vicinity Aconcagua, flanks of Cordillera.","","","","","34","34-00394","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391-0000-0000-0392-0000-0393-0394"
"13400395","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","Abrocoma","","bennettii","murrayi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wolffsohn","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00395","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391-0000-0000-0392-0000-0393-0395"
"13400396","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","Abrocoma","","boliviensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Glanz and Anderson","1990","","Am. Mus. Novit.","2991","","23","","","Bolivian Chinchilla Rat","Bolivia, Dept. Santa Cruz, Manual M. Caballero Prov., Comarapa.","Only known from the vicinity of the type locality.","IUCN – Vulnerable<i>.</i>","","","34","34-00396","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391-0000-0000-0392-0000-0396"
"13400397","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","Abrocoma","","budini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","5","","475","","","Budin’s Chinchilla Rat","Argentina, Catamarca Prov., Otro Cerro, 3,000 m.","Known only from the type locality but Braun and Mares (2002) suggested probable restriction to Sierra de Ambato of Catamarca and La Rioja Provinces.","","","Ellerman (1940) considered <i>budini </i>a subspecies of <i>cinerea</i> but Braun and Mares (2002) recognized it as distinct.","34","34-00397","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391-0000-0000-0392-0000-0397"
"13400398","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","Abrocoma","","cinerea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","4","","132","","","Ashy Chinchilla Rat","Argentina, Jujuy Prov., Cerro Casabindo.","High elevations of SE Peru, SW Bolivia, N Chile, and NW Argentina (Jujuy, Salta and Tucumán Provinces).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Rare<i>.</i>","","Ellerman (1940) included <i>budini</i>, <i>famatina</i>, <i>schistacea</i>, and <i>vaccarum</i> as subspecies but Braun and Mares (2002) recognized each as a distinct species.","34","34-00398","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391-0000-0000-0392-0000-0398"
"13400399","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","Abrocoma","","famatina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","419","","","Famatina Chinchilla Rat","Argentina, La Rioja Prov., La Invernada, Cadena Famatina, 3,800 m.","Known from the Sierra de Famatina but Cabrera (1961) suggested possible occurrence in eastern portions of San Juan Prov., Argentina.","","","Ellerman (1940) considered <i>famatina </i>a subspecies of <i>cinerea</i> but Braun and Mares (2002) recognized it as distinct.","34","34-00399","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391-0000-0000-0392-0000-0399"
"13400400","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","Abrocoma","","shistacea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","216","","","Sierra del Tontal Chinchilla Rat","Argentina, San Juan Prov., Los Sombreros, Sierra Tontal, 3,800 m.","Known from the Sierra del Tontal of southern San Juan Prov., Argentina.","","","Ellerman (1940) considered <i>shistacea </i>a subspecies of <i>cinerea</i> but Braun and Mares (2002) recognized it as distinct.","34","34-00400","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391-0000-0000-0392-0000-0400"
"13400401","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","Abrocoma","","uspallata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Braun and Mares","2002","","J. Mammal.","83","","9","","","Uspallata Chinchilla Rat","Argentina, Mendoza Prov., Quebrada de la Vena, ca. 7 km SSE Uspallata (32<sup>o</sup>39.405’S, 69<sup>o</sup>20.970’W).","Known only from the type locality.","","","Karyotype has 2n=66.","34","34-00401","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391-0000-0000-0392-0000-0401"
"13400402","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","Abrocoma","","vaccarum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","217","","","Mendozan Chinchilla Rat","Argentina, Mendoza Prov., Punta de Vacas, 3,000 m.","Known only from the type locality (Braun and Mares, 2002), although Thomas (1921<i>e</i>) and Cabrera (1961) extended the distribution to NW Mendoza Prov. and SW San Juan Prov., respectively.","","","Ellerman (1940) considered <i>vaccarum </i>a subspecies of <i>cinerea</i> but Braun and Mares (2002) recognized it as distinct.","34","34-00402","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391-0000-0000-0392-0000-0402"
"13400403","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","Cuscomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Emmons","1999","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3279","","2","","<i>Abrocoma oblativa</i> Eaton, 1916.","","","","","","","34","34-00403","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391-0000-0000-0403"
"13400404","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","Cuscomys","","ashaninka","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Emmons","1999","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3279","","2","","","Ashaninka Arboreal Chinchilla Rat","Peru, Dept. de Cusco, N Cordillera de Vilcabamba (11<sup>o</sup>39’36""S, 73<sup>o</sup>40’02""W).","Known only from the type locality.","","","An arboreally adapted abrocomid rodent.","34","34-00404","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391-0000-0000-0403-0000-0404"
"13400405","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Abrocomidae","","","Cuscomys","","oblativa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eaton","1916","","Mem. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci.","5","","87","","","Machu Picchu Arboreal Chinchilla Rat","Peru, Dept. de Cusco, Machu Picchu.","Known only from Inca burial sites of Machu Picchu.","Considered probably extinct by Thomas (1920<i>b</i>); but see Emmons (1999<i>a</i>:13)<i>.</i>","","","34","34-00405","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0391-0000-0000-0403-0000-0405"
"13400406","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","341","","","","","","","Echinomyidae Ameghino, 1889; Loncheridae Burmeister, 1850<i>.</i>","This group is complex, and although several important revisions have occurred (Emmons and Vucetich, 1998; Emmons et al., 2002; Laura and Patton, 2000; Patton and Emmons, 1985), additional revisions are needed. The family includes the most primitive fossil New World hystricognaths from the Early Oligocene of Patagonia. Reig (1986) noted that some living taxa in this family with brachyodont and pentalophodont molars (<i>Mesomys</i> and <i>Lonchothrix</i>) are of the type expected in the ancestral New World Hystricognathi. The family is also the most diverse of all Hystricognathi. Patterson and Wood (1982) included <i>Chaetomys</i> in the Echimyidae (subfamily Chaetomyinae) based on retention of deciduous premolars but see Martin (1994<i>b</i>) for a persuasive argument for returning this taxon to the Erethizontidae. Molecular data (Lara et al., 1996; Leite and Patton, 2002) suggest that the remaining living subfamilies (Dactylomyinae, Echimyidae, Eumysopinae) cannot be defined by monophy... [truncated]","34","34-00406","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406"
"13400407","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Tate","1935","","Bull. Am. Nat. Hist.","68","","295","","","","","","","","Reig (1986) questioned placement of this subfamily in Echimyidae, and raised the possibility that dactylomyines are capromyids. Woods (1993) suggested that if West Indian spiny rats were placed in Capromyidae (see Woods, 1982) then dactylomyines might be too, but left the West Indian forms in their own subfamily, Heteropsomyinae, of the Echimyidae (see comments under Heterodsomyinae). Molecular data clearly place dactylomyine genera (<i>Dactylomys</i> and <i>Kannabateomys</i>) within echimyids (Lara et al., 1996; Leite and Patton, 2002) and to the exclusion of <i>Capromys</i> (Leite and Patton, 2002).","34","34-00407","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407"
"13400408","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","Dactylomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1838","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris), ser. 2","10","","126","","<i>Dactylomys typus</i> I. Geoffroy, 1838 (=<i>Echimys dactylinus</i> Desmarest, 1817).","","","","","<i>Lachnomys</i>  Thomas, 1916 [see Cabrera, 1961:543]<i>.</i>","","34","34-00408","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407-0000-0408"
"13400409","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","Dactylomys","","boliviensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1920","","J. Mammal.","1","","82","","","Bolivian Bamboo Rat","Bolivia, Cochabamba Dept., Misión San Antonia, Río Chimoré, 390 m.","C Bolivia, SE Peru, SW Brazil (Acre).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Emmons and Feer (1990) recognized only a single species, <i>dactylinus</i>, in the lowland Amazon basin, however, da Silva and Patton (1993) demonstrated the presence of two divergent forms of <i>Dactylomys</i> and Patton et al. (2000) provided morphological diagnoses and map ranges for <i>boliviensis</i> and <i>dactylinus</i>. Anderson (1997) recognized <i>boliviensis </i>as the only species of <i>Dactylomys </i>occurring in Bolivia.","34","34-00409","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407-0000-0408-0000-0409"
"13400410","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","Dactylomys","","dactylinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist., Nouv. ed.","10","","57","","","Amazon Bamboo Rat","Upper Amazon area (no locality in original description).","N Brazil from near the mouth of the Amazon west to the base of the Andes in N Peru, Ecuador, and SW Colombia and south to N Bolivia; see Patton et al. (2000) for details.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Locally common.","<i>typus</i>  I. Geoffroy, 1838;<b><i> canescens</i></b> Thomas, 1912;<i> <b>modestus</b></i> Lönnberg, 1921<i>.</i>","The genetic (da Silva and Patton, 1993) and morphological (Patton et al., 2000) divergence clearly support the recognition of <i>dactylinus</i>.","34","34-00410","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407-0000-0408-0000-0410"
"13400411","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","Dactylomys","","dactylinus","dactylinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist., Nouv. ed.","10","","57","","","","Upper Amazon area (no locality in original description).","","","","","34","34-00411","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407-0000-0408-0000-0410-0411"
"13400412","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","Dactylomys","","dactylinus","canescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00412","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407-0000-0408-0000-0410-0412"
"13400413","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","Dactylomys","","dactylinus","modestus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00413","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407-0000-0408-0000-0410-0413"
"13400414","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","Dactylomys","","peruanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1900","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","13","","220","","","Montane Bamboo Rat","Peru, Juliaca; corrected by J. A. Allen (1901) to Inca Mines, ""about 200 miles [322 km] northeast of Jaliaca"" 1,830 m, 13<sup>o</sup>30’S, 70<sup>o</sup>W.","Cloud forest of SE Peru.","IUCN – Data Deficient. Unknown.","","Emmon and Feer (1997) indicated that this taxon occurs at 1,000 to 3,000 m in SE Peru and Bolivia, but see Anderson (1997), who recorded no specimens from Bolivia.","34","34-00414","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407-0000-0408-0000-0414"
"13400415","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","Kannabateomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Jentink","1891","","Notes Leyden Mus.","13","","109","","<i>Dactylomys amblyonyx </i>Wagner, 1845.","","","","","<i>Cannabateomys</i>  Lydekker, 1892<i>.</i>","","34","34-00415","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407-0000-0415"
"13400416","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","Kannabateomys","","amblyonyx","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1845","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","146","","","Atlantic Bamboo Rat","Brazil, São Paulo, Ipanema.","E Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina; lives in bamboo thickets.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Locally common.","<b><i>pallidior</i> </b> Thomas, 1903<i>.</i>","","34","34-00416","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407-0000-0415-0000-0416"
"13400417","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","Kannabateomys","","amblyonyx","amblyonyx","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1845","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","146","","","","Brazil, São Paulo, Ipanema.","","","","","34","34-00417","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407-0000-0415-0000-0416-0417"
"13400418","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","Kannabateomys","","amblyonyx","pallidior","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00418","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407-0000-0415-0000-0416-0418"
"13400419","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","Olallamys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Emmons","1988","","J. Mammal.","69","2","241","","<i>Thrinacodus albicauda</i> Günther, 1879.","","","","","","Emmons (1988) indicated that <i>Thrinacodus</i> Günther, 1879, the original generic name, is preoccupied by <i>Thrinacodus</i> St. John and Worthen, 1875 (a shark).","34","34-00419","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407-0000-0419"
"13400420","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","Olallamys","","albicauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1879","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1879","","144","","","White-tailed Olalla Rat","Colombia, Antioquia Dept., Medellin.","NW and C Colombia, west of the Cordillera Central; occurs up to 3,000 m, often in dense bamboo thickets (Eisenberg, 1989).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>apolinari</i>  (J.A. Allen, 1914)<i>.</i>","","34","34-00420","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407-0000-0419-0000-0420"
"13400421","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Dactylomyinae","","Olallamys","","edax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","18","","299","","","Greedy Olalla Rat","Venezuela, Merida, Sierra de Merida.","W Venezuela and adjacent N Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","","34","34-00421","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0407-0000-0419-0000-0421"
"13400422","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","341","","","","","","","Loncherinae Thomas, 1896.","Recent revisions by Emmons (1993<i>a</i>), Emmons and Vucetich (1998), and Emmons et al. (2002) clarified the taxonomy and systematics of this subfamily. Molecular data (Leite and Patton, 2002) do not support the monopyly of this subfamily. L. Emmons (pers. comm.) is completing a further revision.","34","34-00422","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422"
"13400423","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Callistomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Emmons and Vucetich","1998","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3223","","3","","<i>Nelomys pictus </i>Pictet, 1843.","","","","","","Fossil mandible tentatively identified by Winge (1888) as <i>Lasiuromys villosus</i> placed in <i>Callistomys</i> by Emmons and Vucetich (1998).","34","34-00423","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0423"
"13400424","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Callistomys","","pictus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pictet","1841","","Notice Anim. Nouv. Mus. Geneve","","","29","","","Painted Tree-rat","Brazil, Bahia.","Known only from the vicinity of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Echimys pictus</i>.","","Previously included in the genus <i>Isothrix</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Ellerman, 1940; Patton and Emmons, 1985; Waterhouse, 1848), <i>Nelomys</i> (Goldman, 1916; Pictet, 1843; Thomas, 1916<i>e</i>, <i>f</i>), or <i>Echimys</i> (Moojen, 1952; Tate, 1935), but placed in a new genus, <i>Callistomys,</i> by Emmons and Vucetich (1998).","34","34-00424","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0423-0000-0424"
"13400425","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Diplomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","18","","240","","<i>Loncheres caniceps</i> Günther, 1877.","","","","","","The genus is under review by L. Emmons (pers. comm.), and generic assignment of the species listed is likely to change.","34","34-00425","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0425"
"13400426","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Diplomys","","caniceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1876","1877","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1876","","745","","","Colombian Soft-furred Spiny-rat","Colombia, Antioquia Dept., Medellin.","W Colombia, NW Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","See description in Emmons and Feer (1990:222).","34","34-00426","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0425-0000-0426"
"13400427","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Diplomys","","labilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1901","","Am. Nat.","35","","638","","","Rufous Soft-furred Spiny-rat","Panama, San Miguel Isl.","Panama (including San Miguel Isl), W Colombia, and (probably) N Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Locally common.","<i>darlingi</i>  (Goldman, 1913)<i>.</i>","Includes <i>darlingi</i> (Handley, 1966<i>a</i>:787; Hall, 1981:874).","34","34-00427","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0425-0000-0427"
"13400428","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Diplomys","","rufodorsalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1899","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","12","","197","","","Red Crested Soft-furred Spiny-rat","Colombia, Magdalena Dept., Onaca.","Known only from the type locality in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of NE Colombia.","IUCN – Vulnerable; rare (known only from two specimens).","","Taxonomy being revised (Emmons, In Press).","34","34-00428","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0425-0000-0428"
"13400429","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Echimys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1809","","Bull Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","24","","394","","<i>Myoxus chrysurus</i> Zimmermann, 1780.","","","","","<i>Echinomys</i>  Wagner, 1840;<i> Loncheres</i> Illiger, 1811;<i> Nelomys </i>Jourdan, 1837.","Formerly included <i>pictus</i> by some authors (e.g., Pictet, 1843; Goldman, 1916; Thomas, 1916<i>e</i>, <i>f</i>; Tate, 1935; Moojen, 1952), now in genus <i>Callistomys</i> (see account above); <i>armatus</i>, <i>grandis</i>, <i>macrurus</i>, and <i>rhipidurus</i>, which are now placed in the genus <i>Makalata</i> (see that account); and <i>blainvillei</i>, <i>braziliensis</i>, <i>dasythrix</i>, <i>lamarum</i>, <i>nigrispinus</i>, <i>thomasi</i>, and <i>unicolor</i>, which are now placed in the genus <i>Phyllomys</i> (see that account and Emmons et al., 2002). The genus is under review by L. Emmons (pers. comm.), and generic assignment of the species listed is likely to change.","34","34-00429","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0429"
"13400430","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Echimys","","chrysurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Theire","2","","352","","","White-faced Spiny Tree-rat","Suriname.","Guianas to lower Amazonian NE Brazil.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>cristatus</i>  Desmarest<i>,</i> 1817;<i> paleaceus</i> (Lichtenstein, 1820)<i>.</i>","","34","34-00430","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0429-0000-0430"
"13400431","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Echimys","","saturnus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1928","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10","2","","409","","","Dark Spiny Tree-rat","Ecuador, Napo-Pastaza Prov., Río Napo.","Ecuador and N Peru, east of the Andes to at least 1,000 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Rare.","","","34","34-00431","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0429-0000-0431"
"13400432","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Echimys","","semivillosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1838","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris), ser. 2","10","","125","","","Speckled Spiny Tree-rat","Colombia, Bolivar Dept., Cartagena.","N Colombia, Venezuela, Margarita Isl.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Locally common.","<i>carrikeri</i>  (J. A. Allen, 1911); <i>flavidus</i> (Hollister, 1914);<i> punctatus</i> (Thomas, 1899).","See Cabrera (1961:542-543). Taxonomy being revised (Emmons, In Press).","34","34-00432","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0429-0000-0432"
"13400433","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Isothrix","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wagner","1845","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","145","","<i>Isothrix bistriata</i> Wagner, 1845 (selected by Goldman, 1916).","","","","","<i>Lasiuromys</i>  Deville, 1852<i>.</i>","Formerly included <i>pictus</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Patton and Emmons, 1985), which Emmons and Vucetich (1998) placed in a new genus, <i>Callistomys</i> (see that account).","34","34-00433","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0433"
"13400434","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Isothrix","","bistriata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1845","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","146","","","Yellow-crowned Brush-tailed Rat","Brazil, Mato Grosso, Río Guaporé.","E Bolivia and E Peru, SW to NC Brazil, S Venezuela, adjacent Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>boliviensis</i>  Petter and Cuenca Aguirre, 1982; <i>molliae</i> Thomas, 1924;<i> villosus</i> (Deville, 1852);<i> <b>orinoci</b></i> Thomas, 1899.","Patton and Emmons (1985) recognized 2 subspecies (<i>bistriata</i> and <i>orinoci</i>) and synonymized <i>villosus</i> in <i>I. b. bistriata</i>. Listed as <i>bistriatus</i> by Corbet and Hill (1991:206). The sequence analyses of da Silva and Patton (1993) and Patton et al. (2000) identified two geographic and taxonomic forms within <i>bistriata</i>. Bonvicino et al. (2003<i>a</i>) recognized these two forms as distinct species, <i>bistriata</i> and <i>negrensis</i>. The karyotype has 2n=60, FN=116-118 (Leal-Mesquita, 1991; Patton et al., 2000).","34","34-00434","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0433-0000-0434"
"13400435","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Isothrix","","bistriata","bistriata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1845","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","146","","","","Brazil, Mato Grosso, Río Guaporé.","","","","","34","34-00435","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0433-0000-0434-0435"
"13400436","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Isothrix","","bistriata","orinoci","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00436","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0433-0000-0434-0436"
"13400437","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Isothrix","","negrensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","277","","","Rio Negro Brush-tailed Rat","Brazil, Acajutuba, lower Rio Negro, near its mouth.","NC Brazil along the Rio Negro and Rio Solimoes.","","","Included in <i>bistriata</i> until recognized as distinct species based on sequence, chromosomal, and morphological differentiation (Bonvicino et al., 2003<i>a</i>). Karyotype has 2n=60, FN=112 (Bonvicino et al., 2003<i>a</i>).","34","34-00437","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0433-0000-0437"
"13400438","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Isothrix","","pagurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1845","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","146","","","Plain Brush-tailed Rat","Brazil, Amazonas, Borba, Lower Rio Madeira.","Amazon Basin of Central Brazil from Rio Madeira east to Rio Tapajoz and north to lower Rio Negro.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Karyotype has 2n=22 and FN=38 (Patton and Emmons, 1985).","34","34-00438","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0433-0000-0438"
"13400439","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Isothrix","","sinnamariensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vie et al.","1996","","Mammalia","60","","395","","","Sinnamary Brush-tailed Rat","French Guiana, along the Sinnamary River, 21 km upstream of the Petit Saut Dam (4<sup>o</sup>56’80""N, 53<sup>o</sup>01’90""W).","Known only from the vicinity of the type locality.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Karyotype has 2n=28 and FN=42.","34","34-00439","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0433-0000-0439"
"13400440","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Makalata","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Husson","1978","","The Mammals of Suriname","","","445","","<i>Nelomys armatus</i> (I. Geoffroy 1838) (= <i>Echimys didelphoides</i> Desmarest, 1817).","","","","","","Not recognized as a separate genus by Eisenberg (1989) or Corbet and Hill (1991).","34","34-00440","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0440"
"13400441","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Makalata","","didelphoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Nat., Nouv. ed.","10","","58","","","Red-nosed Armored Tree-rat","Unknown, probably Brazil.","Andes of N Ecuador and Colombia, Venezuela, Guyanas, Amazon Basin of Brazil, Trinidad and Tobago; perhaps Martinique (record probably erroneous, see Hall, 1981:1180).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Mesomys didelphoides</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Makalata armatus</i>.","<i>armatus</i> (I. Geoffroy, 1838); <i>castaneus</i> (Allen and Chapman, 1893);<i> guianae</i> (Thomas, 1888); <i>hispidus</i> (Lichtenstein, 1830);<i> longirostris</i> (Anthony, 1921).","Emmons (1993<i>a</i>) concluded that the holotype for <i>Echimys</i> <i>didelphoides</i> was a young <i>Makalata armata</i> and therefore <i>E. didelphoides</i> Desmarest 1817 antedates <i>Nelomys armatus</i> I. Geoffroy (1838). Karyotype has 2n=66 and FN=110 (Lima et al., 1998). Sequence data suggest more than one species present in <i>didelphoides </i>(da Silva and Patton, 1993; Patton et al., 2000).","34","34-00441","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0440-0000-0441"
"13400442","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Makalata","","grandis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1845","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","145","","","Giant Armored Tree-rat","Brazil, Amazonas, Manaqueri.","Amazonian Brazil along the banks of the Amazon River from Río Negro to Ilha Caviana.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Echimys grandis</i>.","","Formerly included <i>rhipidurus</i> as a valid subspecies (Cabrera, 1961), which was given specific status by Emmons and Feer (1990).","34","34-00442","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0440-0000-0442"
"13400443","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Makalata","","macrura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","360","","","Long-tailed Armored Tree-rat","Brazil, Amazonas, Borba.","C Brazil west to N Peru and E Ecuador (see Patton et al., 2000).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Echimys macrurus</i>.","","Considered a large form of <i>Makalata didelphoides</i> by Emmons and Feer (1997) that might represent a distinct species, a hypothesis now supported by morphological and molecular evidence (Patton et al., 2000).","34","34-00443","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0440-0000-0443"
"13400444","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Makalata","","obscura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1840","","Abh. Akad. Wiss. Munich","3","","196","","","Dark Armored Tree Rat","Unknown.","Brazil.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Mesomys obscurus.</i>","","Known only from the original description. Tate (1935) placed it first in the genus <i>Mesomys</i> (p. 413) and then in the genus <i>Echimys</i> (p. 432). Cabrera (1960) followed Tate’s first allocation and retained it in <i>Mesomys</i> with reservation, a placement followed by subsequent authors (Corbet and Hill, 1991; Woods, 1993). Emmons (1993<i>a</i>) suggested that the original illustrations precluded identity with <i>Mesomys</i> and Emmons (In Press) placed it in the genus <i>Makalata</i>.","34","34-00444","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0440-0000-0444"
"13400445","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Makalata","","occasius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","450","","","Bare-tailed Armored Tree-rat","Ecuador, Mt. Pichincha, Gualea.","Ecuador and Peru east of the Andes.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Recognized as a distinct species by Emmons and Feer (1990:217) and placed in the genus <i>Makalata</i> by Emmons and Feer (1997:236). Distinction further documented by Emmons (In Press), who placed this taxon in a new genus.","34","34-00445","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0440-0000-0445"
"13400446","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Makalata","","rhipidura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1928","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10","2","","291","","","Peruvian Armored Tree-rat","Peru, Dept. Loreto, Pebas.","C and N Amazonian Peru.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Echimys rhipidurus.</i>","","Elevated to species by Emmons and Feer (1990:216) and placed in the genus <i>Makalata</i> by Emmons and Feer (1997:239).","34","34-00446","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0440-0000-0446"
"13400447","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Phyllomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lund","1839","","Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.), Paris, sér. 2","11","","225","","<i>Nelomys blainvilii</i> Jordan, 1837.","","","","","<i>Loncheres</i>  Lichtenstein<i>,</i> 1820.","Species of the Brazilian laminated-toothed echimyid rodents have historically been grouped with the nonlaminate-toothed arboreal echimyids under the generic name <i>Echimys</i> (Tate, 1935; Cabrera, 1961; Woods, 1993). These laminated-toothed forms were segregated as <i>Nelomys</i> by Thomas (1916<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and by Emmons and Feer (1990; 1997) and as <i>Phyllomys</i> by Moojen (1952) and Emmons et al. (2002). Emmons et al. (2002) consider <i>Nelomys</i> a junior synonym of <i>Echimys</i> and document that <i>Phyllomys</i> is the next available generic name. Revised by Leite (2003), who described two new species.","34","34-00447","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0447"
"13400448","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Phyllomys","","blainvillii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jordan","1837","","Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de L’Academie des Sciences","15","","522","","","Golden Atlantic Tree-rat","Brazil, Bahia, Isla de Deos; restricted to Seabra (ca. 12<sup>o</sup>25’S, 41<sup>o</sup>46’W) by Emmons et al. (2002).","NE Brazil, S Ceara to N Minas Gerais.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Echimys blainvilei </i>(sic). Most abundant species of <i>Phyllomys</i> in museum collections.","","Name incorrectly spelled as <i>blainvillei</i> by Wagner (1840). Karyotype has 2n=50 and FN=94 (Leite, 2003).","34","34-00448","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0447-0000-0448"
"13400449","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Phyllomys","","brasiliensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1840","","Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.), Paris, sér. 2","12","","208","","","Orange-brown Atlantic Tree-rat","Brazil, Minas Gerais, cave (Lapa das Quatro Bocas) near Lagos Santa.","Valleys of the Paraopeba and das Velhas Rivers in Minas Gerais state (S Brazil).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Echimys brasiliensis</i>.","<i>armatus</i> Winge, 1887<i>.</i>","Cabrera (1961:540) considered <i>Phyllomys brasiliensis</i> a <i>nomen nudum</i>; but see Emmons et al. (2002).","34","34-00449","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0447-0000-0449"
"13400450","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Phyllomys","","dasythrix","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hensel","1872","","Abh. Konigl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","","","49","","","Drab Atlantic Tree-rat","Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (30<sup>o</sup>04’S, 51<sup>o</sup>07’W); as restricted by Emmons et al. (2002).","S Parana to Rio Grande do Sul, usually below 800 m (S Brazil).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Echimys dasythrix</i>.","","Karyotype has 2n=72 (Leite, 2003).","34","34-00450","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0447-0000-0450"
"13400451","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Phyllomys","","kerri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Moojen","1950","","Rev. Brasil. Biol.","10","","489","","","Kerr’s Atlantic Tree-rat","Brazil, São Paulo, Ubatuba, Estação Experimental de Ubatuba (23<sup>o</sup>25’S, 45<sup>o</sup>07’W); as restricted by Emmons et al. (2002).","Known only from Ubatuba, on N coast of São Paulo.","","","","34","34-00451","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0447-0000-0451"
"13400452","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Phyllomys","","lamarum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","18","","297","","","Pallid Atlantic Tree-rat","Brazil, Bahia, about 70 miles (113 km) NW Salvador, Lamarão; as amended by Emmons et al. (2002).","E Brazil, Paraiba to Minas Gerais.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Echimys lamarum</i>.","","","34","34-00452","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0447-0000-0452"
"13400453","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Phyllomys","","lundi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Leite","2003","","Publ. Zool., Univ. Cal. Press","132","","19","","","Lund’s Atlantic Tree-rat","Brazil, Minas Gerais, 4 km SE Passa Vinte, Fazenda do Bené (22<sup>o</sup>14’S, 44<sup>o</sup>12’W, elev. 680 m).","Known only from two localities 200 km apart in southern Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).","","","One of the smallest species in the genus; possibly related to <i>P</i>. <i>nigrispinus</i>.","34","34-00453","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0447-0000-0453"
"13400454","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Phyllomys","","mantiqueirensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Leite","2003","","Publ. Zool., Univ. Cal. Press","132","","25","","","Mantiqueira Atlantic Tree-rat","Brazil, Minas Gerais, 13 km SW Delfim Moreira, Fazenda da Onça (22<sup>o</sup>36’S, 45<sup>o</sup>20’W, elev. 1850 m).","Brazil.","","","","34","34-00454","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0447-0000-0454"
"13400455","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Phyllomys","","medius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","239","","","Long-furred Atlantic Tree-rat","Brazil, Paraná, Serra do Mar, Roça Nova (25°28’S, 49°01’W, elev. 1000 m); as amended by Emmons et al. (2002).","Mainly along the coast in the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul, extends west into Araucaria forest in Paraná (S Brazil).","","","Cabrera (1961) considered <i>medius</i> a subspecies of <i>blainvillii</i> but Emmons et al. (2002) and Leite (2003) documented species status. Karyotype has 2n=96 (Leite, 2003).","34","34-00455","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0447-0000-0455"
"13400456","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Phyllomys","","nigrispinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","361","","","Blacked-spined Atlantic Tree-rat","Brazil, São Paulo, Floresta Nacional de Ipanema, 20 km NW Sorocaba (23<sup>o</sup>26’S, 47<sup>o</sup>37’W); as amended by Emmons et al. (2002).","SE Brazil, from the state of Rio de Janeiro to Paraná, mainly along the coastal zone, but extending inland to W São Paulo to at least 850 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Echimys nigrispinus</i>.","","Karyotype has 2n=52 (Leite, 2003).","34","34-00456","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0447-0000-0456"
"13400457","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Phyllomys","","pattoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Emmons, Leite, Kock, and Costa","2002","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","3380","","30","","","Rusty-sided Atlantic Tree-rat","Brazil, Bahia, Caravelas, Mangue do Caritoti (17<sup>o</sup>43’30""S, 39<sup>o</sup>15’35""W).","E Brazil from the state of Paraibo to NE São Paulo, chiefly along the coast but occurring inland to 1000 m in rainforest.","","","Karyotype has 2n=72 or 80; FN=112 or 114.","34","34-00457","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0447-0000-0457"
"13400458","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Phyllomys","","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ihering","1871","","Rev. Mus. Paulista","2","","171","","","Giant Atlantic Tree-rat","Brazil, São Paulo, Isla de São Sabastião (23<sup>o</sup>46’S, 45<sup>o</sup>21’W); as amended by Emmons et al. (2002).","Endemic to the Isla de São Sabastião (Brazil).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Echimys thomasi</i>.","","","34","34-00458","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0447-0000-0458"
"13400459","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Echimyinae","","Phyllomys","","unicolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1842","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","361","","","Short-furred Atlantic Tree-rat","""Brasilia""; restricted by Emmons et al. (2002) to Bahia, 50 km SW Caravelas, Colonia Leopoldina (now Helvecia) (17<sup>o</sup>48’S, 39<sup>o</sup>39’W, elev. 59 m).","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Echimys unicolor</i>.","","According to Cabrera (1961:543), Thomas believed that <i>unicolor</i> was a synonym of <i>brasiliensis</i>. Emmons et al. (2002) suggested that the affinities of <i>unicolor</i> may be with <i>medius</i>, with which it shares many features.","34","34-00459","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0422-0000-0447-0000-0459"
"13400460","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Rusconi","1935","","Bol. Paleont. Buenos Aires","5","","2","","","","","","","","Proposed as a subfamily by Patton and Reig (1989:76). This subfamily includes the Oligocene fossil forms, and the most primitive living genera of South American echimyids. Included in the Heteropsomyinae by McKenna and Bell (1997). Molecular data (Leite and Patton, 2002) suggest that the genera <i>Clyomys</i> and <i>Euryzygomatomys</i> are allied with the myocastorids and capromyids and that this subfamily is not a monophyletic unit.","34","34-00460","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460"
"13400461","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Carterodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1848","","Nat. Hist. Mamm.","2","","351","","<i>Echimys sulcidens</i> Lund, 1841.","","","","","","","34","34-00461","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0461"
"13400462","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Carterodon","","sulcidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1841","","Afh. Kongl. Danske Vid. Selsk.","","","49","","","Owl’s Spiny Rat","Brazil, Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa.","E Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>temmincki</i>  (Lund, 1842).","","34","34-00462","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0461-0000-0462"
"13400463","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Clyomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","18","","300","","<i>Echimys laticeps</i> Thomas, 1909.","","","","","","Reviewed by Ávila-Pires and Wutke (1981:530). Reig (1986:409, footnote) noted that <i>Clyomys</i> might not be distinct from <i>Euryzygomatomys</i>.","34","34-00463","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0463"
"13400464","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Clyomys","","bishopi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ávila-Pires and Wutke","1981","","Revta Bras. Biol.","41","","530","","","Bishop’s Fossorial Spiny Rat","Brazil, São Paulo, Itapetininga.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","34","34-00464","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0463-0000-0464"
"13400465","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Clyomys","","laticeps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","240","","","Broad-headed Spiny Rat","Brazil, Santa Catarina, Joinville.","Between Minas Gerais and Santa Catarina (E Brazil) in savanna habitats.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>spinosus</i>  (Winge, 1887).","Highly fossorial and colonial. Karyotype has 2n=34 and FN=64 (Yonenaga, 1975).","34","34-00465","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0463-0000-0465"
"13400466","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Euryzygomatomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Goeldi","1901","","Bol. Mus. Para.","3","","179","","<i>Rattus spinosus</i> G. Fischer, 1814.","","","","","","Reig (1986:409, footnote) noted that <i>Clyomys</i> might not be distinct from <i>Euryzygomatomys</i>.","34","34-00466","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0466"
"13400467","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Euryzygomatomys","","spinosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia","3","","105","","","Guiara","Paraguay, Cordillera, Atira.","S and E Brazil, NE Argentina, Paraguay.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brachyura</i>  (Rengger, 1830);<i> catellus</i> Thomas, 1916;<i> guiara</i> (Brandt, 1835);<i> rufa</i> (Lichtenstein, 1820).","Use of the names derived from Fischer (1814) is provisional pending clarification of the availability of the work. Should Fischer (1814) become unavailable, the name would be <i>rufa</i> Lichtenstein, 1820 (Adhandl. Preuss. Akad, Wiss., 1818-1819 [1820], p. 192). Karyotype has 2n=46 and FN=88 (Yonenaga, 1975).","34","34-00467","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0466-0000-0467"
"13400468","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Hoplomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1908","","Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","24","","649","","<i>Hoplomys truei</i> J. A. Allen, 1908 (= <i>Echimys gymnurus</i> Thomas, 1897).","","","","","","Revised by Handley (1959<i>a</i>). Patton and Reig (1989:90) demonstrated that this genus is very close to <i>Proechimys</i>, and may be congeneric, a view supported by DNA sequence analyses (Lara et al., 1996).","34","34-00468","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0468"
"13400469","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Hoplomys","","gymnurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","20","","550","","","Armored Rat","Ecuador, Esmeraldas Prov., Cachavi.","EC Honduras to NW Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Locally common.","<i>goethalsi</i>  Goldman, 1912;<i> truei</i> J. A. Allen, 1908.","Cabrera (1961) placed <i>hoplomyoides</i> Tate, 1939 as a subspecies of <i>gymnurus</i>, but this taxon has been consistently placed in the genus <i>Proechimys</i> by other authors (Handley, 1976; Patton, 1987; Tate, 1939).","34","34-00469","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0468-0000-0469"
"13400470","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Lonchothrix","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","113","","<i>Lonchothrix emiliae</i> Thomas, 1920.","","","","","","","34","34-00470","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0470"
"13400471","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Lonchothrix","","emiliae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","113","","","Tuft-tailed Spiny Tree Rat","Brazil, Río Tapajoz, Villa Braga.","C Brazil, south of the Amazon River in area of Río Tapajoz and Río Madeira.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Locally common.","","","34","34-00471","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0470-0000-0471"
"13400472","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Mesomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wagner","1845","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","145","","<i>Mesomys ecaudatus</i> Wagner, 1845 (= <i>Echimys hispidus</i> Desmarest, 1817).","","","","","","Revision of this genus is needed; see Husson (1978:440), Emmons and Feer (1997:234), Voss et al. (2001) and Orlando et al. (2003). Formerly included <i>didelphoides</i> and <i>obscurus</i>, both now placed in the genus <i>Makalata</i> (Emmons, 1993<i>a</i>).","34","34-00472","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0472"
"13400473","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Mesomys","","hispidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Nat., Nouv. ed.","10","","58","","","Ferreira’s Spiny Tree-rat","Brazil, Amapá (see comments).","Amazon Basin of N Bolivia, Peru, E Ecuador, SE Colombia east through S Venezuela, the Guianas, and all of Brazil except east of the Rio Tapajos and south of the Amazon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ecaudatus</i>  Wagner, 1845;<i> ferrugineus</i> (Günther, 1876);<i> spicatus</i> Thomas, 1924<i>.</i>","Type locality unknown, given as Amérique méridionale by Desmarest (1817), restricted to Borba, Rio Madeira, Brazil by Tate (1939). However, sequence data from holotype identified close affinities to material from French Guiana and, in consideration of the travel route of the original collector, support the correct placement of the type locality in the state of Amapá, Brazil (Orlando et al., 2003). More than a single species may be represented in this taxon, which demonstrates considerable variation in body size, cranial morphology, and molecular characters (Orlando et al., 2003; Patton et al., 2000; Voss et al., 2001). Includes <i>ferrugineus</i> and <i>spicatus</i>, although both have tasseled tails, a characteristic of the recently described <i>occultus</i>; neither have other morphological characteristics of <i>occultus</i> (Patton et al., 2000). Tentatively includes <i>ecaudatus</i> but see comments under <i>occultus</i>. Formerly included <i>stimulax</i>, see Husson (1978) and com... [truncated]","34","34-00473","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0472-0000-0473"
"13400474","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Mesomys","","leniceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","18","","348","","","Woolly-headed Spiny Tree-rat","Peru, Dept Amazonas, Yambasbramba.","Higher elevations in Peru (over 2,000 m).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","Recognized as a species by Emmons and Feer (1990) but not by Eisenberg and Redford (1999), who placed it within <i>hispidus</i> .","","34","34-00474","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0472-0000-0474"
"13400475","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Mesomys","","occultus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Patton, da Silva, and Malcolm","2000","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat Hist.","244","","194","","","Tufted-tailed Spiny Tree-rat","Brazil, Amazonas, Colocação Vira-Volta, left bank Rio Juruá on Igarape Arabidi, affluent of Paraná Breu.","Central Amazon of Brazil.","","","Although similar to and sympatric with <i>hispidus</i> the two can be differentiated by morphology, karyotype and cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences (Patton et al., 2000). It is not clear at this time whether <i>ecaudatus</i> should be included in <i>hispidus</i> or is a senior synonym of <i>occultus</i>. Karyotype has 2n=42 and FN=54.","34","34-00475","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0472-0000-0475"
"13400476","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Mesomys","","stimulax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","7","","607","","","Pará Spiny Tree Rat","Brazil, Pará, Amazon estuary, ""Cametá, Lower Tocantins.""","Brazil, east of the Rio Tapajós and south of the Amazon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included in <i>hispidus</i> by Cabrera (1961); considered a distinct species by Husson (1978). Material from south of the Amazon and east of the Rio Tapajós in Brazil is karyotypically identical (2n=60, FN=116) with <i>hispidus </i>(Patton et al., 2000) but genetically divergent (da Silva and Patton, 1993; Patton et al., 2000). Voss et al. (2001) examined the holotype and grouped it with ""small-toothed"" forms from Guiana and SE Amazonia. Small-toothed forms from NE South America, however, have affinities with <i>hispidus</i>,<i> </i>whereas <i>stimulax</i> appears to be restricted to areas east of the Rio Tapajós and south ofthe Amazon (Orlando et al., 2003; Patton et al., 2000).","34","34-00476","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0472-0000-0476"
"13400477","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1899","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","12","","257","","<i>Echimys trinitatis</i> J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1893.","","","","","","Traditionally divided into 2 subgenera, <i>Proechimys</i> and <i>Trinomys</i> (Moojen, 1948; Thomas, 1921<i>f</i>; Woods, 1993) but <i>Trinomys</i> was elevated to a genus by Lara et al. (1996). <i>Proechimys</i> represents one of the most diverse groups of Neotropical rodents with 63 named forms. Reviewed, in part, by Reig et al. (1980), Gardner and Emmons (1984), and Patton (1987). May include <i>Hoplomys</i> (see Patton and Reig, 1989; Lara et al., 1996). The species-level taxonomy of the group is controversial, and in need of a major revision. Gardner and Emmons (1984) and Patton (1987) grouped taxa into species groups. Further revision of the genus is in progress by J. Patton (pers. comm.).","34","34-00477","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477"
"13400478","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","brevicauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gunther","1876","1877","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1876","","748","","","Short-tailed Spiny-rat","Peru, Dept. de Loreto, Chamicuros (Río Huallago).","Western Amazonia from S Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia, and W Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P. brevicauda</i>, <i>P. bolivianus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>P. gularis</i>.","<i>bolivianus</i>  Thomas, 1901; <i>elassopus</i> Osgood, 1944; <i>gularis</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>securus</i> Thomas, 1902.","Listed as a subspecies of <i>longicaudatus</i> by Cabrera (1961:524) and as a member of the <i>longicaudatus</i> group by Patton (1987), but treated as a species by Patton et al. (2000). Karyotype has 2n=28-30 and FN=48-50 (Gardner and Emmons, 1984; Patton et al., 2000). Likely polytypic, as Gardner and Emmons (1984) suggested <i>gularis</i> is a separate species based on karyotypic grounds and Patton et al. (2000) suggested that <i>elassopus</i> is also distinct, based on morphological and molecular criteria. Anderson (1997) included <i>bolivianus</i> in <i>brevicauda</i>.","34","34-00478","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0478"
"13400479","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","canicollis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1899","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","12","","200","","","Colombian Spiny-rat","Colombia, Dept. Magdalena, Bonda near Santa Marta (NW base of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).","NC Colombia, NW Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Placed in the monotypic <i>canicollis</i> group by Patton (1987). Karyotype has 2n=24 and FN=44 (Gardner and Emmons, 1984).","34","34-00479","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0479"
"13400480","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","chrysaeolus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7","1","","244","","","Boyacá Spiny Rat","Colombia, Dept. Boyacá, Muzo (valley of Río Carare).","E Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Included in the <i>semispinosus</i> group by Gardner and Emmons (1984) but placed in the <i>trinitatus</i> group by Patton (1987). Listed as a subspecies of <i>guyannensis</i> by Cabrera (1961).","34","34-00480","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0480"
"13400481","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","cuvieri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Petter","1978","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, ser. D","287","","263","","","Cuvier’s Spiny-rat","French Guiana, Saul.","French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana, Brazil west along both sides of the Amazon River to N Peru.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Placed in the monotypic <i>cuvieri</i> group by Patton (1987). Considered closely related to <i>guyannensis</i> by Gardner and Emmons (1984), but see Voss et al. (2001) for review of morphological differentiation. Karyotype has 2n=28 and FN=46-48 (Maia and Langguth, 1993; Patton et al. 2000; Reig et al., 1979).","34","34-00481","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0481"
"13400482","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","decumanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","4","","282","","","Pacific Spiny-rat","Ecuador, Prov. de Guayas, Changón.","NW Peru, SW Ecuador, Pacific lowlands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Placed in <i>brevicauda </i>group by Gardner and Emmons (1984), but Patton (1987) recognized it as the sole representative of a <i>decumanus</i> group. Listed as a subspecies of <i>guyannensis</i> by Cabrera (1961), but as a species by Emmons and Feer (1990, 1997). Karyotype has 2n=30 and FN=54 (Gardner and Emmons, 1984).","34","34-00482","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0482"
"13400483","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","echinothrix","","SPECIES","False","","YES","da Silva","1998","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","111","","441","","","Stiff-spine Spiny-rat","Brazil, Amazonas, Colocação Vira-volta, left bank Rio Juruá on Igarapé Arabidi (66<sup>o</sup>14’W, 03<sup>o</sup>17’S).","W Brazilian Amazon and, possibly, SE Colombia (see Patton et al., 2000).","","","Karyotype has 2n=32 and FN=60.","34","34-00483","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0483"
"13400484","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","gardneri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","da Silva","1998","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","111","","460","","","Gardner’s Spiny-rat","Brazil, Amazonas, Altamira, right bank Rio Juruá (68<sup>o</sup>54’W, 06<sup>o</sup>35’S).","W Amazonia of Brazil and N Boliva between the Rio Juruá and the Rio Madeira.","","","Weksler et al. (2001) erroneously cited Patton (1987) as placing in <i>guyannensis</i> group; molecular analysis suggests affinities with <i>pattoni</i> and <i>kulinae</i>(Patton et al., 2000). Karyotype has 2n=40 and FN=56.","34","34-00484","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0484"
"13400485","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","goeldii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","15","","587","","","Goeldi’s Spiny-rat","Brazil, Pará, Santarem.","Amazonian Brazil between Jamunda and Tapajoz Rivers, W Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hyleae</i> Moojen, 1948; <i>leioprymna</i> Moojen, 1948;<b><i> </i></b><i>nesiotes</i> Moojen, 1948.","Placed in the <i>goeldii</i> group by Patton (1987); Patton et al. (2000) included <i>hyleae</i>, <i>leioprymna</i>, and<b><i> </i></b><i>nesiotes</i>. Karyotype has 2n=24 and FN=42 (Patton et al., 2000).","34","34-00485","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0485"
"13400486","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","guairae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","27","","","Guaira Spiny-rat","Venezuela, Federal Dist., La Guaira.","NC Venezuela, east of Lake Maracaibo and the Merida Andes.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ochraceus</i>  Osgood, 1912.","Placed in <i>trinitatus</i> group by Patton (1987). Includes <i>ochraceus</i>; <i>guairae</i> and <i>ochraceus</i> were formerly included in <i>guyannensis</i> (Reig et al., 1980). Eisenberg (1989) included <i>urichi </i>within <i>guairae</i>. Karyotype is highly variable, 2n=44-52; FN=66-74 (Aguilera and Corti, 1994; Reig, 1989; Reig and Useche, 1976). Reig et al. (1980) mentioned a closely related, undescribed species (""Barina’s"") from south of the Merida Andes.","34","34-00486","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0486"
"13400487","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","guyannensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat.","","","194","","","Guyenne Spiny-rat","French Guiana, Cayenne.","SC Venezuela, the Guianas, southward to C Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P. warreni</i>.","<i>cayennensis</i>  Desmarest, 1817;<i> warreni</i> Thomas, 1905; <b><i>arabupu</i></b> Moojen, 1948;<i> <b>arescens</b></i> Osgood, 1944; <b><i>cherriei</i></b> Thomas, 1899;<b><i> riparum</i></b> Moojen, 1948; <b><i>vacillator</i></b> Thomas 1903.","Hershkovitz (1948<i>a</i>) resurrected <i>guyannensis</i> E. Geoffroy, 1803 for this species as this name antedates <i>cayennensis</i>. Patton (1987) included <i>cherriei</i>, <i>roberti</i>, <i>vacillator</i>, <i>oris</i>, <i>warreni</i>, <i>boimensis</i>, <i>arescens</i>, <i>riparum,</i> and <i>arabupu</i>, but suggested that taxa from south of the Amazon were likely a different species from those to the north. Weksler et al. (2001) confirmed this opinion on morphological, karyotypic, and molecular grounds, and showed that <i>P. roberti</i> was the best name to apply to that species south of the Amazon. Husson’s (1978) recognition of <i>warreni</i> as a species separate from <i>guyannensis</i> was based on his mistaken application of the latter name to the species <i>P. cuvieri</i> (see Voss et al., 2001). However, it remains likely that more than a single species is included in the geographically restricted view of <i>guyannensis</i> presented here. Karyotype has 2n=40 and FN=54 (Re... [truncated]","34","34-00487","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0487"
"13400488","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","guyannensis","guyannensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat.","","","194","","","","French Guiana, Cayenne.","","","","","34","34-00488","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0487-0488"
"13400489","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","guyannensis","arabupu","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Moojen","1948","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00489","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0487-0489"
"13400490","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","guyannensis","arescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00490","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0487-0490"
"13400491","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","guyannensis","cherriei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00491","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0487-0491"
"13400492","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","guyannensis","riparum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Moojen","1948","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00492","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0487-0492"
"13400493","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","guyannensis","vacillator","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00493","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0487-0493"
"13400494","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","hoplomyoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1939","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","76","","179","","","Guyanan Spiny-rat","Venezuela, Bolivar Prov., Mt. Roraima (2,000 m).","SE Venezuela, adjacent Guyana and Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Erroneously considered a subspecies of <i>Hoplomys gymnurus</i> by Cabrera (1961). Placed in the <i>trinitatus</i> group by Patton (1987).","34","34-00494","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0494"
"13400495","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","kulinae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","da Silva","1998","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","111","","451","","","Kulina Spiny-rat","Brazil, Amazonas, Seringal Condor, left bank Rio Juruá (70<sup>o</sup>51’W, 06<sup>o</sup>45’S).","W Brazil north of the Rio Juruá to NE Peru, Dept. Loreto.","","","Molecular analysis suggests affinities with <i>pattoni</i> and <i>gardneri</i> (da Silva, 1995; Patton et al., 2000). Karyotype has 2n=34 and FN=52.","34","34-00495","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0495"
"13400496","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","longicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rengger","1830","","Naturgesch. Säugeth Paraguay","","","236","","","Long-tailed Spiny-rat","N Paraguay.","S Bolivia, N Paraguay, C Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>leucomystax</i>  Ribeiro, 1914; <i>ribeiroi</i> Moojen, 1948; <i>villacauda</i> Moojen, 1948.","Placed in <i>longicaudatus</i> group by Patton (1987). Formerly included <i>brevicauda</i> and <i>roberti</i> (Moojen, 1948). Includes <i>ribeiroi</i> and <i>villacauda </i>(J. Patton in litt.). Karyotype has 2n=28 and FN=48 (Leal-Mesquita, 1991).","34","34-00496","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0496"
"13400497","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","magdalenae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1948","","Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.","97","","136","","","Magdalena Spiny Rat","Colombia, Dept. de Bolívar, Río San Pedro near Norosí (178 m) in the foothills of the Cordillera Central.","Colombia west of the Río Magdalena.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Combined with <i>guyannensis</i> (Cabrera, 1961:521), but recognized as a distinct species by Emmons and Feer (1990:274). Included in the <i>brevicauda</i> group by Gardner and Emmons (1984) but placed in the <i>trinitatus</i> group by Patton (1987).","34","34-00497","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0497"
"13400498","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","mincae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1899","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","12","","198","","","Minca Spiny Rat","Colombia, Dept. Magdalena, Minca near Santa Marta.","N Colombia below 500 m in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Placed in the <i>trinitatis</i> group (Patton, 1987). Karyotype has 2n=48 and FN=68 (Gardner and Emmons, 1984).","34","34-00498","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0498"
"13400499","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","oconnelli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1913","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","32","24","479","","","O’Connell’s Spiny-rat","Colombia, Villavicencio, 480 m.","C Colombia east of Cordillera Oriental.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Placed in the <i>semispinosus </i>group by Patton (1987). Karyotype has 2n=32 and FN=52 (Gardner and Emmons, 1984).","34","34-00499","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0499"
"13400500","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","pattoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","da Silva","1998","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","111","","454","","","Patton’s Spiny-rat","Brazil, Acre, Igarapé Porongaba, right bank Rio Juruá (72<sup>o</sup>47’W, 08<sup>o</sup>40’S).","SE Peru, W Amazonia in headwaters of Rio Juruá (Brazil).","","","Weksler et al. (2001) erroneously cited Patton (1987) as placing in <i>guyannensis</i> group. Molecular analysis suggests affinities with <i>gardneri</i> and <i>kulinae</i> (Patton et al., 2000). Karyotype has 2n=40 and FN=56.","34","34-00500","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0500"
"13400501","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","poliopus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1914","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","135","","","Gray-footed Spiny-rat","Venezuela, Táchira State, San Juan de Colón (797 m) on N slope of Sierra de Merida. Listed in Honacki et al. (1982:590) as Venezuela, Zulia Prov., Río Aurare, El Panorama, for unknown reason.","NW Venezuela, between Lake Maracaibo and the Sierra de Perija and adjacent Colombia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Placed in <i>trinitatus</i> group (Patton, 1987). Formerly included in <i>guyannensis</i>; see Reig et al. (1980). Karyotype has 2n=42 and FN=72-76 (Aguilera and Corti, 1994; Reig and Useche, 1976).","34","34-00501","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0501"
"13400502","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","quadruplicatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1948","","Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.","97","","138","","","Napo Spiny-rat","Ecuador, Napo-Pastaza Prov., Río Napo, Isla Llunchi (18 kms below mouth of Rio Coca).","N Peru, E Ecuador and SE Colombia east across S Venezuela and adjacent Brazil to the vicinity of Manaus, west of Rio Negro.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P. quadruplicatus </i>and <i>P. amphichoricus</i>.","<i>amphichoricus</i>  Moojen, 1948.","Placed in <i>goeldii</i> group by Patton (1987); Patton et al. (2000) included <i>amphichoricus</i>. Karyotype has 2n=26-28 and FN=42-44 (Gardner and Emmons, 1984; Patton et al., 2000).","34","34-00502","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0502"
"13400503","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","roberti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","531","","","Roberto’s Spiny-rat","Brazil, Minas Gerais, Araguari, Rio Jordão.","Cerrado of C Brazil and E Amazon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P. oris</i>.","<i>arescens</i>  Osgood, 1944;<i>boimensis</i> Allen, 1916; <i>oris</i> Thomas, 1904.","Thomas (1901) considered <i>roberti </i>a close relative of <i>longicaudatus</i> and some subsequent reports have treated it as a subspecies of <i>longicaudatus</i> (Cabrera, 1961; Moojen, 1948; Woods, 1993). Thomas (1904<i>b</i>) suggested affinities with <i>guyannensis</i> and Ellerman (1940) listed as a subspecies of <i>guyannensis</i>. Patton (1987) assigned it to the <i>guyannensis</i> group. Considered a distinct species based on morphometrics (Pessôa et al., 1990) and molecular data (Weksler et al., 2001). Eisenberg and Redford (1999) suggested that <i>oris</i> is probably a synonym for <i>roberti</i>, supported by Weksler et al. (2001). Karyotype has 2n=30 and FN=54-56 (Gardner and Emmons, 1984; Weksler et al., 2001).","34","34-00503","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0503"
"13400504","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","semispinosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1860","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1860","","265","","","Tome’s Spiny-rat","Ecuador, Esmeraldas Prov., Esmeraldas.","SE Honduras to SW Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>P. gorgonae</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P. semispinosus</i>.","<b><i>burrus</i> </b> Bang, 1901;<i> <b>calidior</b></i> Thomas, 1911;<i> <b>centralis</b></i> (Thomas, 1896);<i> <b>colombianus </b></i>Thomas, 1914;<i> gorgonae</i> Bang, 1905; <b><i>goldmani</i></b> Bole, 1937;<i> <b>ignotus</b></i> Kellogg, 1946; <b><i>panamensis</i></b> Thomas, 1900; <i>chiriquinus</i> Thomas, 1900; <b><i>rosa</i></b> Thomas, 1900;<i> <b>rubellus</b></i> Hollister, 1914.","Placed in <i>semispinosus</i> group (Patton, 1987). Formerly included in <i>amphichoricus</i>; see Reig et al. (1980) who used the name <i>centralis</i> for animals assigned to <i>semispinosus</i> from N Venezuela. Gardner (1983<i>b</i>) discussed the taxonomic history of this species and corrected the type locality. Karyotype has 2n=30 and FN=50-54 (Gardner and Emmons, 1984; Patton and Gardner, 1972). Includes <i>gorgonae</i> based on lack of karyotypic difference between populations on Gorgonae Isl and mainland of Colombia (Gómez-Laverde et al., 1990).","34","34-00504","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0504"
"13400505","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","semispinosus","semispinosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1860","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1860","","265","","","","Ecuador, Esmeraldas Prov., Esmeraldas.","","","","","34","34-00505","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0504-0505"
"13400506","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","semispinosus","burrus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bang","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00506","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0504-0506"
"13400507","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","semispinosus","calidior","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00507","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0504-0507"
"13400508","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","semispinosus","centralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00508","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0504-0508"
"13400509","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","semispinosus","colombianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00509","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0504-0509"
"13400510","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","semispinosus","goldmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bole","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00510","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0504-0510"
"13400511","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","semispinosus","ignotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kellogg","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00511","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0504-0511"
"13400512","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","semispinosus","panamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00512","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0504-0512"
"13400513","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","semispinosus","rosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00513","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0504-0513"
"13400514","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","semispinosus","rubellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00514","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0504-0514"
"13400515","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","simonsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag.Nat. Hist., ser. 7","6","","300","","","Simon’s Spiny-rat","Peru, Dept. Junín, Río Perené (240 m).","Western Amazon Basin from S Colombia to N Bolivia and W Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P. simonsi </i>and <i>P. hendeei</i>.","<i>hendeei</i>  Thomas, 1926; <i>nigrofulvus</i> Osgood, 1944.","Placed in <i>simonsi</i> group by Patton (1987). Gardner and Emmons (1984) included <i>hendeei</i>; considered a separate species by Eisenberg and Redford (1999). Karyotype has 2n=32 and FN=58 (Gardner and Emmons, 1984; Patton and Gardner, 1972).","34","34-00515","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0515"
"13400516","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","steerei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1911","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","24","","238","","","Steere’s Spiny-rat","Brazil, Amazonas State, Hyutanahan (above Purús).","C Peru and N Bolivia eastward into W Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hilda</i>  Thomas, 1924; <i>kermiti</i> Allen, 1915; <i>liminalis</i> Moojen, 1948; <i>pachita</i> Thomas, 1904; <i>rattinus</i> Thomas, 1926.","Placed in <i>goeldii</i> group by Patton (1987). Listed as a subspecies of <i>goeldii</i> in Cabrera (1961:519), but as a distinct species by Anderson (1997) and Patton et al. (2000). Karyotype has 2n=24 and FN=40-42 (Gardner and Emmons, 1984; Patton et al., 2000). Patton et al. (2000) suggested synonyms listed above.","34","34-00516","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0516"
"13400517","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","trinitatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen and Chapman","1893","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","5","","223","","","Trinidad Spiny-rat","Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad.","Trinidad.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Placed in <i>trinitatus</i> group by Patton (1987). Formerly included in <i>guyannensis</i> (Reig et al., 1980). Karyotype has 2n=62 and FN=80 (Aguilera and Corti, 1994).","34","34-00517","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0517"
"13400518","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Proechimys","","urichi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1899","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","12","","199","","","Sucre Spiny-rat","Venezuela, Sucre, Quebrada Seca.","N Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Placed in <i>trinitatus</i> group by Patton (1987). Formerly included in <i>guyannensis</i> (Reig et al., 1980). Included within <i>guairae</i> by Eisenberg (1989). Karyotype has 2n=62 and FN=88 (Reig and Useche, 1976).","34","34-00518","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0477-0000-0518"
"13400519","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Thrichomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Trouessart","1880","","Cat. Mamm. Bull. Soc. Etudes Sci. Angers","1881","","179","","<i>Nelomys apereoides</i> Lund, 1839.","","","","","","Formerly referred to as <i>Cercomys</i>, which was based on <i>Cercomys cunicularius</i>, a composite (Petter, 1973<i>b</i>).","34","34-00519","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0519"
"13400520","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Thrichomys","","apereoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1839","","Afh. K. Danske Vid. Selsk.","","","38","","","Common Punaré","Brazil, Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa.","S and SE Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>antricola</i>  (Lund, 1841);<i> <b>laurenteus</b></i> (Thomas, 1904).","Formerly referred to as <i>Cercomys cunicularius</i>, a composite (Petter, 1973<i>b</i>; Mares et al., 1981<i>a</i>:120). Braggio and Bonvicino (2004) have recognized <i>inermis</i> and <i>pachyurus</i> as distinct species on the basis of karyotipic and sequence divergence. Even with the recognition of these two additional species, considerable geographic variation in karyotypes and sequence data remains among populations in Brazil. Specimens collected along the Tocantins and Paraná Rivers in the states of Tocantins and Goiás have a 2n=30 and a FN=56 (Bonvicino et al., 2002<i>b</i>), whereas specimens from the states of Bahia and Pernambuco (<i>T. a. laurenteus</i>) have a 2n=30 and FN=54 (Bonvicino et al., 2002; Leal-Mesquita et al., 1993; Souza and Yonenaga-Yassuda, 1982). Specimens collected from near the type locality (<i>T. a. apereoides</i>) have a 2n=28 and a FN=50, whereas specimens from Jaborandi have a 2n=28 and a FN=52 (Bonvicino et al., 2002). More than a single species may... [truncated]","34","34-00520","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0519-0000-0520"
"13400521","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Thrichomys","","apereoides","apereoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1839","","Afh. K. Danske Vid. Selsk.","","","38","","","","Brazil, Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa.","","","","","34","34-00521","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0519-0000-0520-0521"
"13400522","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Thrichomys","","apereoides","laurenteus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00522","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0519-0000-0520-0522"
"13400523","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Thrichomys","","inermis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pictet","1941","","Not. Anim. Nouv. Mus. Geneve","2","","23","","","Highlands Punaré","Brazil, Bahia.","Highlands of Chapada Diamantia, Bahia, Brazil.","","","Included in <i>apereoides</i> by Moojen (1952) and Cabrera (1961) but recognized as a distinct species based on chromosomal differentiation (Bonvicino et al., 2002) and sequence divergence (Braggio and Bonvicino, 2004). Karyotype has 2n=26; FN=48 (Bonvicino et al., 2002; Leal-Mesquita et al., 1993).","34","34-00523","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0519-0000-0523"
"13400524","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Thrichomys","","pachyurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1845","","Archiv. Naturg.","1","","146","","","Paraguayan Punaré","Brazil, Matto Grosso, Cuiabá.","Mato Grosso (S Brazil), Paraguay.","","<i>crassicaudus</i>  (Wagner, 1947); <i>fosteri</i><b> </b>(Thomas, 1903).","Originally described in the genus <i>Isothrix</i> by Wagner (1845) and included in <i>Isothrix</i> by Tate (1935) and Ellerman (1940). Included in <i>Thrichomys</i> <i>apereoides</i> by Cabrera (1961) but recognized as a distinct species based on chromosomal differentiation (Bonvicino et al., 2002) and sequence divergence (Braggio and Bonvicino, 2004). Karyotype has 2n=34; FN=64 (Bonvicino et al., 2002).","34","34-00524","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0519-0000-0524"
"13400525","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","140","","<i>Echimys albispinus</i> I. Geoffroy, 1838.","","","","","","Considered a subgenus of <i>Proechimys</i> by Moojen (1948) and Woods (1993) but Lara et al. (1996) demonstrated that <i>Trinomys</i> is not the sister taxon of <i>Proechimys</i> based on mtDNA sequences and should be regarded as a separate genus. Revised by Lara and Patton (2000).","34","34-00525","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525"
"13400526","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","albispinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1838","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris)","10","","125","","","White-spined Atlantic Spiny-rat","Brazil, Bahía, Ilha de Madre Deos, Itaparica (near Salvador).","States of Sergipe, Bahía and Minas Gerais (NE and SE Brazil).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Proechimys albispinus</i>.","<b><i>minor</i> </b> (Reis and Pessôa, 1995); <b><i>serotinus</i></b> (Thomas 1921).","Reviewed by Pessôa and Reis (2002). Karyotype has 2n=60 and FN=116 (Leal-Mesquita et al., 1992). Divergent from other forms of <i>Trinomys</i> (Lara and Patton, 2000).","34","34-00526","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0526"
"13400527","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","albispinus","albispinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1838","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris)","10","","125","","","","Brazil, Bahía, Ilha de Madre Deos, Itaparica (near Salvador).","","","","","34","34-00527","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0526-0527"
"13400528","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","albispinus","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Reis and Pessôa","1995","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00528","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0526-0528"
"13400529","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","albispinus","serotinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00529","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0526-0529"
"13400530","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","dimidiatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1876","1877","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1876","","747","","","Soft-spined Atlantic Spiny-rat","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, unknown probably SW Rio de Janeiro.","E Brazil including the states of Rio de Janeiro and Distrito Federal.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Proechimys dimidiatus</i>.","","Reviewed by Pessôa and Reis (1993). Lara and Patton (2000) concluded that <i>dimidiatus</i> was the sister taxon of <i>iheringi</i>. Karyotype has 2n=56 (Pessôa and Reis, 1993).","34","34-00530","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0530"
"13400531","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","eliasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pessôa and Reis","1993","","Z. Säugetierk.","58","","183","","","Elias’ Atlantic Spiny-rat","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Município de Maricá, Reatinga da Barra de Maricá (22<sup>o</sup>31’S, 47<sup>o</sup>17’W).","Known only from the type locality.","","","Although <i>eliasi</i> was described and recognized as a subspecies of <i>iheringi</i> (Possôa and Reis, 1993, 1994, 1996), Lara and Patton (2000) elevated it to a species based on analysis of sequence data. The sister taxon of <i>eliasi</i> is <i>paratus</i> and these two taxa are included in a clade with <i>setosus</i> and <i>yonenagae</i> (Lara and Patton, 2000). Karyotype has 2n=58 and FN=112 (Pessôa and Reis, 1996).","34","34-00531","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0531"
"13400532","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","gratiosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Moojen","1948","","Univ. Kansas Publ., Nus Nat. Hist.","1","19","379","","","Gracile Atlantic Spiny-rat","Brazil, Espirito Santo, Santa Teresa, Floresta da Caixa Dagua (19<sup>o</sup>55’S, 40<sup>o</sup>36’W).","South bank of River Doce, Espírito Santo southward to Teresopolis, Rio de Janeiro (SE Brazil).","","<i>panema</i> (Moojen<i>,</i> 1948); <b><i>bonafidei</i></b> (Moojen<i>,</i> 1948).","Recognized as a subspecies of <i>iheringi</i> by Moojen (1948) and Pessôa and Reis (1996). Lara and Patton (2000) elevated <i>gratiosus</i> to a species, retained <i>bonafidei</i> as a subspecies of <i>gratiosus</i>, and suggested that <i>panema</i> was not morphologically distinct from <i>gratiosus</i>. Karyotype has 2n=56 and FN=108 (Pessôa and Reis, 1996).","34","34-00532","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0532"
"13400533","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","gratiosus","gratiosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Moojen","1948","","Univ. Kansas Publ., Nus Nat. Hist.","1","19","379","","","","Brazil, Espirito Santo, Santa Teresa, Floresta da Caixa Dagua (19<sup>o</sup>55’S, 40<sup>o</sup>36’W).","","","","","34","34-00533","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0532-0533"
"13400534","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","gratiosus","bonafidei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Moojen","1948","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00534","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0532-0534"
"13400535","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","iheringi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","8","","252","","","Ihering’s Atlantic Spiny-rat","Brazil, São Paulo, São Sabastião Isl.","Mainland and offshore islands of the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (E Brazil).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Proechimys iheringi</i>.","","Reviewed by Pessôa and Reis (1996), who recognized the six subspecies listed by Moojen (1948: <i>bonafidei</i>, <i>denigratus</i>, <i>gratiosus</i>, <i>iheringi</i>, <i>panema</i>, <i>paratus</i>) plus the newly described <i>eliasi</i>. Pessôa and Reis (1994) concluded that <i>bonafidei</i>, <i>denigratus</i>, <i>eliasi</i>, <i>gratiosus</i>, <i>panema</i> may be part of a taxon specifically distinct from <i>iheringi</i>. Lara and Patton (2000) concluded that <i>bonafidei</i> and <i>gratiosus</i> were not allied with <i>iheringi</i> and elevated <i>gratiosus</i> to a species and retained <i>bonafidei</i> as a subspecies of <i>gratiosus</i>. Lara and Patton (2000) also elevated <i>eliasi</i> and <i>paratus</i> to species and concluded that <i>denigratus</i> was a subspecies of <i>setosus</i>. The sister taxon of <i>iheringi</i> is <i>dimidiatus</i> (Lara and Patton, 2000). Karyotype has 2n=60-65 depending on the number of B chromosomes (Yonenaga-Yassuda et al., 1985).","34","34-00535","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0535"
"13400536","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","mirapitanga","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lara, Patton, and Hingst-Zaher","2002","","Mamm. Biol.","67","10","236","","","Dark-caped Atlantic Spiny-rat","Brazil, Bahia, 16 km W Porto Seguro, Estação Ecológica do Pau Brasil (16<sup>o</sup>22’S, 39<sup>o</sup>11’W, 40 m alt).","Known only from the type locality.","","","Listed as <i>Trinomys</i> sp. in Lara and Patton (2000) and placed as the basal member of a clade also containing <i>dimitiatus</i> and <i>iheringi</i> (see also Lara et al., 2002).","34","34-00536","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0536"
"13400537","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","moojeni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pessôa, Oliveira, and Reis","1992","","Z. Säugetierk.","57","","40","","","Moojen’s Atlantic Spiny-rat","Brazil, Minas Gerais, Conceição do Matro Dentro.","Known only from the type locality.","","","Molecular affinities of this species not yet examined.","34","34-00537","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0537"
"13400538","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","myosuros","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1820","","Abh. Konig. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","","","192","","","Mouse-tailed Atlantic Spiny-rat","Brazil, Bahia.","Bahia (Brazil).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Proechimys myosuros</i>.","<i>cinnamomeus</i>  (Lichtenstein<i>,</i> 1830);<i> leptosoma</i> (Brants, 1827).","This taxon is only tentatively placed in <i>Trinomys</i> because the teeth remain undescribed. Thomas (1921<i>a</i>) synonymized it with <i>setosus,</i> whereas Moojen (1948) concluded that its affinities were with <i>albispinus</i>.","34","34-00538","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0538"
"13400539","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","paratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Moojen","1948","","Univ. Kansas Publ., Nus Nat. Hist.","1","19","382","","","Spiked Atlantic Spiny-rat","Brazil, Espírito Santo, Santa Teresa, Floresta de Capela de São Braz (630 m) (19<sup>o</sup>50’S, 40<sup>o</sup>40’W).","Espírito Santo, from Capela de São Braz southward to Cariacia and Itapemirim (SE Brazil).","","","Recognized as a subspecies of <i>iheringi</i> by Moojen (1948) and Pessôa and Reis (1996) but elevated to a species based on sequence analysis by Lara and Patton (2000).","34","34-00539","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0539"
"13400540","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","setosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","10","","59","","","Hairy Atlantic Spiny-rat","Unknown, but probably Brazil, Bahia (Moojen, 1948:386).","E Brazil (states of Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Proechimys setosus </i>and <i>P. cayennensis</i>.","<i>cayennensis</i>  (Pictet, 1841);<i> fuliginosus</i> (Wagner, 1843);<i> <b>denigratus</b></i> (Moojen<i>,</i> 1948);<i> <b>elegans</b></i> (Lund<i>,</i> 1841).","Although <i>denigratus</i> was described as a subspecies of <i>iheringi</i> (Moojen, 1948) and is often recognized as such (Possôa and Reis, 1994; 1996), Lara and Patton (2000) concluded from analysis of sequence data and morphology that it is one of three subspecies of <i>setosus</i>.","34","34-00540","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0540"
"13400541","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","setosus","setosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","10","","59","","","","Unknown, but probably Brazil, Bahia (Moojen, 1948:386).","","","","","34","34-00541","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0540-0541"
"13400542","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","setosus","denigratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Moojen","1948","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00542","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0540-0542"
"13400543","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","setosus","elegans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00543","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0540-0543"
"13400544","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Eumysopinae","","Trinomys","","yonenagae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rocha","1995","","Mammalia","59","4","541","","","Yonenaga’s Atlantic Spiny-rat","Brazil, Bahia, Ibiraba (10<sup>o</sup>48’S, 42<sup>o</sup>50’W).","Left bank of the São Francisco River from Bara to Pilão Arcado (NE Brazil).","","","Karyotype has 2n=54 and FN=108 (Leal-Mesquinta et al., 1992).","34","34-00544","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0460-0000-0525-0000-0544"
"13400545","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Heteropsomyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Anthony","1917","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","4","18","","","","","","","","Named by Anthony to reflect perceived relationship between <i>Heteropsomys</i> and <i>Dasyprocta</i>. Expanded by Kraglievich (1965) and Patterson and Pascual (1968<i>a</i>) to include <i>Proechimys</i> and associated genera. Modified by Woods (1982:386) wherein West Indian spiny rats were classified with capromyids. McKenna and Bell (1997) included the genera of the Eumysopinae within the Heteropsomyinae. West Indian spiny rats are transitional in characters between Echimyidae and Capromyidae, and here are placed in their own subfamily within the Echimyidae until the two families are revised. Molecular data (Leite and Patton, 2002) suggest that the sister taxa of both the myocastorids and capromyids is a group of the Eumysopinae including the genera <i>Clyomys</i> and <i>Euryzygomatomys</i>, but do not allow for evaluation of the distinctiveness of a West Indian clade of spiny rats (Heteropsominae) suggested by Woods (1982). Varona (1974:73) placed all West Indian spiny rats in the ge... [truncated]","34","34-00545","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0545"
"13400546","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Heteropsomyinae","","Boromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1916","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","66","12","7","","<i>Boromys offella</i> Miller, 1916.","","","","","","","34","34-00546","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0545-0000-0546"
"13400547","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Heteropsomyinae","","Boromys","","offella","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1916","","Smithson Misc. Coll.","66","12","8","","","Oriente Cave Rat","Cuba, Oriente Prov., Baracoa, Maisí.","Cuba and Isla Juventud (Isle of Pines).","IUCN – Extinct.","","","34","34-00547","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0545-0000-0546-0000-0547"
"13400548","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Heteropsomyinae","","Boromys","","torrei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1917","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","61","","6","","","Torre’s Cave Rat","Cuba, Matanzas Prov., Cave in Sierra de Hato-Nuevo.","Cuba and Isla Juventud (Isle of Pines).","IUCN – Extinct.","","","34","34-00548","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0545-0000-0546-0000-0548"
"13400549","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Heteropsomyinae","","Brotomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1916","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","6","12","6","","<i>Brotomys voratus</i> Miller, 1916.","","","","","","","34","34-00549","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0545-0000-0549"
"13400550","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Heteropsomyinae","","Brotomys","","contractus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1929","","Smithson Misc. Coll.","81","9","13","","","Haitian Edible Rat","Haiti, Dept. de l’Artibonite, Saint Michel de l’Atalye (small cave) (19<sup>o</sup>22’N, 72<sup>o</sup>20’W).","Hispaniola.","Extinct.","","","34","34-00550","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0545-0000-0549-0000-0550"
"13400551","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Heteropsomyinae","","Brotomys","","voratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1916","","Smithson Misc. Coll.","66","12","7","","","Hispaniolan Edible Rat","Dominican Republic, San Pedro de Macoris, (kitchen midden).","Haiti, Dominican Republic, and La Gonave Isl.","IUCN – Extinct (within the last 60 years).","","","34","34-00551","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0545-0000-0549-0000-0551"
"13400552","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Heteropsomyinae","","Heteropsomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Anthony","1916","","Ann. New York Acad. Sci.","27","","203","","<i>Heteropsomys insulans</i> Anthony, 1916.","","","","","<i>Homopsomys</i>  Anthony, 1917.","Includes <i>Homopsomys</i>; see comments under the subfamily.","34","34-00552","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0545-0000-0552"
"13400553","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Heteropsomyinae","","Heteropsomys","","antillensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1917","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","","187","","","Antillean Cave Rat","Puerto Rico, Cave at Utuado.","Puerto Rico.","Extinct.","","","34","34-00553","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0545-0000-0552-0000-0553"
"13400554","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Echimyidae","Heteropsomyinae","","Heteropsomys","","insulans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1916","","Ann New York Acad. Sci.","27","","202","","","Puerto Rican Cave Rat","Puerto Rico, Cueva de la Ceiba, Hacienda Jobo (near Utuado).","Puerto Rico in cave deposits.","Extinct.","","Nearly as large in body size as the Hispaniolan Hutia <i>Plagiodontia aedium</i>.","34","34-00554","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0406-0545-0000-0552-0000-0554"
"13400555","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Myocastoridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Ameghino","1904","","Anales Soc. Cient. Argentina","56-58","","103","","","","","","","","The higher-level classification of <i>Myocastor</i> remains unresolved. Myocastorids presumably evolved in the Oligocene of South America from an echimyid of the subfamily Adelophomyinae (Woods et al., 1992). The myocastorids have been included in Capromyidae by Hall (1981), Corbet and Hill (1991), and others, included in the Echimyidae (McKenna and Bell, 1997), and placed in the family Myocastoridae by Ameghino (1904), Woods and Howland (1979), and Woods (1993). Patterson and Pascual (1968<i>b</i>) and Patterson and Wood (1982) considered both myocastorids and capromyids to be subfamilies of the Echimyidae, based on the retention of the deciduous premolar in these taxa. Sequence data support this placement, as Leite and Patton (2002) suggested the inclusion of <i>Myocastor </i>and <i>Capromys</i> within the Echimyidae. Although Leite and Patton (2002) identified <i>Capromys</i> as the sister taxon of <i>Myocastor</i>, their placement within the Echimyidae clade is not well supported a... [truncated]","34","34-00555","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0555"
"13400556","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Myocastoridae","","","Myocastor","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i>Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","225","","<i>Mus coypus</i> Molina, 1782.","","","","","<i>Mastonotus</i> Wesmael, 1841;<i> Myopotamus</i> Geoffroy, 1805;<i> Potamys</i> Desmarest, 1825.","Patterson and Pascual (1968<i>b</i>:6) included <i>Myocastor</i> and several fossil forms as the subfamily Myocastorinae of the Echimyidae. Based on sequence data, the sister taxon of <i>Myocastor</i> appears to be <i>Capromys</i> (Leite and Patton, 2002). Although this sister taxon relationship is well supported in both parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses (Leite and Patton, 2002), potential problems including taxon bias and long branch attraction have not been fully addressed.","34","34-00556","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0555-0000-0000-0556"
"13400557","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Myocastoridae","","","Myocastor","","coypus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","287","","","Coypu","Chile, Santiago Prov., Rio Maipo.","S Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Boliva, Argentina, Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common.","<i>albomaculatus</i>  (Fitzinger, 1867);<i> chilensis</i> (Lesson, 1842);<i> dorsalis </i>(Fitzinger, 1867);<i> popelairi</i> (Wesmael, 1841); <b><i>bonariensis</i></b> (Geoffroy, 1805[1806]); <i>castoroides</i> (Burrow, 1815); <b><i>melanops</i></b> (Osgood, 1943); <b><i>sanctaecruzae</i></b> Hollister, 1914.","Widely introduced into North America, Europe, N Asia, and E Africa. The common name coypu is preferable to nutria, since nutria in Spanish means otter. The species and subspecies were reviewed by Woods et al. (1992).","34","34-00557","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0555-0000-0000-0556-0000-0557"
"13400558","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Myocastoridae","","","Myocastor","","coypus","coypus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","287","","","","Chile, Santiago Prov., Rio Maipo.","","","","","34","34-00558","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0555-0000-0000-0556-0000-0557-0558"
"13400559","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Myocastoridae","","","Myocastor","","coypus","bonariensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Geoffroy","1805","1806","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00559","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0555-0000-0000-0556-0000-0557-0559"
"13400560","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Myocastoridae","","","Myocastor","","coypus","melanops","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00560","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0555-0000-0000-0556-0000-0557-0560"
"13400561","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Myocastoridae","","","Myocastor","","coypus","sanctaecruzae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00561","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0555-0000-0000-0556-0000-0557-0561"
"13400562","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Smith","1842","","The Naturalist’s Library (London)","15","","308","","","","","","","","Does not include <i>Myocastor</i>, and apparently represents an entirely intra-Caribbean radiation (Woods 1989<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>; Woods and Howland, 1979); but see comments under Myocastoridae. Woods (1982:386-387) included West Indian Heteropsomyinae in this family, but here this group is assigned to the Echimyidae (see comments under Heteropsomyinae). Varona (1974) and Corbet and Hill (1991:203) classified most of the following species in either of two genera (<i>Capromys</i> or <i>Plagiodontia</i>), whereas Woods (1989<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) separated them into several distinct subfamilies and genera.","34","34-00562","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562"
"13400563","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Smith","1842","","The Naturalist’s Library (London)","15","","30","","","","","","","","Reviewed by Kratochvíl et al. (1978), Varona and Arredondo (1979), and Borroto (2002). The status of <i>Brachycapromys</i>, <i>Mysateles</i>, <i>Mesocapromys</i>, <i>Pygmaeocapromys</i>, <i>Paracapromys,</i> and <i>Stenocapromys</i> as genera or subgenera is unresolved (Hall, 1981; Rodriquez et al., 1979; Woods and Howland, 1979). This group is in need of revision to standardize the taxonomic levels proposed for the Cuban radiation of capromyids with taxonomic categories established for Hispaniola. The living Cuban capromyids are placed in three genera (<i>Capromys</i>, <i>Mesocapromys</i>, <i>Mysateles</i>) as accepted by the majority of Cuban systematists (see Kratochvil et al., 1978 and Borroto, 2002). Woods et al. (2001) demonstrated that <i>Mysateles</i> is paraphyletic, and placed <i>melanurus</i> within the genus <i>Mesocapromys</i>. In addition to the extant forms described below, 13 extinct forms of <i>Capromys</i> like hutias have been described (Varona and Arredondo, 1979): ... [truncated]","34","34-00563","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563"
"13400564","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Capromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","","","185","","<i>Capromys fourniere</i> Desmarest, 1822 (= <i>Isodon pilorides</i> Say, 1822).","","","","","<i>Macrocapromys</i>  Arredondo, 1958<i>.</i>","""<i>Capromys</i>""<i> geayi</i> (Pousarges, 1899) was described from Venezuela, where it was collected in the mountains between La Guayra and Caracas. It was placed in its own genus (<i>Procapromys</i>) by Chapman (1901:322). The type specimen is Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. (Paris) No. 1898-1785 (1834A). No further specimens have ever been collected, and it is possible that the collecting locality was incorrectly recorded. This specimen is likely a juvenile <i>Capromys</i> from Cuba erroneously reported from Venezuela.","34","34-00564","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0564"
"13400565","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Capromys","","gundlachianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Varona","1983","","Carib. J. Sci.","19","3-4","77","","","Archipiélago de Sabana Hutia","Small cayo west of Cayo Bahía de Cádiz, Bahía de Santa Clara, Archipiélago de Sabana, Cuba.","In the region of Cayo Bahía de Cádiz in the Archipiélago de Sabana, as well as Cayo Fragoso, Cayo Santa María, Cayo Guillermo, and Cayo Patabán. Extirpated on Cayo las Brujas. On Cayo Fragoso it is sympatric with <i>Mesocapromys</i> <i>auritus</i> north of Caibarién.","Widespread.","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>pilorides</i> but tentatively elevated to species status because of sequence divergence of a specimen from Cayo Ballenato del Medio (Woods et al., 2001), however, this locality is outside the published range of <i>gundlachianus</i>.","34","34-00565","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0564-0000-0565"
"13400566","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Capromys","","pilorides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Say","1822","","Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","2","","333","","","Desmarest’s Hutia","""South America or one of the West Indian islands.""","Mainland Cuba, Isle of Youth, Archipiélago de las Doce Lequnas, Archipiélago de Sabana, and many other islands and cays in the Cuban archipelago.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Common (extremely abundant in some areas, including Guantanamo Bay Naval Base).","<i>acevedo</i>  (Arredondo, 1958);<i> fourniere</i> Desmarest, 1822; <i>intermedius</i> (Arredondo, 1958);<i> <b>doceleguas</b></i> Varona, 1980;<i> <b>relictus</b></i> (Allen, 1911); <i>ciprianoi</i> Borroto, Camacho and Ramos, 1992.","The first mention of this species name is as <i>Mus pilorides</i> Pallas 1778, however, Tate (1935:309) noted that it is not associated with this genus. Sometimes placed in the subgenus <i>Capromys</i>; see Hall (1981:863). This species is very variable in size, coloration, and habits. There are five named subspecies (<i>ciprianoi</i>, <i>doceleguas</i>, <i>gundlachianus</i>, <i>pilorides</i>, and <i>relictus</i>; see Varona (1983a:77) and Borroto Paez et al., 1992:98). No genetic differentiation of cytochrome <i>b</i> was reported for the two subspecies (<i>ciprianoi </i>and <i>relictus</i>) on the Isle of Youth (Woods et al., 2001). However, <i>gundlachianus</i> from Cayo Fragoso was reported to show over 5% sequence divergence and here we are elevating it to species level. <i>Macrocapromys acevedo</i> described by Arredondo (1958:10) is not distinct at the generic level, and is probably synonymous with <i>pilorides</i>. Arredondo's spelling was <i>acevedo</i>, but this was noted as ... [truncated]","34","34-00566","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0564-0000-0566"
"13400567","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Capromys","","pilorides","pilorides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Say","1822","","Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","2","","333","","","","""South America or one of the West Indian islands.""","","","","","34","34-00567","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0564-0000-0566-0567"
"13400568","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Capromys","","pilorides","doceleguas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Varona","1980","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00568","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0564-0000-0566-0568"
"13400569","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Capromys","","pilorides","relictus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00569","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0564-0000-0566-0569"
"13400570","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Geocapromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Chapman","1901","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","14","","314","","<i>Capromys</i>(<i>Geocapromys</i>)<i> brownii</i> Fischer, 1830.","","","","","","Original use of the name was as a subgenus of <i>Capromys</i>. Included in <i>Capromys</i> by Mohr (1939:75), Varona (1974:67), Hall (1981:865), and Corbet and Hill (1991:203). Considered a distinct genus by Miller (1929), Woods and Howland (1979:112), and Morgan (1985:30). Includes <i>columbianus</i>, <i>pleistocenicus</i> (see Hall, 1981:866), and <i>megas</i> (see Varona and Arredondo, 1979), which are known only from Holocene fossils from Cuba.","34","34-00570","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0570"
"13400571","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Geocapromys","","brownii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fischer","1830","","Synopis. Mamm., Addenda","","","389 (=589)","","","Jamaician Hutia","""Jamaica"".","Jamaica.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>brachyurus</i>  (Hill, 1851)<i>.</i>","Sometimes includes <i>G. thoracatus</i> from Little Swan Isl (see that account). Reviewed by Anderson et al. (1983). Karyotype has 2n=88; FN=136 (George and Weir, 1972<i>b</i>).","34","34-00571","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0570-0000-0571"
"13400572","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Geocapromys","","ingrahami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1891","","Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","329","","","Bahamian Hutia","""Plana Keys, Bahamas"" (East Plana Key).","Known from the type locality and introduced populations on Little Wax Cay (1973) and Warderick Wells Cay (1981).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","34","34-00572","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0570-0000-0572"
"13400573","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Geocapromys","","thoracatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1888","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","11","","469","","","Swan Island Hutia","""Little Swan Island, one of the two small islands lying at the entrance of the Gulf of Honduras"".","Little Swan Isl.","IUCN – Extinct; Clough (1976) stated that <i>thoracatus</i> became extinct in 1950s, possibly as a result of introduced cats on the island.","","Sometimes included as a subspecies of <i>G. brownii</i>; see Mohr (1939:77), Hall (1981:866), and Varona (1974:67). Morgan (1985) reconfirmed its status as a distinct species. Reviewed by Morgan (1989<i>a, </i>Mammalian Species No. 341).","34","34-00573","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0570-0000-0573"
"13400574","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Mesocapromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Varona","1970","","Poeyana","73","","8","","<i>Capromys</i>(<i>Mesocapromys</i>)<i> auritus </i>Varona, 1970.","","","","","<i>Paracapromys</i>  Kratochvíl, Rodriguez, and Barus, 1978; <i>Pygmaeocapromys</i> Varona, 1979;<i> Stenocapromys</i> Varona and Arredondo, 1979.","Original use of name was as a subgenus, which was elevated to a genus by Kratochvíl et al. (1978:15). All members of this genus are small (less than 1 kg), and construct large nests made of sticks, unlike <i>Mysateles</i>.","34","34-00574","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0574"
"13400575","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Mesocapromys","","angelcabrerai","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Varona","1979","","Poeyana","194","","6","","","Cabrera’s Hutia","Cuba, Ciego de Avila Prov., Cayos de Ana Maria (21<sup>o</sup>30’N, 78<sup>o</sup>40’W).","Cayos de Ana Maria, Cuba.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Capromys angelcabrerai</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Placed in the subgenus <i>Pygmaeocapromys</i> by Varona (1979:5). Reviewed by Camacho et al. (1994). Unusual among capromyines in being sexually dimorphic. There are reports of the presence of <i>M</i>. <i>angelcabrerai</i> on the coast near Jucaró, but no confirmed specimens are known. This species and <i>M. nanus</i> are the two smallest hutias in Cuba.","34","34-00575","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0574-0000-0575"
"13400576","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Mesocapromys","","auritus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Varona","1970","","Poeyana, ser. A","73","","1","","","Large-eared Hutia","Cuba, Las Villas Prov., Archipiélago de Sabana, Cayo Fragoso (22<sup>o</sup>41’N, 79<sup>o</sup>27’W).","Known only from the type locality.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Capromys auritus</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","This form is known only from mangrove habitats along the edge of canals passing across Cayo Fragoso. This form constructs nests that are very similar to those of <i>angelcabrerai</i>. Karyotype has 2n=36 (Hemandez and Sanchez, 1987).","34","34-00576","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0574-0000-0576"
"13400577","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Mesocapromys","","melanurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Poey","1865","","In Peters, 1865, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","","","384","","","Black-tailed Hutia","Cuba, Manzanillo, Gramma Prov. (Oriente region).","Eastern provinces of Cuba.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Mysateles melanurus</i>. Locally abundant in Guisa, Gramma Prov., but uncommon in other regions of the eastern provinces (Borroto et al., 2001).","<i>arboricolus</i>  Kratochvíl, Rodriguez, and Barus, 1978; <i>rufescens</i> Mohr, 1839.","The author and date of publication for this species are usually given as Peters, 1864, but Varona (1974:63), established the correct author and date as Poey, 1865. Includes <i>arboricolus</i> of Kratochvíl et al. (1978:48), who placed it in the genus <i>Mysateles</i>, subgenus <i>Leptocapromys</i>. However, this specimen is considered to be a young female <i>M. melanurus</i> by Varona (1986:7). We have examined this specimen, and concur with Varona. Woods et al. (2001) concluded that <i>Mysateles</i> was paraphyletic and that the affinities of <i>melanurus</i> are with taxa of the genus <i>Mesocapromys</i> rather than with <i>Mysateles p. prehensilis</i> or <i>M. p. gundlachi</i>.","34","34-00577","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0574-0000-0577"
"13400578","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Mesocapromys","","nanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1917","","Proc. New England Zool. Club","6","","54","","","Dwarf Hutia","Cuba, Matanzas Prov., Sierra de Hato Nuevo.","Cienaga (swamp) de Zapata (Matanzas Prov., Cuba).","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Capromys nana</i>; ICUN – Critically Endangered. Some mammalogists consider this species to be extinct since no specimens have been collected since 1937, but it is still likely to survive in remote areas of the Zapata Swamp (Jorge de la Cruz, pers. comm.).","","Placed in newly created subgenus <i>Pygmaeocapromys</i> by Varona (1979:5). In genus <i>Mesocapromys</i>, subgenus <i>Paracapromys</i> by Kratocvil et al. (1978:15) and Rodriguez et al. (1979). However, retained in <i>Capromys</i> subgenus <i>Mysateles</i> by Hall (1981:863) because of its long tail and small body size. Varona (1979:5), however, states that even though this species ""automatically"" is associated with <i>Mysatele</i>s because of tail length, there are important cranial differences between <i>nanus</i> and other <i>Mysateles</i>. Originally based on fossil material, but subsequently found living in the Zapata Swamp.","34","34-00578","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0574-0000-0578"
"13400579","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Mesocapromys","","sanfelipensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Varona and Garrido","1970","","Poeyana, ser. A","75","","3","","","San Felipe Hutia","Cuba, Pinar del Rio Prov., Archipiélago de los Canarreos, Cayo Juan Garcia (21<sup>o</sup>59’N, 83<sup>o</sup>31’W).","Known only from four specimens collected at the type locality.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Capromys sanfelipensis</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered. Fire destroyed much of its habitat on Cayo Juan Garcia (Frias et al., 1988) and thus may now be extinct.","","Placed in subgenus <i>Mesocapromys</i> by Varona (1974), and in genus <i>Mesocapromys</i>, subgenus <i>Paracapromys</i> by Kratochvíl et al. (1978:15). The habitat of this species is uncertain, but all known specimens were captured in grasslands (<i>Salicornia perennis</i> = ""yerba de vidrio"") rather than mangroves.","34","34-00579","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0574-0000-0579"
"13400580","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Mysateles","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1842","","Nouv. Tabl. Regne Animal Mammifères","","","124","","<i>Capromys prehensilis </i>Poeppig, 1824.","","","","","<i>Brachycapromys</i> Varona and Arredondo, 1979;<i> Leptocapromys </i>Kratochvíl et al., 1978.","Lesson separated <i>Capromys prehensilis</i> as <i>Mysateles poeppingi</i>; see Varona (1979:4-5). Kratochvíl et al. (1978:15) treated <i>Mysateles</i> as a genus in their new classification. <i>Mysateles</i> was included in <i>Capromys</i> by Woods (1989a:781), Hall (1981:863), and Corbet and Hill (1991:203), however, there is biochemical and morphological evidence to support <i>Mysateles</i> as a valid genus (Borroto, 2003; Camacho et al., 1995). Woods et al. (2001) found that <i>Mysateles</i> was paraphyletic in relationship to <i>Mesocapromys angelcabrerai</i> but was distinct from <i>Capromys</i>.","34","34-00580","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0580"
"13400581","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Mysateles","","garridoi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Varona","1970","","Poeyana, ser. A","74","","2","","","Garrido’s Hutia","Cuba, Archipiélago de los Canarreos, ""Cayo Majá""; see comments.","Known only from a single specimen from a small islet northwest of Cayo Largo, Cuba.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Placed in the genus <i>Mysateles</i>, subgenus <i>Leptocapromys</i> by Kratochvíl et al. (1978:15). However, retained in <i>Capromys</i> by Varona (in litt.) and by Woods et al. (2001). The type locality has been clarified by Silva-Taboada (pers. comm.), who identified the correct name for the locality as a yet unnamed small cay adjacent to Cayo Largo in the Archipiélago de los Canarreos. Varona (1970) incorrectly applied the name Cayo Majá to this islet. It is known that this hutia does not occur on the adjacent Cayo Majá (three cays to the northwest of Cayo Largo) based on 1990 expedition to this region by R. Borroto (pers. comm.). The single known specimen may have been left on the site where it was collected by fishermen, and not be from the area, so it is necessary to search more widely in the region to determine the status of this species (A. Camacho, pers. comm.).","34","34-00581","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0580-0000-0581"
"13400582","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Mysateles","","meridionalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Varona","1986","","Poeyana","315","","4","","","Southern Hutia","Cuba, north of Caleta Cocodrilos, SW Isla de la Juventud (former Isle of Pines).","Restricted to lowland forests SW of the central savanna on the Isle of Youth (south of W Cuba).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt), however, Borroto and Ramos (2003) recommend status of critically endangered.","","Closely related to <i>Mysateles prehensilis</i>, but differs in the proportion of the tail, which is 62 percent of body length in <i>meridionalis</i>, 73 percent in <i>gundlachi</i>, and 79 percent in <i>prehensilis</i>; see also comments under <i>prehensilis</i>.","34","34-00582","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0580-0000-0582"
"13400583","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Mysateles","","prehensilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Poeppig","1824","","Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","4","","11","","","Prehensile-tailed Hutia","Cuba, wooded south coast.","Cuba, mainly west of Camaguey Province. The status of this species in the eastern provinces (old Oriente Prov.) is not clear.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>M. gundlachi</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M. prehensilis</i>. Common.","<i>pallidus</i>  (Poey, 1865); <i>poeppingi</i> Lesson, 1842;<i> poeyi</i> (Guerin, 1834);<i> <b>gundlachi </b></i>(Chapman, 1901).","Placed in subgenus <i>Mesocapromys</i> by Mohr (1939:54) and Varona (1974), and in the genus and subgenus <i>Mysateles</i> by Kratochvíl et al. (1978:15). This is the largest species of <i>Mysateles. Mysateles gundlachi</i> was described on the basis of the baculum, which is distinctly broad-based unlike that of <i>M</i>. <i>meridionalis</i>. Based on levels of sequence divergence, Woods et al. (2001) considered <i>gundlachi</i> as an insular subspecies of <i>M. prehensilis</i>, which we follow here. Karyotype has 2n=34; FN=54-56 (Milišnokov et al., 1990).","34","34-00583","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0580-0000-0583"
"13400584","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Mysateles","","prehensilis","prehensilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Poeppig","1824","","Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","4","","11","","","","Cuba, wooded south coast.","","","","","34","34-00584","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0580-0000-0583-0584"
"13400585","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Capromyinae","","Mysateles","","prehensilis","gundlachi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chapman","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00585","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0563-0000-0580-0000-0583-0585"
"13400586","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Hexolobodontinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Woods","1989","","Los Angeles Co. Mus. Nat. Hist., Sci. Ser.","33","","76","","","","","","","","","34","34-00586","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0586"
"13400587","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Hexolobodontinae","","Hexolobodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1929","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","81","","19","","<i>Hexolobodon phenax</i> Miller, 1929.","","","","","","","34","34-00587","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0586-0000-0587"
"13400588","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Hexolobodontinae","","Hexolobodon","","phenax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1929","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","81","","19","","","Imposter Hutia","Haiti, Dept. de l’Artibonite, Small cave northeast of Saint Michael de l’Atalye.","Hispaniola and La Gonave Isl.","IUCN – Extinct.","<i>poolei</i>  Rímoli, 1976 [1977].","Includes <i>H. poolei</i> (Rímoli, 1976:21), which is known only by the type specimen (USNM No. 255881), because the normal dental variation of <i>H. phenax</i> included the diagnostic condition in <i>H. poolei</i>.","34","34-00588","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0586-0000-0587-0000-0588"
"13400589","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Isolobodontinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Woods","1989","","Los Angeles Co. Mus. Nat. Hist., Sci. Ser.","33","","76","","","","","","","","Early Miocene form, <i>Zazamys veronicae</i>, has been reported from Cuba by MacPhee et al. (2003).","34","34-00589","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0589"
"13400590","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Isolobodontinae","","Isolobodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1916","","Ann. New York Acad. Sci.","27","","19","","<i>Isolobodon portoricensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1916.","","","","","<i>Aphaetreus</i>  Miller, 1922;<i> Ithydontia</i> Miller, 1922.","","34","34-00590","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0589-0000-0590"
"13400591","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Isolobodontinae","","Isolobodon","","montanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1922","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","74","","3","","","Montane Hutia","Haiti, Dept. de l’Artibonite, Cave northeast of Saint Michael de l’Atalye.","Hispaniola and La Gonave Isl.","IUCN – Extinct.","","Originally described in a separate genus from <i>I. portoricensis</i> because the enamel folds of the cheekteeth connect to form separate laminar plates, but a large series of each species indicates that this character is clinal, and the two forms are very closely related.","34","34-00591","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0589-0000-0590-0000-0591"
"13400592","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Isolobodontinae","","Isolobodon","","portoricensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1916","","Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.","27","","19","","","Puerto Rican Hutia","Puerto Rico, Jobo Dist., near Utuado.","Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic) and offshore islands. Introduced on Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and Mona Isl. The only known hutia on La Gonave Isl.","IUCN – Critically Endangered, Probably extinct, but possibly surviving on La Tortue Isl off the N coast of Haiti (Woods et al., 1985).","<i>levir</i>  (Miller, 1922).","Even though the type locality is Puerto Rico, the species was apparently introduced there by Amerindians and the natural range is restricted to Hispaniola. Reported as extinct by Hall (1981:868), but this species survived in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico until the last few decades, and may still survive in certain remote areas (Woods et al., 1985). Includes<i> levir</i> (Reynolds et al., 1953).","34","34-00592","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0589-0000-0590-0000-0592"
"13400593","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Plagiodontinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Ellerman","1940","","The Families and Genera of Living Rodents","1","","25","","","","","","","","","34","34-00593","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0593"
"13400594","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Plagiodontinae","","Plagiodontia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1836","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris), ser 2","6","","347","","<i>Plagiodontia aedium</i> F. Cuvier, 1836.","","","","","<i>Hyperplagiodontia</i>  Rímoli, 1977.","Reviewed by Mohr (1939), Johnson (1948), Anderson (1965), and Woods (1989<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>).","34","34-00594","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0593-0000-0594"
"13400595","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Plagiodontinae","","Plagiodontia","","aedium","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1836","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris), ser 2","6","","347","","","Hispaniolan Hutia","""Saint-Dominguie"" (probably Haiti).","Hispaniola, La Gonave Isl, not recorded from La Tortue Isl.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>spelaem</i>  Miller, 1929;<b><i> hylaeum</i></b> Miller, 1927.","Includes <i>hylaeum</i> as a separate subspecies (Anderson, 1965).","34","34-00595","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0593-0000-0594-0000-0595"
"13400596","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Plagiodontinae","","Plagiodontia","","aedium","aedium","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1836","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris), ser 2","6","","347","","","","""Saint-Dominguie"" (probably Haiti).","","","","","34","34-00596","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0593-0000-0594-0000-0595-0596"
"13400597","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Plagiodontinae","","Plagiodontia","","aedium","hylaeum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","34","34-00597","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0593-0000-0594-0000-0595-0597"
"13400598","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Plagiodontinae","","Plagiodontia","","araeum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ray","1964","","Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool.","203","","2","","","Wide-toothed Hutia","Dominican Republic, Prov. San Rafael, unnamed cave 2 km SE Rancho de la Guardia (18<sup>o</sup>43’N, 71<sup>o</sup>39’W).","Hispaniola.","Extinct.","<i>stenocoronalis</i>  (Rímoli, 1976 [1977]).","Type description based on only left upper cheek tooth (DP4). Subsequent fossil material collected in Haiti and deposited at the Florida Museum of Natural History includes complete cranial and dentary material, confirming the validity of this taxon. <i>Hyperplagiodontia stenocoronalis</i> of Rimoli (1976:34) is not distinct from P. <i>araeum</i>. A very large wide-toothed hutia.","34","34-00598","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0593-0000-0594-0000-0598"
"13400599","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Plagiodontinae","","Plagiodontia","","ipnaeum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Johnson","1948","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","61","","72","","","Samana Hutia","Dominican Republic, Prov. de Samana, Anadel (19<sup>o</sup>12’N, 69<sup>o</sup>19’W).","Hispaniola.","IUCN – Extinct. Probably extinct (Woods et al., 1985).","<i>caletensis</i>  Rímoli, 1976 [1977];<i> velozi</i> Rímoli, 1976 [1977].","A large version of <i>P. aedium</i>.","34","34-00599","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0593-0000-0594-0000-0599"
"13400600","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Plagiodontinae","","Rhizoplagiodontia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Woods","1989","","Los Angeles Co. Mus. Nat. Hist., Sci. Ser.","33","","62","","<i>Rhizoplagiodontia lemkei</i> Woods, 1989.","","","","","","","34","34-00600","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0593-0000-0600"
"13400601","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Capromyidae","Plagiodontinae","","Rhizoplagiodontia","","lemkei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Woods","1989","","Los Angeles Co. Mus. Nat. Hist., Sci. Ser.","33","","62","","","Lemke’s Hutia","Haiti, Dept. du Sud, 17 km W Camp Perrin (18<sup>o</sup>20’N, 74<sup>o</sup>03’W).","Endemic to SW Haiti in the Massif de la Hotte.","IUCN – Extinct.","","","34","34-00601","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0562-0593-0000-0600-0000-0601"
"13400602","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Heptaxodontidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Anthony","1917","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","4","183","","","","","","","Amblyrhizinae Schaub, 1951; Elasmodontomyinae Anthony, 1917.","Known only from sub-Recent fossils from Greater and N Lesser Antilles (Woods, 1989<i>a</i>). Whether <i>Amblyrhiza</i> and <i>Clidomys</i> became extinct before or after humans arrived in the West Indies is debatable. This family is often placed near the Chinchillidae based on similar laminar plates of molariform teeth. One genus (<i>Quemisia</i>) is very similar in dental morphology to capromyids, however, and it is possible to derive all of the conditions seen in heptaxodontids from dental patterns found within the Capromyidae. This family should be placed adjacent to the Capromyidae.","34","34-00602","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0602"
"13400603","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Heptaxodontidae","Clidomyinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Woods","1989","","Biogeography of the West Indies","","","753","","","","","","","","","34","34-00603","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0602-0603"
"13400604","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Heptaxodontidae","Clidomyinae","","Clidomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Anthony","1920","","Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","42","","469","","<i>Clidomys osborni</i> Anthony, 1920.","","","","","<i>Alterodon</i>  Anthony, 1920;<i> Speoxenus</i> Anthony, 1920;<i> Spirodontomys</i> Anthony, 1920.","","34","34-00604","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0602-0603-0000-0604"
"13400605","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Heptaxodontidae","Clidomyinae","","Clidomys","","osborni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1920","","Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","42","","469","","","Osborn’s Key Mouse","Jamaica, Balaclava, Wallingford Roadside Cave.","Jamaica.","Extinct.","<i>cundalli</i>  (Anthony, 1920);<i> jamaicensis </i>(Anthony, 1920); <i>major</i> (Anthony, 1920); <i>parvus</i> (Anthony, 1920).","<i>C. parvus</i> is here synomized with <i>C. osborni</i> based on Morgan and Wilkins (2003), who noted the wide size range of <i>C. osborni</i> specimens from Slue's Cave, Jamaica. They interpreted this size range to indicate that <i>C. osborni</i> is the only valid species of <i>Clidomys</i> present in Jamaica.","34","34-00605","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0602-0603-0000-0604-0000-0605"
"13400606","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Heptaxodontidae","Heptaxodontinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Anthony","1917","","Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","4","183","","","","","","","","","34","34-00606","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0602-0606"
"13400607","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Heptaxodontidae","Heptaxodontinae","","Amblyrhiza","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Cope","1868","","Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.","","","313","","<i>Amblyrhiza inundata</i> Cope, 1868.","","","","","<i>Loxomylus</i>  Cope, 1869.","","34","34-00607","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0602-0606-0000-0607"
"13400608","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Heptaxodontidae","Heptaxodontinae","","Amblyrhiza","","inundata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cope","1868","","Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.","","","313","","","Blunt-toothed Giant Hutia","West Indies, Anguilla, Bat Cave.","Anguilla, St. Martin.","Extinct.","<i>latidens</i> (Cope, 1870);<i> longidens </i>(Cope, 1871);<i> quadrans </i>(Cope, 1871).","","34","34-00608","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0602-0606-0000-0607-0000-0608"
"13400609","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Heptaxodontidae","Heptaxodontinae","","Elasmodontomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Anthony","1916","","Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.","27","","199","","<i>Elasmodontomys obliquus</i> Anthony, 1916.","","","","","<i>Heptaxodon</i>  Anthony, 1917.","","34","34-00609","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0602-0606-0000-0609"
"13400610","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Heptaxodontidae","Heptaxodontinae","","Elasmodontomys","","obliquus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1916","","Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.","27","","199","","","Plate-toothed Giant Hutia","Puerto Rico, Utuado.","Puerto Rico.","Extinct.","<i>bidens</i> Anthony, 1917.","","34","34-00610","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0602-0606-0000-0609-0000-0610"
"13400611","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Heptaxodontidae","Heptaxodontinae","","Quemisia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1929","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","81","9","22","","<i>Quemisia gravis </i>Miller, 1929.","","","","","","","34","34-00611","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0602-0606-0000-0611"
"13400612","RODENTIA","HYSTRICOMORPHA","HYSTRICOGNATHI","","Heptaxodontidae","Heptaxodontinae","","Quemisia","","gravis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1929","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","81","9","22","","","Twisted-toothed Giant Hutia","Haiti, Dept. de l’Artibonite, 6 km east of Saint Michel de L’Atlaye.","Hispaniola.","IUCN – Extinct.","","","34","34-00612","34-0001-0001-0001-0000-0602-0606-0000-0611-0000-0612"
"13500001","LAGOMORPHA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Brandt","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","Duplicidentata Illiger, 1811; Leporida Averianov, 1999; Neolagomorpha Averianov, 1999; Ochotonida Averianov, 1999; Palarodentia Haeckel, 1895.","Relationships between this order and Rodentia have been disputed for over a century. Its early history was discussed by Simpson (1945), while Landry (1999) provided an overview of more recent literature on the subject, discussing many synapomorphies, mostly morphological, that support the concept of a Cohort Glires including both orders. Molecular sequence data also support the concept (Huchon et al., 1999).","35","35-00001","35-0001"
"13500002","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","1897","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1896","","1026","","","","","","","Lagomina Gray, 1825; Lagomyidae Lilljeborg, 1866; Prolaginae Gureev, 1960.","Revisions of the family include Gureev (1964), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), and Erbajeva (1988, 1994). Other useful treatments include Allen (1938), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Ognev (1940), Hall (1981), A. T. Smith et al. (1990), and Yu et al. (2000).","35","35-00002","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"13500003","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Link","1795","","Beitr. Naturgesch.","2","","74","","<i>Ochotona</i> <i>minor</i> Link, 1795 (= <i>Lepus</i> <i>dauuricus</i> Pallas, 1776).","","","","","<i>Abra</i> Gray, 1863 [not Lamarck, 1818]; <i>Abrama </i>Strand, 1928 [for <i>Abra </i>Gray]; <i>Argyrotona</i> Rekovetz, 1988; <i>Buchneria </i>Erbajeva, 1988; <i>Conothoa</i> Lyon, 1904; <i>Lagomys</i> G. Cuvier, 1800 [not Storr, 1780]; <i>Lagotona</i> Kretzoi, 1941; <i>Ogotoma</i> Gray, 1867;<i> Pika</i> Lácèpde, 1799 [= <i>Pica </i>Fischer, 1803]; <i>Tibetholagus</i> Argyropulo and Pidoplichko, 1939 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Tibetolagus </i>Argyropulo, 1948 [for <i>Tibetholagus</i>].","There have been no grounds for recognizing subgenera due to lack of a phylogenetic analysis of specific relationships within the genus. The subgeneric classifications published (e.g., Allen, 1938; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Erbajeva, 1988; Ognev, 1940) differ dramatically, even when based on the same distinguishing characteristics (morphology of dentition and of incisive and palatal foramina). However, a recent phylogenetic analysis (Yu et al., 2000) based on molecular sequencing, divides the genus into three groups. These were termed ""shrub-steppe"", ""mountain"" and ""northern"". The shrub steppe group includes 7 species that had previously been placed in subgenus <i>Ochotona</i>; those in the northern group (N=5) in subgenus <i>Pika</i>; and 7 species in the mountain group had been placed in either subgenus, though predominately in <i>Ochotona</i>. The oldest available name for this third subgenus might appear to be <i>Lagomys</i> Cuvier, 1800, but the name is unavailable since P... [truncated]","35","35-00003","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"13500004","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Link","1795","","Beitr. Naturgesch.","2","","74","","<i>Ochotona</i> <i>minor</i> Link, 1795 (= <i>Lepus</i> <i>dauuricus</i> Pallas, 1776).","","","","","","","35","35-00004","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004"
"13500005","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Lácèpde","1799","","","","","","","","","","","","","[= <i>Pica </i>Fischer, 1803]","35","35-00005","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005"
"13500006","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Lyon","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00006","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006"
"13500007","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","alpina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1773","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","2","","701","","","Alpine Pika","""in Alpinus, rupestribus Sibiriae"". Restricted by Ognev (1940:23) to Kazakhstan, Altai Mtns, Vostocho-Kazakhstansk Obl., Tigiretskoe Range, vic. of Tigiretskoe [110 km NNW Ust-Kamenogorsk]. Not Tigiretskoe, ESE Minusinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia.","Sayan and Altai Mtns; Khangai, Kentei and associated ranges; upper Amur drainage (NW Kazakhstan, S Russia, NW Mongolia); N Xinjiang (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Isolated montane populations in Mongolia may be threatened (A. T. Smith et al., 1990).","<i>ater</i>  Eversmann, 1842;<i> nitida</i> Hollister, 1912; <b><i>changaica</i></b> Ognev, 1940; <b><i>cinereofusca</i></b> (Schrenk, 1858);<i> scorodumovi</i> Skalon, 1935; <b><i>sushkini</i> </b>Thomas, 1924.","Subgenus <i>Pika</i>. Formerly included <i>hyperborea</i>; but see Ivanitskaya (1985) and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987). Sokolov and Orlov (1980:79) considered <i>hyperborea</i> a distinct species with a distribution overlapping that of <i>alpina</i> in the Khangai and Kentei Mtns, Mongolia. Separate specific status was supported by differences in chromosome numbers (Vorontsov and Ivanitskaya, 1973). The race <i>sushkini</i>, formerly assigned to <i>O</i>. <i>pallasi</i>, is a subspecies of <i>alpina</i> (see A. T. Smith et al., 1990, and references therein; see Niu et al., 2001, for contrary view). Does not include <i>collaris</i> or <i>princeps</i>, see Weston (1981). Formerly included <i>argentata, </i>but see Erbajeva (1997), Formozov (1997), and Formozov et al. (In Press) who gave it full species status on the basis of morphology, chromosome number and acoustic behavior.","35","35-00007","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0007"
"13500008","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","alpina","alpina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1773","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","2","","701","","","","""in Alpinus, rupestribus Sibiriae"". Restricted by Ognev (1940:23) to Kazakhstan, Altai Mtns, Vostocho-Kazakhstansk Obl., Tigiretskoe Range, vic. of Tigiretskoe [110 km NNW Ust-Kamenogorsk]. Not Tigiretskoe, ESE Minusinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia.","","","","","35","35-00008","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0007-0008"
"13500009","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","alpina","changaica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00009","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0007-0009"
"13500010","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","alpina","cinereofusca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schrenk","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00010","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0007-0010"
"13500011","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","alpina","sushkini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00011","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0007-0011"
"13500012","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","argentata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Howell","1928","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","41","","116","","","Silver Pika","""15 miles [24 km] north-northwest of Ninghsia [Yinchuan], northern Kansu [Gansu, now Ningxia Auton. Reg.], China""","Restricted to the Helan Shan range, Ningxia, China (Formozov, 1997; A. T. Smith et al., 1990).","IUCN – Critically Endangered (see Formozov, 1997; A. T. Smith et al., 1990).","<i>helanshanensis</i> Zheng, 1987 [in Wang, 1990].","Subgenus <i>Pika</i>. Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>O. alpina</i> (see comments therein). There is confusion as to whether <i>argentata</i> is the same as or different from <i>O. helanshanensis</i>. The two forms come from the same area, share similar pelage descriptions, and have similar body and skull measurements, thus appear to be synonyms (Formozov et al., In Press). See also <i>O. pallasi</i>.","35","35-00012","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0012"
"13500013","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","cansus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1907","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","50","","136","","","Gansu Pika","""Taocheo, Kan-su, China"" [Lintan, Gannan A.D., Gansu, China].","C China (Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan); isolated populations in Shaanxi and Shanxi.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); but the Shanxi subspecies <i>sorella</i>, isolated in the extreme NW of the species range (Yunshung Shan) is IUCN – Endangered and the subspecies <i>morosa</i> is IUCN – Data Deficient.","<b><i>morosa</i> </b><b> </b>Thomas, 1912; <b><i>sorella</i></b> Thomas, 1908; <b><i>stevensi</i></b> Osgood, 1932.","Subgenus <i>Ochotona</i>. Büchner (1890) originally included this species in the quite different <i>O</i>. <i>roylei</i>, but in recent years it has usually been assigned to <i>O</i>. <i>thibetana</i> (Allen, 1938; Argyropulo, 1948; Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Gureev, 1964; Honacki et al., 1982; Weston, 1982). Additional studies showed that <i>cansus</i> and <i>thibetana</i> are broadly sympatric, with distinct ecological niches, and morphological characters that do not intergrade (Feng and Kao, 1974; Feng and Zheng, 1985). The latter authors, without access to holotypes, assigned the race <i>morosa</i> to <i>thibetana</i>, but it is an isolated subspecies of <i>cansus</i> that is sympatric with <i>O</i>. <i>thibetana</i> in the Tsing Ling Shan, Shaanxi Province (A. T. Smith et al., 1990, and references therein). Recent phylogenetic analyses based on molecular sequencing also show that <i>morosa</i> is a synonym of <i>O. cansus</i> rather than <i>O. thibeta... [truncated]","35","35-00013","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0013"
"13500014","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","cansus","cansus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1907","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","50","","136","","","","""Taocheo, Kan-su, China"" [Lintan, Gannan A.D., Gansu, China].","","","","","35","35-00014","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0013-0014"
"13500015","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","cansus","morosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00015","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0013-0015"
"13500016","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","cansus","sorella","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00016","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0013-0016"
"13500017","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","cansus","stevensi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00017","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0013-0017"
"13500018","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","collaris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1893","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","8","","117","","","Collared Pika","""about 200 miles [322 km] south of Fort Yukon, Alaska near the head of the Tanana River."" [USA].","WC Mackenzie, S Yukon, NW British Columbia (Canada); SE Alaska (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) (MacDonald and Jones, 1987).","","Subgenus <i>Pika.</i> Broadbooks (1965) and Youngman (1975) considered <i>collaris</i> and <i>princeps</i> conspecific. Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), following Argyropulo (1948) and Gureev (1964), included <i>collaris</i> in <i>alpina</i>. A statistical reevaluation of craniometric data by Weston (1981) indicated that <i>collaris</i>, <i>princeps</i> and <i>alpina</i> are separate species; Hall (1981:286) also recognized <i>collaris</i> as a distinct species. <i>O</i>. <i>collaris</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>princeps</i> share similar chromosome numbers that differ sharply from those of <i>alpina</i> and <i>hyperborea</i> (Vorontsov and Ivanitskaya, 1973), but are similar to <i>pusilla </i>(Erbajeva, 1994).","35","35-00018","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0018"
"13500019","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","curzoniae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1857","1858","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","1857","26","207","","","Plateau Pika","""district of Chumbi"", Chumbi Valley, Tibet, China.","Tibetan Plateau; adjacent Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan (China), Sikkim (India) and E Nepal.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); this species is the focus of widespread control efforts throughout its range, and has been eliminated locally (A. T. Smith et al., 1990; Smith and Foggin, 1999).","<i>melanostoma</i>  (Büchner, 1890).","Subgenus <i>Ochotona</i>. Includes <i>melanostoma</i>, but not <i>seiana</i> from Iran (<i>contra</i> Corbet, 1978<i>c</i> : 69); see A. T. Smith et al. (1990). Treated as a subspecies of <i>dauurica</i> by (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1955 and Mitchell (1978), but it is considered a distinct species by the Chinese; see however Feng and Zheng (1985) and Feng et al. (1986). <i>O</i>. <i>curzoniae</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>dauurica</i> occur in geographic sympatry in Hainan County, Qinghai Province, China, and differ both morphologically (Feng and Zheng, 1985; Feng et al., 1986), chromosomally (Vorontsov and Ivanitskaya, 1973), electrophoretically (Zhou and Xia, 1981), and in their mitochondrial DNA (Yu et al., 1997; Yu et al., 2000). Its sister species is likely <i>O. nubrica </i>(Yu et al., 2000).","35","35-00019","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0019"
"13500020","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","dauurica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1776","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","3","","692","","","Daurian Pika","""Vivit in campis, montiumque declivibus arenosis apricis, per totam Dauuriam..."" Restricted by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:452) to ""Kulusutai, Onon River, Eastern Siberia"" [Chitinsk. Obl. Russia].","Steppes from Altai, Tuva, and Transbaikalia (Russia) through N China and Mongolia, south to Qinghai Province, China. Zhang et al. (1997), listed it from Henan and Hebei provinces, but this may be a <i>lapsus.</i>","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Considered a pest, is intensively controlled in China; control in Russia has been much less intensive. Isolated populations around the margins of the Gobi Desert in China and Mongolia are very vulnerable (A. T. Smith et al., 1990).","<i>altaina</i>  Thomas, 1911;<i> minor</i> Link, 1795; <i>ogotona</i> (Pallas, 1862); <b><i>annectens</i></b> Miller, 1911; <b><i>bedfordi</i></b> Thomas, 1908;<i> shaanxiensis </i>Xu and Wang, 1992;<i> <b>mursavi</b></i> Bannikov, 1951.","Subgenus <i>Ochotona</i>. The spelling of <i>dauurica</i> conforms to that of the original description. Formerly included <i>curzoniae</i> and <i>melanostoma</i>; see <i>curzoniae</i>, above. The retention of <i>annectens </i>as a subspecies is conservative; see comments under <i>cansus. </i>Inclusion of <i>shaanxiensis </i>as a synonym of <i>O. d. bedfordi </i>is provisional (see Wang and Xu, 1992). Ellerman and Morrison-Scott’s type restriction is dubious because modern Kulusutai is south of the Onon River, at the NE end of Lake Baron-Torei. See Ognev (1940:62) and Allen (1938:551) for alternate type localities in the same general area.","35","35-00020","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0020"
"13500021","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","dauurica","dauurica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1776","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","3","","692","","","","""Vivit in campis, montiumque declivibus arenosis apricis, per totam Dauuriam..."" Restricted by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:452) to ""Kulusutai, Onon River, Eastern Siberia"" [Chitinsk. Obl. Russia].","","","","","35","35-00021","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0020-0021"
"13500022","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","dauurica","annectens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00022","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0020-0022"
"13500023","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","dauurica","bedfordi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00023","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0020-0023"
"13500024","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","dauurica","mursavi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bannikov","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00024","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0020-0024"
"13500025","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","erythrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Büchner","1890","","Wiss. Result. Przewalski Cent. Asien Reisen. Zool. Th., B.","I: Säugeth.","","165","","","Chinese Red Pika","Not specified; restricted by Allen (1938:535) to ""Burchan-Budda"", East Tibet, China.","E Qinghai, W Gansu, possibly N Sichuan, S Xinjiang, and Tibet (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>vulpina</i>  Howell, 1928.","Subgenus <i>Conothoa</i>, but see Niu et al. (2001), who considered the <i>erythrotis </i>species group (<i>brookei, gloveri, muliensis</i>) to be subgenus <i>Pika</i>. Formerly included <i>gloveri</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:68). Feng and Zheng (1985) provided evidence that <i>gloveri</i> (including <i>brookei</i>) is a distinct species. Formerly included in <i>rutila</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), but now regarded as distinct (Weston, 1982). The distribution of this species is poorly known, as are its relationships with the apparently allopatric <i>rutila</i>, <i>iliensis</i>, and <i>gloveri</i>. See also under <i>forresti.</i>","35","35-00025","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0025"
"13500026","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","forresti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","11","","662","","","Forrest’s Pika","""N.W. Flank.Li-kiang Range,13,000'"" [Yunnan, China, approx. 27EN, 100E30'E, 3962 m].","NW Yunnan, SE Tibet (China); N Burma; Assam, Sikkim (India); Bhutan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Conothoa.</i> Formerly included in <i>pusilla</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), <i>roylei</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>), and <i>thibetana</i> (Feng and Kao, 1974; Gureev, 1964; Weston, 1982), but now considered distinct (A. T. Smith et al., 1990, and references therein). <i>O</i>. <i>forresti</i> is poorly known, but appears to be morphologically similar to <i>O. gaoligongensis</i> (Yu et al., 1992) and a sister species of <i>O</i>. <i>erythrotis</i> (Yu et al., 2000). It is thought to be geographically sympatric with <i>O</i>. <i>gloveri</i> and/or <i>O</i>. <i>thibetana</i> in Yunnan (China), Burma, and Sikkim (India). See also <i>nigritia.</i>","35","35-00026","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0026"
"13500027","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","gaoligongensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wang, Gong, and Duan","1988","","Zool. Res.","9","","201, 206","","","Gaoligong Pika","""Dongsao-fang [Mount Gaoligong], (27E45'N, 98E27'E), Gongshan Co., Northwest Yunnan, alt. 2950 m."" [China].","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Conothoa</i>. From the original description, this taxon is likely to prove to be a synonym or sister species of <i>O</i>. <i>forresti</i>, which is known to occur in the same area (Yu et al., 1992).","35","35-00027","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0027"
"13500028","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","gloveri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","190","","","Glover’s Pika","""Nagchuka [= Nyagquka (Yajiang), W Sichuan, China], 10,000' [3048 m].""","W Sichuan, NW Yunnan, NE Tibet, SW Qinghai (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kamensis</i>  Argyropulo, 1948 [not 1941; see Honacki et al., 1982]; <b><i>brookei</i></b> Allen, 1937; <b><i>calloceps</i></b> Pen et al., 1962.","Subgenus <i>Conothoa</i>; but see Niu et al. (2001). Formerly included in <i>erythrotis</i>; see comments therein. Whether <i>gloveri</i> and <i>erythrotis</i> are sym-, para-, or allopatric in distribution in Sichuan and/or Qinghai is unknown. The taxon <i>brookei</i> may be a separate sister species to <i>gloveri+muliensis</i> (Niu, 2002).","35","35-00028","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0028"
"13500029","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","gloveri","gloveri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","190","","","","""Nagchuka [= Nyagquka (Yajiang), W Sichuan, China], 10,000' [3048 m].""","","","","","35","35-00029","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0028-0029"
"13500030","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","gloveri","brookei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00030","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0028-0030"
"13500031","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","gloveri","calloceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pen et al.","1962","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00031","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0028-0031"
"13500032","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","himalayana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Feng","1973","","Acta Zool. Sinica","19","","69, 73","","","Himalayan Pika","""Qu-xiang, Bo-qu Valley, Nei-la-mu [= Nyalam] District, alt. 3500 m."" [Xigaze (Shigatse) County, Xizang (Tibet), China].","Mt. Jolmolungma (Everest) area, S Xizang, China; probably adjacent Nepal.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Conothoa</i>. This taxon was considered a synonym of <i>O</i>. <i>roylei</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), Weston (1982) and Formozov (1997). Additional data (Feng and Zheng, 1985; Feng et al., 1986) suggested that it might be an independent species, but its range was within that of the similar <i>O</i>. <i>roylei</i> <i>nepalensis</i>. Additional studies (Yu et al., 2000) have now confirmed its specific distinctness.","35","35-00032","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0032"
"13500033","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","hoffmanni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Formosov et al.","1996","","Byul. Mosk. Ob-va Ispytatelei Prirody. Otd. Biol.","101","1","29","","","Hoffmann’s Pika","""Mongoliya, Khenteiskii aimak, Delger-Khan somon, 47E20's.sh.[N lat.],108E40'v.d. [E long]. [Mongolia, Khenteisk district, Delger village].""","Restricted to the subalpine zone of the Hentiyn Nuruu ridge, Bayan-Ulan mountains, Mongolian People’s Republic, and Erman range, Russia (Formozov and Baklushinskaya, 1999).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Pika.</i> Originally described as a subspecies of <i>alpina</i>, but elevated to full species status by Formozov and Baklushinskaya (1999) on the basis of morphological, bioacoustical and chromosomal evidence.","35","35-00033","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0033"
"13500034","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","huangensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1908","","Wiss. Ergebn. der Exped. Filchner nach China und Tibet 1903-05","10","1","214","","","Tsing-Ling Pika","Not specified; fixed by Allen (1938:544) as ""...from the Tsingling [mountains] in the vicinity of Sianfu [Xian]."" [China].","In the mountains of C China, including Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan provinces.","IUCN – Endangered as <i>O. thibetana huangensis</i>.","<i>syrinx</i> Thomas, 1911;<i> xunhuaensis </i>Shou and Feng, 1984.","Subgenus <i>Ochotona. </i>Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>thibetana</i> (Allen, 1938; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1955; Feng and Zheng, 1985; Smith et al., 1990). Yu and Zheng (1992<i>b</i>) first suggested full species status for <i>huangensis,</i> based on differing morphology, and later (Yu et al., 1997, 2000) supported this with molecular studies. <i>O. huangensis </i>appears to be broadly sympatric with <i>O. thibetana</i>, but largely allopatric in distribution with <i>O. cansus and O. thomasi.</i>","35","35-00034","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0034"
"13500035","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","hyperborea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1811","","Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.","1","","152","","","Northern Pika","""... e terris Tschuktschicis,"" [Chukotsk peninsula (Ognev, 1940:41), Chukotsk AO, Russia].","Ural, Putorana, Sayan Mtns, east of Lena River to Chukotka, Koryatsk and Kamchatka; upper Yenesei, Transbaikalia, and Amur regions, Sakhalin Isl (Russia); NC Mongolia; NE China; N Korea; Hokkaido (Japan).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); the subspecies <i>yesoensis</i> is considered to be rare on Hokkaido, Japan.","<i>kolymensis</i>  Allen, 1903;<i> litoralis</i> Peters, 1882; <b><i>cinereoflava</i></b> (Schrenk, 1858); <b><i>coreana</i></b> Allen and Andrews, 1913; <b><i>ferruginea</i></b> (Schrenk, 1858), <i>kamtschaticus</i> Dybowski, 1922; <b><i>mantchurica</i></b> Thomas, 1909;<b><i> normalis</i> </b>(Schrenk, 1858); <i>svatoshi</i> Turov, 1924;<i> davanica</i> (Sokolov et al., 1994);<b><i> uralensis</i></b> Flerov, 1927; <b><i>yesoensis</i></b> Kishida, 1930; <i>ornata </i>Kishida, 1930; <i>sadaki</i> Kishida, 1933;<i> <b>yoshikurai</b></i> Kishida, 1932.","Subgenus <i>Pika.</i> Formerly included in <i>alpina</i>; see A. T. Smith et al. (1990), and references therein. Differences in morphology and vocalizations are noticeable where <i>hyperborea</i> and <i>alpina</i> are sympatric in the W Sayan Mtns, Khangai Mtns, and Transbaikalia, and character displacement in size is also evident in some populations (Lissovsky and Lissovskaya, 2000; A. T. Smith et al., 1990). The original Pallas citation was printed and privately circulated in 1811, but not published for general distribution until 1826. Subspecies follow Lissovsky; formerly included <i>O. turuchanensis </i>Naumov 1934, which is considered a separate species (Lissovsky, 2002).","35","35-00035","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0035"
"13500036","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","hyperborea","hyperborea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1811","","Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.","1","","152","","","","""... e terris Tschuktschicis,"" [Chukotsk peninsula (Ognev, 1940:41), Chukotsk AO, Russia].","","","","","35","35-00036","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0035-0036"
"13500037","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","hyperborea","cinereoflava","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schrenk","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00037","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0035-0037"
"13500038","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","hyperborea","coreana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen and Andrews","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00038","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0035-0038"
"13500039","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","hyperborea","ferruginea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schrenk","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00039","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0035-0039"
"13500040","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","hyperborea","mantchurica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00040","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0035-0040"
"13500041","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","hyperborea","normalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schrenk","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00041","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0035-0041"
"13500042","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","hyperborea","uralensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flerov","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00042","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0035-0042"
"13500043","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","hyperborea","yesoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kishida","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00043","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0035-0043"
"13500044","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","hyperborea","yoshikurai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kishida","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00044","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0035-0044"
"13500045","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","iliensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Li and Ma","1986","","Acta Zool. Sinica","32","","375, 379","","","Ili Pika","""Tienshan Mountain [Borokhoro Shan], Nilka [County], Xinjiang, China, alt. 3200 m.""","Known only from the type locality (Li et al., 1988).","IUCN – Vulnerable; but may be critically endangered (Formozov, 1997; Li Weidong, pers. comm).","","Subgenus <i>Conothoa</i>. Perhaps related to the <i>roylei-macrotis</i> group (Yu and Zheng, 1992<i>a</i>), or to the <i>erythrotis </i>group; poorly known.","35","35-00045","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0045"
"13500046","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","koslowi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Büchner","1894","","Wiss. Reisen. Przewalski Cent. Asien Zool. Th. I: Säugeth.","","","187","","","Kozlov’s Pika","""Dolina Vetrov"" [Valley of the Winds; pass between Guldsha Valley and valley of Dimnalyk River, tributary of Chechen, Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China, 14,000' (37E55'N, 87E50'E; 4267 m)].","Arkatag Range, Kunlun Mtns (China), and S shore of Aru-Tso Lake, E of Lungdo, Ngari, Xizang.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Conothoa</i>. According to the molecular phylogeny of Yu et al. (2000), the sister species of <i>koslowi </i>is <i>ladacensis.</i>","35","35-00046","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0046"
"13500047","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","ladacensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1875","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","16","","231","","","Ladak Pika","""Chagra, 14000 feet above the sea"" [Changra, Ladak, Kashmir, India; 4267 m].","SW Xinjiang, Qinghai, E Tibet (China); Kashmir (India); Pakistan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Conothoa</i>; but see Niu et al. (2001), who placed it in subgenus <i>Pika</i> as sister to the <i>erythrotis </i>group<i>. </i>See also<i> koslowi </i>above.<i> </i>Broadly sympatric with <i>curzoniae</i> on the Tibetan Plateau, though not so widely distributed.","35","35-00047","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0047"
"13500048","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","macrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1875","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","16","","231","","","Large-eared Pika","""Doba"" [C Tibet, (31EN, 87EE), China] Ognev (1940:86). Not ""Duba. . .N side Kuenlun... on road...via Kugiar"" [Kakyar, . 37E45'N, 77E05'E, W Xinjiang, China] <i>contra</i> Blanford (1879:76). Not Dobo, Qinghai [(36E41'N, 101E30'E) (Vaurie, 1972:352)].","Mountainous regions including the Himalayas (Nepal, India) from Bhutan through Tibet, Kunlun (Qinghai, Xinjiang, Sichuan and Yunnan [China]), Karakorum (Pakistan), Hindu Kush (Afghanistan), Pamir, and W Tien Shan Mtns (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, SE Kazakhstan).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>griseus</i> , Blanford, 1875; <b><i>auritus</i></b> Blanford, 1875;<i> baltina</i> Thomas, 1922;<b><i> chinensis</i></b> Thomas, 1911; <i>sinensis </i>Lydekker, 1912 [<i>lapsus calami </i>according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951]; <b><i>sacana</i> </b>Thomas, 1914; <b><i>wollastoni</i></b> Thomas and Hinton, 1922.","Subgenus <i>Conothoa.</i> Included in <i>roylei</i> by Gureev (1964), Roberts (1977), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:68), and Gromov and Baranova (1981:72). Morphological and ecological differences in the area of sympatry first documented by Kawamichi (1971) and Abe (1971), and confirmed by Mitchell (1978, 1981). Weston (1982), Feng and Zheng (1985), and Feng et al. (1986) indicated that <i>macrotis</i> is a distinct species. Yu et al. (2000) consider it a sister species to <i>roylei.</i> Whether the co-type from ""Doba"" in the Natural History Museum (London) is from C Tibet or W Xinjiang is uncertain.","35","35-00048","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0048"
"13500049","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","macrotis","macrotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1875","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","16","","231","","","","""Doba"" [C Tibet, (31EN, 87EE), China] Ognev (1940:86). Not ""Duba. . .N side Kuenlun... on road...via Kugiar"" [Kakyar, . 37E45'N, 77E05'E, W Xinjiang, China] <i>contra</i> Blanford (1879:76). Not Dobo, Qinghai [(36E41'N, 101E30'E) (Vaurie, 1972:352)].","","","","","35","35-00049","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0048-0049"
"13500050","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","macrotis","auritus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00050","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0048-0050"
"13500051","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","macrotis","chinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00051","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0048-0051"
"13500052","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","macrotis","sacana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00052","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0048-0052"
"13500053","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","macrotis","wollastoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00053","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0048-0053"
"13500054","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","muliensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pen and Feng","1962","","<i>In</i> Pen et al., Acta Zool. Sinica","14 (supplement)","","120, 132","","","Muli Pika","""Ting-Tung-Niu-Chang, southeastern Muli (alt. 3600m) Szechuan"" [Muli A.D., Xichang County, Sichuan, China].","Known only from the vicinity of the type locality.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Conothoa</i>; but see Niu et al. (2001), who placed it in subgenus <i>Pika </i>as sister to <i>brookei </i>in the <i>erythrotis </i>group. This taxon was originally described as a subspecies of <i>O. gloveri</i>, but is now thought to be specifically distinct (Feng and Zheng, 1985; Niu et al., 2001). It differs from <i>gloveri</i> in certain cranial characters, and in habitat (A. T. Smith et al., 1990), but its extreme rarity in collections makes its independent status difficult to demonstrate. Formozov (1997) claimed it to be a junior synonym of <i>gloveri</i>.","35","35-00054","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0054"
"13500055","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","nigritia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gong et al.","2000","","Zool. Research","21","","204","","","Black Pika","Piyanma, Yunnan.","Known only from the vicinity of the type locality.","Not Evaluated.","","Subgenus <i>Conothoa</i>. Apparently close to <i>O. forresti</i>; may be only a melanistic individual.","35","35-00055","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0055"
"13500056","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","nubrica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","187","","","Nubra Pika","""Tuggur, Nubra Valley, alt. 10,000"" [Ladak, Kashmir, India].","Southern edge of Tibetan Plateau from Ladak (India, China) through Nepal to E Tibet (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aliensis</i>  Zheng, 1979;<i> hodgsoni </i>(Blyth, 1841); <b><i>lhasaensis</i> </b>Feng and Kao, 1974;<i> lama</i> Mitchell and Punzo, 1975.","Subgenus <i>Ochotona. </i>Assigned to <i>pusilla</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), to <i>roylei</i> (as <i>O</i>. <i>lama</i>) by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and to <i>thibetana</i> (as <i>O</i>. <i>t</i>. <i>lama</i>) by Feng et al. (1986). Recognized as distinct by A. T. Smith et al. (1990), followed by Yu and Zheng (1992a). Its closest relations were thought to be with <i>O. thibetana</i>, but Yu et al. (2000) demonstrated that they are with <i>O. curzoniae. </i>Also see comment under <i>O. roylei</i>.","35","35-00056","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0056"
"13500057","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","nubrica","nubrica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","9","","187","","","","""Tuggur, Nubra Valley, alt. 10,000"" [Ladak, Kashmir, India].","","","","","35","35-00057","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0056-0057"
"13500058","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","nubrica","lhasaensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Feng and Kao","1974","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00058","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0056-0058"
"13500059","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","pallasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","220","","","Pallas’s Pika","""...said to come from 'Asiatic Russia-Kirgisen'"" (Thomas, 1908<i>b</i>:109). Restricted by Heptner (1941:328) to ""southern parts...Karkaralinsk Mountains...north of Lake Balkhash"" [Karagandinsk Obl., (Kazakhstan 49°N, 75°E)].","Discontinuous in arid areas (mtns and high steppes) in Kazakhstan; Altai Mtns, Tuva (Russia), and Mongolia, to Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); but isolated populations of <i>O</i>. <i>p</i>. <i>hamica</i> (IUCN – Critically Endangered), and <i>O</i>. <i>p</i>. <i>sunidica</i> (IUCN – Endangered) are threatened.","<i>ogotona</i> (Waterhouse, 1848) [not Pallas, 1778];<i> ogotona </i>Bohnhote, 1905 [not Pallas, 1778]; <i>opaca</i> Argyropulo, 1939 [not Vinogradov and Argyropulo, 1948; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951] [not Argyropulo, 1941, see comment under <i>gloveri</i> <i>kamensis</i>];<b><i> hamica</i></b> Thomas, 1912;<b><i> pricei</i> </b>Thomas, 1911; <b><i>sunidica</i></b> Ma et al., 1980.","Subgenus <i>Pika</i>. Includes <i>pricei</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>) as it is commonly referred to in Russian literature. However, marked difference in reproduction, habitat, behavior, and vocalization suggest that <i>pallasi</i> and <i>pricei</i> may prove to be specifically distinct (A. T. Smith et al., 1990). The name <i>helanshanensis </i>(Zheng, 1987; in Wang, 1990) is restricted to the Helan Shan (Ninxia, China), and its range is congruent with the only known distribution of <i>O. argentata </i>(all known specimens of <i>argentata</i> and <i>helanshanensis</i> originate from the same 2 X 1.5 km forest patch)<i>,</i> and here we consider it to be a synonym of <i>argentata </i>(Formozov, 1997; Formozov et al., In Press). On the basis of molecular evidence, Yu et al. (2000) and Niu et al. (2001) felt that <i>helanshanensis </i>(= <i>argentata</i>) should be treated as a subspecies of<i> O. pallasi</i>, but its molecular distance is too great and at the level of species, and its karyo... [truncated]","35","35-00059","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0059"
"13500060","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","pallasi","pallasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","220","","","","""...said to come from 'Asiatic Russia-Kirgisen'"" (Thomas, 1908<i>b</i>:109). Restricted by Heptner (1941:328) to ""southern parts...Karkaralinsk Mountains...north of Lake Balkhash"" [Karagandinsk Obl., (Kazakhstan 49°N, 75°E)].","","","","","35","35-00060","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0059-0060"
"13500061","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","pallasi","hamica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00061","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0059-0061"
"13500062","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","pallasi","pricei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00062","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0059-0062"
"13500063","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","pallasi","sunidica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ma et al.","1980","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00063","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0059-0063"
"13500064","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","princeps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1828","","Zool. J.","3","","520","","","American Pika","""Rocky Mountains""; restricted by Preble (1908) to ""near the sources of Elk (Athabasca) River,"" [Athabasca Pass, head of Athabasca River, Alberta, Canada].","Mountains of W North America from C British Columbia (Canada) to N New Mexico, Utah, C Nevada, and EC California (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); isolated subspecies in the Great Basin: IUCN – Vulnerable (<i>goldmani, lasalensis, nevadensis, nigrescens, obscura, sheltoni, tutelata</i>; A. T. Smith et al., 1990).","Allozyme studies revealed 4-5 main groups of populations in this species (Hafner and Sullivan, 1995). Synonyms listed here follow these groupings: <u>(1) Northern<i> </i> Rockies</u>:<i> cuppes</i> Bangs, 1899;<i> goldmani</i> Howell, 1924;<i> levis </i>Hollister, 1912; <i>lutescens</i> Howell, 1919; <i>obscura</i> Long, 1965;<i> saturata</i> Cowan, 1955; <u>(2) Central Rockies</u>:<b><i> figginsi </i></b>Allen, 1912;<i> clamosa</i> Hall and Bowlus, 1938; <i>fuscipes </i>Howell, 1919;<i> howelli</i> Borell, 1931;<i> lemhi</i> Howell, 1919; <i>uinta</i> Hollister, 1912;<i> ventorum</i> Howell, 1919; <i>wasatchensis</i> Durrant and Lee, 1955; <u>(3) Southern Rockies</u>:<b><i> saxatilis</i></b><i> </i>Bangs,<b><i> </i></b>1899; <i>barnesi</i> Durrant and Lee, 1955;<i> incana</i> Howell, 1919; <i>lasalensis</i> Durrant and Lee, 1955; <i>moorei</i> Gardner, 1950; <i>nevadensis</i> Howell, 1919; <i>nigrescens</i> Bailey, 1913; <i>utahensis</i> Hall and Hayward, 1941; <u>(4) Sierra Nevada-Great Basin</u>:<b><i> schisticeps</i></b> (Merriam, 1889);<i> albata</i> Grinnell, 1912;<i> cinnamomea</i> Allen, 1905;<i> muiri</i> Grinnell and Storer, 1916;<i> sheltoni</i> Grinnell, 1918;<i> tutelata </i>Hall, 1934; <u>(5) Cascades</u>:<b> <i>taylori</i></b> Grinnell, 1912; <i>brooksi</i> Howell, 1924; <i>brunnescens</i> Howell, 1919;<i> fenisex</i> Osgood, 1913;<i> fumosa</i> Howell, 1919; <i>jewetti</i> Howell, 1919;<i> littoralis</i> Cowan, 1955; <i>minimus</i> (Lord, 1863) [not Schinz, 1821]; <i>septentrionalis</i> Cowan and Racey, 1947.","Subgenus <i>Pika</i>. Broadbooks (1965) and Youngman (1975) considered <i>princeps</i> and <i>collaris</i> conspecific. Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), following Gureev (1964), included <i>princeps</i> in <i>alpina</i>. A statistical reevaluation of craniometric data by Weston (1981) indicated that <i>princeps</i>, <i>collaris</i>, and <i>alpina</i> are separate species. Hafner and Sullivan (1995) analyzed allozymic variation from 56 populations of <i>princeps, </i>with <i>collaris</i> as outgroup (see above). All but eight of the populations were placed in one of five regional populations, those eight being geographically intermediate. Reviewed by Smith and Weston (1990, Mammalian Species, 352). Allozyme studies revealed 4-5 main groups of populations in this species (Hafner and Sullivan, 1995). Synonyms listed here follow these groupings: (1) Northern Rockies, (2) Central Rockies, (3) Southern Rockies, (4) Sierra Nevada-Great Basin, (5) Cascades.","35","35-00064","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0064"
"13500065","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","princeps","princeps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1828","","Zool. J.","3","","520","","","","""Rocky Mountains""; restricted by Preble (1908) to ""near the sources of Elk (Athabasca) River,"" [Athabasca Pass, head of Athabasca River, Alberta, Canada].","","","","Allozyme studies revealed 4-5 main groups of populations in this species (Hafner and Sullivan, 1995). This name belongs to the Northern Rockies group.","35","35-00065","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0064-0065"
"13500066","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","princeps","figginsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","Allozyme studies revealed 4-5 main groups of populations in this species (Hafner and Sullivan, 1995). This name belongs to the Central Rockies group.","35","35-00066","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0064-0066"
"13500067","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","princeps","saxatilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","Allozyme studies revealed 4-5 main groups of populations in this species (Hafner and Sullivan, 1995). This name belongs to the Southern Rockies group.","35","35-00067","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0064-0067"
"13500068","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","princeps","schisticeps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","Allozyme studies revealed 4-5 main groups of populations in this species (Hafner and Sullivan, 1995). This name belongs to the Sierra Nevada-Great Basin group.","35","35-00068","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0064-0068"
"13500069","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","princeps","taylori","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","Allozyme studies revealed 4-5 main groups of populations in this species (Hafner and Sullivan, 1995). This name belongs to the Cascades group.","35","35-00069","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0064-0069"
"13500070","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","pusilla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1769","","Nova Comm. Imp. Acad. Sci. Petropoli","13","","531","","","Steppe Pika","""in campis circa Volgam...""; restricted by Ognev (1940) to Samarsk Steppe, near Buzuluk, left bank of Samara River [Orenburgsk Obl. Russia].","Steppes from middle Volga (Russia), east and south through N Kazakhstan to upper Irtysh River and Chinese border. Not yet recorded in China.","IUCN – Vulnerable (classification refers to subspecies <i>O. p. pusilla</i> only; Formozov, pers. comm).","<i>minutus</i>  (Pallas, 1771); <b><i>angustifrons</i> </b>Argyropulo, 1932","Subgenus <i>Ochotona </i>(Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951).<i> </i>Formerly included <i>O. nubrica</i> (= <i>lama</i>), <i>O. forresti</i>, and <i>O. osgoodi</i> (a subspecies of <i>thibetana</i>); see comments therein.","35","35-00070","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0070"
"13500071","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","pusilla","pusilla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1769","","Nova Comm. Imp. Acad. Sci. Petropoli","13","","531","","","","""in campis circa Volgam...""; restricted by Ognev (1940) to Samarsk Steppe, near Buzuluk, left bank of Samara River [Orenburgsk Obl. Russia].","","","","","35","35-00071","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0070-0071"
"13500072","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","pusilla","angustifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Argyropulo","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00072","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0070-0072"
"13500073","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","roylei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1839","","Royle's Illus. Botany...Himalaya","2","","69, pl. 4 [erroneously labeled ""<i>Lagomys alpinus</i>""]","","","Royle’s Pika","""Choor Mountain, Lat. 30. Elev. 11,500[ft]"", [60 mi. (96 km) N of Saharanpur; 3505 m], Punjab, India.","Himalayan Mtns in NW Pakistan and India to Nepal; adjacent Tibet (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angdawai</i>  Biswas and Khajuria, 1955; <i>mitchelli</i> Agrawal and Chakraborty, 1971; <i>wardi</i> Bonhote, 1904; <b><i>nepalensis</i></b> Hodgson, 1841.","Subgenus <i>Conothoa</i>. Includes <i>angdawai</i> and <i>mitchelli</i>, but not <i>forresti</i> and <i>himalayana</i>, which are here provisionally considered distinct; see comments therein. <i>O. hodgsoni</i> Blyth, 1841 is traditionally placed here, but based on the original description it is a synonym of<i> nubrica</i>.","35","35-00073","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0073"
"13500074","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","roylei","roylei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1839","","Royle's Illus. Botany...Himalaya","2","","69, pl. 4 [erroneously labeled ""<i>Lagomys alpinus</i>""]","","","","""Choor Mountain, Lat. 30. Elev. 11,500[ft]"", [60 mi. (96 km) N of Saharanpur; 3505 m], Punjab, India.","","","","","35","35-00074","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0073-0074"
"13500075","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","roylei","nepalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00075","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0073-0075"
"13500076","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","rufescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","266","","","Afghan Pika","""India, Cabul, Rocky Hills near Baker Tomb at about 6000 or 8000 feet [ca. 1829 or 2438 m] elevation"" [Baber's (?) Tomb, Kabul, Afghanistan].","Afghanistan, Baluchistan (Pakistan), Iran, Armenia, and SW Turkmenistan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); considered a crop pest and controlled in parts of its range (A. T. Smith et al., 1990).","<i>seiana</i>  Thomas, 1922; <i>vizier</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>vulturina</i> Thomas, 1920; <b><i>regina</i></b> Thomas, 1911; <b><i>shukurovoi</i></b> Heptner, 1961.","Subgenus <i>Ochotona.</i> Includes <i>seiana</i>; see A. T. Smith et al. (1990) and comments under <i>O</i>. <i>curzoniae</i>.","35","35-00076","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0076"
"13500077","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","rufescens","rufescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","266","","","","""India, Cabul, Rocky Hills near Baker Tomb at about 6000 or 8000 feet [ca. 1829 or 2438 m] elevation"" [Baber's (?) Tomb, Kabul, Afghanistan].","","","","","35","35-00077","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0076-0077"
"13500078","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","rufescens","regina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00078","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0076-0078"
"13500079","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","rufescens","shukurovoi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heptner","1961","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00079","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0076-0079"
"13500080","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Conothoa","rutila","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Severtzov","1873","","Izv. Obshch. Lyubit. Estestvozn.","8","2","83","","","Turkestan Red Pika","""...in mountains near Vernyi[Alma-ata]...7000-8000 ft."" [2134-2438 m]. Restricted by Shnitnikov (1936) to valley of Maly Alma-atinsk River, Zailisk Alatau Mtns, Kazakhstan (43E05'N, 77E10'E).","Isolated ranges from the Pamirs (Tajikistan) to Tien Shan (SE Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, SE Kazakhstan); perhaps N Afghanistan and E Xinjiang (China). Zhang et al. (1997) recorded it from Batang, Sichuan province, but this seems unlikely, and the record may be based on a misidentified <i>gloveri.</i>","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); however, sporadically distributed throughout its range, and common in only a few localities (A. T. Smith et al., 1990).","","Subgenus <i>Conothoa</i>. Apparently an allospecies of <i>O</i>. <i>erythrotis</i>, which has sometimes been included in <i>rutila</i>; see comments therein.","35","35-00080","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0080"
"13500081","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","thibetana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1871","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","7","","93","","","Moupin Pika","""mountain near Moupin"" [Baoxing, Ya'an County, Sichuan, China].","Shanxi, Shaanxi, W Hubei, Yunnan, Sichuan, S Tibet (China); N Burma; Sikkim (India); perhaps adjacent Bhutan and India.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); however, <i>O. t</i>.<i> sikimaria</i> of Sikkim is IUCN – Critically Endangered (A. T. Smith et al., 1990).","<i>hodgsoni</i>  Bonhote, 1905;<i> zappeyi </i>Thomas, 1922;<i> <b>nangqenica</b></i> Zheng et al., 1980; <b><i>osgoodi</i></b> Anthony, 1941; <b><i>sacraria</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>sikimaria</i></b> Thomas, 1922.","Subgenus <i>Ochotona</i>. Formerly included <i>cansus</i>, <i>forresti</i>, <i>huangensis,</i> and <i>nubrica</i>; see comments therein. The taxon <i>aliensis</i>, originally described as a subspecies of <i>thibetana</i>, is now considered a synonym of <i>nubrica</i> (Feng et al., 1986; A. T. Smith et al., 1990). <i>O</i>. <i>osgoodi</i>, described as a distinct species by Anthony (1941), was listed as a subspecies of <i>O</i>. <i>pusilla</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), and subsequently allocated to <i>thibetana</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Weston (1982). The isolated subspecies <i>sikimaria</i> was assigned to <i>cansus</i> by Feng and Kao (1974), Feng and Zheng (1985), and Zhang et al. (1997), but transferred to <i>thibetana</i> by A. T. Smith et al. (1990); it may deserve full species status. Erbajeva (1988:190-191) considered <i>cansus</i> and <i>sikimaria</i> subspecies of <i>thibetana</i>, as well as <i>lhasaensis</i>, here placed in <i>nubrica</i>; moreover, she t... [truncated]","35","35-00081","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0081"
"13500082","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","thibetana","thibetana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1871","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","7","","93","","","","""mountain near Moupin"" [Baoxing, Ya'an County, Sichuan, China].","","","","","35","35-00082","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0081-0082"
"13500083","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","thibetana","nangqenica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zheng et al.","1980","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00083","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0081-0083"
"13500084","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","thibetana","osgoodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00084","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0081-0084"
"13500085","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","thibetana","sacraria","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00085","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0081-0085"
"13500086","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","thibetana","sikimaria","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00086","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0081-0086"
"13500087","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Ochotona","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Argyropulo","1948","","Trudy Zool. Inst. Leningrad","7","","127","","","Thomas’s Pika","""Valley of Alyk-nor."" Restricted by Formosov (in A. T. Smith et al., 1990) to Alang-nor Lake, NE Qinghai, China (35E35'N, 97E25'E); see also Corbet (1978<i>c</i>).","NE Qinghai, Gansu, and Sichuan (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>ciliana</i>  Bannikov, 1940.","Subgenus <i>Ochotona.</i> Widely sympatric with the similar <i>O</i>. <i>cansus</i>.","35","35-00087","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0087"
"13500088","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Ochotonidae","","","Ochotona","Pika","turuchanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Naumov","1934","","Mlekopitayushchie Tungusskovo Okrug [Mammals of the Tungus region]. Trudy Polyarnoe Komissii, Akad. Nauk","17","","38","","","Turuchan Pika","Uchami, Nizhnyaya Tunguska River, Krasnoyarskii Krai, Russia.","From middle to lower Yenesei River eastward to middle Lena River and Lake Baikal; the Middle Siberian Plateau and adjacent Lena River basin (Lissovsky, 2002).","Not Evaluated.","","Subgenus <i>Pika</i>. This newly recognized species is widely sympatric with <i>O. hyperborea</i> over much of its range.","35","35-00088","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0088"
"13500089","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Prolagidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gureev","1964","","Fauna SSSR. Mlekopitayushchie, Zaitseobraznye [Fauna of the USSR. Mammals, Lagomorpha]","III","10","49","","","","","","","","","35","35-00089","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0089"
"13500090","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Prolagidae","","","Prolagus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Pomel","1853","","Cat. Meth. Desc. Vert. Foss. dans le Bassin Hydro. Super. de la Loire et Surt. la Val. Aff. Prin. l'Allier. Paris.","","","43","","<i>Anoema aeningensis</i> König, 1825 (fossil).","","","","","<i>Anoema</i>  König, 1825; <i>Archaeomys</i> Fraas, 1856; <i>Lagomys</i> G. Cuvier, 1800; <i>Myolagus</i> Hensel, 1856.","Previously considered a subfamily (Gureev, 1964), but elevated by Erbajeva (1988, 1994) to family Prolagidae. Reviewed by Tobien (1975).","35","35-00090","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0089-0000-0000-0090"
"13500091","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Prolagidae","","","Prolagus","","sardus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1832","","Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.","1","","763-767","","","Sardinian Pika","Italy, Sardinia.","Mediterranean Isles of Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy); adjacent small islands.","IUCN – Extinct.","","Described from fossils, but apparently survived until historic times (Vigne, 1983), perhaps as late as 1774 (Kurtén, 1968). Reviewed by Dawson (1969).","35","35-00091","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0089-0000-0000-0090-0000-0091"
"13500092","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer","1817","","Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow","5","","372","","","","","","","Bunolagini Averianov, 1999; Lagidae Schultze, 1897; Leporidae Gray, 1821, Leporinorum Fischer, 1817, Oryctolaginae Gureev, 1948, Pentalaginae Gureev, 1948.","Often divided into subfamilies Paleolaginae (<i>Pentalagus</i>, <i>Pronolagus</i>, <i>Romerolagus</i>) and Leporinae (remaining genera) (Dice, 1929; Simpson, 1945), but no subfamilies were recognized by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951). For basis of genera recognized here, see Corbet (1983); see also Averianov (1999).","35","35-00092","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092"
"13500093","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Brachylagus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","13","","157","","<i>Lepus idahoensis</i> Merriam, 1891.","","","","","","","35","35-00093","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0093"
"13500094","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Brachylagus","","idahoensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1891","","N. Am. Fauna","5","","76","","","Pygmy Rabbit","""Pahsimeroi Valley [near Goldburg, Custer County], Idaho."" [USA].","SW Oregon to EC California, SW Utah, N to SW Montana (USA). Isolated population in WC Washington (USA).","U. S. ESA – Endangered for isolated population in Washington (Columbia River Basin); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt), species-wide; yet recently species is in decline.","","Formerly included in <i>Sylvilagus</i>; but see Corbet (1983). Placed in the monotypic genus <i>Brachylagus</i> by Dawson (1967) and, together with <i>bachmani</i>, in the genus <i>Microlagus</i> by Gureev (1964:170-173); but also see Hall (1981:294), who recognized <i>Brachylagus</i> as a subgenus. This species is widely sympatric with <i>Sylvilagus</i> <i>nuttallii</i>, and perhaps overlaps narrowly with <i>S</i>. <i>audubonii</i>. It has been interpreted as either a primitive rabbit (Hibbard, 1963), or as derived from <i>Sylvilagus</i> (Corbet, 1983). Reviewed by Green and Flinders (1980, Mammalian Species, 125).","35","35-00094","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0093-0000-0094"
"13500095","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Bunolagus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1929","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1929","","109","","<i>Lepus</i> <i>monticularis</i> Thomas, 1903.","","","","","","","35","35-00095","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0095"
"13500096","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Bunolagus","","monticularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","78","","","Riverine Rabbit","""Deelfontein, Cape Colony,"" South Africa.","C Karoo (31E22'S, 22EE), Western Cape Prov. (South Africa).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Reviewed by Petter (1972<i>b</i>). Formerly in <i>Lepus</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951), but returned to <i>Bunolagus</i> by Angermann (1966). Karyological evidence supports the separation of <i>Bunolagus</i> (2n=44) from <i>Lepus</i> (2n=48) (Robinson and Dippenaar, 1987; Robinson and Skinner, 1983); its closest relatives are probably <i>Pronolagus</i> (Corbet, 1983).","35","35-00096","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0095-0000-0096"
"13500097","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Caprolagus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blyth","1845","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","14","","247","","<i>Lepus</i> <i>hispidus</i> Pearson, 1839.","","","","","","","35","35-00097","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0097"
"13500098","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Caprolagus","","hispidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pearson","1838","1839","<i>In</i> M'Clelland, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","152","","","Hispid Hare","""...Assam, ...base of the Boutan [Bhutan] mountains"" [India].","S Himalaya foothills from Uttar Pradesh (India) through Nepal and West Bengal to Assam (India), and south through NW Bangladesh. Since 1951 there have been very few reports from Uttar Pradesh and Assam; see Santapau and Humayun (1960), Mallinson (1971), and Ghose (1978). Presently known distribution summarized by Bell et al. (1990).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered, and IUCN – Endangered.","","","35","35-00098","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0097-0000-0098"
"13500099","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","57","","<i>Lepus</i> <i>timidus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Allolagus</i>  Ognev, 1929; <i>Boreolagus</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1911; <i>Chionobates</i> Kaup, 1829; <i>Eulagos</i> Gray, 1867; <i>Eulepus</i> Acloque, 1899; <i>Indolagus</i> Gureev, 1953; <i>Lagos</i> Palmer, 1904; <i>Macrotolagus</i> Mearns, 1895; <i>Poecilolagus</i> Lyon, 1904; <i>Proeulagus</i> Gureev, 1964; <i>Sabanolagus </i>Averianov, 1998; <i>Sinolagus </i>Averianov, 1998; <i>Tarimolagus</i> Gureev, 1947 [Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>b</i>].","Formerly included <i>Bunolagus</i>; see Petter (1972<i>b</i>); and originally all other genera (<i>Brachylagus, Caprolagus, Macrotolagus, Poelagus, Pronolagus, Romerolagus, Sylvilagus</i>) in Leporidae except <i>Pentalagus</i>. The taxonomy of this genus remains controversial. <i>L</i>. <i>crawshayi</i> (including <i>whytei</i>), <i>peguensis</i>, <i>ruficaudatus</i>, and <i>siamensis</i> have been variously treated as separate species or have been included in <i>nigricollis</i>. <i>L</i>. <i>europaeus</i>, <i>corsicanus</i>, <i>granatensis</i>, <i>mediterraneus,</i> <i>tolai</i>, and <i>tibetanus</i> have been placed in <i>capensis</i> or treated as distinct species; see comments therein. For synonyms see (Pavlinov et al., 1995b).","35","35-00099","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099"
"13500100","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","57","","<i>Lepus</i> <i>timidus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","","","35","35-00100","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100"
"13500101","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Macrotolagus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Mearns","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00101","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0101"
"13500102","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Poecilolagus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Lyon","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00102","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0102"
"13500103","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gureev","1964","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00103","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103"
"13500104","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00104","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104"
"13500105","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Sabanalagus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Averianov","1998","","","","","","","<i>Lepus victoriae </i>Thomas, 1893 (= <i>Lepus microtis </i>Heuglin, 1865).","","","","","","","35","35-00105","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0105"
"13500106","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Indolagus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gureev","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00106","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0106"
"13500107","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Sinolagus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Averianov","1998","","","","","","","<i>Lepus sinensis </i>Gray, 1832.","","","","","","","35","35-00107","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0107"
"13500108","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Tarimolagus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gureev","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","See Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>b).</i>","35","35-00108","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0108"
"13500109","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Macrotolagus","alleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","2","","294","","","Antelope Jackrabbit","""Rillito Station [Pima Co.] Arizona"" [USA].","SC Arizona (USA) to N Nayarit and Tiburon Isl (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>palitans</i>  Bangs, 1900; <b><i>tiburonensis</i></b> Townsend, 1912.","Subgenus <i>Macrotolagus</i> (Gureev (1964:155). Probably related to <i>callotis</i>, but recognized as a distinct species by Hall (1981:331). Reviewed by Best and Henry (1993<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species, 424).","35","35-00109","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0101-0109"
"13500110","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Macrotolagus","alleni","alleni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","2","","294","","","","""Rillito Station [Pima Co.] Arizona"" [USA].","","","","","35","35-00110","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0101-0109-0110"
"13500111","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Macrotolagus","alleni","tiburonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Townsend","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00111","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0101-0109-0111"
"13500112","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Poecilolagus","americanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","330","","","Snowshoe Hare","""in America boreeli, ad fretum Hudsonis copiosissimus."" Restricted by Nelson (1909:87) to Fort Severn, Ontario, Canada.","S and C Alaska (USA) to S and C coasts of Hudson Bay to Newfoundland and Anacosti Isl (introduced) (Canada), south to S Appalachians, S Michigan, North Dakota, NC New Mexico, SC Utah, and EC California (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bishopi</i> J. A. Allen, 1899;<i> columbianus</i> Rhoads, 1895;<i> hudsonius </i>Pallas, 1778;<i> nanus</i> Schreber, 1790 [composite];<i> pallidus </i>Cowan, 1938; <i>phaeonotus</i> J. A. Allen, 1899; <b><i>bairdii</i></b> Hayden, 1869;<i> pineus</i> Dalquest, 1942; <i>seclusus</i> Baker and Hankins, 1950;<i> setzeri </i>Baker, 1959; <b><i>cascadensis</i></b> Nelson, 1907;<i> klamathensis</i> Merriam, 1899;<i> oregonus</i> Orr, 1934;<i> tahoensis</i> Orr, 1933; <b><i>dalli</i></b> Merriam, 1900;<i> macfarlani </i>Merriam, 1900; <i>niediecki </i>Matschie, 1907; <i>saliens</i> Osgood, 1900; <b><i>struthopus</i> </b>Bangs, 1898;<b><i> virginianus</i></b> Harlan, 1825;<i> borealis</i> Schinz, 1845;<i> wardi</i> Schinz, 1825; <i>washingtoni</i> Baird, 1855.","Subgenus <i>Poecilolagus </i>(Gureev, 1964; Averianov, 1998). Distinctive small species, but subgeneric separation not supported Hall (1981:314).","35","35-00112","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0102-0112"
"13500113","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Poecilolagus","americanus","americanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","330","","","","""in America boreeli, ad fretum Hudsonis copiosissimus."" Restricted by Nelson (1909:87) to Fort Severn, Ontario, Canada.","","","","","35","35-00113","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0102-0112-0113"
"13500114","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Poecilolagus","americanus","bairdii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hayden","1869","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00114","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0102-0112-0114"
"13500115","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Poecilolagus","americanus","cascadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00115","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0102-0112-0115"
"13500116","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Poecilolagus","americanus","dalli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00116","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0102-0112-0116"
"13500117","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Poecilolagus","americanus","struthopus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00117","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0102-0112-0117"
"13500118","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Poecilolagus","americanus","virginianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harlan","1825","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00118","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0102-0112-0118"
"13500119","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","arcticus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ross","1819","","Voy. Discovery, II; ed. 2","App. IV","","170","","","Arctic Hare","""Southeast of Cape Bowen"" (Nelson, 1909:61) [Possession Bay, Bylot Island, lat. 73E37'N, Canada].","Greenland and Canadian arctic islands southward in open tundra to WC shore of Hudson Bay, thence northwest to the west of Fort Anderson on coast of Arctic Ocean. Isolated populations in tundra of N Quebec and Labrador, and on Newfoundland (Canada).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>andersoni</i>  Nelson, 1934;<i> banksicola</i> Manning and Macpherson, 1958; <i>canus</i> Preble, 1902;<i> glacialis</i> Leach, 1819; <b><i>bangsii</i></b> Rhoads, 1896;<i> labradorius</i> Miller, 1899;<b><i> groenlandicus</i> </b>Rhoads, 1896;<i> hyperboreus </i>Pedersen, 1930 [not Pallas, 1811]; <i>persimilis</i> Nelson, 1934;<i> porsildi</i> Nelson, 1934;<b><i> monstrabilis</i></b> Nelson, 1934; <i>hubbardi</i> Handley, 1952.","Subgenus <i>Lepus </i>(Averianov, 1998). Formerly included in <i>timidus</i> by Gureev (1964), Angermann (1967), Honacki et al. (1982), and Dixon et al. (1983), but considered<b><i> </i></b>distinct by Corbet<b><i> </i></b>(1978<i>c</i>), Hall (1981), A. J. Baker et al. (1983), and Flux and Angermann (1990). Reviewed by Best and Henry (1994<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species, 457).","35","35-00119","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0119"
"13500120","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","arcticus","arcticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ross","1819","","Voy. Discovery, II; ed. 2","App. IV","","170","","","","""Southeast of Cape Bowen"" (Nelson, 1909:61) [Possession Bay, Bylot Island, lat. 73E37'N, Canada].","","","","","35","35-00120","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0119-0120"
"13500121","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","arcticus","bangsii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00121","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0119-0121"
"13500122","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","arcticus","groenlandicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00122","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0119-0122"
"13500123","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","arcticus","monstrabilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00123","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0119-0123"
"13500124","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [uncertain]","brachyurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1845","","<i>In</i> Siebold, Fauna Japonica","1(Mamm.)","","44, pl. 11","","","Japanese Hare","""...tout l'Empire mais surtout dans l'île de Jezo"", Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan.","Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Oki Isls and Sado Isl (Japan).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>angustidens</i> </b> Hollister, 1912; <i>etigo</i> Abe, 1918; <b><i>lyoni</i></b> Kishida, 1937; <b><i>okiensis</i></b> Thomas, 1906.","Subgenus uncertain. Gureev (1964:150) and Gromov and Baranova (1981:63) placed this species in genus <i>Caprolagus</i>, subgenus <i>Allolagus</i>, but Averianov (1998) in subgenus <i>Eulagos</i>; see also comment under <i>mandshuricus</i>. Hirikawa et al. (1992) analyzed variation in the insular populations of <i>L. b. okiensis.</i> Reviewed by Imaizumi (1970<i>b</i>).","35","35-00124","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0124"
"13500125","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [uncertain]","brachyurus","brachyurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1845","","<i>In</i> Siebold, Fauna Japonica","1(Mamm.)","","44, pl. 11","","","","""...tout l'Empire mais surtout dans l'île de Jezo"", Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan.","","","","","35","35-00125","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0124-0125"
"13500126","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [uncertain]","brachyurus","angustidens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00126","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0124-0126"
"13500127","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [uncertain]","brachyurus","lyoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kishida","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00127","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0124-0127"
"13500128","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [uncertain]","brachyurus","okiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00128","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0124-0128"
"13500129","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","californicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","586","","","Black-tailed Jackrabbit","""St. Antoine"" [probably near Mission of San Antonio, California, USA]. Discussed by Hall (1981:326).","Hidalgo and S Queretaro to N Sonora and Baja California (Mexico), north to SW Oregon and C Washington, S Idaho, E Colorado, S South Dakota, W Missouri, and NW Arkansas (USA). Apparently isolated population in SW Montana.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bennettii</i>  Gray, 1843;<i> martirensis</i> Stowell, 1895; <i>richardsonii</i> Bachman, 1839; <i>tularensis</i> Merriam, 1904;<i> vigilax </i>Dice, 1926;<b><i> deserticola</i></b> Mearns, 1896;<i> depressus</i> Hall and Witlow, 1932;<i> wallawalla</i> Merriam, 1904;<b><i> insularis</i></b> Bryant, 1891;<i> edwardsi </i>St. Loup, 1895;<b><i> magdalenae</i></b><i> </i>Nelson, 1907;<i> sheldoni </i>Burt, 1933;<i> xanti</i> Thomas, 1898;<b><i> melanotis</i></b> Mearns, 1890; <i>altamirae</i> Nelson, 1907;<i> curti</i> Hall, 1951;<i> merriami</i> Mearns, 1896;<b><i> texianus</i></b> Waterhouse, 1848;<i> asellus</i> Miller, 1899;<i> eremicus</i> J. Allen, 1894;<i> festinus</i> Nelson, 1904;<i> griseus</i> Mearns, 1896;<i> micropus</i> J. Allen, 1903.","Subgenus <i>Proeulagus</i> (Gureev, 1964:193), or <i>Eulagos</i> (Averianov, 1998). Chromosomes described by Cervantes et al. (1999-2000). Reviewed by Best (1996, Mammalian Species, 530).","35","35-00129","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0129"
"13500130","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","californicus","californicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","586","","","","""St. Antoine"" [probably near Mission of San Antonio, California, USA]. Discussed by Hall (1981:326).","","","","","35","35-00130","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0129-0130"
"13500131","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","californicus","deserticola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00131","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0129-0131"
"13500132","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","californicus","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bryant","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00132","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0129-0132"
"13500133","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","californicus","magdalenae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00133","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0129-0133"
"13500134","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","californicus","melanotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00134","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0129-0134"
"13500135","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","californicus","texianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1848","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00135","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0129-0135"
"13500136","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","callotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagler","1830","","Naturliches Syst. Amphibien","","","23","","","White-sided Jackrabbit","""Mexico""; restricted by Nelson (1909:122) to southern end of Mexican Tableland.","C Oaxaca (Mexico) north discontinuously to SW New Mexico (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>mexicanus</i>  Lichtenstein, 1830;<i> nigricaudatus</i> Bennett, 1833; <b><i>gaillardi</i></b> Mearns, 1896;<i> battyi</i> J. Allen, 1903.","Subgenus <i>Proeulagus</i> (Gureev, 1964), or <i>Macrotolagus</i> (Averianov, 1998). Includes <i>gaillardi</i> and <i>mexicanus</i>; see Anderson and Gaunt (1962) and Hall (1981:328-330); but see also Gureev (1964:192, 195). Range allopatric with <i>L</i>. <i>alleni</i>, to which it is probably related. Karyotype reported by Gonzalez and Cervantes (1996). Reviewed by Best and Henry (1993<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species, 442).","35","35-00136","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0136"
"13500137","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","callotis","callotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagler","1830","","Naturliches Syst. Amphibien","","","23","","","","""Mexico""; restricted by Nelson (1909:122) to southern end of Mexican Tableland.","","","","","35","35-00137","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0136-0137"
"13500138","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","callotis","gaillardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00138","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0136-0138"
"13500139","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","capensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Sys. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","58","","","Cape Hare","""ad Cap. b. Spei"" [South Africa, Cape of Good Hope].","As construed in the past, a single species (<i>capensis</i> <i>sensu lato</i>) inhabits Africa and the Near East in two separate, non-forested areas: South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, S Angola, S Zambia (?), Mozambique; and to the north, Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia, countries of the Sahel and Sahara, and N Africa; thence eastward through the Sinai to the Arabian Peninsula, Jordan, S Syria, S Israel and W and S Iraq, west of the Euphrates River (Harrison and Bates, 1991; Hufnagl, 1972; Kingdon, 1997; Kowalski and Rezebik-Kowalska, 1991; Smith, 1985). However, there is no evidence of gene flow between the South African populations, and those ""capensis"" in East, West and North Africa, and the intervening areas are inhabited by other species of <i>Lepus, </i>particularly <i>L.</i> <i>microtis</i>). Herein, the name <i>capensis</i> will be restricted to the South African hare, and other names applied to East and North African, and Arabian-Near Eastern hares. This informal subdivision of <i>capensis sensu lato</i> creates four groups that might be considered as distinct species. However, pending sufficient data at this point to support a formal revision, this arrangement best reflects the poorly known relationships of the taxa.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<u>South Africa</u>:<i> arenarius</i>  Geoffroy, 1826;<i> centralis</i> Thomas, 1903;<i> ochropoides</i> Roberts, 1929;<i> ochropus</i> Wagner, 1844;<b><i> aquilo</i></b> Thomas and Wroughton, 1907;<i> bedfordi</i> Roberts, 1932; <i>hartensis</i> Roberts, 1932;<i> ermeloensis</i> Roberts, 1932; <i>vernayi</i> Roberts, 1932;<b><i> carpi</i></b> Lundholm, 1955; <i>salai</i> Jentink, 1880; <b><i>granti</i></b> Thomas and Schwann, 1904;<i> kalaharicus</i> Dollman, 1910;<i> langi</i> Roberts, 1932; <i>major</i> Grill, 1860; <i>mandatus</i> Thomas, 1926; <i>narranus</i> Thomas, 1926.<u> East Africa</u>:<u> </u><b><i>aegyptius</i></b> Desmarest, 1822;<i> abbotti</i> Hollister, 1918;<i> chadensis </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1907;<i> dinderus</i> Setzer, 1956;<b><i> hawkeri</i></b> Thomas, 1901; <b><i>isabellinus</i></b> Cretzschmar, 1826;<i> aethiopicus</i> Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833;<b><i> sinaiticus</i></b> Ehrenberg, 1833;<i> innesi</i> de Winton, 1902; <i>rothschildi</i> de Winton, 1902. <u>Arabia and Near East</u>: <b><i>arabicus</i></b> Ehrenberg, 1833;<i> atallahi</i> Harrison, 1972;<i> cheesmani</i> Thomas, 1921; <i>jefferyi</i> Harrison, 1980;<i> omanensis</i> Thomas, 1894. <u>Northwest Africa (Mahgreb)</u>:<b><i> schlumbergeri</i></b> Remy-St. Loup, 1894;<i> harterti</i> Thomas, 1903;<i> kabylicus</i> de Winton, 1898;<i> pallidior</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1898;<i> pediaeus</i> Cabrera, 1923; <i>sefranus</i> Thomas, 1913;<i> tunetae</i> de Winton, 1898;<b><i> atlanticus</i></b> de Winton, 1898;<i> maroccanus</i> Cabrera, 1906;<i> sherif</i> Cabrera, 1906; <b><i>whitakeri</i></b> Thomas, 1902. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>barcaeus</i> Ghigi, 1920.","Subgenus <i>Proeulagus</i> (Gureev, 1964:202) or <i>Eulagos </i>(Averianov, 1998). Includes <i>arabicus</i>; formerly included <i>europaeus</i>, <i>corsicanus</i>, <i>granatensis</i>, and <i>tolai</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>: 71), Angermann (1983:20), and Harrison and Bates (1991). Formerly included <i>habessinicus</i>, but Azzaroli-Puccetti (1987<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) considered <i>habessinicus</i> distinct. The enigmatic form <i>connori</i>, often placed in <i>capensis</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Harrison and Bates, 1991) is provisionally placed in <i>europaeus</i> on the basis of pelage characteristics; see Angermann (1983:19). Most Russian authors consider <i>tolai</i> (including <i>tibetanus</i>) a distinct species; see Gromov and Baranova (1981:65); but also see Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987:229). Sludskii et al. (1980:58, 85) indicated an area of sympatry between <i>europaeus</i> and <i>tolai</i> in Kazakhstan. Sokolov and Orlov (1980:85) considered <i>tibetanus</i> a distinct spec... [truncated]","35","35-00139","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0139"
"13500140","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","capensis","capensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Sys. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","58","","","","""ad Cap. b. Spei"" [South Africa, Cape of Good Hope].","","","","","35","35-00140","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0139-0140"
"13500141","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","capensis","aquilo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies from South Africa.","35","35-00141","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0139-0141"
"13500142","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","capensis","carpi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lundholm","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies from South Africa.","35","35-00142","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0139-0142"
"13500143","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","capensis","granti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies from South Africa.","35","35-00143","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0139-0143"
"13500144","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","capensis","aegyptius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies from East Africa.","35","35-00144","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0139-0144"
"13500145","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","capensis","hawkeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies from East Africa.","35","35-00145","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0139-0145"
"13500146","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","capensis","isabellinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1826","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies from East Africa.","35","35-00146","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0139-0146"
"13500147","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","capensis","sinaiticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ehrenberg","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies from East Africa.","35","35-00147","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0139-0147"
"13500148","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","capensis","arabicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ehrenberg","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","This subspecies is from Arabia and the Near East.","35","35-00148","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0139-0148"
"13500149","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","capensis","schlumbergeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Remy-St. Loup","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies from Northwest Africa (Mahgreb).","35","35-00149","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0139-0149"
"13500150","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","capensis","atlanticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies from Northwest Africa (Mahgreb).","35","35-00150","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0139-0150"
"13500151","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","capensis","whitakeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies from Northwest Africa (Mahgreb).","35","35-00151","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0139-0151"
"13500152","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","castroviejoi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Palacios","1976","1977","Doñana, Acta Vertebr.","1976, 3","2","205","","","Broom Hare","""Puerto de la Ventana, San Emiliano (León [Province])"" [= Puerto Ventanas, Spain, 1500 m].","Cantabrian Mtns between Sierra de Ancares and Sierra de Peña Labra (N Spain).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Eulagos </i>(Averianov, 1998). Reviewed by Palacios (1983, 1989) and Bonhomme et al. (1986).","35","35-00152","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0152"
"13500153","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","comus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1927","","Am. Mus. Novit.","284","","9","","","Yunnan Hare","""Teng-yueh [Tengueh], Yunnan Province, China, 5,500 feet [1676 m] altitude.""","Yunnan, W Guizhou (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>peni</i>  Wang and Luo, 1985; <i>pygmaeus</i> Wang and Feng, 1985.","Subgenus <i>Eulagos </i>(Averianov, 1998). Formerly included in <i>oiostolus</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>). Elevated to specific status by Cai and Feng (1982) and Wang et al. (1985), on the basis of morphological and ecological differences. May be allo- or parapatric with <i>oiostolus</i>. Possibly related to <i>nigricollis</i> (Flux and Angermann, 1990).","35","35-00153","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0153"
"13500154","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","coreanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","146","","","Korean Hare","""Söul"" [Seoul], Korea.","Korea; S Kirin, S Liaoning, E Heilungjiang (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Eulagos </i>(Averianov, 1998). Formerly included in <i>sinensis</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>) or in <i>brachyurus</i> (Kim and Kim, 1974); here considered distinct, following Flux and Angermann (1990) and Jones and Johnson (1965).","35","35-00154","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0154"
"13500155","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","?Eulagos","corsicanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","155","","","Corsican Hare","""Bastia,"" [Corsica, Italy].","Italy from the Abruzzo Mtns southward; Sicily; introduced into Corsica no later than 16th Century (Vigne, 1988).","Not Evaluated; likely to be listed as one of the IUCN threatened categories upon evaluation, due to probable reduction in numbers and range due to over-hunting and introduction of <i>L</i>. <i>europeaus</i> (Palacios et al., 1989; Pierpaoli et al., 1999).","","Subgenus probably <i>Eulagos</i>. Formerly included in <i>capensis</i> or <i>europaeus</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Petter (1961<i>a</i>); but see also Palacios et al. (1989) and Pierpaoli et al. (1999) who provided evidence of their specific distinctness.","35","35-00155","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0155"
"13500156","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","30","","","European Hare","Not stated; restricted by Trouessart (1910), to Poland (see discussion in Ognev, 1940:140, who further restricted it to SW Poland).","Open woodland, steppe and sub-desert: from S Sweden and Finland to Britain, throughout Europe (not Iberian Penin. south of Cantabria and the Ebro River, or south of Siena in Italy), to W Siberian lowlands; south to N Israel, N Syria, N Iraq, the Tigris-Euphrates valley and W Iran. SE border of range (Iran) from S Caspian Sea south to Persian Gulf (54EE); see Angerman (1983:19). Introduced to Ireland, SE Canada-NE USA, S South America, Australia, New Zealand and several islands, including Barbados, Réunion, and the Falklands.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); however, this once common species is now declining across Europe and a reevaluation of its status is likely to place it in one of the IUCN threatened categories (Schneider, 1997).","<i>alba</i>  Bechstein, 1801; <i>argenteogrisea</i> König-Warthausen, 1875; <i>cyanotus</i> Blanchard, 1957;<i> flavus </i>Bechstein, 1801; <i>niger</i> Bechstein, 1801;<i> pyrenaicus</i> Hilzheimer, 1906;<b> caspicus </b>Hemprich and Erhenberg, 1832;<i> kalmykorum</i> Ognev, 1929; <b><i>connori</i></b> Robinson, 1918; <i>astaricus</i> Baloutch, 1978; <i>iranensis</i> Goodwin, 1939;<b><i> creticus</i></b> Barrett-Hamilton, 1903; <b><i>cyprius</i></b> Barrett-Hamilton 1903;<b><i> cyrensis</i></b> Satunin, 1905;<i> caucasicus</i> Ognev, 1929; <i>ghigi</i> de Beaux, 1927; <b><i>hybridus</i></b> Desmarest, 1822;<i> aquilonius</i> Blasius, 1842; <i>biarmicus</i> Heptner, 1948;<i> borealis</i> Kuznetsov, 1944 (not Pallas, 1778; not Nilsson, 1820); <i>campestris</i> Bogdanov, 1871;<i> hyemalis</i> Tumac, 1850; <i>tesquorum</i> Ognev and<i> </i>Worobiev, 1923; <i>tumac</i> Tichomirov and Kortchagin, 1889;<b><i> judeae</i></b> Gray, 1867;<b><i> karpathorum</i></b> Hilzheimer, 1906; <b><i>medius</i></b> Nilsson, 1820;<b><i> occidentalis</i></b> de Winton, 1898; <b><i>parnassius</i></b> Miller, 1903;<i> niethammeri</i> Wettstein, 1943;<b><i> ponticus</i></b> Ognev, 1929; <b><i>rhodius</i></b> Festa, 1914;<b><i> syriacus</i></b> Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832;<b><i> transsylvanicus</i></b> Matschie, 1901; <i>campicola</i> Gervais, 1859 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> cinereus</i> Fitzinger, 1867 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> coronatus</i> Fitzinger, 1867 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> laskerewi</i> Khomenko, 1916; <i>maculatus</i> Fitzinger, 1867 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>meridiei</i> Hilzheimer, 1906 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> meridionalis</i> Gervais, 1859 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>nigricans</i> Fitzinger, 1867 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> rufus</i>, Fitzinger, 1867 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>transsylvaticus</i> Hilzheimer, 1906.","Subgenus <i>Eulagus</i> (Averianov, 1998; Gromov and Baranova, 1981; Gureev, 1964). This species was earlier placed in <i>capensis</i> by Petter (1961<i>a</i>) based on what was interpreted as a cline in morphological characters (mainly size) from NE Africa eastward across the N Arabian peninsula and the Middle East, and northward through Israel to Turkey. Sympatry between large ""<i>europaeus</i>"" and small ""<i>capensis</i>"" (= <i>tolai</i>) in Kazakhstan, without evidence of hybridization (Sludskii et al., 1980) was interpreted as overlapping ends of a Rassenkreis. Angermann's (1983) re-analysis indicated a marked discontinuity between smaller ""capensis"" (incl. <i>arabicus</i>) and larger <i>europaeus</i> running from the E Mediterranean coast (C Israel) through Iran, and on this basis we separate <i>europaeus</i> from <i>capensis</i> and <i>tolai</i>. East of the border of the range of <i>europaeus</i> in Iran, <i>tolai</i> occurs, apparently in allo- or parapatry with <i>europaeus</... [truncated]","35","35-00156","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156"
"13500157","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","europaeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","30","","","","Not stated; restricted by Trouessart (1910), to Poland (see discussion in Ognev, 1940:140, who further restricted it to SW Poland).","","","","","35","35-00157","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0157"
"13500158","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","caspicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hemprich and Erhenberg","1832","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00158","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0158"
"13500159","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","connori","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00159","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0159"
"13500160","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","creticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00160","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0160"
"13500161","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","cyprius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00161","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0161"
"13500162","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","cyrensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00162","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0162"
"13500163","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","hybridus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00163","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0163"
"13500164","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","judeae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00164","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0164"
"13500165","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","karpathorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hilzheimer","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00165","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0165"
"13500166","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","medius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nilsson","1820","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00166","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0166"
"13500167","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00167","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0167"
"13500168","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","parnassius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00168","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0168"
"13500169","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","ponticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00169","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0169"
"13500170","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","rhodius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Festa","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00170","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0170"
"13500171","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","syriacus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1832","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00171","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0171"
"13500172","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","europaeus","transsylvanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00172","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0156-0172"
"13500173","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Sabanalagus","fagani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","1903","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1902","2","315","","","Ethiopian Hare","""Zegi, Lake Tsana [Tana, Ethiopia] 4000 feet. [1219 m]""","N and W Ethiopia, and adjacent SE Sudan, south to extreme NW Kenya.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Sabanalagus </i>(Avarianov, 1998). Formerly included in <i>crawshayi</i> (= <i>victoriae</i> = <i>microtis</i>) by Gureev (1964:204), but Azzaroli-Puccetti (1987<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) maintained its specific identity. Its known distribution is largely allo- or parapatric to that of <i>microtis</i>; may be a highland allospecies (Flux and Angermann, 1990).","35","35-00173","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0105-0173"
"13500174","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","flavigularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1844","","<i>In</i> Schreber, Die Säugethiere ...","Suppl. 4","","106","","","Tehuantepec Jackrabbit","""Mexico"" Restricted by Elliot (1905:543) to San Mateo del Mar, Tehuantepec [City, Oaxaca, Mexico].","Coastal plains and bordering foothills on south end of Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Oaxaca, Mexico), along Pacific coast to Chiapas (Mexico); now restricted to small area between Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, and extreme W Chiapas.","IUCN – Endangered; likely to be reclassified as IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Proeulagus</i> (Gureev, 1964:193) or <i>Macrotolagus </i>(Averianov, 1998). Closely related to <i>callotis</i>, with which it has an isolated allopatric distribution; see Anderson and Gaunt (1962); also see Hall (1981:330). Karyotype reported by Uribe-Alcocer et al. (1989). Reviewed by Cervantes (1993, Mammalian Species, 423).","35","35-00174","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0174"
"13500175","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","?Eulagos","granatensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rosenhauer","1856","","Die Thiere Andalusiens","","","3","","","Granada Hare","""bei Graneda"" [Granada, Analusia Prov., Spain].","Iberian Peninsula, except NE and NC parts (Spain, Portugal); Mallorca (Balearic Isl, Spain).","Not Evaluated.","<i>hispanicus</i>  Fitzinger, 1867; <i>iturissius</i>, Miller, 1907;<i> lilfordi</i> de Winton, 1898;<i> meridionalis</i> Graells, 1897;<b><i> gallaecius</i></b> Miller, 1907; <b><i>solisi</i></b> Palacios and Fernández, 1992. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>mediterraneus</i> Wagner, 1841 [see comments];<i> mediterraneus</i> Machado, 1869; <i>typicus</i> Hilzheimer, 1906.","Subgenus probably <i>Eulagus. </i>Formerly included in <i>europaeus</i> or <i>capensis</i>; but see Palacios (1983, 1989), and Bonhomme et al. (1986). The Majorcan population (<i>solisi</i>) is thought to have been introduced by humans (Palacios and Fernández, 1992). The population in Sardinia, to which the names <i>mediterraneus</i> Wagner, 1841) and <i>typicus</i> Hilzheimer, 1906, are applied, is assigned to this species based on Miller (1912<i>a</i>), who regared it as closest to <i>granatensis, </i>though he retained it<i> </i>as a ""...very distinct species"" (pg. 514) because of its small size,<i> </i>but its status needs investigation, as do populations from the NW African coast that have been assigned to ""<i>capensis</i>"". To date there appears not to be any definitive study of these populations. However, if in future <i>mediterraneus</i> is confirmed as a synonym of <i>granatensis</i>, it has priority over <i>granatensis.</i>","35","35-00175","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0175"
"13500176","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","?Eulagos","granatensis","granatensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rosenhauer","1856","","Die Thiere Andalusiens","","","3","","","","""bei Graneda"" [Granada, Analusia Prov., Spain].","","","","","35","35-00176","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0175-0176"
"13500177","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","?Eulagos","granatensis","gallaecius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00177","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0175-0177"
"13500178","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","?Eulagos","granatensis","solisi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Palacios and Fernández","1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00178","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0175-0178"
"13500179","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [uncertain]","habessinicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1832","","Symbolae Physicae","Mammalia","dec. 2","folio p, page 2, plate 15, f. 2","","","Abyssinian Hare","""East coast of Abyssinia, Near Arkiko."" (G. M. Allen, 1939:275.)","Djibouti, E Ethiopia, Somalia, perhaps NE Kenya.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abyssinicus</i>  Lefebvre, 1850; <i>berberanus</i> Heuglin, 1861; <i>cordeauxi </i>Drake-Brockman, 1911; <i>crispii</i> Drake-Brockman, 1911;<i> somalensis</i> Heuglin, 1861;<i> tigrensis</i> Blanford, 1869.","Subgenus undetermined. ""This hare apparently replaces the Cape hare in the open grassland, steppe, savanna and desert habitats..."" (Flux and Angermann, 1990) in the Horn of Africa. Azzaroli-Puccetti (1987 <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) provides evidence of full species status. ""... appears to be sympatric with ‘<i>capensis</i>’ [<i>hawkeri</i>] and <i>‘crawshayi’ </i>[<i>microtus</i>] in...Somalia and Ethiopia."" (Petter, 1972:4).","35","35-00179","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0179"
"13500180","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Indolagus","hainanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1870","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1870","","233","","","Hainan Hare","Hainan Isl, ""in the neighbourhood of the capital city"" [Hainan Province, China].","Lowlands of Hainan Isl (China).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Indolagus.</i> Placed in <i>Caprolagus</i> (<i>Indolagus</i>) by Gureev (1964:146). Considered a subspecies of <i>peguensis</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951); Flux and Angermann (1990) recommended provisional specific status, as did Gureev (1964).","35","35-00180","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0106-0180"
"13500181","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","insularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","W. Bryant","1891","","Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2","3","","92","","","Black Jackrabbit","""Espiritu Santo Island, [near La Paz], Gulf of California [Baja California del Sur], Mexico.""","Restricted to the type locality.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>edwardsi</i>  Saint-Loup, 1895.","Subgenus <i>Proeulagus</i> (Gureev, 1964:195). Insular melanic allospecies, related to <i>californicus</i>; see Hall (1981:328) and Dixon et al. (1983). Chromosomes, which differ from those of <i>L. californicus, </i>are described by Cervantes et al. (1999-2000). Reviewed by Cervantes et al. (1996<i>a</i>), and Thomas and Best (1994<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species, 465).","35","35-00181","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0181"
"13500182","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","mandshuricus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Radde","1861","","Melanges Biol. Acad. St. Petersbourg","3","","684","","","Manchurian Hare","""Im Chy (Gebirge)"" Bureya Mtns [Khabarovskii Krai, Russia].","Ussuri region (Russia); NE China; extreme NE Korea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>melainus</i>  Li and Luo, 1979; <i>melanonotus</i> Ognev, 1922.","Subgenus <i>Eulagos </i>(Averianov, 1998). Distinct from <i>brachyurus</i>; see Angermann (1966, 1983); placed in <i>Caprolagus</i> (<i>Allolagus</i>) <i>brachyurus</i> by Gureev (1964:150); followed by Gromov and Baranova (1981:63). Melanic individuals known since at least the time of Sowerby (1923) have been given the specific designation <i>melainus</i> (Li and Luo, 1979). The range of this taxon is entirely within that of <i>mandshuricus</i>, and we provisionally retain them in that species, although Flux and Angermann (1990) recognized <i>melainus</i>. <i>L</i>. <i>mandshuricus</i> and <i>L</i>. <i>coreanus</i> are parapatric in distribution in NE Korea/SE Heilungjiang, but are described as occupying different habitats; the former, mixed forest in hilly country, the latter, both forest and cultivated land, primarily in the plains (Flux and Angermann, 1990). Moreover, <i>mandshuricus</i> is sympatric with another forest species, <i>timidus</i>, and with the plains species, <i>tolai... [truncated]","35","35-00182","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0182"
"13500183","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Sabanalagus","microtis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1865","","Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., Halle, 24","Leopoldiana, 5","","32","reference needs clarification","","African Savanna Hare","""Lande der Ridj,"" [Bahr-el-Ghazal, Sudan].","From Atlantic coast of NW Africa (Senegal, south to Guinea and Sierra Leone) eastward across Sahel to Sudan and extreme W Ethiopia; southward through E Africa (E Republic of Congo, W Kenya) to NE Namibia, Botswana, and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). Small isolated population in W Algeria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); isolated population around Beni Abbés, Algeria, ""deserve[s] attention"" (Flux and Angermann, 1990).","<i>crawshayi</i>  de Winton, 1899;<i> kakumegae</i> Heller, 1912;<i> raineyi</i> Heller, 1912; <i>victoriae </i>Thomas, 1893;<b><i> angolensis</i></b> Thomas, 1904; <i>ansorgei</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1905; <i>canopus </i>Thomas and Hinton, 1921; <i>meridionalis</i> Monard, 1933;<i> zairensis</i> Hatt, 1935;<b><i> senegalensis</i></b> Rochebrune, 1883;<i> zechi</i> Matschie, 1899; <b>whytei</b> Thomas, 1894; <i>herero</i> Thomas, 1926;<i> micklemi</i> Chubb, 1908;<i> zuluensis</i> Thomas and Schwann, 1905.","Placed (as <i>crawshayi</i>) in subgenus <i>Proeulagus</i> by Gureev (1964), and in subgenus <i>Sabanalagus </i>by Averianov (1998). Gureev recognized both <i>crawshayi</i> and <i>whytei</i> as distinct species, as did Azzaroli-Puccetti (1987<i>a</i>). Formerly included in <i>saxatilis</i>; see comments under that species. This species has been known under several different names (<i>saxatilis, crawshayi, whytei, victoriae, </i>and now <i>microtis</i>).<i> </i>Angermann and Feiler (1988) thought that the oldest available name for this species was <i>victoriae</i> Thomas, 1893, but apparently did not consider <i>microtus</i> Heuglin 1865. The species is widely sympatric with <i>capensis</i>, but allo- to parapatric with <i>saxatilis</i> (which is also sympatric with <i>capensis</i> sensu stricto), and with the small <i>L. habessinicus</i>.","35","35-00183","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0105-0183"
"13500184","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","microtis","microtis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1865","","Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., Halle, 24","Leopoldiana, 5","","32","reference needs clarification","","","""Lande der Ridj,"" [Bahr-el-Ghazal, Sudan].","","","","","35","35-00184","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0183-0184"
"13500185","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","microtis","angolensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00185","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0183-0185"
"13500186","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","microtis","senegalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rochebrune","1883","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00186","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0183-0186"
"13500187","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","microtis","whytei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00187","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0183-0187"
"13500188","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Indolagus","nigricollis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1823","","Dict. Sci. Nat.","26","","307","","","Indian Hare","""Malabar"" [Madras, India].","Pakistan; India; Bangladesh, except Sunderbands; Sri Lanka; introduced into Java (?) and Mauritius, Gunnera Quoin, Anskya, Réunion and Cousin Isls in the Indian Ocean. Considered native to Java by McNeely (1981:931).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); if <i>nigricollis</i> is native to Java (rather than an introduced population), its numbers are now very low there.","<b><i>aryabertensis</i> </b> Hodgson, 1844;<b><i> dayanus</i></b> Blanford, 1874;<i> cutchensis</i> Kloss, 1918; <i>joongshaiensis</i> Murray, 1884;<i> rajput</i> Wroughton, 1918;<b><i> ruficaudatus</i></b> Geoffroy, 1826;<i> macrotus</i> Hodgson, 1840;<i> tytleri</i> Tytler, 1854;<b><i> sadiya</i></b> Kloss, 1918;<b><i> simcoxi</i></b> Wroughton, 1912;<i> mahadeva</i> Wroughton and Ryley, 1913; <b><i>singhala</i></b> Wroughton, 1915.","Subgenus <i>Indolagus</i> (Gureev, 1964). Placed in genus <i>Caprolagus</i> (<i>Indolagus</i>) by Gureev (1964:139). Includes <i>ruficaudatus</i>; see Prater (1980) and Angermann (1983), but see Gureev (1964:142); <i>ruficaudatus</i> is closer to <i>capensis</i> according to Petter (1961<i>a</i>), and <i>nigricollis</i> may include <i>whytei</i>, <i>crawshayi</i>, <i>peguensis</i> and <i>siamensis</i>; but also see comments under <i>microtis, peguensis</i> and <i>saxatilis</i>. Includes <i>dayanus</i>, given specific status by Gureev (1964:139).","35","35-00188","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0106-0188"
"13500189","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Indolagus","nigricollis","nigricollis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1823","","Dict. Sci. Nat.","26","","307","","","","""Malabar"" [Madras, India].","","","","","35","35-00189","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0106-0188-0189"
"13500190","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Indolagus","nigricollis","aryabertensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00190","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0106-0188-0190"
"13500191","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Indolagus","nigricollis","dayanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00191","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0106-0188-0191"
"13500192","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Indolagus","nigricollis","ruficaudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Geoffroy","1826","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00192","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0106-0188-0192"
"13500193","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Indolagus","nigricollis","sadiya","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00193","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0106-0188-0193"
"13500194","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Indolagus","nigricollis","simcoxi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00194","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0106-0188-0194"
"13500195","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Indolagus","nigricollis","singhala","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00195","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0106-0188-0195"
"13500196","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","oiostolus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1840","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","9","","1186","","","Woolly Hare","""...the snowy region of the Hemalaya, and perhaps also Tibet."" Restricted by Kao and Feng (1964), to ""Southern Tibet"" [Xizang, China].","Tibetan Plateau, from Ladak to Sikkim (India) Nepal, and eastward through Xizang (Tibet) and Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>illuteus</i>  Thomas, 1914;<i> oemodias</i> Gray, 1847; <i>qusongensis</i> Cai and Feng, 1982; <b><i>hypsibius</i></b> Blanford, 1875; <b><i>pallipes</i></b> Hodgson, 1842;<i> grahami</i> Howell, 1928; <i>kozlovi</i> Satunin, 1907;<i> sechuenensis</i> de Winton, 1899; <b><i>przewalskii</i></b> Satunin, 1907;<i> qinghaiensis</i> Cai and Feng, 1982; <i>tsaidamensis</i> Hilzheimer, 1910.","Placed in subgenus <i>Proeulagus</i> by Gureev (1964) and <i>Eulagos </i>by Averianov (1998); <i>przewalskii</i> was assigned to <i>capensis</i> (= <i>tolai</i>) by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), but is placed in <i>oiostolus</i> following Cai and Feng (1982).","35","35-00196","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0196"
"13500197","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","oiostolus","oiostolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1840","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","9","","1186","","","","""...the snowy region of the Hemalaya, and perhaps also Tibet."" Restricted by Kao and Feng (1964), to ""Southern Tibet"" [Xizang, China].","","","","","35","35-00197","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0196-0197"
"13500198","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","oiostolus","hypsibius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00198","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0196-0198"
"13500199","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","oiostolus","pallipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00199","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0196-0199"
"13500200","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","oiostolus","przewalskii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00200","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0196-0200"
"13500201","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","othus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","2","","28","","","Alaskan Hare","""St. Michaels, [Norton Sound], Alaska."" [USA].","W and SW Alaska (USA); formerly perhaps northwestward to Pt. Barrow; as here interpreted, also E Chukotsk (Russia); if this is verified,<i> tschuktschorum </i>Nordquist, 1883 has priority.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>poadromus</i>  Merriam, 1900;<b> <i>tschuktschorum</i> </b>Nordquist, 1883 [see comments].","Subgenus <i>Lepus </i>(Averianov, 1998). Formerly included in <i>arcticus</i> or <i>timidus</i> (see comments therein). Regarded as distinct by Hall (1981) and by Flux and Angermann (1990), who, however, followed A. J. Baker et al. (1983) in allying populations from Eastern Siberia (Chukotka) (<i>tschuktschorum </i>Nordquist, 1883) with Alaskan populations; but see also Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987). Reviewed by Anderson (1974) who found that <i>othus</i> was closer morphologically to <i>townsendii </i>than to other northern hares. More work is required to determine whether Eastern Siberian populations are linked to <i>L. othus </i>or to <i>L. timidus. </i>If the former relationship is supported, then <i>tschuktschorum </i>Nordquist, 1883 has priority over <i>othus </i>Merriam, 1900.<i> </i>Reviewed by Best and Henry (1994<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species, 458).","35","35-00201","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0201"
"13500202","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","othus","othus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","2","","28","","","","""St. Michaels, [Norton Sound], Alaska."" [USA].","","","","","35","35-00202","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0201-0202"
"13500203","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","othus","tschuktschorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nordquist","1883","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","35","35-00203","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0201-0203"
"13500204","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Indolagus","peguensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1855","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","24","","471","","","Burmese Hare","""Pegu"" [Upper Pegu, Burma].","C, S Burma from Chindwin River valley east through Thailand; Cambodia; S Laos, S Vietnam; south in upper Malay Peninsula (Burma, Thailand) to 120EN.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>siamensis</i>  Bonhote, 1902; <b><i>vassali</i></b> Thomas, 1906.","Subgenus <i>Indolagus</i> by Gureev (1964:144) in <i>Caprolagus</i> (<i>Indolagus</i>); he ranked <i>siamensis</i> as a distinct species; but see Lekagul and McNeely (1977:333) and Flux and Angermann (1990). Petter (1961<i>a</i>) suggested that <i>peguensis</i> might be conspecific with <i>nigricollis</i> because of its close resemblance to <i>L</i>. <i>n</i>. <i>ruficaudatus</i>. However, <i>L. n</i>. <i>ruficaudatus</i> appears to be allopatric with respect to <i>peguensis</i> in E India-W Burma.Suchentrunk (2004:28) considered the separate species status of <i>L. peguensis</i> still open. Formerly included <i>hainanus </i>(Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1955)<i>, </i>which is here considered a full species.","35","35-00204","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0106-0204"
"13500205","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Indolagus","peguensis","peguensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1855","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","24","","471","","","","""Pegu"" [Upper Pegu, Burma].","","","","","35","35-00205","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0106-0204-0205"
"13500206","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Indolagus","peguensis","vassali","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00206","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0106-0204-0206"
"13500207","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","saxatilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1823","","Dict. Sci. Nat.","26","","309","","","Scrub Hare","""il habite les contrées qui se trouvent à trois journées au nord du cap de Bonne-Espérance,"" [Cape of Good Hope, South Africa].","South Africa (former Cape Province [and Zululand north to C KwaZulu-Natal?]) and S Namibia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albaniensis</i>  Roberts, 1932; <i>aurantii</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1923; <i>chiversi</i> Roberts, 1929;<i> fumigatus</i> Wagner, 1844;<i> longicaudatus</i> Gray, 1837; <i>megalotis</i> Thomas and Schwann, 1905; <b><i>subrufus</i></b> Roberts, 1913; <i>bechuanae</i> Roberts, 1932;<i> chobiensis</i> Roberts, 1932;<i> damarensis</i> Roberts, 1926;<i> gungunyanae</i> Roberts, 1914;<i> khanensis</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>ngamiensis</i> Roberts, 1932;<i> nigrescens</i> Roberts, 1932; <i>orangensis</i> Kolbe, 1948;<i> rufinucha</i> A. Smith, 1829; <i>timidus</i> A. Smith, 1826 [not Linnaeus, 1758].","Placed by Gureev (1964:203) in subgenus <i>Proeulagus</i>, and in <i>Sabanalagus</i> by Averianov, 1998). Formerly included <i>crawshayi</i> and <i>whytei</i>, see Ansell (1978:67), Swanepoel et al. (1980:159), and Robinson and Dippenaar (1983<i>b</i>, 1987); but see also Petter (1961<i>a</i>, 1972<i>b</i>). Angermann (1983) considered <i>whytei</i> a distinct species that includes <i>crawshayi</i>; Flux and Angermann (1990) placed both as subspecies of <i>victoriae </i>(= <i>microtis</i>); see comments therein. The range of <i>saxatilis </i>completely overlaps the range of <i>capensis</i> sensu stricto, except in northern Southwest Africa, Botswana and Mozambique, where the smaller northern subspecies (<i>subrufus</i>) <i>is </i>allopatric with respect to both large <i>capensis</i> and the southern race of equally large <i>L. s. saxatilis </i>(Flux and Angermann, 1990; Smithers, 1983).","35","35-00207","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0207"
"13500208","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","saxatilis","saxatilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1823","","Dict. Sci. Nat.","26","","309","","","","""il habite les contrées qui se trouvent à trois journées au nord du cap de Bonne-Espérance,"" [Cape of Good Hope, South Africa].","","","","","35","35-00208","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0207-0208"
"13500209","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","saxatilis","subrufus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00209","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0207-0209"
"13500210","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Sinolagus","sinensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1832","","Illustr. Indian Zool.","2","","pl. 20","","","Chinese Hare","""China"". Restricted by G. Allen (1938:559) to ""more or less in the region of Canton."" [Guangzhou, Guandong Province, China].","SE China from Yangtse River southward; Taiwan; disjunct in NE Vietnam.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>flaviventris</i>  G. Allen, 1927; <b><i>formosus</i> </b>Thomas, 1908; <b><i>yuenshanensis</i> </b>Shih, 1930.","Subgenus <i>Sinolagus </i>(Averianov, 1998). Placed in <i>Caprolagus</i> (<i>Indolagus</i>) by Gureev (1964:143). Formerly included <i>coreanus</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>: 73); here considered distinct, following Flux and Angermann (1990).","35","35-00210","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0107-0210"
"13500211","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Sinolagus","sinensis","sinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1832","","Illustr. Indian Zool.","2","","pl. 20","","","","""China"". Restricted by G. Allen (1938:559) to ""more or less in the region of Canton."" [Guangzhou, Guandong Province, China].","","","","","35","35-00211","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0107-0210-0211"
"13500212","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Sinolagus","sinensis","formosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00212","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0107-0210-0212"
"13500213","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Sinolagus","sinensis","yuenshanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shih","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00213","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0107-0210-0213"
"13500214","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Eulagos","starcki","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Petter","1963","","Mammalia","27","","239","","","Ethiopian Highland Hare","""Jeldu-Liban-Shoa, 2,740 mtres, 40 km W. Addis Abeba,"" [Ethiopia].","Central highlands of Ethiopia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Eulagos </i>(Averianov, 1998). Formerly included in <i>capensis</i> (Petter, 1963<i>a</i>), or <i>europaeus</i> (Azzaroli-Puccetti, 1987<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>); but see Angermann (1983) and Flux and Angermann (1990). Considered by Azzaroli-Puccetti (1987<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) to be closely related to <i>europaeus, </i>with a relict distribution dating back to the Pleistocene.","35","35-00214","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0104-0214"
"13500215","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tibetanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1841","","Proc. Zool. Soc. London","Part IX.",""" A letter from G. T. Vigne…was read…a species of Hare from Little Thibet….""","7","","","Desert Hare.","""Little Thibet."" Fixed as Baltistan, Kashmir, by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1955)","Afghanistan and Baluchistan eastward through N Pakistan and Kashmir to the E Pamir, NW Xinjiang and the Altai Mountains, thence eastward across S Mongolia to Gansu and Ningxia (China). The distribution of <i>tibetanus </i>relative to <i>tolai </i>is allo-to parapatric, but in the Tien Shan mountains they may be sympatric.","Not Evaluated; widespread, but population levels not studied.","<i>biddulphi</i>  Blanford, 1877;<b><i> centrasiaticus</i></b> Satunin, 1907; <i>gansuicus</i> Satunin, 1907;<b><i> craspedotis</i></b> Blanford, 1875; <b><i>pamirensis</i></b> Günther, 1875; <b><i>stoliczkanus </i></b>Blanford, 1875;<i> kashgaricus </i>Satunin, 1907;<i> quercerus</i> Hollister, 1912; <i>zaisanicus</i> Satunin, 1907.","Subgenus <i>Proeulagus </i>(Gromov, 1964). Until the 1930’s <i>tibetanus </i>was considered a distinct species. The first major revision (Heptner, 1934) united <i>europaeus, tolai </i>and <i>tibetanus </i>in a single species, but Ognev (1966:154) rejected this concept, stating that ""...there is much evidence against considering the common hare, the Tolai and desert hares as one species..."". Next, Ellerman (in Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1955) placed <i>tibetanus </i>as a subspecies of <i>capensis, </i>along with <i>tolai</i>;<i> </i>he was supported by Petter (1959, 1961<i>a</i>). Then Harrison (1972) added <i>arabicus </i>to <i>capensis; </i>see also Corbet (1978), and comments under <i>tolai</i>. Some, however, continued to follow Ognev. Bannikov (1954), Sokolov and Orlov (1980), and Shou (1962) provided details of distribution in Mongolia and China respectively. Luo (1981) performed a cluster analysis that he interpreted as supporting<i> </i>Ellerman, et al.<i>, </i>but was strongl... [truncated]","35","35-00215","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0215"
"13500216","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tibetanus","tibetanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1841","","Proc. Zool. Soc. London","","","7","","","","""Little Thibet."" Fixed as Baltistan, Kashmir, by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1955)","","","","","35","35-00216","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0215-0216"
"13500217","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tibetanus","centrasiaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00217","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0215-0217"
"13500218","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tibetanus","craspedotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00218","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0215-0218"
"13500219","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tibetanus","pamirensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00219","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0215-0219"
"13500220","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tibetanus","stoliczkanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00220","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0215-0220"
"13500221","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","57","","","Mountain Hare","""in Europa"" [Uppsala, Sweden].","Palearctic from Scandinavia to E Siberia, except E Chukotsk (Russia), south to Sakhalin and Sikhote-Alin Mtns (Russia); Hokkaido (Japan); Heilungjiang, N Xinjiang (China); N Mongolia; Altai, N Tien Shan Mtns; N Ukraine, E Poland, and Baltics; isolated populations in the Alps, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Introduced into England, Faeros and Scottish Isles.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abei</i>  Kuroda, 1938;<i> alpinus</i> Erxleben, 1777 [not Pallas, 1773];<i> algidus </i>Pallas, 1778; <i>borealis</i> Pallas, 1778;<i> canescens</i> Nilsson, 1844; <i>collinus</i> Nilsson, 1831;<i> septentrionalis</i> Link, 1795;<i> sylvaticus</i> Nilsson, 1831; <i>typicus</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1900;<i> variabilis</i> Pallas, 1778; <b><i>ainu</i></b> Barrett-Hamilton, 1900; <i>albus</i> Leach, 1816 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>begitschevi</i></b> Koljuschev, 1936; <b><i>gichiganus</i></b> J. Allen, 1903;<b><i> hibernicus</i></b> Bell, 1837; <i>lutescens</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1900; <b><i>kamtschaticus</i></b> Dybowski, 1922; <b><i>kolymensis</i></b> Ognev, 1923; <b><i>kozhevnikovi</i></b> Ognev, 1929;<b><i> lugubris</i></b> Kastschenko, 1899; <i>altaicus</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1900;<b> <i>mordeni</i> </b>Goodwin, 1933; <b><i>orii</i>,</b> Kuroda, 1928; <i>saghaliensis </i>Abe, 1931; <i>rubustus</i> Urita, 1935 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>scoticus</i></b> Hilzheimer, 1906; <b><i>sibiricorum</i></b> Johanssen, 1923; <b><i>transbaicalicus</i></b> Ognev, 1929; <b><i>varronis</i></b> Miller, 1901;<i> breviauritus</i> Hilzheimer, 1906.","Subgenus <i>Lepus</i> (Gureev, 1964; Averianov, 1998). Formerly included <i>arcticus</i> and <i>othus</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>: 73); but also see comments under those species. A. J. Baker et al. (1983) found Scottish and Alpine populations morphologically distinct, as well as geographically isolated, from other populations, and Flux (1983) remarked that <i>L</i>. <i>t</i>. <i>scoticus</i> and <i>L</i>. <i>t</i>. <i>hibernicus</i> (from Scotland and Ireland, respectively), both introduced on the island of Mull (Hewson, 1991) still do not interbreed after 50 years. Reviewed by Angerbjorn and Flux (1995, Mammalian Species, 495).","35","35-00221","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221"
"13500222","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","timidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","57","","","","""in Europa"" [Uppsala, Sweden].","","","","","35","35-00222","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0222"
"13500223","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","ainu","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00223","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0223"
"13500224","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","begitschevi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Koljuschev","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00224","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0224"
"13500225","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","gichiganus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Allen","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00225","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0225"
"13500226","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","hibernicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bell","1837","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00226","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0226"
"13500227","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","kamtschaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dybowski","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00227","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0227"
"13500228","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","kolymensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00228","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0228"
"13500229","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","kozhevnikovi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00229","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0229"
"13500230","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","lugubris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kastschenko","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00230","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0230"
"13500231","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","mordeni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00231","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0231"
"13500232","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","orii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00232","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0232"
"13500233","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","scoticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hilzheimer","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00233","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0233"
"13500234","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","sibiricorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Johanssen","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00234","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0234"
"13500235","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","transbaicalicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00235","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0235"
"13500236","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Lepus","timidus","varronis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00236","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0100-0221-0236"
"13500237","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tolai","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","17","","","Tolai Hare","""Caeterum in montibus aprecis campisque rupestribus vel arenosis circa Selengam..."" Restricted by Ognev (1940:162) to ""...valley of the Selenga River...."" [Russia]. According to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:430) the type locality is ""Adinscholo Mountain, near Tchinden [Chinden = Chindant], on Borsja [Boriya] River, a tributary of the Onon River, Eastern Siberia."" This locality is more than 700 km east of the Selenga River.","Steppes north of Caspian Sea southward along eastern shore of Caspian to E Iran; eastward through Afghanistan; Kazakhstan and S Siberia, Middle Asian republics to Mongolia; and W, C, and NE China.","Not Evaluated.","<i>butlerowi</i>  Bogdanov, 1882 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>gobicus</i> Satunin, 1907;<i> huangshuiensis</i> Luo, 1982; <i>kessleri</i> Bogdanov, 1882 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>aurigineus</i> </b>Hollister, 1912; <b><i>buchariensis</i></b> Ognev, 1922; <i>desertorum</i> Ognev and Heptner, 1928;<i> habibi</i><b> </b>Baloutch, 1978;<b><i> cheybani</i></b> Baloutch, 1978;<i> petteri</i> Baloutch, 1978;<b><i> cinnamomeus</i></b> Shamel, 1940; <b><i>filchneri</i></b> Matschie, 1907;<i> brevinasus</i> J. Allen, 1909;<i> sowerbyae</i> Hollister, 1912;<i> subluteus </i>Thomas, 1908;<b><i> lehmanni</i></b> Severtsov, 1873; <i>aralensis</i> Severtsov, 1861 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>turcomanus</i> Heptner, 1934; <b><i>swinhoei </i></b>Thomas, 1894;<i> stegmanni</i> Matschie, 1907.","Subgenus <i>Proeulagus</i> (Gureev, 1964:198). Formerly included in <i>capensis</i> or <i>europaeus</i>; see comments therein. Formerly included <i>tibetanus</i>; but also see Bannikov, 1965, Sokolov and Orlov (1980:85), and Shou et al. (1962); Qui (1989) also provided evidence of differentiation of <i>tibetanus</i> but did not address specific status. Formerly included <i>przewalskii</i>, now assigned to <i>L</i>. <i>oiostolus</i>; see Cai and Feng (1982). ""The situation in [southern] Iraq [and SW Iran] deserves a more detailed analysis"" (Angermann, 1983:19). <i>L</i>. <i>tolai</i> <i>cheybani</i> occurs westward to about 55E<span-<56EE, while <i>L</i>. <i>c</i>. <i>arabicus</i> occurs eastward to SE Iraq. Whether the two forms come into contact is not known, but their ranges may be separated by that of <i>L</i>. <i>europaeus</i> <i>connori</i> in SW Iran; see Baloutch (1978) and Angermann (1983).","35","35-00237","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0237"
"13500238","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tolai","tolai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1778","","Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.","","","17","","","","""Caeterum in montibus aprecis campisque rupestribus vel arenosis circa Selengam..."" Restricted by Ognev (1940:162) to ""...valley of the Selenga River...."" [Russia]. According to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:430) the type locality is ""Adinscholo Mountain, near Tchinden [Chinden = Chindant], on Borsja [Boriya] River, a tributary of the Onon River, Eastern Siberia."" This locality is more than 700 km east of the Selenga River.","","","","","35","35-00238","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0237-0238"
"13500239","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tolai","aurigineus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00239","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0237-0239"
"13500240","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tolai","buchariensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00240","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0237-0240"
"13500241","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tolai","cheybani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baloutch","1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00241","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0237-0241"
"13500242","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tolai","cinnamomeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shamel","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00242","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0237-0242"
"13500243","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tolai","filchneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00243","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0237-0243"
"13500244","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tolai","lehmanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Severtsov","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00244","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0237-0244"
"13500245","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","Proeulagus","tolai","swinhoei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00245","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0103-0237-0245"
"13500246","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","townsendii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","8","1","90","","","White-tailed Jackrabbit","""...on the Walla-walla...river""; restricted by Nelson (1909:78) to Fort Walla Walla, [near present town of Wallula, Walla Walla Co., Washington].","C Alberta and Saskatchewan east to extreme SW Ontario (Canada), south to SW Wisconsin, Iowa, NW Missouri, west through C Kansas to NC New Mexico, west to C Nevada, EC California (USA) and north to SC British Columbia (Canada).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>sierrae</i>  Merriam, 1904;<b> <i>campanius</i></b> Hollister, 1915;<i> campestris</i> Bachman, 1837 [preoccupied by <i>campestris </i>Meyer, 1790].","Placed (as <i>campestris</i>) in subgenus <i>Proeulagus</i> by Gureev (1964), or in <i>Eulagos </i>(Averianov, 1998). Reviewed by Lim (1987, Mammalian Species, 288).","35","35-00246","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0246"
"13500247","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","townsendii","townsendii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1839","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","8","1","90","","","","""...on the Walla-walla...river""; restricted by Nelson (1909:78) to Fort Walla Walla, [near present town of Wallula, Walla Walla Co., Washington].","","","","","35","35-00247","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0246-0247"
"13500248","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","? [see comments under species]","townsendii","campanius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00248","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0246-0248"
"13500249","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Lepus","?Tarimolagus","yarkandensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1875","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","16","","229","","","Yarkand Hare","""neighbourhood of Yarkand"" [15 mi (24 km) E, Xinjiang, China].","Steppes of Tarim Basin, S Xinjiang (China), around edge of Takla Makan desert.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Placed in subgenus <i>Tarimolagus</i> by Gureev (1964); and also by Averianov (1998), but see Xu (1986). Reviewed by Angermann (1967) and Gao (1983).","35","35-00249","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0099-0000-0249"
"13500250","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Nesolagus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Forsyth-Major","1899","","Trans. Linn. Soc. London","7","","493","","<i>Lepus</i> <i>netscheri</i> Schlegel, 1880.","","","","","","","35","35-00250","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0250"
"13500251","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Nesolagus","","netscheri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schlegel","1880","","Notes Leyden Mus.","II","","59","","","Sumatran Striped Rabbit","""Sumatra: Padang-Padjang...about 2000 feet"" [Padangpanjang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia; ca. 610 m].","Sumatra [Indonesia].","IUCN – Critically Endangered; only a dozen museum specimens exist, collected between 1880 and 1916. Since these early collections there has been only one confirmed sighting (in 1972; Flux, 1990) and two photographic records (different individuals, captured in an automatic camera trap in 1998; Surridge et al., 1999).","","","35","35-00251","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0250-0000-0251"
"13500252","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Nesolagus","","timminsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Averianov [=Aver’yanov], Abramov and Tikhonov","2000","","Cont. Zool. Inst., St. Peteresburg","3","","3","","","Annamite Striped Rabbit","""Vietnam, Ha Tinh Province, Huong Son District, Son Kim Community, about 10 km south from village Nuoc Sot, 18E22'N,105E13'E, altitude 200m.""","Known only from the vicinity of the type locality.","IUCN – Data Deficient; presumed rare and potentially endangered.","","Little is known about this recently described species, except that morphologically it is very similar to <i>N. netscheri </i>(Averianov et al., 2000; Surridge et al., 1999).","35","35-00252","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0250-0000-0252"
"13500253","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Oryctolagus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lilljeborg","1873","","Sverig. Og Norges Ryggradsdjur","1","","417","","<i>Lepus</i> <i>cuniculus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Cuniculus</i>  Meyer, 1790.","","35","35-00253","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0253"
"13500254","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Oryctolagus","","cuniculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","58","","","European Rabbit","""in Europa australis"" [= Germany; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951].","W and S Europe through the Mediterranean region to Morocco and N Algeria; original post-Pleistocene range probably limited to S France, Iberia and NW Africa, but Late Pleistocene records occur from Ireland to Italy, Hungary, and even W Siberia (Kurtén, 1968); introduced on all continents except Antarctica and Asia; see Gibb (1990). Worldwide as domesticated forms.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); considered a pest species in most areas where it has been introduced.","<i>fodiens</i> Gray, 1867;<i> kreyenbergi</i> Honigmann 1913;<i> vermicula</i> Gray, 1843 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>vernicularis</i> Thompson, 1837 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>algirus</i> </b>(Loche, 1858); <b><i>brachyotus</i></b> Trouessart, 1917; <b><i>cnossius</i> </b>Bate, 1906; <b><i>habetensis</i></b> Cabrera, 1923; <i>oreas</i> Cabrera, 1922;<b><i> huxleyi</i></b> Haeckel, 1874. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>borkumensis</i> Harrison, 1952;<i> campestris</i> (Meyer, 1790); <i>nigripes</i> Bartlett, 1857.","The specific name may be based on a feral specimen (Gibb, 1990).","35","35-00254","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0253-0000-0254"
"13500255","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Oryctolagus","","cuniculus","cuniculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","58","","","","""in Europa australis"" [= Germany; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951].","","","","","35","35-00255","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0253-0000-0254-0255"
"13500256","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Oryctolagus","","cuniculus","algirus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Loche","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00256","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0253-0000-0254-0256"
"13500257","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Oryctolagus","","cuniculus","brachyotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Trouessart","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00257","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0253-0000-0254-0257"
"13500258","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Oryctolagus","","cuniculus","cnossius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bate","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00258","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0253-0000-0254-0258"
"13500259","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Oryctolagus","","cuniculus","habetensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00259","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0253-0000-0254-0259"
"13500260","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Oryctolagus","","cuniculus","huxleyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Haeckel","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00260","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0253-0000-0254-0260"
"13500261","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pentalagus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lyon","1904","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","45","","428","","<i>Caprolagus</i> <i>furnessi</i> Stone, 1900.","","","","","","","35","35-00261","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0261"
"13500262","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pentalagus","","furnessi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Stone","1900","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","52","","460","","","Amami Rabbit","""Liu Kiu Islands"" [Amami-Oshima, Ryukyu Isls, Japan].","Amami Isls (Amami-Oshima and Tokuno-shima) (S Japan).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","","","35","35-00262","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0261-0000-0262"
"13500263","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Poelagus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","St. Leger","1932","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1932","1","119","","<i>Lepus</i> <i>marjorita</i> St. Leger, 1929.","","","","","","Originally spelled <i>Poëlagus</i>, but this is a diaeresis and not an umlaut and thus the correct spelling is <i>Poelagus</i> (see Art. 32.5.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). Formerly placed as subgenus of <i>Pronolagus</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:425); but see also Petter (1972<i>b</i>:5). Formerly placed as subgenus of <i>Caprolagus</i>; see Gureev (1964:152).","35","35-00263","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0263"
"13500264","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Poelagus","","marjorita","","SPECIES","False","","YES","St. Leger","1929","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10","4","","292","","","Bunyoro Rabbit","""Near Masindi, Bunyoro [Bunyuru] Uganda, 4000 ft. [1219 m]"", Africa.","S Sudan, Uganda, Ruanda, Burundi, NE Dem. Rep. Congo, Central African Republic, S Chad, disjunct population in Angola.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>larkeni</i>  St. Leger, 1935; <i>oweni</i> Setzer, 1956.","This savanna-woodland species, like <i>Pronolagus</i>, is associated with rocky outcrops.","35","35-00264","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0263-0000-0264"
"13500265","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pronolagus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lyon","1904","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","45","","416","","<i>Lepus</i> <i>crassicaudatus</i> I. Geoffroy, 1832.","","","","","","From one (Peddie, 1975) to six (Roberts, 1951) species have been recognized in this genus (Robinson, 1982). Three species are now generally recognized (Duthie and Robinson, 1990).","35","35-00265","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0265"
"13500266","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pronolagus","","crassicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1832","","Mag. Zool. Paris","2","","cl. 1, pl. 9 and text","","","Natal Red Rock Hare","""Port Natal"" [Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa].","SE South Africa; extreme S Mozambique.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kariegae</i>  Hewitt, 1927;<b><i> ruddi</i></b> Thomas and Schwann, 1905;<i> lebombo</i> Roberts, 1936;<i> lebomboensis </i>Roberts, 1936 [<i>lapsus</i>].","Formerly included <i>randensis</i>, see Lundholm (1955<i>a</i>). The relationship of <i>crassicaudatus</i> and <i>randensis</i> is unclear, see Petter (1972<i>b</i>:6). Distribution allopatric to that of <i>randensis</i>, but sympatric in western half of range with <i>rupestris</i>.","35","35-00266","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0265-0000-0266"
"13500267","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pronolagus","","crassicaudatus","crassicaudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1832","","Mag. Zool. Paris","2","","cl. 1, pl. 9 and text","","","","""Port Natal"" [Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa].","","","","","35","35-00267","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0265-0000-0266-0267"
"13500268","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pronolagus","","crassicaudatus","ruddi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00268","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0265-0000-0266-0268"
"13500269","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pronolagus","","randensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jameson","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","404","","","Jameson’s Red Rock Hare","""Observatory Kopje...Johannesburg...Witwatersrand Range, Transvaal... 5,900 ft."" [1,798 m] [South Africa].","Two disjunct areas: NE South Africa, E Botswana to extreme W Mozambique, Zimbabwe; and W Namibia, perhaps SW Angola.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>capricornis</i>  Roberts, 1926;<i> makapani</i> Roberts, 1924;<i> powelli</i> Roberts, 1924; <b><i>caucinus</i></b> Thomas, 1929; <i>ekmani</i> Lundholm, 1955;<i> fitzsimonsi</i> Roberts, 1938;<i> kaokoensis</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>kobosensis</i> Roberts, 1938; <i>waterbergensis</i> Hoesch and Von Lehmann, 1956; <b><i>whitei</i></b> Roberts, 1938.","Formerly included in <i>crassicaudatus</i> by Lundholm (1955<i>a</i>); but see Petter (1972<i>b</i>: 6). The systematic position of the two widely disjunct populations needs clarification (Duthie and Robinson, 1990).","35","35-00269","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0265-0000-0269"
"13500270","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pronolagus","","randensis","randensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jameson","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","404","","","","""Observatory Kopje...Johannesburg...Witwatersrand Range, Transvaal... 5,900 ft."" [1,798 m] [South Africa].","","","","","35","35-00270","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0265-0000-0269-0270"
"13500271","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pronolagus","","randensis","caucinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00271","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0265-0000-0269-0271"
"13500272","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pronolagus","","randensis","whitei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00272","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0265-0000-0269-0272"
"13500273","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pronolagus","","rupestris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","174","","","Smith’s Red Rock Hare","""South Africa, rocky situations"" [probably Van Rhynsdorp District, Western Cape Prov., South Africa].","Two disjunct areas: S and C South Africa, S Namibia; and E Africa, from N Malawi and E Zambia north through C Tanzania to SW Kenya.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>australis</i>  Roberts, 1933;<i> melanurus</i> (Rüppell, 1842); <i>mülleri</i> Roberts, 1938; <b><i>curryi</i></b> (Thomas, 1902); <b><i>nyikae</i></b> (Thomas, 1902); <b><i>saundersiae</i> </b>(Hewitt, 1927);<i> barretti</i> Roberts, 1949; <i>bowkeri</i> Hewitt, 1927; <b><i>vallicola</i></b> Kershaw, 1924.","Formerly included in <i>crassicaudatus</i>, see Gureev (1964:174) and Peddie (1975); see also Robinson and Dippenaar (1983<i>a</i>). The systematic relationships of the two widely disjunct populations should be examined (Duthie and Robinson, 1990).","35","35-00273","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0265-0000-0273"
"13500274","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pronolagus","","rupestris","rupestris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","174","","","","""South Africa, rocky situations"" [probably Van Rhynsdorp District, Western Cape Prov., South Africa].","","","","","35","35-00274","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0265-0000-0273-0274"
"13500275","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pronolagus","","rupestris","curryi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00275","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0265-0000-0273-0275"
"13500276","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pronolagus","","rupestris","nyikae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00276","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0265-0000-0273-0276"
"13500277","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pronolagus","","rupestris","saundersiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hewitt","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00277","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0265-0000-0273-0277"
"13500278","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Pronolagus","","rupestris","vallicola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kershaw","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00278","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0265-0000-0273-0278"
"13500279","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Romerolagus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","10","","173","","<i>Lepus</i> <i>diazi</i> Ferrari-Peréz, 1893.","","","","","<i>Lagomys</i>  Herrera, 1897 [not <i>Lagomys</i> Cuvier, 1800].","Whether this monotypic genus represents ""the most primitive of the living rabbits and hares"" (Fa and Bell, 1990), or is closer to the more specialized leporids (<i>Sylvilagus</i>, <i>Oryctolagus</i>, <i>Lepus</i>) (Corbet, 1983), or is intermediate (Hibbard, 1963), remains controversial.","35","35-00279","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0279"
"13500280","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Romerolagus","","diazi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ferrari-Pérez","1893","","<i>In</i> Diaz, Cat. Comision Geogr.-Expl. República Mexicana, Exposicion Intern, Columbia de Chicago","","","pl. 42","","","Volcano Rabbit","""near San Martín Texmelusán, northeastern slope of Volcán Iztaccíhuatl [Ixtaccíhuatl, Puebla], Mexico.""","Distrito Federal, Mexico, and W Puebla (Mexico), in three discontinuous areas on the slopes of Volcán Pelado, Tlaloc, Popocatépetl, and Ixtaccíhuatl.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered, IUCN – Endangered.","<i>nelsoni</i>  Merriam, 1896.","Reviewed by Cervantes et al. (1990, Mammalian Species, 360) and Velazquez el al. (1993).","35","35-00280","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0279-0000-0280"
"13500281","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","221","","<i>Lepus</i> <i>sylvaticus</i> Bachman, 1837 (= <i>Lepus</i> <i>sylvaticus</i> <i>floridanus</i> J. Allen, 1890). Bachman’s original name was preoccupied by <i>Lepus borealis sylvaticus </i>Nillson, 1832, which Allen did not realize when he used the name combination <i>L. sylvaticus floridanus.</i> The first use of the name combination <i>Sylvilagus floridanus </i>was Lyon, 1904.","","","","","<i>Hydrolagus</i> Gray, 1867; <i>Limnolagus</i> Mearns, 1897; <i>Microlagus</i> Trouessart, 1897; <i>Paludilagus</i> Hershkovitz, 1950; <i>Tapeti</i> Gray, 1867.","Formerly included <i>Brachylagus</i> as a subgenus; see Hall (1981:294); but see also Corbet (1983:14).","35","35-00281","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281"
"13500282","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","20","","221","","<i>Lepus</i> <i>sylvaticus</i> Bachman, 1837 (= <i>Lepus</i> <i>sylvaticus</i> <i>floridanus</i> J. Allen, 1890). Bachman’s original name was preoccupied by <i>Lepus borealis sylvaticus </i>Nillson, 1832, which Allen did not realize when he used the name combination <i>L. sylvaticus floridanus.</i> The first use of the name combination <i>Sylvilagus floridanus </i>was Lyon, 1904.","","","","","","","35","35-00282","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282"
"13500283","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00283","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283"
"13500284","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Microlagus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Trouessart","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00284","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0284"
"13500285","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","aquaticus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1837","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","319","","","Swamp Rabbit","""...western parts of that state"" [Alabama]. Restricted by Nelson (1909:272) to ""Western Alabama"".","S Illinois and SW Indiana, SW Missouri to SE Kansas southward through extreme W Kentucky and W Tennessee to E Oklahoma, E Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi and NW South Carolina (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>attwateri</i>  (J. Allen, 1895); <i>telmalemonus</i> (Elliott, 1899); <b><i>littoralis</i> </b>Nelson, 1909.","Subgenus <i>Tapeti</i> (Gureev, 1964:162). Reviewed by Chapman and Feldhamer (1981, Mammalian Species, 151).","35","35-00285","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0285"
"13500286","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","aquaticus","aquaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1837","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","319","","","","""...western parts of that state"" [Alabama]. Restricted by Nelson (1909:272) to ""Western Alabama"".","","","","","35","35-00286","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0285-0286"
"13500287","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","aquaticus","littoralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00287","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0285-0287"
"13500288","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","audubonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1858","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","8","608","","","Desert Cottontail","""San Francisco"" [San Francisco Co., California, USA].","NE Puebla and W Veracruz (Mexico) to NC Montana and SW North Dakota, NC Utah, C Nevada, and NC California (USA), south to Baja California and C Sinaloa (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>vallicola</i>  Nelson, 1907; <b><i>arizonae</i></b> (Mearns, 1896);<i> laticinctus</i> (Elliot, 1904); <i>major</i> (Mearns, 1896); <i>rufipes</i> (Elliot, 1904);<i> sanctidiegi</i> (Miller, 1899); <b><i>baileyi</i></b> (Merriam, 1897);<i> neomexicanus</i> Nelson, 1907;<b><i> confinis</i></b> J. Allen, 1898;<b><i> goldmani</i></b> (Nelson, 1904);<b><i> minor</i></b> (Mearns, 1896);<i> parvulus</i> (J. Allen, 1904); <b><i>warreni</i></b> Nelson, 1907; <i>cedrophilus</i> Nelson, 1907.","Subgenus <i>Sylvilagus</i> (Gureev, 1964:169). Revised by Hoffmeister and Lee (1963<i>b</i>). Reviewed by Chapman and Willner (1978, Mammalian Species, 106).","35","35-00288","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0288"
"13500289","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","audubonii","audubonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1858","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","8","608","","","","""San Francisco"" [San Francisco Co., California, USA].","","","","","35","35-00289","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0288-0289"
"13500290","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","audubonii","arizonae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00290","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0288-0290"
"13500291","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","audubonii","baileyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00291","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0288-0291"
"13500292","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","audubonii","confinis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Allen","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00292","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0288-0292"
"13500293","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","audubonii","goldmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00293","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0288-0293"
"13500294","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","audubonii","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00294","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0288-0294"
"13500295","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","audubonii","warreni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00295","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0288-0295"
"13500296","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Microlagus","bachmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1839","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1839","","103","","","Brush Rabbit","""Between Monterey and Santa Barbara"". Type locality restricted by Nelson (1909:247) to San Luis Obispo, California, USA.","W Oregon (USA) S of Columbia River to Baja California (Mexico), E to Cascade-Sierra Nevada Range (USA).","U.S. ESA – Endangered as<i> S. b. riparius</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>macrorhinus</i>  Orr, 1935;<i> riparius</i> Orr, 1935; <i>trowbridgii</i> (Baird, 1855); <i>virgulti</i> Dice, 1926; <b><i>cerrosensis</i></b> (J. Allen, 1898); <b><i>cinerascens</i></b> (J. Allen, 1890);<i> mariposae</i> Grinnell and Storer, 1916;<b><i> exiguus</i></b> Nelson, 1907;<b><i> howelli</i></b> Huey, 1927; <i>peninsularis</i> (J. Allen, 1898);<b><i> </i></b><i>rosaphagus</i> Huey, 1940;<b><i> ubericolor</i></b> (Miller, 1899); <i>tehamae</i> Orr, 1935.","Subgenus <i>Microlagus </i>(Lyon, 1904). Placed in genus <i>Microlagus</i> together with <i>idahoensis</i> by Gureev (1964:171). This is the only species of <i>Sylvilagus</i> known to have retained the putative ancestral karyotype (2n=48) shared by all known <i>Lepus</i>, and by <i>Romerolagus</i> (Robinson et al., 1981, 1984). See also S. mansuetus.Reviewed by Chapman (1974, Mammalian Species, 34).","35","35-00296","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0284-0296"
"13500297","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Microlagus","bachmani","bachmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1839","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1839","","103","","","","""Between Monterey and Santa Barbara"". Type locality restricted by Nelson (1909:247) to San Luis Obispo, California, USA.","","","","","35","35-00297","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0284-0296-0297"
"13500298","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Microlagus","bachmani","cerrosensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Allen","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00298","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0284-0296-0298"
"13500299","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Microlagus","bachmani","cinerascens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Allen","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00299","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0284-0296-0299"
"13500300","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Microlagus","bachmani","exiguus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00300","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0284-0296-0300"
"13500301","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Microlagus","bachmani","howelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00301","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0284-0296-0301"
"13500302","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Microlagus","bachmani","ubericolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00302","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0284-0296-0302"
"13500303","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","58","","","Tapeti","""in America meridionali""; type locality restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>), to Pernambuco, Brazil.","S Tamaulipas (Mexico) southward through Central and South America as far as Peru, Bolivia, N Argentina and S Brazil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<u>South of Isthmus of Panama</u>:<i> braziliensis</i>  (Waterhouse, 1848); <i>nigricaudatus</i> (Lesson, 1842);<i> tapeti</i> (Pallas, 1778);<b><i> andinus</i></b> (Thomas, 1897);<i> canarius</i> Thomas, 1913; <i>carchensis</i> Hershkovitz, 1938;<i> chimbanus</i> Thomas, 1913;<i> ecaudatus</i> Trouessart, 1910; <i>nivicola</i> Cabrera, 1912; <b><i>apollinaris</i></b> Thomas, 1920; <b><i>capsalis</i></b> Thomas, 1913; <b><i>caracasensis</i> </b>Mondolfi and Méndez Aroche, 1957;<b><i> chillae</i></b> Anthony, 1957;<b><i> chotanus</i></b> Hershkovitz, 1938;<b><i> defilippi</i></b> (Cornalia, 1850);<i> defilippii</i> (Thomas, 1897); <i>dephilippii</i> Cabrera, 1912 [<i>lapsus</i>];<b><i> fulvescens</i></b> J. Allen, 1912; <i>fuscescens</i> J. Allen, 1916 [<i>lapsus</i>];<i> nicefori</i> Thomas, 1921;<i> salentus</i> J. Allen, 1913;<b><i> gibsoni</i> </b>Thomas, 1918; <b><i>inca</i></b> Thomas, 1913;<b><i> kelloggi</i></b> Anthony, 1923;<b><i> meridensis</i></b> Thomas, 1904; <b><i>minensis</i></b> Thomas, 1901;<b><i> paraguensis</i></b> Thomas, 1901;<i> chapadae</i> Thomas, 1904; <i>chapadensis</i> Thomas, 1913;<i> paraguensis</i> Yepes, 1938; <b><i>peruanus</i></b> Hershkovitz, 1950;<b><i> sanctaemartae</i></b> Hershkovitz 1950; <b><i>surdaster</i></b> Thomas, 1901;<i> daulensis</i> J. Allen, 1914;<i> messorius</i> Goldman, 1912; <b><i>tapetillus</i></b> Thomas, 1913.<u> North of Isthmus of Panama</u>: <b><i>gabbi</i></b> (J. Allen, 1877);<i> consobrinus</i> Anthony, 1917; <i>incitatus</i> (Bangs, 1901);<i> tumacus</i> (J. Allen, 1908); <b><i>truei</i></b> (J. Allen, 1890).","Subgenus <i>Tapeti</i> (Gureev, 1964:160); he also considered <i>gabbi</i>, which is included here, a distinct species. Formerly included <i>dicei</i>; revised by Diersing (1981). Two different karyotypes reported, by Guerena-Gandara et al. (1983) (2n=36; FN=68) and by Lorenzo and Cervantes (1995) (2n=40; FN=76). Allozymes described by Cervantes et al. (1999<i>a</i>).","35","35-00303","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303"
"13500304","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","brasiliensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","58","","","","""in America meridionali""; type locality restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>), to Pernambuco, Brazil.","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00304","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0304"
"13500305","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","andinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00305","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0305"
"13500306","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","apollinaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00306","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0306"
"13500307","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","capsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00307","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0307"
"13500308","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","caracasensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mondolfi and Méndez Aroche","1957","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00308","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0308"
"13500309","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","chillae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1957","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00309","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0309"
"13500310","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","chotanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00310","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0310"
"13500311","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","defilippi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cornalia","1850","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00311","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0311"
"13500312","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","fulvescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Allen","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00312","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0312"
"13500313","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","gibsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00313","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0313"
"13500314","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","inca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00314","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0314"
"13500315","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","kelloggi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00315","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0315"
"13500316","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","meridensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00316","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0316"
"13500317","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","minensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00317","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0317"
"13500318","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","paraguensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00318","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0318"
"13500319","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","peruanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1950","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00319","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0319"
"13500320","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","sanctaemartae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1950","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00320","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0320"
"13500321","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","surdaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00321","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0321"
"13500322","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","tapetillus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00322","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0322"
"13500323","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","gabbi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Allen","1877","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found north of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00323","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0323"
"13500324","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","brasiliensis","truei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Allen","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found north of Isthmus of Panama","35","35-00324","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0303-0324"
"13500325","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","cognatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1907","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","20","","82","","","Manzano Mountain Cottontail","""10,000 feet [3048 m] altitude, near summit of Manzano Mountains, New Mexico."" [USA]. Restricted by Frey, et al. (1997) to ""...vicinity of Rea Ranch...1.9 km N and 13.4 km W of Tajique (T6N, NE 1/4 of NW 1/4 Sec. 9, N34E45'05.39'’, W106E25'18.04'’) on the northeast side of Bosque Peak, at 2880m (=9450 ft.) elevation.""","Restricted to the Manzano Mountains, New Mexico, USA.","Not Evaluated; likely endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Sylvilagus.</i> Formerly included in <i>S. floridanus</i>, but see Ruedas (1998).","35","35-00325","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0325"
"13500326","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","cunicularius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1848","","Nat. Hist. Mamm.","2","","132","","","Mexican Cottontail","""Mexico."" Restricted by Goodwin (1969:125) to ""Sacualpan"" = Zacualpan.","S Sinaloa to E Oaxaca and Veracruz (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>pacificus</i>  (Nelson, 1904);<i> verae-crucis </i>(Thomas, 1890); <b><i>insolitus</i> </b>(J. Allen, 1890).","Subgenus <i>Sylvilagus</i> (Gureev, 1964:167). See also S. graysoni.Reviewed by Cervantes et al. (1992, Mammalian Species, 412).","35","35-00326","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0326"
"13500327","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","cunicularius","cunicularius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1848","","Nat. Hist. Mamm.","2","","132","","","","""Mexico."" Restricted by Goodwin (1969:125) to ""Sacualpan"" = Zacualpan.","","","","","35","35-00327","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0326-0327"
"13500328","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","cunicularius","insolitus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Allen","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00328","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0326-0328"
"13500329","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","?Tapeti","dicei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Harris","1932","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.","248","","1","","","Dice’s Cottontail","""El Copey de Dota, in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica...6000 feet. [1829 m]""","Cordillera de Talamanca (SE Costa Rica, NW Panama).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Tapeti</i>? Formerly included in <i>brasiliensis</i> (Hall, 1981:295); revised by Diersing (1981).","35","35-00329","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0000-0329"
"13500330","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","160","","","Eastern Cottontail","""Sebastian River, Brevard Co.,"" [Florida, USA].","N, C, and W Venezuela (including adjacent islands) and adjacent Colombia through Central America (disjunct in part); to NW Mexico, Arizona, north and east to North Dakota, Minnesota, N Michigan, New York and Massachusetts, Atlantic Coast south and Florida Gulf Coast (USA) west to Mexico; also S Saskatchewan, S Ontario and SC Quebec (C Canada).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<u>North of Mexico</u>:<i> ammophilus</i>  Howell, 1939;<i> paulsoni</i> Schwartz, 1956; <b><i>alacer</i> </b>(Bangs, 1896);<i> mearnsi</i> (J. Allen, 1894);<i> similis</i> Nelson, 1907; <b><i>chapmani</i></b> (J. Allen, 1899);<i> caniclunis</i> (Miller, 1899); <i>llanensis</i> Blair, 1938; <i>simplicicanus</i> (Miller, 1902); <b><i>holzneri</i></b> (Mearns, 1896);<i> durangae</i> J. Allen, 1903; <i>hesperius</i> Hoffmeister and Lee, 1963; <i>rigidus<b> </b></i>(Mearns, 1896);<b><i> mallurus</i></b> (Thomas, 1898);<i> hitchensi</i> Mearns, 1911;<i> sylvaticus</i> (Bachman, 1837) [preoccupied by Nillson, 1832].<u> Mexico and Central America</u>: <b><i>aztecus</i></b> (J. Allen, 1890); <i>chiapensis</i> (Nelson, 1904);<b><i> connectens</i> </b>(Nelson, 1904);<i> russatus</i> (J. Allen, 1904); <b><i>hondurensis</i></b> Goldman 1932;<i> costaricensis</i> Harris, 1933; <b><i>macrocorpus</i></b> Diersing and Wilson, 1980; <b><i>orizabae</i></b> (Merriam, 1893);<i> persultator</i> Elliot, 1903;<i> restrictus</i> Nelson, 1907; <i>subcinctus</i> (Miller, 1899);<b> <i>yucatanicus</i> </b>(Miller, 1899). <u>South of Isthmus of Panama</u>:<b><i> avius</i></b> Osgood, 1910;<b><i> cumanicus</i></b> (Thomas, 1897);<i> continentis</i> Osgood, 1912; <i>valenciae</i> Thomas, 1914;<b><i> margaritae</i></b> Miller, 1898; <b><i>nigronuchalis</i></b> (Hartert, 1894);<b><i> orinoci</i></b> Thomas, 1900;<b><i> purgatus</i> </b>Thomas, 1920;<b><i> superciliaris</i> </b>(J. Allen, 1899); <i>boylei </i>Allen, 1916.","Subgenus <i>Sylvilagus</i> (Gureev, 1964:164). Widely introduced in North America (Hall, 1981:301) and Europe (Flux et al., 1990). Formerly included <i>robustus </i>(Bailey, 1905) and <i>cognatus</i> Nelson, 1907. Ruedas (1998) stated ""...at least three of the subspecies [of<i> floridanus</i>] (<i>cognatus</i>,<i> holzneri, </i>and<i> robustus</i>) traditionally ascribed to <i>S. floridanus </i>are of species rank."" However, he did not formally raise the first two to full species, as he did for <i>robustus.</i> Reviewed by Chapman et al. (1980, Mammalian Species, 136). See also <i>cognatus </i>and <i>robustus</i>; <i>holzneri </i>is provisionally retained as a subspecies of<i> floridanus, </i>since its relationship<i> </i>to Mexican<i> </i>populations of<i> floridanus</i> have not been reported yet. Allozymes described by Cervantes et al. (1999<i>a</i>).","35","35-00330","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330"
"13500331","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","floridanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","160","","","","""Sebastian River, Brevard Co.,"" [Florida, USA].","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found north of Mexico.","35","35-00331","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0331"
"13500332","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","alacer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found north of Mexico.","35","35-00332","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0332"
"13500333","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","chapmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Allen","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found north of Mexico.","35","35-00333","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0333"
"13500334","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","holzneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found north of Mexico.","35","35-00334","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0334"
"13500335","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","mallurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found north of Mexico.","35","35-00335","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0335"
"13500336","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","aztecus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Allen","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found in Mexico and Central America.","35","35-00336","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0336"
"13500337","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","connectens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found in Mexico and Central America.","35","35-00337","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0337"
"13500338","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","hondurensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found in Mexico and Central America.","35","35-00338","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0338"
"13500339","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","macrocorpus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Diersing and Wilson","1980","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found in Mexico and Central America.","35","35-00339","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0339"
"13500340","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","orizabae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found in Mexico and Central America.","35","35-00340","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0340"
"13500341","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","yucatanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found in Mexico and Central America.","35","35-00341","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0341"
"13500342","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","avius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama.","35","35-00342","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0342"
"13500343","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","cumanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama.","35","35-00343","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0343"
"13500344","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","margaritae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama.","35","35-00344","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0344"
"13500345","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","nigronuchalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hartert","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama.","35","35-00345","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0345"
"13500346","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","orinoci","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama.","35","35-00346","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0346"
"13500347","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","purgatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama.","35","35-00347","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0347"
"13500348","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","floridanus","superciliaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Allen","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","Part of a group of subspecies found south of Isthmus of Panama.","35","35-00348","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0330-0348"
"13500349","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","graysoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1877","","<i>In</i> Coues and Allen, Monog. N. Amer. Rodentia (U.S. Geol. Geograph. Survey Terr., Rep.)","11","","347","","","Tres Marias Cottontail","According to Nelson (1899<i>a</i>:16), ""Tres Marias Islands,"" ""undoubtedly from Maria Madre"" Isl, Nayarit, Mexico.","Tres Marías Isls, Nayarit (Mexico).","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>badistes</i>  Diersing and Wilson, 1980.","Subgenus <i>Sylvilagus</i> (Gureev, 1964:168). An insular species probably derived from <i>cunicularius</i> of the adjacent mainland; see Diersing and Wilson (1980) and Hall (1981:314). Reviewed by Cervantes (1997, Mammalian Species, 559).","35","35-00349","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0349"
"13500350","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","? [see comments under species]","insonus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1904","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","17","","103","","","Omilteme Cottontail","""Omilteme, Guerrero,"" [Mexico].","Appears restricted to Sierra Madre del Sur, C Guerrero (Mexico) between 2300-5280 ft. (701-1609 m) elevation.","IUCN – Critically Endangered; known from fewer than 10 records.","","Subgenus <i>Tapeti</i> (Gureev, 1964:164), or <i>Sylvilagus</i> (Hershkovitz, 1950:335). Reviewed by Cervantes and Lorenzo (1997, Mammalian Species, 568).","35","35-00350","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0000-0350"
"13500351","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","?","mansuetus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1907","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","20","","83","","","San Jose Brush Rabbit","""San José Island, Gulf of California, Mexico"" [Baja California del Sur, Mexico].","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","An insular allospecies closely related to <i>bachmani</i> (Chapman and Ceballos, 1990); a subspecies of <i>bachmani</i> according to Gureev (1964:171). Karyotype reported by Cervantes et al. (1996<i>b</i>). Reviewed by Thomas and Best (1994<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species, 464).","35","35-00351","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0000-0351"
"13500352","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","nuttallii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1837","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","345","","","Mountain Cottontail","""...west of the Rocky Mountains,...streams which flow into the Shoshonee and Columbia rivers""; restricted by Nelson (1909:201) to ""eastern Oregon, near mouth of Malheur River."" Listed by Bailey (1936) as ""near Vale.""","Intermountain area of North America from S British Columbia to S Saskatchewan (Canada), south to E California, Nevada, C Arizona, and NW New Mexico (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>artemesia</i>  (Bachman, 1839); <b><i>grangeri</i></b> (J. Allen, 1895); <i>perplicatus</i> Elliott, 1904; <b><i>pinetis</i></b> (J. Allen, 1894).","Subgenus <i>Sylvilagus</i> (Gureev, 1964:168). This species is closely allopatric with <i>S. floridanus </i>where the two species ranges meet across the N and C Great Plains (see map 223, Hall, 1981), and in the Southwestern USA (Hoffmeister and Lee, 1963<i>b</i>). Reviewed by Chapman (1975<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species, 56).","35","35-00352","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0352"
"13500353","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","nuttallii","nuttallii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1837","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","345","","","","""...west of the Rocky Mountains,...streams which flow into the Shoshonee and Columbia rivers""; restricted by Nelson (1909:201) to ""eastern Oregon, near mouth of Malheur River."" Listed by Bailey (1936) as ""near Vale.""","","","","","35","35-00353","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0352-0353"
"13500354","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","nuttallii","grangeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Allen","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00354","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0352-0354"
"13500355","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","nuttallii","pinetis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Allen","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00355","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0352-0355"
"13500356","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","obscurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Chapman et al.","1992","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","105","4","858","","","Appalachian Cottontail","""Dolly Sods Scenic Area, Grant Co. West Virginia.""","N Pennsylvania south and west along the Appalachian Mtns to N Alabama.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Sylvilagus</i>. Ruedas (1986), and Ruedas et al. (1989) were the first to compare chromosomes of <i>S. transitionalis </i>(see below) and to discover the existence of two cytotypes, 2n=52 in the N Appalachians (<i>transitionalis </i>proper), and 2n=46 in the S Appalachians; the latter was eventually named <i>obscurus </i>(Chapman et al., 1992).","35","35-00356","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0356"
"13500357","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","palustris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1837","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","194","","","Marsh Rabbit","""…South Carolina…never...more than forty miles [64 km] from the sea coast""; restricted by Miller and Rehn (1901:183) to E South Carolina [USA].","Florida to SE Virginia (Dismal Swamp) (USA) in coastal lowlands.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>S. p. hefneri</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); IUCN – Endangered as <i>S. p. hefneri</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>douglasii</i>  (Gray, 1837); <b><i>hefneri</i></b> Lazell, 1984; <b><i>paludicola</i></b> (Miller and Bangs, 1894).","Subgenus <i>Tapeti</i> (Gureev, 1964:162). <i>S</i>. <i>aquaticus</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>palustris</i> share a derived karyotype, 2n=38 (Robinson et al., 1983, 1984). Reviewed by Chapman and Willner (1981, Mammalian Species, 153).","35","35-00357","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0357"
"13500358","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","palustris","palustris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bachman","1837","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","194","","","","""…South Carolina…never...more than forty miles [64 km] from the sea coast""; restricted by Miller and Rehn (1901:183) to E South Carolina [USA].","","","","","35","35-00358","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0357-0358"
"13500359","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","palustris","hefneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lazell","1984","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00359","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0357-0359"
"13500360","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","palustris","paludicola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Bangs","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","35","35-00360","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0357-0360"
"13500361","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","robustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bailey","1905","","North American Fauna","25","","159","","","Robust Cottontail","""...from Davis Mountains, Texas, 6,000 feet altitude."" [USA; 1829 m]","Chisos, Davis and Guadalupe Mountains of Texas and New Mexico, and Sierra de la Madera of adjacent Coahuila (Mexico). Perhaps also in the Sierra del Carmen (Ruedas, 1998).","Not Evaluated; likely endangered.","<i>nelsoni</i> Baker, 1955; <i>pinetis robustus </i>(Bailey, 1905).","Subgenus <i>Sylvilagus. </i>Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>S. floridanus</i>, but see Ruedas (1998).","35","35-00361","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0361"
"13500362","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Sylvilagus","transitionalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1895","","Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.","26","","405","","","New England Cottontail","""Liberty Hill, Conn."" [New London Co., Connecticut, USA].","Boreal habitats from S Maine to S New York, mostly east of the Hudson River.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Sylvilagus</i> (Gureev, 1964:166). Reviewed by Chapman (1975, Mammalian Species, 55). Also see comments under <i>S. obscurus.</i>","35","35-00362","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0282-0362"
"13500363","LAGOMORPHA","","","","Leporidae","","","Sylvilagus","Tapeti","varynaensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Durant and Guevara","2001","","Revista de Biologia Tropical","49","1","370","","","Venezuelan Lowland Rabbit","""Fundo Millano (8E46'LN and 69E56'LW), 146 m elevation, 18 km NE of the town of Sabaneta, Distrito Obispos, state of Barinas [Venezuela].""","Presently known only from the states of Barinas, Guarico, and Portuguesa, Venezuela.","Not Evaluated; likely endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Tapeti</i>. Probably sympatric with <i>S. brasiliensis </i>and <i>S. floridanus, </i>but larger than either (Durant and Guevara, 2001).","35","35-00363","35-0001-0000-0000-0000-0092-0000-0000-0281-0283-0363"
"13600001","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Gregory","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","Formerly included in the Insectivora (as in the last edition; Hutterer, 1993<i>a</i>) or Lipotyphla, but treated here as a separate order in consequence of the obvious paraphyletic nature of the Insectivora clade (Asher et al., 2002; Stanhope et al., 1998). Various genetic studies (Emerson et al., 1999; Liu et al., 2001; Mouchaty et al., 2000<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>; Nikaido et al., 2001) demonstrated that hedgehogs and soricomorphs keep distant positions in phylogenetic trees. Such results reflect ideas earlier expressed by paleontologists (Butler, 1988; McKenna, 1975) and are corroborated by a careful study of the morphology and relationships of fossil and extant zalambdodont mammals by Asher et al. (2002). The name Erinaceomorpha was proposed by Gregory (1910) and has since been widely used in the paleontological literature. It is adopted here in the sense of McKenna (1975) and Butler (1988). MacPhee and Novacek (1993) used it as a name for a suborder of Lipotyphla of unresolved relations... [truncated]","36","36-00001","36-0001"
"13600002","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","G. Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrate","3","","ix","","","","","","","","Name often accredited to Bonaparte, 1838. Reviewed by Corbet (1988), Frost et al. (1991), and Gould (1995). Bannikova et al. (2002) reviewed the phylogenetic relations of most extant genera using the fingerprinting method. Includes Tupaiodontinae Butler, 1988 and Brachyericinae Butler, 1948 as extinct subfamilies (Lopatin and Zazhigin, 2003).","36","36-00002","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"13600003","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","G. Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrate","3","","ix","","","","","","","","Reviewed by Robbins and Setzer (1985) and Corbet (1988). For a more general review, see Reeve (1994).","36","36-00003","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003"
"13600004","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Atelerix","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Pomel","1848","","Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. Geneve","9","","251","","<i>Erinaceus</i> <i>albiventris</i> Wagner, 1841.","","","","","<i>Aethechinus</i>  Thomas, 1918; <i>Peroechinus</i> Fitzinger, 1866.","Formerly in <i>Erinaceus</i>, but see Robbins and Setzer (1985) and Corbet (1988:149). Some authors (Poduschka, 1990) retain <i>Aethechinus</i> as a genus.","36","36-00004","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004"
"13600005","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Atelerix","","albiventris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1841","","<i>In</i> Schreber, Die Säugethiere","Suppl.2","","22","","","Four-toed Hedgehog","Probably Senegal or Gambia; see Allen (1939:20).","Savanna and steppe zones from Senegal to Eritrea and Somalia and south to the Zambezi River.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>adansoni</i>  (Rochebrune, 1883); <i>atratus</i> (Rhoads, 1896); <i>diadematus</i> (Fitzinger, 1867); <i>faradjius</i> J.A. Allen, 1922; <i>heterodactylus</i> (Sundevall, 1842); <i>hindei</i> (Thomas, 1910); <i>kilimanus</i> Thomas, 1918; <i>langi</i> J.A. Allen, 1922; <i>lowei</i> Setzer, 1956; <i>oweni</i> (Setzer, 1953); <i>pruneri</i> (Wagner, 1841); <i>sotikae</i> (Heller, 1910); <i>spiculus</i> (Thomas and Wroughton, 1907); <i>spinifex</i> Thomas, 1918","No convincing subspecific arrangement has been proposed for this species. For synonyms see Corbet (1988:149) and Ansell (1974b).","36","36-00005","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0005"
"13600006","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Atelerix","","algirus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lereboullet","1842","","Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg","3","2","art. QQ:4","","","North African Hedgehog","Algeria, ""provient de Oran"".","Coastal Western Sahara to Algeria, Tunisia, and N Libya; introduced into Canary Isls, Balearic Isls, Malta, and Mediterranean France and Spain; one historical record from Puerto Rico.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caniculus</i>  (Thomas, 1915); <i>diadematus</i> (Dobson, 1882) [not of Fitzinger, 1867]; <i>fallax</i> (Dobson, 1882); <i>lavaudeni</i> (Cabrera, 1928); <b><i>girbanensis</i></b> Vesmanis, 1980; <b><i>vagans</i></b> Thomas, 1901; ? <i>krugi</i> (Peters, 1877).","Authorship is often credited to Duvernoy and Lereboullet, 1842, but Saint-Girons (1972) showed that Lereboullet was the only author. Hutterer (1983<i>c</i>) recognized <i>vagans</i> and <i>girbanensis</i> as subspecies.","36","36-00006","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0006"
"13600007","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Atelerix","","algirus","algirus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lereboullet","1842","","Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg","3","2","art. QQ:4","","","","Algeria, ""provient de Oran"".","","","","","36","36-00007","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0006-0007"
"13600008","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Atelerix","","algirus","girbanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Vesmanis","1980","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00008","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0006-0008"
"13600009","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Atelerix","","algirus","vagans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00009","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0006-0009"
"13600010","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Atelerix","","frontalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1831","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","10, 29","","","Southern African Hedgehog","""Cape Colony""; restricted to South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., northern parts of the Graaff Reinet district, by Ellerman et al. (1953).","S South Africa to E Botswana and W Zimbabwe; and Namibia to SW Angola.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>capensis</i>  (A. Smith, 1831) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>fractilis</i> (Peters, 1877); <b><i>angolae</i> </b>(Thomas, 1918); <i>angolensis</i> (Roberts, 1951); <i>diadematus</i> (Dobson, 1882) [not of Fitzinger, 1867].","Genus allocation uncertain. Results of Bannikova et al. (2002) obtained with the fingerprinting method indicate that <i>frontalis</i> does not form a monophyletic group with other species of <i>Atelerix</i> and thus may deserve a genus of its own. Meester et al. (1986:15) listed <i>angolae</i> as a valid subspecies.","36","36-00010","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0010"
"13600011","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Atelerix","","frontalis","frontalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1831","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","10, 29","","","","""Cape Colony""; restricted to South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., northern parts of the Graaff Reinet district, by Ellerman et al. (1953).","","","","","36","36-00011","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0010-0011"
"13600012","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Atelerix","","frontalis","angolae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00012","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0010-0012"
"13600013","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Atelerix","","sclateri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1895","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1895","","415","","","Somali Hedgehog","[Somalia], ""Taf in Central Somaliland.""","N Somalia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Closely related to <i>albiventris</i> and might be only a subspecies, see Corbet (1988:152). Reviewed by Poduschka (1990).","36","36-00013","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0004-0000-0013"
"13600014","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Erinaceus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","52","","<i>Erinaceus</i> <i>europaeus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Herinaceus</i>  Mina-Palumbo, 1868.","Formerly included <i>Atelerix</i> and <i>Aethechinus</i>; see Corbet (1988) and comments under <i>Atelerix</i>. Does not include <i>Mesechinus</i>, see comments therein. The genetic relationships among European populations were studied by Filippucci and Simson (1996), Santucci et al. (1998), and Seddon et al. (2002).","36","36-00014","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0014"
"13600015","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Erinaceus","","amurensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schrenk","1859","","Reisen im Amur-Lande","1","","pl. 4, fig. 2:100","","","Amur Hedgehog","Russia, E Siberia, ""In der Nähe der Stadt Aigun, im mandschurischen Dorfe Gulssoja am Amur"".","Russia; Amur River and tributaries, from Zeya eastward, then south through E China to Hunan Prov.; Korea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chinensis</i>  Satunin, 1907; <i>dealbatus</i> Swinhoe, 1870; <i>hanensis</i> Matschie, 1907; <i>koreanus</i> Lönnberg, 1922; <i>koreensis</i> Mori, 1922; <i>kreyenbergi</i> Matschie, 1907; <i>orientalis</i> J. Allen, 1903; <i>tschifuensis</i> Matschie, 1907; <i>ussuriensis</i> Satunin, 1907.","Formerly included in <i>europaeus</i> (see Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>, Gromov and Baranova, 1981, also Zhang et al., 1997); but considered distinct by Corbet (1984), Zaitsev (1984), and Bannikova et al. (1996). Range and subspecific boundaries uncertain, partly due to confusion with <i>Hemiechinus</i>, see Corbet (1988:144). Indomalayan range mapped by Corbet and Hill (1992), Chinese range by Zhang et al. (1997).","36","36-00015","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0014-0000-0015"
"13600016","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Erinaceus","","concolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Martin","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","103","","","Southern White-Breasted Hedgehog","Turkey, near Trabzon.","Asia Minor to Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq and Iran; S Caucasus.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>carmelitus</i>  Bate, 1932; <i>ponticus</i> Satunin, 1907; <i>sacer</i> Thomas, 1918; <i>sharonis</i> Bate, 1937; <b><i>rhodius</i> </b>Festa, 1914; <b><i>transcaucasicus</i></b> Satunin, 1905.","Formerly included in <i>europaeus</i>; but see Kratochvíl (1975), Kral (1967), Orlov (1969), Suchentrunk et al. (1998), among others. Recently two genotypes have been discovered (Filippucci and Simson, 1996, Santucci et al., 1998, Seddon et al., 2002) that correspond to two morphotypes (Kryštufek, 2002<i>b</i>; Kryštufek and Vohralik, 2001). As suggested by Filippucci and Simson (1996), we distinguish here a southern (<i>E.</i> <i>concolor</i>) and a northern (<i>E.</i> <i>roumanicus</i>) species. This step has also been taken by Bannikova et al. (2002). The map in Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999) refers mainly to <i>E. roumanicus</i>. The inclusion of <i>rhodius</i> follows a suggestion of B. Kryštufek (in litt., 2003) but still needs closer study.","36","36-00016","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0014-0000-0016"
"13600017","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Erinaceus","","concolor","concolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Martin","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","103","","","","Turkey, near Trabzon.","","","","","36","36-00017","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0014-0000-0016-0017"
"13600018","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Erinaceus","","concolor","rhodius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Festa","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00018","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0014-0000-0016-0018"
"13600019","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Erinaceus","","concolor","transcaucasicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00019","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0014-0000-0016-0019"
"13600020","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Erinaceus","","europaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","52","","","West European Hedgehog","Sweden, S Gothland Isl.","W Europe; Spain to Italy and Istrian Peninsula; north to Poland, Scandinavia and NW European Russia. Islands of Ireland, Britain, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Azores (Mathias et al., 1998), and many smaller islands. European range mapped by Holz and Niethammer (1990:37) and Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999). Introduced to New Zealand, see King (1990).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caniceps</i>  H. Smith, 1845; <i>caninus</i> Geoffroy, 1803; <i>consolei</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1900; <i>centralrossicus</i> Ognev, 1926; <i>echinus</i> Schulze, 1897; <i>erinaceus</i> (Blumenbach, 1779); <i>hispanicus</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1900; <i>italicus</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1900; <i>meridionalis</i> Altobello, 1920; <i>occidentalis</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1900; <i>suillus</i> Geoffroy, 1803; <i>typicus</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1900.","Formerly included <i>amurensis,</i> <i>concolor</i>, and <i>roumanicus</i>, see comments therein. Reviewed by Holz and Niethammer (1990). Subspecific boundaries are unresolved (Corbet, 1988:137) but studies of allozyme variation (Filippucci and Simson, 1996), and of mitochondrial DNA variation (Kretteck et al., 1995, Santucci et al., 1998) indicate a strong east-west geographical partitioning of the European populations, with Spain, France and Great Britain on one side, and Italy, Corsica, Germany and Sweden on the other side. A single sample from Sicily clustered with the western group and obscured the otherwise clear pattern (Santucci et al., 1998). Filippucci and Simson (1996) suggested that <i>E. hispanicus</i> could represent a distinct species, an assumption principally supported by the genetic study of Santucci et al. (1998). However, other than in the case of <i>E. concolor</i> and <i>E. roumanicus</i>, the geographic sampling of the <i>E. europaeus</i> group is still insuffici... [truncated]","36","36-00020","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0014-0000-0020"
"13600021","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Erinaceus","","roumanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","365","","","Northern White-Breasted Hedgehog","Rumania, Prahova, Gageni.","E Europe from Poland to Austria and Slovenia; the Balkan states, Greek and Adriatic isls including Crete, Corfu, and Rhodes; Turkish Thrace; eastwards through Russsia and Ukraine to N Caucasus, W Siberia and River Ob.","","<i>abasgicus</i>  Satunin, 1907; <i>cabardinicus</i> Tembotov, Dzuev and Khemykhov, 1984; <i>danubicus</i> Matschie, 1901; <i>dissimilis</i> Stein, 1930; <i>kievensis</i> Charlemagne, 1915;<b> <i>bolkayi</i></b> V. Martino, 1930; <b><i>drozdovskii</i> </b>V. and E. Martino, 1933; <b><i>nesiotes</i></b> Bate, 1906; <b><i>pallidus</i></b> Stroganov, 1957.","Formerly included in <i>europaeus</i>, but see Kratochvíl (1975), Kral (1967), Orlov (1969), Suchentrunk et al. (1998), among others. Subsequently included in <i>concolor</i>, but new genetic (Bannikova et al., 2002; Filippucci and Simson, 1996; Santucci et al., 1998) and morphological data (Kryštufek, 2002<i>b</i>; Kryštufek and Vohralik, 2001) suggest that <i>concolor</i> and <i>roumanicus</i> are two distinct species with parapatric distributions. Geographic variation of <i>roumanicus</i> was studied by Corbet (1988), Giagia and Ondrias (1980), Do&#287;ramaci and Gündüz (1993), Giagia-Athanasopoulou and Markakis (1996), and Kryštufek and Vohralik (2001). Some forms may deserve subspecies status, but the above arrangement is still tentative. The European range of the species is shown under <i>E. concolor</i> in Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999).","36","36-00021","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0014-0000-0021"
"13600022","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Erinaceus","","roumanicus","roumanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","365","","","","Rumania, Prahova, Gageni.","","","","","36","36-00022","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0014-0000-0021-0022"
"13600023","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Erinaceus","","roumanicus","bolkayi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","V. Martino","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00023","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0014-0000-0021-0023"
"13600024","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Erinaceus","","roumanicus","drozdovskii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","V. and E. Martino","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00024","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0014-0000-0021-0024"
"13600025","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Erinaceus","","roumanicus","nesiotes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bate","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00025","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0014-0000-0021-0025"
"13600026","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Erinaceus","","roumanicus","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Stroganov","1957","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00026","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0014-0000-0021-0026"
"13600027","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Hemiechinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1866","","Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien","54","1","565","","<i>Erinaceus</i> <i>platyotis</i> Sundevall, 1842 (= <i>Erinaceus auritus</i> Gmelin, 1770).","","","","","<i>Ericius</i>  Sundevall, 1842 [not of Tilesius, 1813]; <i>Erinaceolus</i> Ognev, 1928; <i>Macroechinus</i> Satunin, 1907.","Regarded as a subgenus of <i>Erinaceus</i> by Gureev (1979:168) and Gromov and Baranova (1981:9). Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:15) considered <i>Hemiechinus</i> a distinct genus, later reviewed by Corbet (1988), who included <i>Mesechinus</i>, see comments therein. Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987:12-13) included <i>Paraechinus</i> in <i>Hemiechinus</i> as a valid subgenus, as did Frost et al. (1991:27), while Corbet (1988) argued for a generic separation of <i>Paraechinus</i>. Morshed and Patton (2002) analyzed a part of the mitochondrial cytochrome <i>b</i> gene of <i>Hemiechinus auritus</i>, <i>Paraechinus aethiopicus</i> and <i>P. hypomelas</i> and found that <i>Hemiechinus</i> is paraphyletic with respect to <i>Paraechinus</i>. Bannikova et al. (2002) used the fingerprinting method to analyze the relationships between <i>Erinaceus</i>, <i>Hemiechinus</i>, <i>Paraechinus</i>, <i>Atelerix</i> and <i>Neotetracus</i>. They also found that <i>Hemiechinus</i> and <i>Paraechinus</i> do not form a mo... [truncated]","36","36-00027","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0027"
"13600028","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Hemiechinus","","auritus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1770","","Nova Comm. Acad. Sci. Petropoli","14","","519","","","Long-eared Hedgehog","S Russia, ""in regione Astrachanensi"", (= Astrakhan, 46°21'N, 48°03'E).","Steppe zone from E Ukraine to Mongolia in the north and from Libya to W Pakistan in the south.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>albulus</i> </b> (Stoliczka, 1872); <b><i>aegyptius</i></b> (E. Geoffroy, 1803); <i>alaschanicus</i> Satunin, 1907; <i>brachyotis</i> Satunin, 1908; <i>calligoni</i> (Satunin, 1901); <i>caspicus</i> (Sundevall, 1842); <i>chorassanicus</i> Laptev, 1926; <i>dorotheae</i> Spitzenberger, 1978; <i>frontalis</i> (Dobson, 1882) [not of Smith, 1831]; <i>holdereri</i> Matschie, 1922; <i>homalacanthus</i> Stroganov, 1944; <i>insularis</i> Timofeyev, 1934; <b><i>libycus</i> </b>(Ehrenberg, 1833); <i>major</i> Ognev and Heptner, 1928;<b> <i>megalotis</i></b> (Blyth, 1845); <i>metwallyi</i> Setzer, 1957; <i>microtis</i> Laptev, 1925; <i>minor</i> Satunin, 1907; <i>persicus</i> Satunin, 1907; <i>platyotis</i> (Sundevall, 1842); <i>russowi</i> Satunin, 1907; <i>syriacus</i> (Wood, 1876); <i>turanicus</i> (Satunin, 1905); <i>turfanicus</i> Matschie, 1911; <i>turkestanicus</i> Ognev, 1928 [see Corbet, 1988, and Frost et al., 1991].","Corbet (1988:159) accepted <i>albulus</i>, <i>auritus</i>, and <i>megalotis</i> as valid subspecies; <i>megalotis</i> was formerly regarded as a distinct species but intergrades with <i>auritus</i> in Afghanistan; see Niethammer (1973) and Morshed and Patton (2002), who found a small genetic distance between the forms <i>auritus</i> and <i>megalotis </i>within Iran. Osborn and Helmy (1980:57-64) recognized two subspecies within Egypt, <i>aegyptius</i> and <i>libycus</i>. The form of Cyprus (<i>dorotheae</i>) may be also distinct but was probably introduced by man (Boye, 1991:115). Arabian records reviewed by Harrison and Bates (1991) and supplemented by Benda and Obuch (2001). Turkish long-eared hedgehogs have 2N=48 chromosomes, with a NFa ranging from 90 to 92 (Colak et al., 1998; Kefelioglu, 1998). For synonyms see Corbet,(1988) and Frost et al.(1991)","36","36-00028","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0027-0000-0028"
"13600029","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Hemiechinus","","auritus","auritus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1770","","Nova Comm. Acad. Sci. Petropoli","14","","519","","","","S Russia, ""in regione Astrachanensi"", (= Astrakhan, 46°21'N, 48°03'E).","","","","","36","36-00029","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0027-0000-0028-0029"
"13600030","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Hemiechinus","","auritus","albulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Stoliczka","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00030","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0027-0000-0028-0030"
"13600031","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Hemiechinus","","auritus","aegyptius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00031","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0027-0000-0028-0031"
"13600032","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Hemiechinus","","auritus","libycus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ehrenberg","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00032","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0027-0000-0028-0032"
"13600033","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Hemiechinus","","auritus","megalotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00033","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0027-0000-0028-0033"
"13600034","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Hemiechinus","","collaris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1830","","<i>In</i> Hardwicke, Illust. Indian Zool.","1","","pl.8","","","Indian Long-eared Hedgehog","India, ""Doab""; restricted to ""between Jumna and Ganges Rivers""; see discussion in Wroughton (1910:81).","Pakistan and NW India.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>grayi</i>  (Bennett, 1832); <i>indicus</i> (Royle, 1833); <i>spatangus</i> (Bennett, 1832).","Formerly included in <i>auritus</i>, but Roberts (1977) indicated that there is discontinuity in distribution and morphology between <i>collaris</i> (which he called <i>auritus</i> <i>collaris</i>) and <i>auritus</i> (which he called <i>megalotis</i>).","36","36-00034","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0027-0000-0034"
"13600035","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Mesechinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ognev","1951","","Byull. Moskow. Ova. Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol.","56","","8","","<i>Erinaceus</i> <i>dauuricus</i> Sundevall, 1842.","","","","","","Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987:11) proposed to place <i>Mesechinus</i> as subgenus in <i>Erinaceus</i> while Corbet (1988:163) included it in <i>Hemiechinus</i>, as did Bannikova et al. (1996) based on molecular data. In a new dendrogram based on fingerprinting data, Bannikova et al. (2002) included <i>dauuricus</i> also in <i>Hemiechinus</i>; the species plotted next though rather distant to four <i>H. auritus</i> samples. Frost et al. (1991:30) concluded that <i>Mesechinus</i> deserves full generic status, a conclusion supported by Gould (1995) in his comprehensive re-analysis of morphological hedgehog characters, and by Korablev et al. (1996) on the basis of chromosomal data.","36","36-00035","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0035"
"13600036","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Mesechinus","","dauuricus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1841","1842","K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. Stockholm","1841","","237","","","Daurian Hedgehog","Russia, Transbaikalia, ""Dauuria"" = Dauryia (49°57'N, 116°55'E).","NE Mongolia east to upper Amur Basin in Russia and adjacent parts of Inner Mongolia and W Manchuria, China.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>manchuricus</i>  (Mori, 1926); <i>przewalskii</i> (Satunin, 1907); ? <i>sibiricus</i> (Erxleben, 1777)","<p>Species sometimes included in <i>Hemiechinus</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992), but see Frost et al. (1991) and Gould (1995). Includes and has precedence over <i>sibiricus</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:15; 1988). A considerable confusion of names has occurred in the literature; see Corbet (1988:163). Possibly includes <i>miodon</i>, see comments under <i>M. hughi</i>. Chinese range mapped by Zhang et al. (1997).</p>","36","36-00036","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0035-0000-0036"
"13600037","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Mesechinus","","hughi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1908","63","44","","","Hugh’s Hedgehog","China, Shaanxi Prov., ""Paochi, Shen-si"" = Baoji.","Known from around two localities in Shaanxi and Shanxi Prov., C China.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>miodon</i>  (Thomas, 1908); <i>sylvaticus</i> Ma, 1964.","Formerly included in <i>Erinaceus</i> <i>europaeus</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:21), and in <i>Hemiechinus</i> <i>dauuricus</i> (here called <i>Mesechinus dauuricus</i>) by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:15) and Corbet and Hill (1992:22). Includes <i>H</i>. <i>sylvaticus</i> described by Ma (1964:35). The form <i>miodon</i>, known from an isolated population in the Ordos desert, Shaanxi, has been alternatively assigned to <i>M</i>. <i>dauuricus</i> or to <i>M</i>. <i>hughi</i>, see discussion in Frost et al. (1991) for tentative placement here.","36","36-00037","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0035-0000-0037"
"13600038","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Trouessart","1879","","Rev. Zool. Paris","7","","242","","<i>Erinaceus</i> <i>micropus</i> Blyth, 1846.","","","","","<i>Macroechinus</i>  Satunin, 1907.","Reviewed by Corbet (1988). Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987:12-13) included <i>Paraechinus</i> in <i>Hemiechinus</i> as a valid subgenus, as did Frost et al. (1991:27), while Corbet (1988) argued for a generic separation of <i>Paraechinus</i>. Morshed and Patton (2002) provided DNA sequence data for animals from Iran and the Arabian Peninsula, representing <i>Paraechinus aethiopicus</i> and <i>P. hypomelas</i>. Their results show that <i>Hemiechinus</i> and <i>Paraechinus</i> are not sister taxa and are therefore best kept as distinct genera, but also show that <i>P. aethiopicus</i> and <i>P. hypomelas</i> are highly divergent (15.7%) from one another. Further support for a generic distinction of <i>Paraechinus</i> and <i>Hemiechinus</i> based on fingerprinting data was recently provided by Bannikova et al. (2002). Further molecular studies of the species united here under <i>Paraechinus </i>will add to our understanding of the phylogeny of this group, and may also lead to a further revisi... [truncated]","36","36-00038","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038"
"13600039","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","aethiopicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ehrenberg","1832","","Symb. Phys. Mamm.","2","","sig. k, footnote","","","Desert Hedgehog","Sudan, ""In desertis dongolanis habitat"".","Sahara from Mauritania to Egypt and Awash, Ethiopia; Arabian deserts from Syria to Yemen; insular populations on Djerba (Tunisia), Bahrain and Tanb (Persian Gulf).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Hemiechinus aethiopicus</i>.","<b><i>albatus</i> </b> Thomas, 1922; <i>albior</i> Pocock, 1934; <i>blancalis</i> Thomas, 1921; <i>brachydactylus</i> (Wagner, 1841); <b><i>deserti</i> </b>(Loche, 1858); <b><i>ludlowi</i> </b>Thomas, 1919; <i>oniscus</i> Thomas, 1922; <i>pallidus</i> (Fitzinger, 1867); <b><i>pectoralis</i></b> (Heuglin, 1861); <i>dorsalis</i> (Anderson and de Winton, 1901); <i>sennaariensis</i> (Hedenborg, 1839) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>wassifi</i> Setzer, 1957.","Species and subspecies arrangement unclear; Corbet (1988:153-154) retained Arabian <i>dorsalis</i> (= <i>pectoralis</i>) as a subspecies, while Osborn and Helmy (1980) regarded <i>aethiopicus</i>, <i>deserti</i> and <i>dorsalis</i> as distinct species. Reviewed by Harrison and Bates (1991), who considered <i>pectoralis,</i> <i>ludlowi</i> and <i>albatus</i> as valid subspecies. Nader and Al-Safadi (1993), Kock and Ebenau (1996), and Benda and Obuch (2001) provided new distribution records. Morshed and Patton (2002) provided DNA sequence data from Saudi Arabia.","36","36-00039","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038-0000-0039"
"13600040","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","aethiopicus","aethiopicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ehrenberg","1832","","Symb. Phys. Mamm.","2","","sig. k, footnote","","","","Sudan, ""In desertis dongolanis habitat"".","","","","","36","36-00040","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038-0000-0039-0040"
"13600041","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","aethiopicus","albatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00041","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038-0000-0039-0041"
"13600042","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","aethiopicus","deserti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Loche","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00042","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038-0000-0039-0042"
"13600043","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","aethiopicus","ludlowi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00043","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038-0000-0039-0043"
"13600044","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","aethiopicus","pectoralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00044","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038-0000-0039-0044"
"13600045","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","hypomelas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brandt","1836","","Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg","1","","32","","","Brandt’s Hedgehog","""Pays de Turcomans"", somewhere in S Kazakhstan. See Ognev (1927) for discussion.","Arid steppe and desert zones from Iran and Turkmenistan east almost to Tashkent (Uzbekistan), to the Indus River and N Pakistan; isolates in Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen and on the islands of Tanb and Kharg in the Persian Gulf.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Hemiechinus hypomelas</i>.","<i>amir</i>  Thomas, 1918; <b><i>blanfordi</i></b> (Anderson, 1878); <b><i>eversmanni</i></b> Ognev, 1927; <i>jerdoni</i> (Anderson, 1878); <i>macracanthus</i> (Blanford, 1875); <i>niger</i> (Blanford, 1878); <b><i>sabaeus</i></b> Thomas, 1922; <b><i>seniculus</i></b> Thomas, 1922.","Type species of <i>Macroechinus</i> Satunin. Includes <i>eversmanni</i>, <i>sabaeus</i> and <i>seniculus</i> as possible and <i>blanfordi</i> as a distinct subspecies; see Corbet (1988:155). Species reviewed by Nader (1991) and Harrison and Bates (1991). DNA sequence data of animals from Iran diverge strongly from <i>P. aethiopicus</i> (Morshed and Patton, 2002).","36","36-00045","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038-0000-0045"
"13600046","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","hypomelas","hypomelas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brandt","1836","","Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg","1","","32","","","","""Pays de Turcomans"", somewhere in S Kazakhstan. See Ognev (1927) for discussion.","","","","","36","36-00046","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038-0000-0045-0046"
"13600047","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","hypomelas","blanfordi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1878","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00047","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038-0000-0045-0047"
"13600048","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","hypomelas","eversmanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00048","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038-0000-0045-0048"
"13600049","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","hypomelas","sabaeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00049","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038-0000-0045-0049"
"13600050","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","hypomelas","seniculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00050","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038-0000-0045-0050"
"13600051","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","micropus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1846","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","15","","170","","","Indian Hedgehog","Pakistan, Punjab, ""Bhawulpore"" = Bahawalpur.","The arid zones of Pakistan and NW India.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Hemiechinus micropus</i>.","<i>intermedius</i>  Biswas and Ghose, 1970; <i>kutchicus</i> Biswas and Ghose, 1970; <i>mentalis</i> (Fitzinger, 1867); <i>pictus</i> (Stoliczka, 1872).","Biswas and Ghose (1970) regarded <i>intermedius</i> as a species but Corbet (1988:156-157) included it in <i>Paraechinus</i> <i>micropus</i> as a synonym. Range mapped by Corbet and Hill (1992).","36","36-00051","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038-0000-0051"
"13600052","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Erinaceinae","","Paraechinus","","nudiventris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1851","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. India Co.","","","136","","","Bare-bellied Hedgehog","India, ""Madras"" = Madras city or Tamil Nadu province.","Few records from the S Indian provinces Madras (= Tamil Nadu) and Travancore (= Kerala).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Hemiechinus nudiventris</i>.","","Biswas and Ghose (1970) gave <i>nudiventris</i> specific rank while Corbet (1988:156-157) regarded it as a distinct subspecies of <i>micropus</i>. Provisionally listed as a species, following Frost et al. (1991:29).","36","36-00052","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0000-0038-0000-0052"
"13600053","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Pomel","1848","","Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat.","9","","249","","","","","","","Echinosoricinae Cabrera, 1925; Gymnurinae Gill, 1872; Hylomyinae Anderson, 1879.","Also known as Echinosoricinae or Hylomyinae. Frost et al. (1991:23) rejected the use of Galericinae, a view not shared by Corbet and Hill (1992) and McKenna and Bell (1997), among others. Reviewed (in part) by Frost et al. (1991), Ruedi et al. (1994), and Jenkins and Robinson (2002). Their views are not always congruent. Hoek Ostende (2001) reviewed the fossil record of the Galericini which dates back into the Oligocene of France, and Mein and Ginsburg (1997) documented Miocene records from Thailand.","36","36-00053","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053"
"13600054","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Echinosorex","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blainville","1838","","C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris","6","","742","","<i>Viverra</i> <i>gymnura</i> Raffles, 1822.","","","","","<i>Gymnura</i>  Lesson, 1827 [preoccupied by <i>Gymnura </i>Kuhl, 1824 (a fish); see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:17) and Medway (1977:15)].","","36","36-00054","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0054"
"13600055","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Echinosorex","","gymnura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1822","","Trans. Linn. Soc. London","13","","272","","","Moonrat","Not given; ""Sumatra"" [Indonesia] implied.","Malayan Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra, Labuan Isl.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>birmanica</i>  (Trouessart, 1879); <i>minor</i> (Lyon, 1909); <i>rafflesii</i> (Lesson, 1827); <b><i>alba</i></b> (Giebel, 1863); <i>borneotica</i> (Fitzinger, 1868); <i>candida</i> (Günther, 1876).","Two subspecies, <i>gymnura</i> (Sumatra and Malay Peninsula) and <i>alba</i> (Borneo) are recognized; see Corbet (1988:128). The common spelling of the specific epithet as <i>gymnurus</i> is incorrect; see Frost et al. (1991:24).","36","36-00055","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0054-0000-0055"
"13600056","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Echinosorex","","gymnura","gymnura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1822","","Trans. Linn. Soc. London","13","","272","","","","Not given; ""Sumatra"" [Indonesia] implied.","","","","","36","36-00056","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0054-0000-0055-0056"
"13600057","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Echinosorex","","gymnura","alba","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Giebel","1863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00057","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0054-0000-0055-0057"
"13600058","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Hylomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel","","","50 [1840]","","<i>Hylomys</i> <i>suillus</i> Müller, 1840.","","","","","","Fossil <i>Hylomys</i> have been documented in Miocene sediments of Thailand (Mein and Ginsburg, 1997). The taxonomy of the extant species was partly revised by Ruedi et al. (1994). Frost et al. (1991) and Jenkins and Robinson (2002) included <i>Neohylomys</i> and <i>Neotetracus</i> in <i>Hylomys</i>, but both genera were retained as separate taxa by Corbet (1988) and Mein and Ginsburg (1997).","36","36-00058","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0058"
"13600059","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Hylomys","","megalotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jenkins and M. F. Robinson","2002","","Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Zool.)","68","","2","","","Long-eared Gymnure","Laos, Khammouan Province, Khammouan Limestone National Biodiversity Conservation Area, Thakhek district, c. 18 km N Thakhek, environs of Ban Muang and Ban Doy, 17°33’15’’N, 104°49’30’’E.","Known only from the type locality.","","","A very distinct species with long ears and a long skull. Jenkins and Robinson (2002) performed a phylogenetic analysis of skeletal characters of the species of Galericinae and included five species in <i>Hylomys</i>. They did not, however, consider paleontological data presented by Mein and Ginsburg (1997) who retained <i>Neotetracus</i> and <i>Neohylomys</i> as separate genera. A genetic study is warranted to test the phylogenetic hypothesis presented by Jenkins and Robinson (2002).","36","36-00059","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0058-0000-0059"
"13600060","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Hylomys","","parvus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1916","","J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc.","73","","269","","","Dwarf Gymnure","Indonesia, W Sumatra, Mt. Kerinchi.","Restricted to the highlands of Mt. Kerinchi, Sumatra.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Revised by Ruedi et al. (1994).","36","36-00060","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0058-0000-0060"
"13600061","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Hylomys","","suillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel.","","","50 [1840]","","","Short-tailed Gymnure","Indonesia, ""Java en het andere van Sumatra"".","Peninsular Malaysia to Indochina and the Yunnan/Burma border; islands of Borneo, Java, Sumatra and Tioman.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>dorsalis</i> </b><b> </b>Thomas, 1888; <b><i>maxi</i></b> Sody, 1933; <b><i>microtinus</i></b> Thomas, 1925; <b><i>pegunensis</i></b> Blyth, 1859; <b><i>siamensis</i> </b>Kloss, 1916; <b><i>tionis</i> </b>Chasen, 1940.","Revised by Ruedi et al. (1994) who considered <i>suillus</i>, <i>maxi</i>, <i>dorsalis</i>, <i>siamensis</i> and probably <i>peguensis</i>, <i>microtinus</i>, and <i>tionis</i> as valid subspecies. Further genetic studies by Ruedi and Fumagalli (1996) suggest that <i>siamensis</i>, <i>maxi</i> and <i>dorsalis</i> may even be distinct species.","36","36-00061","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0058-0000-0061"
"13600062","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Hylomys","","suillus","suillus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel.","","","50 [1840]","","","","Indonesia, ""Java en het andere van Sumatra"".","","","","","36","36-00062","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0058-0000-0061-0062"
"13600063","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Hylomys","","suillus","dorsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00063","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0058-0000-0061-0063"
"13600064","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Hylomys","","suillus","maxi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00064","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0058-0000-0061-0064"
"13600065","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Hylomys","","suillus","microtinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00065","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0058-0000-0061-0065"
"13600066","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Hylomys","","suillus","pegunensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1859","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00066","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0058-0000-0061-0066"
"13600067","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Hylomys","","suillus","siamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00067","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0058-0000-0061-0067"
"13600068","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Hylomys","","suillus","tionis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","36","36-00068","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0058-0000-0061-0068"
"13600069","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Neohylomys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Shaw and Wong","1959","","Acta Zool. Sinica","11","","422","","<i>Neohylomys hainanensis</i> Shaw and Wong, 1959.","","","","","","Reviewed by Corbet (1988) and Frost et al. (1991). The latter authors and Jenkins and Robinson (2002)included it in <i>Hylomys</i> as a synonym or subgenus, but see Mein and Ginsburg (1997).","36","36-00069","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0069"
"13600070","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Neohylomys","","hainanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw and Wong","1959","","Acta Zool. Sinica","11","","422","","","Hainan Gymnure","China, ""Pai-sa Hsian, Hainan Island"" [= Baisha Xian, an administrative unit at 19°13'N, 109°26'E].","Hainan Isl (China).","IUCN – Endangered as <i>Hylomys hainanensis</i>.","","Corbet (1988:127) and Mein and Ginsburg (1997) retained the genus <i>Neohylomys</i> for this species. Jenkins and Robinson (2002) included it in <i>Hylomys</i>.","36","36-00070","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0069-0000-0070"
"13600071","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Neotetracus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Trouessart","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","389","","<i>Neotetracus sinensis</i> Trouessart, 1909.","","","","","","Reviewed by Corbet (1988) and Frost et al. (1991). The latter authors and Jenkins and Robinson (2002) included it in <i>Hylomys</i> as a synonym or subgenus, but Corbet (1988) retained it, and Mein and Ginsburg (1997) described a Miocene species, <i>Neotetracus butleri</i> Mein and Ginsburg, 1997.","36","36-00071","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0071"
"13600072","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Neotetracus","","sinensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Trouessart","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","390","","","Shrew Gymnure","""Ta-tsien-lou, province of Se-tchouen (China Occidental) at an altitude of 2454 meters"" [= Kangding, Sichuan Sheng, 30°07'N, 102°02'E].","S China in Sichuan and Yunnan, and adjacent parts of Burma and N Vietnam.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Hylomys sinensis</i>.","<i>cuttingi</i>  Anthony, 1941; <i>fulvescens</i> Osgood, 1932.","Corbet (1988:127) retained the genus <i>Neotetracus</i> for this species, as did Mein and Ginsburg (1997). In a comparative genetic study of six hedgehog genera by Bannikova et al. (2002), <i>Neotetracus</i> (and <i>Hylomys</i>) formed the most basal taxa in the dendrograms.","36","36-00072","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0071-0000-0072"
"13600073","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Podogymnura","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Mearns","1905","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","28","","436","","<i>Podogymnura</i> <i>truei</i> Mearns, 1905.","","","","","","Reviewed by Heaney and Morgan (1982), Corbet (1988), and Frost et al. (1991).","36","36-00073","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0073"
"13600074","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Podogymnura","","aureospinula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heaney and Morgan","1982","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","95","","14","","","Dinagat Gymnure","Philippines, ""Plaridel, Albor Municipality, Dinagat Island, Surigao del Norte Province"".","Dinagat Isl (Philippines).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Heaney and Morgan (1982) suggested ""golden-spined gymnure"" as an English name, but Poduschka and Poduschka (1985) argued that the stiff dorsal hairs are not always spiny and golden, and Corbet and Hill (1991:27) suggested ""spiny moonrat"" as a common name. Heaney and Morgan (1982) considered that generic rank might be justified for this species but decided to include it in <i>Podogymnura</i> in order to emphasize the close relationship between the two species of Philippine gymnures; see also Corbet (1988:130-131).","36","36-00074","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0073-0000-0074"
"13600075","ERINACEOMORPHA","","","","Erinaceidae","Galericinae","","Podogymnura","","truei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1905","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","28","","437","","","Mindanao Gymnure","Philippines, Mindanao, Mount Apo, Davao.","Mindanao Isl (Philippines).","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>minima</i>  Sanborn, 1954.","Includes <i>minima</i> Sanborn, 1953; see data of Heaney and Morgan (1982).","36","36-00075","36-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0053-0000-0073-0000-0075"
"13700001","SORICOMORPHA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","yes","Gregory","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","<p>Commonly included in the Insectivora (as in the last edition; Hutterer, 1993<i>a</i>) or Lipotyphla, but provisonally treated here as a separate order because of accumulating evidence for the paraphyletic nature of the former Insectivora clade (Asher, 1999, 2001; Stanhope et al., 1998). Various genetic studies (Emerson et al., 1999; Liu et al., 2001; Malia et al., 2002; Mouchaty et al., 2000<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>; Nikaido et al., 2001) demonstrated that soricomophs and hedgehogs, sometimes also moles, keep distant positions in phylogenetic trees. Such results are reflected by ideas earlier expressed by Butler (1988) and McKenna (1975), and are corroborated by the careful study of fossil and extant zalambdodont mammals by Asher et al. (2002). The name Soricomorpha was proposed by Gregory (1910) and has since been widely used in the paleontological literature. It is adopted here in the sense of McKenna (1975) and Butler (1988). MacPhee and Novacek (1993) used it as a name for a suborder o... [truncated]","37","37-00001","37-0001"
"13700002","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Nesophontidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Anthony","1916","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","35","","725","","","","","","","","Known mainly from sub-Recent fossils from the Greater Antilles. Remains of a <i>Nesophontes</i> sized mammal were found in a piece of late Oligocene/early Miocene Dominican amber (MacPhee and Grimaldi, 1996). One genus and nine taxa have been named; Hall (1981) recognized six and Morgan and Woods (1986) eight species. Efforts to locate surviving populations have been unsuccessful (Woods et al., 1985). MacPhee et al. (1999) concluded that the genus has probably been extinct for five hundred years or more, although Fischer (1977) speculated about a more recent survival. The relationships of the Nesophontidae to the Solenodontidae are not well established. Van Valen (1967) placed the Nesophontidae near the Soricidae in the order Insectivora, and the Solenodontidae near the Tenrecidae in the order Deltatheria. Whidden and Asher (2001) reviewed the relevant literature and discussed biogeographical hypotheses to explain the presence of <i>Nesophontes</i> and <i>Solenodon</i> in the West Indi... [truncated]","37","37-00002","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"13700003","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Nesophontidae","","","Nesophontes","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Anthony","1916","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","35","","725","","<i>Nesophontes edithae</i> Anthony, 1916.","","","","","","All species of <i>Nesophontes</i> appear to have survived the late Pleistocene extinction, at least five species are known to have existed into post-Columbian times. Morgan and Woods (1986) concluded that several species survived until the early part of the 18th century, and Fischer (1977) suggested an even more recent survival. However, recent attempts to locate living representatives in the Dominican Republic were unsuccessful (MacPhee et al., 1999). Includes undescribed species from the Cayman Isls which were found in post-Columbian deposits (Morgan, 1994, 1996; Morgan and Woods, 1986; Varona, 1974).","37","37-00003","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"13700004","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Nesophontidae","","","Nesophontes","","edithae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Anthony","1916","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","35","","725","","","Puerto Rican Nesophontes","Puerto Rico, Cueva Cathedral, near Morovis.","Puerto Rico, Vieques, Vieques, St. Johns, St. Thomas.","Extinct.","","Size variation documented by McFarlane (1999<i>a</i>). This species may have died out much earlier than 1500 AD. McFarlane (1999<i>b</i>) reported a date of 5410 +/- 80 yrs B.P.","37","37-00004","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"13700005","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Nesophontidae","","","Nesophontes","","hypomicrus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1929","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","81","","4","","","Atalaya Nesophontes","Haití, 4 mi. (6.4 km) east of St. Michel, cave near the Atalaya plantation.","Haití and Gonave Isl.","IUCN – Extinct.","","Bones sometimes found associated with <i>Rattus</i> bones. Remains of <i>N.</i> <i>hypomicrus</i> and <i>N.</i> <i>zamicrus</i> collected in a cave in Dominican Republic dated from the 13th century (MacPhee et al., 1999).","37","37-00005","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0005"
"13700006","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Nesophontidae","","","Nesophontes","","longirostris","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Anthony","1919","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","41","","633","","","Slender Cuban Nesophontes","Cuba, Oriente, cave near the beach at Daiquirí.","Cuba.","Extinct.","","Time of extinction uncertain (MacPhee et al., 1999).","37","37-00006","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0006"
"13700007","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Nesophontidae","","","Nesophontes","","major","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Arredondo","1970","","Memoria, Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle","30","86","126","","","Greater Cuban Nesophontes","Cuba, Habana, Bacuranao, Cueva de la Santa.","Cuba.","Extinct.","","Time of extinction uncertain (MacPhee et al., 1999).","37","37-00007","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0007"
"13700008","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Nesophontidae","","","Nesophontes","","micrus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","G. M. Allen","1917","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","61","","5","","","Western Cuban Nesophontes","Cuba, Matanzas, Sierra de Hato Neuvo.","Cuba, Haití, and Pines Isl.","IUCN – Extinct.","","Bones from two sites in Cuba dated from the 13th and 14th century (MacPhee et al., 1999). Remains of this species were found together with bones of <i>Mus</i> and <i>Rattus</i>.","37","37-00008","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0008"
"13700009","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Nesophontidae","","","Nesophontes","","paramicrus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1929","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","81","9","3","","","St. Michael Nesophontes","Haití, cave approximately 4 mi. (6.4 km) E St. Michel.","Haití.","IUCN – Extinct.","","Some analyzed bones from Haítí dated from the 14th century (MacPhee et al., 1999). Found in association with <i>Rattus</i> bones.","37","37-00009","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0009"
"13700010","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Nesophontidae","","","Nesophontes","","submicrus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Arredondo","1970","","Memoria, Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle","30","86","137","","","Lesser Cuban Nesophontes","Cuba, Habana, Bacuranao, Cueva de la Santa.","Cuba.","Extinct.","","Time of extinction uncertain (MacPhee et al., 1999).","37","37-00010","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0010"
"13700011","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Nesophontidae","","","Nesophontes","","superstes","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Fischer","1977","","Z. geol. Wiss., Berlin","5","","221","","","Cuban Nesophontes","Cuba, Pinar del Rio Province, Sumerido, Cueva de la Ventana.","Cuba.","Extinct.","","A large species known only from a mandible found on the surface of a cave in association with <i>Rattus</i>. Its relation to <i>N.</i> <i>major</i> needs to be studied. Fischer (1977) speculated that the species might still be extant and gave it the name <i>superstes</i> (surviving). Listed by MacPhee et al. (1999) as part of the endemic Antillean fauna.","37","37-00011","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0011"
"13700012","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Nesophontidae","","","Nesophontes","","zamicrus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1929","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","81","","7","","","Haitian Nesophontes","Haití, 4 mi. (6.4 km) east of St. Michel, cave near Atalaya plantation.","Haití.","IUCN – Extinct.","","Formerly occurred together with <i>N.</i> <i>hypomicrus</i>, <i>N.</i> <i>micrus</i>, <i>Solenodon</i> <i>marcanoi</i> and <i>S.</i> <i>paradoxus</i> on Hispaniola. Found in association with <i>Rattus</i> bones (MacPhee et al., 1999).","37","37-00012","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0012"
"13700013","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Solenodontidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gill","1872","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","11","1","19","","","","","","","","Dobson (1882<i>a</i>:82) was the first to raise Gill's subfamily to family level. The inclusion of this family in the Soricomorpha may not be justified; see Asher (1999), Whidden and Asher (2001), and Asher et al. (2002).","37","37-00013","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0013"
"13700014","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Solenodontidae","","","Solenodon","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Brandt","1833","","Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci., St. Petersbourg, ser. 6","2","","459","","<i>Solenodon</i> <i>paradoxus</i> Brandt, 1833.","","","","","<i>Antillogale</i>  Patterson, 1962; <i>Atopogale</i> Cabrera, 1925.","Reviewed by Ottenwalder (2001). Includes <i>Antillogale</i> and <i>Atopogale</i>; see Patterson (1962:2) and Varona (1974:6). Besides the two extant species, two extinct species have been described from Cuba (Giant Solenodon) and Hispaniola (<i>Antillogale</i> <i>marcanoi</i> Patterson, 1962); see Morgan and Woods (1986). Remains of <i>Solenodon</i> <i>marcanoi</i> have been found in a horizon of ""Late Pleistocene or Recent"" age (Patterson, 1962).","37","37-00014","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0013-0000-0000-0014"
"13700015","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Solenodontidae","","","Solenodon","","arredondoi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Morgan and Ottenwalder","1993","","Annls Carnegie Mus.","62","","154","","","Giant Solenodon","Cuba, La Habana Province, San Antonio de los Banos, 3 km SW Ceiba del Agua, Cueva Paredones.","Known from three Quaternary sites in W Cuba (Morgan and Ottenwalder, 1993).","Extinct.","","The age of the fossils of the giant solenodon is unclear, but faunal associations indicate a Quaternary age. The species occurred contemporarily wih <i>Solenodon</i> <i>cubanus</i> and <i>Nesophontes</i> <i>micrus</i>. Morgan and Ottenwalder (1993:161) suggested that, ""habitat destruction and predation by dogs, which were introduced into Cuba by pre-Columbian peoples, are more likely explanations for the extinction of the giant Cuban <i>Solenodon</i>.""","37","37-00015","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0013-0000-0000-0014-0000-0015"
"13700016","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Solenodontidae","","","Solenodon","","cubanus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1861","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1861","","169","","","Cuban Solenodon","Cuba, Oriente Prov., Bayamo.","Extant only in SE Cuba; Late Quaternary and Amerindian sites all over the island (Ottenwalder, 2001:317).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>poeyanus</i>  Barbour, 1944.","Sometimes placed in a distinct genus or subgenus, <i>Atopogale</i>, see Hall and Kelson (1959:22) and Hall (1981:22), but see Poduschka and Poduschka (1983:225-238) who regarded <i>Atopogale</i> as a synonym of <i>Solenodon</i>. For biological information see Varona (1983<i>b</i>) and Ottenwalder (2001).","37","37-00016","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0013-0000-0000-0014-0000-0016"
"13700017","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Solenodontidae","","","Solenodon","","marcanoi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Patterson","1962","","Breviora","165","","2","","","Marcano's Solenodon","Dominican Republic, San Rafael Prov., Hondo Valle Mun.; unnamed cave 2 km SW of Rancho La Guardia.","Known from three Quaternary localities in S Haítí and one Pleistocene site in W Dominican Republic (Ottenwalder, 2001:318).","IUCN – Extinct.","","Originally described in genus <i>Antillogale</i> by Patterson (1962). Reviewed by Ottenwalder (2001).","37","37-00017","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0013-0000-0000-0014-0000-0017"
"13700018","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Solenodontidae","","","Solenodon","","paradoxus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Brandt","1833","","Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci., St. Petersbourg, ser. 6","2","","459","","","Hispaniolan Solenodon","Dominican Republic (Hispaniola), Port-au-Prince (Baranova et al., 1981:4).","S Haiti and Dominican Republic (Hispaniola).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<b><i>woodi</i> </b> Ottenwalder, 2001.","Systematics, biogeography and ecology reviewed by Ottenwalder (1999, 2001) who also described a distinctly smaller form from S Hispaniola as subspecies <i>woodi</i>. Allard et al. (2001) found a considerable genetic variability in the mitochondrial control region in samples from Hispaniola which may correspond to the morphological variation recognized by Ottenwalder (2001).","37","37-00018","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0013-0000-0000-0014-0000-0018"
"13700019","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Solenodontidae","","","Solenodon","","paradoxus","paradoxus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Brandt","1833","","Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci., St. Petersbourg, ser. 6","2","","459","","","","Dominican Republic (Hispaniola), Port-au-Prince (Baranova et al., 1981:4).","","","","","37","37-00019","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0013-0000-0000-0014-0000-0018-0019"
"13700020","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Solenodontidae","","","Solenodon","","paradoxus","woodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Ottenwalder","2001","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00020","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0013-0000-0000-0014-0000-0018-0020"
"13700021","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","G. Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrate","3","","x","","","","","","","Sorexineae Lesson, 1842; Soricinorum G. Fischer, 1814.","<p>Shrews form a coherent group which leaves little doubt about its monophyly. One problem still under discussion is the inclusion or exclusion of the extinct Heterosoricinae Viret and Zapfe, 1951. Many authors include them in Soricidae as a subfamily (Engesser, 1975; Jammot, 1983; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Repenning, 1967; Storch and Qiu, 1991; Storch et al., 1998), others prefer family level for the Heterosoricinae (Harris, 1998; Reumer, 1987, 1998; Rzebik-Kowalska, 1998). If one compares the concepts expressed by Repenning (1967), Gureev (1971, 1979), Jammot (1983), George (1983), Reumer (1987, 1998), or Hutterer et al. (2002<i>b</i>), the subfamiliar and tribal subdivision of the Soricidae is not well resolved. Here I adopt a slightly modified system which is principally based on Reumer (1998). A strict phylogenetic classification however could include all extant shrews within a subfamily Soricinae, with Crocidurini, Myosoricini, and Soricini as tribes (Hutterer et al., 2002<i>b</i>;... [truncated]","37","37-00021","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021"
"13700022","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1872","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mammifères","","","256","","","","","","","Scutisoricinae Allen, 1917.","Previously included <i>Congosorex</i>, <i>Myosorex</i> and <i>Surdisorex,</i> which have been shifted into subfamily Myosoricinae based on anatomical and genetical evidence (Hutterer et al., 2002<i>b</i>; Maddalena and Bronner, 1992; Querouil et al., 2001).","37","37-00022","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022"
"13700023","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Wagler","1832","","Isis","","","275","","<i>Sorex</i> <i>leucodon</i> Herman, 1780.","","","","","<i>Afrosorex</i>  Hutterer, 1986; <i>Heliosorex</i> Heller, 1910; <i>Leucodon</i> Fatio, 1869; <i>Paurodus</i> Schulze, 1897; <i>Praesorex</i> Thomas, 1913; <i>Rhinomus</i> Murray, 1860","Eurasian species revised by Jenkins (1976), Indomalayan and Philippine species by Heaney and Ruedi (1994) and Ruedi (1995), Chinese species by Jiang and Hoffmann (2001). Phenetic and Phylogenetic relationships of African and Palearctic species studied by Butler et al. (1989), Maddalena (1990) and McLellan (1994), and of Asian and Indomalayan species by Heaney and Ruedi (1994), Ruedi (1996), and Ruedi et al. (1998). Karyotypes of SE Asian species described by Ruedi and Vogel (1995), those of Mediterranean isls shrews by Vogel et al. (1990), and of African shrews by Schlitter et al. (1999). No formal subgenera are recognized here, although the type species of proposed subgenera are indicated. For synonyms see Allen (1939), Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977) and Hutterer (1986a).","37","37-00023","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023"
"13700024","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","aleksandrisi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Vesmanis","1977","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","28","","3","","","Cyrenaica Shrew","Libya, Cyrenaica, 5 km W Tocra.","Restricted to Cyrenaica, Libya.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Sometimes included in <i>C</i>. <i>suaveolens</i> but currently regarded as a valid species (Hutterer, 1991).","37","37-00024","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0024"
"13700025","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","allex","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1910","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","3","20","","","East African Highland Shrew","Kenya, ""Naivasha, British East Africa"".","Higlands of SW Kenya; Mt. Kilimanjaro, Meru and Ngorogoro, N Tanzania.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>alpina</i>  Heller, 1910; <i>zinki</i> Heim de Balsac, 1957","Gureev (1979) listed <i>alpina</i> as a distinct species without comment. Common in the afro-alpine zone at 3500 m on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Shore and Garbett, 1991). For synonyms see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977).","37","37-00025","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0025"
"13700026","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","andamanensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1902","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","24","","777","","","Andaman Shrew","India, Andaman Isls, South Andaman Isl.","Andaman Isls, Bay of Bengal.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Erroneously attributed to genus <i>Suncus</i> by Krumbiegel (1978:71). The species was recently collected on Mt. Harriet, Andaman Isls (Das, 1999).","37","37-00026","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0026"
"13700027","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","ansellorum","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer and Dippenaar","1987","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","38","","1, 269","","","Ansell’s Shrew","Zambia, Mwinilunga Distr., Kasombu stream (= Isombu River), 4100 ft. (1250 m).","N Zambia.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>anselli</i>  Hutterer and Dippenaar, 1987.","Known from only two specimens. Species regarded as endemic to the Ikelenge Pedicle, NW Zambia (Cotterill, 2002).","37","37-00027","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0027"
"13700028","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","arabica","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer and Harrison","1988","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","39","","64","","","Arabian Shrew","Oman, Dhofar, Khadrafi [16°42'N, 53°09'E].","Coastal plains of S Arabian Peninsula (Yemen, Oman).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Previous to the recognition of <i>arabica</i>, specimens have been assigned to <i>russula</i> or <i>suaveolens</i>; see Harrison and Bates (1991).","37","37-00028","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0028"
"13700029","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","arispa","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Spitzenberger","1971","","Ann. Naturhistor. Museum Wien","75","","547","","","Jackass Shrew","S Turkey, Vil. Nigde, ca. 20 km ESE Ulukisla, mountains S Madenköy.","Taurus Mtns of S Turkey; known only from two localities (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001:91).","","","A rare shrew living in rocky areas. First described as a subspecies of <i>pergrisea</i> (Spitzenberger, 1971<i>a</i>), then assigned to <i>serezkyensis</i> (Hutterer, 1993<i>a</i>), and finally given species rank by Kryštufek and Vohralík (2001).","37","37-00029","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0029"
"13700030","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","armenica","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gureev","1963","","<i>In</i> Mammal Fauna of the U.S.S.R.","1","","118","","","Armenian Shrew","Armenia, 14 km down river from Garni.","Armenia, Caucasus.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Revised by Gureev (1979), who considered <i>armenica</i> as distinct from <i>pergrisea</i>; but see Dolgov and Yudin (1975), who considered it a subspecies; Gromov and Baranova (1981) and Zaitsev (1991) listed it as a distinct species.","37","37-00030","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0030"
"13700031","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","attenuata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1872","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mamm.","","","263","","","Asian Gray Shrew","China, Szechuan, Moupin (= Sichuan, Baoxing).","Assam, Sikkim (India), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, S China; a doubtful record from Batan Isl (Philippines).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>grisea</i>  Howell, 1926; <i>grisescens</i> Howell, 1928; <i>kingiana</i> Anderson, 1877; <i>rubricosa</i> Anderson, 1877.","Reviewed by Heaney and Timm (1983<i>b</i>), Jenkins (1976), and Jiang and Hoffmann (2001:1069, Fig. 7), who included <i>tanakae,</i> which is now elevated to species level. Jenkins (1982) and Corbet and Hill (1992) included the long-tailed <i>aequicaudata</i>, but see under <i>C.</i> <i>paradoxura</i>. Motokawa et al. (2001<i>b</i>) contrasted the karyotype of Chinese mainland <i>attenuata</i> (2n = 35-38, FN = 54) against the karyotype of Taiwanese <i>tanakae</i> (2n = 40, FN = 56) and suggested species status for the latter. A karyotype from Thailand identified as <i>attenuata</i> (Tsuchiya et al., 1979) with 2n = 50 was probably based on a misidentification; it probably represented <i>C.</i> <i>hilliana</i>.","37","37-00031","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0031"
"13700032","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","attila","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","141","","","Hun Shrew","Cameroon, Bitye.","Gotel Mtns (Nigeria) and Cameroon Mtns to E Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Vulnerable (not justified).","","Formerly included in <i>buettikoferi</i>, but separated by Hutterer and Joger (1982). Recorded from SE Nigeria by Hutterer et al. (1992<i>a</i>). Karyotype (2n = 50, FN = 66) identical to <i>greenwoodi</i>, <i>hirta</i>, and <i>olivieri</i> group (Schlitter et al., 1999).","37","37-00032","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0032"
"13700033","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","baileyi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1936","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","20","","225","","","Bailey’s Shrew","Ethiopia, Simien Mtns, Ras Dashan (= Mt. Geech).","Ethiopian highlands west of the Rift Valley.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Revised by Dippenaar (1980).","37","37-00033","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0033"
"13700034","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","baluensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","247","","","Kinabalu Shrew","Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu.","High altitudes (ca. 1600-3700 m) of Gunung Kinabalu, Sabah; perhaps also Sarawak.","","","Regarded a distinct species by Corbet and Hill (1992) and Ruedi (1995). Replaced at lower altitudes by <i>C.</i> <i>foetida</i>.","37","37-00034","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0034"
"13700035","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","batesi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","143","","","Bate’s Shrew","""Como River, Gabon.""","Lowland forest in S Cameroon and Gabon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Often included in <i>poensis</i>; specimens from Cameroon and Gabon have been reported as <i>wimmeri</i>; but see Brosset (1988). Karyotype (2n = 50, FN = 76) identical to that of <i>nigeriae</i> (Schlitter et al., 1999). This complex requires a pan-African revision.","37","37-00035","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0035"
"13700036","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","beatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1910","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","38","","392","","","Mindanao Shrew","Philippines, Mindanao, Summit of Mt. Bliss, 1,461 m.","Philippines: forested areas in Mindanao Faunal Region (Biliran, Bohol, Leyte, Maripipi, Mindanao) and on Camiguin.","IUCN 2000 – Vulnerable.","<i>parvacauda</i>  Taylor, 1934.","Includes <i>parvacauda</i> as a synonym; see Heaney et al. (1987:36). Distribution reviewed by Heaney (1986) and Heaney and Ruedi (1994).","37","37-00036","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0036"
"13700037","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","beccarii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dobson","1887","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2","4","","556","","","Beccari's Shrew","Indonesia, Sumatra, Mt. Singalang.","Mountain ranges in N and W Sumatra.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>weberi</i>  Jentink in Weber, 1890.","Revised by Ruedi (1995). Karyotype has 2n = 38, FN = 56 (Ruedi and Vogel, 1995).","37","37-00037","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0037"
"13700038","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","bottegi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2","18","","677","","","Bottego's Shrew","Ethiopia, north-east of Lake Turkana, ""between Badditu and Dime"".","Ethiopia and N Kenya; West African records doubtful.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977) included <i>obscurior</i> and <i>eburnea</i> as subspecies; but see under <i>C.</i> <i>obscurior</i>.","37","37-00038","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0038"
"13700039","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","bottegoides","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer and Yalden","1990","","<i>In</i> Peters and Hutterer (eds.), Vertebrates in the Tropics, Bonn","","","67","","","Bale Shrew","Ethiopia, Bale Mtns, Harenna Forest, Katcha Camp, 2400 m.","Bale Mtns and Mt. Albasso, Ethiopia (Yalden and Largen, 1992).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Lavrenchenko et al. (1997) described the karyotype (2n = 36, FN = 48) which is very different from that of the similar ""<i>bottegi</i>"" (now <i>obscurior</i>) (2n = 40, FN = 60) from Côte d’Ivoire.","37","37-00039","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0039"
"13700040","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","brunnea","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jentink","1888","","Notes Leyden Mus.","10","","164","","","Thick-tailed Shrew","Indonesia, W Java.","Java and Bali.","","<i>brevicauda</i>  Jentink <i>in</i> Weber, 1890; <i>melanorhyncha</i> Jentink, 1910; <b><i>pudjonica</i></b> Sody, 1936.","Formerly included in <i>C.</i> <i>fuliginosa</i> (see Jenkins, 1982). Revised by Ruedi (1995), who considered <i>brunnea</i> and <i>pudjonica</i> as distinct subspecies. Bali records by Kitchener et al. (1994<i>a</i>). Karyotype has 2n = 38, FN = 56 (Ruedi and Vogel, 1995).","37","37-00040","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0040"
"13700041","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","brunnea","brunnea","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jentink","1888","","Notes Leyden Mus.","10","","164","","","","Indonesia, W Java.","","","","","37","37-00041","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0040-0041"
"13700042","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","brunnea","pudjonica","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Sody","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00042","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0040-0042"
"13700043","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","buettikoferi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jentink","1888","","Notes Leyden Mus.","10","","47","","","Buettikofer's Shrew","Robertsport, Liberia.","West African high forest; S Guinea (Heim de Balsac, 1958) to Liberia, Ghana (Decher et al., 1997), and Nigeria (Hutterer and Happold, 1983).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included <i>attila</i>; see Hutterer and Joger (1982). Grubb et al. (1998) discussed a number of possible records from Ghana and Sierra Leone that require confirmation.","37","37-00043","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0043"
"13700044","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","caliginea","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hollister","1916","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","35","","664","","","African Dusky Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, Medje.","NE Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","The species was recently rediscovered in the Masako Forest in NE Dem. Rep. Congo (Hutterer and Dudu, 1990).","37","37-00044","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0044"
"13700045","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","canariensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer, Lopez-Jurado and Vogel","1987","","J. Nat. Hist.","21","","1354","","","Canarian Shrew","Spain, Canary Isls, Fuerteventura, Tiscamanita.","E Canary Islands (Lanzarote, Lobos, Fuerteventura, Graciosa, Mtna Clara).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Related to <i>sicula</i>; see Maddalena and Vogel (1990) and Hutterer et al. (1992<i>b</i>). Sara (1995, 1996) studied the variation of mandibular measurements and found no difference between <i>C.</i> <i>canariensis</i> and <i>C.</i> <i>sicula</i>; as a consequence, he included <i>canariensis</i> as a subspecies in <i>C.</i> <i>sicula</i>. However, this author disregarded biological, ecological, and paleontological evidence provided by Hutterer et al. (1992<i>b</i>) and Michaux et al. (1991). Genetic distances suggest a separation of <i>C.</i> <i>canariensis</i> and <i>C.</i> <i>sicula</i> for 5 million years (Vogel et al., 2003).","37","37-00045","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0045"
"13700046","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","caspica","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","197","","","Caspian Shrew","Iran, S coast of Caspian Sea.","Iran, S coast of Caspian Sea.","","","A distinct, chocolate-brown shrew formerly included in <i>C.</i> <i>russula</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1966) or <i>C.</i> <i>leucodon</i>. Zaitsev (1993) redefined the species and mapped its range.","37","37-00046","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0046"
"13700047","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","cinderella","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","8","","119","","","Cinderella Shrew","""Gemenjulla, French Gambia.""","Senegal and Gambia, Mali and Niger.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","May be related to <i>tarfayaensis</i> of Morocco and Mauritania; see Hutterer (1987).","37","37-00047","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0047"
"13700048","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","congobelgica","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hollister","1916","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","35","","670","","","Congo White-toothed Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, ""Lubila, near Bafwasende"".","NE Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","For a discussion of relationships, see Heim de Balsac (1968<i>a</i>).","37","37-00048","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0048"
"13700049","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","crenata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Brosset, Dubost, and Heim de Balsac","1965","","Mammalia","29","","268","","","Long-footed Shrew","Gabon, Belinga.","High forest in S Cameroon, N Gabon, and E Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","The specific epithet obviously was choosen because the species has extremily long feet and tail; Brosset (1988) observed that they aid in jumping rather than climbing.","37","37-00049","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0049"
"13700050","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","crossei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","53","","","Crosse's Shrew","Nigeria, ""Asaba, 150 mi. [241 km] up the Niger River"".","Lowland forest from Guinea to W Cameroon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ingoldbyi</i>  Heim de Balsac, 1956.","Formerly included <i>ebriensis</i> and <i>jouvenetae</i>; see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977). <i>C.</i> <i>crossei</i> occurs almost sympatrically with <i>C.</i> <i>jouvenetae</i> from Guinea to Côte d’Ivoire.","37","37-00050","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0050"
"13700051","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","cyanea","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Duvernoy","1838","","Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg","2","","2","","","Reddish-gray Musk Shrew","""La riviere des Elephants, au sud de l'Afrique"" = Citrusdal, South Africa <i>fide</i> Shortridge (1942:27).","South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe; records further north uncertain.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>argentatus</i>  Sundevall in Grill, 1860; <i>capensis</i> (Smuts, 1832) [not (E. Geoffroy, 1811)]; ? <i>capensoides</i> (A. Smith, 1833); ? <i>concolor</i> (A. Smith, 1836); <i>electa</i> Dollman, 1910; <i>infumata</i> (Wagner, 1841); <i>martensii</i> Dobson, 1890; <i>pondoensis</i> Roberts, 1913; <i>vryburgensis</i> Roberts, 1946.","The species concept applied by Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977) included a number of names which evidently do not belong to <i>cyanea</i> but to species such as <i>parvipes</i> and <i>smithii</i>; see Hutterer (1986<i>a</i>) and Hutterer and Joger (1982). The limits of distribution of <i>cyanea</i> have not yet been established; Meester et al. (1986) distinguished <i>cyanea</i> and <i>infumata</i> as subspecies in South Africa. The taxon <i>erica</i> which has been included in <i>cyanea</i> may be related to <i>hirta</i>.","37","37-00051","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0051"
"13700052","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","denti","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","16","","377","","","Dent's Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, Ituri Forest, between Mawambi and Avakubi.","African Congo Basin (Dem. Rep. Congo, Gabon, Cameroon) and isolated records in West Africa (Guinea, Sierra Leone).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Considered a distinct species by Heim de Balsac (1959:216). It remains to be determined whether the West African records (Ziegler et al., 2002) are conspecific.","37","37-00052","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0052"
"13700053","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","desperata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer, Jenkins and Verheyen","1991","","Oryx","25","","165","","","Desperate Shrew","S Tanzania, Rungwa Mtns, mountain bamboo zone above 2000 m.","Relict forest patches at Rungwa and Udzungwa Mtns, S Tanzania.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","The relationships of this shrew are still unresolved.","37","37-00053","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0053"
"13700054","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","dhofarensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer and Harrison","1988","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","39","","68","","","Dhofar Shrew","Oman, Dhofar, Khadrafi, 620 m.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>C</i>. <i>somalica</i>, but Hutterer et al. (1992<i>c</i>) provided arguments for full specific status.","37","37-00054","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0054"
"13700055","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","dolichura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1876","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1876","","475","","","Long-tailed Musk Shrew","Cameroon, Bonjongo.","High forest in Nigeria, S Cameroon, Bioko, Gabon, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, and adjacent Uganda and Burundi.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Does not include <i>latona</i>, <i>ludia</i>, <i>muricauda</i>, and <i>polia</i>; see under these species.","37","37-00055","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0055"
"13700056","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","douceti","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1958","","Mem. Inst. Fr. Afr. Noire","53","","329","","","Doucet's Musk Shrew","Côte d’Ivoire, Adiopodoume.","Forest-savanna border of Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire, and Nigeria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Hutterer and Happold (1983).","37","37-00056","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0056"
"13700057","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","dsinezumi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Temminck","1842","","<i>In</i> Siebold, Fauna Japonica","2(Mamm.)","","pl. IV figs c, c, pl. V, figs 3","","","Dsinezumi Shrew","""Japan""; restricted to Kyushu by Abe (1967).","Japan including N Ryukyus.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chisai</i>  Thomas, 1906; <i>intermedia</i> Kuroda, 1924, <i>kinczumi</i> Temminck, 1842; <i>kinezumi</i> Temminck, 1842; <i>okinoshimae</i> Kuroda and Uchida, 1959; <i>umbrinus</i> Temminck, 1844.","The spelling of the name was clarified by Corbet (1978<i>b</i>) and Motokawa (1999); <i>dsinezumi</i> was placed on the Official List of Specific Names; see the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1983). Includes <i>chisai</i>, but not <i>quelpartis</i> and <i>orii</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Iwasa et al. (2001). The taxon <i>hosletti</i> described by Jameson and Jones (1977) from Taiwan is now included in <i>C.</i> <i>shantungensis</i> (see Jiang and Hoffmann, 2001). Geographic variation of Japanese populations studied by Motokawa (2003<i>b</i>). Allozyme data studied by Ruedi et al. (1993) place <i>C.</i> <i>dsinezumi</i> close to <i>C.</i> <i>fuliginosa</i>, <i>C.</i> <i>malayana</i>, and <i>C.</i> <i>grayi</i>.","37","37-00057","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0057"
"13700058","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","eisentrauti","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1957","","Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Oekol. Geogr. Tiere","85","","616","","","Eisentraut's Shrew","Cameroon, Mt. Cameroon, ""Johann-Albrecht-Hütte, 2900 m"".","Higher elevations of Mt. Cameroon (Cameroon).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Only known from Mt. Cameroon. Not conspecific with <i>C</i>. <i>vulcani</i>; see under <i>C</i>. <i>virgata</i>.","37","37-00058","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0058"
"13700059","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","elgonius","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","369","","","Elgon Shrew","Kenya, Mt. Elgon, Kirui.","Mountains in W Kenya and NE Tanzania.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Regarded as a distinct species by Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977) and Hutterer (1983<i>b</i>).","37","37-00059","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0059"
"13700060","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","elongata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","101","","","Elongated Shrew","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Temboan (SW from Tondano Lake).","N and C Sulawesi.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","See Musser (1987<i>a</i>) for ecological notes and a photograph. Ruedi and Vogel (1995) described two different karyotypes: 2n = 30, FN = 56 for a male from lowland forest, and 2n = 34, FN = 60 for a smaller female from montane forest. Ruedi (1995) suggested that one of the specimens may represent a cryptic new species.","37","37-00060","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0060"
"13700061","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","erica","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","145","","","Heather Shrew","Angola, Pungo Andongo.","W Angola.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Resembles <i>hirta</i> in cranial dimensions; see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977). Related to <i>nigricans</i>, according to Crawford-Cabral (1987).","37","37-00061","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0061"
"13700062","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","fischeri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pagenstecher","1885","","Jb. Hamburger Wiss. Anst.","2","","34","","","Fischer's Shrew","""Nguruman""; northwest of Lake Natron, close to Mt. Sambo, Kenya (near border to Tanzania); see discussion by Moreau et al. (1946) and Aggundey and Schlitter (1986).","Nguruman (Kenya), and Himo (Tanzania).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Type species of subgenus <i>Afrosorex</i>. Revised by Hutterer (1986<i>a</i>).","37","37-00062","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0062"
"13700063","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","flavescens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1827","","Dict. Class. Hist. Nat.","11","","324","","","Greater Red Musk Shrew","""La Cafrerie et le pays des Hottentots"" = King William's Town, South Africa.","South Africa.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>capensis</i>  (A. Smith, 1833) [not (Smuts, 1832), not (E. Geoffroy, 1811)]; <i>cinnamomeus</i> (Lichtenstein, 1829); <i>knysnae</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>rutilus</i> (Sundevall, 1846).","For correct original citation see Ellerman et al. (1953). Does not include <i>olivieri</i>; see Maddalena et al. (1987) and comments under that species. Reviewed by Meester (1963). Karyotype (2n = 50, FN = 74) described by Maddalena et al. (1987).","37","37-00063","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0063"
"13700064","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","floweri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","515","","","Flower's Shrew","""Giza, Egypt.""","Environs of Upper Nile valley and Wadi el Natrun, Egypt (Goodman, 1989).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Mummified shrews from Ancient Egypt have been identified as <i>C. floweri</i>; see Heim de Balsac and Mein (1971). Possibly related to <i>crossei</i> and <i>arabica</i>; see Hutterer and Harrison (1988).","37","37-00064","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0064"
"13700065","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","foetida","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1870","","Mber. K. Preuss. Acad. Wiss.","1870","","586","","","Bornean Shrew","Borneo.","Borneo (Kalimantan, Sarawak, and Sabah).","","<b><i>doriae</i> </b> Peters, 1870; <b><i>kelabit</i></b> Medway, 1965.","Revised by Ruedi (1995). Karyotype has 2n = 38, FN = 56-58 (Ruedi and Vogel, 1995).","37","37-00065","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0065"
"13700066","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","foetida","foetida","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1870","","Mber. K. Preuss. Acad. Wiss.","1870","","586","","","","Borneo.","","","","","37","37-00066","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0065-0066"
"13700067","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","foetida","doriae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1870","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00067","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0065-0067"
"13700068","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","foetida","kelabit","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Medway","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00068","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0065-0068"
"13700069","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","foxi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","514","","","Fox's Shrew","Nigeria, Panyam.","Jos Plateau, Nigeria, and Sudan savanna zone of West Africa from Senegal to S Sudan.","IUCN – Vulnerable (not justified).","<i>tephra</i>  Setzer, 1956.","A member of the <i>poensis</i> group; may be conspecific with <i>theresae</i>, which it antedates; see Hutterer and Happold (1983). A series from Owerri, S Nigeria, referred to <i>foxi</i> by these authors, was later, upon re-examination, identified as a dark form of <i>lamottei</i>. The holotype of <i>tephra</i> Setzer, 1956 has been recently examined and is regarded as representing <i>foxi</i> in S Sudan; a previous allocation to <i>viaria</i> (Hutterer, 1984) was based upon examination of a paratype skin; however, the holotype represents a different species.","37","37-00069","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0069"
"13700070","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","fuliginosa","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Blyth","1855","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, ser. 2","24","","362","","","Southeast Asian Shrew","Burma, Schwegyin, near Pegu.","N India, Burma, adjacent China, Malaysian Peninsula and adjacent isls; exact distribution unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fuliginosus</i>  (Blyth, 1855);<i> <b>dracula</b></i> Thomas, 1912; <i>mansumensis</i> Carter, 1942; <i>praedax</i> Thomas, 1923.","A large S Asian shrew with a complex taxonomic history. Ruedi et al. (1990) demonstrated unrecognized sympatry of two cryptic but chromosomally distinct forms, one of which was provisionally labeled <i>C</i>. cf. <i>malayana</i>. For taxa formerly and actually included in <i>fuliginosa</i> see Jenkins (1976, 1982) and Ruedi (1995). Medway (1977) and Heaney and Timm (1983<i>b</i>) included <i>dracula</i>, which Lekagul and McNeely (1977) considered a distinct species. The list of synonyms is provisional; see also under <i>malayana</i>. Specimens from Zhejiang, E China assiged to <i>C.</i> <i>fuliginosa</i> (Zhuge, 1993) may represent an undescribed taxon (Jiang and Hoffmann, 2001). Karyotypes from Indochina and the Malay Peninsula count 2n = 40, FN = 54-58 (Ruedi and Vogel, 1995).","37","37-00070","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0070"
"13700071","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","fuliginosa","fuliginosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Blyth","1855","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, ser. 2","24","","362","","","","Burma, Schwegyin, near Pegu.","","","","","37","37-00071","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0070-0071"
"13700072","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","fuliginosa","dracula","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00072","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0070-0072"
"13700073","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","fulvastra","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Sundevall","1842","1843","K. Svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl. Stockholm","1842","","172","","","Savanna Shrew","Sudan, Bahr el Abiad.","Sudan savanna from Kenya to Mali.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arethusa</i>  Dollman, 1915; <i>beta</i> Dollman, 1915; <i>diana</i> Dollman, 1915; <i>fulvaster</i> Sundevall, 1843; <i>macrodon</i> Dobson, 1980; <i>marrensis</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1923; <i>sericeus</i> Sundevall, 1843; <i>strauchii</i> Dobson, 1890","Gureev (1979) listed <i>beta</i> as a distinct species without comment. For synonyms see Hutterer (1984), Hutterer and Kock (1983) and Hutterer and Happold (1983).","37","37-00073","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0073"
"13700074","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","fumosa","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","238","","","Smoky White-toothed Shrew","Kenya, ""Camp 18, western slope of Mt. Kenya, 2,600 m"".","Mt. Kenya and Aberdare Range (Kenya).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>alchemillae</i>  Heller, 1910.","Dippenaar and Meester (1989) revised the species.","37","37-00074","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0074"
"13700075","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","fuscomurina","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heuglin","1865","","Leopoldina, 5, <i>in</i> Nouv. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.","32","","36","","","Bicolored Musk Shrew","Sudan, Bahr-el-Ghazal, Meshra-el-Req.","Sudan and Guinea savanna from Senegal to Ethiopia, and south to South Africa.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bicolor</i>  Bocage, 1889; <i>bovei</i> Dobson, 1887; <i>cuninghamei</i> Thomas, 1904; <i>fuscomurinus</i> (Heuglin, 1865); ? <i>glebula</i> Dollmann, 1916; <i>hendersoni</i> Dollman, 1915; <i>marita</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1923; <i>sansibarica</i> Neumann, 1900; <i>tephragaster</i> Setzer, 1956; <i>tephronotus</i> Heim de Balsac, 1968 [<i>lapsus</i>]; <i>woosnami</i> Dollman, 1915.","Revised by Hutterer (1983<i>b</i>). Karyotype from Burundi has 2n = 56, FN = 86 (Maddalena and Ruedi, 1994). <i>C. planiceps</i> may belong here but relationships are yet unsolved.","37","37-00075","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0075"
"13700076","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","glassi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1966","","Mammalia","30","","448","","","Glass's Shrew","Ethiopia, ""Camp in Gara Mulata Mts, Harar"".","Ethiopian highlands east of Rift Valley (Yalden et al., 1997).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Often confused with <i>fumosa</i> or <i>thalia</i>; see Dippenaar (1980). Karyotype (2n = 36, FN = 52) described by Lavrenchenko et al. (1997), genetic relations by Bannikova et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","37","37-00076","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0076"
"13700077","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","gmelini","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pallas","1811","","Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.","1","","134, pl. 10, fig. 3","","","Gmelin's White-toothed Shrew","""Hyrcania""; restricted to ""Iran, Khorassan prov., Bujnurd distr., 85 km W Bujnurd, Dasht, 3200 ft. [975 m]"" by Goodwin (1940) and Hoffmann (1996<i>a</i>).","Israel through Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan and Pakistan to W China and Mongolia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hyrcania</i>  Goodwin, 1940; <i>ilensis</i> Miller, 1901; <i>lar</i> G. Allen, 1928; <i>lignicolor</i> Miller, 1900; <i>mordeni</i> Goodwin, 1934; <i>portali</i> Thomas, 1920.","Hoffmann (1996<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) designated a neotype, re-defined the species, and provided tentative distribution maps. The species is still unsufficiently known, particularly the relations to <i>C.</i> <i>suaveolens</i> and <i>C.</i> <i>katinka</i> must be studied (Hutterer and Kock, 2002). The taxon <i>gmelini</i> was previously regarded as a synomyn of <i>Sorex</i> <i>minutus</i>. <i>C.</i> <i>portali</i> was given species rank by Kryštufek and Vohralík (2001), but without regard to Hoffmann's papers.","37","37-00077","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0077"
"13700078","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","goliath","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","177","","","Goliath Shrew","Cameroon, Efulen.","High forest of S Cameroon, Gabon, and Dem. Rep. Congo; an isolated population in West Africa around Mt. Nimba (Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>guineensis</i>  Heim de Balsac, 1968 [not Cabrera, 1903]; <b><i>nimbasilvanus</i></b> Hutterer, 2003.","Type species of subgenus <i>Praesorex</i> Thomas, 1913. Often included in <i>flavescens</i> or <i>olivieri</i>, but apparently represents a distinct species which lives in sympatry with <i>C</i>. <i>olivieri</i> in the Central and West African rainforest; see Hutterer (<i>in</i> Colyn, 1986:22) and Goodman et al. (2000). <i>C.</i> <i>goliath</i> <i>nimbasilvanus</i> replaces Heim de Balsac's <i>C.</i> <i>odorata</i> <i>guineensis</i> (Ziela, Mt. Nimba, Guinea), a name preoccupied by <i>C.</i> <i>occidentalis</i> <i>guineensis</i> Cabrera, currently a subspecies of <i>C.</i> <i>olivieri</i> (Hutterer, 2003). The West African population (<i>nimbasilvanus</i>) of <i>C.</i> <i>goliath</i> is characterized by smaller size and a shorter pelage, and is genetically distinct from the Central African population (Querouil et al., In Press).","37","37-00078","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0078"
"13700079","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","goliath","goliath","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","177","","","","Cameroon, Efulen.","","","","","37","37-00079","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0078-0079"
"13700080","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","goliath","nimbasilvanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer","2003","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00080","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0078-0080"
"13700081","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","gracilipes","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1870","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1870","","584","","","Peters's Musk Shrew","""Auf der Reise nach dem Kilimandscharo""; unidentifiable but usually taken as ""Kilimanjaro, Tanzania""; see Moreau et al. (1946:395).","Known only from the type specimen with unknown origin.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Does not include <i>hildegardeae</i>; see Demeter and Hutterer (1986:201). A recent examination of the type specimen indicates it might be conspecific with <i>C</i>. <i>cyanea</i>, however, that species is not known from as far north as Tanzania.","37","37-00081","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0081"
"13700082","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","grandiceps","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer","1983","","Rev. Suisse Zool.","90","","699","","","Large-headed Shrew","Ghana, Sefwi-Wiawso, Krokosua Hills, N of Asempanaya (Asampaniye).","High forest regions of Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, and possibly Cameroon (Hutterer and Schlitter, 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Genetically allied to the <i>turba-poensis</i> complex (Querouil et al., In Press). Karyotype has 2n = 46, FN = 68 (Schlitter et al., 1999).","37","37-00082","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0082"
"13700083","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","grandis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1911","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","38","","393","","","Greater Mindanao Shrew","Philippines, Mindanao, Grand Malindang Mt., 6100 ft. (1859 m).","Known only from Mt. Malindang, Mindanao, Philippines.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Status unknown; probably confined to primary forest (Heaney et al., 1987:38).","37","37-00083","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0083"
"13700084","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","grassei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Brosset, Dubost, and Heim de Balsac","1965","","Biologia Gabonica","1","","165","","","Grasse's Shrew","Gabon, Belinga.","Recorded from high forest regions in Gabon, Central African Republic, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea (Goodman et al., 2001<i>a</i>; Heim de Balsac, 1968<i>c</i>; Lasso et al., 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A large and distinctly gray shrew, related to the <i>maurisca-littoralis</i> group (Querouil et al., In Press).","37","37-00084","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0084"
"13700085","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","grayi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dobson","1890","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","6","","494","","","Luzon Shrew","Philippines, Luzon.","Luzon and Mindoro faunal regions, Philippines, in primary forest from 250 to 2400 m.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>halconus</i>  Miller, 1910.","Heaney et al. (1987) included <i>halconus</i> as a synonym. Revised by Heaney and Ruedi (1994).","37","37-00085","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0085"
"13700086","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","greenwoodi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1966","","Monitore Zool. Ital.","74(suppl.)","","215","","","Greenwood's Shrew","Somalia, ""Gelib"".","S Somalia.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Species confined to the Horn of Africa; apparently related to <i>fulvastra</i> and <i>hirta</i>, with which <i>greenwoodi</i> shares the same karyotype (2n = 50, FN = 66) (Schlitter et al., 1999).","37","37-00086","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0086"
"13700087","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","harenna","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer and Yalden","1990","","<i>In</i> Peters and Hutterer (eds.), Vertebrates in the Tropics, Bonn","","","64","","","Harenna Shrew","Ethiopia, Bale Mtns, Harenna Forest.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Related to <i>C</i>. <i>phaeura</i>. Karyotype has 2n = 36, FN = 50 (Lavrenchenko et al., 1997).","37","37-00087","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0087"
"13700088","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","hildegardeae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","240","","","Hildegarde's Shrew","Kenya, Fort Hall.","Forests in C and E Africa south to Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>altae</i>  Heller, 1912; <i>ibeana</i> Dollman, 1915; <i>lutreola</i> Heller, 1912; <i>maanjae</i> Heller, 1910; <i>phaios</i> Setzer, 1956; <i>procera</i> Heller, 1912; <i>rubecula</i> Dollman, 1915 [see Heim de Balsac and Meester, 1977].","Does not include <i>gracilipes</i>; see Dieterlen and Heim de Balsac (1979) and Demeter and Hutterer (1986). Gureev (1979) listed <i>ibeana</i>, <i>lutreola</i>, and <i>maanjae</i> as distinct species without comment. Does not include <i>virgata</i>; see under that name. The remaining synonyms are in need of revision. A karyotype from Burundi has 2n = 52, FN = 76 (Maddalena and Ruedi, 1994).For synonyms see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977).","37","37-00088","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0088"
"13700089","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","hilliana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jenkins and Smith","1995","","Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Zool.)","61","","103","","","Hill's Shrew","NE Thailand, Loei Province, 48 km S Loei, Ban Nong Hin, Wat Tham Maho Lan, 17°06'N, 101°53'E, 575 m.","NE and C Thailand, Laos.","","","A shrew somewhat smaller than <i>C.</i> <i>fuliginosa</i> described on the basis of skulls removed from owl pellets (Jenkins and Smith, 1995; Smith et al., 2000). Also recorded from Laos (Smith et al., 1998). Motokawa and Harada (1998) described the animal and its karyotype (2n = 50, NF = 60). This karyotype is similar to that of ""<i>C.</i> <i>attenuata</i>"" from Thailand (2n = 50, FN = 66), as published by Tsuchiya et al. (1979).","37","37-00089","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0089"
"13700090","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","hirta","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1852","","Reise nach Mossambique, SSugethiere","","","78","","","Lesser Red Musk Shrew","Mozambique, Tette, 17°S.","Angola, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>annellata</i> Peters, 1852; <i>beirae</i> Dollman, 1915; <i>bloyeti</i> Dekeyser, 1943; <i>canescens</i> Peters, 1852; <i>deserti</i> Schwann, 1906; <i>flavidula</i> Thomas and Schwann, 1905; <i>langi</i> Cabrera, 1925; <i>luimbalensis</i> Hill and Carter, 1937; <i>velutina</i> Thomas, 1904 [see Heim de Balsac and Meester, 1977].","Gureev (1979) listed <i>beirae</i> and <i>deserti</i> as distinct species; the latter may well be separable. <i>C</i>. <i>bloyeti</i>, formerly listed as a species, is included here because it was based on a juvenile <i>hirta</i>. The Angolan <i>erica</i> may also belong here. The karyotype of <i>hirta</i> (2n = 50, FN = 66) is shared by <i>olivieri</i>, <i>viaria</i>, <i>greenwoodi</i>, and <i>attila</i> (Schlitter et al., 1999). For synonyms see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977).","37","37-00090","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0090"
"13700091","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","hispida","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","468","","","Andaman Spiny Shrew","India, Andaman Isls, Middle Andaman Isl (northern end).","Middle Andaman Isl (Andaman Isls, India).","IUCN – Endangered.","","A rare and little-known shrew with a spiny dorsal fur.","37","37-00091","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0091"
"13700092","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","horsfieldii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Tomes","1856","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2","17","","23","","","Horsfield's Shrew","Sri Lanka.","Sri Lanka and Indian Peninsula (Mysore and Ladak), perhaps Nepal (see below).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","? <i>myoides</i>  Blanford, 1875; <i>retusa</i> Peters, 1870.","Subspecies or synonyms discussed by Jenkins (1976) and Jameson and Jones (1977). Usually spelled <i>horsfieldi</i> but Corbet and Hill (1991) correctly used <i>horsfieldii</i>. Formerly also included <i>indochinensis</i> and <i>wuchihensis</i>, but see under those species. Formerly included also <i>kurodai</i> and <i>tadae</i> from Taiwan, but they show a karyotype (2n = 40, FN = 54; Fang et al., 1997) different from [<i>horsfieldii</i>] <i>indochinensis</i> (2n = 38, FN = 48; Rao and Aswathanarayana, 1978). Here they are both included in <i>rapax</i>. The distribution of <i>horsfieldii</i> sensu strictu is still a matter of disagreement. Lunde et al. (2003<i>b</i>) restricted its distribution to Sri Lanka and adjacent peninsular India.","37","37-00092","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0092"
"13700093","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","hutanis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ruedi and Vogel","1995","","Experientia","51","","175, Fig. 1","","","Hutan Shrew","Indonesia, N Sumatra, Aceh, Gunung Leuser N.P., Alas Valley (300 m), Ketambe (03°31'N, 97°46'E).","Lowland forest in N and W Sumatra.","","","A report by Ruedi and Vogel (1995:175) presenting the new name, the diagnostic karyotype (2n = 36-38, FN = 54), the type locality (Ketambe, N Sumatra), specimen catalog numbers, and a comparison with other SE Asian species appeared earlier in print (February, 1995) than the full taxonomic description by Ruedi (November, 1995:227), and thus constitutes the first valid description.","37","37-00093","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0093"
"13700094","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","ichnusae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Festa","1912","","Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino","27","684","1","","","North African White-toothed Shrew","Italy, Sardinia, Lanusei, Piscina.","Pantelleria Isl, Sardinia (Italy), Ibiza (Spain), and E North Africa (Tunisia, E Algeria).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>C. cossyrensis.</i>","?<i>agilis</i>  (Loche, 1867) [<i>nomen</i> <i>dubium</i>]; ? <i>anthonyi</i> Heim de Balsac, 1940; <i>cossyrensis</i> Contoli, 1989; <i>ibicensis</i> Vericad and Balcells, 1965.","The species was first reported from Pantelleria as <i>russula</i>; see Contoli and Amori (1986); then named <i>cossyrensis</i> in a footnote (Contoli et al., 1989) and later redescribed by Contoli (1990). Closely related to <i>russula</i> if not conspecific (Sara et al., 1990). However, morphological (Sara and Vogel, 1996; Sara and Zanca, 1992) as well as chromosomal differences, restricted fertility in the F2 generation (Vogel et al., 1992), and yet unpublished genetic data (Vogel, pers. comm.) suggest that <i>C.</i> <i>russula</i> includes two species; <i>cossyrensis</i> has been used for the E North African taxon (Contoli and Aloise, 2001; Hutterer, 1993<i>a</i>), but <i>ichnusae</i> has priority. Sara and Vogel (1996) considered <i>agilis</i> as unidentifiable taxon. The names <i>mauritanicus</i>, <i>pigmaea</i> and <i>heljanensis</i> are listed here under <i>russula</i> on geographical grounds, while <i>ichnusae</i> and <i>ibicensis</i> belong to the E North African taxon, based o... [truncated]","37","37-00094","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0094"
"13700095","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","indochinensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Robinson and Kloss","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser 9","9","","88","","","Indochinese Shrew","Vietnam, Langbian Plateau, Dalat.","Burma, N Thailand to Vietnam; Yunnan and Fujian (China); exact limits unknown.","","","This species is usually included in <i>horsfieldii</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Jameson and Jones, 1977; Jenkins, 1976; Jiang and Hoffmann, 2001), but the restriction of <i>horsfieldii</i> to Sri Lanka and India and the removal of <i>wuchinensis</i> leaves <i>indochinensis</i> as the available name for the populations from Burma to China. Heaney and Timm (1983) reported this species from Vietnam under <i>C. horsfieldii</i>.","37","37-00095","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0095"
"13700096","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","jacksoni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","238","","","Jackson's Shrew","Kenya, ""Ravine Station"".","E Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Kenya, N Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amalae</i>  Dollman, 1915.","Includes <i>amalae</i>; see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977:17).","37","37-00096","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0096"
"13700097","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","jenkinsi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Chakraborty","1978","","Bull. Zool. Surv. India","1","","303","","","Jenkin's Shrew","India, South Andaman Isl, Wright Myo.","Known only from the type locality and from Mt. Harriet.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Included in <i>nicobarica</i> by Corbet and Hill (1991), without comment. Das (1999) found <i>C.</i> <i>jenkinsi</i> in sympatry with <i>C.</i> <i>andamanensis</i> on Mt. Harriet, Andaman Isl.","37","37-00097","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0097"
"13700098","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","jouvenetae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1958","","Mém. Inst. fr. d'Afr. noire","53","","331","","","Jouvenet's Shrew","Guinea, Mt. Nimba, Ziéla.","S Guinea, Liberia, and Côte d’Ivoire.","","<i>ebriensis</i>  Heim de Balsac and Aellen, 1958.","Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977) included <i>ebriensis</i>, <i>ingoldbyi</i> and <i>jouvenetae</i> in <i>crossei</i>, which was followed by Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>). However, <i>jouvenetae</i> and <i>ebriensis</i> represent much larger animals than <i>crossei</i> and <i>ingoldbyi</i>. The exact ranges of both species remain to be determined, but both forms occur almost sympatrically from Guinea to Côte d’Ivoire. <i>C.</i> <i>ebriensis</i> was listed as a separate species by Maddalena and Ruedi (1994), Wolsan and Hutterer (1998), and Schlitter et al. (1999), but <i>jouvenetae</i> has priority.","37","37-00098","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0098"
"13700099","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","katinka","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bate","1937","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser 10","20","","398","","","Katinka's Shrew","Israel, Tabun Cave, Levels E to D (Pleistocene).","Israel and Palestine, Syria, SW Iran (Hutterer and Kock, 2002, and unpublished).","","","The brief diagnosis of Bate (1937<i>a</i>) was detailed by Bate (1937<i>b</i>). The species was previously known only from Pleistocene fossils, but Hutterer and Kock (2002) allocated remains from fresh owl pellets collected in Syria to this species. A yet unreported specimen from SW Iran appears to represent the same species.","37","37-00099","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0099"
"13700100","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","kivuana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1968","","Biologia Gabonica","4","","319","","","Kivu Shrew","Dem. Rep. Conégo, Kivu, Tschibati.","Kahuzi-Biega National Park (Dem. Rep. Congo).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Very localized species occurring in montane swamps; see Dieterlen and Heim de Balsac (1979).","37","37-00100","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0100"
"13700101","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","lamottei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1968","","Mammalia","32","","386","","","Lamotte's Shrew","Côte d’Ivoire, Lamto (savane).","Sudan and Guinea savanna from Senegal to W Cameroon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>elegans</i> </b> Hutterer, 1986.","Includes <i>elegans</i> as a subspecies; see Hutterer (1986<i>a</i>). Karyotype has 2n = 52, FN = 68 (Meylan, 1971).","37","37-00101","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0101"
"13700102","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","lamottei","lamottei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1968","","Mammalia","32","","386","","","","Côte d’Ivoire, Lamto (savane).","","","","","37","37-00102","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0101-0102"
"13700103","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","lamottei","elegans","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer","1986","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00103","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0101-0103"
"13700104","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","lanosa","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1968","","Biologia Gabonica","4","","309","","","Kivu Long-haired Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, Kivu, Lemera.","Uinka (Rwanda); Kivu, Lemera and Irangi (Dem. Rep. Congo).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Present knowledge summarized by Dieterlen and Heim de Balsac (1979).","37","37-00104","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0104"
"13700105","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","lasiura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dobson","1890","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","5","","31","","","Ussuri White-toothed Shrew","NE China, (Manchuria), Ussuri River.","Ussuri Region (Russia) and NE China to Korea; Kiangsu (China). Range mapped by Zaitsev (1993) and Jiang and Hoffmann (2001).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>campuslincolnensis</i>  Sowerby, 1945; <i>lasiura</i> Giglioli and Salvadori, 1887 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>lizenkani</i> Kishida, 1931 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>neglecta</i> Kuroda, 1934 [not Jentink, 1888]; <i>sodyi</i> Kuroda, 1935; <i>thomasi</i> Sowerby, 1917; <i>yamashinai</i> Kuroda, 1934 [see Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:29].","Karyotype has 2n = 40, FN = 56 (Zima et al., 1998). For synonyms see Corbet (1978c:29).","37","37-00105","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0105"
"13700106","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","latona","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hollister","1916","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","35","","667","","","Latona's Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, Medje.","Lowland rainforest of NE Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Known by a few specimens only. Recently found in the Masako Forest, near Kisangani (Dudu et al., In Press).","37","37-00106","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0106"
"13700107","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","lea","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","102","","","Sulawesi Shrew","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Temboan.","N and C Sulawesi, tropical rain forest (Musser, 1987<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Smallest in an assemblage of endemic shrews (<i>C.</i> <i>elongata</i>, <i>C.</i> <i>lea</i>, <i>C.</i> <i>musseri</i>, <i>C.</i> <i>nigripes</i>, <i>C.</i> <i>rhoditis</i>) that occur together in C Sulawesi (Ruedi, 1995). Only <i>C.</i> <i>levicula</i> is smaller.","37","37-00107","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0107"
"13700108","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","lepidura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lyon","1908","","Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.","34","","662","","","Sumatran Giant Shrew","Indonesia, E Sumatra, Kateman River.","E Sumatra.","","<i>villosa</i>  Robinson and Kloss, 1918.","Formerly included in <i>C.</i> <i>fuliginosa</i>, but resurrected by Ruedi (1995). Karyotype has 2n = 37-38, FN = 54 (Ruedi and Vogel, 1995).","37","37-00108","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0108"
"13700109","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","leucodon","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hermann","1780","","<i>In</i> Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","382","","","Bicolored Shrew","France, Bas Rhin, vicinity of Strasbourg.","France to the Volga and Caucasus; Elburz Mtns; Asia Minor; Israel; Lebanon; Lesbos Isl (Aegean Sea).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albipes</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>avicennai</i> Stroganov, 1960; <i>hydruntina</i> Costa, 1844; <i>judaica</i> Thomas, 1919; <i>lasia</i> Thomas, 1906; <i>leucodus</i> Schulze, 1897; <i>microurus</i> (Fatio, 1869); <i>narentae</i> Bolkay, 1925; <i>persica</i> Thomas, 1907; <i>volgensis</i> Stroganov, 1960.","Reviewed by Richter (1970) and Gureev (1979). Includes <i>persica</i>; see Dolgov (1979). Gureev (1979) and Gromov and Baranova (1981) listed <i>persica</i> as a distinct species without comment. Includes <i>lasia</i>; see Catzeflis et al. (1985), Gureev (1979), and Jenkins (1976); but see also Corbet (1978<i>c</i>). Does not include <i>caspica</i> from Iran, but <i>judaica</i> from Palestine. European range reviewed by Krapp (1990), Arabian range by Harrison and Bates (1991). The assignment of <i>hydruntina</i> follows Nappi and Maio (2000). Karyotype has 2n = 28, FN = 56 (Zima et al., 1998).","37","37-00109","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0109"
"13700110","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","levicula","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","103","","","Sulawesi Tiny Shrew","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Pinedapa.","Tropical rain forest of C and SE Sulawesi (Musser, 1987<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Smallest mammal of Sulawesi (Ruedi, 1995). Karyotype has 2n = 34, FN = 52 (Ruedi and Vogel, 1995).","37","37-00110","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0110"
"13700111","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","littoralis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heller","1910","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","56","15","5","","","Naked-tail Shrew","Uganda, Butiaba, east shore of Lake Albert.","Rain forest of Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda and Kenya.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>oritis</i>  Hollister, 1916.","This species was included in <i>monax</i>, but is a distinct species (Dieterlen and Heim de Balsac, 1979; Hutterer 1993<i>a</i>).","37","37-00111","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0111"
"13700112","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","longipes","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer and Happold","1983","","Bonn. Zool. Monogr.","18","","53","","","Savanna Swamp Shrew","Nigeria, ""Dada, 11°34'N, 04°29'E"".","Known from two swamps in Guinea savanna in W Nigeria.","IUCN – Endangered.","","May be related to <i>foxi</i>.","37","37-00112","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0112"
"13700113","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","lucina","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dippenaar","1980","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","32","","134-138","","","Lucina's Shrew","Ethiopia, ""Web River, near Dinshu"".","Montane moorlands of E Ethiopia.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Part of the Ethiopian radiation of <i>Crocidura</i> with 2n = 36 and FN = 52 (Lavrenchenko et al., 1997: Fig. 5, as <i>Crocidura</i> sp. A., Lavrenchenko, pers. comm.). Species confined to the Afro-Alpine moorland (Hutterer and Yalden, 1990).","37","37-00113","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0113"
"13700114","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","ludia","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hollister","1916","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","35","","668","","","Ludia's Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, Medje.","Medje and Tandala (N Dem. Rep. Congo); Dzanga-Sangha FR (Central African Republic).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Included in <i>dolichura</i> by Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977), but regarded as a full species by Hutterer and Dippenaar (1987). Ray and Hutterer (1996) identifed this species in carnivore scats from Central African Republic.","37","37-00114","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0114"
"13700115","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","luna","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","175","","","Moonshine Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, ""Bunkeya River, Shaba Province"".","Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, E Angola, Dem. Rep. Congo, Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>electa</i>  Dollmann, 1910; <i>garambae</i> Heim de Balsac and Verschuren, 1968; <i>inyangai</i> Lundholm, 1955; <i>johnstoni</i> Dollmann, 1915; <i>schistacea</i> Osgood, 1910; <i>umbrosa</i> Dollman, 1915.","A uniform group of bluish-gray shrews that exhibit a considerable geographic size variation; probably a composite group. Revised by Dippenaar and Meester (1989). Does not include <i>macmillani</i>, <i>raineyi</i>, and <i>selina</i>. In a biochemical comparison, specimens from Rwanda grouped outside all other African <i>Crocidura</i> studied (Maddalena, 1990).","37","37-00115","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0115"
"13700116","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","lusitania","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","516","","","Mauritanian Shrew","Mauritania, ""Trarza country"".","Sahelian zone from S Morocco to Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Nigeria, Sudan and Ethiopia; a Saharan record from Mali.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Included in subgenus <i>Afrosorex</i> by Hutterer (1986<i>a</i>), but a recent genetic study (Querouil et al., In Press) does not support this action. For a summary of distributional records, see Hutterer (1986<i>a</i>) and Sidiyene (1989). Karyotype has 2n = 38, FN = 64 (Maddalena and Ruedi, 1994).","37","37-00116","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0116"
"13700117","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","macarthuri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","St. Leger","1934","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10","13","","559","","","MacArthur's Shrew","Kenya, Tana River, Merifano (32 km from mouth of Tana River).","Savanna plains of Kenya and Somalia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","The species has been recorded from Somalia as <i>smithi</i> (e.g., Heim de Balsac, 1966<i>a</i>); see Hutterer (1986<i>a</i>).","37","37-00117","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0117"
"13700118","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","macmillani","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","16","","361","","","MacMillan's Shrew","Ethiopia, ""Kotelee, Walamo"".","Ethiopia, Western Plateau.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","A rare species that was known from the holotype only, but recently rediscovered in the Middle Godjeb Valley, Western Plateau (Bannikova et al., 2001<i>b</i>). Formerly included in <i>fumosa</i> (Yalden et al., 1976) or <i>luna</i> (Heim de Balsac and Meester, 1977; Hutterer, 1981<i>b</i>), but Dippenaar (1980) showed that two endemic Ethiopian species, <i>macmillani</i> and <i>thalia</i>, were covered under these names. Karyotype (2n = 28) and restriction DNA analysis data indicate that <i>macmillani</i> is not part of the Ethiopian <i>glassi-thalia</i> group (Bannikova et al., 2001<i>b</i>).","37","37-00118","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0118"
"13700119","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","macowi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","16","","378","","","Nyiro Shrew","Kenya, Mt. Nyiro, south of Lake Rudolf [Lake Turkana].","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Regarded as a synonym of <i>hildegardeae</i> by Osgood (1936), but retained as a species by Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977), who noticed similarities to <i>niobe</i>.","37","37-00119","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0119"
"13700120","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","malayana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Robinson and Kloss","1911","","J. Fed. Malay St. Mus.","4","","241-247","","","Malayan Shrew","Malaysia, Perak, Maxwell's Hill.","Malay Peninsula and offshore islands south of the Isthmus of Kra (Pulau Aor and Pulau Redang).","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>aagaardi</i>  Kloss, 1917; <i>aoris</i> Robinson, 1912; <i>gravida</i> Kloss, 1917; <i>klossi</i> Robinson, 1912; <i>major</i> Kloss, 1911 [not Wagler, 1832].","This species was included in <i>fuliginosa</i> by Jenkins (1976, 1982), but Ruedi et al. (1990) reported two different karyotypes from sympatric populations in Peninsular Malaysia. They provisionally used <i>malayana</i> for the sibling species with 2n = 38-40, and FN = 62-68. The listing of synonms follows Ruedi (1995) who subsequently reviewed the species.","37","37-00120","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0120"
"13700121","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","manengubae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer","1982","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","32","","242","","","Manenguba Shrew","Cameroon, ""Lager III, 1800m, Manenguba-See, Bamenda-Hochland"".","Bamenda, Adamaoua, and Yaounde highlands, Cameroon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Resembles <i>C.</i> <i>littoralis</i> and <i>C.</i> <i>maurisca </i>morphologically; see Hutterer (1994) and Goodman et al. (2001<i>a</i>).","37","37-00121","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0121"
"13700122","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","maquassiensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Roberts","1946","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","20","","312","","","Makwassie Musk Shrew","South Africa, Northwest Prov., Maquassi, Klipkuil.","Mpumalanga Prov. and Northwest Prov. (South Africa); Nyamaziwa Falls, and Matopo Hills (Zimbabwe).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>malani</i>  Lundholm, 1955.","Includes <i>malani</i>; and may be related to <i>pitmani</i>; see Meester (1963) and Meester et al. (1986). Geometrics of the mandible distinguish this species and the similar <i>cyanea</i> and <i>silacea</i> (Taylor and Contrafatto, 1997).","37","37-00122","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0122"
"13700123","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","mariquensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","A. Smith","1844","","Illustr. Zool. S. Afr. Mamm.","","","pl. 44, fig. 1","","","Swamp Musk Shrew","South Africa, ""A wooded ravine near the tropic of Capricorn"" = Marico River, near its junction with Limpopo.","Swamps and forest from South Africa to Mozambique, W Zimbabwe, and Zambia; NW Botswana and NE Namibia to SC Angola; perhaps SE Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pilosa</i>  Dobson, 1890; <i>sylvia</i> Thomas and Schwann, 1906; <b><i>neavei</i></b> Wroughton, 1907; <b><i>shortridgei</i></b> St. Leger, 1932.","Includes <i>pilosa</i> and <i>sylvia</i> as synonyms and <i>shortridgei</i> and <i>neavei</i> as subspecies; see Dippenaar (1977, 1979), who reviewed the species and selected a lectotype. May also include <i>nigricans</i>, which Crawford-Cabral (1987) considered distinct.","37","37-00123","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0123"
"13700124","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","mariquensis","mariquensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","A. Smith","1844","","Illustr. Zool. S. Afr. Mamm.","","","pl. 44, fig. 1","","","","South Africa, ""A wooded ravine near the tropic of Capricorn"" = Marico River, near its junction with Limpopo.","","","","","37","37-00124","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0123-0124"
"13700125","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","mariquensis","neavei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00125","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0123-0125"
"13700126","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","mariquensis","shortridgei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","St. Leger","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00126","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0123-0126"
"13700127","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","maurisca","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","239","","","Gracile Naked-tailed Shrew","Uganda, Entebbe.","Swamps and primary forest in Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi; a single record from Gabon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Part of the <i>C. maurisca-littoralis</i> species group; the extinct <i>balsamifera</i> from Ancient Egypt is probably related (Hutterer, 1994). A record from Gabon (Goodman et al., 2001<i>a</i>) is far outside of the known range of the species.","37","37-00127","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0127"
"13700128","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","maxi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Sody","1936","","Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind.","96","","53","","","Javanese Shrew","Indonesia, Java, East Java.","Java, Lesser Sunda Isls (Bali, Sumbawa, Komodo, Sumba, Flores, Alor, Roti, Timor), and Ambon (Moluccas, Indonesia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Occurs sympatrically with <i>monticola</i> in Java; see Jenkins (1982) and Kitchener et al. (1994<i>a</i>). Ruedi (1995) questioned the validity of <i>maxi</i> but stated (p. 243) that ""Eastern representatives, which are usually larger, with a flatter skull profile than nominal and central forms, could be treated as a distinct subspecies, <i>C.</i> <i>monticola</i> <i>maxi</i>.""","37","37-00128","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0128"
"13700129","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","mindorus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1910","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","38","","392","","","Mindoro Shrew","Philippines, Mindoro, Mt. Halcon, 1,938 m.","Mindoro and Sibuyan, uncommon in forest from 325 m to 1,325 m.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Goodman and Ingle (1993) reported six specimens from Sibuyan, the first examples since the description of the species; see also Heaney and Ruedi (1994) and Heaney et al. (1998).","37","37-00129","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0129"
"13700130","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","miya","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Phillips","1929","","Spolia Zeylan.","15","","113","","","Sri Lankan Long-tailed Shrew","Sri Lanka, Kandyan Hills, Nilambe Dist., Moolgama, 3,000 ft. (914 m).","Highlands of C Sri Lanka.","IUCN – Endangered.","","A very distinctive species, resembling <i>C</i>. <i>elongata</i> of Sulawesi, or <i>C</i>. <i>dolichura</i> of Africa. Known by a handful of specimens; see Phillips (1980) for further information.","37","37-00130","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0130"
"13700131","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","monax","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","310","","","Kilimanjaro Shrew","Tanzania, Mt. Kilimanjaro, Rombo, 6,000 ft. (1829 m).","Montane forests in N Tanzania and possibly W Kenya.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Part of the the <i>littoralis</i> group; see Dieterlen and Heim de Balsac (1979). Does not includes <i>oritis</i> (part of <i>littoralis</i>) and <i>ultima</i> (treated as full species here) as suggested by Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977). The real distribution of <i>C.</i> <i>monax</i> is unknown; Jenkins (in Burgess et al., 2000) restricted <i>monax</i> to the type locality, while Stanley et al. (2000<i>b</i>) listed it from a number of mountains in N Tanzania. Dollman (1914) recorded the species from W Kenya, but these records need to be confirmed.","37","37-00131","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0131"
"13700132","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","monticola","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1870","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1870","","584","","","Sunda Shrew","Indonesia, Java, Mount Lawu, near Surakarta.","Borneo, Sumatra, Java, doubtfully Peninsular Malaysia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>C. monticola</i>, Data Deficient as <i>C. minuta</i>.","<i>bartelsii</i>  Jentink, 1910; <i>minuta</i> Otten, 1917 [not Lyddeker, 1902]; <i>neglecta</i> Jentink, 1888.","Revised by Jenkins (1982) and Ruedi (1995); latter author included also <i>maxi</i> as a synonym. However, Kitchener et al. (1994<i>a</i>) recognized <i>maxi</i> and <i>monticola</i> and defined the range as given above. <i>C. minuta</i> was listed as a species in the previous edition (Hutterer, 1993<i>a</i>); the name is most probably a synonym of <i>monticola</i>; see Jenkins (1982) and Ruedi (1995).","37","37-00132","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0132"
"13700133","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","montis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7","18","","138","","","Montane White-toothed Shrew","Uganda, ""Ruwenzori East, 12,500’ [3809 m]"" = Bujongolo, Mubuku Valley, eastern slope of Mt. Ruwenzori.","Montane forest in C and E Africa; Mt. Ruwenzori and Mt. Elgon (Uganda), Kilimanjaro and Mt. Meru (Tanzania), Imatong Mtns (Sudan), Mt. Kenya (Kenya).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly a subspecies of <i>fumosa</i> but see Demeter and Hutterer (1986) and Dippenaar and Meester (1989), who revised the species. Habitat and ecology on Mt. Elgon described by Clausnitzer et al. (2003).","37","37-00133","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0133"
"13700134","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","muricauda","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1900","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","2","","645","","","West African Long-tailed Shrew","Liberia, Mount Coffee.","West African high forest from Guinea to Ghana.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Often included in <i>dolichura</i> as a subspecies but constantly differs in its hairy tail while <i>dolichura</i> never shows any pilosity of the tail. Genetically not even closely related to <i>dolichura</i> (Querouil et al., In Press).","37","37-00134","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0134"
"13700135","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","musseri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ruedi and Vogel","1995","","Experientia","51","","175, Fig. 1","","","Mossy Forest Shrew","Indonesia, C Sulawesi, Gunung Rorekatimbo [01°16'S, 120°15'E], 2230 m.","Known only from type locality.","","","Unique karyotype (2n = 32, FN = 54) described by Ruedi and Vogel (1995) who formally named the species (February, 1995). Full description subsequently published (in November) by Ruedi (1995:254). This species is a member of the moss forest guild of small mammals described by Musser (1982, 1987<i>a</i>).","37","37-00135","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0135"
"13700136","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","mutesae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heller","1910","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","56","15","3","","","Ugandan Musk Shrew","Uganda, Kampala.","Uganda; perhaps more widely distributed.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A large species, alternatively assigned to <i>hirta</i> (Allen, 1939) or <i>suahelae</i> (Heim de Balsac and Meester, 1977). Recorded as <i>mutesae</i> from Central African Republic (Ray and Hutterer, 1996), but its taxonomic status is far from being settled. Possibly a synonym of <i>C.</i> <i>olivieri</i>.","37","37-00136","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0136"
"13700137","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","nana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dobson","1890","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","5","","225","","","Somali Dwarf Shrew","Somalia, Dollo.","Somalia, Ethiopia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","The name <i>nana</i> has been applied to various small shrews of Somalia, Ethiopia, and Egypt, leading to the proposal (Setzer, 1957) that <i>nana</i> is conspecific with <i>religiosa</i> (which it does not antedate); a conclusion followed by Heim de Balsac and Mein (1971) and Osborn and Helmy (1980). Personal examination of the holotype of <i>nana</i> revealed that it represents a juvenile (skull inside the skin) of a species larger that <i>religiosa</i>; this conclusion was supported by better preserved topotypical specimens from Somalia in the BMNH, which were also compared with the neotype of <i>religiosa</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:27). The proposed conspecificy can therefore not be accepted, and <i>religiosa</i> remains an endemic of the Nile valley in Egypt (Hutterer, 1994). The relation of <i>nana</i> with other small species has yet to be studied.","37","37-00137","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0137"
"13700138","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","nanilla","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","99","","","Savanna Dwarf Shrew","Uganda, probably Entebbe.","Dry and moist savanna from West Africa (Mauritania) to Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>denti</i>  St. Leger, 1932 [not Dollman, 1915]; <i>nancilla</i> St. Leger, 1932 [<i>lapsus</i>]; <i>rudolfi</i> St. Leger, 1932.","Includes <i>rudolfi</i>; see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977). Often confused with other small species such as <i>fuscomurina</i> and <i>pasha</i>. For a discussion of ""small <i>Crocidura</i>"", see Heim de Balsac (1968<i>d</i>). Karyotype from Côte d’Ivoire has 2n = 42, FN = 74 (Maddalena and Ruedi, 1994).","37","37-00138","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0138"
"13700139","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","negligens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Robinson and Kloss","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. ?[check]","13","","232","","","Peninsular Shrew","Thailand, Koh Samui.","Malay Peninsula and some adjacent islands (Koh Samui, Pulau Tioman, Pulau Mapor).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>maporensis</i>  Robinson and Kloss in Robinson, 1916; <i>tionis</i> Kloss, 1917.","Formerly included in <i>C.</i> <i>fuliginosa</i>, but given species rank by Ruedi (1995). Karyotype (2n = 38, FN = 62) described by Ruedi and Vogel (1995). May be sympatric with <i>C.</i> <i>malayana</i> in some areas.","37","37-00139","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0139"
"13700140","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","negrina","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Rabor","1952","","Chicago Acad. Sci. Nat. Hist. Misc.","96","","6","","","Negros Shrew","Philippines, Negros Isl, Cuernos de Negros Mtn, Dayongan, 1,300 m.","Primary forest at 500 to 1450 m on S Negros Isl (Philippines).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Reviewed by Heaney and Ruedi (1994).","37","37-00140","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0140"
"13700141","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","nicobarica","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1902","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","24","","776","","","Nicobar Shrew","India, Nicobar Isls, Great Nicobar Isl.","Great Nicobar Isl (Nicobar Isls, India).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Not a species of <i>Suncus</i>, as suggested by Krumbiegel (1978:71). Corbet and Hill (1991) included <i>jenkinsi</i> which is retained as distinct until more evidence is presented.","37","37-00141","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0141"
"13700142","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","nigeriae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","524","","","Nigerian Shrew","Nigeria, Asaba, 150 mi. (241 km) up the Niger.","Rainforest in Nigeria, Cameroon, and Bioko; exact distribution unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included in <i>poensis</i>; but see Heim de Balsac (1957), Meylan and Vogel (1982), and Hutterer and Happold (1983). The karyotype of <i>nigeria</i> (2n = 50, FN = 76) is identical to that of <i>batesi</i> from Cameroon (Schlitter et al., 1999), and it is possible that both are conspecifics.","37","37-00142","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0142"
"13700143","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","nigricans","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bocage","1889","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 2","1","","28","","","Blackish White-toothed Shrew","Angola, Benguela Dist., Quindumbo.","Angola.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Regarded unidentifiable by Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977), but specific status upheld by Crawford-Cabral (1987).","37","37-00143","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0143"
"13700144","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","nigripes","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","101","","","Black-footed Shrew","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Temboan, SW from Tondano Lake.","N and C Sulawesi, in tropical rain forest (Musser, 1987<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>lipara</i> </b> Miller and Hollister, 1921.","Ruedi (1995) recognized <i>lipara</i> as a distinct subspecies. Karyotype has 2n = 38, FN = 56 (Ruedi and Vogel, 1995).","37","37-00144","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0144"
"13700145","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","nigripes","nigripes","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","101","","","","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Temboan, SW from Tondano Lake.","","","","","37","37-00145","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0144-0145"
"13700146","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","nigripes","lipara","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Miller and Hollister","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00146","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0144-0146"
"13700147","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","nigrofusca","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1895","","SSugethiere Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas","","","33","","","African Black Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, Semliki Valley, ""Wukalala, Kinyawanga im Westen des Semliki"".","S Ethiopia and Sudan through E Africa to Zambia and Angola, Dem. Rep. Congo, perhaps Cameroon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ansorgei</i>  Dollman, 1915; <i>cabrerai</i> Morales Agacino, 1935; <i>kempi</i> Dollman, 1915; <i>lakiundae</i> Heller, 1912; <i>luluae</i> Matschie, 1926; <i>nilotica</i> Heller, 1910; <i>nyikae</i> Dollman, 1915; <i>provocax</i> Thomas, 1910; <i>zaodon</i> Osgood, 1910; <i>zena</i> Dollman, 1915 [see Heim de Balsac and Meester, 1977].","Includes <i>luluae</i> Matschie, 1926 (Luluabourg, Dem. Rep. Congo) and <i>zaodon</i> Osgood, 1910 (Nairobi, Kenya) which were listed as separate species by Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977) and Dippenaar and Meester (1989); see Hutterer et al. (1987<i>b</i>). The holotypes of <i>nigrofusca</i>, <i>luluae,</i> and <i>zaodon</i> have been studied. Gureev (1979) listed <i>ansorgei</i>, <i>nilotica</i>, and <i>zena</i> as distinct species without comment. The species requires a careful systematic revision.For synonyms see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977).","37","37-00147","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0147"
"13700148","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","nimbae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1956","","Mammalia","20","","131","","","Nimba Shrew","Guinea, Mt. Nimba, baraque de Zouguépo.","Submontane and primary lowland forest in Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, and Côte d’Ivoire; in the Tai National Park (Côte d’Ivoire) it occurs only in undisturbed primary forest (Churchfield et al., 2004).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","A very distinct species; not conspecific with <i>wimmeri</i> as previously suggested (see Hutterer, 1983<i>a</i>).","37","37-00148","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0148"
"13700149","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","niobe","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","138","","","Niobe's Shrew","Uganda, Ruwenzori East, 6,000 ft. (= Mubukee Valley, 1829 m).","Montane forests of EC Africa (Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo); perhaps Ethiopia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Ethiopian records (Corbet and Yalden, 1972; Yalden et al., 1976) uncertain; see Hutterer and Yalden (1990).","37","37-00149","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0149"
"13700150","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","obscurior","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1958","","Mém. Inst. fr. Afr. noire","53","","328","","","West African Pygmy Shrew","Guinea, Mt. Nimba, montane prairie.","Sierra Leone to Côte d’Ivoire; possibly Nigeria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>eburnea</i>  Heim de Balsac, 1958.","Described as a subspecies of <i>bottegi</i> (see Heim de Balsac and Meester, 1977), but its longer skull (Hutterer and Happold, 1983) and West African distribution distinguish it. Two different karyotypes have been described from Côte d’Ivoire, 2n = 36, FN = 56 (Maddalena and Ruedi, 1994), and 2n = 40, FN = 60 (Meylan, 1971; under <i>bottegi</i>). The problem needs to be analyzed.","37","37-00150","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0150"
"13700151","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lesson","1827","","Manuel de Mammalogie","","","121","","","African Giant Shrew","Egypt, Sakkara; the neotype designated by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:30) was collected ""near Giza"".","Egypt; Mauretania to Ethiopia, and southwards to N South Africa.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>deltae</i>  Heim de Balsac and Barloy, 1966; <b><i>anchietae</i></b> Bocage, 1889; <b><i>bueae</i></b> Heim de Balsac and Barloy, 1966; <b><i>cara</i></b> Dollmann, 1915; <b><i>cinereoaenea</i></b> (Rüppell, 1842); <i>doriana</i> Dobson, 1887; <b><i>darfurea</i></b> Thomas and Hinton, 1923; <b><i>giffardi</i></b> de Winton, 1898; <b><i>guineensis</i></b> Cabrera, 1903 [not Heim de Balsac, 1968]; <i>atlantis</i> Heim de Balsac and Barloy, 1966; <b><i>hansruppi</i></b> Hutterer, 1981; <b><i>hedenborgiana</i></b> (Sundevall, 1843); <i>ferruginea</i> Heuglin, 1865; <i>fuscosa</i> Thomas, 1913; <i>hedenborgi</i> (Sundevall, 1843); <i>hera</i> Dollmann, 1915; <i>kijabae</i> J. A. Allen, 1909; <b><i>kivu</i></b> Osgood, 1910; <i>luluana</i> Cabrera, 1925; <b><i>manni</i></b> Peters, 1878; <b><i>martiensseni</i></b> Neumann, 1900; <b><i>nyansae</i></b> Neumann, 1900; <i>daphnia</i> Hollister, 1916; <b><i>occidentalis</i></b> (Pucheran, 1855); <i>aequatorialis</i> (Pucheran, 1855); <i>petersii</i> Dobson, 1890; <b><i>odorata</i></b> (Leconte, 1857); <b><i>spurelli</i></b> Thomas, 1910; <b><i>sururae</i></b> Heller, 1910; <i>tatiana</i> Dollman, 1915; <b><i>toritensis</i></b> Setzer, 1956; <b><i>zuleika</i></b> Dollman, 1915; <i>herero</i> St. Leger, 1932.","<p><i>Crocidura</i> <i>olivieri</i> is the valid and widely used name for large African shrews previously known as <i>flavescens</i> (which is now the valid name for a species restricted to South Africa; see Maddalena et al., 1987). Chitaukali et al. (2001) recently proposed to use <i>occidentalis</i> instead of <i>olivieri</i>, which they regard as a <i>nomen</i> <i>dubium</i>, despite the neotype designation by Corbet (1978). The description of <i>C.</i> <i>olivieri</i> was based on a large mummified shrew from Ancient Egypt. The same species occurs in Egypt today (Hutterer, 1994), and there is no reason to believe that the name <i>olivieri</i> does not refer to the extant species.</p><p>This group of giant shrews was reviewed by Heim de Balsac and Barloy (1966). Well known subspecies names are <i>anchietae</i>, <i>doriana</i>, <i>ferruginea</i>, <i>fuscosa</i>, <i>giffardi</i>, <i>guineeensis</i>, <i>hansruppi</i>, <i>hedenborgiana</i>, <i>kivu</i>, <i>manni</i>, <i>martiensseni</i>... [truncated]","37","37-00151","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151"
"13700152","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","olivieri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lesson","1827","","Manuel de Mammalogie","","","121","","","","Egypt, Sakkara; the neotype designated by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:30) was collected ""near Giza"".","","","","","37","37-00152","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0152"
"13700153","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","anchietae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bocage","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00153","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0153"
"13700154","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","bueae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac and Barloy","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00154","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0154"
"13700155","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","cara","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Dollmann","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00155","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0155"
"13700156","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","cinereoaenea","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Rüppell","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00156","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0156"
"13700157","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","darfurea","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas and Hinton","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00157","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0157"
"13700158","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","giffardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","de Winton","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00158","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0158"
"13700159","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","guineensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Cabrera","1903","","[not Heim de Balsac, 1968]","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00159","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0159"
"13700160","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","hansruppi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00160","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0160"
"13700161","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","hedenborgiana","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Sundevall","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00161","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0161"
"13700162","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","kivu","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00162","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0162"
"13700163","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","manni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Peters","1878","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00163","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0163"
"13700164","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","martiensseni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Neumann","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00164","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0164"
"13700165","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","nyansae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Neumann","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00165","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0165"
"13700166","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pucheran","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00166","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0166"
"13700167","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","odorata","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Leconte","1857","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00167","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0167"
"13700168","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","spurelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00168","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0168"
"13700169","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","sururae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Heller","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00169","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0169"
"13700170","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","toritensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Setzer","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00170","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0170"
"13700171","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","olivieri","zuleika","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00171","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0151-0171"
"13700172","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","orientalis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jentink in Weber","1890","","Zool. Ergebn. Reis. Ned. Ost. Ind.","I","","124","","","Oriental Shrew","Indonesia, W Java, Gedeh.","Mountains of Java.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>lawuana</i> </b> Sody, 1936.","Sometimes referred to <i>fuliginosa</i> (Heaney et al., 1987; Jenkins, 1982), but represents a distinct species (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Ruedi, 1995). In Java <i>C.</i> <i>orientalis</i> is confined to the mountains and replaced by <i>C.</i> <i>brunnea</i> in the lowlands. Ruedi (1995) distinguished <i>lawuana</i> as a subspecies. Karyotype has 2n = 38, FN = 56 (Ruedi and Vogel, 1995).","37","37-00172","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0172"
"13700173","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","orientalis","orientalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jentink in Weber","1890","","Zool. Ergebn. Reis. Ned. Ost. Ind.","I","","124","","","","Indonesia, W Java, Gedeh.","","","","","37","37-00173","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0172-0173"
"13700174","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","orientalis","lawuana","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Sody","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00174","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0172-0174"
"13700175","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","orii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kuroda","1924","","[New Mammals from the Ryukyu Islands]","","","3","","","Ryukyu Shrew","Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Amamioshima, Komi.","Amami Group of Ryukyu Isls, Japan.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Provisionally included in <i>dsinezumi</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>); but regarded as a separate species by Imaizumi (1961, 1970<i>b</i>), Abe (1967), Jenkins (1976), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>), among others. The species was first described by Kuroda (1924) in a publication which, although privately published, has been regarded as available by all subsequent authors. See Motokawa (1998) for a review of the species.","37","37-00175","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0175"
"13700176","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","palawanensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Taylor","1934","","Monogr. Bur. Sci. Manila","30","","88","","","Palawan Shrew","Philippines, Palawan, Sir J. Brooke Point.","Palawan and Balabac Isl, Philippines.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","May belong to <i>C. fuliginosa</i> (Heaney et al., 1987) or to <i>C.</i> <i>foetida</i> (Ruedi, 1995). Reviewed by Heaney and Ruedi (1994).","37","37-00176","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0176"
"13700177","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","paradoxura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dobson","1886","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","4","","566","","","Sumatran Long-tailed Shrew","Indonesia, Sumatra, Mt. Singalang, 2,000 m.","Mountains of N and W Sumatra.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>aequicauda</i>  Robinson and Kloss, 1918.","A large species with a long tail. Revised by Ruedi (1995). Corbet and Hill (1992) also referred a specimen from Java which may represent <i>paradoxura</i>, or a different species (Ruedi, 1995).","37","37-00177","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0177"
"13700178","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","parvipes","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1910","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","19","","","Small-footed Shrew","Kenya, ""Voi, British East Africa"".","Africa; Guinea and Sudan savanna from Cameroon to S Sudan, Ethiopia (Hutterer and Yalden, 1990), Kenya, Tanzania, S Dem. Rep. Congo, Zambia to Angola (Hutterer, 1986<i>a</i>:31).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>boydi</i>  Dollman, 1915; <i>chitauensis</i> Hill and Carter, 1937; <i>cuanzensis</i> Hill and Carter, 1937; <i>katharina</i> Kershaw, 1922; <i>lutrella</i> Heller, 1910; <i>nisa</i> Hollister, 1916.","A cranially and externally distinct group of medium-sized savanna shrews. Included in subgenus <i>Afrosorex</i> by Hutterer (1986<i>a</i>). Considerable size variation, however, may indicate that more than one species is included. Karyotypes from Ethiopia (2n = 50; Bannikova et al., 2001<i>b</i>) and from Cameroon (2n = 52, FN = 66; Schlitter et al., 1999) are different. Specimens recorded as <i>Crocidura</i> <i>butleri</i> <i>percivali</i> from Machakos, Kenya (Harrison and Bates, 1986) represent <i>C.</i> <i>parvipes</i>.","37","37-00178","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0178"
"13700179","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","pasha","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","517","","","Sahelian Tiny Shrew","Sudan, Atbara River.","Sudan and Sahelian savanna of Sudan and Mali; a single record from Ethiopia (Demeter, 1982).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Often confused with <i>nanilla</i> and <i>lusitania</i>; does not include <i>glebula</i> which is a synonym of <i>fuscomurina</i> or <i>planiceps</i>; see Hutterer and Kock (1983) and Hutterer and Happold (1983). Dobigny et al. (2001<i>b</i>) found this tiny shrew to be common in the Adrar des Iforas Massif in N Mali.","37","37-00179","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0179"
"13700180","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","pergrisea","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1913","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","26","","113","","","Pale Gray Shrew","Kashmir, Baltistan, Shigar, Skoro Loomba, 9,500 ft. (2,896 m).","Mountains of W Himalaya (Kashmir).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Some authors have included <i>armenica</i>, <i>serezkyensis</i>, and <i>zarudnyi</i> (see Spitzenberger, 1971<i>a</i>, and Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>, for a review of literature); but all are now considered separate species. A considerable diversity of opinions exists in the literature on the allocation of the different forms. Following Jenkins (1976), the name <i>pergrisea</i> is applied only to the largest species, as represented by the type series from Baltistan.","37","37-00180","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0180"
"13700181","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","phaeura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1936","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","20","","228","","","Guramba Shrew","Ethiopia, Sidamo, west base of Mt. Guramba, NE of Allata.","Montane and riverine forest along the Ethiopian Rift Valley (Duckworth et al., 1993).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Considered a full species by Dippenaar and Meester (1989). Related to <i>harenna</i>; see discussion in Hutterer and Yalden (1990).","37","37-00181","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0181"
"13700182","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","picea","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Sanderson","1940","","Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.","24","","682","","","Cameroonian Shrew","Cameroon, Mamfe Div., Assumbo, Tinta.","W Cameroon, Bamenda Highlands.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Holotype figured by Heim de Balsac and Hutterer (1982:142, fig. 3). New locality reported and karyotype (2n = 58, FN = 66) described by Schlitter et al. (1999).","37","37-00182","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0182"
"13700183","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","pitmani","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Barclay","1932","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10","10","","440","","","Pitman's Shrew","Zambia, Maluwe-Serenje Distr., 3800 ft. (1158 m).","C and N Zambia.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Mapped under the name <i>gracilipes</i> by Ansell (1978).","37","37-00183","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0183"
"13700184","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","planiceps","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heller","1910","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","56","15","5","","","Flat-headed Shrew","Uganda, Lado Enclave, Rhino Camp.","Ethiopia, Uganda, Sudan, Dem. Rep. Congo, Nigeria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Closely related to <i>fuscomurina</i>, if not conspecific; see Heim de Balsac (1968<i>d</i>) and Hutterer (1983<i>b</i>).","37","37-00184","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0184"
"13700185","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","poensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Fraser","1842","1843","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1842","","200","","","Fraser's Musk Shrew","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko (Fernando Po), Clarence.","West Africa (Guinea to Cameroon), Bioko, and Principe Isl.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>calabarensis</i>  Sanderson, 1940; <i>pamela</i> Dollman, 1915; <i>schweitzeri</i> Peters, 1877; <i>soricoides</i> (Murray, 1860); <i>stampflii</i> Jentink, 1888 [see Heim de Balsac and Meester, 1977, and Hutterer and Happold, 1983].","The definition of this large black shrew is still problematic. The karyotype (2n = 52, 53, FN = 70, 72) is only known from the Côte d’Ivoire population (<i>pamela</i>) (Meylan and Vogel, 1982), but not from the type locality. For synonyms see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977) and Hutterer and Happold (1983).","37","37-00185","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0185"
"13700186","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","polia","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hollister","1916","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","35","","669","","","Polia's Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, Medje.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Included in <i>dolichura</i> by Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977) but represents a distinct species known only from the holotype.","37","37-00186","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0186"
"13700187","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","pullata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1911","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","24","","241","","","Kashmir White-toothed Shrew","Kashmir, Kotihar, 7,000 ft. (2134 m).","N India/Pakistan; Kashmir and Ladak (Jiang and Hoffmann 2001), otherwise unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","The name <i>pullata</i> has been provisonally (and partly erroneously) used by Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>) as a label to include Asian populations formerly called <i>russula</i> by Jenkins (1976) and many other authors. It can be seen from the measurements provided by Jameson and Jones (1977) that the forms <i>pullata</i>, <i>rapax</i> and <i>vorax</i> differ from the European <i>russula</i> by a longer tail; all have been assigned to the West European species; see Lekagul and McNeely (1977), among others. All three are now regarded as separate species (Jiang and Hoffmann, 2001).","37","37-00187","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0187"
"13700188","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","raineyi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heller","1912","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","60","12","8-Jul","","","Rainey's Shrew","Kenya, Mt. Garguez, North Creek.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Since its description <i>C</i>. <i>raineyi</i> has been considered a valid species, but was synonymized by Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977) with <i>C</i>. <i>luna</i>, an error corrected by Dippenaar and Meester (1989).","37","37-00188","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0188"
"13700189","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","ramona","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ivanitskaya, Shenbrot, and Nevo","1996","","Z. SSugetierk.","61","","97","","","Negev Shrew","Israel, Negev, NE region of Makhtesh Ramon (30°40'N, 34°56'E).","Israel, Negev Highlands and edge of Judean Desert.","","","A light silver-gray shrew with a unique karyotype of 2n = 28, FN = 46 (Ivanitskaya et al., 1996<i>a</i>). Possibly related to the <i>arispa</i>, <i>armenica</i>, <i>pergrisea</i>, <i>serezkiensis</i>, <i>zarudnyi</i> group of rock shrews. Kryštufek and Vohralík (2001) raised the question whether <i>portali</i> might represent an earlier name for <i>ramona</i>, however, <i>portali</i> was discussed as part of <i>gmelini</i> by Hutterer and Kock (2002).","37","37-00189","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0189"
"13700190","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","rapax","","SPECIES","False","","yes","G. Allen","1923","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","100","","9","","","Chinese White-toothed Shrew","China, Yunnan, Mekong River, Yinpankai.","S China and adjacent countries (Jiang and Hoffmann, 2001), NE India (specimens in FMNH).","","<b><i>kurodai</i> </b> Jameson and Jones, 1977; <b><i>lutaoensis</i></b> Fang and Lee, 2002; <b><i>tadae</i></b> Tokuda and Kano, 1936.","Formerly included in <i>russula</i> or <i>pullata</i>, but see Jiang and Hoffmann (2001). Fang et al. (1997) retained <i>kurodai</i> as a separate species, but did not study <i>rapax</i>. Fang and Lee (2002) demonstrated that allopatric populations from Taiwan (<i>kurodai</i>), Orchid Isl (<i>tadae</i>) and Green Isl (<i>lutaoensis</i>) share the same karyotype (2n = 40, FN = 54 or 64), but differ in size and morphology and should therefore be considered as valid subspecies.","37","37-00190","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0190"
"13700191","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","rapax","rapax","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","G. Allen","1923","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","100","","9","","","","China, Yunnan, Mekong River, Yinpankai.","","","","","37","37-00191","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0190-0191"
"13700192","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","rapax","kurodai","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jameson and Jones","1977","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00192","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0190-0192"
"13700193","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","rapax","lutaoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Fang and Lee","2002","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00193","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0190-0193"
"13700194","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","rapax","tadae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Tokuda and Kano","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00194","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0190-0194"
"13700195","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","religiosa","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1827","","Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","128","","","Egyptian Pygmy Shrew","Egypt, Giza.","Nile Valley (Egypt).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Described from embalmed specimens from Ancient Egyptian tombs at Thebes; holotype not preserved. Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:27) selected a neotype from Giza.","37","37-00195","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0195"
"13700196","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","rhoditis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","102","","","Sulawesi White-handed Shrew","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Temboan.","Tropical rainforest of N, C, and SW Sulawesi (Musser, 1987<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Karyotype has 2n = 30, FN = 50 (Ruedi and Vogel, 1995).","37","37-00196","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0196"
"13700197","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","roosevelti","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heller","1910","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","56","15","6","","","Roosevelt's Shrew","Uganda, Lado Enclave, Rhino Camp.","Forest-savanna margin of the Central African forest block; records from Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, and Tanzania (Hutterer, 1981<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Type species of subgenus <i>Heliosorex</i> Heller, 1910. Genetic data suggest that this species is not closely related to <i>C.</i> <i>dolichura</i> and allies (Querouil et al., In Press).","37","37-00197","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0197"
"13700198","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","russula","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hermann","1780","","<i>In</i> Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","382","","","Greater White-toothed Shrew","France, Bas Rhin, near Strasbourg.","S and W Europe including some Atlantic isls off France and Great Britain; N Africa (Morocco; Algeria; Canary Isls).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>C. russula</i>, Vulnerable as <i>C. osorio</i>.","<i>albiventris</i>  de Selys Longchamps, 1839; <i>araneus</i> Schreber, 1778 [not of Linnaeus, 1758]; <i>candidus</i> Bechstein, 1801; <i>chrysothorax</i> Dehne, 1855; <i>cinereus</i> Bechstein, 1801; <i>constrictus</i> Hermann, 1780; <i>fimbriatus</i> Wagler, 1832; <i>inodorus</i> de Selys Longchamps, 1839; <i>leucurus</i> Shaw, 1800; <i>major</i> Wagler, 1832; <i>moschata</i> Wagler, 1832; <i>musaraneus</i> Cuvier, 1798; <i>pigmaea</i> Loche, 1867; <i>poliogastra</i> Wagler, 1832; <i>rufa</i> Wagler, 1832; <i>thoracicus</i> Savi, 1832; <i>unicolor</i> Kerr, 1792; <b><i>cintrae</i></b> Miller, 1907; <b><i>osorio</i></b> Molina and Hutterer, 1989; <b><i>peta</i></b> Montagu and Pickford, 1923; <b><i>pulchra</i></b> Cabrera, 1907; <b><i>yebalensis</i></b> Cabrera, 1913; <i>chaouianensis</i> Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980; <i>foucauldi</i> Morales Agacino, 1943; <i>heljanensis</i> Vesmanis, 1975; <i>mauritanicus</i> Pomel, 1856; <i>safii</i> Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980.","Reviewed by Genoud and Hutterer (1990). The species is confined to W Europe and N Africa. Many populations from Asia and Africa have been erroneously assigned to <i>russula</i> (see Ellermann and Morrison-Scott, 1951). Allozyme and karyotype analyses by Catzeflis et al. (1985) have shown that animals from E Europe, Asia Minor, and Israel formerly identified as <i>russula</i> instead belong to <i>suaveolens</i>. This may also be true for other populations further east. Does not include <i>hosletti</i>, <i>rapax</i>, or <i>vorax</i> (as in Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1966:81; Jameson and Jones, 1977:465); see under species <i>shantungensis</i>, <i>rapax</i>, and <i>vorax</i>. Does not include <i>ichnusae </i>(= <i>cossyrensis</i>); see under that species. Recent morphological (Hutterer, unpubl.) and genetic studies (Vogel et al., 2003) suggest that <i>osorio</i> is a peripheral population of <i>C.</i> <i>russula</i>, possibly introduced by man, although differences in size, ecology, and... [truncated]","37","37-00198","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0198"
"13700199","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","russula","russula","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hermann","1780","","<i>In</i> Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","382","","","","France, Bas Rhin, near Strasbourg.","","","","","37","37-00199","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0198-0199"
"13700200","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","russula","cintrae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00200","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0198-0200"
"13700201","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","russula","osorio","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Molina and Hutterer","1989","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00201","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0198-0201"
"13700202","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","russula","peta","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Montagu and Pickford","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00202","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0198-0202"
"13700203","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","russula","pulchra","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Cabrera","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00203","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0198-0203"
"13700204","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","russula","yebalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Cabrera","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00204","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0198-0204"
"13700205","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","selina","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","16","","371-372","","","Ugandan Lowland Shrew","Uganda, Mabira Forest, Chagwe.","Known only from three lowland forests in Uganda.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Previously included in <i>fumosa</i> or <i>luna</i>, but considered a distinct species by Dippenaar and Meester (1989).","37","37-00205","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0205"
"13700206","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","serezkyensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Laptev","1929","","Opred. Mlekopitay. Sredney Asyy, Tashkent","1","","16","","","Lesser Rock Shrew","Tajikistan, Pamir Mtns, Lake Sarezskoye.","Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Previously included in <i>pergrisea</i> (Jenkins, 1976; Spitzenberger, 1971<i>a</i>), but considered a distinct species by Stogov and Bondar (1966) and Stogov (1985). Records from Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan (Graphodatsky et al., 1988) and Turkmenistan (Stogov and Bondar, 1966) presumably belong to the same species. Graphodatsky et al. (1988) reported on the karyotype of a specimen from Dzhulfa, SW Azerbaijan (under the name <i>pergrisea</i>); with 2n = 22, FN = 34, <i>serezkyensis</i> has the lowest chromosome number ever recorded for a shrew. Populations in Asia Minor (<i>arispa</i> Spitzenberger, 1971) were included in <i>serezkyensis</i> in the former edition (Hutterer, 1993<i>a</i>), but Kryštufek and Vohralík (2001) have demonstrated that both represent distinct species.","37","37-00206","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0206"
"13700207","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","shantungensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1901","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","158","","","Asian Lesser White-toothed Shrew","China, Shantung (=Shandong), Chimeh.","SE Siberia, E China and Korea incl. Taiwan, Cheju and Tsuchima Isl.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>coreae</i>  Thomas, 1907; <i>longicaudata</i> Mori, 1927 [not <i>longicaudata</i> Tichomirov and Kortchagin, 1889]; ? <i>orientis</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>phaeopus</i> G. Allen, 1923; <i>utsuryoensis</i> Mori, 1937; <b><i>quelpartis</i></b> Kuroda, 1934; <i>hosletti</i> Jameson and Jones, 1977.","Revised by Jiang and Hoffmann (2001). Previously included in <i>C.</i> <i>suaveolens</i>. Iwasa et al. (2001) reported a karyotype of 2n = 40, FN = 46 for specimens from Cheju Isl (= Quelpart Isl) which is indistinguishable from that of <i>C.</i> <i>suaveolens</i>. Kuroda (1934) included <i>quelpartis</i> in <i>C.</i> <i>dsinezumi</i>, while Jameson and Jones (1977) included it in <i>C.</i> <i>russula</i>. Motokawa et al. (2003) analyzed the morphometric geographic variation of <i>shantungensis</i> and found that populations of Cheju Isl (<i>quelpartis</i>) and Taiwan (<i>hosletti</i>) average larger. Possibly <i>quelpartis</i> can be recognized as a subspecies.","37","37-00207","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0207"
"13700208","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","shantungensis","shantungensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1901","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","158","","","","China, Shantung (=Shandong), Chimeh.","","","","","37","37-00208","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0207-0208"
"13700209","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","shantungensis","quelpartis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kuroda","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00209","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0207-0209"
"13700210","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","sibirica","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dukelsky","1930","","Zool. Anz.","88","","75","","","Siberian Shrew","Russia, Siberia, S Krasnoyarsky Krai, upper Yenisei River, 96 km S of Minusinsk, Oznatchenoie.","C Asia from Lake Issyk Kul to Upper Ob River; Lake Baikal; perhaps also Sinkiang (China) and Mongolia (see Sokolov and Orlov, 1980:50).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ognevi</i>  Stroganov, 1956.","Includes <i>ognevi</i>; see Yudin (1989). Species reviewed by Zaitsev (1993). Genetic data show that <i>sibirica</i> is related to <i>suaveolens</i> and <i>shantungensis</i> (Han et al., 2002).","37","37-00210","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0210"
"13700211","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","sicula","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1900","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","41","","","Sicilian Shrew","Italy, Sicily, Palermo.","Sicily, Egadi Isls and Ustica (Italy), and Gozo (Malta); extinct in Malta.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caudata</i>  Miller, 1900; <b><i>aegatensis</i></b> Hutterer, 1991; <b><i>calypso</i></b> Hutterer, 1991; <b><i>esuae</i></b> Kotsakis, 1984.","Revised by Hutterer (1991), who recognized one extinct and three extant subspecies. Formerly included in <i>leucodon</i>, <i>russula</i>, or <i>suaveolens</i>; but the species has a distinct karyotype (Sara and Vitturi, 1996; Vogel, 1988) and morphology (Vogel et al., 1989). Temporal and geographic variation studied by Hutterer (1991), Sara (1995, 1996), and Sara and Vitturi (1996).","37","37-00211","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0211"
"13700212","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","sicula","sicula","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1900","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","41","","","","Italy, Sicily, Palermo.","","","","","37","37-00212","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0211-0212"
"13700213","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","sicula","aegatensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer","1991","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00213","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0211-0213"
"13700214","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","sicula","calypso","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer","1991","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00214","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0211-0214"
"13700215","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","sicula","esuae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kotsakis","1984","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00215","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0211-0215"
"13700216","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","silacea","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","53","","","Lesser Gray-brown Musk Shrew","South Africa, Mpumalanga Prov., Barberton dist., De Kaap, Figtree Creek.","Occurs in most of South Africa, and parts of Botswana, Angola; Mozambique, Zambia and S Malawi.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>holobrunneus</i>  Roberts, 1931.","This species was formerly assigned to <i>gracilipes</i> or <i>hildegardeae</i>, but is not conspecific with either of these; see Meester et al. (1986) for a discussion.","37","37-00216","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0216"
"13700217","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","smithii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","15","","51","","","Desert Musk Shrew","Ethiopia, Webi Shebeli, near Finik.","Arid regions of Senegal, Ethiopia, and probably Somalia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>debalsaci</i> </b> Hutterer, 1981.","Revised by Hutterer (1986<i>a</i>). Specimens reported from Somalia by Heim de Balsac (1966<i>a</i>) represent <i>macarthuri</i>; see under that species. Includes <i>debalsaci</i> as a distinct subspecies; see Hutterer (1981<i>b</i>).","37","37-00217","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0217"
"13700218","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","smithii","smithii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","15","","51","","","","Ethiopia, Webi Shebeli, near Finik.","","","","","37","37-00218","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0217-0218"
"13700219","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","smithii","debalsaci","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00219","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0217-0219"
"13700220","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","somalica","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","52","","","Somali Shrew","Ethiopia, Middle Webi Shebeli (about 5°30'N, 44°E) near Geledi (Galadi).","Dry savannas and semi-desert areas of Ethiopia, Sudan, and probably Somalia; Mali.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Revised by Hutterer and Jenkins (1983). Recently recorded from the Sahara (Mali) by Hutterer et al. (1992<i>c</i>), who regarded the subspecies <i>dhofarensis</i> from Oman as specifically distinct; see under <i>dhofarensis</i>.","37","37-00220","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0220"
"13700221","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","stenocephala","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1979","","SSugetierkdl. Mitt.","27","","258","","","Kahuzi Swamp Shrew","E Dem. Rep. Congo, Kahuzi-Biega N.P.","Montane <i>Cyperus</i> swamps at Mt. Kahuzi, E Dem. Rep. Congo (Dieterlen and Heim de Balsac, 1979) and Bwindi Impenetrable N.P., SW Uganda (Kasangaki et al., 2003).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Described as a subspecies of <i>littoralis</i> but regarded as a full species by Hutterer (1982<i>a</i>) and Dippenaar (pers. comm.).","37","37-00221","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0221"
"13700222","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","suaveolens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pallas","1811","","Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.","1","","133","","","Lesser White-toothed Shrew","Russia, Crimea, Khersones, near Sevastopol.","Palearctic from Spain to Siberia; Atlantic isls (Scilly, Jersey, Sark, Ushant, Yeu, and others; see Cosson et al., 1996); many Mediterranean isls including Corsica, Crete, Cyprus, and Menorca.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>C. suaveolens </i>and <i>C. gueldenstaedtii</i>.","<i>antipae</i>  Matschie, 1901; <i>aralychensis</i> Satunin, 1914; <i>ariadne</i> Pieper, 1979; <i>astrabadensis</i> Goodwin, 1940; <i>balcanica</i> Ondrias, 1970; <i>balearica</i> Miller, 1907; <i>bogdanowii</i> Tichomirov and Kortchagin, 1889; <i>bruecheri</i> Lehmann, 1977; <i>caneae</i> Miller, 1909; <i>cantabra</i> Cabrera, 1908; <i>cassiteridum</i> Hinton, 1924; <i>corsicana</i> Heim de Balsac and Reynaud, 1940; <i>cypria</i> Bate, 1904; <i>cyrnensis</i> Miller, 1907; <i>debeauxi</i> Dal Piaz, 1925; <i>dinnicki</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>enezsizunensis</i> Heim de Balsac and Beaufort, 1966; <i>fumigatus</i> di Filippi, 1863; <i>gueldenstaedtii</i> (Pallas, 1811); <i>iculisma</i> Mottaz, 1908; <i>italica</i> Cavazza, 1912; <i>longicaudata</i> Tichomirov and Kortchagin, 1889 [not Mori, 1927]; <i>mimula</i> Miller, 1901; <i>mimuloides</i> Cavazza, 1912; <i>minor</i> de Sélys Longchamps, 1839; <i>minuta</i> Lydekker, 1902; <i>monacha</i> Thomas, 1906; <i>oyaensis</i> Heim de Balsac, 1940; ? <i>pamirensis</i> Ognev, 1928; <i>praecypria</i> Reumer and Oberli, 1988; ? <i>sarda</i> Cavazza, 1912; <i>tristami</i> (Bodenheimer, 1935); <i>uxantisi</i> Heim de Balsac, 1951.","A widespread and variable species which has often been confused with <i>russula</i>; the taxonomic status of many E Asian forms has recently been discussed; see also under <i>rapax</i> and <i>shantungensis</i>. The European, Arabian, and Asian ranges were reviewed by Vlasák and Niethammer (1990), Harrison and Bates (1991), and Jiang and Hoffmann (2001), respectively. The name <i>gueldenstaedtii</i> has produced much confusion. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966) listed it as a subspecies of <i>russula</i> and were followed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), among others. Richter (1970) applied <i>gueldenstaedtii</i> even to Mediterranean populations of <i>suaveolens</i> and was followed in that action by Kahmann and Vesmanis (1976). Hutterer (1981<i>d</i>) suggested that all these populations represent <i>suaveolens</i>; this was supported by karyological (2n = 40, FN = 50) and biochemical data (Catzeflis et al., 1985). Despite convincing evidence, some Russian authors (e.g., Graphodatsky et al.... [truncated]","37","37-00222","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0222"
"13700223","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","susiana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Redding and Lay","1978","","Z. SSugetierk.","43","","307","","","Iranian Shrew","Iran, Khuzistan Province, 8 km SSW of Dezful (32°19'N, 48°21'E).","Known only from the vicinity of Dezful (SW Iran), but may have a wider distribution.","IUCN – Endangered.","","","37","37-00223","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0223"
"13700224","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","tanakae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kuroda","1938","","A list of the Japanese mammals","","","81","","","Taiwanese Gray Shrew","C Taiwan, Taichusiu, Horigai, Shohosha.","Taiwan, from sea level up to 2,200 m (Fang et al., 1997).","","","Originally described as a species, <i>C.</i> <i>tanakae</i> was subsequently sunk into synonymy of <i>C. attenuata</i> (Fang et al., 1997). Differences in the karyotype (Motokawa et al., 1997, 2001<i>b</i>) led to a renewed recognition of the species (Fang and Lee, 2002).","37","37-00224","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0224"
"13700225","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","tansaniana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer","1986","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","37","","27","","","Tanzanian Shrew","Tanzania, Tanga Region, E Usambara Mtns, Amani.","Usambara Mtns (Tanzania).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Previously known only by the holotype, but recently more specimens from the E and W Usambaras have been identified (Stanley et al., 2000<i>b</i>).","37","37-00225","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0225"
"13700226","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","tarella","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","17","","135","","","Tarella Shrew","""Chaya, near Ruchuru, Congo Belge.""","Uganda and adjacent Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly a subspecies of <i>turba</i> but Dippenaar (1980) regarded it a distinct species. Occurs in the Bwindi Impenetrable N.P., SW Uganda (Kasangaki et al., 2003).","37","37-00226","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0226"
"13700227","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","tarfayensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Vesmanis and Vesmanis","1980","","Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden","36","","47","","","Saharan Shrew","Morocco, Agadir Prov., 8 km south Tarfaya, 27°50'N, 12°30'W.","Atlantic coast of Sahara; south of Agadir (Morocco) through Western Sahara into Mauritania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>agadiri</i>  Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980; <i>gouliminensis</i> Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980; <i>tiznitensis</i> Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980.","Recorded as <i>whitakeri</i> from Western Sahara by Heim de Balsac (1968<i>e</i>). Reviewed by Hutterer (1987).","37","37-00227","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0227"
"13700228","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","telfordi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer","1986","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","37","","28","","","Telford's Shrew","Tanzania, Uluguru Mtns, Morningside, 1150 m.","Uluguru and Udzungwa Mtns, in montane forest.","IUCN – Critically Endangered CR B1+2c.","","Part of the endemic fauna of the Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania. Stanley et al. (2000<i>b</i>) reported this species also from the Udzungwa Mtns.","37","37-00228","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0228"
"13700229","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","tenuis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Müller","1840","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel","","","26, 50","","","Timor Shrew","Timor.","Timor (Indonesia).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>macklotii</i>  Jentink, 1888.","Jenkins (1982:273) considered conspecificy of <i>tenuis</i> with <i>fuliginosa</i> but stated that present evidence is not sufficient. Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>) and Ruedi (1995) retained it as a separate species. In case of conspecificy with <i>fuliginosa</i>, <i>tenuis</i> would be the earliest name for the group.","37","37-00229","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0229"
"13700230","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","thalia","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dippenaar","1980","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","32","","138-147","","","Thalia's Shrew","Ethiopia, NW Bale Province, Gedeb Mtns, SE Dodola, 2,600 m (06°55'N, 39°10'E).","Forest and moorland of the Ethiopian highlands on both sides of the Rift Valley (Yalden et al., 1997).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Previous to its description, <i>thalia</i> was known as <i>C</i>. <i>luna</i> <i>macmillani</i> (e.g., Hutterer, 1981<i>c</i>) or <i>C</i>. <i>fumosa</i>; see Yalden (1988), who studied the altitudinal distribution. Chromosomally (2n = 36) and genetically close to <i>C.</i> <i>glassi</i> (Bannikova et al., 2001<i>b</i>; Lavrenchenko et al., 1997).","37","37-00230","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0230"
"13700231","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","theresae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1968","","Mammalia","32","","398","","","Therese's Shrew","Guinea, Nzerekore.","Guinea savanna from Ghana to Guinea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","May be a subspecies of <i>foxi</i>, but <i>theresae</i> from Côte d’Ivoire are distinctly smaller and grayer. Karyotype has 2n = 50, FN = 82-84 (Meylan, 1971).","37","37-00231","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0231"
"13700232","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","thomensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bocage","1887","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Lisboa","11","","212","","","São Tomé Shrew","São Tomé Isl.","Endemic to São Tomé.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","For description of the species and designation of a neotype, see Heim de Balsac and Hutterer (1982). Distribution, ecology, and status reviewed by Dutton and Haft (1996).","37","37-00232","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0232"
"13700233","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","trichura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dobson in Thomas","1888","1889","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1888","","532","","","Christmas Island Shrew","Australia, Christmas Isl.","Christmas Isl.","IUCN – not listed, but should be Endangered [EN B1+2c].","","Included in <i>C.</i> <i>attenuata</i> until recently. Ruedi (1995) studied 11 specimens and concluded that they were different from <i>C.</i> <i>attenuata</i>, a conclusion with which I concur. Surveys conducted on Christmas Isl to determine the status of the shrew (Meek, 2000) were not successful; the most recent specimens were found in 1985. <i>C.</i> <i>trichura</i> was common in 1900 (Andrews, 1900) but already rare in 1909 (Andrews, 1909). It is most likely that <i>C.</i> <i>trichura</i> formed part of the endemic mammal fauna of the Christmas Isl, along with <i>Rattus</i> <i>nativitatis</i> and <i>R.</i> <i>macleari</i>, both of which are now extinct (Meek, 2000).","37","37-00233","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0233"
"13700234","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","turba","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","176","","","Turbo Shrew","""Chilui Island, Lake Bangweolo"", = Chilubi Isl, Zambia.","Angola, Zambia, Dem. Rep. Congo, Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Cameroon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angolae</i>  Dollman, 1915.","Includes <i>angolae</i>; see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977:24-25). Range not exactly known, due to confusion with <i>zaodon</i> (= <i>nigrofusca</i>).","37","37-00234","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0234"
"13700235","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","ultima","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","517","","","Ultimate Shrew","Kenya, Nyeri District, Jombeni Range.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Dippenaar (1980:126), following Allen (1939:46), recognized <i>ultima</i> as a full species within the <i>littoralis</i> <i>monax</i> group.","37","37-00235","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0235"
"13700236","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","usambarae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dippenaar","1980","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","32","","128","","","Usambara Shrew","Tanzania, Western Usambara Mtns, Shume, 16 mi. (26 km) N. Lushoto.","Western and Eastern Usambara Mtns and South Pare Mountains, NE Tanzania. perhaps also Ngozi Crater, SW Tanzania (Stanley et al., 1996, 2000<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Dippenaar (1980:126) included the species into the <i>monax</i> group. A skin recorded by this author from the Poroto Mtns (S Tanzania) may belong to a different species.","37","37-00236","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0236"
"13700237","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","viaria","","SPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy","1834","","<i>In</i> Zool. Voy. de Belanger Indes-Orient.","","","127","","","Savanna Path Shrew","""Senegal"", restricted to region between Dakar and St. Luis by Hutterer (1984).","Sahelien and Sudan savanna from S Morocco to Senegal and east to Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya; perhaps further south.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bolivari</i>  Morales Agacino, 1934; <i>hindei</i> Thomas, 1904; <i>suahelae</i> Heller, 1912; <i>tamrinensis</i> Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980.","Revised by Hutterer (1984); Possibly includes <i>suahelae</i>, which may alternatively belong to <i>zaphiri</i>. A member of the <i>flavescens</i> species group (Maddalena, 1990), as shown by the karyotype (2n = 50, FN = 66; Maddalena and Ruedi, 1994). Isolated Maroccan population reviewed by Vogel et al. (2000).","37","37-00237","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0237"
"13700238","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","virgata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Sanderson","1940","","Trans. zool. Soc. Lond.","24","","682","","","Mamfe Shrew","Cameroon, Mamfe Division, Assumbo, Tinta [06°15'N, 09°31'E].","Nigeria (Meylan and Vogel, 1982) and highlands of W Cameroon.","","<i>vulcani</i>  Heim de Balsac, 1956.","Previously included in <i>hildegardeae</i> (see Heim de Balsac and Meester, 1977), but has a different karyotype (2n = 52, FN = 86; Schlitter et al., 1999).","37","37-00238","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0238"
"13700239","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","voi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1910","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","18","","","Voi Shrew","Kenya, ""Voi, British East Africa"".","Sudan savanna from Kenya and Somalia to Ethiopia and Sudan; single records from Nigeria and Mali.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aridula</i>  Thomas and Hinton, 1923; <i>butleri</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>percivali</i> Dollman, 1915 [see Hutterer, 1986<i>a</i>].","Included in subgenus <i>Afrosorex</i> by Hutterer (1986<i>a</i>). New material from Kenya suggest a strong relation, if not conspecificy, with <i>C.</i> <i>fischeri</i> (Oguge and Hutterer, in prep.). For synonyms see Hutterer (1986a).","37","37-00239","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0239"
"13700240","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","vorax","","SPECIES","False","","yes","G. Allen","1923","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","100","","8","","","Voracious Shrew","China, Yunnan, Li-kiang (=Lijiang) Valley.","India, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam to S and C China.","","","Revised by Jiang and Hoffmann (2001). Recorded (as <i>pullata</i> <i>vorax</i>) from Laos and NE Thailand by Smith et al. (1998, 2000).","37","37-00240","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0240"
"13700241","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","vosmaeri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jentink","1888","","Notes Leyden Mus.","10","","165","","","Banka Shrew","Indonesia, SE Sumatra, Banka Isl.","Banka Isl and perhaps also Sumatra.","","","Revised by Ruedi (1995). May be related to <i>C.</i> <i>beccarii</i>.","37","37-00241","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0241"
"13700242","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","watasei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kuroda","1924","","[New Mammals from the Ryukyu Islands]","","","1","","","Lesser Ryukyu Shrew","Japan, Ryukyu Archipelago, Amamioshima, Komi.","C Ryukyu Isls.","","","Endemic to the C Ryukyus (Motokawa et al., 1996). Formerly a subspecies of <i>horsfieldii</i> (e.g., Jameson and Jones, 1977), but differs in size and karyotype (2n = 26, FN = 52; Hattori et al., 1990).","37","37-00242","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0242"
"13700243","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","whitakeri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","de Winton","1897","1898","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1897","","954","","","Whitaker’s Shrew","Morocco, between Morocco City and Mogador, Sierzet.","Atlantic and Mediterranean parts of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia; one record from coastal Egypt (Hutterer, 1994). Range in Morocco mapped by Aulagnier and Thévenot (1987); in Algeria by Rzebik-Kowalska (1988); and in Tunisia by Sara and Zanca (1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>essaouiranensis</i>  Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980; <i>matruhensis</i> Setzer, 1960; <i>mesatanensis</i> Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980; <i>zaianensis</i> Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980 [see Hutterer, 1987, 1991].","For synonyms see Hutterer (1987, 1991).","37","37-00243","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0243"
"13700244","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","wimmeri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac and Aellen","1958","","Rev. Suisse Zool.","65","","952","","","Wimmer's Shrew","Côte d’Ivoire, Adiopodoume.","S Côte d’Ivoire.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Has been assigned to <i>nimbae</i>; but see Hutterer (1983<i>a</i>). Records outside Côte d’Ivoire are based on misidentifcations; specimen recorded from Cameroon and Gabon refer to <i>batesi</i>; see Brosset (1988). Karyotype has 2n = 50, FN = 84 (Meylan and Vogel, 1982).","37","37-00244","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0244"
"13700245","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","wuchihensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Wang","1966","","Acta Zootax. Sin.","","","261","","","Hainan Island Shrew","China, Hainan Isl, Mt. Wuchih.","China (Hainan) and Vietnam; limits unknown.","","","Until recently included in <i>C.</i> <i>horsfieldii</i> (see Jiang and Hoffmann, 2001). However, very small specimens recently collected in Vietnam (Feiler and Ziegler, 1999; Kuznetsov, unpubl.) suggest that further species of <i>Crocidura</i> occur in Indochina. Lunde et al. (2003<i>b</i>) identified one taxon as <i>C.</i> <i>wuchihensis</i>, while a smaller specimen reported by Feiler and Ziegler (1999) may represent another (new) species.","37","37-00245","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0245"
"13700246","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","xantippe","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1910","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","19","","","Xanthippe's Shrew","Kenya, Voi.","Nyiru, Voi, Tsavo (SE Kenya); Usambara Mtns (Tanzania).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>xanthippe</i>  Dollman, 1915.","Status uncertain; probably related to <i>hirta</i>. Not to be confused with <i>Crocidura</i> <i>xanthippe</i> Bate, 1937 (replaced by <i>C.</i> <i>samaritana</i> Bate, 1937), a Pleistocene shrew from Palestine.","37","37-00246","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0246"
"13700247","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","yankariensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer and Jenkins","1980","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.","39","","305","","","Yankari Shrew","Nigeria, Bauchi State, 16 km E of Yankari Game Reserve boundary, Futuk [9°50'N, 10°55'E].","Sudan savanna zone in Cameroon, Nigeria, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Previously confused with <i>somalica</i>; see Hutterer and Jenkins (1983). Karyotype (2n = 68, FN = 122) described by Schlitter et al. (1999).","37","37-00247","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0247"
"13700248","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","zaphiri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dollman","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","509","","","Zaphir's Shrew","Ethiopia, Kaffa, Charada Forest.","Kaffa Prov. (S Ethiopia); Kaimosi, Kisumu (Kenya).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>simiolus</i>  Hollister, 1916.","Includes <i>simiolus</i>; see Osgood (1936:224). May also include <i>mutesae</i> and <i>suahelae</i> (here questionably listed in <i>viaria</i>), in which case it would be a widely distributed species; see Hutterer and Yalden (1990:70).","37","37-00248","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0248"
"13700249","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","zarudnyi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ognev","1928","","[Mammals of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia]","1","","341","","","Zarudny's Rock Shrew","Iran, Baluchistan (border).","SE Iran, SE Afghanistan, SW Pakistan (Spitzenberger, 1971<i>a</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>streetorum</i> Hassinger, 1970; <i>tatianae</i> Ognev, 1922 [not <i>tatiana</i> Dollman, 1915].","The species was first named <i>tatianae</i> by Ognev (1922), but later (1928) replaced by <i>zarudnyi</i>; Ognev argued that <i>tatianae</i> was preoccupied by <i>tatiana</i> Dollman, 1915 (now a synonym of the African <i>olivieri</i>), an action covered by the 4<sup>th</sup> edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Art. 58, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). The definition of <i>zarudnyi</i> follows Spitzenberger (1971<i>a</i>) and Hassinger (1970), but not Jenkins (1976) who included <i>arispa</i> which is now regarded as a separate species; see that account. As Spitzenberger (1971<i>a</i>) pointed out, <i>zarudnyi</i> has a shorter rostrum and a heavier mandible than both <i>pergrisea</i> and <i>serezkyensis</i>. The status of <i>streetorum</i> is not clear although it is included here as suggested by Hassinger (1970). The distribution and morphology of <i>pergrisea</i>, <i>serezkyensis</i>, and <i>zarudnyi</i> should be carefully studie... [truncated]","37","37-00249","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0249"
"13700250","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","zimmeri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1936","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","20","","223","","","Upemba Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, Katanga Prov., near Bukama, ""Lualaba River, Katobwe"".","Environs of Upemba National Park, Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","A large and striking species that is known only by the type series.","37","37-00250","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0250"
"13700251","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Crocidura","","zimmermanni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Wettstein","1953","","Z. SSugetierk.","17","","12","","","Cretan Shrew","Greece, Crete, Ida Mtns, Nida plateau.","Highlands of the island of Crete.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","A Pleistocene relict (Reumer, 1986). Formerly regarded as a subspecies of <i>russula</i> but differs in morphology and karyotype (2n = 34, FN = 44); see Vesmanis and Kahmann (1978), Vogel (1986), Vogel et al. (1986), and Pieper (1990).","37","37-00251","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0023-0000-0251"
"13700252","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Diplomesodon","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Brandt","1852","","Beitr. Kenntn. Russ. Reiches","17","","299","","<i>Sorex</i> <i>pulchellus</i> Lichtenstein, 1823.","","","","","","For placement in Crocidurinae see Repenning (1967:15). A study of protein evolution (Maddalena, in Ruedi, 1998) showed that <i>Diplomesodon</i> is closely related to <i>Crocidura</i>. Repenning (1965) named a species from the Pleistocene of South Africa in this genus which, however, does not belong here (Butler, 1998).","37","37-00252","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0252"
"13700253","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Diplomesodon","","pulchellum","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lichtenstein","1823","","<i>In</i> Eversmann, Reise von Orenburg nach Bokhara, Berlin","","","124","","","Piebald Shrew","Kazakhstan, E bank of Ural River sands ""Bolshie Barsuki"".","W and S Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pallidus</i>  Heptner, 1938.","Biology and distribution reviewed by Heptner (1939), who also specified the type locality. Karyotype of specimen from Turkmenistan (2n = 44, FN = 54) described by Ivanitskaya (1975).","37","37-00253","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0252-0000-0253"
"13700254","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Feroculus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Kelaart","1852","","Prodr. Faun. Zeylanica","","","31","","<i>Sorex</i> <i>macropus</i> Blyth, 1851 (= <i>Sorex</i> <i>feroculus</i> Kelaart, 1850).","","","","","","For placement in Crocidurinae see Repenning (1967:15).","37","37-00254","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0254"
"13700255","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Feroculus","","feroculus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kelaart","1850","","J. Ceylon Branch Asiat. Soc.","2","5","211","","","Kelaart's Long-clawed Shrew","Sri Lanka, C mountains at 6,000 ft. (1829 m), Nuwara Eliya.","Primary swamps and forests in the C highlands of Sri Lanka, and montane swamps and marshes between 2200 and 2400 m at the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu, S India.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>macropus</i>  (Blyth, 1851); <i>newera</i> (Wagner, 1855); <i>newera-ellia</i> (Kelaart, 1851).","A rare and little-known species; available information summarized by Phillips (1980). Indian records confirmed by Pradhan et al. (1997). Their specimens showed smaller bodies and longer tails compared to specimens from Sri Lanka. Blanford (1888) also noted the presence of this shrew in the Palni Hills, S India.","37","37-00255","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0254-0000-0255"
"13700256","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Paracrocidura","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1956","","Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr.","54","","137","","<i>Paracrocidura</i> <i>schoutedeni</i> Heim de Balsac, 1956.","","","","","","Revised by Hutterer (1986<i>c</i>). A study of 16s rRNA sequences placed <i>Paracrocidura</i> in one clade with <i>Crocidura</i> (Querouil et al., 2001). However, unique external and cranial features distinguish the species of <i>Paracrocidura</i> from all other genera.","37","37-00256","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0256"
"13700257","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Paracrocidura","","graueri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer","1986","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","37","","81","","","Grauer's Large-headed Shrew","""Urwald hinter den Randbergen des Nord-Westufers des Tanganjika"" = Sibatwa, 2,000 m, Itombwe Mtns, Dem. Rep. Congo.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Known only from the holotype which was collected in 1908. Like <i>Myosorex</i> <i>schalleri</i>, the species forms part of the endemic fauna of the Itombwe Mtns.","37","37-00257","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0256-0000-0257"
"13700258","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Paracrocidura","","maxima","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1959","","Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr.","59","","26","","","Greater Large-headed Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, Tshibati.","Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Regarded as a full species by Hutterer (1986<i>c</i>:79). Kasangaki et al. (2003) recorded the species from the Bwindi Impenetrable N.P. in SW Uganda.","37","37-00258","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0256-0000-0258"
"13700259","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Paracrocidura","","schoutedeni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1956","","Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr.","54","","137","","","Lesser Large-headed Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, Kasai, Lubondaie (75 km south of Luluabourg), Tshimbulu (Dibaya).","Lowland primary forest in S Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, and Central African Republic.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>camerunensis</i>  Heim de Balsac, 1968.","A subspecies <i>camerunensis</i> was named by Heim de Balsac (1968<i>b</i>), based on a specimen from Mt. Cameroon.","37","37-00259","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0256-0000-0259"
"13700260","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Ruwenzorisorex","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Hutterer","1986","","Z. SSugetierk.","51","","260","","<i>Sylvisorex</i> <i>suncoides</i> Osgood, 1936.","","","","","","Data on the brain structure support generic separation; see Stephan et al. (1991). Genetic data show that <i>Ruwenzorisorex</i> and <i>Suncus</i> s. str. are sister taxa (Querouil et al., 2001).","37","37-00260","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0260"
"13700261","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Ruwenzorisorex","","suncoides","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1936","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","20","","217","","","Ruwenzori Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, western slope of Ruwenzori Mtns, Kalongi.","Montane forest in W Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","A semi-aquatic shrew that occurs also in Burundi (Kerbis, pers. comm.) and Uganda (Kasangaki et al., 2003).","37","37-00261","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0260-0000-0261"
"13700262","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Scutisorex","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","321","","<i>Sylvisorex</i> <i>somereni</i> Thomas, 1910.","","","","","","For placement in Crocidurinae see Repenning (1967:15). Genetic data place <i>Scutisorex</i> next to <i>Sylvisorex</i> (Querouil et al., 2001). The unique vertebrate column (Ahmed and Klima, 1978) and a characteristic skull roof distinguish the genus, however.","37","37-00262","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0262"
"13700263","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Scutisorex","","somereni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","113","","","Armored Shrew","Uganda, near Kampala, Kyetume.","Tropical rainforest of the Dem. Rep. Congo Basin and adjacent mountains in Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>congicus</i>  Thomas, 1915.","Includes <i>congicus</i>; see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977:7).","37","37-00263","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0262-0000-0263"
"13700264","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Solisorex","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Thomas","1924","","Spolia Zeylan.","13","","94","","<i>Solisorex</i> <i>pearsoni</i> Thomas, 1924.","","","","","","For placement in Crocidurinae see Repenning (1967:15).","37","37-00264","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0264"
"13700265","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Solisorex","","pearsoni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1924","","Spolia Zeylan.","13","","94","","","Pearson's Long-clawed Shrew","Sri Lanka, Central Province, near Nuwara Eliya, Hakgala.","C highlands of Sri Lanka.","IUCN – Endangered.","","A very little known species that inhabits ""virgin forest"" in the mountains of C Sri Lanka (Phillips, 1980).","37","37-00265","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0264-0000-0265"
"13700266","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Ehrenberg","1832","","<i>In</i> Hemprich and Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. Mamm.","2","","k","","<i>Suncus</i> <i>sacer</i> Ehrenberg, 1832 (= <i>Sorex</i> <i>murinus</i> Linnaeus, 1766).","","","","","<i>Pachyura</i>  de Selys-Longchamps, 1839 [not <i>Pachyurus</i> Agassiz, 1829, a genus of fishes]; <i>Paradoxodon</i> Wagner, 1855; <i>Plerodus</i> Schulze, 1897; <i>Podihik</i> Deraniyagala, 1958; <i>Sunkus</i> Sundevall, 1843.","For placement in Crocidurinae see Repenning (1967:15). Occasionally regarded as part of <i>Crocidura</i> (e.g., Lekagul and McNeely, 1977:35), based on morphology (McLellan, 1994), molecular data (Motokawa et al., 2000), or chromosome homology (Biltueva et al., 2001), but accepted as a full genus by most authors. Fons et al. (1994) stated that the fauna of parasitic helmiths is completely different between <i>Suncus</i> and <i>Crocidura</i> (but the fauna of <i>S.</i> <i>murinus</i> and <i>S.</i> <i>etruscus</i> were also different). Querouil et al. (2001) compared 16s rRNA sequences of six African and Asian species of <i>Suncus</i>. Their results suggest paraphyly; <i>Suncus</i> <i>dayi</i> clustered next to <i>Sylvisorex</i> <i>megalura</i> (transfered here to <i>Suncus</i>) and the smaller species (<i>S.</i> <i>etruscus</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>infinitesimus</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>remyi</i>), while <i>S.</i> <i>murinus</i> and <i>S.</i> <i>montanus</i> formed a separate cluster, along with <i>R... [truncated]","37","37-00266","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266"
"13700267","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","aequatorius","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heller","1912","","Smithsonian Misc. Coll.","60","12","4","","","Taita Shrew","Kenya, Taita Hills, summit of Mt. Sagalla.","SE Kenya and N Tanzania.","","","Included in <i>S.</i> <i>lixus</i> by Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977), but specimens of <i>aequatorius</i> are considerably larger (Oguge et al., 2004).","37","37-00267","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0267"
"13700268","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","ater","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Medway","1965","","J. Malay. Branch R. Asiat. Soc.","36","","38","","","Black Shrew","Malaysia, Sabah, Gunong (= Mt.) Kinabalu, Lumu-Lumu, 5,500 ft. (1,676 m).","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Reviewed by Medway (1977:16-17).","37","37-00268","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0268"
"13700269","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","dayi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dobson","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","1","","428","","","Day's Shrew","India, Cochin, Trichur.","Montane evergreen forest of S India (Trichur and Nilgiri Hills).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","New records provided and relationships discussed by Jenkins et al. (1998). Based on the analysis of RNA sequences, <i>S.</i> <i>dayi</i> is sister of the African <i>S.</i> <i>megalura</i> (Querouil et al., 2001).","37","37-00269","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0269"
"13700270","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","etruscus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Savi","1822","","Nuovo Giorn. de Letterati, Pisa","1","","60","","","Etruscan Shrew","Italy, Pisa.","S Europe and N Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt); Arabian Peninsula and Asia Minor to Iraq, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Yunnan (China); also India and Sri Lanka. West and East African records (Guinea, Nigeria, Ethiopia) are doubtful and need confirmation.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>assamensis</i>  (Anderson, 1873); <i>atratus</i> (Blyth, 1855); <i>bactrianus</i> Stroganov, 1958; <i>hodgsoni</i> (Blyth, 1855); <i>kura</i> (Deraniyagala, 1958); <i>macrotis</i> (Anderson, 1877); <i>melanodon</i> (Blyth, 1855) [not Wagler, 1832]; <i>micronyx</i> (Blyth, 1855); <i>nanula</i> (Stroganov, 1941); <i>nilgirica</i> (Anderson, 1877); <i>nitidofulva</i> (Anderson, 1877); <i>nudipes</i> (Blyth, 1855); <i>pachyurus</i> (Küster, 1835); <i>perrotteti</i> (Duvernoy, 1842); <i>pygmaeoides</i> (Anderson, 1877); <i>pygmaeus</i> (Hodgson, 1845); <i>suaveolens</i> (Blasius, 1857) [not Pallas, 1811]; <i>travancorensis </i>(Anderson, 1877).","European and Asian range reviewed by Spitzenberger (1970, 1990<i>c</i>); N African distribution mapped by Vesmanis (1987). Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977) discussed the African records south of the Sahara. Probably includes <i>Podihik</i> <i>kura</i>; see Nowak and Paradiso (1983:141). The records east of Afghanistan, particularly from S India (<i>macrotis</i>, <i>nilgirica</i>) are only tentatively included; Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:31) expressed doubt on the conspecificy of the Indian forms. The same applies to records from further east (Feiler and Nadler, 1997). Many authors included <i>fellowesgordoni</i>, <i>hosei</i>, <i>madagascariensis</i>, and <i>malayanus</i> in <i>etruscus</i>, however, in the present list they are all treated as valid species.","37","37-00270","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0270"
"13700271","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","fellowesgordoni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Phillips","1932","","Spolia Zeylan.","17","","124","","","Sri Lankan Shrew","Sri Lanka, Central Province, Ohiya, West Haputale Estate (6,000 ft. = 1829 m).","C highlands of Sri Lanka.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Although usually included in <i>S</i>. <i>etruscus</i>, this taxon represents a species endemic to Sri Lanka (see also Jenkins et al., 1998). <i>Podihik</i> <i>kura</i> Deraniyagala, 1958, which was included in this species by Phillips (1980), does not represent <i>fellowesgordoni</i>, but is more similar to <i>etruscus</i> and included therein.","37","37-00271","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0271"
"13700272","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","hosei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","11","","343","","","Bornean Pgymy Shrew","Sarawak, Bakong River.","Lowland forest of Borneo and Sarawak.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Often included in <i>etruscus</i> (e.g., Medway, 1977) but represents a distinct forest species.","37","37-00272","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0272"
"13700273","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","infinitesimus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heller","1912","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","60","12","5","","","Least Dwarf Shrew","Kenya, Laikipia Plateau, Rumruti, 7,000 ft. (2,134 m).","South Africa, Kenya, Central African Republic, Cameroon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chriseos</i>  (Kershaw, 1921); <i>ubanguiensis</i> Petter and Chippaux, 1962.","Includes <i>chriseos</i> and <i>ubanguiensis</i>; see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977). Gureev (1979:383) listed <i>chriseos</i> as a distinct species without comment.","37","37-00273","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0273"
"13700274","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","lixus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1897","1898","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1897","","930","","","Greater Dwarf Shrew","Malawi, Nyika Plateau (between 10 and 11°S and 33°40' to 34°10'E).","Savanna zones of Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Dem. Rep. Congo, Zambia, Angola, Botswana, and South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Northwest Prov., Mpumalanga, and Limpopo).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gratulus</i>  (Thomas and Schwann, 1907).","Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977) included <i>aequatorius</i> and <i>gratulus</i> in <i>lixus</i>; the former is treated as a separate species here. Gureev (1979:383) listed <i>gratulus</i> as a distinct species without comment.","37","37-00274","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0274"
"13700275","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","madagascariensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Coquerel","1848","","Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. (Paris), ser. 3","9","","194, pl. 11, fig. 1","","","Madagascan Pgymy Shrew","Madagascar, Nossi-Bé.","Madagascar and Comores Isls, Socotra (Yemen).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>coquerelii</i>  (Trouessart, 1880).","This species is often included in <i>etruscus</i> but treated as a full species in most reports on the fauna of Madagascar (e.g., Eisenberg and Gould, 1984). The population of Socotra has been included in <i>S.</i> <i>etruscus</i> by Hutterer and Harrison (1988), but unpublished genetic data show that it is closer to <i>S.</i> <i>madagascariensis</i>.","37","37-00275","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0275"
"13700276","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","malayanus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kloss","1917","","J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam","2","","282","","","Malayan Pgymy Shrew","Thailand, ""Bang Nara, Patani, Peninsular Siam"".","Malaysian peninsula.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Commonly included in <i>etruscus</i> but inhabits tropical forest and does not fit morphologically with the diagnosis of that species; <i>malayanus</i> was therefore regarded as a species by Corbet and Hill (1991:36), and Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>).","37","37-00276","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0276"
"13700277","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","megalura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jentink","1888","","Notes Leyden Mus.","10","","48","","","Climbing Shrew","Liberia, Junk River, Schieffelinsville.","Tropical forest and Guinea savanna zone of Africa from Upper Guinea to Ethiopia and south to Mozambique and Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Sylvisorex megalura</i>.","<i>angolensis</i> (Roberts, 1929); <i>gemmeus</i> (Heller, 1910); <i>infuscus</i> (Thomas, 1915); <i>irene</i> (Thomas, 1915); <i>phaeopus</i> (Osgood, 1936); <i>sheppardi</i> (Kershaw, 1921); <i>sorella</i> (Thomas, 1898); <i>sorelloides</i> (Lönnberg, 1912) [see Heim de Balsac and Meester, 1977:7-8].","Until recently placed in genus <i>Sylvisorex</i>, but genetic data (Querouil et al., 2001) show that <i>S.</i> <i>megalura</i> is the sister species of the Indian <i>S.</i> <i>dayi</i>. Karyotype (2n = 48, FN = 96) described by Meylan (1975). A common African species of forest edges and forested savannas; range mapped by Hutterer et al. (1987<i>b</i>). Gureev (1979:381) listed <i>sorella</i> as a distinct species without comment. Some geographic variation exists, the Central African forest populations being smallest and darkest. For synonyms see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977:7-8).","37","37-00277","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0277"
"13700278","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","mertensi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kock","1974","","Senckenbergiana Biol.","55","","198","","","Flores Shrew","Indonesia, Flores, Rana Mese.","Flores Isl, Indonesia.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","A distinct, long-tailed forest shrew, similar to <i>S.</i> <i>dayi</i> and <i>S.</i> <i>megalura</i>.","37","37-00278","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0278"
"13700279","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","montanus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kelaart","1850","","J. Ceylon Br. Asiat. Soc.","2","","211","","","Asian Highland Shrew","Sri Lanka, Nuwara Eliya, Pidurutalagala.","Forested highlands in Sri Lanka and S India.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>ferrugineus</i>  Kelaart, 1850; <i>kelaarti</i> Blyth, 1855; <b><i>niger</i></b> Horsfield, 1851.","Commonly included in <i>murinus</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1966:66), but represents a much smaller and always blackish species of primary forest habitats. Also genetically distinct from <i>murinus</i> (Ruedi et al., 1996). Listed as a species by Corbet and Hill (1991:36). The Indian population is recognized as a valid subspecies (<i>niger</i>).","37","37-00279","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0279"
"13700280","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","montanus","montanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kelaart","1850","","J. Ceylon Br. Asiat. Soc.","2","","211","","","","Sri Lanka, Nuwara Eliya, Pidurutalagala.","","","","","37","37-00280","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0279-0280"
"13700281","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","montanus","niger","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Horsfield","1851","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00281","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0279-0281"
"13700282","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","murinus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","74","","","Asian House Shrew","Indonesia, Java.","Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Taiwan, Japan, continental and peninsular Indomalayan Region; introduced into Guam, the Maldive Isls, Philippines, and probably many other islands; introduced in historical times into coastal Africa (Egypt to Tanzania), Madagascar, the Comores, Mauritius, and Réunion, and into coastal Arabia (Iraq, Bahrain, Oman, Yemen, Saudi Arabia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","################","A highly variable species with a number of genetically distinct populations that almost behave like semispecies (Hasler et al., 1977; Rogatcheva et al., 2000; Yamagata et al., 1987; Yoshida, 1985). Chromosomes show Robertsonian polymorphism and vary geographically from 2n = 30 to 2n = 40 (Yosida, 1985). Forms with lower numbers are found in S India, Sri Lanka and peninsular Malaya. A number of laboratory strains have been established (Oda et al., 1985). Much of the present distribution is the result of human agency (Hutterer and Tranier, 1990). A clear allocation of all listed taxa to subspecies is not possible at this moment. Kitchener et al. (1994<i>b</i>) discussed subspecies in the Sunda Isls and recognized <i>murinus</i>, <i>muelleri</i> and <i>seramensis</i> as distinct. However, they did not consider names such as <i>edwardsiana</i> from S Philippines that may have priority. African synonyms include <i>albicauda</i>, <i>auriculata</i>, <i>crassicaudus</i>, <i>duvernoyi</i>, <i>l... [truncated]","37","37-00282","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0282"
"13700283","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","remyi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Brosset, Dubost and Heim de Balsac","1965","","Biologia Gabonica","1","","170","","","Remy's Pygmy Shrew","Gabon, Makokou.","Rain forest in Gabon, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo.","IUCN – Critically Endangered (not justified).","","One of the smallest shrews. Genetically related to <i>S.</i> <i>infinitesimus</i> (Querouil et al., 2001).","37","37-00283","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0283"
"13700284","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","stoliczkanus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Anderson","1877","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","46","","270","","","Anderson's Shrew","India, Bombay.","Deserts and arid country in Pakistan, Nepal, India, and Bangladesh.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bidianus</i>  (Anderson, 1877); <i>leucogenys</i> (Dobson, 1888); <i>subfulvus</i> (Anderson, 1877).","","37","37-00284","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0284"
"13700285","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","varilla","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","54","","","Lesser Dwarf Shrew","South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., East London.","Savannahs from the Cape (South Africa) to Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanzania, E Dem. Rep. Congo, Malawi; an isolated record from Nigeria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>meesteri</i>  Butler and Greenwood, 1979; <i>minor</i> G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1933; <i>natalensis</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>orangiae</i> (Roberts, 1924); <i>tulbaghensis</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>warreni</i> Roberts, 1929 [see Heim de Balsac and Meester, 1977:6].","Closely associated with termite mounds (Lynch, 1986). Gureev (1979:383) listed <i>orangiae</i> and <i>warreni</i> as distinct species without comment. Common in the Pleistocene of Kenya and South Africa (Butler and Greenwood, 1979). For synonyms see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977:6).","37","37-00285","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0285"
"13700286","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Suncus","","zeylanicus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Phillips","1928","","Spolia Zeylan.","14","","313","","","Jungle Shrew","Sri Lanka, Gonagama Estate, Kitulgala, 900 ft. (274 m).","Higlands of Sri Lanka.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Phillips (1980) stressed that <i>zeylanicus</i> differs distinctly from <i>murinus</i> in the flesh, particularly by its long and almost naked tail, and that it lives in primary forest. However, its relation to <i>montanus</i> has still to be studied.","37","37-00286","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0266-0000-0286"
"13700287","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Thomas","1904","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1904","10","12","","<i>Crocidura</i> <i>morio</i> Gray, 1862.","","","","","","For placement in Crocidurinae see Repenning (1967:15). The genus was regarded as part of <i>Suncus</i> by Smithers and Tello (1976), but was retained by Ansell (1978). Querouil et al. (2001) studied 16s rRNA sequences of four species and found the genus, as currently understood, polyphyletic. As a consequence, <i>S.</i> <i>megalura</i> is removed from <i>Sylvisorex</i> and included in <i>Suncus</i>. Further taxonomic action will require a careful analysis of all taxa. Heim de Balsac (1968) and Jenkins (1984) figured and discussed most of the species listed below. Maddalena and Ruedi (1994) and Schlitter et al. (1999) described karyotypes of five species.","37","37-00287","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287"
"13700288","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","camerunensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1968","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","19","","35","","","Cameroonian Forest Shrew","Cameroon, Lake Manengouba, 1800 m.","Montane forests of W Cameroon (Mt. Oku, Lake Manengouba) and SE Nigeria (Gotel Mtns).","","","Formerly included in <i>granti</i>, but given species rank by Hutterer et al. (1992<i>a</i>).","37","37-00288","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0288"
"13700289","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","granti","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","118","","","Grant's Forest Shrew","Uganda, Ruwenzori East, Mubuku Valley, 10,000 ft. (3,048 m).","Mountain forests of C (Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Rwanda) and E Africa (Kenya, Tanzania).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>mundus</i> </b> Osgood, 1910.","The isolated East African populations require a careful comparison with typical <i>granti</i> from the Rift Valley.","37","37-00289","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0289"
"13700290","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","granti","granti","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","118","","","","Uganda, Ruwenzori East, Mubuku Valley, 10,000 ft. (3,048 m).","","","","","37","37-00290","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0289-0290"
"13700291","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","granti","mundus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00291","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0289-0291"
"13700292","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","howelli","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jenkins","1984","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist). Zool.","47","","65","","","Howell's Forest Shrew","Tanzania, Uluguru Mtns, Morningside.","Eastern Arc Mtns (Tanzania): W and E Usambara, Nguru and Uluguru Mtns (Stanley et al., 2000<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>usambarensis</i> </b> Hutterer, 1986.","Includes <i>usambarensis</i>, which may represent a distinct species; see Hutterer (1986<i>b</i>). However, the variation among the five populations has to be studied before taxonomic conclusions can be drawn.","37","37-00292","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0292"
"13700293","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","howelli","howelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jenkins","1984","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist). Zool.","47","","65","","","","Tanzania, Uluguru Mtns, Morningside.","","","","","37","37-00293","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0292-0293"
"13700294","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","howelli","usambarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer","1986","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00294","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0292-0294"
"13700295","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","isabellae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1968","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","19","","31","","","Bioko Forest Shrew","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko (Fernando Po), Pic Santa Isabel, Refugium, 2000 m.","Bioko; a similar form of unsolved taxonomic status occurs in the Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Included in <i>morio</i> by Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977), but represents a distinctly smaller species. Karyotype (2n = 36, FN = 50) of the Bamenda population described by Schlitter et al. (1999).","37","37-00295","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0295"
"13700296","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","johnstoni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dobson","1887","1888","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1887","","577","","","Johnston's Forest Shrew","Cameroon, Rio del Rey.","Lowland forest of the Dem. Rep. Congo Basin, SW Cameroon, Gabon, Bioko, Republic of Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, NW Tanzania, Burundi.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dieterleni</i>  Hutterer, 1986.","Species reviewed by Hutterer (1986<i>b</i>); recently found in the Republic of Congo (Dowsett and Granjon, 1991) and Burundi (Kerbis, pers. comm.). A peculiar karyotype (2n = 30, FN = 38; Schlitter et al., 1999) and 16s rRNA sequence data (Querouil et al., 2001) set this species apart from other species of the genus. Querouil et al. (2003) studied the phylogeography of the species across the Congo Basin. They found great genetic distances between populations in S Gabon and W Congo, and suggested that cryptic species may be involved.","37","37-00296","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0296"
"13700297","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","konganensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ray and Hutterer","1995","1996","Ecotropica","1","","93","","","Kongana Shrew","SW Central African Republic, Dzanga-Sangha Forest Reserve, unlogged mixed species forest near Kongana Camp [02°47'N, 16°25'E).","High forest in Central African Republic and Republic of Congo (unpubl.).","A comparison of 16s rRNA sequences showed a closer relationship to <i>S.</i> <i>ollula</i> (Querouil et al., 2001).","","","37","37-00297","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0297"
"13700298","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","lunaris","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","139","","","Moon Forest Shrew","Uganda, Ruwenzori East, Mubuku Valley, 12,000 ft. (3,810 m).","The high mountain zone of C Africa up to 4,500 m; Ruwenzori (Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo), Virunga Volcanoes (Rwanda), and on both sides of Lake Kivu (Dem. Rep. Congo, Burundi).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ruandae</i>  Lönnberg and Gyldenstolpe, 1925.","Includes <i>ruandae</i> but not <i>oriundus</i>; both were listed as distinct species by Gureev (1979:380-381). Karyotype (2n = 58, FN = 80) described by Maddalena and Ruedi (1994).","37","37-00298","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0298"
"13700299","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","morio","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1862","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1862","","180","","","Mt. Cameroon Forest Shrew","Cameroon Mountains.","Confined to Mt. Cameroon (Cameroon).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Does not include <i>isabellae</i>; see under that species. Karyotype (2n = 38) different from that of <i>isabellae</i> (2n = 36), see Schlitter et al. (1999).","37","37-00299","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0299"
"13700300","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","ollula","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","321","","","Greater Forest Shrew","Cameroons, Bitye, Ja River, 2,000 feet (610 m).","W Cameroon and adjacent Nigeria to S Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Congo, and Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","The largest species of the genus; discussed in some detail by Dieterlen and Heim de Balsac (1979). Querouil et al. (2003) studied the phylogeography of the species in the Congo Basin; they found little genetic differentiation between populations from SW Cameroon to W Congo. Karyotype (2n = 38, FN = 64) described by Schlitter et al. (1999). For biolgical and distributional data, see Brosset (1988), Lasso et al. (1996), and Ray and Hutterer (1996).","37","37-00300","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0300"
"13700301","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","oriundus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hollister","1916","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","35","","672","","","Lesser Forest Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, Medje.","NE Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Often included in <i>ollula</i> but regarded as distinct by Dieterlen and Heim de Balsac (1979), a view supported by personal examination of the holotype.","37","37-00301","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0301"
"13700302","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","pluvialis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer and Schlitter","1996","","Contributions in Mammalogy: A Memorial Volume Honoring Dr. J. Knox Jones, Jr.","","","61","","","Rain Forest Shrew","Cameroon, SW Province, Korup N. P., Ikenge Research Station, 160 m [05°16'N, 09°08'E].","Known only from the type locality and from Kongana, Central African Republic.","","","Ray and Hutterer (1996) identified this species in carnivore scats collected in forest around Kongana (Central African Republic), the type locality of <i>S.</i> <i>konganensis</i>.","37","37-00302","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0302"
"13700303","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Crocidurinae","","Sylvisorex","","vulcanorum","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer and Verheyen","1985","","Z. SSugetierk.","50","","266","","","Volcano Shrew","Rwanda, Parc National des Volcans, Karisoke (0°28'S, 29°29'E, 3,100 m).","High altitude rainforest of E Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc); of conservation concern (Nicoll and Rathbun, 1990:21).","","One of the smallest species in the genus; rather similar to <i>S</i>. <i>granti</i>.","37","37-00303","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0022-0000-0287-0000-0303"
"13700304","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","Kretzoi","1965","","Vertebrata Hungarica","7","","124","","","","","","","Crocidosoricinae Reumer, 1987; Oligosoricini Gureev, 1971.","Kretzoi (1965) based his tribe Myosoricini on <i>Myosorex</i>, an extant genus known to exhibit a number of ancestral characters (Heim de Balsac, 1966<i>b</i>). Maddalena and Bronner (1992) confirmed its isolated position in a study of allozymes. Jammot (1983) included also fossil taxa and applied the name Myosoricina to an evolutionary lineage. The dental characters that he and Reumer (1987) used to characterise this lineage (which Reumer called Crocidosoricinae) are all present in extant <i>Myosorex</i>, <i>Congosorex</i>, and <i>Surdisorex</i> (Hutterer, 1993<i>a</i>; Hutterer et al., 2002<i>b</i>). It remains to be analyzed whether all the fossil and extant genera are related, or whether they only share a few ancestral characters.","37","37-00304","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304"
"13700305","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Congosorex","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac and Lamotte","1956","","Mammalia","20","","167","","<i>Myosorex</i> <i>polli</i> Heim de Balsac and Lamotte, 1956.","","","","","","Described as a subgenus of <i>Myosorex</i> by Heim de Balsac and Lamotte (1956), but differs in its tooth formula and was therefore treated as a full genus by Heim de Balsac (1967), Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>), and Hutterer et al. (2002<i>b</i>). Genetically, <i>Congosorex</i> is the sister taxon of <i>Myosorex</i> (Querouil et al., 2001). Reviewed by Hutterer et al. (2002<i>b</i>).","37","37-00305","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0305"
"13700306","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Congosorex","","polli","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac and Lamotte","1956","","Mammalia","20","","155","","","Greater Congo Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, Kasai Prov., Lubondai.","Known only from type locality in S Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Since the discovery in 1955, this distinct species has not been collected again.","37","37-00306","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0305-0000-0306"
"13700307","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Congosorex","","verheyeni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hutterer, Barriere and Colyn","2002","","Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., Biol.","72, Suppl.","","10","","","Lesser Congo Shrew","Republic of Congo, Parc National d'Odzala, Mbomo, 00°24'N, 14°44'E.","Known from three sites in the lowland forest of the Western Congo Basin (Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, and Dem. Rep. Congo).","","","A 16s rRNA sequence analyzed by Querouil et al. (2001) as <i>Congosorex</i> sp. refers to this species.","37","37-00307","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0305-0000-0307"
"13700308","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Gray","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","124","","<i>Sorex</i> <i>varius</i> Smuts, 1832.","","","","","","Repenning (1967) grouped <i>Myosorex</i> in the Crocidurinae; Reumer's (1987) Crocidosoricinae would fit as well. Kretzoi (1965) based the tribe Myosoricini on this genus; this name is available and used here for the subfamily. Generic status sometimes questioned; but see Meester (1954). <i>Surdisorex</i> and <i>Congosorex</i> are often included as subgenera but are treated here as full genera, following Thomas (1906<i>b</i>), Hollister (1918), Meester (1953), Heim de Balsac (1966<i>b</i>), Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>) and Hutterer et al. (2002<i>b</i>). Partial reviews of <i>Myosorex</i> were provided by Heim de Balsac (1967, 1968<i>b</i>), Heim de Balsac and Lamotte (1956), Meester and Dippenaar (1978), and Stanley and Hutterer (2000). The formerly recognized <i>Myosorex</i> <i>preussi</i> (Matschie, 1893), described from ""Mount Cameroun"", is based on mismatched parts of three different genera (<i>Crocidura</i>, <i>Sorex</i>, <i>Sylvisorex</i>), and does not represent a biologic... [truncated]","37","37-00308","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308"
"13700309","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","babaulti","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac and Lamotte","1956","","Mammalia","20","","150","","","Babault's Mouse Shrew","Dem. Rep. Congo, Kivu.","Mountains west and east of Lake Kivu, including Idjwi Isl (Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included in <i>blarina</i>; but see Dieterlen and Heim de Balsac (1979). The species does not co-occur with <i>blarina</i> in the Bwindi Impenetrable NP, Uganda, as suggested by Kasangaki et al. (2003) (Kerbis Peterhans, pers. comm., 2004).","37","37-00309","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0309"
"13700310","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","blarina","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","139","","","Montane Mouse Shrew","Uganda, Ruwenzori East, Mubuku Valley, 10,000 ft. (3048 m).","Montane forest at Mt. Ruwenzori (Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Does not occur together with <i>babaulti</i> in the Bwindi Impenetrable NP, Uganda, as suggested by Kasangaki et al. (2003).","37","37-00310","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0310"
"13700311","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","cafer","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Sundevall","1846","","Ofv. Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. Stockholm","3","","119","","","Dark-footed Mouse Shrew","South Africa, ""E Caffraria interiore et Port-Natal"".","South Africa, eastern escarpment from Eastern Cape Prov. north to Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces; extreme W Mozambique and E Zimbabwe, in higher elevations above 1,000 m.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>swinnyi</i>  Chubb, 1908.","Meester (1958) described the geographic variation of the species. Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977) included <i>affinis</i>, <i>sclateri</i>, <i>swinnyi</i>, <i>talpinus,</i> and <i>tenuis</i> in <i>cafer</i>, while Wolhuter (in Smithers, 1983:3) and Dippenaar et al. (1983) regarded <i>sclateri</i> and <i>tenuis</i> as distinct, partly based on new karyotype information (<i>M.</i> <i>cafer</i>: 2n = 38). Although no additonal data have yet been published, this view is provisionally accepted here as it better reflects existing variation within the southern African representatives of the genus.","37","37-00311","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0311"
"13700312","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","eisentrauti","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1968","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","19","","20","","","Eisentraut's Mouse Shrew","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko, Pic Santa Isabel, 2400 m.","Montane forest of Bioko (Fernando Po).","IUCN – Endangered.","","The forms <i>okuensis</i> and <i>rumpii</i> were included in <i>eisentrauti</i> by Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977); both were regarded as distinct species by Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>).","37","37-00312","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0312"
"13700313","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","geata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Allen and Loveridge","1927","","Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.","38","","417","","","Geata Mouse Shrew","Tanzania, Uluguru Mtns, Nyingwa.","Uluguru Mtns in Tanzania; other localities questionable.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Formerly in <i>Crocidura</i>; see Heim de Balsac (1967:610).","37","37-00313","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0313"
"13700314","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","kihaulei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Stanley and Hutterer","2000","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","49","","20","","","Kihaule's Mouse Shrew","Tanzania, Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, 19.5 km W Chita, 8°20'50''S, 35°56'20''E, 2000 m.","Udzungwa Mtns, Tanzania.","","","Populations of the Rungwe Mtns may belong to this species or represent a different taxon (Stanley and Hutterer, 2000).","37","37-00314","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0314"
"13700315","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","longicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Meester and Dippenaar","1978","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","31","","30","","","Long-tailed Forest Shrew","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., 14 km NNE Knysna, Diepwalle State Forest Station, 33°57'S, 23°10'E.","Endemic to South Africa. Occurs in escarpment forests of SE Western Cape Prov., South Africa, between 2000-3600 m.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>boosmani</i> </b> Dippenaar, 1995.","Dippenaar (1995) described a distinct population from the Langeberg Mtns whose conservation status he considered as ""vulnerable"".","37","37-00315","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0315"
"13700316","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","longicaudatus","longicaudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Meester and Dippenaar","1978","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","31","","30","","","","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., 14 km NNE Knysna, Diepwalle State Forest Station, 33°57'S, 23°10'E.","","","","","37","37-00316","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0315-0316"
"13700317","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","longicaudatus","boosmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Dippenaar","1995","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00317","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0315-0317"
"13700318","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","okuensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1968","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","19","","20","","","Oku Mouse Shrew","Cameroon, Bamenda Highlands, Mt. Oku, Lake Oku, 2100 m.","Forested mountains of the Bamenda plateau, Cameroon (Lake Manenguba, Mt. Oku, Mt. Lefo).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Formerly included in <i>eisentrauti</i> (see Heim de Balsac and Meester, 1977), but cranially very distinct.","37","37-00318","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0318"
"13700319","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","rumpii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1968","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","19","","20","","","Rumpi Mouse Shrew","Cameroon, ""Rumpi-Hills, 1100 mètres"".","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","The holotype and only known specimen is so unique (Heim de Balsac, 1968<i>b</i>, fig. 4) that it is considered to represent a valid species. Heim de Balsac (1968<i>b</i>) himself was uncertain about the status of this taxon; while he formally named it <i>M</i>. <i>eisentrauti</i> <i>rumpii</i>, he labeled all figures and the map with ""<i>Myosorex</i> <i>rumpii</i>"".","37","37-00319","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0319"
"13700320","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","schalleri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac","1966","","C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris","263","","889","","","Schaller's Mouse Shrew","E Dem. Rep. Congo, Itombwe Mtns, Nzombe (Mwenga).","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Provisionally named by Heim de Balsac (1966<i>b</i>); full description by Heim de Balsac (1967). The type locality was later erroneously shifted to the ""Albert N. P."" (Heim de Balsac and Meester, 1977); Nzombe is located in the Itombwe Mtns (Hutterer, 1986<i>c</i>).","37","37-00320","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0320"
"13700321","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","sclateri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas and Schwann","1905","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","15","10","","","Sclater's Mouse Shrew","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Prov., Zululand, Ngoye hills, 250 m.","Wet habitats in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>affinis</i>  Thomas and Schwann, 1905; <i>talpinus</i> Thomas and Schwann, 1905.","Provisionally regarded as a distinct species by Wolhuter (in Smithers, 1983:3); occurs in sympatry with <i>cafer</i> and has a different karyotype (2n = 38). Meester et al. (1986) included <i>sclateri</i> in <i>cafer</i>.","37","37-00321","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0321"
"13700322","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","tenuis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas and Schwann","1905","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","","131-132","","","Thin Mouse Shrew","South Africa, Mpumalanga Prov., near Wakkerstroom, Zuurbron.","Mpumalanga Prov. (South Africa) and possibly W Mozambique.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Provisionally regarded as a distinct species by Wolhuter (in Smithers, 1983:3) because of sympatry with <i>cafer</i> and a different karyotype (2n = 40). Meester et al. (1986) included <i>tenuis</i> in <i>cafer</i>.","37","37-00322","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0322"
"13700323","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","varius","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Smuts","1832","","Enumer. Mamm. Capensium","","","108","","","Forest Shrew","South Africa, Cape of Good Hope, Algoa Bay (Port Elizabeth).","South Africa, from West and Eastern Cape across Northern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Free State to Mpumalanga and Gauteng Provinces; also Lesotho and Swaziland (Baxter, in litt., 2004).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>herpestes</i>  (Duvernoy, 1838); <i>pondoensis</i> Roberts, 1946; <i>transvaalensis</i> Roberts, 1924 [see Heim de Balsac and Meester, 1977].","Revised by Meester (1958). Karyotype (2n = 42) differs from all other southern African <i>Myosorex</i> (Wolhuter, in Smithers, 1983). For synonyms see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977).","37","37-00323","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0323"
"13700324","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Myosorex","","zinki","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Heim de Balsac and Lamotte","1956","","Mammalia","20","","148","","","Kilimanjaro Mouse Shrew","Tanzania, Mt. Kilimanjaro, SE slope, 3,700 m.","High altitudes of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, 2470-4000 m (Stanley et al., In Press).","","","In the last edition of this checklist (Hutterer, 1993<i>a</i>) this species was ommitted by mistake. This is a large and distinct species that resembles <i>M.</i> <i>eisentrauti</i> from Bioko (Stanley and Hutterer, 2000). Grimshaw et al. (1997) listed it as endemic to Mt. Kilimanjaro. Shore and Garbett (1991) collected one specimen at 3500 m. Recently it was found to be common on that mountain (W. T. Stanley, pers. comm., 2002).","37","37-00324","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0308-0000-0324"
"13700325","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Surdisorex","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","223","","<i>Surdisorex</i> <i>norae</i> Thomas, 1906.","","","","","","This genus was commonly included in <i>Myosorex</i> but retained as a full genus by Hollister (1918), Meester (1953), Heim de Balsac (1966<i>b</i>), Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>), and Hutterer et al. (2002<i>b</i>).","37","37-00325","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0325"
"13700326","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Surdisorex","","norae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","223","","","Aberdare Mole Shrew","Kenya, east side of Aberdare Range, near Nyeri.","Aberdare Range (Kenya).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Formerly in <i>Myosorex</i>; see Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977). Ecology and distribution described by Duncan and Wrangham (1971).","37","37-00326","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0325-0000-0326"
"13700327","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Myosoricinae","","Surdisorex","","polulus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hollister","1916","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","66","1","1","","","Mt. Kenya Mole Shrew","Kenya, west side of Mt. Kenya, 10,700 ft. (3,261 m).","Mt. Kenya (Kenya).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Included in genus <i>Myosorex</i> and regarded as a subspecies of <i>norae</i> by Heim de Balsac and Meester (1977); however, both species form a quite distinct clade (Hutterer et al., 2002<i>b</i>). For ecology and distribution see Duncan and Wrangham (1971).","37","37-00327","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0304-0000-0325-0000-0327"
"13700328","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","G. Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrate","3","","x","","","","","","","Sorexineae Lesson, 1842; Soricinorum G. Fischer, 1814.","The contents of Soricinae have been principally defined by Repenning (1967) and modified by Reumer (1984, 1998). All extant Nearctic shrews belong in this subfamily.","37","37-00328","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328"
"13700329","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Anourosoricini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","yes","Anderson","1879","","Anatom. and zool. Res.","1","","159","","","","","","","Amblycoptini Kormos, 1926.","McKenna and Bell (1997) included this tribe in Nectogalini, but see Reumer (1998).","37","37-00329","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0329"
"13700330","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Anourosoricini","Anourosorex","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1872","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mamm.","","","264","","<i>Anourosorex</i> <i>squamipes</i> Milne-Edwards, 1872.","","","","","<i>Anaurosorex</i>  Günther, 1871; <i>Anurosorex</i> Anderson, 1875; <i>Pygmura</i> Anderson, 1873.","Sole living representative of Tribe Anourosoricini (see Reumer, 1998). Reumer (1984:17) placed the genus in the tribe Amblycoptini Kormos, 1926, but this was antedated by Anourosoricini Anderson, 1879. Geographic variation of extant species studied by Motokawa and Lin (2002) and Motokawa et al. (2004). The fossil history of the genus was reviewed by Zheng (1985) and Storch and Qiu (1991).","37","37-00330","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0329-0330"
"13700331","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Anourosoricini","Anourosorex","","assamensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Anderson","1875","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","16","","282","","","Assam Mole Shrew","Assam, Subsasugu.","NE India (Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland).","","","Blanford (1888) and Allen (1938) considered <i>A.</i> <i>assamensis</i> as a species distinct from <i>A.</i> <i>squamipes.</i> Mandal and Das (1969) reported on a series of mole shrews from Assam and noted their larger size in comparison to the Chinese population, an observation corroborated by my study of specimens in the FMNH. These differences were neatly shown in a principal component analysis performed by Motokawa and Lin (2002). Records from Meghalaya and Nagaland are based on specimens in the FMNH. It is not known whether the ranges of <i>A.</i> <i>assamensis</i> and <i>A.</i> <i>squamipes</i> overlap in S Assam or Manipur, but the occurrence of the latter in Mizoram (Mandal et al., 1995) may indicate the presence of a contact zone.","37","37-00331","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0329-0330-0000-0331"
"13700332","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Anourosoricini","Anourosorex","","schmidi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Petter","1963","","Mammalia","27","","444","","","Giant Mole Shrew","India, Arunachal Pradesh, Bombdila, 2700 m.","NE India (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh) and Bhutan.","","","Petter (1963) described this taxon as a subspecies of <i>A.</i> <i>squamipes</i>, a decision followed by most authors (Hutterer, 1993<i>a</i>; Mandal and Das, 1969; Motokawa and Lin, 2002). A study of the holotype (MNHN Paris) and the discovery (in FMNH Chicago) of another specimen from Sikkim however reveals that <i>A.</i> <i>schmidi</i> is a giant form that deserves species status. Saha (1978) reported a similarly sized specimen from Gomchu, Bhutan. This mole shrew has a very large skull (condylo-incisive length 29.1-30.5 mm) and a bulbous dentition not found in any other population. The species appears to be confined to the SE slopes of the Himalayas.","37","37-00332","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0329-0330-0000-0332"
"13700333","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Anourosoricini","Anourosorex","","squamipes","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1872","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mamm.","","","264","","","Chinese Mole Shrew","China, Sichuan Prov., probably Moupin (= Baoxing).","Shaanxi, Hubei, Sichuan and Yunnan (China); N and W Burma; E India (Mizoram); North Vietnam; Thailand.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>capito</i>  G. Allen, 1923; <i>capnias</i> G. Allen, 1923.","Formerly also included <i>assamensis</i>, <i>schmidi,</i> and <i>yamashinai</i> as subspecies (see Petter, 1963<i>b</i>; Jameson and Jones, 1977; Motokawa and Lin, 2002), but these three are given species rank here. The Indian records are based on measurements of specimens from Mizoram provided by Mandal et al. (1995).","37","37-00333","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0329-0330-0000-0333"
"13700334","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Anourosoricini","Anourosorex","","yamashinai","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kuroda","1935","","J. Mammal.","16","","288","","","Taiwanese Mole Shrew","N Taiwan, Taiheizan, Taihoku-siu, 5500 ft. (1676 m).","C highlands of Taiwan from 1500-2500 m.","","","Described as a subspecies of <i>A.</i> <i>squamipes</i> and kept as such until recently; see Petter (1963<i>b</i>), Jameson and Jones (1977), Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>), and Motokawa and Lin (2002). However, this island population differs from the Chinese mainland forms by a smaller body, shorter tail, and a distinct karyotype (Harada and Takada, 1985), and represents a species endemic to Taiwan (Motokawa et al., 2004). The ecology, distribution, and sub-population structure of <i>A.</i> <i>yamashinai</i> was studied by Alexander et al. (1987), Yu (1993, 1994) and Yu et al. (2001), making it the best-studied species of the genus.","37","37-00334","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0329-0330-0000-0334"
"13700335","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinellini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","yes","Reumer","1998","","In Wójcik, J. M., and M. Wolsan, Evolution of shrews","","","19","","","","","","","","","37","37-00335","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0335"
"13700336","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinellini","Blarinella","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Thomas","1911","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","","166","","<i>Sorex</i> <i>quadraticauda</i> Milne-Edwards, 1872.","","","","","","Formerly in Soricini; see Repenning (1967:61). The genus is known from the Late Miocene of China (Storch and Qiu, 1991); supposed records from the Pleistocene of Europe (Reumer, 1984, Rzebik-Kowalska, 1989) refer to <i>Alloblarinella</i> Storch, 1995; see Storch (1995<i>a</i>) and Reumer (1998). Extant taxa revised by Jiang et al. (2003).","37","37-00336","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0335-0336"
"13700337","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinellini","Blarinella","","griselda","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. ???[need]","10","","400","","","Indochinese Short-tailed Shrew","China, Gansu, 42 mi. (68 km) SE Taochou, 10,000 ft. (3048 m).","China (Gansu, Yunnan and Hubei), and N Vietnam.","","","Since Allen (1938), included in <i>quadraticauda</i>, but given species status by Jiang et al. (2003). Occurs also in N Vietnam (Lunde et al., 2003<i>b</i>).","37","37-00337","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0335-0336-0000-0337"
"13700338","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinellini","Blarinella","","quadraticauda","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1872","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mamm.","","","261","","","Asiatic Short-tailed Shrew","China, Sichuan, ""Moupin, Thibet oriental"".","Montane taiga forest of W Sichuan (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Species range and status revised by Jiang et al. (2003).","37","37-00338","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0335-0336-0000-0338"
"13700339","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinellini","Blarinella","","wardi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","336","","","Burmese Short-tailed Shrew","Burma, ""Hpimaw, Upper Burma, about 26°N., 98°35'E. Alt. 8000' [2400 m].""","N Burma and NW Yunnan (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Included in <i>quadraticauda</i> by Allen (1938), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and subsequent authors, but the species has a much smaller and narrower skull (see measurements in Hoffmann, 1987:134) and was therefore regarded as distinct (Hutterer, 1993<i>a</i>). These differences were also recognized by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:26) and Lunde et al. (2003<i>b</i>). Revised by Jiang et al. (2003).","37","37-00339","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0335-0336-0000-0339"
"13700340","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","yes","Kretzoi","1965","","Vertebrata Hungarica","7","","126","","","","","","","","Repenning (1967) and Reumer (1998) recognized and re-defined this tribe.","37","37-00340","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340"
"13700341","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Gray","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","124","","<i>Corsira</i> (<i>Blarina</i>) <i>talpoides</i> Gray, 1838 (= <i>Sorex</i> <i>talpoides</i> Gapper, 1830 = <i>Sorex</i> <i>brevicaudus</i> Say, 1823).","","","","","<i>Anotus</i>  Wagner, 1855; <i>Blaria</i> Gray, 1843; <i>Brachysorex</i> Duvernoy, 1842; <i>Mamblarinaus</i> Herrera, 1899; <i>Talposorex</i> Pomel, 1848 [not Lesson].","Type genus of Blarinini (Repenning, 1967:37). Reviewed by George et al. (1982, 1986). Phylogeny analyzed by Brandt and Ortí (2002).","37","37-00341","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341"
"13700342","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","brevicauda","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Say","1823","","<i>In</i> James, Account Exped. Pittsburgh to Rocky Mtns","1","","164","","","Northern Short-tailed Shrew","USA, Engineer cantonment, west bank of the Missouri River; restricted to Nebraska, Washington Co., approximately 2 mi. (3.2 km) east Ft. Calhoun by Jones (1964:68).","S Canada west to C Saskatchewan and east to SE Canada, south to Nebraska and N Virginia (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angusticeps</i>  Baird, 1858; <i>costaricensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1891; <i>dekayi</i> (Bachmann, 1837); <i>fossilis</i> Hibbard, 1943; <i>micrurus</i> (Pomel, 1848); <i>ozarkensis</i> Brown, 1908; <i>simplicidens</i> Cope, 1899; <b><i>aloga</i></b> Bangs, 1902; <b><i>angusta</i></b> Anderson, 1943; <b><i>churchi</i></b> Bole and Moulthrop, 1942; <b><i>compacta</i></b><i> </i>Bangs, 1902; <b><i>hooperi</i></b> Bole and Moulthrop, 1942; <b><i>kirtlandi</i></b> Bole and Moulthrop, 1942; <b><i>manitobensis</i></b> Anderson, 1947; <b><i>pallida</i></b> R. W. Smith, 1940; <b><i>talpoides</i></b> (Gapper, 1830); <b><i>telmalestes</i></b> Merriam, 1895.","Includes <i>telmalestes</i> (see review by George et al., 1986, Mammalian Species No. 261), which Hall (1981:57) listed as a distinct species. Karyotype has 2n = 48-50, FN = 52 (Zima et al., 1998).","37","37-00342","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0342"
"13700343","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","brevicauda","brevicauda","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Say","1823","","<i>In</i> James, Account Exped. Pittsburgh to Rocky Mtns","1","","164","","","","USA, Engineer cantonment, west bank of the Missouri River; restricted to Nebraska, Washington Co., approximately 2 mi. (3.2 km) east Ft. Calhoun by Jones (1964:68).","","","","","37","37-00343","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0342-0343"
"13700344","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","brevicauda","aloga","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bangs","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00344","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0342-0344"
"13700345","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","brevicauda","angusta","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Anderson","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00345","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0342-0345"
"13700346","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","brevicauda","churchi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bole and Moulthrop","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00346","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0342-0346"
"13700347","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","brevicauda","compacta","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bangs","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00347","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0342-0347"
"13700348","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","brevicauda","hooperi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bole and Moulthrop","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00348","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0342-0348"
"13700349","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","brevicauda","kirtlandi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bole and Moulthrop","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00349","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0342-0349"
"13700350","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","brevicauda","manitobensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Anderson","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00350","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0342-0350"
"13700351","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","brevicauda","pallida","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","R. W. Smith","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00351","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0342-0351"
"13700352","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","brevicauda","talpoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gapper","1830","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00352","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0342-0352"
"13700353","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","brevicauda","telmalestes","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00353","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0342-0353"
"13700354","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","carolinensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bachman","1837","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","366","","","Southern Short-tailed Shrew","USA, ""in the upper and maritime districts of South Carolina"".","S Illinois east to N Virginia, and south through E Texas and N Florida (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>minima</i> </b> Lowery, 1943; <b><i>shermani</i></b> Hamilton, 1955.","For specific status see Genoways and Choate (1972) and Tate et al. (1980), for a general review Genoways and Choate (1998) and McCay (2001, Mammalian Species No. 673). Hall (1981:54) listed <i>carolinensis</i> as a subspecies of <i>brevicauda</i>. Karyotype has 2n = 36-46, FN = 48-49 (Genoways and Benedict, in Wilson and Ruff, 1999).","37","37-00354","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0354"
"13700355","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","carolinensis","carolinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bachman","1837","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","366","","","","USA, ""in the upper and maritime districts of South Carolina"".","","","","","37","37-00355","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0354-0355"
"13700356","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","carolinensis","minima","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lowery","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00356","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0354-0356"
"13700357","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","carolinensis","shermani","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hamilton","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00357","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0354-0357"
"13700358","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","hylophaga","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1899","","Field Columb. Mus. Publ., Zool. Ser.","1","","287","","","Elliot's Short-tailed Shrew","USA, Oklahoma, Murray Co., Dougherty.","USA: S Nebraska and SW Iowa south to S Texas; east to Missouri and NW Arkansas; Oklahoma; extending into Louisiana.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hulophaga</i>  Elliott, 1899; <b><i>plumbea</i></b> Davis, 1941.","Original spelling <i>hulophaga</i> Elliot, 1899, corrected to <i>hylophaga</i> by Elliot (1905). Formerly included in <i>carolinensis</i>, but separated as a distinct species by George et al. (1982). Karyotype 2n = 52, FN = 64-66 (Zima et al., 1998). Molecular data suggest that this is the basal taxon of the genus (Brandt and Ortí, 2002).","37","37-00358","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0358"
"13700359","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","hylophaga","hylophaga","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1899","","Field Columb. Mus. Publ., Zool. Ser.","1","","287","","","","USA, Oklahoma, Murray Co., Dougherty.","","","","Original spelling <i>hulophaga</i> Elliot, 1899, corrected to <i>hylophaga</i> by Elliot (1905).","37","37-00359","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0358-0359"
"13700360","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","hylophaga","plumbea","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Davis","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00360","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0358-0360"
"13700361","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Blarina","","peninsulae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Amer. Fauna","10","","14","","","Everglades Short-tailed Shrew","USA, Florida, Dade Co., Miami River.","Peninsular Florida (USA).","","","Formerly listed under <i>brevicauda</i> or <i>carolinensis</i>. The population of short-tailed shrews in S Florida has a distinct karyotype (2n = 50-52) and a distinct morphology (Genoways and Choate, 1998; George et al., 1982). In addition, the presence of a contact zone with <i>carolinensis</i> (2n = 36-46) suggests that <i>peninsulae</i> represents a valid species (Genoways and Benedict, in Wilson and Ruff, 1999).","37","37-00361","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0341-0000-0361"
"13700362","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Pomel","1848","","Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. Geneve","9","","249","","<i>Sorex</i> <i>cinereus</i> Bachman, 1837 (= <i>Sorex</i> <i>parvus</i> Say, 1823).","","","","","<i>Soriciscus</i>  Coues, 1877; <i>Xenosorex</i> Schaldach, 1966.","See Repenning (1967:37) and Reumer (1998:19) for placement in Blarinini. North and Central American species revised in part by Choate (1970) and Choate and Fleharty (1974); Central and South American species revised by Woodman (1996, 2002, 2003), Woodman and Timm (1993, 1999, 2000), and Vivar et al. (1997). Gureev (1979:433-437) listed many species that Choate (1970) considered synonyms. Formerly included <i>C</i>. <i>surinamensis</i> which was transferred to <i>Sorex</i> <i>araneus</i> by Husson (1963). Woodman (1993) argued that <i>Cryptotis</i> is feminine in gender, a conclusion followed here.","37","37-00362","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362"
"13700363","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","alticola","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Amer. Fauna","10","","27","","","Central Mexican Broad-clawed Shrew","Mexico, Volcán Popocatépetl, 11,500 ft. (3505 m).","Highlands above 2000 m in the Mexican states of Colima, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, México, and Puebla, Morelos, and in the Distrito Federal (Carraway, ms; Woodman and Timm, 1999).","","<i>euryrhynchis</i>  Genoways and Choate, 1967.","<i>C.</i> <i>mexicanus</i> group, <i>goldmani</i> subset. Formerly a member of <i>goldmani</i>; revised by Woodman and Timm (1999).","37","37-00363","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0363"
"13700364","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","brachyonyx","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Woodman","2003","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","116","","855","","","Eastern Cordillera Small-footed Shrew","Colombia, Cundinamarca, La Selva, near Bogotá, 8900 ft. (2740 m).","C Eastern Cordillera of Colombia.","","","<i>C. nigrescens</i> group; most similar to <i>C. colombiana</i> (Woodman, 2003).","37","37-00364","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0364"
"13700365","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","colombiana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Woodman and Timm","1993","","Fieldiana: Zoology, n.s.","74","","24","","","Colombian Small-eared Shrew","Colombia, Central Cordillera, Antioquia Dept., Río Negrito; 15 km E of Sonsón, 1750 m.","Colombia, Central Cordillera.","","","<i>C.</i> <i>nigrescens</i> group (Woodman and Timm, 1993). Woodman (1996) reported a second specimen from the Cordillera Oriental that he later described as a new species related to <i>C.</i> <i>colombiana</i> (Woodman, 2003); see under <i>C. brachyonyx</i>.","37","37-00365","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0365"
"13700366","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","endersi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Setzer","1950","","J. Wash. Acad. Sci.","40","","300","","","Enders' Small-eared Shrew","Panama, Cylindro.","Highlands of W Panama.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Choate (1970) recognized this taxon as a relict species known only from the type locality. In 1980, a second specimen was collected 70 km further east (Pine et al., 2002).","37","37-00366","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0366"
"13700367","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","equatoris","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","9","","409","","","Ecuadorean Small-eared Shrew","Ecuador, Sinchig, Guaranda, 4000 m.","Western Andes of Ecuador.","","<i>osgoodi</i>  Stone, 1914.","<i>C.</i> <i>thomasi</i> group. Revised by Vivar et al. (1997) who listed <i>osgoodi</i> as a subspecies.","37","37-00367","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0367"
"13700368","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","goldmani","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","10","","25","","","Goldman's Broad-clawed Shrew","Mexico, Guerrero, mountains near Chilpancingo, 10,000 ft. (3505 m).","Mexico; highlands above 1500 m in Oaxaca and Guerrero.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>guerrerensis</i>  Jackson, 1933; <b><i>machetes</i></b> Merriam, 1895;<i> fossor</i> Merriam, 1895; <i>frontalis</i> Miller, 1911.","<i>C.</i> <i>mexicana</i> group, <i>goldmani</i> subset. Choate (1970) recognized two distinct subspecies, <i>alticola</i> and <i>goldmani</i>; the former is now considered a species. Revised by Woodman and Timm (1999), and Carraway (ms), who recognized the Oaxaca and Guerrero populations as distinct subspecies.","37","37-00368","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0368"
"13700369","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","goldmani","goldmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","10","","25","","","","Mexico, Guerrero, mountains near Chilpancingo, 10,000 ft. (3505 m).","","","","","37","37-00369","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0368-0369"
"13700370","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","goldmani","machetes","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00370","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0368-0370"
"13700371","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","goodwini","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1933","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","46","","81","","","Goodwin's Broad-clawed Shrew","Guatemala, Calel, 10,200 ft. (3108 m).","Highlands above 1100 m in S Mexico (Chiapas) and S Guatemala; N El Salvador and W Honduras.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>magnimana</i>  Woodman and Timm, 1999.","<i>C.</i> <i>mexicana</i> group, <i>goldmani</i> subset. Reviewed by Choate and Fleharty (1974, Mammalian Species No. 44) and by Woodman and Timm (1999), who described <i>magnimana</i> as a subspecies from Honduras. Woodman (pers. comm., 2003) considered this name as a synonym of <i>goodwini</i>.","37","37-00371","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0371"
"13700372","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","gracilis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1911","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","24","","221","","","Talamancan Small-eared Shrew","Costa Rica, Talamanca [= Limón], near base of Pico Blanco, head of Lari River, altitude about 6000 ft. (1800 m).","SE Costa Rica and W Panama.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>jacksoni</i>  Goodwin, 1944.","Considered a relict species by Choate (1970). Specimens from Honduras previously included in <i>gracilis</i> were described as a new species, <i>C. hondurensis</i>, by Woodman and Timm (1992).","37","37-00372","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0372"
"13700373","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","griseoventris","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1933","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","46","","80","","","Guatemalan Broad-clawed Shrew","Mexico, Chiapas, San Cristóbal de las Casas, 9500 ft. (2900 m).","Highlands above 2000 m in S Mexico (Chiapas) and Guatemala.","","","<i>C.</i> <i>mexicana</i> group, <i>goldmani</i> subset (Woodman and Timm, 1999). Formerly included in <i>goldmani</i> by Choate (1970), but given species rank by Woodman and Timm (1999).","37","37-00373","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0373"
"13700374","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","hondurensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Woodman and Timm","1992","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","105","","2","","","Honduran Small-eared Shrew","Honduras, Francisco Morazán Department, 12 km WNW of El Zamorano, W slope of Cerro Oyuca [ca. 14°05'N, 87°06'W], 1680 m.","Pine, mixed pine, and oak forests on highlands east of Tegucicalpa, Honduras; possibly also in adjacent regions of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","<i>C.</i> <i>nigrescens</i> group. Formerly included in <i>gracilis</i>, see comments therein.","37","37-00374","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0374"
"13700375","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","magna","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","10","","28","","","Big Mexican Small-eared Shrew","Mexico, Oaxaca, Totontepec, 6800 ft. (2000 m).","NC Oaxaca (Mexico) from ca. 1500 to 2500 m elevation (Carraway, ms).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Robertson and Rickart (1975, Mammalian Species No. 61). A relict species, according to Choate (1970).","37","37-00375","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0375"
"13700376","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","mayensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","3","","559","","","Yucatan Small-eared Shrew","Mexico, Yucatán, Chichén Itzá (from a Maya ruin).","Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and adjacent Belize and Guatemala. Also known from owl pellets collected in Guerrero.","","","<i>C.</i> <i>nigrescens</i> group. Species redefined by Woodman and Timm (1993). Also recorded from the Pleistocene of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico (Woodman, 1995).","37","37-00376","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0376"
"13700377","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","medellinia","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","354","","","Medellín Small-eared Shrew","Colombia, Antioquia Dept., 30 km N Medellín, San Pedro.","Northern portions of the Central and Western Cordilleras, Colombia.","","","<i>C.</i> <i>thomasi</i> group. Revised by Vivar et al. (1997) and Woodman (2002).","37","37-00377","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0377"
"13700378","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","mera","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Goldman","1912","","Smiths. Misc. Coll.","60","2","17","","","Darién Small-eared Shrew","Panama, Darién Province, Cerro Pirre, near head of Río Limón, 4500 ft. (1400 m).","Highlands along the Panama-Colombia border.","","<i>merus</i>  Goldman, 1912.","<i>C.</i> <i>nigrescens</i> group. Revised by Woodman and Timm (1993).","37","37-00378","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0378"
"13700379","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","meridensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","457","","","Merida Small-eared Shrew","Venezuela, Merida, alt. 2165 m.","Venezuela; cloud forest and páramo in the Cordillera de los Andes in Trujillo, Mérida, and E Táchira; probably also mountains near Caracas, Venezuela, see Tello (1979).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>C.</i> <i>thomasi</i> group. This species was commonly included in <i>thomasi</i> (Handley, 1976; Eisenberg, 1989) but is much larger and has a more robust dentition. Choate (pers. comm., 1983) and Hutterer (1986<i>d</i>) therefore considered <i>meridensis</i> a valid species, an action followed by Vivar et al. (1997) and Woodman (1996). Specimens from Páramo de Tamá previously referred to <i>meridensis</i> have been described as a new species, <i>C. tamensis</i>, by Woodman (2002). A specimen from coastal highlands near Caracas reported by Ojasti and Mondolfi (1968) will require a detailed study.","37","37-00379","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0379"
"13700380","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","merriami","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Choate","1970","","Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist.","19","","277","","","Merriam's Small-eared Shrew","Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Jacaltenango, 5400 ft. (1646 m).","Highlands of S Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, N Nicaragua, and N Costa Rica.","","","<i>C.</i> <i>nigrescens</i> group. Formerly included in <i>nigrescens</i>, but redefined by Woodman and Timm (1993). Occurs syntopically with <i>nigrescens</i> in Costa Rica (Woodman, 2000).","37","37-00380","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0380"
"13700381","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","mexicana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Coues","1877","","Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr.","3","","652","","","Mexican Small-eared Shrew","Mexico, Veracruz, Jalapa, ca. 1520 m.","Humid upper tropical zone in Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz (Mexico); altitudinal range 520 to 2600 m (Carraway, ms; Fa, 1989).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>C.</i> <i>mexicana</i> group. Reviewed by Choate (1970; 1973, Mammalian Species No. 28), who recognized four subspecies, <i>mexicana</i>, <i>nelsoni</i>, <i>obscura</i>, and <i>peregrina</i>; the latter three were regarded as separate species by Woodman and Timm (1999).","37","37-00381","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0381"
"13700382","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","montivaga","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Anthony","1921","","Am. Mus. Novit.","20","","5","","","Wandering Small-eared Shrew","Ecuador, Prov. del Azuay, Bestion, 10,000 ft. (3049 m).","Andean zone of S Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>C.</i> <i>thomasi</i> group. Revised by Vivar et al. (1997), who called it <i>montivagus</i>.","37","37-00382","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0382"
"13700383","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","nelsoni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Amer. Fauna","10","","26","","","Nelson's Small-eared Shrew","Mexico, Veracruz, Volcán Tuxtla, 4800 ft. (1460 m).","Known only from type locality.","","","<i>C.</i> <i>mexicana</i> group. Included in <i>mexicana</i> by Choate (1970) and Hall (1981), but given species rank by Woodman and Timm (1999).","37","37-00383","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0383"
"13700384","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","nigrescens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","J. A. Allen","1895","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","7","","339","","","Blackish Small-eared Shrew","Costa Rica, San José Province, San Isidro.","Highlands above 800 m in Costa Rica and W Panama.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>tersus</i>  Goodwin, 1954; <i>zeteki</i> Setzer, 1950.","<i>C.</i> <i>nigrescens</i> group. Choate (1970) included <i>mayensis</i> and <i>merriami</i> as subspecies, but see Woodman and Timm (1993) who revised the <i>nigrescens</i> group.","37","37-00384","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0384"
"13700385","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","obscura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Amer. Fauna","10","","23","","","Grizzled Mexican Small-eared Shrew","Mexico, Hidalgo, Tulancingo, 8500 ft. (2600 m).","Mexican highlands from 1040 to 2500 m in Hidalgo, México, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz (Carraway, ms).","","<i>madrea</i>  Goodwin, 1954.","<i>C.</i> <i>mexicana</i> group. Included in <i>mexicana</i> by Choate (1970) and Hall (1981), but given species rank by Woodman and Timm (1999).","37","37-00385","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0385"
"13700386","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","orophila","","SPECIES","False","","yes","J. A. Allen","1895","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","7","","340","","","Central American Least Shrew","Costa Rica, Cartago Prov., Volcán Iraz·.","Highlands and mid-elevations from Honduras and El Salvador south to C Costa Rica (Woodman, pers. comm., 2003).","","<i>olivaceus</i>  J. A. Allen, 1908.","<i>C.</i> <i>parva</i> group. Until recently a subspecies of <i>parva</i>, but given species rank by Woodman (2002, and pers. comm.).","37","37-00386","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0386"
"13700387","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","parva","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Say","1823","","<i>In</i> James, Account Exped. Pittsburgh to Rocky Mtns","1","","163","","","North American Least Shrew","""Engineer Cantonment,"" west bank of Missouri River; restricted by Jones (1964:68) to USA, Nebraska, Washington Co., approximately 2 mi. (3.2 km) east Ft. Calhoun.","Extreme SE Canada through EC and SW USA and Mexico S to Chiapas and W to Nayarit.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cinereus</i>  Bachmann, 1837 [not Kerr, 1792]; <i>elasson</i> Bole and Moulthrop, 1942; <i>exilipes</i> Baird, 1858; <i>eximius</i> Baird, 1858; <i>harlani</i> Duvernoy, 1842; <i>parvus</i> Say, 1823; <b><i>berlandieri</i></b> Baird, 1858; <i>macer</i> Miller, 1911; <i>nayaritensis</i> Jackson, 1933; <i>pergracilis</i> Elliot, 1903; <b><i>floridana</i></b> Merriam, 1895; <b><i>pueblensis</i></b> Jackson, 1933; <i>celatus</i> Goodwin, 1956; <b><i>soricina</i></b> Merriam, 1895.","Reviewed by Whitaker (1974, Mammalian Species No. 43), who recognized 9 subspecies, 5 of which occur in Middle America (Choate, 1970). Woodman (2002) concluded that <i>orophila</i> is a diagnosable species; see under that name. The remaining taxa are tentatively assigned to the five subspecies noted here (Carraway, pers. comm., 2003; Woodman, pers. comm., 2002). Some of these taxa may in fact represent good species. Karyotypes from Missouri and Texas count 2n = 52, FN = 54 (Genoways et al., 1977).","37","37-00387","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0387"
"13700388","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","parva","parva","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Say","1823","","<i>In</i> James, Account Exped. Pittsburgh to Rocky Mtns","1","","163","","","","""Engineer Cantonment,"" west bank of Missouri River; restricted by Jones (1964:68) to USA, Nebraska, Washington Co., approximately 2 mi. (3.2 km) east Ft. Calhoun.","","","","","37","37-00388","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0387-0388"
"13700389","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","parva","berlandieri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Baird","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00389","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0387-0389"
"13700390","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","parva","floridana","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00390","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0387-0390"
"13700391","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","parva","pueblensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00391","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0387-0391"
"13700392","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","parva","soricina","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00392","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0387-0392"
"13700393","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","peregrina","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Amer. Fauna","10","","24","","","Oaxacan Broad-clawed Shrew","Mexico, Oaxaca, Mtns near 15 mi. (24 km) southwest of Oaxaca and just pass Santa Inéz, 9500 ft. (2900 m). Further specified by Woodman and Timm (2000).","Mexico, Oaxaca, Sierra de Cuatro Venados and Sierra Yucuyacua.","","","<i>C.</i> <i>mexicana</i> group, <i>goldmani</i> subset. Formerly included in <i>mexicana</i> (see Choate, 1970), but raised to species level by Woodman and Timm (1999). Further restricted and defined by Woodman and Timm (2000).","37","37-00393","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0393"
"13700394","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","peruviensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Vivar, Pacheco and Valqui","1997","","Am. Mus. Novit.","3202","","7","","","Peruvian Small-eared Shrew","Peru, Department Cajamarca, Las Ashitas, 3150 m, about 42 km W Jaén (05°42'S, 79°08'W).","Only known from elfin forest in N Peru, E and W Andes, at 3150 and 2050 m.","","","<i>C.</i> <i>thomasi</i> group. The populations of <i>peruviensis</i> document the southernmost occurrence of <i>Cryptotis</i> in South America (Vivar et al., 1997).","37","37-00394","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0394"
"13700395","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","phillipsii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Schaldach","1966","","SSugetierkdl. Mitt.","4","","289","","","Phillips' Small-eared Shrew","Mexico, S Oaxaca, 3 km SW San Miguel Suchixtepec, 2250 m, Río Molino.","Mexico, S Oaxaca, Sierra de Miahuatlán.","","","<i>C. mexicana</i> group. Described as <i>Notiosorex</i> (<i>Xenosorex</i>) <i>phillipsii</i> but later included in <i>Cryptotis</i> <i>mexicana</i>; see Choate (1969). Recently resurrected by Woodman and Timm (2000).","37","37-00395","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0395"
"13700396","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","squamipes","","SPECIES","False","","yes","J. A. Allen","1912","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","31","","93","","","Western Colombian Small-eared Shrew","Colombia, Cauca, 40 mi. (64 km) west of Popayan, crest of Western Andes, 10,340 ft. (3150 m).","S Cordillera Occidental of Colombia and Ecuador.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>C.</i> <i>thomasi</i> group.","37","37-00396","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0396"
"13700397","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","tamensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Woodman","2002","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","115","","254","","","Tamá Small-eared Shrew","Venezuela, Táchira, Buena Vista, 07°27'N, 72°26'W, 2415 m.","Montane forest and pasture margins in the Tamá highlands, W Venezuela, and adjacent highlands in Colombia between 2385 and 3329 m.","","","<i>C.</i> <i>thomasi</i> group; most similar to <i>meridensis</i> and <i>thomasi</i> (Woodman, 2002).","37","37-00397","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0397"
"13700398","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","227","","","Thomas' Small-eared Shrew","Colombia, Plains of Bogota, near city of Bogota, 9000 ft. (2740 m), ""on G. O. Child's estate"".","Colombia, highlands above 2700 m around Bogotá in the Eastern Cordillera.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>avia</i>  G. M. Allen, 1923 as <i>C. thomasi </i>and <i>C. avia</i>.","Woodman (1996) redefined the species and included <i>avia</i> as a synonym.","37","37-00398","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0398"
"13700399","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Blarinini","Cryptotis","","tropicalis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Amer. Fauna","10","","21","","","Tropical Small-eared Shrew","Guatemala, Cobán.","Eastern highlands of Chiapas (Mexico) east and south into highlands of Belize and Guatemala (Carraway, ms; Choate, 1970).","","<i>tropicalis</i>  (Gray, 1843) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>micrurus</i> (Tomes, 1861) [not Pomel, 1848].","<i>C.</i> <i>parva</i> group. Until recently a subspecies of <i>parva</i>, but species rank suggested by Carraway (ms) and Woodman (pers. comm., 2003). Relations to <i>C. orophila</i> remain to be studied.","37","37-00399","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0340-0362-0000-0399"
"13700400","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","yes","Anderson","1879","","Anat. and zool. Res.","1","","149","","","","","","","Crossopinae A. Milne-Edwards, 1872; Hydrosoridae Anonymous, 1838; Neomyini Matschie, 1909; Soriculi Winge, 1917; Soriculini Kretzoi, 1965.","Better known as Neomyini (Repenning, 1967), but Nectogalini has priority, as pointed out by McKenna and Bell (1997).","37","37-00400","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400"
"13700401","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chimarrogale","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Anderson","1877","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","46","","262","","<i>Crossopus</i> <i>himalayicus</i> Gray, 1842.","","","","","<i>Chimmarogale</i>  Ellermann and Morrison-Scott, 1951; <i>Crossogale</i> Thomas, 1921.","Formerly in tribe Neomyini; see Repenning (1967:61). Because of the presence of white teeth the genus was occasionally included in subfamily Crocidurinae, but since Repenning (1967), overwhelming evidence has accumulated showing that <i>Chimarrogale</i> is a soricine shrew (Mori et al., 1991; Vogel and Besancon, 1979). Gureev (1971:226) included <i>Chimarrogale</i> in his subtribe Nectogalina within the Blarinini, while Reumer (1984:14) included it in the tribe Soriculini; see comments under genus <i>Neomys</i>. Includes <i>Crossogale</i>; see Harrison (1958), who also revised the genus. His arrangement was found to be more realistic than the common practice of lumping all forms together in one or two species. Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>) recognized the six species listed below.","37","37-00401","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0401"
"13700402","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chimarrogale","","hantu","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Harrison","1958","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 13","1","","282","","","Malayan Water Shrew","""banks of a stream at low altitude (under 1,000 ft. [305 m]) in the Ulu Langat Forest Reserve, Selangor, Malaya, about 20 km. east of Kuala Lumpur.""","Tropical forest of the Malaysian peninsula.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Included in <i>himalayica</i> by Medway (1977) and other authors but retained by Jones and Mumford (1971). The species differs considerably in its morphology and ecology from the species that inhabit the Himalayan region. The photograph of a live animal in Nowak (1991:156) depicts this species.","37","37-00402","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0401-0000-0402"
"13700403","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chimarrogale","","himalayica","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","261","","","Himalayan Water Shrew","""India"", Punjab, Chamba.","Kashmir through SE Asia to Indochina; C and S China; Taiwan.","","<i>himalayicus</i>  (Gray, 1842); <i>leander</i> Thomas, 1902; <i>varennei</i> Thomas, 1927.","Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) included <i>leander</i>, <i>platycephala</i>, <i>varennei</i>, and probably <i>hantu</i> in <i>himalayica</i>. Gureev (1979) listed <i>leander</i>, <i>hantu</i>, <i>platycephala</i>, and <i>varennei</i> as distinct species without comment; both views are only partially accepted here. Species reviewed by Jones and Mumford (1971) and Hoffmann (1987).","37","37-00403","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0401-0000-0403"
"13700404","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chimarrogale","","phaeura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","246","","","Bornean Water Shrew","Malaysia, Sabah, ""Saiap, Mount Kina Balu"".","Streams in tropical forest of island of Borneo (Malaysia and Indonesia).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Medway (1977) considered <i>phaeura</i> as a subspecies of <i>himalayica</i> but Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Jones and Mumford (1971) maintained <i>styani</i> and <i>phaeura</i> as separate species. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966:87) included <i>sumatrana</i> in this species, but Gureev (1979:458) listed it as a distinct species, a view followed by Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>).","37","37-00404","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0401-0000-0404"
"13700405","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chimarrogale","","platycephalus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Temminck","1842","","Fauna Japon.","1(Mamm.)","","p. 23, pl. V, fig. 1","","","Japanese Water Shrew","Japan, Kyushu, near Nagasaki and Bungo.","Most of the Japanese Isls.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Included in <i>himalayica</i> since Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), but retained as a separate species by Harrison (1958), Hutterer and Hürter (1981), Hoffmann (1987), and Corbet and Hill (1991). Arai et al. (1985) reported on clinal size variation in Japan. For date of publication see Holthuis and Sakai (1970). The species name is often spelled <i>platycephala</i> (as such in the second edition, 1993<i>a</i>); however, <i>platycephalus</i> is to be regarded as a noun, in which case the specific name does not change with the gender of the genus (C. Smeenk, in litt., 2002). Detailed observations on distribution and habitat provided by Abe (2003). Karyotype has 2n = 52, FN = 104 (Obara and Tada, 1985).","37","37-00405","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0401-0000-0405"
"13700406","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chimarrogale","","styani","","SPECIES","False","","yes","De Winton","1899","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1899","","574","","","Chinese Water Shrew","China, ""Yangl-iu-pa, N.W. Sechuen [= Sichuan].""","Shensi and Sichuan (China), and N Burma.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Certainly a distinct species, and regarded as such by Jones and Mumford (1971), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), and Hoffmann (1987). Occurs nearly sympatrically with <i>himalayica</i> in N Burma.","37","37-00406","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0401-0000-0406"
"13700407","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chimarrogale","","sumatrana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","244","","","Sumatran Water Shrew","Indonesia, Sumatra, ""Pager Alam, Padang Highlands"".","Streams in tropical forest of Sumatra.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Regarded as a race of <i>phaeura</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966:87), but considered distinct by Harrison (1958) and Gureev (1979), a view supported by its cranial anatomy.","37","37-00407","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0401-0000-0407"
"13700408","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chodsigoa","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Kastchenko","1907","","Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. St. Pétersb.","10","","251","","<i>Soriculus</i> <i>salenskii</i> Kastchenko, 1907 (by subsequent designation of Allen, 1938:104).","","","","","","Often included in <i>Soriculus</i> as a subgenus (Hoffmann, 1985<i>b</i>). Hutterer (1994<i>b</i>) and Motokawa (1997<i>b</i>, 1998) proposed generic status for <i>Chodsigoa</i> and <i>Episoriculus</i>.","37","37-00408","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0408"
"13700409","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chodsigoa","","caovansunga","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lunde, Musser and Son","2003","","Mammal Study","28","","37","","","Van Sung's Shrew","Vietnam, Ha Giang province, Vi Xuyen distr., Cao Bo Commune, Mt. Tay Con Linh II, 1500 m (22°45'27''N, 104°49'49''E).","Known only from the type locality.","","","Species contrasted against <i>parca</i> and <i>parva</i> by Lunde et al. (2003<i>b</i>).","37","37-00409","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0408-0000-0409"
"13700410","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chodsigoa","","hypsibia","","SPECIES","False","","yes","de Winton","1899","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1899","","574","","","De Winton's Shrew","China, Sichuan, ""Yang-liu-pa"".","SW and C China, Yunnan, Sichuan and Shaanxi; apparently disjunct population (<i>larvarum</i>) in Hebei.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Soriculus hypsibius</i>.","<i>beresowskii</i>  (Kastchenko, 1907); <i>larvarum</i> Thomas, 1911.","Does not include <i>parva</i> and <i>lamula</i>; see Hoffmann (1985<i>b</i>).","37","37-00410","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0408-0000-0410"
"13700411","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chodsigoa","","lamula","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","399","","","Lamulate Shrew","China, Gansu, ""40 miles [64 km] S.E. of Tao-chou [Lintan]. Alt. 9500' [2896 m]"".","C China, from Yunnan, Sichuan, and Gansu to Fujian.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Soriculus lamula.</i>","","Hoffmann (1985) included <i>parva</i> in <i>C.</i> <i>lamula</i>, but Lunde et al. (2003<i>b</i>) retained <i>parva</i> as a distinct species. Formerly in <i>hypsibia</i> but occurs sympatrically with that species; see Hoffmann (1985<i>b</i>).","37","37-00411","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0408-0000-0411"
"13700412","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chodsigoa","","parca","","SPECIES","False","","yes","G. M. Allen","1923","","Am. Mus. Novit.","100","","6","","","Lowe's Shrew","""Ho-mu-shu Pass, Western Yunnan, China, 8000 feet [2438 m]"".","SW China, N Burma, Thailand and N Vietnam.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Soriculus parca.</i>","<b><i>furva</i> </b> Anthony, 1941; <b><i>lowei</i></b> Osgood, 1932.","Formerly included in <i>smithii</i>, but retained as a separate species by Hoffmann (1985<i>b</i>), with <i>lowei</i> and <i>furva</i> as tentative subspecies.","37","37-00412","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0408-0000-0412"
"13700413","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chodsigoa","","parca","parca","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","G. M. Allen","1923","","Am. Mus. Novit.","100","","6","","","","""Ho-mu-shu Pass, Western Yunnan, China, 8000 feet [2438 m]"".","","","","","37","37-00413","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0408-0000-0412-0413"
"13700414","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chodsigoa","","parca","furva","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Anthony","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00414","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0408-0000-0412-0414"
"13700415","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chodsigoa","","parca","lowei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00415","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0408-0000-0412-0415"
"13700416","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chodsigoa","","parva","","SPECIES","False","","yes","G. M. Allen","1923","","Am. Mus. Novit.","100","","5","","","Pygmy Brown-toothed Shrew","China, W Yunnan, Likiang Range, Ssushancheng.","Known only from the type locality.","","","Hoffmann (1985<i>b</i>) synonymized <i>C.</i> <i>parva</i> with <i>C.</i> <i>lamula</i> and was followed by Corbet and Hill (1992), but Lunde et al. (2003<i>b</i>) demonstrated that <i>C.</i> <i>parva</i> is much smaller than <i>C.</i> <i>lamula</i> and represents a good species known only by the type series, a conclusion already drawn by Allen (1938).","37","37-00416","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0408-0000-0416"
"13700417","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chodsigoa","","salenskii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kastschenko","1907","","Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg","10","","253","","","Salenski's Shrew","China, Sichuan, ""Lun-ngan'-fu"" (= Liangfu).","Known only from the type locality in N Sichuan.","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>Soriculus salenskii</i>.","","Related to <i>C. smithii</i>.","37","37-00417","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0408-0000-0417"
"13700418","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chodsigoa","","smithii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","90","4","","","Smith's Shrew","China, Sichuan, ""Ta-tsien-lu"".","C Sichuan to W Shaanxi (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Soriculus smithii.</i>","","Regarded as a subspecies of <i>salenskii</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:60), but as a separate species by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:24). Formerly included <i>parca</i> and <i>furva</i>; but see Hoffmann (1985<i>b</i>).","37","37-00418","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0408-0000-0418"
"13700419","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Chodsigoa","","sodalis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. ?? [check]","11","","217","","","Lesser Taiwanese Shrew","Central Taiwan, Mt. Arizan, 8,000 ft. (2438 m).","Mountains of C Taiwan.","","","Formerly included as a synonym in <i>Episoriculus</i> <i>fumidus</i> (Hoffmann, 1984), but Yu (1994) and Motokawa et al. (1997<i>b</i>, 1998) re-definied <i>C.</i> <i>sodalis</i> and described its characteristical karyotype (2n = 44, FN = 88). Kuroda (1935) already correctly distinguished between <i>Chodsigoa</i> <i>sodalis</i> and <i>Episoriculus</i> <i>fumidus</i>.","37","37-00419","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0408-0000-0419"
"13700420","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Episoriculus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Ellermann and Morrison-Scott","1966","","Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946, second ed.","","","56","","<i>Sorex</i> <i>caudatus</i> Horsfield, 1851.","","","","","","Described as a subgenus of <i>Soriculus</i> and often included in that genus (Hoffmann, 1985<i>b</i>). Hutterer (1994<i>b</i>) presented evidence that <i>Soriculus</i>, <i>Episoriculus</i> and <i>Chodsigoa</i> are not closely related to each other, and that Pleistocene and Pliocene shrews from Europe referred to <i>Episoriculus</i> by many authors (e.g., Rzebik-Kowalska, 1981) belong to the extinct genus <i>Asoriculus</i>, a conclusion widely accepted by paleontologists (Reumer, 1998; Rzebik-Kowalska, 2002).","37","37-00420","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0420"
"13700421","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Episoriculus","","caudatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Horsfield","1851","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. India Co.","","","135","","","Hodgsons's Brown-toothed Shrew","""Sikkim"", no exact locality.","Kashmir to N Burma and SW China.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Soriculus caudatus</i>.","<i>gracilicauda</i>  (Anderson, 1877); <i>homourus</i> (Gray, 1863) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>sacratus</i></b> (Thomas, 1911); <i>soluensis</i> (Gruber, 1969); <b><i>umbrinus</i></b> (G. Allen, 1923).","Includes <i>sacratus</i> and <i>umbrinus</i> as subspecies; see Gruber (1969) and Hoffmann (1985<i>b</i>).","37","37-00421","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0420-0000-0421"
"13700422","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Episoriculus","","caudatus","caudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Horsfield","1851","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. India Co.","","","135","","","","""Sikkim"", no exact locality.","","","","","37","37-00422","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0420-0000-0421-0422"
"13700423","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Episoriculus","","caudatus","sacratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00423","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0420-0000-0421-0423"
"13700424","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Episoriculus","","caudatus","umbrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","G. Allen","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00424","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0420-0000-0421-0424"
"13700425","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Episoriculus","","fumidus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","216","","","Taiwanese Brown-toothed Shrew","Taiwan, Chiai Hsien, ""Mt. Arisan (= Alishan); Central Formosa. Alt. 8,000’ [2438 m]"".","Montane forests of Taiwan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Soriculus fumidus</i>.","","Formerly included in <i>caudatus</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:59), but see Jameson and Jones (1977:474) and Hoffmann (1985<i>b</i>), who included <i>sodalis</i> (now in <i>Chodsigoa</i>) in <i>fumidus</i>. Motokawa et al. (1998) described the karyotype (2n = 64, FN = 116) and distribution of <i>Episoriculus</i> <i>fumidus</i> that occurs symatrically with <i>Chodsigoa</i> <i>sodalis</i> in Taiwan. A RNA sequence was published by Querouil et al. (2001) and Corneli (2002) under the name <i>Soriculus</i> <i>fumidus</i>.","37","37-00425","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0420-0000-0425"
"13700426","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Episoriculus","","leucops","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Horsfield","1855","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2","16","","111","","","Long-tailed Brown-toothed Shrew","Nepal.","C Nepal, Sikkim and Assam to S China, N Burma and N Vietnam.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Soriculus leucops</i>.","<b><i>baileyi</i> </b> (Thomas, 1914); <i>gruberi</i> (Weigel, 1969).","Includes <i>baileyi</i> as a subspecies; see Hoffmann (1985<i>b</i>).","37","37-00426","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0420-0000-0426"
"13700427","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Episoriculus","","leucops","leucops","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Horsfield","1855","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2","16","","111","","","","Nepal.","","","","","37","37-00427","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0420-0000-0426-0427"
"13700428","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Episoriculus","","leucops","baileyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00428","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0420-0000-0426-0428"
"13700429","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Episoriculus","","macrurus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Blanford","1888","","Fauna Brit. India","1","","231","","","Long-tailed Mountain Shrew","India, Darjeeling.","C Nepal to W and S China and to N Burma and Vietnam.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Soriculus macrurus</i>.","<i>irene</i>  (Thomas, 1911).","Formerly confused with <i>leucops</i>, but shown to be a distinct species by Hoffmann (1985<i>b</i>).","37","37-00429","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0420-0000-0429"
"13700430","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Nectogale","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1870","","C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris","70","","341","","<i>Nectogale</i> <i>elegans</i> Milne-Edwards, 1870.","","","","","","For placement in Soricinae see Vogel and Besancon (1979); formerly in tribe Neomyini; see Repenning (1967:45). Gureev (1971:226) placed <i>Nectogale</i> in a subtribe Nectogalina, but all authors prior to McKenna and Bell (1997) overlooked the fact that Nectogalini Anderson, 1879 was available.","37","37-00430","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0430"
"13700431","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Nectogale","","elegans","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1870","","C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris","70","","341","","","Elegant Water Shrew","China, Sichuan, Moupin (= Baoxing).","Cold mountain streams across the Himalayas and in W and C China; Tibet (Xizang Aut. Region), Nepal, Sikkim (India), Bhutan, N Burma, and Yunnan, Sichuan and Shaanxi (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>sikhimensis</i>  de Winton, 1899.","A species highly adapted for a semi-aquatic life (Hutterer, 1985). Includes <i>sikhimensis</i>, see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Hoffmann (1987). Reviewed by Hutterer (1993<i>b</i>).","37","37-00431","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0430-0000-0431"
"13700432","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Neomys","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Kaup","1829","","Skizz. Entwickel.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt","1","","117","","<i>Sorex</i> <i>daubentonii</i> Erxleben, 1777 (= <i>Sorex</i> <i>fodiens</i> Pennant, 1771).","","","","","<i>Amphisorex</i>  Duvernoy, 1835; <i>Crossopus</i> Wagler, 1832; <i>Hydrogale</i> Kaup, 1829 [not Pomel, 1848]; <i>Hydrosorex</i> Duvernoy, 1835; <i>Leucorrhynchus</i> Kaup, 1829; <i>Myosictis</i> Pomel, 1854; <i>Pinalia</i> Gray, 1838.","Type genus of tribe Neomyini Repenning, 1967, for which Reumer (1984:14) used the name Soriculini Kretzoi, 1965. However, both are antedated by Neomyini Matschie, 1909 and Nectogalini Anderson, 1879. Biogeography and phylogeny of the genus reviewed by Kryštufek et al. (2000<i>a</i>).","37","37-00432","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0432"
"13700433","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Neomys","","anomalus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Cabrera","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","214","","","Mediterranean Water Shrew","Spain, Madrid Prov., Jarama River, San Martin de la Vega.","Temperate woodlands of Europe, from Portugal to Poland and east to Voronesh, Russia; N Asia Minor and N Iran.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amphibius</i>  Brehm, 1826; <i>josti</i> Martino, 1940; <i>milleri</i> Mottaz, 1907; <i>mokrzeckii</i> Martino, 1917; <i>rhenanus</i> Lehmann, 1976; <i>soricoides</i> Ognev, 1922.","Reviewed by Spitzenberger (1990<i>b</i>); European range mapped by Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999). <i>Sorex</i> <i>amphibius</i> Brehm, 1826 is probably an earlier name for the species (von Knorre, pers. comm.), although it has to be treated as a <i>nomen</i> <i>oblitum</i>. Karyotype from Spain to Turkey uniformly 2n = 52, FN = 98 (Zima et al., 1998).","37","37-00433","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0432-0000-0433"
"13700434","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Neomys","","fodiens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pennant","1771","","Synopsis Quadrupeds","","","308","","","Eurasian Water Shrew","Germany, Berlin.","Most of Europe including the British Isls and eastwards to Lake Baikal, Yenisei River (Russia), Tien Shan (China), and NW Mongolia; disjunct in Sakhalin Isl and adjacent Siberia, Jilin (China), and N Korea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albiventris</i>  (de Sélys Longchamps, 1839) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>albus</i> (Bechstein, 1800); <i>alpestris</i> Burg, 1924 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>aquaticus</i> (Müller, 1776) [not of Linnaeus, 1758]; <i>argenteus</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>bicolor</i> (Shaw, 1791); <i>brachyotus</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>canicularius</i> (Bechstein, 1800); <i>carinatus</i> (Hermann, 1780); <i>ciliatus</i> (Sowerby, 1805); <i>collaris</i> (Desmarest, 1818); <i>dagestanicus</i> Heptner and Formozov, 1928; <i>daubentonii</i> (Erxleben, 1777); <i>eremita</i> (Meyer, 1793); <i>fimbriatus</i> (Fitzinger, 1868); <i>fluviatilis</i> (Bechstein, 1793); <i>griseogularis</i> (Fitzinger, 1868); <i>hermanni</i> (Duvernoy, 1835); <i>hydrophilus</i> (Pallas, 1811); <i>ignotus</i> Fatio, 1905; <i>intermedius</i> (Cornalia, 1870); <i>intermedius</i> Brunner, 1952 [not Cornalia, 1870]; <i>leucotis</i> (de Sélys Longchamps, 1839) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>limchunhunii</i> Won, 1954; <i>lineatus</i> (E. Geoffroy, 1811); <i>linneana</i> (Gray, 1838); <i>liricaudatus</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>longobarda</i> (Sordelli, 1899); <i>macrourus</i> (Lehmann, 1822); <i>minor</i> Miller, 1901; <i>musculus</i> (Wagler, 1832); <i>naias</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1905; <i>nanus</i> Lydekker, 1906; <i>natans</i> (Brehm, 1826); <i>niethammeri</i> Bühler, 1963; <i>nigricans</i> (Nilsson, 1845) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>nigripes</i> (Melchior, 1834); <i>orientalis</i> Hinton, 1915; <i>orientis</i> Thomas, 1914; <i>pennantii</i> (Gray, 1838); <i>psilurus</i> (Wagler, 1832); <i>remifer</i> (E. Geoffroy, 1811); <i>rivalis</i> (Brehm, 1830); <i>sowerbyi</i> (Bonaparte, 1840); <i>stagnatilis</i> (Brehm, 1826); <i>stresemanni</i> Stein, 1931; <i>watasei</i> Kishida, 1930 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>watasei</i> Kuroda, 1941.","Includes <i>orientis</i> and <i>watasei</i> as possible subspecies (Hoffmann, 1987; Ognev, 1928; Yudin, 1989). Many of the listed synonyms have never been properly studied and identified and a meaningful subspecific division of the species is not possible yet. Recently, Lehmann (1983) referred <i>constrictus</i> to <i>Crocidura</i> <i>russula</i>. The form <i>niethammeri</i> from NE Spain may represent a valid species (Bühler, 1996; López-Fuster et al., 1990). <i>Neomys</i> <i>newtoni</i> Hinton, 1911 is regarded as an extinct Pleistocene species; see Rzebik-Kowalska (1998). <i>Neomys</i> <i>intermedius</i> Brunner, 1952 was identified as a chronosubspecies of <i>N.</i> <i>fodiens</i> by Schaefer (1973); the name, however, is not available. Karyotypes of <i>N.</i> <i>fodiens</i> from Sweden to Mongolia were consistantly 2n = 52, FN = 98 (Zima et al., 1998).","37","37-00434","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0432-0000-0434"
"13700435","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Neomys","","teres","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","68","","","Transcaucasian Water Shrew","NE Turkey, 25 mi. (40 km) N Erzerum, 7,000 ft. (2134 m).","Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia); and adjacent Turkey (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001) and Iran (specimen in ZFMK); eastern Palearctic limits unknown.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>N. schelkovnikovi</i>.","<i>balkaricus</i>  Ognev, 1926; <i>leptodactylus</i> Satunin, 1914; <i>schelkovnikovi</i> Satunin, 1913.","Better known as <i>N.</i> <i>schelkovnikovi</i> as reviewed by Sokolov and Tembotov (1989). Kryštufek et al. (1998) reviewed the species in Turkey and showed that <i>teres</i> is the corect name for the species. Karyotype (2n = 52, FN = 98) identical to that of the other two species (Graphodatsky et al., 1993).","37","37-00435","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0432-0000-0435"
"13700436","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Nesiotites","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Bate","1945","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 11","11","","741","","<i>Nesiotites</i> <i>hidalgo</i> Bate, 1945.","","","","","","A genus endemic to the Balearic Isls that went extinct during historical times. Vigne (1987) provided a summary of the extinction process. Further information in Vigne and Alcover (1985), and Vigne and Marinval-Vigne (1990, 1991). The morphological separation of <i>Nesiotites</i> from the extinct genus <i>Asoriculus</i> is weak and requires further study (Masini and Sara, 1998).","37","37-00436","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0436"
"13700437","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Nesiotites","","hidalgo","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bate","1945","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 11","11","","742","","","Balearic Shrew","Spain, Balearic Isls, E Mallorca, Cap Ferrutx.","Mallorca, Menorca, and Menorca (Reumer, 1982).","Extinct.","","Vanished in historical times (Reumer, 1980<i>b</i>). The morphology of the species was described in detail by Reumer (1980<i>a</i>). The epithet <i>hidalgoi</i>, as used by Alcover et al. (2000) in the combination <i>Asoriculus</i> <i>hidalgoi</i>, is an unjustified emendation.","37","37-00437","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0436-0000-0437"
"13700438","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Nesiotites","","similis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hensel","1855","","Z. Dtsch. Geol. Ges.","7","","459","","","Sardinian Shrew","Italy, Sardinia, Montereale, near Cagliari.","Sardinia.","Extinct.","","This species probably vanished from Sardinia during the Middle Ages (Vigne, 1992).","37","37-00438","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0436-0000-0438"
"13700439","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Soriculus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Blyth","1854","","J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal","23","","733","","<i>Corsira</i> <i>nigrescens</i> Gray, 1842.","","","","","","Formerly most authors included <i>Chodsigoa</i> and <i>Episoriculus</i> as subgenera, but both are treated as distinct genera here, following Hutterer (1994<i>b</i>). Genus reviewed by Hoffmann (1985<i>b</i>).","37","37-00439","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0439"
"13700440","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Soriculus","","nigrescens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","261","","","Himalayan Shrew","""India"", West Bengal, Darjeeling.","Middle altitudes of the Himalaya from Tibet and Nepal to Bhutan, Assam (India) and SW China.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aterrimus</i>  (Blyth, 1842) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>caurinus</i> Hinton, 1922; <i>centralis</i> Hinton, 1922; <i>holosericeus</i> (Gray, 1863) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>oligurus</i> (Gray, 1863) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>pahari</i> Hinton, 1922; <i>sikimensis</i> (Hodgson, 1849) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>minor</i></b> Dobson, 1890; <i>radulus</i> Thomas, 1922 (see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951).","The form <i>radulus</i> is distinctly smaller (Hoffmann, 1985<i>b</i>), however, Motokawa (2003<i>a</i>) has shown that <i>minor</i> antedates <i>radulus</i> and should be used as the valid name for the small form (or species) occurring in Bhutan and Assam. For synonyms see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","37","37-00440","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0439-0000-0440"
"13700441","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Soriculus","","nigrescens","nigrescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","261","","","","""India"", West Bengal, Darjeeling.","","","","","37","37-00441","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0439-0000-0440-0441"
"13700442","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Nectogalini","Soriculus","","nigrescens","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Dobson","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00442","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0400-0439-0000-0440-0442"
"13700443","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Notiosoricini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","yes","Reumer","1984","","Scripta Geol.","73","","18","","","","","","","","Includes also the fossil genera <i>Hesperosorex</i> Hibbard, 1957, and <i>Beckiasorex</i> Dalquest, 1972. Diagnosis specified by Reumer (1989).","37","37-00443","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0443"
"13700444","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Notiosoricini","Megasorex","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Hibbard","1950","","Contrib. Mus. Paleontol. Univ. Michigan","8","","129","","<i>Notiosorex</i> <i>gigas</i> Merriam, 1897.","","","","","","Repenning (1967) and George (1986) placed the genus in Neomyini, but see Reumer (1998).","37","37-00444","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0443-0444"
"13700445","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Notiosoricini","Megasorex","","gigas","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","227","","","Mexican Shrew","Mexico, Jalisco, near San Sebastián, mountains at Milpillas.","Nayarit to Oaxaca (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included in <i>Notiosorex</i> (Hall, 1981:65); but Repenning (1967:56) and Armstrong and Jones (1972<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species No. 16) considered <i>Megasorex</i> a distinct genus; a view supported by George (1986) on the basis of allozyme data.","37","37-00445","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0443-0444-0000-0445"
"13700446","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Notiosoricini","Notiosorex","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Coues","1877","","Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr.","3","","646","","<i>Sorex</i> (<i>Notiosorex</i>) <i>crawfordi</i> Coues, 1877.","","","","","","Repenning (1967:45) placed the genus in Neomyini. Reumer (1984:14) created a new tribe Notiosoricini to include <i>Notiosorex</i>, but George (1986:160) could find no evidence to support this separation. Hall (1981:65) included also <i>Megasorex</i> <i>gigas</i>, but Repenning (1967:56), Armstrong and Jones (1972), and George (1986) considered <i>Megasorex</i> a distinct genus. <i>Notiosorex</i> (<i>Xenosorex</i>) <i>phillipsii</i> belongs to <i>Cryptotis</i>; see Choate (1969) and Woodman and Timm (2000). Lindsay and Jacobs (1985) described an extinct species from Pliocene sediments of Chihuahua, Mexico. Extant species revised by Carraway and Timm (2000) and Baker et al. (2003<i>a</i>).","37","37-00446","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0443-0446"
"13700447","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Notiosoricini","Notiosorex","","cockrumi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Baker, O'Neill, and McAliley","2003","","Occas. Pap., Mus. Texas Tech Univ.","222","","2","","","Cockrum's Gray Shrew","USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., Leslie Canyon National Wildlife Refuge, T21S, R28E Section NW 1/4 20, 4460 ft. (1359 m).","Arizona (USA) to C Sonora (Mexico).","","","A cryptic species indentified on the basis of cytochrome <i>b</i> gene fragments. Carraway and Timm (2000) included this new taxon in <i>crawfordi</i> and stated that they ""found no identifyable morphological differences."" Sympatric with <i>crawfordi</i> in SE Arizona. A karyotype of 2n = 62, FN = 94 reported earlier from Pima County, Arizona (Baker and Hsu, 1970), may refer to this species, while 2n= 68 and FN = 102 may refer to <i>crawfordi</i>. Molecular data also indicate that a third species occurs in Baja California (Baker et al., 2003<i>a</i>).","37","37-00447","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0443-0446-0000-0447"
"13700448","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Notiosoricini","Notiosorex","","crawfordi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Coues","1877","","Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr.","3","","631","","","Crawford's Gray Shrew","USA, Texas, El Paso Co., 2 mi. (3.2 km) above El Paso, ""near Fort Bliss, New Mexico (Practically El Paso Texas)."" (Merriam, 1895<i>b</i>:32).","SW and SC USA to Baja California and N and C Mexico.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included <i>evotis</i>; but see under that species. Reviewed by Armstrong and Jones (1972<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 17) and Carraway and Timm (2000). Further Mexican records by Vela (1999) and Alvarez and González-Ruíz (2001). In Arizona the species occurs in sympatry with <i>N.</i> <i>cockrumi</i> (Baker et al., 2003<i>a</i>).","37","37-00448","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0443-0446-0000-0448"
"13700449","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Notiosoricini","Notiosorex","","evotis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Coues","1877","","Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr.","3","","652","","","Large-eared Gray Shrew","Mexico, Sinaloa, area of Mazatlan.","WC Mexico (Colima, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, and Sinaloa).","","","Formerly included in <i>crawfordi</i> (Armstrong and Jones, 1971<i>a</i>), but given species rank by Carraway and Timm (2000).","37","37-00449","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0443-0446-0000-0449"
"13700450","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Notiosoricini","Notiosorex","","villai","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Carraway and Timm","2000","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","113","","307","","","Villa's Gray Shrew","Mexico, Tamaulipas, Jaumave, 23°34'N, 99°23'W, 2400 ft. (732 m).","C mountains of Tamaulipas, Mexico.","","","Differs from <i>crawfordi</i> and <i>evotis</i> by subtle cranial features (Carraway and Timm, 2000).","37","37-00450","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0443-0446-0000-0450"
"13700451","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","yes","G. Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrata","3","","x","","","","","","","","","37","37-00451","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451"
"13700452","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","53","","<i>Sorex</i> <i>araneus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Amphiosorex</i>  Hall, 1959 [<i>lapsus</i>]; <i>Amphisorex</i> Duvernoy, 1835; <i>Asorex</i> Mezhzherin, 1965; <i>Atophyrax</i> Merriam, 1884; <i>Corsira</i> Gray, 1838; <i>Dolgovia</i> Vorontsov and Kral, 1986 [? <i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Eurosorex</i> Stroganov, 1952; <i>Fredgia</i> Vorontsov and Kral, 1986 [? <i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Homalurus</i> Schulze, 1890; <i>Hydrogale</i> Pomel, 1848 [not Kaup, 1829]; <i>Kratochvilia</i> Vorontsov and Kral, 1986 [? <i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Microsorex</i> Coues, 1877; <i>Musaraneus</i> Brisson, 1762; <i>Neosorex</i> Baird, 1858; <i>Ognevia</i> Heptner and Dolgov, 1967; <i>Otisorex</i> De Kay, 1842; <i>Oxyrhin</i> Kaup, 1829; <i>Soricidus</i> Altobello, 1927; <i>Stroganovia</i> Yudin, 1989; <i>Yudinia</i> Vorontsov and Kral, 1986 [? <i>nomen nudum</i>].","<p>Type genus of Soricidae. The systematic relationships of a large number of Holarctic species were studied by George (1988); her proposals for subgeneric allocation are mainly followed here. Keys and/or reviews are available for the species of various geographical areas: Canada (van Zyll de Jong, 1983<i>a</i>); North and Middle America (Carraway, 1990, 1995; Junge and Hoffmann, 1981); China (Hoffmann, 1987); Siberia (Yudin, 1989); and Europe (Niethammer and Krapp, 1990). <i>Microsorex</i> was formerly regarded as a full genus, then reduced to a subgenus of <i>Sorex</i> by Diersing (1980<i>b</i>), and is now regarded as a synonym of subgenus <i>Otisorex</i> (see George, 1988). Besides subgenera a number of species groups have been distinguished such as the <i>araneus</i> <i>arcticus</i> group (Hausser et al., 1985; Meylan and Hausser, 1973), the <i>cinereus</i> group (van Zyll de Jong, 1991<i>b</i>), and the <i>vagrans</i> group (Carraway, 1990), the boundaries and contents of which a... [truncated]","37","37-00452","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452"
"13700453","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","","","SUBGENUS","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","53","","<i>Sorex</i> <i>araneus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","","","37","37-00453","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453"
"13700454","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Ognevia","","","SUBGENUS","False","","yes","Heptner and Dolgov","1967","","","","","","","<i>Sorex mirabilis </i>Ognev, 1937.","","","","","","","37","37-00454","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0454"
"13700455","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","","","SUBGENUS","False","","yes","De Kay","1842","","","","","","","<i>Sorex cinereus</i> Kerr, 1792","","","","","","","37","37-00455","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455"
"13700456","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","alaskanus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1900","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","2","","18","","","Glacier Bay Water Shrew","USA, Alaska, Glacier bay, Point Gustavus.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>; <i>S.</i> <i>vagrans</i> complex. The species was tentatively included in <i>palustris</i> by Junge and Hoffmann (1981) and Harris (in Wilson and Ruff, 1999), but retained as a species by Hall (1981), Jones et al. (1982), and George (1988); a view supported by the skull figures and measurements given by Jackson (1928) and Carraway (1995). Apparently the species has not been collected again since 1899.","37","37-00456","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0456"
"13700457","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","alpinus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Schinz","1837","","Neue Denkschr. Allgem. Schweiz. Gesell. Naturwiss. Neuchatel","1","","13","","","Alpine Shrew","Switzerland, Canton Uri, St. Gotthard Pass.","Montane forests of C Europe; including Pyrenees, Carpathians, Tatra, Sudeten, Harz, and Jura Mtns.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hercynicus</i>  Miller, 1909; ? <i>intermedius</i> Cornalia, 1870; <i>longobarda</i> Sordelli, 1899; <i>tatricus</i> Kratochvil and Rosicky, 1952.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>alpinus</i> group. Type species of subgenus <i>Homalurus</i>; see Hutterer (1982<i>b</i>). Reviewed by Spitzenberger (1990<i>a</i>). No clear subspecific variation; three karyotypic forms (2n = 54-58, FN = 68) have been described (Dannelid 1994; Lukácová et al. 1996). European range shown in Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999). Peripheral populations in the Pyrenees and the Harz Mtns (Gahsche, 1994) now probably extinct.","37","37-00457","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0457"
"13700458","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","antinorii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bonaparte","1840","","Iconogr. Faun. Ital.","1","","29","","","Valais Shrew","No exact locality given; restricted to N Italy, Lake Lugano, Porlezza, by Lehmann (1963).","SE France, S Switzerland, and Italy.","","<i>crassicaudatus</i>  Fatio, 1905 [not Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1834]; <i>silanus</i> Lehmann, 1961; <i>valaicus</i> Zagorodnyuk and Khazan, 1996 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S. araneus</i> group. Formerly known as the Valais chromosome race of the common shrew (2n = 24/25, FN = 40). Given species rank, diagnosed and reviewed by Brünner et al. (2002<i>a</i>). A contact zone in the Alps between <i>araneus</i> and <i>antinorii</i> was investigated by Brünner et al. (2002<i>b</i>). <i>Sorex</i> <i>arunchi</i> may be related, if not conspecific.","37","37-00458","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0458"
"13700459","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","araneus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","53","","","Common Shrew","""<i>in</i> <i>Europe cryptis</i>""; restricted to Uppsala, Sweden by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:143).","C, E, and N Europe including the British Isls (with some isolated populations in France, Italy and Spain), east to Siberia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alticola</i>  Miller, 1901; <i>bergensis</i> Miller, 1909; <i>bohemicus</i> Stepanek, 1944; <i>bolkayi</i> Martino, 1930; <i>carpathicus</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1905; <i>castaneus</i> Jenys, 1838; <i>concinnus</i> Wagler, 1832; <i>csikii</i> Ehik, 1928; <i>daubentonii</i> Cuvier, 1829 [not Erxleben, 1777]; <i>eleonorae</i> Wettstein, 1927; <i>grantii</i> Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton, 1913 [not Okhotina, 1993]; <i>hermanni</i> Duvernoy, 1834; <i>huelleri</i> Lehmann, 1966; <i>ignotus</i> Fatio, 1905; <i>iochanseni</i> Ognev, 1933; <i>labiosus</i> Jenys, 1839; <i>macrotrichus</i> de Sélys Longchamps, 1839; <i>marchicus</i> Passarge, 1984; <i>melanodon</i> Wagler, 1832; <i>mollis</i> Fatio, 1900; <i>nigra</i> Fatio, 1869; <i>novyensis</i> Schaefer, 1975; <i>nuda</i> Fatio, 1869; ? <i>pallidus</i> Fitzinger, 1868 [<i>nomen dubium</i>]; <i>personatus</i> Millet, 1828 [not Geoffroy, 1827]; <i>petrovi</i> Martino, 1939; <i>peucinius</i> Thomas, 1913; <i>preussi</i> (Matschie, 1893); <i>pulcher</i> Zalesky, 1937; <i>pyrenaicus</i> Miller, 1909; <i>pyrrhonota</i> (Jentink, 1910); <i>quadricaudatus</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>rhinolophus</i> Wagler, 1832; <i>ryphaeus</i> Yudin, 1989; <i>sultanae</i> Simsek, 1986; ? <i>surinamensis</i> Gmelin, 1788; <i>tetragonurus</i> Hermann, 1780; <i>uralensis</i> Ognev, 1933; <i>vulgaris</i> Nilsson, 1847; <i>wettsteini</i> Bauer, 1960.","<i>Subgenus Sorex, S. araneus group. S</i>. <i>araneus</i> is the preferred Palearctic species for studies in ecology and evolution; see Hausser et al. (1990), Hausser (1991), and Wójcik et al. (2002) for reviews. Karyotype variable (2n = 20-33, FN = 40). The species is well known for its Robertsonian chromosome polymorphism (Meylan, 1964) and for the tendency to establish local karyotype races (Hausser et al., 1985; Searle, 1984; Searle and Wójcik, 1998, 2000; Volobouev, 2003; Zima and Král, 1984<i>b</i>; Zima et al., 1994). In Switzerland two karyotype races occur that behave like parapatric species (Hausser et al., 1986); see under <i>S.</i> <i>antinorii.</i> Includes <i>Blarina</i> <i>pyrrhonota</i> Jentink, 1910, a name assigned to <i>Cryptotis</i> <i>surinamensis</i> by Cabrera (1958); however, Husson (1963) showed that the locality information was incorrect and that it was based on a <i>Sorex</i> <i>araneus</i>. The holotype skin (skull lost) of <i>Myosorex</i> <i>preussi</i> Ma... [truncated]","37","37-00459","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0459"
"13700460","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","arcticus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kerr","1792","","Animal Kingdom","","","206","","","Arctic Shrew","Canada, Ontario, settlement on Severn River (now Fort Severn), Hudson Bay.","Yukon and Northwest Territory to Quebec (Canada); Dakota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>belli</i>  Merriam, 1892 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>pachyurus</i> Baird, 1858 [not Küster, 1835]; <i>richardsonii</i> Bachman, 1837; <i>spagnicola</i> Coues, 1877; <b><i>laricorum</i></b> Jackson, 1925.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>. <i>S.</i> <i>arcticus</i> group. Reviewed by Kirkland and Schmidt (1996, Mammalian Species No. 524). Karyotype has 2n = 28/29, FN = 38. Palearctic species currently referred to <i>arcticus</i> (Gromov and Baranova, 1981:18) represent <i>tundrensis</i> (Ivanitskaya et al., 1986; Junge et al., 1983); see also Sokolov and Orlov (1980), Okhotina (1983), and Hoffmann (1985<i>a</i>). Formerly included <i>maritimensis</i>, but see Stewart et al. (2002).","37","37-00460","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0460"
"13700461","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","arcticus","arcticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kerr","1792","","Animal Kingdom","","","206","","","","Canada, Ontario, settlement on Severn River (now Fort Severn), Hudson Bay.","","","","","37","37-00461","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0460-0461"
"13700462","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","arcticus","laricorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00462","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0460-0462"
"13700463","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","arizonae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Diersing and Hoffmeister","1977","","J. Mammal.","58","","329","","","Arizona Shrew","USA, ""upper end of Miller Canyon, 15 mi S [= 10 mi. (16.1 km) S, 4¾ mi. (7.6 km) E] Fort Huachuca [near spring at lower edge of Douglas fir zone, Huachuca Mts.] Cochise County, Arizona"".","Disjunct mountains in SE Arizona and SW New Mexico (USA; see Conway and Schmitt, 1978 and Hoffmeister, 1986); one specimen from Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua (Mexico; see Caire et al., 1978).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Refered to unnamed subgenus by George (1988). Close to <i>emarginatus</i> (see Diersing and Hoffmeister, 1977). Species reviewed by Simons and Hoffmeister (2003, Mammalian Species No. 732).","37","37-00463","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0463"
"13700464","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","arunchi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Lapini and Testone","1998","","Gortania","20","","246","","","Udine Shrew","NE Italy, Udine Prov., Muzzana del Turgnano, Bosco Baredi-Selva di Arvonchi.","NE Italy, Udine Province, and probably adjacent Slovenia (Lapini and Testone, 1998).","","","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>araneus</i> group. Possibly related or conspecific with <i>Sorex antinorii</i> (Brünner et al., 2002<i>a</i>), although its karyotype has not been studied yet. Genetically well distinguished from <i>araneus</i> (Lapini et al., 2001), but morphological differences between both species weak (Breda, 2002).","37","37-00464","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0464"
"13700465","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","asper","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","13","","565","","","Tien Shan Shrew","""Thian-shan [Tien-shan], Tekes Valley"". Note on type specimen tag says ""Jigalong"" (= Dzhergalan?, see Hoffmann, 1987:119); Narynko'skii r-n., Alma-Ata Obl., Kazakhstan.","Tien Shan Mountains (Kazakhstan and Sinkiang, China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>. <i>S.</i> <i>tundrensis</i> group. Karyotype has 2n = 32/33, FN = 58. Type locality discussed by Hoffmann (1987) and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987). Does not include <i>excelsus</i> as suggested by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>); see under that species. Reviewed by Hoffmann (1987), who discussed the relationship between <i>asper</i> and <i>tundrensis</i>. Genetically, they are not closely related (Fumagalli et al., 1999).","37","37-00465","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0465"
"13700466","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","averini","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Zubko","1937","","Kharkov A. Gorky-State Univ., Proc. Zool.-Biol. Inst.","4","","300","","","Dneper Common Shrew","Ukraine, Kherson Region, Golaja Pristan.","Recorded from the Lower Dneper Region, Ukraine.","","","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>. Zagorodnyuk (1996<i>c</i>) defined this larger form as an allospecies of <i>S.</i> <i>araneus</i>. The species differs in larger external and cranial measurements from the allopatric common shrew (Zubko, 1937).","37","37-00466","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0466"
"13700467","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","bairdi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","10","","77","","","Baird's Shrew","USA, Oregon, [Clatsop Co.], Astoria.","NW Oregon (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bairdii</i>  Hennings and Hoffmann, 1977; <b><i>permiliensis</i></b> Jackson, 1918.","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>; <i>S.</i> <i>vagrans</i> complex (Carraway, 1990; Demboski and Cook, 2001). This taxon has been alternatively referred to <i>obscurus</i>, <i>vagrans</i>, and <i>monticulus</i>, but was given specific rank by Carraway (1990). Includes <i>permiliensis</i> as a valid subspecies (Alexander, 1996; Carraway, 1990).","37","37-00467","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0467"
"13700468","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","bairdi","bairdi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","10","","77","","","","USA, Oregon, [Clatsop Co.], Astoria.","","","","","37","37-00468","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0467-0468"
"13700469","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","bairdi","permiliensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00469","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0467-0469"
"13700470","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","bedfordiae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","90","3","","","Lesser Striped Shrew","""Omi-san, Sze-chwan"" [= China, Sichuan, Emei Shan].","Montane forests of S Gansu and W Shensi to Yunnan (China); adjacent Burma and Nepal.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fumeolus</i>  Thomas, 1911; <i>gomphus</i> G. Allen, 1923; <i>nepalensis</i> Weigel, 1969; <i>wardi</i> Thomas, 1911.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>. Formerly a subspecies of <i>cylindricauda</i> but recognized as a full species by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Hoffmann (1987).","37","37-00470","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0470"
"13700471","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","bendirii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1884","","Trans. Linnean Soc. New York","2","","217","","","Marsh Shrew","USA, ""Klamath Basin, Oregon"" = Oregon, Klamath Co., l mi. (1.6 km) from Williamson River, l8 mi. (29 km) SE of Fort Klamath.","A narrow coastal area from NW California to Oregon and Washington (USA); a few records from SE British Columbia (Canada).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>albiventer</i> </b> Merriam, 1895; <b><i>palmeri</i></b> Merriam, 1895.","Originally described in the monotypic genus <i>Atophyrax</i> Merriam; now in subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. <i>S.</i> <i>vagrans</i> complex (Carraway, 1990; Demboski and Cook, 2001). Karyotype has 2n = 54, FN = 70. Reviewed by Pattie (1973, Mammalian Species No. 27).","37","37-00471","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0471"
"13700472","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","bendirii","bendirii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1884","","Trans. Linnean Soc. New York","2","","217","","","","USA, ""Klamath Basin, Oregon"" = Oregon, Klamath Co., l mi. (1.6 km) from Williamson River, l8 mi. (29 km) SE of Fort Klamath.","","","","","37","37-00472","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0471-0472"
"13700473","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","bendirii","albiventer","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00473","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0471-0473"
"13700474","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","bendirii","palmeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00474","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0471-0474"
"13700475","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","buchariensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ognev","1922","","Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg","22","","320","","","Buchara Shrew","Tajikistan, Pamir Mtns, Davan-su River Valley, ""Gornaya Bukhara, drevyaya morena lednika Oshanina, dol. p. Davan-Su (khrebet' Petra Velikavo)"" [Montane Bukhara, ancient moraine of Oshanin glacier, Peter the Great range].","Pamir Mtns (Tajikistan).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>minutus</i> group. Referred to subgenus <i>Eurosorex</i> by Yudin (1989). Considered a subspecies of <i>thibetanus</i> by Dolgov and Hoffmann (1977) and Hoffmann (1987, 1996<i>a</i>), but retained as a distinct species by Ivanitskaya et al. (1977), Hutterer (1979), Zaitsev (1988), and Yudin (1989). Karyotypes of two specimens from Tajikistan (2n = 40, FN = 60) were similar to that of <i>volnuchini</i> (Ivanitskaya et al., 1977).","37","37-00475","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0475"
"13700476","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","caecutiens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Laxmann","1785","1788","Nova Acta Acad. Sci. Petropoli","1785","3","285","","","Laxmann's Shrew","Russia, Buryatskaya ASSR, SW shore of Lake Baikal (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987:17).","Taiga and tundra zones from E Europe to E Siberia, south to C Ukraine, N Kazakhstan, Altai Mtns, Mongolia, Gansu and NE China, Korea, Sakhalin, and Japan (Hokkaido).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>altaicus</i>  Ognev, 1922; <i>annexus</i> Thomas, 1907; <i>araneoides</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>buxtoni</i> J. Allen, 1903; <i>caecutienoides</i> Stroganov, 1967; <i>centralis</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>insularis</i> Okhotina, 1984 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>insularis</i> Okhotina, 1993 [not Cowan, 1944]; <i>karpinskii</i> Dehnel, 1949; <i>koreni</i> G. Allen, 1914; <i>kurilensis</i> Okhotina, 1984 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>lapponicus</i> Melander, 1942; <i>longicaudatus</i> Okhotina, 1984 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>longicaudatus</i> Okhotina, 1993 [not <i>longicaudatus</i> Kishida, 1930, <i>nomen nudum, </i>not <i>longicaudatus</i> Yoshikuru, 1956]; <i>macropygmaeus</i> Miller, 1901; <i>orii</i> Kuroda, 1933; <i>pleskei</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>rozanovi</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>saevus</i> Thomas, 1907; <i>tasicus</i> Ognev, 1933; <i>tungussensis</i> Naumoff, 1933.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>caecutiens</i> group. Karyotype has 2n = 42, FN = 68-70. This species still offers many unsolved problems, along with the species of the <i>tundrensis</i> and <i>arcticus</i> groups. Names like <i>cansulus</i>, <i>granarius</i>, and <i>shinto</i> have been included in <i>caecutiens</i> in the past but are presently included in other species or treated as separate species; see Hoffmann (1987) for a discussion of problems. The European range was reviewed by Sulkava (1990). Okhotina (1993) revised the subspecies taxonomy in the Far East; two of the names that she had proposed were replaced by Hutterer and Zaitsev (2004). Ohdachi et al. (2001) studied the mtDNA variation of the species and found distinct clusters in Hokkaido (= <i>saevus</i>) and Eurasian Far East.","37","37-00476","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0476"
"13700477","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","camtschatica","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Yudin","1972","","Teriologiya","1","","48","","","Kamchatka Shrew","Russia, ""Kamchatka, Kambal'naya Bay"".","Russia, S Kamchatka Peninsula.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>; <i>S.</i> <i>cinereus</i> group (Demboski and Cook, 2003). Formerly included in <i>cinereus</i> (van Zyll de Jong, 1982) but now recognized as a full species (Ivanitskaya and Kozlovsky, 1983; van Zyll de Jong, 1991<i>b</i>).","37","37-00477","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0477"
"13700478","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","cansulus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","398","","","Gansu Shrew","China, Gansu, ""46 miles [74 km] south-east of SE Taochou"" (= Lintan).","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, related to <i>tundrensis</i>. The species was recognized by Hoffmann (1987); no specimens other than the type series are known.","37","37-00478","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0478"
"13700479","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","cinereus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kerr","1792","","Animal Kingdom","","","206","","","Cinereus Shrew","Canada, Ontario, Fort Severn.","North America throughout Alaska and Canada and southward along the Rocky and Appalachian Mtns to 45°.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>acadicus</i> </b> Gilpin, 1867; <b><i>fontinalis</i></b> Hollister, 1911; <b><i>hollisteri</i></b> Jackson, 1900; <b><i>lesueurii</i></b> (Duvernoy, 1842); <b><i>miscix</i></b> Bangs, 1899; <b><i>ohionensis</i></b> Bole and Moulthrop, 1942; <b><i>streatori</i></b> Merriam, 1895. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>cooperi</i> Bachman, 1837; <i>forsteri</i> Richardson, 1828; <i>frankstounensis</i> Peterson, 1926; <i>idahoensis</i> Merriam, 1891; <i>nigriculus</i> Green, 1932; <i>personatus</i> I. Geoffroy, 1827; <i>platyrhinus</i> (De Kay, 1842).","Type species of subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>, and of <i>S.</i> <i>cinereus</i> group. Does not occur in Siberia as previously suggested; the taxa <i>haydeni</i>, <i>jacksoni</i>, <i>ugyunak</i>, <i>portenkoi</i>, <i>leucogaster</i>, <i>beringianus,</i> and <i>camtschatica</i> have been included previously but are now considered as separate species; see comments under these taxa and Junge and Hoffmann (1981, and references therein), van Zyll de Jong (1982, 1991<i>b</i>), van Zyll de Jong and Kirkland (1989), and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987). <i>S</i>. <i>fontinalis</i> was separated from <i>cinereus</i> by Kirkland (1977), Junge and Hoffmann (1981), and Jones et al. (1992), but is considered, together with <i>lesueurii</i>, as a subspecies (van Zyll de Jong and Kirkland, 1989). However, George's (1988) data indicate it is a sister taxon to both <i>cinereus</i> and <i>haydeni</i>. Paraphyly and/or mtDNA introgression of <i>cinereus</i> and <i>haydeni</i> documented by Stewart and Baker (199... [truncated]","37","37-00479","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0479"
"13700480","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","cinereus","cinereus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kerr","1792","","Animal Kingdom","","","206","","","","Canada, Ontario, Fort Severn.","","","","","37","37-00480","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0479-0480"
"13700481","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","cinereus","acadicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gilpin","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00481","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0479-0481"
"13700482","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","cinereus","fontinalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hollister","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00482","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0479-0482"
"13700483","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","cinereus","hollisteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00483","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0479-0483"
"13700484","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","cinereus","lesueurii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Duvernoy","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00484","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0479-0484"
"13700485","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","cinereus","miscix","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bangs","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00485","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0479-0485"
"13700486","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","cinereus","ohionensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bole and Moulthrop","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00486","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0479-0486"
"13700487","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","cinereus","streatori","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00487","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0479-0487"
"13700488","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","coronatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Millet","1828","","Faune de Maine-et-Loire","I","","18","","","Millet's Shrew","France, Main-et-Loire, Blou.","W Europe from the Netherlands and NW Germany to France and Switzerland, south to N Spain; also in Jersey (Channel Isls), Liechtenstein and westernmost tip of Austria.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>euronotus</i>  Miller, 1901; <i>fretalis</i> Miller, 1909; <i>gemellus</i> Ott, 1968; <i>personatus</i> Millet, 1828 [not I. Geoffroy, 1827]; <i>santonus</i> Mottaz, 1906.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>araneus</i> group. A sibling species of <i>araneus</i> (Meylan and Hausser, 1978), characterized mainly by the karyotype (2n = 22/24, FN = 44). Its distribution broadly overlaps with that of <i>araneus</i> in Germany. Revised by Hausser (1990), range map in Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999).","37","37-00488","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0488"
"13700489","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","cylindricauda","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1871","1872","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","1871","7","92","","","Stripe-backed Shrew","China, Sichuan, Moupin (= Baoxing).","Montane forests of N Sichuan.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>. Revised by Hoffmann (1987). The species is sympatric with <i>S.</i> <i>bedfordiae</i> in C Sichuan.","37","37-00489","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0489"
"13700490","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","daphaenodon","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1907","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","","407","","","Siberian Large-toothed Shrew","Russia, Sakhalin Isl, ""Dariné, 25 miles [40 km] N.W. of Korsakoff, Saghalien"".","Ural Mountains to the Kolyma River (Siberia); Sakhalin Isl; Kamchatka Peninsula; Paramushir Isl (N Kuriles); Jilin and Nei Mongol Aut. Region (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","? <i>megalotis</i>  Kuroda, 1933; <b><i>sanguinidens</i></b> G. Allen, 1914; <b><i>scaloni</i></b> Ognev, 1933.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>araneus</i> group. Karyotype has 2n = 26-29, FN = 46. Type species of subgenus <i>Stroganovia</i>, see Yudin (1989), who recognized three subspecies, <i>daphaenodon</i>, <i>sanguinidens</i>, and <i>scaloni</i>. Okhotina (1993) transferred <i>orii</i> to <i>caecutiens</i>.","37","37-00490","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0490"
"13700491","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","daphaenodon","daphaenodon","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1907","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","","407","","","","Russia, Sakhalin Isl, ""Dariné, 25 miles [40 km] N.W. of Korsakoff, Saghalien"".","","","","","37","37-00491","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0490-0491"
"13700492","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","daphaenodon","sanguinidens","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","G. Allen","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00492","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0490-0492"
"13700493","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","daphaenodon","scaloni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Ognev","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00493","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0490-0493"
"13700494","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","dispar","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Batchelder","1911","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","24","","97","","","Long-tailed Shrew","USA, ""Beede's (sometimes called Keene Heights), in the township of Keene, Essex county, New York"". Redescribed by Martin (1966:131) as 0.6 mi. (1 km) S, 0.5 mi. (0.8 km) E St. Huberts, Essex Co., New York, lat. 44°09', long. 73°46'.","Appalachian Mtns from W Virginia to N Carolina and Tenessee; New England, S New Brunswick and adjacent Nova Scotia (Canada).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>macrurus</i>  Batchelder, 1896 [not Hodgson, 1863, not <i>macrourus</i> Lehmann, 1822]; <b><i>blitchi</i></b> Schwartz, 1956.","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. For comparison with <i>gaspensis</i> see Kirkland and Van Deusen (1979). Reviewed by Kirkland (1981, Mammalian Species No. 155).","37","37-00494","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0494"
"13700495","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","dispar","dispar","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Batchelder","1911","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","24","","97","","","","USA, ""Beede's (sometimes called Keene Heights), in the township of Keene, Essex county, New York"". Redescribed by Martin (1966:131) as 0.6 mi. (1 km) S, 0.5 mi. (0.8 km) E St. Huberts, Essex Co., New York, lat. 44°09', long. 73°46'.","","","","","37","37-00495","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0494-0495"
"13700496","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","dispar","blitchi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Schwartz","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00496","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0494-0496"
"13700497","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","emarginatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1925","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","38","","129","","","Zacatecas Shrew","""Sierra Madre, near Bolanos, altitude 7,600 feet (2316 m), State of Jalisco, Mexico"".","Durango, Zacatecas, and Jalisco (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Referred to unnamed subgenus by George (1988:456). Findley (1955<i>b</i>) considered this a subspecies of <i>oreopolus</i>; however, <i>oreopolus</i> belongs to subgenus <i>Otisorex</i> (Diersing and Hoffmeister, 1977). For biological and distributional information, see Alvarez and Polaco (1984) and Matson and Baker (1986).","37","37-00497","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0497"
"13700498","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","excelsus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","G. M. Allen","1923","","Am. Mus. Novit.","100","","4","","","Chinese Highland Shrew","""summit of Ho-shan (=Xue Shan), Pae-tai, 30 miles (48 km) south of Chung-tien (=Zhongdian), Yunnan, China, altitude 13000 feet [3962 m].""","Yunnan and Sichuan (China), and possibly Nepal.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>. Considered as a possible subspecies of <i>asper</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>) but retained as a full species related to <i>tundrensis</i> by Hoffmann (1987) who also suggested that a specimen from Nepal recorded by Agrawal and Chakraborty (1971) may represent <i>excelsus</i>. However, mtDNA data indicate that <i>excelsus</i> is neither related to <i>asper</i> nor to <i>tundrensis</i> (Fumagalli et al., 1999).","37","37-00498","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0498"
"13700499","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","fumeus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","G. M. Miller","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","10","","50","","","Smoky Shrew","USA, ""Peterboro [Madison Co.], New York.""","S Ontario, S Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia (Canada); all of New England and Appalachian Mtns and adjacent areas to NE Georgia (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>umbrosus</i> </b> Jackson, 1917.","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. Reviewed by Owen (1984, Mammalian Species No. 215). Karyotype has 2n = 66, FN = 98. Overlaps in distribution and may be easily confused with <i>arcticus</i> in part of its range (Junge and Hoffmann, 1981).","37","37-00499","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0499"
"13700500","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","fumeus","fumeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","G. M. Miller","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","10","","50","","","","USA, ""Peterboro [Madison Co.], New York.""","","","","","37","37-00500","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0499-0500"
"13700501","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","fumeus","umbrosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00501","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0499-0501"
"13700502","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","gaspensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Anthony and Goodwin","1924","","Am. Mus. Novit.","109","","1","","","Gaspé Shrew","Canada, ""Mt. Albert, Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec, 2000 feet [= 610 m] elevation"".","Gaspe Peninsula, N New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton Isl (Canada).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. For comparison with <i>dispar</i>, see Kirkland and Van Deusen (1979). Reviewed by Kirkland (1981, Mammalian Species No. 155).","37","37-00502","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0502"
"13700503","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","gracillimus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1907","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","","408","","","Slender Shrew","Russia, Sakhalin Isl, ""Dariné, 25 miles [40 km] N.W. of Korsakoff, Saghalien"".","SE Siberia from S shore of the Sea of Okhotsk to N Korea and probably Manchuria; Sakhalin Isl; Hokkaido (Japan).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>granti</i> </b> Okhotina, 1993 [not Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton, 1913]; <b><i>hyojironis</i></b> Kuroda, 1939; <b><i>minor</i></b> Okhotina, 1993; <i>minor</i> Okhotina, 1984 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>natalae</i></b> Okhotina, 1993.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>gracillimus</i> group. Karyotype has 2n = 36, FN = 62 (Sakhalin). This species has long been included in <i>minutus</i> but its specific status is now widely accepted on the basis of penial (Dolgov and Lukanova, 1966) and cranial (Hutterer, 1979) morphology, karyotype (Orlov and Bulatova, 1983), and allozyme data (George, 1988). The inclusion of <i>hyojironis</i> follows Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and is tentative. Okhotina (1993) studied the geographic variation of the species. One of the subspecies that she distinguished requires renaming (Hutterer and Zaitsev, 2004). A study of mtDNA variation over most of its range was performed by Ohdachi et al. (2001).","37","37-00503","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0503"
"13700504","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","gracillimus","gracillimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1907","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","","408","","","","Russia, Sakhalin Isl, ""Dariné, 25 miles [40 km] N.W. of Korsakoff, Saghalien"".","","","","","37","37-00504","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0503-0504"
"13700505","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","gracillimus","granti","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Okhotina","1993","","[not Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton, 1913]","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00505","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0503-0505"
"13700506","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","gracillimus","hyojironis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kuroda","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00506","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0503-0506"
"13700507","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","gracillimus","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Okhotina","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00507","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0503-0507"
"13700508","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","gracillimus","natalae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Okhotina","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00508","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0503-0508"
"13700509","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","granarius","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","458","","","Iberian Shrew","Spain, Segovia, La Granja.","W to C Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S. araneus</i> group. Karyotype has 2n = 36/37, FN 38-40. Afforded specific rank by Hausser et al. (1975); reviewed by Hausser (1990) and García-Perea et al. (1997, Mammalian Species No. 554).","37","37-00509","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0509"
"13700510","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","haydeni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Baird","1857","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","29","","","Prairie Shrew","USA, ""Fort Union, Nebraska"" (later Fort Buford, now Mondak, Montana, near Buford, Williams Co., North Dakota).","SE Alberta, S Saskatchewan, SW Manitoba (Canada); NW Montana southeast to Kansas, east to W and S Minnesota (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>; <i>S.</i> <i>cinereus</i> group (Demboski and Cook, 2003). Karyotype has 2n = 64, FN = 66. Formerly included in but now separated from <i>cinereus</i> by van Zyll de Jong (1980) and Junge and Hoffmann (1981); both species are closely related (George, 1988). <i>S</i>. <i>haydeni</i> occurs in grassy habitats while <i>S</i>. <i>cinereus</i> prefers forest and woodland (van Zyll de Jong, 1980). In Minnesota, Stewart and Baker (1994, 1997) and Brunet et al. (2002) found evidence of introgression between <i>haydeni</i> and <i>cinereus</i>.","37","37-00510","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0510"
"13700511","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","hosonoi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Imaizumi","1954","","Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo","35","","94","","","Azumi Shrew","""Tokiwa Mura (Maneki, about 900 m altitude, foot of Mt. Gaki, Japan Alps), Kita-Azumi Gun, Nagano Pref., Central Honsyû [= Honshu], Japan"".","Montane forests of C Honshu (Japan).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>shiroumanus</i>  Imaizumi, 1954.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>. Imaizumi (1970<i>b</i>) reported that <i>hosonoi</i> occurs sympatrically with <i>shinto</i> and therefore should be considered as separate species (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>). Ohdachi et al. (1997<i>a</i>, 2001) demonstrated that the species is genetically related to <i>minutissimus</i>.","37","37-00511","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0511"
"13700512","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","hoyi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Baird","1857","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","32","","","American Pygmy Shrew","USA, Wisconsin, Racine.","N taiga zone of Alaska, Canada and the USA, with S outliers in the montane forests of the Appalachian and Rocky Mtns.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>intervectus</i>  (Jackson, 1925); <i>washingtoni</i> (Jackson, 1925); <b><i>alnorum</i></b> Preble, 1902; <b><i>eximius</i></b> Osgood, 1901; <b><i>montanus</i></b> (Brown, 1966) [not (Kelaart, 1850), not Skalon and Rajevsky, 1940, infrasubspecific name]; <b><i>thompsoni</i></b> Baird, 1858; <b><i>winnemana</i></b> (Preble, 1910).","Formerly in <i>Microsorex</i>, which is a synonym of subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>, according to George (1988). Includes <i>thompsoni</i> since Diersing (1980<i>b</i>), but D. T. Stewart (in litt.) suggested that it may be a distinct species, as previously postulated by Long (1972<i>b</i>). Reviewed by Long (1974, Mammalian Species No. 33) and Junge and Hoffmann (1981). <i>Sorex</i> <i>browni</i> George, 1988 [replacement name for <i>minutus</i> (Brown, 1908), not Linnaeus, 1766] is the name for a Wisconsinan shrew related, if not conspecific, with <i>S.</i> <i>hoyi</i>. The name <i>montanus</i> used by Long (in Wilson and Ruff, 1999) for the Colorado and Wyoming population is a secondary homonym of <i>S. montanus</i> Kelaart (now <i>Suncus montanus</i>), and may therefore persist (Hutterer and Zaitsev, 2004). Karyotype insufficently known; Meylan (1968) provisionally identified 2n = 62, FN = 72.","37","37-00512","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0512"
"13700513","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","hoyi","hoyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Baird","1857","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","32","","","","USA, Wisconsin, Racine.","","","","","37","37-00513","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0512-0513"
"13700514","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","hoyi","alnorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Preble","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00514","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0512-0514"
"13700515","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","hoyi","eximius","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00515","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0512-0515"
"13700516","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","hoyi","montanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Brown","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","Not (Kelaart, 1850), not Skalon and Rajevsky, 1940, infrasubspecific name.","37","37-00516","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0512-0516"
"13700517","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","hoyi","thompsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Baird","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00517","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0512-0517"
"13700518","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","hoyi","winnemana","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Preble","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00518","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0512-0518"
"13700519","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","isodon","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Turov","1924","","C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris","","","111","","","Taiga Shrew","Russia, Siberia, NE of Lake Baikal, Barguzinsk taiga, River Sosovka.","SE Norway and Finland through Siberia to the Pacific coast; Kamchatka; Sakhalin Isl; Kurile Isls; also NE China and Korea (Han et al., 2000<i>b</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gravesi</i>  Goodwin, 1933; <i>isodon</i> Stroganov, 1936; <i>montanus</i> Skalon and Rajevsky, 1940 [infrasubspecific name]; <i>montanus</i> Pavlinov, Borisenko, Kruskop and Yahontov, 1995; <i>princeps</i> Skalon and Rajevsky, 1940; <i>ruthenus</i> Stroganov, 1936; <i>sachalinensis</i> Okhotina, 1984 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>sachalinensis</i> Okhotina, 1993.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>caecutiens</i> group. Karyotype has 2n = 42, FN = 70. Probably not conspecific with <i>sinalis</i> as suggested by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Dolgov (1985); see Siivonen (1965) and Hoffmann (1987). Because the well established name <i>isodon</i> Turov is formally not available, and because <i>isodon</i> Stroganov is antedated by <i>gravesi</i> Goodwin, Hoffmann (1987) suggested that <i>isodon</i> be declared the valid name; the case still needs to be submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. The species was reviewed by Sulkava (1990). The recently described <i>isodon</i> <i>marchicus</i> (Passarge, 1984) belongs to <i>araneus</i>; see Brünner et al. (2002<i>c</i>).","37","37-00519","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0519"
"13700520","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","jacksoni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hall and Gilmore","1932","","Univ. California Publ. Zool.","38","","392","","","St. Lawrence Island Shrew","USA, ""Sevoonga, 2 miles [3.2 km] east of North Cape, St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea, Alaska.""","Known only from St. Lawrence Isl (Bering Sea).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>; <i>S.</i> <i>cinereus</i> group (Demboski and Cook, 2003). Placed in the <i>arcticus</i> species group by Hall and Gilmore (1932) and in the <i>cinereus</i> species group by Hoffmann and Peterson (1967). Separated from <i>cinereus</i> by Junge and Hoffmann (1981). Van Zyll de Jong (1982) included <i>leucogaster</i> (= <i>beringianus</i>), <i>portenkoi</i>, and <i>ugyunak</i> in this species, but van Zyll de Jong (1991<i>b</i>) retained all three as distinct. Rausch and Rausch (1995) included <i>jacksoni</i> as a subspecies in <i>S.</i> <i>cinereus</i> based on identical karyotypes (2n = 66, FN = 70), but Demboski and Cook (2003) found a nonsister relationship between <i>S.</i> <i>cinereus</i> and <i>S.</i> <i>jacksoni</i> in their genetic analysis of the group.","37","37-00520","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0520"
"13700521","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","kozlovi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Stroganov","1952","","Byull. Moscow Ova. Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol.","57","","21","","","Kozlov's Shrew","China, E Tibet (= Qinghai), Dzechu (Za Qu) River, tributary of Mekong River (= Lancang Jiang).","SE Tibet (China).","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>minutus</i> group. Type species of subgenus <i>Eurosorex</i> Stroganov, 1952. Known for long from a single specimen, until a near-topotype (USNM 449080) was obtained in 1987 (Hoffmann, 1996<i>a</i>). Regarded as a subspecies of <i>thibetanus</i> by some authors (Dolgov and Hoffmann, 1977; Hoffmann, 1987, 1996<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) or included in <i>buchariensis</i> by others (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>; Gureev, 1979). Hutterer (1979) recognized inconsistencies in the various published figures and descriptions of the same holotype specimen and regarded <i>kozlovi</i> as a doubtful taxon; see also under <i>buchariensis</i> and <i>thibetanus</i>.","37","37-00521","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0521"
"13700522","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","leucogaster","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kuroda","1933","","Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan","3","3","155","","","Paramushir Shrew","Russia, Paramushir Isl; given by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:48) as ""Nasauki, Amamu-shiru, 200 ft. [61 m], North Kurile Islands"".","Probably confined to Paramushir Isl, south of Kamchatka Peninsula.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>beringianus</i>  Yudin, 1967.","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>cinereus</i> group (Demboski and Cook, 2003). Karyotype has 2n = 66, FN = 70. Formerly included in <i>cinereus</i> or <i>gracillimus</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>); includes <i>beringianus</i> Yudin, 1967. On the status, authorship and valid date of publication see Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987). Related to <i>jacksoni</i> and <i>ugyunak</i> (van Zyll de Jong, 1982, 1991<i>b</i>).","37","37-00522","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0522"
"13700523","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","longirostris","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bachman","1837","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","370","","","Southeastern Shrew","USA, ""in the swamps of Santee [River], South Carolina""; restricted to Hume Plantation (Cat Isl in the mouth of Santee River) by Jackson (1928:85).","SE USA, Florida west to Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana; Virginia and N Carolina.","U.S. ESA – Delisted Taxon as <i>S. l. fisheri</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bachmani</i>  (Pomel, 1848); <i>wagneri</i> Fitzinger, 1868; <b><i>eonis</i></b> Davis, 1957; <b><i>fisheri</i></b> Merriam, 1895.","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>cinereus</i> species group (Demboski and Cook, 2003). As pointed out by Junge and Hoffmann (1981), this species is inappropriately named because it has one of the shortest rostra of North American <i>Sorex</i>. Junge and Hoffmann (1981) also suggested that shrews of the Great Dismal Swamp described as <i>fisheri</i> and traditionally included in <i>longirostris</i> as a subspecies are much larger and may represent a valid species. Reviewed by French (1980, Mammalian Species No. 143). Part of range mapped in detail by Pagels and Handley (1989) and Pagels et al. (1982).","37","37-00523","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0523"
"13700524","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","longirostris","longirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bachman","1837","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","7","","370","","","","USA, ""in the swamps of Santee [River], South Carolina""; restricted to Hume Plantation (Cat Isl in the mouth of Santee River) by Jackson (1928:85).","","","","","37","37-00524","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0523-0524"
"13700525","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","longirostris","eonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Davis","1957","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00525","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0523-0525"
"13700526","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","longirostris","fisheri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00526","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0523-0526"
"13700527","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","lyelli","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","75","","","Mt. Lyell Shrew","USA, ""Mt. Lyell, Tuolumne Co., California"".","Altitudes above 2000 m in the Sierra Nevada, California (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>; member of the <i>cinereus</i> species group. Related to <i>milleri</i>, according to van Zyll de Jong (1991<i>b</i>).","37","37-00527","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0527"
"13700528","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","macrodon","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","10","","82","","","Large-toothed Shrew","""Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico (altitude 4,200 feet [1280 m]).""","Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz, in mountains from 4000-9500 ft (1219-2896 m). See Heaney and Birney (1977).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. Similar to, and possibly conspecific with, <i>veraepacis</i> (see Junge and Hoffmann, 1981).","37","37-00528","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0528"
"13700529","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","maritimensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Smith","1939","","J. Mammal.","20","","244","","","Maritime Shrew","Canada, ""Nova Scotia, Kings County, Wolfville"".","Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.","Conservation status requires evaluation (Stewart et al., 2002).","","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>arcticus</i> group. Karyotype has 2n = 28/29, FN = 34. Van Zyll de Jong (1983<i>b</i>) and Volobouev and van Zyll de Jong (1988) suggested that <i>maritimensis</i> may be an independent species. Genetic data provided by Stewart et al. (2002) support that view. They suggest that <i>S.</i> <i>arcticus</i> and <i>S.</i> <i>maritimensis</i> shared a common ancestor approximately 2.4 million years ago.","37","37-00529","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0529"
"13700530","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","merriami","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dobson","1890","","Monogr. Insectivora","pt. 3 (Soricidae)","fasc. l","pl. 23","","","Merriam's Shrew","USA, ""Fort Custer, Montana"" = Bighorn Co., Little Bighorn River, ca. l mi. (1.6 km) above Fort Custer (= Hardin).","Xeric habitats in EC Washington to N and E California, Arizona, north-eastward to Nebraska, Wyoming and Montana (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>leucogenys</i>  Osgood, 1909.","Referred to unnamed subgenus by George (1988:456). Reviewed by Armstrong and Jones (1971<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 2).","37","37-00530","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0530"
"13700531","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","milleri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1947","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","60","","131","","","Carmen Mountain Shrew","""Madera Camp, altitude 8,000 feet [2438 m], Carmen Mountains, Coahuila, Mexico"".","Restricted to the Sierra Madre Oriental of Coahuila and Nuevo Leon, Mexico.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. Controversial opinions on the systematic status of <i>milleri</i> exist; Findley (1955<i>a</i>) regarded it as a morphologically distinct relict population allied to <i>cinereus</i> and accepted its specific status, as did Hall (1981) and Junge and Hoffmann (1981); while van Zyll de Jong and Kirkland (1989) suggested that <i>milleri</i> may not merit full specific status.","37","37-00531","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0531"
"13700532","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","??See comments","minutissimus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","385","","","Eurasian Least Shrew","""Yenisei""; given by Stroganov (1957:176) as ""iz raiona sela Kiiskow chto na r. Kie (nyne g. Mariinsk Kemerovskoi oblasti)"" [= Russia, Kemerovsk. Obl., Mariinsk (= Kiiskoe), bank of Kiia River (near Yenesei River)]; Restricted by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987:23) to ""Krasnoyarskii kr., Krasnoyarsk.""","Taiga zone from Norway, Sweden and Estonia to E Siberia; Sakhalin; Hokkaido, and perhaps Honshu (Japan); Mongolia; China; South Korea.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abnormis</i>  Stroganov, 1949; <i>barabensis</i> Stroganov, 1956; <i>burneyi</i> Thomas, 1915; <i>caudata</i> Yudin, 1964; <i>czekanovskii</i> Naumoff, 1933; <i>exilis</i> Gmelin, 1788; <i>hawkeri</i> Thomas, 1906; <i>ishikawai</i> Yoshiyuki, 1988; <i>karelicus</i> Stroganov, 1949; <i>minimus</i> Gmelin, 1793; <i>neglectus</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>praeminutus</i> Heller, 1963; <i>stroganovi</i> Yudin, 1964; <i>tscherskii</i> Ognev, 1913; <i>tschuktschorum</i> Stroganov, 1949; <i>ussuriensis</i> Ognev, 1922.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i> or <i>Eurosorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>caecutiens</i> group. Karyotype has 2n= 38 (Finland) or 42 (Siberia), FN = 74. Yoshiyuki (1988<i>a</i>) recognized nine subspecies, but the evidence seems to be weak, and none is recognized here. Ohdachi et al. (1997<i>b</i>) identified a sister relationship between <i>S.</i> <i>minutissimus</i> and <i>S.</i> <i>hosonoi</i>.","37","37-00532","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0532"
"13700533","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","minutus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","l","","73","","","Eurasian Pygmy Shrew","""Yenisei""; restricted by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987:15) to ""Krasnoyarskii kr., Krasnoyarsk."" According to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:47), Linnaeus' name is based on Laxmann's ms. of <i>Sibir. Briefe</i>, and the type locality is Barnaul, Russia.","Europe to Yenesei River and Lake Baikal, south to Altai and Tien Shan Mtns; populations of Nepal and China have been alternatively identified as <i>minutus</i> or <i>thibetanus</i>; populations of Turkey and the Caucasus as <i>minutus</i> or <i>volnuchini</i>; populations of Kashmir and N Pakistan as <i>minutus</i>, <i>planiceps</i>, or <i>thibetanus</i>.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>becki</i>  Lehmann, 1963; <i>canaliculatus</i> Ljungh, 1806; <i>carpetanus</i> Rey, 1971; <i>exiguus</i> Brink, 1952; <i>exilis</i> Gmelin, 1788; <i>gymnurus</i> Chaworth-Musters, 1932; <i>heptapotamicus</i> Stroganov, 1956; <i>hibernicus</i> Jenys, 1838; <i>insulaebellae</i> Heim de Balsac, 1940; <i>kastchenkoi</i> Johansen, 1923; <i>lucanius</i> Miller, 1909; <i>melanderi</i> Ognev, 1928; <i>minimus</i> Geoffroy, 1811; <i>pumilio</i> Wagler, 1832; <i>pumilus</i> Nilsson, 1844; <i>pygmaeus</i> Laxmann, 1769; <i>rusticus</i> Jenys, 1838.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>caecutiens</i> group. Formerly included <i>gracillimus </i>and <i>volnuchini</i>, which are each now accepted as specifically distinct; see comments therein. Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) included also <i>planiceps</i> and <i>thibetanus</i>; but see Dolgov and Hoffmann (1977), Hoffmann (1996<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Hutterer (1979). The European populations of <i>minutus</i> were revised by Hutterer (1990, 1999). Karyotype has 2n = 42, FN = 56 (Zima et al., 1998), but 2n = 40 and 36 in the Baltic islands +land and Gotland (Fredga et al., 1995).","37","37-00533","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0533"
"13700534","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Ognevia","mirabilis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ognev","1937","","Byull. Moscow Ova. Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol.","46","5","268","","","Ussuri Shrew","Russia, Primorskii Krai, Ussuriiskii r-n., Kamenka River (specified by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987).","N and S Korea, NE China, and Ussuri region (Russia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kutscheruki</i>  Stroganov, 1956.","Placed in monotypic subgenus <i>Ognevia</i> by Heptner and Dolgov (1967), who demonstrated that <i>mirabilis</i> is not conspecific with <i>pacificus</i>, as had been suggested earlier (Bobrinskii et al., 1965). Hutterer (1982<i>b</i>) suggested a closer relationship with <i>Sorex</i> (<i>Homalurus</i>) <i>alpinus</i> because of shared derived features of genital morphology. Karyotype has 2n = 38, FN = 66 (Zima et al., 1998).","37","37-00534","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0454-0534"
"13700535","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1890","","N. Am. Fauna","3","","43","","","Dusky Shrew","USA, Arizona, Coconino Co., San Francisco Mountain, altitude 3500 meters.","Montane boreal and coastal coniferous forest and alpine areas from Alaska to California and New Mexico, east to Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado (USA) and to W Manitoba (Canada); Chihuahua, Durango (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>durangae</i>  Jackson, 1928; <i>melanogenys</i> Hall, 1932; <b><i>alascensis</i></b> Merriam, 1895; <i>glacialis</i> Merriam, 1900; <b><i>calvertensis</i></b> Cowan, 1941; <b><i>elassodon</i></b> Osgood, 1901; <b><i>insularis</i></b> Cowan, 1941 [not Okhotina, 1993]; <b><i>isolatus</i></b> Jackson, 1922; <b><i>longicaudus</i></b> Merriam, 1895; <b><i>malitiosus</i></b> Jackson, 1919; <b><i>obscurus</i></b> Merriam, 1891; <i>longiquus</i> Findley, 1955; <i>obscuroides</i> Findley, 1955; <i>similis</i> Merriam, 1891 [not of Hensel, 1855]; <b><i>parvidens</i></b> Jackson, 1921; <b><i>prevostensis</i></b> Osgood, 1901; <b><i>setosus</i></b> Elliot, 1899; <i>mixtus</i> Hall, 1938; <b><i>shumaginensis</i></b> Merriam, 1900; <b><i>soperi</i></b> Anderson and Rand, 1945.","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. <i>S.</i> <i>vagrans</i> complex (Carraway, 1990) or ""dusky shrew complex"" (Demboski and Cook, 2001). Includes <i>obscurus</i> and <i>durangae</i>, which were previously included in <i>vagrans</i> and <i>saussurei</i> respectively; see Hennings and Hoffmann (1977) and map in Junge and Hoffmann (1981); other synonyms follow van Zyll de Jong (1983<i>a</i>) and George and Smith (1991). Related to <i>pacificus</i> (see George, 1988). Reviewed by Smith and Belk (1996, Mammalian Species No. 528), and by Alexander (1996). Phylogeography of the entire complex analyzed by Demboski and Cook (2001).","37","37-00535","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535"
"13700536","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","monticolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1890","","N. Am. Fauna","3","","43","","","","USA, Arizona, Coconino Co., San Francisco Mountain, altitude 3500 meters.","","","","","37","37-00536","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535-0536"
"13700537","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","alascensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00537","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535-0537"
"13700538","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","calvertensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Cowan","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00538","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535-0538"
"13700539","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","elassodon","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00539","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535-0539"
"13700540","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Cowan","1941","","[not Okhotina, 1993]","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00540","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535-0540"
"13700541","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","isolatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00541","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535-0541"
"13700542","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","longicaudus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00542","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535-0542"
"13700543","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","malitiosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00543","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535-0543"
"13700544","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","obscurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00544","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535-0544"
"13700545","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","parvidens","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00545","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535-0545"
"13700546","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","prevostensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Osgood","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00546","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535-0546"
"13700547","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","setosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Elliot","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00547","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535-0547"
"13700548","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","shumaginensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00548","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535-0548"
"13700549","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","monticolus","soperi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Anderson and Rand","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00549","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0535-0549"
"13700550","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","nanus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","10","","81","","","Dwarf Shrew","USA, ""Estes Park [Larimer Co.], Colorado"".","Rocky Mountains from Montana to New Mexico; South Dakota; Arizona (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. Very similar to, and perhaps conspecific with <i>tenellus</i>, see review by Hoffmann and Owen (1980, Mammalian Species No. 131); but George (1988) retained both as distinct species.","37","37-00550","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0550"
"13700551","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","neomexicanus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bailey","1913","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","26","","133","","","New Mexico Shrew","USA, New Mexico, Sacramento Mtns, Cloudcroft.","USA, New Mexico, Capitan and Sacramento Mtns.","","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. <i>S.</i> <i>vagrans</i> complex (Demboski and Cook, 2001). Formerly included in <i>S.</i> <i>monticolus</i> but given species rank by Alexander (1996) based on morphometric differences.","37","37-00551","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0551"
"13700552","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","oreopolus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1892","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","7","","173","","","Mexican Long-tailed Shrew","""Sierra de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico (altitude 10,000 feet) [= 3,048 m]"".","Endemic to Mexico; in Distrito Federal, Jalisco, México, Morelos, Puebla, and Tlaxcala (Carraway, ms).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. Contrary to Findley (1955<i>b</i>), this species does not include <i>emarginatus</i> or <i>ventralis</i>, which Diersing and Hoffmeister (1977) placed in the subgenus <i>Sorex</i>. <i>S</i>. <i>orizabae</i> was included in <i>vagrans</i> by Hennings and Hoffmann (1977:8), and in <i>oreopolus</i> by Junge and Hoffmann (1981:43), but considered a separate species by Carraway (ms).","37","37-00552","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0552"
"13700553","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","orizabae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","North American Fauna","10","","71","","","Orizaba Long-tailed Shrew","Mexico, ""Falda oeste del Pico de Orizaba, 9500 ft. [2895 m], Puebla"".","Endemic to Mexico; in Distrito Federal, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Puebla, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz (Carraway, ms).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as included in <i>S. oreopolus</i>.","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. Contrary to Findley (1955<i>b</i>), this species does not include <i>emarginatus</i> or <i>ventralis</i>, which Diersing and Hoffmeister (1977) placed in the subgenus <i>Sorex</i>. <i>S</i>. <i>orizabae</i> was included in <i>vagrans</i> by Hennings and Hoffmann (1977:8), later included in <i>oreopolus</i> by Junge and Hoffmann (1981:43), and most recently considered a separate species by Carraway (ms).","37","37-00553","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0553"
"13700554","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","ornatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","10","","79","","","Ornate Shrew","USA, ""San Emigdio Canyon, Mt. Pi±os [Kern Co.], California"".","California coastal ranges from N of San Francisco Bay to N part and S tip of Baja California; Santa Catalina Isl.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>S. o. relictus</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>californicus</i>  Merriam, 1895; <i>oreinus</i> Elliot, 1903; <b><i>juncensis</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1909; <b><i>lagunae</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1909; <b><i>relictus</i></b> Grinnell, 1932; <b><i>salarius</i></b> von Bloeker, 1939; <b><i>salicornicus</i></b> von Bloeker, 1932; <b><i>sinuosus</i></b> Grinnell, 1913; <b><i>willetti</i></b> von Bloeker, 1942.","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. Genetically related to <i>S.</i> <i>vagrans</i> (Demboski and Cook, 2001). Reviewed by Owen and Hoffmann (1983, Mammalian Species No. 212), who recognized 9 subspecies. For further distributional information see Williams (1979) and Junge and Hoffmann (1981); for karyotype (2n = 54, FN = 76) and allozyme data see Brown and Rudd (1981) and George (1988).","37","37-00554","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0554"
"13700555","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","ornatus","ornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","10","","79","","","","USA, ""San Emigdio Canyon, Mt. Pi±os [Kern Co.], California"".","","","","","37","37-00555","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0554-0555"
"13700556","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","ornatus","juncensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Nelson and Goldman","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00556","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0554-0556"
"13700557","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","ornatus","lagunae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Nelson and Goldman","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00557","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0554-0557"
"13700558","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","ornatus","relictus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grinnell","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00558","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0554-0558"
"13700559","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","ornatus","salarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","von Bloeker","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00559","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0554-0559"
"13700560","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","ornatus","salicornicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","von Bloeker","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00560","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0554-0560"
"13700561","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","ornatus","sinuosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grinnell","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00561","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0554-0561"
"13700562","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","ornatus","willetti","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","von Bloeker","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00562","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0554-0562"
"13700563","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","pacificus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Coues","1877","","Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr.","3","3","650","","","Pacific Shrew","USA, ""Fort Umpqua [mouth Umpqua River, Douglas County], Oregon.""","Coastal forests and Cascade Mountains, Oregon (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>yaquinae</i>  Jackson, 1918; <b><i>cascadensis</i></b> Carraway, 1990.","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. <i>S.</i> <i>vagrans</i> complex (Carraway, 1990). Karyotype has 2n = 54, FN = 62. Not conspecific with <i>mirabilis</i>; see Yudin (1969) and Hoffmann (1971). Related to <i>monticolus</i>; see Findley (1955<i>b</i>), Junge and Hoffmann (1981), and George (1988). Reviewed by Carraway (1985, Mammalian Species No. 231), who later (1990) removed <i>sonomae</i> from synonymy; see comments under that species.","37","37-00563","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0563"
"13700564","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","pacificus","pacificus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Coues","1877","","Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr.","3","3","650","","","","USA, ""Fort Umpqua [mouth Umpqua River, Douglas County], Oregon.""","","","","","37","37-00564","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0563-0564"
"13700565","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","pacificus","cascadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Carraway","1990","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00565","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0563-0565"
"13700566","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","palustris","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Richardson","1828","","Zool. J.","3","","517","","","American Water Shrew","Canada, ""marshy places, from Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains.""; not specified.","Montane and boreal areas of North America below the tree line from Alaska to the Sierra Nevada, Rocky and Appalachian Mtns.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acadicus</i>  (Allen, 1915) [not Gilpin, 1867]; <b><i>albibarbis</i></b> (Cope, 1862); <b><i>brooksi</i></b> Anderson, 1934; <b><i>gloveralleni</i></b> Jackson, 1926; <b><i>hydrobadistes</i></b> Jackson, 1926; <b><i>labradorensis</i></b> Burt, 1938; <b><i>navigator</i></b> (Baird, 1858); <b><i>punctulatus</i></b> Hooper, 1942; <b><i>turneri</i></b> Johnson, 1951.","Formerly placed in genus <i>Neosorex</i> Baird; now in <i>Sorex</i>, subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>vagrans</i> complex (Demboski and Cook, 2001; Fumagalli et al., 1999). Reviewed by Beneski and Stinson (1987, Mammalian Species No. 296), who recognized 9 subspecies. They did not include <i>alaskanus</i> as suggested by Junge and Hoffmann (1981:28) and Hall (1981:43); George (1988) and Carraway (1995) also treated <i>alaskanus</i> as distinct.","37","37-00566","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0566"
"13700567","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","palustris","palustris","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Richardson","1828","","Zool. J.","3","","517","","","","Canada, ""marshy places, from Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains.""; not specified.","","","","","37","37-00567","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0566-0567"
"13700568","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","palustris","albibarbis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Cope","1862","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00568","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0566-0568"
"13700569","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","palustris","brooksi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Anderson","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00569","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0566-0569"
"13700570","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","palustris","gloveralleni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00570","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0566-0570"
"13700571","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","palustris","hydrobadistes","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00571","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0566-0571"
"13700572","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","palustris","labradorensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Burt","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00572","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0566-0572"
"13700573","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","palustris","navigator","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Baird","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00573","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0566-0573"
"13700574","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","palustris","punctulatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hooper","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00574","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0566-0574"
"13700575","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","palustris","turneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Johnson","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00575","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0566-0575"
"13700576","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","??See comments","planiceps","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1911","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","24","","242","","","Kashmir Pygmy Shrew","India, ""Dachin, Khistwar, Kashmir (altitude, 9000 feet [2743 m])"".","Kashmir (India) and N Pakistan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Considered a subspecies of <i>thibetanus</i> by Dolgov and Hoffmann (1977) and Hoffmann (1987, 1996<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), but retained by Hutterer (1979) because of larger skull measurements. The problem remains unresolved.","37","37-00576","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0576"
"13700577","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","portenkoi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Stroganov","1956","","Proc. Inst. Biol. W. Siberian Branch Acad. Sci. USSR, Zool.","1","","11-14","","","Portenko's Shrew","Russia, Koryaksk. Auv. Okr. ""bliz pos Anadyr', poberejhe Anadyrsk limana [near Anadyr' settlement, shore of Anadyr' estuary].""","NE Siberia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>; <i>S.</i> <i>cinereus</i> group (Demboski and Cook, 2003). Originally described as a subspecies of <i>cinereus</i> and treated as such by Yudin (1972) and Okhotina (1977), then included in <i>ugyunak</i> (Ivanitskaya and Kozlovsky, 1985), but recently recognized as a distinct species by Zaitsev (1988), and van Zyll de Jong (1991<i>b</i>), who, however, pointed out its close relationship to <i>jacksoni</i> and <i>ugyunak</i>.","37","37-00577","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0577"
"13700578","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","preblei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1922","","J. Wash. Acad. Sci.","12","","263","","","Preble's Shrew","USA, ""Jordan Valley, altitude 4,200 feet [1280 m], Malheur County, Oregon.""","Columbia Plateau of Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada to W Great Plains of Montana, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico (USA). For reviews of distributional records, see Tomasi and Hoffmann (1984) and Long and Hoffmann (1992).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>; <i>S.</i> <i>cinereus</i> group (Demboski and Cook, 2003). Reviewed by Cornely et al. (1992, Mammalian Species No. 416).","37","37-00578","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0578"
"13700579","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","pribilofensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Amer. Fauna","10","","87","","","Pribilof Island Shrew","USA, Alaska, Pribilof Isls, St. Paul Isl.","Recently known only from St. Paul in the Bering Sea Isls (Pribilof Isls).","IUCN – Endangered as <i>S. hydrodromus</i>.","? <i>hydrodromus</i>  Dobson, 1889.","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>; <i>S.</i> <i>cinereus</i> group (Demboski and Cook, 2003). There exists some discrepancy in the literature on the correct name for this species. Dobson's <i>hydrodromus</i> would have priority, but the type locality (Unalaska Isl) may be incorrect, and the holotype specimen shows dental characters of the <i>Sorex</i> <i>araneus</i> group (Rausch and Rausch, 1997). Hoffmann and Peterson (1967) proposed to suppress <i>hydrodromus</i> in favour of <i>pribilofensis</i>, a suggestion followed by van Zyll de Jong (1991<i>b</i>). However, Yudin (1969), Baranova et al. (1981), Hall (1981), Junge and Hoffmann (1981), Honacki et al. (1982), and Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>) retained <i>hydrodromus</i>, while Gureev (1979) listed both <i>hydrodromus</i> and <i>pribilofensis</i> as species. Rausch and Rausch (1997) discussed in detail the complex taxonomic history of this species and described its unique karyotype (2n = 55, FN = 67). Demboski and Cook (2003) included it in the ... [truncated]","37","37-00579","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0579"
"13700580","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","raddei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Satunin","1895","","Arch. Naturgesch.","l","","109","","","Radde's Shrew","Georgia, near Kutais.","Transcaucasia and N Turkey.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>batis</i>  Thomas, 1913; <i>caucasicus</i> Satunin, 1913.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>; <i>S.</i> <i>raddei</i> group (Fumagalli et al., 1999). Includes <i>batis</i> (Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>) and <i>caucasicus</i> which in turn now must be called <i>satunini</i> (see comments therein and Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987). Karyotype has 2n = 36, FN = 68 (Zima et al., 1998).","37","37-00580","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0580"
"13700581","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","roboratus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hollister","1913","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","60","24","2","","","Flat-skulled Shrew","Russia, Gorno-Altaisk A.O., ""5 mi [8 km] S Dapuchu [Altai Mtns, Tapucha]"".","Russia east of River Ob to Ussuri River, south to Altai Mtns, N Mongolia, and Primorsk Krai.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dukelskiae</i>  Ognev, 1933; <i>jacutensis</i> Dudelsky, 1928; <i>platycranius</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>thomasi</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>tomensis</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>turuchanensis</i> Naumoff, 1931; <i>vir</i> G. Allen, 1914.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>caecutiens</i> group. Formerly known as <i>vir</i> but <i>roboratus</i> has priority (Hoffmann, 1985<i>a</i>; Zaitsev, 1988). Taxonomy and distribution revised by Hoffmann (1985<i>a</i>). Karyotype has 2n = 42, FN = 70 (Orlov and Kozlovsky, 1971).","37","37-00581","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0581"
"13700582","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","samniticus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Altobello","1926","","Bol. Inst. Zool. Univ. Roma","3","","102","","","Apennine Shrew","Italy, Campobasso Prov., Molise, 700 m.","Italy.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>garganicus</i>  Pasa, 1953; <i>monsvairani</i> (Altobello, 1927).","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>. <i>S.</i> <i>samniticus</i> group (Zima et al., 1998). Karyotype has 2n = 52, FN = 52. Formerly included in <i>aranaeus</i>; considered a distinct species by Graf et al. (1979). Reviewed by Hausser (1990).","37","37-00582","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0582"
"13700583","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","satunini","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ognev","1922","","Ann. Zool. Mus. Russ. Acad. Sci.","22","","311","","","Caucasian Shrew","Turkey, Kars, Goele, ""Gel'skaya kotlovina [depression], Mvuzaret"".","N Turkey and Caucasus.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>; <i>S.</i> <i>araneus</i> group (Fumagalli et al., 1999). Karyotype has 2n = 24/25, FN = 46. Formerly referred to as <i>caucasicus</i> Satunin, which is now synonymized with <i>raddei</i> Satunin; see Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) and Zaitsev (1988). Sokolov and Tembotov (1989), who reviewed the distribution in Caucasus, used <i>caucasicus</i> for this species. Considered a distinct species by Graf et al. (1979).","37","37-00583","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0583"
"13700584","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","saussurei","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1892","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","7","","173","","","Saussure's Shrew","""Sierra de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico, (altitude 8000 feet [2438 m])"".","Colima, Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Puebla, from 2100 to 3650 m or more (Mexico); Guatemala.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>godmani</i> </b> Merriam, 1897; <i>salvini</i> Merriam, 1897.","Referred to unnamed subgenus by George (1988:456). Populations from Guatemala provisionally included by Junge and Hoffmann (1981) may be distinct and should be carefully studied.","37","37-00584","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0584"
"13700585","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","saussurei","saussurei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1892","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","7","","173","","","","""Sierra de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico, (altitude 8000 feet [2438 m])"".","","","","","37","37-00585","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0584-0585"
"13700586","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","saussurei","godmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00586","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0584-0586"
"13700587","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","sclateri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","228","","","Sclater's Shrew","""Tumbala, Chiapas, Mexico (alt. 5000 ft. [1524 m])""","Endemic to Mexico; known from two localities in Chiapas (Carraway, ms).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Referred to unnamed subgenus by George (1988:456).","37","37-00587","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0587"
"13700588","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","shinto","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1905","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","23","19","","","Shinto Shrew","Japan, N Honshu, ""Makado, near Nohechi"".","Honshu, Shikoku, and Sado (Japan).","IUCN – Endangered as <i>S. sadonis</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chouei</i>  Imaizumi, 1954; <b><i>sadonis</i></b> Yoshiyuki and Imaizumi, 1986; <b><i>shikokensis</i></b> Abe, 1967.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>. <i>S.</i> <i>caecutiens</i> group. Karyotype has 2n = 42, FN = 70. Included in <i>caecutiens</i> by Abe (1967) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), but Imaizumi (1970<i>b</i>) treated <i>shinto</i> as a separate species, a view supported by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987), and by the allozyme data of George (1988). Ohdachi et al. (1997<i>a</i>) used mitochondrial gene sequences to show that both species occur in Japan: <i>caecutiens</i> in Hokkaido, and <i>shinto</i> in Honshu, Shikoku, and Sado. These authors also provided evidence that <i>sadonis</i> and <i>shikokensis</i> should be included in <i>shinto</i>; <i>S.</i> <i>sadonis</i> had been treated as a separate species before. Yoshiyuki and Imaizumi (1986) assigned the species to ""the <i>caecutiens</i> <i>arcticus</i> section of the <i>minutus</i> group."" Dokuchaev et al. (1999) studied the geographical variation of <i>shinto</i> and found that all three island populations are morphometrically distinct.","37","37-00588","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0588"
"13700589","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","shinto","shinto","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1905","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","23","19","","","","Japan, N Honshu, ""Makado, near Nohechi"".","","","","","37","37-00589","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0588-0589"
"13700590","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","shinto","sadonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Yoshiyuki and Imaizumi","1986","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00590","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0588-0590"
"13700591","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","shinto","shikokensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Abe","1967","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00591","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0588-0591"
"13700592","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","sinalis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","398","","","Chinese Shrew","China, Shaanxi, ""45 miles [72 km] S.E. of Feng-siang-fu [Feng Xian], Shen-si, 10,500' [3200 m]"".","C and W China.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>. Formerly regarded as conspecific with <i>isodon</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Hoffmann (1987) for discussion and specific boundaries.","37","37-00592","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0592"
"13700593","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","sonomae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1921","","J. Mammal.","2","","162","","","Fog Shrew","USA, ""Sonoma Country side of Gualala River, Gualala, California"".","Pacific coast from Oregon to N California (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>tenelliodus</i> </b> Carraway, 1990.","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. <i>S.</i> <i>vagrans</i> complex (Carraway, 1990). The small and morphologically distinct subspecies <i>tenelliodus</i> may well be a good species.","37","37-00593","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0593"
"13700594","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","sonomae","sonomae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1921","","J. Mammal.","2","","162","","","","USA, ""Sonoma Country side of Gualala River, Gualala, California"".","","","","","37","37-00594","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0593-0594"
"13700595","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","sonomae","tenelliodus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Carraway","1990","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00595","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0593-0595"
"13700596","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","stizodon","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","10","","98","","","San Cristobal Shrew","""San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico, [9,000 ft.= 2,743 m]"".","Endemic to Mexico; known only from the type locality and the Reserva Ecológica Huitepec in Chiapas (Carraway, ms).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Referred to unnamed subgenus by George (1988:456). Similar to <i>ventralis</i> (Junge and Hoffmann, 1981).","37","37-00596","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0596"
"13700597","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","tenellus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","10","","81","","","Inyo Shrew","USA, ""summit of Alabama Hills near Lone Pine, Owens Valley [Inyo Co.], Calif[ornia, about 4500 ft. = 1372 m].""","Mountains of WC Nevada and EC California (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>myops</i>  Merriam, 1902.","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. Similar to <i>nanus</i> with which it may form an allospecies (Hoffmann and Owen, 1980, Mammalian Species No. 131), but George (1988) retained both as separate species on the basis of allozyme frequencies.","37","37-00597","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0597"
"13700598","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","??See comments","thibetanus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kastschenko","1905","","Izv. Tomsk. Univ.","27","","93","","","Tibetan Shrew","""Tsaidam"" [NE Tibet, China].","Himalyas and NE Tibet.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","The pygmy shrews of the Himalayas are still a subject of controversy. The original description of <i>thibetanus</i> (as a subspecies of <i>minutus</i>) is not very informative; the holotype in the Tomsk Academy was considered to be lost (Yudin, pers. comm. 1977), which is why Hutterer (1979) regarded <i>thibetanus</i> as a <i>nomen</i> <i>dubium</i>. Dolgov and Hoffmann (1977) and later Hoffmann (1987) used <i>thibetanus</i> to define a Himalayan species in which they included <i>buchariensis</i>, <i>kozlovi</i>, <i>planiceps</i>, and specimens from Nepal and China reported as <i>minutus</i> by various authors. Hutterer (1979) instead recognized three species, <i>buchariensis</i>, <i>planiceps</i>, and <i>minutus</i> as occurring in the Himalayas and regarded <i>kozlovi</i> and <i>thibetanus</i> as indeterminable. Zaitsev (1988) pointed out differences between <i>buchariensis</i> and <i>thibetanus</i>. Surprisingly, the holotype of <i>thibetanus</i> turned up in the Zoological Museum o... [truncated]","37","37-00598","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0598"
"13700599","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","trowbridgii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Baird","1857","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","13","","","Trowbridge's Shrew","USA, ""Astoria [mouth of the Columbia River, Clatsop Co.], Oregon"".","Coastal ranges from Washington (including Destruction Isl) to California (USA); SW British Columbia (Canada).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>destructioni</i> </b> Scheffer and Dalquest, 1942; <b><i>humboldtensis</i></b> Jackson, 1922; <b><i>mariposae</i></b> Grinnell, 1913; <b><i>montereyensis</i></b> Merriam, 1895.","Referred to unnamed subgenus by George (1988:456). Karyotype variable, 2n = 31-42, FN = 56-60 (Zima et al., 1998). Karyotype data analyzed by Ivanitskaya (1994) also place <i>S.</i> <i>trowbridgii</i> on a distinct branch in her cladogram. Reviewed by George (1989, Mammalian Species No. 337).","37","37-00599","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0599"
"13700600","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","trowbridgii","trowbridgii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Baird","1857","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","13","","","","USA, ""Astoria [mouth of the Columbia River, Clatsop Co.], Oregon"".","","","","","37","37-00600","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0599-0600"
"13700601","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","trowbridgii","destructioni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Scheffer and Dalquest","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00601","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0599-0601"
"13700602","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","trowbridgii","humboldtensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00602","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0599-0602"
"13700603","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","trowbridgii","mariposae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grinnell","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00603","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0599-0603"
"13700604","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","trowbridgii","montereyensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00604","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0599-0604"
"13700605","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","tundrensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1900","","Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci.","2","","16","","","Tundra Shrew","USA, Alaska, St. Michaels.","Sakhalin Isl; Siberia, from the Pechora River to Chukotka, south to the Altai Mtns; Mongolia and NE China; Alaska (USA); Yukon, Northwest Territories (Canada).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amasari</i>  Ognev, 1922; <i>amazari</i> Ognev, 1928; <i>baikalensis</i> Ognev, 1913; <i>borealis</i> Kastchenko, 1905; <i>centralis</i> Thomas, 1911; <i>irkutensis</i> Ognev, 1933; <i>jenissejensis</i> Dudelski, 1930; <i>khankae</i> Baranova and Zaitsev, 2003 [replacement name for <i>stroganovi</i> Okhotina, 1984 (not Yudin, 1964, not Yudin, 1989)]; <i>margarita</i> Fetisov, 1950; <i>middendorfii</i> Ognev, 1933; <i>parvicaudatus</i> Okhotina, 1976; <i>petschorae</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>schnitnikovi</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>sibiriensis</i> Ognev, 1922; <i>transrypheus</i> Stroganov, 1956; <i>ultimus</i> G. Allen, 1914; <i>ussuriensis</i> Okhotina, 1983 [not Ognev, 1922].","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>tundrensis</i> group (Fumagalli et al., 1999). Youngman (1975) provided evidence that <i>tundrensis</i> is specifically distinct from <i>arcticus</i>. Palearctic populations formerly referred to <i>arcticus</i> were included in <i>tundrensis</i> by Junge et al. (1983) and Okhotina (1983). Hoffmann (1987) and van Zyll de Jong (1991<i>b</i>) discussed additional aspects of its taxonomy and distribution. Karyotype variable: 2n = 31-41, FN 56-60 in Siberia, 2n = 32/33, FN = 58 in Yukon, and 2n = 32/33, FN = 62 in C Alaska. Kozlovsky (1976) found <i>irkutensis</i> and <i>sibiriensis</i> to be karyotypically distinct; possibly two sibling species occur throughout the Palearctic range. Meylan and Hausser (1991) described a karyotype from Canada that was identical to some in Siberia.","37","37-00605","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0605"
"13700606","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","ugyunak","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Anderson and Rand","1945","","Canadian Field Nat.","59","","62","","","Barren Ground Shrew","""Tuktuk (Tuktuyaktok), northeast side of Mackenzie River delta, south of Toker Point, Mackenzie District, Northwest Territories, Canada.""","Mainland tundra west of Hudson Bay (Canada), and N Alaska (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>; <i>S.</i> <i>cinereus</i> group (Demboski and Cook, 2003). Karyotype has 2n = 60, FN = 62. Formerly included in <i>cinereus</i>, but van Zyll de Jong (1976, 1991<i>b</i>) provided arguments for a specific destinction of <i>ugyunak</i>; genetically related to <i>jacksoni</i>, <i>portenkoi</i>, <i>camtschatica,</i> and <i>pribilofensis</i> (Demboski and Cook, 2003). See Junge and Hoffmann (1981) and van Zyll de Jong (1983<i>a</i>, and in Wilson and Ruff, 1999) for further information.","37","37-00606","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0606"
"13700607","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","unguiculatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dobson","1890","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","5","","155","","","Long-clawed Shrew","Russia, ""Saghalien [Sakhalin] Island; Nikolajewsk, at the mouth of the Amur River."" Ognev (1928:204) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:52) both restricted the type locality to Sakhalin Isl.","Pacific coast of Siberia from Vladivostok to the Amur, and the islands of Sakhalin (Russia) and Hokkaido (Japan); from Corbet (1978<i>c</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>yesoensis</i>  Kishida, 1924.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>caecutiens</i> group. Karyotype has 2n = 42, FN = 68-70. The inclusion of <i>yesoensis</i> follows Abe (1967). Skaren (1964) suggested a relationship with <i>obscurus</i> (= <i>monticolus</i>) but this was rejected by Siivonen (1965) and Hoffmann (1971).","37","37-00607","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0607"
"13700608","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","vagrans","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Baird","1857","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","15","","","Vagrant Shrew","USA, ""Shoalwater Bay, W.T. [= Willapa Bay, Pacific Co., Washington].""","Riparian and montane areas of the N Great Basin and Columbia Plateau, north to S British Columbia and Vancouver Isl (Canada); east to W Montana, W Wyoming, and Wasatch Mtns (Utah); C Nevada to Sierra Nevada (California).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amoenus</i>  Merriam, 1895; <i>dobsoni</i> Merriam, 1891; <i>nevadensis</i> Merriam, 1895; <i>shastensis</i> Merriam, 1899; <i>sukleyi</i> Baird, 1858; <i>trigonirostris</i> Jackson, 1922; <i>vancouverensis</i> Merriam, 1895; <b><i>halicoetes</i></b> Grinnell, 1913; <b><i>paludivagus</i></b> von Bloeker, 1939.","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. <i>S.</i> <i>vagrans</i> complex. Karyotype has 2n = 53-54, FN = 62-67 (Brown, 1974). Findley's (1955<i>b</i>) wide concept of the <i>vagrans</i> group was substantially modified by Hennings and Hoffmann (1977) and Junge and Hoffmann (1981). The group was partly revised by Carraway (1990). Demboski and Cook (2001) analyzed the phylogeography of the ""dusky shrew complex"" which overlaps with the <i>S.</i> <i>vagrans</i> complex of Carraway (1990).","37","37-00608","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0608"
"13700609","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","vagrans","vagrans","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Baird","1857","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","15","","","","USA, ""Shoalwater Bay, W.T. [= Willapa Bay, Pacific Co., Washington].""","","","","","37","37-00609","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0608-0609"
"13700610","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","vagrans","halicoetes","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grinnell","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00610","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0608-0610"
"13700611","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","vagrans","paludivagus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","von Bloeker","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00611","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0608-0611"
"13700612","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","ventralis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1895","","N. Am. Fauna","10","","75","","","Chestnut-bellied Shrew","""Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Mexico (altitude 1000 feet [305 m]).""","Endemic to Mexico; in Distrito Federal, México, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Tlaxcala (Carraway, ms).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Referred to unnamed subgenus by George (1988:456). Similar to <i>saussurei</i> but smaller; see Junge and Hoffmann (1981), who allocated the species to subgenus <i>Sorex</i>. Hall (1981) included <i>ventralis</i> in <i>oreopolus</i>.","37","37-00612","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0612"
"13700613","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","veraecrucis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1925","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","38","","128","","","Veracruz Shrew","[Mexico], ""Xico, 6000 ft. [1829 m], Veracruz"".","Mexico, from Coahuila to Chiapas at elevations ranging from 1600 to 3650 m or more (Carraway, ms).","","<b><i>cristobalensis</i> </b> Jackson, 1925; <b><i>oaxacae</i> </b>Jackson, 1925.","Referred to unnamed subgenus by George (1988:456, under <i>S. saussurei</i>). Previously included in <i>S. saussurei </i>(e.g., Junge and Hoffmann, 1981) but resurrected by Carraway (ms, 2003).","37","37-00613","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0613"
"13700614","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","veraecrucis","veraecrucis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1925","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","38","","128","","","","[Mexico], ""Xico, 6000 ft. [1829 m], Veracruz"".","","","","","37","37-00614","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0613-0614"
"13700615","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","veraecrucis","cristobalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00615","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0613-0615"
"13700616","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","unnamed subgenus, see comments","veraecrucis","oaxacae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00616","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0000-0613-0616"
"13700617","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","veraepacis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Alston","1877","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1877","","445","","","Verapaz Shrew","""Coban (Vera Paz) [Alta Verapaz], Guatemala.""","Montane forests of C Guerrero, Puebla, and Veracruz, south through the highlands of Oaxaca and Chiapas (Mexico), to SW Guatemala.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>teculyas</i>  (Alston, 1877); <i>verae-pacis</i> Alston, 1877; <b><i>chiapensis</i></b> Jackson, 1925;<b><i> mutabilis</i></b> Merriam, 1898; <i>caudatus</i> Merriam, 1895 [not Hodgson, 1849, not Horsfield, 1851].","Subgenus <i>Otisorex</i>. Mexican subspecies according to Carraway (ms).","37","37-00617","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0617"
"13700618","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","veraepacis","veraepacis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Alston","1877","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1877","","445","","","","""Coban (Vera Paz) [Alta Verapaz], Guatemala.""","","","","","37","37-00618","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0617-0618"
"13700619","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","veraepacis","chiapensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00619","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0617-0619"
"13700620","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Otisorex","veraepacis","mutabilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Merriam","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00620","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0455-0617-0620"
"13700621","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","volnuchini","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Ognev","1922","","Ann. Mus. Zool. Akad. St. Petersbourg","22","","322","","","Caucasian Pygmy Shrew","Russia, Krasnodarskii kr., Adygeiskaya A.O. [middle course], r. Kisha (see Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987).","S Russia and Caucasus States; Turkey and N Iran. Perhaps also Crimea, Ukraine.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>colchica</i>  Sokolov and Tembotov, 1989; <b><i>dahli</i></b> Zagorodnyuk, 1996.","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>, <i>S.</i> <i>minutus</i> group. Formerly included in <i>minutus</i> but specimens from Caucasus have a slighly different karyotype (2n = 40, FN = 60) which led Kozlovsky (1973) and Sokolov and Tembotov (1989) to regard <i>volnuchini</i> as a full species. The karyotype of <i>S</i>. <i>buchariensis</i> is very similar (Ivanitskaya et al., 1977). Zaitsev and Osipova (2003) were able to distinguish <i>volnuchini</i> morphologically from <i>minutus</i>; they also documented Pleistocene records for <i>volnuchini</i>. Zagorodnyuk (1996<i>c</i>) described the population of Crimea as subspecies <i>dahli</i>, in contrast to the smaller <i>minutus</i> inhabiting mainland Ukraine. Kryštufek and Vohralík (2001) demonstrated that Turkish populations (except those from Thrace) represent <i>S.</i> <i>volnuchini</i>.","37","37-00621","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0621"
"13700622","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","volnuchini","volnuchini","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Ognev","1922","","Ann. Mus. Zool. Akad. St. Petersbourg","22","","322","","","","Russia, Krasnodarskii kr., Adygeiskaya A.O. [middle course], r. Kisha (see Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987).","","","","","37","37-00622","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0621-0622"
"13700623","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","volnuchini","dahli","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Zagorodnyuk","1996","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00623","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0621-0623"
"13700624","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Soricidae","Soricinae","Soricini","Sorex","Sorex","yukonicus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Dokuchaev","1997","","J. Mammal.","78","","814","","","Alaska Tiny Shrew","United States, Alaska, near Galena, Crown Creek, 1.75 mi. (2.83 km) N, 2.25 mi. (3.62 km) W Beaver Creek (64°44'N, 156°50'W).","C to SW Alaska.","","","Subgenus <i>Sorex</i>. Formerly included in <i>minutissimus</i> (Dokuchaev, 1994) but later described as a new species (Dokuchaev, 1997). Subsequently reported from SW Alaska by Peirce and Peirce (2000).","37","37-00624","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0021-0328-0451-0452-0453-0624"
"13700625","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","G. Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrate","3","","x","","","","","","","Desmaninae Thomas, 1912; Myaladae Gray, 1821; Myogalidae A. Milne-Edwards, 1868; Myogalina Bonaparte, 1845; Scalopidae Cope, 1889; Talpinorum G. Fischer, 1814.","Subfamily systematics controversal. Cabrera (1925) proposed a division into five subfamilies, Yates (1984), Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>), and others used three subfamilies. Includes also the extinct Gaillardiinae Hutchison, 1968. Scalopinae is used here as a subfamily, contra Hutchison (1968) and others. <i>Desmana</i> and <i>Galemys</i> were often placed in a separate family, Desmanidae, or subfamily, Desmaninae; see Bobrinskii et al. (1965), and McKenna and Bell (1997). The present arrangement of subfamilies and tribes is mainly based on the genetic study of Shinohara et al. (2003). It deviates from the previous edition (Hutterer, 1993<i>a</i>) and from most other sources. Family reviewed by Gureev (1979); see also Gorman and Stone (1990). Relationships of recent moles discussed by Ziegler (1971), Yates and Moore (1990), Whidden (1990), and Shinohara et al. (2003). Systematics of North American forms reviewed by Yates and Greenbaum (1982); of Palearctic forms by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>); of ... [truncated]","37","37-00625","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625"
"13700626","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","Gill","1875","","Bull. Geol. Geogr. Surv.","1","2","106","","","","","","","Scalopeae Trouessart, 1879; Scalopes Gill, 1875; Scalopes Dobson, 1883.","Formerly included in the Talpinae, but Shinohara et al. (2003) convincingly showed that <i>Condylura, Parascalops, Scalopus</i> and <i>Scapanus</i> form a monophyletic clade distinct from the Talpinae, a conclusion reached earlier by Thomas (1912<i>c</i>).","37","37-00626","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626"
"13700627","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Condylurini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","yes","Gill","1875","","Bull. Geol. Geogr. Surv.","1","2","106","","","","","","","","","37","37-00627","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0627"
"13700628","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Condylurini","Condylura","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium","","","125","","<i>Sorex</i> <i>cristatus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Astromycter</i> Harris, 1825;<i> Astromyctes</i> Gray, 1843; <i>Astromydes</i> Blyth, 1863; <i>Rhinaster</i> Wagler, 1830; <i>Talpasorex</i> Schinz, 1821 [not Lesson, 1827].","Reviewed by Peterson and Yates (1980). Recorded from the Pliocene of Europe; see Skoczen (1976).","37","37-00628","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0627-0628"
"13700629","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Condylurini","Condylura","","cristata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","53","","","Star-nosed Mole","USA, Pennsylvania.","Georgia and NW South Carolina (USA) to Nova Scotia and Labrador (Canada); Great Lakes region to SE Manitoba.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caudata</i>  (Zimmermann, 1777); <i>longicaudata</i> (Erxleben, 1777);<i> macroura </i>Harlan, 1825;<i> prasinata </i>Harris, 1825;<i> prasinatus </i>(Harris, 1825); <i>radiata</i> (Shaw, 1800); <i>radiatus</i> (Shaw, 1800); <b><i>nigra </i></b>Smith, 1940; <i>parva </i>Paradiso, 1959.","Reviewed by Peterson and Yates (1980, Mammalian Species No. 129) who included <i>parva</i> as a subspecies. However, Hartman (in Wilson and Ruff, 1999) stated that <i>nigra</i> is a synonym of <i>parva</i>, in which case <i>nigra </i>has priority. Karyotype has 2n=34, FN = 64 (Yates and Schmidly, 1975).","37","37-00629","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0627-0628-0000-0629"
"13700630","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Condylurini","Condylura","","cristata","cristata","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","53","","","","USA, Pennsylvania.","","","","","37","37-00630","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0627-0628-0000-0629-0630"
"13700631","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Condylurini","Condylura","","cristata","nigra","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Smith","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00631","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0627-0628-0000-0629-0631"
"13700632","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","yes","Gill","1875","","Bull. Geol. Geogr. Surv.","1","2","106","","","","","","","Parascalopina Hutchison, 1968.","","37","37-00632","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632"
"13700633","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Parascalops","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","True","1894","","Diagnoses New N. Am. Mamm.","","","2","(preprint of Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 17:242)","<i>Scalops</i> <i>breweri</i> Bachman, 1842.","","","","","","Reviewed by Hallett (1978)","37","37-00633","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0633"
"13700634","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Parascalops","","breweri","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bachman","1842","","Boston J. Nat. Hist.","4","","32","","","Hairy-tailed Mole","""Martha's Vineyard.""; restricted to ""E. North America"" by Hall and Kelson (1959).","NE United States and SE Canada.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Hallett (1978, Mammalian Species No. 98). Karyotype has 2n = 34, FN = 62 (Yates and Schmidly, 1975).","37","37-00634","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0633-0000-0634"
"13700635","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","E. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat.","","","77","","<i>S[calopus].</i> <i>virgianus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1803 = <i>Sorex aquaticus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Hesperoscalops</i> Hibbard, 1941; <i>Scalops </i>Illiger, 1811; <i>Scalpos</i> Brooks, 1910; <i>Talpasorex</i> Lesson, 1827 [not Schinz, 1821].","Reviewed by Yates and Schmidly (1978). For authorship of the genus, see Grubb (2001) and Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002<i>b</i>).","37","37-00635","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635"
"13700636","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","53","","","Eastern Mole","E USA; fixed by Jackson (1915:33) to Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.","N Tamaulipas and N Coahuila (Mexico) through E USA to Massachusetts and Minnesota.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>argentatus</i>  (Audubon and Bachmann, 1842); <i>cryptus</i> Davis, 1942; <i>cupreata</i> (Rafinesque, 1814); <i>intermedius</i> Elliot, 1899; <i>pennsylvanica</i> (Harlan, 1825); <b><i>aereus</i></b> (Bangs, 1896); <i>pulcher</i> Jackson, 1914; <i>sericea</i> (Rafinesque, 1832); <i>virginianus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1803; <b><i>alleni</i></b> Baker, 1951; <b><i>anastasae</i></b> (Bangs, 1898); <b><i>australis</i></b> (Chapman, 1893); <b><i>bassi</i></b> Howell, 1939; <b><i>caryi</i></b> Jackson, 1914; <b><i>howelli</i> </b>Jackson, 1914; <b><i>inflatus</i></b> Jackson, 1914;<b> <i>machrinoides</i></b> Jackson, 1914; <b><i>machrinus</i></b> (Rafinesque, 1832); <b><i>montanus</i></b> Baker, 1951; <b><i>nanus</i></b> Davis, 1942; <b><i>parvus</i></b> (Rhoads, 1894);<b> <i>porteri</i> </b>Schwartz, 1952; <b><i>texanus</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1891).","Subspecies taxonomy revised by Yates and Schmidly (1977). Yates and Schmidly (1978, Mammalian Species No. 105) and Yates (in Wilson and Ruff, 1999) listed sixteen subspecies. Gureev (1979:254) listed <i>aereus</i> and <i>inflatus</i> as distinct species without comment. Hall (1981:72) included <i>aereus</i> and <i>inflatus</i> in <i>aquaticus</i>. Karyotype has 2n = 34, FN = 64 (Yates and Schmidly, 1975).","37","37-00636","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636"
"13700637","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","aquaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","53","","","","E USA; fixed by Jackson (1915:33) to Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.","","","","","37","37-00637","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0637"
"13700638","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","aereus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bangs","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00638","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0638"
"13700639","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","alleni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Baker","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00639","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0639"
"13700640","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","anastasae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00640","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0640"
"13700641","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","australis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Chapman","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00641","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0641"
"13700642","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","bassi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Howell","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00642","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0642"
"13700643","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","caryi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00643","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0643"
"13700644","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","howelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00644","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0644"
"13700645","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","inflatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00645","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0645"
"13700646","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","machrinoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00646","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0646"
"13700647","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","machrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Rafinesque","1832","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00647","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0647"
"13700648","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","montanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Baker","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00648","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0648"
"13700649","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","nanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Davis","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00649","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0649"
"13700650","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","parvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Rhoads","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00650","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0650"
"13700651","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","porteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Schwartz","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00651","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0651"
"13700652","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scalopus","","aquaticus","texanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","J. A. Allen","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00652","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0635-0000-0636-0652"
"13700653","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanulus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","396","","<i>Scapanulus</i> <i>oweni</i> Thomas, 1912.","","","","","","For placement in Scalopini see Storch and Qiu (1983:118).","37","37-00653","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0653"
"13700654","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanulus","","oweni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","397","","","Gansu Mole","China, Kansu, ""23 miles (37 km) S.E. of Tao-chou, 9000’"" (2,743 m).","Montane forest in C China: Kansu, Shensi and Sichuan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","37","37-00654","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0653-0000-0654"
"13700655","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Pomel","1848","","Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. Geneve","9","","247","","<i>Scalops</i> <i>townsendii</i> Bachman, 1839.","","","","","<i>Xeroscapheus</i>  Hutchison, 1968.","Revised by Jackson (1915:54-76) and Hutchison (1987).","37","37-00655","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655"
"13700656","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","latimanus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bachman","1842","","Boston J. Nat. Hist.","4","","34","","","Broad-footed Mole","Santa Clara, Santa Clara Co., California, USA; <i>fide</i> Osgood (1907:52).","SC Oregon (USA) to N Baja California (Mexico).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>californicus</i>  (Ayres, 1856); <i>townsendii</i> Peters, 1863; <b><i>anthonyi</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1893; <b><i>campi</i></b> Grinnell and Storer, 1916; <b><i>caurinus</i></b> F. G. Palmer, 1937; <b><i>dilatus</i></b> True, 1894; <i>alpinus</i> Merriam, 1897; <i>truei</i> Merriam, 1894; <b><i>grinnelli</i> </b>Jackson, 1914;<b> <i>insularis</i></b> F. G. Palmer, 1937; <b><i>minusculus</i> </b>Bangs, 1899; <b><i>monoensis</i></b> Grinnell, 1918; <b><i>occultus</i></b> Grinnell and Swarth, 1912; <b><i>parvus</i></b> F. G. Palmer, 1937; <b><i>sericatus</i></b> Jackson, 1914.","Hall (1981:69-70) listed 12 subspecies. Reviewed by Verts and Carraway (2001, Mammalian Species No. 666). Ceballos and Navarro (1991) listed <i>anthonyi</i> as a distinct species without further reference. Karyotype has 2n = 34, FN = 64 (Yates and Schmidly, 1975).","37","37-00656","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0656"
"13700657","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","latimanus","latimanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bachman","1842","","Boston J. Nat. Hist.","4","","34","","","","Santa Clara, Santa Clara Co., California, USA; <i>fide</i> Osgood (1907:52).","","","","","37","37-00657","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0656-0657"
"13700658","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","latimanus","anthonyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","J. A. Allen","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00658","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0656-0658"
"13700659","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","latimanus","campi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grinnell and Storer","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00659","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0656-0659"
"13700660","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","latimanus","caurinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","F. G. Palmer","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00660","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0656-0660"
"13700661","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","latimanus","dilatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","True","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00661","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0656-0661"
"13700662","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","latimanus","grinnelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00662","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0656-0662"
"13700663","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","latimanus","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","F. G. Palmer","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00663","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0656-0663"
"13700664","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","latimanus","minusculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bangs","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00664","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0656-0664"
"13700665","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","latimanus","monoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grinnell","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00665","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0656-0665"
"13700666","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","latimanus","occultus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grinnell and Swarth","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00666","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0656-0666"
"13700667","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","latimanus","parvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","F. G. Palmer","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00667","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0656-0667"
"13700668","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","latimanus","sericatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00668","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0656-0668"
"13700669","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","orarius","","SPECIES","False","","yes","True","1896","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","19","","52","","","Coast Mole","USA, Washington, Pacific Co., Shoalwater Bay (= Willapa Bay).","SW British Columbia (Canada) to NW California, WC Idaho, N Oregon, C and SE Washington (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>schefferi</i> </b> Jackson, 1915; <i>yakimensis</i> Dalquest and Scheffer, 1944.","Includes <i>schefferi</i> as a subspecies; see Hartman and Yates (1985, Mammalian Species No. 253).","37","37-00669","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0669"
"13700670","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","orarius","orarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","True","1896","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","19","","52","","","","USA, Washington, Pacific Co., Shoalwater Bay (= Willapa Bay).","","","","","37","37-00670","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0669-0670"
"13700671","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","orarius","schefferi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Jackson","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00671","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0669-0671"
"13700672","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","townsendii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Bachman","1839","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","8","","58","","","Townsend’s Mole","USA, Washington, Clark Co., vicinity of Vancouver.","SW British Columbia (Canada) to NW California (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aeneus</i>  (Cassin, 1853); <i>laeniata</i> (Le Conte, 1853); <i>towsendii</i> Pomel, 1848; <b><i>olympicus</i></b> Johnson and Yates, 1980.","Reviewed by Carraway et al. (1993, Mammalian Species No. 434).","37","37-00672","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0672"
"13700673","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","townsendii","townsendii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bachman","1839","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","8","","58","","","","USA, Washington, Clark Co., vicinity of Vancouver.","","","","","37","37-00673","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0672-0673"
"13700674","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Scalopinae","Scalopini","Scapanus","","townsendii","olympicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Johnson and Yates","1980","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00674","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0626-0632-0655-0000-0672-0674"
"13700675","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","G. Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrate","3","","x","","","","","","","Desmaninae Thomas, 1912; Urotrichi Dobson, 1883.","Hutchison (1968), Storch and Qiu (1983), Hutterer (1993<i>a</i>), and other authors included also Condylurini and Scalopini, which are shifted here into Scalopinae, based on the the mtDNA phylogeny of Shinohara et al. (2001). The former Desmaninae are downgraded to tribal level, and a new tribe is proposed for the <i>Neurotrichus</i> lineage.","37","37-00675","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675"
"13700676","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Desmanini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","yes","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","397","","","","","","","Myaladae Gray, 1821; Myogalina Bonaparte, 1837; Mygalina Pomel, 1848; Myogalidae A. Milne-Edwards, 1868; Myogalinae Gill, 1875; Myogalini Winge, 1917.","Commonly regarded as a subfamily, sometimes even as a separate family; see Barabasch-Nikiforow (1975). Hutchinson (1974) concluded that Desmaninae and Talpidae were separated since the Eocene. Taxonomy of fossil and extant taxa reviewed by Rümke (1985). Distribution and status reviewed by Queiroz et al. (1996).","37","37-00676","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0676"
"13700677","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Desmanini","Desmana","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Güldenstaedt","1777","","Beschaft. Berliner Ges. Naturforsch. Fr.","3","","108","","<i>Castor</i> <i>moschatus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Caprios</i>  Wagler, 1830; <i>Desman</i> Lacepède, 1799; <i>Desmanus</i> Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Galemodesmana</i> Topachevskii and Pashkov, 1983; <i>Myale</i> Gray, 1821; <i>Mygale</i> Cuvier, 1800 [not Latreille, 1802]; <i>Myogale</i> Brandt, 1836; <i>Myogalea</i> J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>Palaeospalax</i> Owen, 1846; <i>Pliodesmana </i>Topachevskii and Pashkov, 1983; <i>Praedesmana </i>Topachevskii and Pashkov, 1983.","","37","37-00677","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0676-0677"
"13700678","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Desmanini","Desmana","","moschata","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","59","","","Desman","""Habitat in Russiae aquosis.""","Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan; Don, Volga, and Ural Rivers and their tributaries; introduced into Tachan and Tartas Rivers (Ob basin) and Dnepr River. Almost extinct in Belarus.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>moschatus</i>  Linnaeus, 1958; <i>moscovitica</i> (Geoffroy, 1811).","Borodin (1963), Barabash-Nikiforov (1968, 1975), Khakhin and Ivanov (1990), and Queiroz et al. (1996) reviewed the morphology, distribution and ecology of the species. Dental formula discussed by Kawada et al. (2002<i>c</i>).","37","37-00678","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0676-0677-0000-0678"
"13700679","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Desmanini","Galemys","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Kaup","1829","","Skizz. Entwickel.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt","1","","119","","<i>Mygale</i> <i>pyrenaica</i> E. Geoffroy, 1811.","","","","","<i>Galomys</i>  Agassiz, 1846; <i>Mygalina</i> I. Geoffroy in Gervais, 1835.","","37","37-00679","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0676-0679"
"13700680","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Desmanini","Galemys","","pyrenaicus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire","1811","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","17","","193","","","Pyrenean Desman","France, ""Les montagnes pres de Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrenees)"".","Streams of the Pyrenees and the northern and central mountains of the Iberian Peninsula (France, Andorra, Spain and Portugal).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>pyrenaica</i>  (Geoffroy, 1811); <b><i>rufulus</i></b> (Graells, 1897).","Includes <i>rufulus</i> as a possible subspecies; reviewed by Palmeirim and Hoffmann (1983, Mammalian Species No. 207) and Juckwer (1990). Karyotype has 2n = 42, FN = 68 (Peyre, 1957).","37","37-00680","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0676-0679-0000-0680"
"13700681","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Desmanini","Galemys","","pyrenaicus","pyrenaicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire","1811","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","17","","193","","","","France, ""Les montagnes pres de Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrenees)"".","","","","","37","37-00681","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0676-0679-0000-0680-0681"
"13700682","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Desmanini","Galemys","","pyrenaicus","rufulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Graells","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00682","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0676-0679-0000-0680-0682"
"13700683","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Neurotrichini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","yes","Hutterer","2005","","Mammal Species of the World (Wilson and Reeder, eds.), 3rd ed.","1","","pg???","","","","","","","","<p>Type genus – <i>Neurotrichus</i> Günther, 1880. Definition – Extant species represents smallest New World talpid; semi-fossorial moles that spend much time and nest above ground; tail about half the length of head-and-body, thick, constricted at base, scaled, annulated, covered sparsely with long hairs; pelage black to blue-black; eyes rudimentary, pinnae absent; digitigrade, pentadactyle feet scaly; forefoot longer than broad, equipped with long curved claws; 6 weak tubercles on sole of hindfoot (Hall, 1981; Carraway and Verts, 1991, Mammalian Species 387); humerus shrew-like (Storch and Qiu, 1983); bullae incomplete; skull with broad braincase and wide interorbital constriction; zygoma short; 36 teeth, six upper and seven lower molariform teeth on each side; for details of the dentition and differences to <i>Urotrichus</i>, see Storch and Qiu (1983). Contents – <i>Neurotrichus</i> Günther, 1880; <i>Quyania</i> Storch and Qiu, 1983.</p><p>A molecular study by Shinohara et al. (2003... [truncated]","37","37-00683","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0683"
"13700684","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Neurotrichini","Neurotrichus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Günther","1880","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1880","","441","","<i>Urotrichus</i> <i>gibbsii</i> Baird, 1858.","","","","","","Formerly in Urotrichini; see comments above, Hutchison (1968), Storch and Qiu (1983:100), among many others.","37","37-00684","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0683-0684"
"13700685","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Neurotrichini","Neurotrichus","","gibbsii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Baird","1858","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","76","","","Shrew-mole","USA, Washington, Pierce Co., ""Naches Pass, 4,500 ft."" (1,372 m).","SW British Columbia (Canada) to WC California (USA).","IUCN 2000 – Not listed.","<i>major</i>  Merriam, 1899; <b><i>hyacinthinus</i></b> Bangs, 1897;<i> <b>minor</b> </i>Dalquest and Burgner, 1941.","Hall (1981:67) and Yates (in Wilson and Ruff, 1999) listed <i>hyacinthinus</i> and <i>minor</i> as subspecies. Reviewed by Carraway and Verts (1991<i>b</i>, Mammalian Species No. 387). Karyotype has 2n = 38, FN = 72 (Yates and Schmidly, 1975).","37","37-00685","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0683-0684-0000-0685"
"13700686","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Neurotrichini","Neurotrichus","","gibbsii","gibbsii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Baird","1858","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","76","","","","USA, Washington, Pierce Co., ""Naches Pass, 4,500 ft."" (1,372 m).","","","","","37","37-00686","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0683-0684-0000-0685-0686"
"13700687","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Neurotrichini","Neurotrichus","","gibbsii","hyacinthinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bangs","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00687","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0683-0684-0000-0685-0687"
"13700688","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Neurotrichini","Neurotrichus","","gibbsii","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Dalquest and Burgner","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00688","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0683-0684-0000-0685-0688"
"13700689","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Scaptonychini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","yes","Van Valen","1967","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","135","","263","","","","","","","","","37","37-00689","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0689"
"13700690","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Scaptonychini","Scaptonyx","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1872","","<i>In</i> David, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","7","","92","","<i>Scaptonyx</i> <i>fusicauda</i> Milne-Edwards, 1872.","","","","","","For placement in Scaptonychini see Van Valen (1967).","37","37-00690","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0689-0690"
"13700691","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Scaptonychini","Scaptonyx","","fusicaudus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1872","","<i>In</i> David, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","7","","92","","","Long-tailed Mole","""Frontière du Kokonoor"", vicinity of Kukunor (Lake), China.","N Burma; S China, Tsinghai, Shensi, Sichuan and Yunnan; N Vietnam.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>affinis</i>  Thomas, 1912; <i>fusicaudatus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1872.","Includes <i>affinis</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966:35). Recently recorded from Mt. Tay Con Linh II in N Vietnam (Lunde et al., 2003<i>b</i>).","37","37-00691","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0689-0690-0000-0691"
"13700692","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","yes","G. Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrata","3","","x","","","","","","","Talpae Gill, 1875; Talpae Dobson, 1883.","","37","37-00692","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692"
"13700693","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Euroscaptor","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Miller","1940","","J. Mammal.","21","","443","","<i>Talpa</i> <i>klossi</i> Thomas, 1929.","","","","","<i>Eoscalops</i>  Stroganov, 1941.","Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:32), and subsequent work, included <i>Euroscaptor</i> in <i>Talpa</i> while Russian and Japanese authors retained it as a genus; most recently Abe et al. (1991). Species allocations and limits are tentative.","37","37-00693","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0693"
"13700694","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Euroscaptor","","grandis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1940","","J. Mammal.","21","","444","","","Greater Chinese Mole","China, Sichuan, ""Mount Omei, alt. 5000 feet [1524 m]"", = Omei-Shan.","N and S Bakbo and Cha-pa (Vietnam); S China.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Often included in <i>Talpa</i>; but see Gureev (1979:272). Regarded as a synonym of [<i>E</i>]. <i>micrura</i> <i>longirostris</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966:40).","37","37-00694","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0693-0000-0694"
"13700695","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Euroscaptor","","klossi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1929","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10","3","","206","","","Kloss’s Mole","Thailand, Tonkin.","Highlands of Thailand, Laos and Peninsular Malaysia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>malayana</i>  Chasen, 1940.","Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:33) and Corbet and Hill (1991:38) included <i>klossi</i> in <i>micrura</i>; but see Yoshiyuki (1988<i>b</i>). May include <i>malayana</i>, which Harrison (1974:57) included in <i>micrura</i>.","37","37-00695","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0693-0000-0695"
"13700696","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Euroscaptor","","longirostris","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1870","","C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris","70","","341","","","Long-nosed Mole","China, Sichuan, Moupin.","S China.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Type species of <i>Eoscalops</i> Stroganov, 1941. Formerly included in <i>micrura</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966:40) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:35). In the <i>Euroscaptor</i> group of <i>Talpa</i>; see Gureev (1979:272).","37","37-00696","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0693-0000-0696"
"13700697","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Euroscaptor","","micrura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Hodgson","1841","","Calcutta J. Nat. Hist.","2","","221","","","Himalayan Mole","Nepal, C and N hills.","E Himalaya and Peninsular Malaysia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cryptura</i> Blyth, 1843.","Does not include <i>klossi</i>; see Yoshiyuki (1988<i>b</i>). Does not include <i>malayana</i>, which Harrison (1974:57) included in <i>micrura</i>. Kawada et al. (2003) identified moles from the Cameron Highlands (Peninsular Malaysia) as belonging to <i>E. micrura</i>.","37","37-00697","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0693-0000-0697"
"13700698","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Euroscaptor","","mizura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gunther","1880","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1880","","441","","","Japanese Mountain Mole","Japan, Honshu, ""In the neighbourhood of Yokohama"".","Mountains of Honshu (Japan).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>hiwaensis</i>  (Imaizumi, 1955); <b><i>othai</i></b> (Imaizumi, 1955).","Imaizumi (1970<i>b</i>) and Abe et al. (1991) included this species in the genus <i>Euroscaptor</i>, while Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) placed it in <i>Talpa</i>. Three populations have been named, of which <i>othai</i> represents ""probably a distinct species"", according to Imaizumi (1970<i>b</i>); a view supported by Yoshiyuki (1988<i>b</i>). Karyotype (2n = 36, FN = 52) described by Kawada et al. (2001).","37","37-00698","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0693-0000-0698"
"13700699","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Euroscaptor","","mizura","mizura","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gunther","1880","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1880","","441","","","","Japan, Honshu, ""In the neighbourhood of Yokohama"".","","","","","37","37-00699","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0693-0000-0698-0699"
"13700700","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Euroscaptor","","mizura","othai","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Imaizumi","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00700","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0693-0000-0698-0700"
"13700701","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Euroscaptor","","parvidens","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Miller","1940","","J. Mammal.","21","","203","","","Small-toothed Mole","Vietnam, Di Linh, Blao Forest Station.","Known from type locality and Rakho on the Chinese border.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966:40) included this species in [<i>E</i>]. <i>micrura</i> <i>leucura</i>. Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:33) mentioned <i>leucura</i> as a species, but Gureev (1979:274) also listed <i>parvidens</i> in the <i>Euroscaptor</i> group of <i>Talpa</i>, where Miller (1940<i>b</i>:444) put his species soon after description. Corbet and Hill (1991:38) did not list <i>parvidens</i> and one may assume that they included it in <i>micrura</i>.","37","37-00701","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0693-0000-0701"
"13700702","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Mogera","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Pomel","1848","","Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. Geneve","9","","246","","<i>Talpa</i> <i>wogura</i> Temminck, 1842.","","","","","<i>Nesoscaptor</i>  Abe, Shiraishi and Arai, 1991.","Formerly included in <i>Talpa</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>); but see Imaizumi (1970<i>b</i>), Gureev (1979), Yudin (1989), and Abe et al. (1991). Revised by Abe (1995). <i>Nesoscaptor</i> <i>uchidai</i> (Abe et al., 1991) was included in Mogera by Motokawa et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","37","37-00702","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0702"
"13700703","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Mogera","","imaizumii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kuroda","1957","","J. Mammal. Soc. Japan","1","","74","","","Small Japanese Mole","Japan, Honshu, Tochigi Pref., Shiobara.","Shikoku and N and SC Honshu, Japan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M. minor</i>.","<i>minor</i>  (Kuroda, 1936) [not Freudenberg, 1914].","Included in <i>Talpa</i> [<i>Euroscaptor</i>] <i>micrura</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966); but retained as a separate species by Yoshiyuki (1986). Renamed <i>Talpa</i> <i>wogura</i> <i>imaizumii</i> by Kuroda (1957) for homonymy with <i>Talpa</i> <i>europaea</i> var. <i>minor</i>. In a revision of Japanese moles Abe (1995) reintroduced the name <i>M. minor</i>, but Motokawa and Abe (1996) subsequently corrected this view. Karyotype from Honshu has 2n = 36, FN = 54 (Kawada et al., 2001). Populations from E Honshu and W Honshu plus Shikoku exhibit considerable genetic differences (Tsuchiya et al., 2000).","37","37-00703","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0702-0000-0703"
"13700704","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Mogera","","insularis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Swinhoe","1862","1863","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1862","","356","","","Insular Mole","""Formosa (China)"" = Taiwan.","Taiwan, Hainan, SE China.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>montana</i>  Kano, 1940 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>hainana</i></b> Thomas, 1910; <b><i>latouchei</i> </b>Thomas, 1907.","Includes <i>latouchei</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1991<i>c</i>:38). Included in <i>Talpa</i> [<i>Euroscaptor</i>] <i>micrura</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:40); but see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:33), Abe (1995) and Motokawa and Abe (1996). Karyotype of a specimen from Taiwan determined as 2n = 32, FN = 58 (Lin et al., 2002<i>a</i>). The status of the mainland (<i>latouchei</i>) and Hainan (<i>hainana</i>) populations still has to be determined (Abe, 1995). Skulls of <i>latouchei</i> are smaller than in <i>insularis</i>.","37","37-00704","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0702-0000-0704"
"13700705","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Mogera","","insularis","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Swinhoe","1862","1863","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1862","","356","","","","""Formosa (China)"" = Taiwan.","","","","","37","37-00705","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0702-0000-0704-0705"
"13700706","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Mogera","","insularis","hainana","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00706","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0702-0000-0704-0706"
"13700707","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Mogera","","insularis","latouchei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00707","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0702-0000-0704-0707"
"13700708","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Mogera","","tokudae","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Kuroda","1940","","[A monograph of Japanese mammals ...], Tokyo and Osaka","","","196","","","Sado Mole","Japan, Sado Isl.","Sado Isl and Echigo Plain, Honshu, C Japan.","IUCN – Endangered as <i>M</i>","<b><i>etigo</i> </b> Yoshiyuki and Imaizumi, 1991.","Overlooked by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966); included in <i>Talpa</i> <i>robusta</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>); but retained as a separate species by Yoshiyuki (1986) and Abe et al. (1991). Yoshiyuki and Imaizumi (1991) named the Honshu population as a separate species, but Abe (1995, 1996) ascribed the differences between the Sado and Honshu population to geographical size variation. However, considerable genetic (Tsuchiya et al., 2000) and karyological differences exist: the karyotype from Sado is 2n = 36, FN = 60, and from Honshu 2n = 36, FN = 54 (Kawada et al., 2001; Tsuchiya, 1988).","37","37-00708","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0702-0000-0708"
"13700709","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Mogera","","tokudae","tokudae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kuroda","1940","","[A monograph of Japanese mammals ...], Tokyo and Osaka","","","196","","","","Japan, Sado Isl.","","","","","37","37-00709","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0702-0000-0708-0709"
"13700710","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Mogera","","tokudae","etigo","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Yoshiyuki and Imaizumi","1991","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00710","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0702-0000-0708-0710"
"13700711","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Mogera","","uchidai","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Abe, Shiraishi and Arai","1991","","J. Mammal. Soc. Japan","15","","53","","","Senkaku Mole","Japan, Ryukyu Isls, Senkaku Isls, west coast of Uotsuri-jima.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Originally described as <i>Nesoscaptor uchidai</i>, but Motokawa et al. (2001<i>b</i>) recognized a close relationship to <i>Mogera insularis</i>. The species is endemic to the Senkaku Isls (Motokawa, 2000) and seriously threatened by habitat degradation (Yokohata, 1999).","37","37-00711","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0702-0000-0711"
"13700712","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Mogera","","wogura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Temminck","1842","","<i>In</i> Siebold, Fauna Japonica","1(Mamm.)","1","19","","","Japanese Mole","Japan; restricted to Yokohama, Honshu by Thomas (1905<i>b</i>), but believed to have come from W or S Kyushu by Abe (1995).","Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Senkaku, Tane, Amakusa, Tsushima and other Isls), Korea to NE China and adjacent Siberia (Abe, 1995, 1996).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M. wogura</i>, <i>M. kobeau</i>,<i> </i>and <i>M. robusta</i>.","<i>aquilonaris</i>  Kishida, 1950 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>gracilis</i> Kishida, 1936; k<i>anai</i> Thomas, 1905; <i>kiusiuana</i> Kuroda, 1940; <i>kobeae</i> Thomas, 1905; <i>moogura</i> Temminck, 1842; <b><i>robusta</i></b><i> </i>Nehring, 1891; <i>coreana</i> Thomas, 1907.","For a taxonomic discussion see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), who treated <i>robusta</i> as a different species. European authors often included <i>kobeae</i> and <i>tokudae</i>; however, Japanese authors (Imaizumi 1970<i>b</i>; Yoshiyuki 1988<i>b</i>) treated them as separate species. Formerly included in <i>Talpa</i>; but see Imaizumi (1970<i>b</i>), Gureev (1979), and Gromov and Baranova (1981). The present arrangement follows Abe (1995). However, moles from Japan have a different karyotype (2n = 36, FN = 52) than moles from the Korean mainland (2n = 36, FN = 58) (Kawada et al., 2001). Mitochondrial cytochrome <i>b</i> gene sequences studied by Tsuchiya et al. (2000) revealed three clades in Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) and two distinct clades on the mainland of Korea and E Russia.","37","37-00712","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0702-0000-0712"
"13700713","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Mogera","","wogura","wogura","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Temminck","1842","","<i>In</i> Siebold, Fauna Japonica","1(Mamm.)","1","19","","","","Japan; restricted to Yokohama, Honshu by Thomas (1905<i>b</i>), but believed to have come from W or S Kyushu by Abe (1995).","","","","","37","37-00713","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0702-0000-0712-0713"
"13700714","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Mogera","","wogura","robusta","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Nehring","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00714","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0702-0000-0712-0714"
"13700715","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Parascaptor","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Gill","1875","","Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr. I [check – where does the æI’ go?]","2","","110","","<i>Talpa</i> <i>leucura</i> Blyth, 1850.","","","","","","Included in <i>Talpa</i> by Corbet and Hill (1991:38); but retained as a genus by Abe et al. (1991).","37","37-00715","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0715"
"13700716","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Parascaptor","","leucura","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Blyth","1850","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","19","","215, pl. 4","","","White-tailed Mole","India, Assam, Khasi Hills, Cherrapunji.","Burma, Assam (India), and Yunnan (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included in <i>T</i>. <i>micrura</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:40); but also see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:33).","37","37-00716","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0715-0000-0716"
"13700717","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Scaptochirus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris)","7","","375","","<i>Scaptochirus</i> <i>moschatus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1867.","","","","","<i>Chiroscaptor</i>  Heude, 1898.","Included in <i>Talpa</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:36) and Corbet and Hill (1991:38). Retained a genus by Abe et al. (1991) and Gureev (1979:282).","37","37-00717","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0717"
"13700718","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Scaptochirus","","moschatus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris)","7","","375","","","Short-faced Mole","""En Mongolie""; Swanhwafu, 100 mi. (= 161 km) NW of Peking, China.","NE China: Hopei, Shantung, Shansi, Shensi.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>davidianus</i>  Swinhoe, 1879 [accidental renaming, <i>nomen oblitum</i>, not Milne-Edwards, 1884]; <i>gilliesi</i> Thomas, 1910; <i>grandidens</i> (Stroganov, 1941);<i> leptura</i> (Thomas, 1881); <i>moschiferus</i> Heude, 1898; <i>sinensis</i> (Heude, 1898).","Included in <i>Talpa micrura</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966:40); but see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:36). Grulich (1982) pointed out that <i>Scaptochirus</i> <i>davidianus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1884, often regarded as a synonym of <i>moschatus</i>, is a species of <i>Talpa; </i>see under<i> Talpa davidiana</i>. Karyotype (2n = 48, FN = 54-56) described by Kawada et al. (2002<i>b</i>).","37","37-00718","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0717-0000-0718"
"13700719","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","52","","<i>Talpa</i> <i>europaea</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Asioscalops</i>  Stroganov, 1941; <i>Asioscaptor</i> Schwarz, 1948; <i>Heterotalpa</i> Peters, 1863; <i>Talpops</i> Gervais, 1868.","Includes <i>Asioscalops</i> which was retained as a full genus by Yudin (1989:60). Schwarz (1948), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:36), and Corbet and Hill (1991:38) included <i>Euroscaptor</i>, <i>Parascaptor</i>, <i>Mogera</i>, and <i>Scaptochirus</i>; but these are retained here as full genera, see Abe et al. (1991) and Gureev (1979:256-285). For phylogenetic considerations based on morphology, see Stein (1960) and Grulich (1971); based on allozyme variation, see Filippucci et al. (1987). For a review of European species, see Niethammer and Krapp (1990).","37","37-00719","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719"
"13700720","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","altaica","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Nikolsky","1883","","Trans. Soc. Nat. St. Petersburg","14","","165","","","Altai Mole","Russia, Siberia, Altai Mtns, Valley of Tourak.","Taiga zone of Siberia between Ob and Lena Rivers; south to N Mongolia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gusevi</i>  (Fetisov, 1956); <i>irkutensis</i> Dybowski, 1922; <i>saianensis</i> Bielovusev, 1921; <i>salairica</i> Egorin, 1936; <i>salairici</i> Corbet, 1978 [<i>lapsus</i>]; <i>sibirica</i> Egorin, 1937; <i>suschkini</i> Kastschenko, 1905; <i>tymensis</i> Egorin, 1937.","Placed by Yudin (1989:52) in genus <i>Asioscalops</i>; but see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:33). Kratochvíl and Kral (1972) provided karyological evidence for a separation of <i>altaica</i> from the remaining <i>Talpa</i> species.","37","37-00720","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0720"
"13700721","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","caeca","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Savi","1822","","Nuovo Giorn. de Letterati, Pisa","1","","265","","","Blind Mole","Italy, Pisa.","S Europe and (doubtfully) Asia Minor; Alps, Apennines, Balkan, Thrazia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dobyi</i>  Grulich, 1971; <i>minor</i> Freudenberg, 1914; <b><i>augustana</i></b> Capolongo and Panasci, 1978; <b><i>hercegovinensis</i></b> Bolkay, 1925; <i>beaucournui</i> Grulich, 1971; <i>olympica</i> Chaworth-Musters, 1932; <b><i>steini</i></b> Grulich, 1971 [see Niethammer, <i>in</i> Niethammer and Krapp, 1990].","Kryštufek (1994) revised the taxonomy of European populations of <i>T. caeca</i> and demonstrated morphometric differences to <i>stankovici</i> and to the Caucasus moles (<i>caucasica</i>, <i>levantis</i>). Species reviewed by Niethammer (<i>in</i> Niethammer and Krapp, 1990). In the paleontological literature, <i>Talpa</i> <i>minor</i> Freudenberg, 1914 is either regarded as a fossil ancestor of, or as conspecific with the extant <i>caeca</i> (Rabeder, 1972). However, Cleef-Roders and Hoek Ostende (2001) pointed out clear differences in the dentition of <i>minor</i> and <i>caeca</i> and regarded both as different species. Karyotype has 2n = 36, FN = 64 (Ticino) or 68 (Balkans) (see Niethammer, <i>in</i> Niethammer and Krapp, 1990). For synonyms see Niethammer, in Niethammer and Krapp (1990).","37","37-00721","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0721"
"13700722","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","caeca","caeca","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Savi","1822","","Nuovo Giorn. de Letterati, Pisa","1","","265","","","","Italy, Pisa.","","","","","37","37-00722","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0721-0722"
"13700723","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","caeca","augustana","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Capolongo and Panasci","1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00723","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0721-0723"
"13700724","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","caeca","hercegovinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Bolkay","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00724","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0721-0724"
"13700725","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","caeca","steini","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Grulich","1971","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00725","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0721-0725"
"13700726","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","caucasica","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Satunin","1908","","Mitt. Kaukas. Mus.","4","","5","","","Caucasian Mole","Russia, Stavropol Krai, Stavropol.","NW Caucasus (Russia and Georgia, NE Turkey), Talysh Mtns (Iran).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>ognevi</i> </b> Stroganov, 19448; <b><i>orientalis</i></b> Ognev, 1926.","Included in <i>europaea</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), but considered a distinct species by Gromov et al. (1963). Reviewed by Sokolov and Tembotov (1989) and Zaitsev (1999). New records from Turkey (Kefelioglu and Gencoglu, 1996) and Iran (Kryštufek and Benda, 2002) considerably extend the range of the species. Karyotype has 2n = 38, FN = 64 (Sokolov and Tembotov, 1989).","37","37-00726","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0726"
"13700727","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","caucasica","caucasica","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Satunin","1908","","Mitt. Kaukas. Mus.","4","","5","","","","Russia, Stavropol Krai, Stavropol.","","","","","37","37-00727","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0726-0727"
"13700728","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","caucasica","ognevi","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Talpa romania ognevi</i>","yes","Stroganov","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00728","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0726-0728"
"13700729","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","caucasica","orientalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Ognev","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00729","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0726-0729"
"13700730","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","europaea","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","52","","","European Mole","Sweden, Kristianstad, Engelholm.","Temperate Europe including Britain to the Ob and Irtysh Rivers (Russia) in the east.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alba</i>  Gmelin, 1788; <i>albida</i> Reichenbach, 1852; <i>albo-maculata</i> Erxleben, 1777; <i>brauneri</i> Satunin, 1909; <i>caudata</i> Boddaert, 1772; <i>ehiki</i> Czajlik, 1987; <i>flavescens</i> Reichenbach, 1836; <i>frisius</i> Müller, 1776; <i>friseus</i> Corbet, 1978 [<i>lapsus</i>]; <i>kratochvili</i> Grulich, 1969; <i>kratochvilli</i> Corbet, 1978 [<i>lapsus</i>]; <i>lutea</i> Reichenbach, 1852; <i>maculata</i> Fitzinger, 1869; <i>major</i> Bechstein, 1800 [not of Altobello, 1920]; <i>nigra</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>obensis</i> Skalon and Rajevsky, 1940; <i>pancici</i> Martino, 1930; <i>scalops</i> Schulze, 1897; <i>transuralensis</i> Stroganov, 1956; <i>uralensis</i> Ognev, 1925; <i>variegata</i> Gmelin, 1788; <i>vulgaris</i> Boddaert, 1785; <b><i>cinerea</i></b> Gmelin, 1788; <i>grisea</i> Fitzinger, 1869; <i>rufa</i> Borkhausen, 1797;<i> <b>velessiensis</b></i> Petrov, 1941.","Husson and Heurn (1959) recognized and named twelve color morphs from the Netherlands that are not listed here. Does not include <i>altaica</i>, <i>caucasica</i>, <i>romana</i>, and <i>stankovici</i>; see comments under these species. Only <i>europaea</i> and <i>cinerea</i> were regarded as subspecies by Niethammer (<i>in</i> Niethammer and Krapp, 1990). Do&#287;ramaci (1989) considered <i>velessiensis</i> as the valid subspecies for Turkish Thrace. A biological review of the species was provided by Witte (1997). Karyotype has 2n = 34, FN = 68 (Kratochvil and Kral, 1972).","37","37-00730","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0730"
"13700731","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","europaea","europaea","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","52","","","","Sweden, Kristianstad, Engelholm.","","","","","37","37-00731","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0730-0731"
"13700732","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","europaea","cinerea","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gmelin","1788","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00732","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0730-0732"
"13700733","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","europaea","velessiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Petrov","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00733","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0730-0733"
"13700734","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","davidiana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1884","","Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris","99","","1141","","","Père David's Mole","SE Turkey, ""environs d'Akbès, sur les confins de la Syrie et de l'Asie Mineure"" = Meydanekbez, SW Gaziantep.","SE Turkey, NW Iran.","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>Talpa streeti</i>.","<i>streeti</i>  Lay, 1965; <i>streetorum</i> Lay, 1967.","Includes <i>Talpa</i> <i>streeti</i>, as already suggested by Grulich (1982). Kryštufek et al. (2001) revised the species, discussed the morphological variation, and mapped all known localities.","37","37-00734","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0734"
"13700735","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","levantis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","416","","","Levant Mole","Turkey, S Trabzon, Scalita (= Altindere).","Bulgaria, Thracia and N Anatolia (Turkey), and adjacent Caucasus.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>minima</i> </b> Deparma, 1960; <b><i>talyschensis</i></b> Vereschchagin, 1945; <b><i>transcaucasica</i></b> Dahl, 1944.","On specific status, see Grulich (1972) and Felten et al. (1973). Reviewed by Sokolov and Tembotov (1989), Zaitsev (1999), and Kryštufek (2001<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>). European records by Vohralík (1991). Karyotype has 2n = 34, FN = 68 (Kefelioglu and Gencoglu, 1996).","37","37-00735","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0735"
"13700736","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","levantis","levantis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","416","","","","Turkey, S Trabzon, Scalita (= Altindere).","","","","","37","37-00736","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0735-0736"
"13700737","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","levantis","minima","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Deparma","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00737","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0735-0737"
"13700738","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","levantis","talyschensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Vereschchagin","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00738","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0735-0738"
"13700739","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","levantis","transcaucasica","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Dahl","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00739","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0735-0739"
"13700740","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","occidentalis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Cabrera","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","212","","","Spanish Mole","C Spain, Guadarrama Mtns, 1200-1300 m, ""La Granja, Segovia"".","W and C Iberian Peninsula (Portugal, Spain).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly regarded as a subspecies of <i>caeca</i>, but see Ramalhinho (1985) and Filippucci et al. (1987). Reviewed by Niethammer (<i>in</i> Niethammer and Krapp, 1990). Karyotype has 2n = 34, FN = 68. Dental morphology of <i>occidentalis</i> and <i>europaea</i> described by Cleef-Roders and Hoek Ostende (2001).","37","37-00740","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0740"
"13700741","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","romana","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","10","","516","","","Roman Mole","Italy, Ostia near Rome.","Apennines, Italy, and extreme SE France; a historical record from Sicily.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>major</i>  Altobello, 1920 [not Bechstein, 1800]; <b><i>adamoi</i></b> Capolongo et Panasci, 1976; <b><i>aenigmatica</i></b> Capolongo and Panasci, 1976; <b><i>brachycrania</i></b> Capolongo and Panasci, 1976; <b><i>montana</i></b> Cabrera, 1925; <b><i>wittei</i></b> Capolongo, 1986 [see Niethammer, <i>in</i> Niethammer and Krapp, 1990].","Does not include <i>stankovici</i>, see comments therein. Karyotype as in <i>europaea</i> (Capanna, 1981). For synonyms see Niethammer, in Niethammer and Krapp (1990).","37","37-00741","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0741"
"13700742","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","romana","romana","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","10","","516","","","","Italy, Ostia near Rome.","","","","","37","37-00742","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0741-0742"
"13700743","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","romana","adamoi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Capolongo and Panasci","1976","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00743","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0741-0743"
"13700744","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","romana","aenigmatica","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Capolongo and Panasci","1976","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00744","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0741-0744"
"13700745","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","romana","brachycrania","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Capolongo and Panasci","1976","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00745","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0741-0745"
"13700746","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","romana","montana","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Cabrera","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00746","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0741-0746"
"13700747","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","romana","wittei","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Capolongo","1986","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00747","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0741-0747"
"13700748","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","stankovici","","SPECIES","False","","yes","V. Martino and E. Martino","1931","","J. Mammal.","12","","53","","","Balkan Mole","Serbia and Montenegro, Pelister Mtns, ""Magarevo Mts., Perister, S. Serbia (Macedonia). Alt. 1000 m.""","European Balkans, Greece including Corfu Isl, S Serbia and Montenegro, Macedonia; probably Albania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>montenegrina</i> </b> Kryštufek, 1994.","Formerly included in <i>romana</i>; specific status supported by Filippucci et al. (1987). Reviewed by Niethammer (<i>in</i> Niethammer and Krapp, 1990) and Kryštufek (1994).","37","37-00748","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0748"
"13700749","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","stankovici","stankovici","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","V. Martino and E. Martino","1931","","J. Mammal.","12","","53","","","","Serbia and Montenegro, Pelister Mtns, ""Magarevo Mts., Perister, S. Serbia (Macedonia). Alt. 1000 m.""","","","","","37","37-00749","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0748-0749"
"13700750","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Talpini","Talpa","","stankovici","montenegrina","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kryštufek","1994","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00750","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0692-0719-0000-0748-0750"
"13700751","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Urotrichini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","yes","Dobson","1883","","Monogr. Insectivora","2","","128","","","","","","","Urotrichi Dobson, 1883.","","37","37-00751","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0751"
"13700752","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Urotrichini","Dymecodon","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","True","1886","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","9","","97","","<i>Dymecodon pilirostris</i> True, 1886.","","","","","<i>Dimecodon</i>  Coues, 1889.","Often included in <i>Urotrichus, </i>as in the last edition (Hutterer, 1993<i>a</i>), but morphological (Imaizumi, 1970<i>b</i>) and genetical data (Shinohara et al., 2003) support generic status.","37","37-00752","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0751-0752"
"13700753","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Urotrichini","Dymecodon","","pilirostris","","SPECIES","False","","yes","True","1886","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","9","","97","","","True’s Shrew Mole","Japan, Honshu, Enoshima (Yenosima), at mouth of Bay of Yeddo.","Montane forests of Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu (Japan).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Urotricus pilirostris</i>.","<i>dewanus</i>  Kishida, 1950.","Often included in <i>Urotrichus</i>; see under genus.","37","37-00753","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0751-0752-0000-0753"
"13700754","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Urotrichini","Urotrichus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Temminck","1841","","Het. Instit. K. Ned. Inst.","","","212","","<i>Urotrichus</i> <i>talpoides</i> Temminck, 1841.","","","","","","For placement in Urotrichini see Storch and Qiu (1983:100). Includes sometimes <i>Dymecodon</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:33-34). See also Imaizumi (1970<i>b</i>:123) who considered <i>Dymecodon</i> a distinct genus.","37","37-00754","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0751-0754"
"13700755","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Urotrichini","Urotrichus","","talpoides","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Temminck","1841","","Het. Instit. K. Ned. Inst.","","","215","","","Japanese Shrew Mole","Japan, Kyushu, Nagasaki.","Grassland and forest of Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu (Japan); Dogo Isl, N Tsushima Isl (Japan).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>adversus</i> </b> Thomas, 1908; <b><i>centralis</i></b> Thomas, 1908; <b><i>hondoensis</i></b> Thomas, 1918; <i>yokohamanis</i> Kanda, 1929; <b><i>minutus</i></b> Tokuda, 1932; <i>shinanensis</i> Yagi, 1927.","Imaizumi (1970<i>b</i>:128) recognized five taxa as valid subspecies. Harada et al. (2001) studied the karyotype (2n = 34, FN = 64) of the species and discovered two parapatric karyotype races in C Honshu.","37","37-00755","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0751-0754-0000-0755"
"13700756","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Urotrichini","Urotrichus","","talpoides","talpoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Temminck","1841","","Het. Instit. K. Ned. Inst.","","","215","","","","Japan, Kyushu, Nagasaki.","","","","","37","37-00756","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0751-0754-0000-0755-0756"
"13700757","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Urotrichini","Urotrichus","","talpoides","adversus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00757","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0751-0754-0000-0755-0757"
"13700758","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Urotrichini","Urotrichus","","talpoides","centralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00758","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0751-0754-0000-0755-0758"
"13700759","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Urotrichini","Urotrichus","","talpoides","hondoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00759","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0751-0754-0000-0755-0759"
"13700760","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Talpinae","Urotrichini","Urotrichus","","talpoides","minutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Tokuda","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","37","37-00760","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0675-0751-0754-0000-0755-0760"
"13700761","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Uropsilinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","yes","Dobson","1883","","Monogr. Insectivora","2","","128","","","","","","","","Species belonging to this subfamily form the basal branch in a mtDNA study of all major mole taxa (Shinohara et al., 2003).","37","37-00761","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0761"
"13700762","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Uropsilinae","","Uropsilus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1871","","<i>In</i> David, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","7","","92-93","","<i>Uropsilus</i> <i>soricipes</i> Milne-Edwards, 1871.","","","","","<i>Nasillus</i>  Thomas, 1911; <i>Rhynchonax</i> Thomas, 1912","<i>Nasillus</i> and <i>Rhynchonax</i> were included by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966:31) and Corbet and Hill (1980:33); but Gureev (1979:201-204), listed both as distinct genera. Reviewed by Hoffmann (1984).","37","37-00762","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0761-0000-0762"
"13700763","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Uropsilinae","","Uropsilus","","andersoni","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","100","49","","","Anderson’s Shrew Mole","China, Sichuan, ""Omi-san"" = Emei-Shan.","C Sichuan (China).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Type species of <i>Rhynchonax</i>. Formerly included in <i>soricipes</i>, but see Hoffmann (1984).","37","37-00763","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0761-0000-0762-0000-0763"
"13700764","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Uropsilinae","","Uropsilus","","gracilis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","100","49","","","Gracile Shrew Mole","China, Sichuan, near Nan-chwan (Nanchuan), Mt. Chin-fu-san (Jingfu Shan).","Sichuan and Yunnan (China) and N Burma.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>atronates</i> (Allen, 1923); <i>nivatus</i> (Allen, 1923).","Type species of <i>Nasillus</i>. Formerly included in <i>soricipes</i>; but see Hoffmann (1984). The shrew-like humerus was figured by Storch and Dahlmann (2000).","37","37-00764","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0761-0000-0762-0000-0764"
"13700765","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Uropsilinae","","Uropsilus","","investigator","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Thomas","1922","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","10","","393","","","Inquisitive Shrew Mole","China, Yunnan, Kui-chiang-Salween divide at 28°N, 11,000 ft. (3353 m).","Yunnan (China).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Hoffmann (1984) included <i>investigator</i> in <i>gracilis</i> but on morphological and distributional grounds Wang and Yang (1989) and Storch (pers. comm.) concluded that both are sympatric in Yunnan and must therefore be regarded as distinct species.","37","37-00765","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0761-0000-0762-0000-0765"
"13700766","SORICOMORPHA","","","","Talpidae","Uropsilinae","","Uropsilus","","soricipes","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Milne-Edwards","1871","","<i>In</i> David, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","7","","92","","","Chinese Shrew Mole","China, Sichuan, Moupin.","C Sichuan (China).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Formerly included <i>andersoni, gracilis</i>, and <i>investigator</i>, according to Ellerman and Morrision-Scott (1966), but see Hoffmann (1984). Gureev (1979) listed these as distinct species without comment.","37","37-00766","37-0001-0000-0000-0000-0625-0761-0000-0762-0000-0766"
"13800001","CHIROPTERA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Blumenbach","1779","","","","","","","","","","","","","As is the case for all species in this book, the conservation status for each bat species is reported below based upon listings of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the United States Endangered Species Act (U.S. ESA), and the 2003 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Redlist (here cited ""IUCN 2003""). In addition, two IUCN/SSC Action Plans provide more detailed information. The Action Plan for Old World Fruit Bats (Pteropodidae; cited below as ""IUCN/SSC Action Plan, 1992"", compiled by Mickleburgh et al., 1992) is over a decade old, but provides detailed information on the conservation status of subspecies as well as species of pteropodids, including the status of taxa not thought to be at risk. This publication also summarizes considerable information on ecology and population biology of pteropodids. The conservation status of other families of bats was assessed more recently in the Glob... [truncated]","38","38-00001","38-0001"
"13800002","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","299","","","","","","","Cephalotidae Gray, 1821; Harpyidae H. Smith, 1842.","Various workers have recognized between two and six subfamilies of Pteropodidae including: Cynopterinae Andersen, 1912, Epomophorinae K. Andersen, 1912, Harpionycterinae Miller, 1907, Nyctimeninae Miller, 1907, Macroglossinae Gray, 1866, Rousettinae Andersen, 1912, and Pteropodinae Gray, 1821 (Bergmans, 1997; Corbet and Hill, 1980, 1992; Hill and Smith, 1984; Koopman, 1993, 1994; McKenna and Bell, 1997). Recent phylogenetic studies agree that Macroglossinae and Pteropodinae sensu Koopman (1993, 1994) and McKenna and Bell (1997) are not monophyletic (Alvarez et al., 1999; Giannini and Simmons, 2003; Hollar and Springer, 1997; Hood, 1989; Juste et al., 1997; Kirsch et al., 1995; Romagnoli and Springer, 2000; Springer et al., 1995). Monophyly of cynopterines and empomophorines has also been questioned (Alvarez et al., 1999; Hollar and Springer, 1997; Kirsch et al., 1995; Romagnoli and Springer, 2000). Instead of supporting traditional taxonomic groupings, phylogenetic studies based on DNA... [truncated]","38","38-00002","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"13800003","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Jourdan","1837","","L'Echo du Monde Savant","4","No. 275","156","","<i>Pteropus jubatus</i> Eschscholtz, 1831.","","","","","","Very closely related to and possibly congeneric with <i>Pteropus</i>; see Musser et al. (1982<i>a</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-00003","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"13800004","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","celebensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","333","","","Sulawesi Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Sulawesi.","Sulawesi, Saleyer Isl, Sangihe Isls, Sula Isls (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>arquatus</i>  Miller and Hollister, 1921.","Includes <i>arquatus</i> and Sulawesi specimens formerly in <i>Pteropus</i> <i>argentatus</i> (see Musser et al., 1982<i>a</i>). Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00004","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"13800005","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","humilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","3","","24-25","","","Talaud Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Talaud Isls, Lirong.","Talaud Isls (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","Previously known only from the holotype, which Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) suggested might be a chimera consisting of a mismatched skull from an individual of <i>celebensis</i> and a skin of a <i>Pteropus hypomelanus</i> However, Feiler (1990) described two additional museum specimens, and a living population of this taxon has recently been rediscovered (Riley, 2001). It appears to represent a distinct species.","38","38-00005","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0005"
"13800006","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","jubatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eschscholtz","1831","","Zool. Atlas","Part 4","","1","","","Golden-capped Fruit Bat","Philippines, Luzon, Manila.","Philippines except Palawan region.","CITES – Appendix I (and possibly extinct) as <i>A</i>. <i>lucifer</i>, Appendix I as <i>A</i>. <i>jubatus</i>; otherwise Appendix II; IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) and IUCN 2003 – Endangered as <i>A</i>. <i>jubatus</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>lucifer</i> listed as Extinct.","<i>aurinuchalis</i>  Elliot, 1896; <i>pyrrhocephalus</i> Meyen, 1833; <b><i>lucifer</i></b> Elliot, 1896; <b><i>mindanensis</i></b> K. Andersen, 1909.","Includes <i>lucifer</i>; see Ingle and Heaney (1992) and Heaney et al. (1998).","38","38-00006","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0006"
"13800007","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","jubatus","jubatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Eschscholtz","1831","","Zool. Atlas","Part 4","","1","","","","Philippines, Luzon, Manila.","","","","","38","38-00007","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0006-0007"
"13800008","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","jubatus","lucifer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00008","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0006-0008"
"13800009","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","jubatus","mindanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00009","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0006-0009"
"13800010","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","leucotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1950","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","63","","189","","","Palawan Fruit Bat","Philippines, Calamianes Isls, Busuanga Isl, Singay.","Balabac, Palawan, Busuanga Isl (Philippines).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","<b><i>obscurus</i> </b> Sanborn, 1950.","Formerly included in <i>Pteropus</i> (see Musser et al., 1982<i>a</i>).","38","38-00010","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0010"
"13800011","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","leucotis","leucotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1950","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","63","","189","","","","Philippines, Calamianes Isls, Busuanga Isl, Singay.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00011","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0010-0011"
"13800012","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","leucotis","obscurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1950","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00012","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0010-0012"
"13800013","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","mackloti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1837","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","69","","","Sunda Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Timor.","Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Alor Isl, Sumba, and Timor (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened; IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ochraphaeus</i>  Muller and Jentink, 1887; <b><i>alorensis</i></b> K. Andersen, 1909; <b><i>floresii</i></b> Gray, 1871; <i>floresianus</i> Heude, 1896; <b><i>gilvus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1909; <b><i>prajae</i></b> Sody, 1936.","The subspecies nomenclature of this taxon is in need of revision (Helgen and Wilson, 2002). This name is sometimes spelled <i>macklotii</i>.","38","38-00013","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0013"
"13800014","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","mackloti","mackloti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1837","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","69","","","","Indonesia, Timor.","","","","","38","38-00014","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0013-0014"
"13800015","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","mackloti","alorensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00015","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0013-0015"
"13800016","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","mackloti","floresii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00016","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0013-0016"
"13800017","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","mackloti","gilvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00017","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0013-0017"
"13800018","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Acerodon","","mackloti","prajae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00018","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0013-0018"
"13800019","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Aethalops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1923","","178","","<i>Aethalodes alecto</i> Thomas, 1923.","","","","","<i>Aethalodes</i>  Thomas, 1923 [not <i>Atehalodes</i> Gahan, 1888, an insect).","","38","38-00019","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0019"
"13800020","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Aethalops","","aequalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1938","","J. Mammal.","19","","497","","","Borneo Fruit Bat","Malaysia (N Borneo), Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, 5,500 ft. (1,833 m).","Brunei, Sabah, and Sarawak (Borneo).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Indeterminate as <i>A</i>. <i>alecto</i> <i>aequalis</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","Considered a subspecies of <i>alecto</i> by many authors, but see Kitchener et al. (1990) and Kitchener et al. (1993<i>a</i>).","38","38-00020","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0019-0000-0020"
"13800021","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Aethalops","","alecto","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","11","","251","","","Pygmy Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Sumatra, Indrapura Peak, 7,300 ft. (2,225 m).","W Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Lombok.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Indeterminate. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>boeadii</i> </b> Kitchener, 1993 in Kitchener et al., 1993<i>a</i>; <b><i>ocypete</i></b> Boeadi and Hill, 1986.","Reviewed by Boeadi and Hill (1986) and Kitchener et al. (1993<i>a</i>). Does not include <i>aequalis</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1993<i>a</i>).","38","38-00021","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0019-0000-0021"
"13800022","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Aethalops","","alecto","alecto","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","11","","251","","","","Indonesia, Sumatra, Indrapura Peak, 7,300 ft. (2,225 m).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00022","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0019-0000-0021-0022"
"13800023","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Aethalops","","alecto","boeadii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1993","","in Kitchener et al., 1993<i>a</i>","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00023","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0019-0000-0021-0023"
"13800024","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Aethalops","","alecto","ocypete","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Boeadi and Hill","1986","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00024","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0019-0000-0021-0024"
"13800025","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Alionycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kock","1969","","Senckenberg. Biol.","50","","319","","<i>Alionycteris paucidentata</i> Kock, 1969.","","","","","","","38","38-00025","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0025"
"13800026","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Alionycteris","","paucidentata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kock","1969","","Senckenberg. Biol.","50","","322","","","Mindanao Pygmy Fruit Bat","Philippines, Mindanao, Bukidion Prov., Mt. Katanglad.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN/SSC Bat Action Plan (1992) – Rare: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","","38","38-00026","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0025-0000-0026"
"13800027","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Aproteles","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Menzies","1977","","Aust. J. Zool.","25","","330","","<i>Aproteles bulmerae</i> Menzies, 1977.","","","","","","","38","38-00027","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0027"
"13800028","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Aproteles","","bulmerae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Menzies","1977","","Aust. J. Zool.","25","","331","","","Bulmer's Fruit Bat","Papua New Guinea, Chimbu Prov., 2 km SE Chuave Govt. Sta., 1,530 m.","Mainland Papua New Guinea.","U.S. ESA – Endangered. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered.","","Originally described from fossil material, but since found living (Flannery and Seri, 1993; Hyndman and Menzies, 1980). See also Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00028","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0027-0000-0028"
"13800029","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Balionycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","Flederm. Berliner Mus. Naturk.","","","72, 80","","<i>Cynopterus maculatus</i> Thomas, 1893.","","","","","","","38","38-00029","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0029"
"13800030","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Balionycteris","","maculata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","11","","341","","","Spotted-winged Fruit Bat","Malaysia (N Borneo), Sarawak.","Thailand; W Malaysia; Borneo; Sumatra; Durian and Galang Isls (Riau Arch., Indonesia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>seimundi</i> </b> Kloss, 1921.","","38","38-00030","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0029-0000-0030"
"13800031","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Balionycteris","","maculata","maculata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","11","","341","","","","Malaysia (N Borneo), Sarawak.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00031","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0029-0000-0030-0031"
"13800032","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Balionycteris","","maculata","seimundi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00032","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0029-0000-0030-0032"
"13800033","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Casinycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","111","","<i>Casinycteris argynnis</i> Thomas, 1910.","","","","","","","38","38-00033","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0033"
"13800034","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Casinycteris","","argynnis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","111","","","Golden Short-palated Fruit Bat","Cameroon, Ja River, Bitye.","Cameroon to E Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","","Reviewed by Bergmans (1990).","38","38-00034","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0033-0000-0034"
"13800035","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Chironax","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1912","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus., 2nd ed.","","","658","","<i>Pteropus melanocephalus</i> Temminck, 1825.","","","","","","","38","38-00035","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0035"
"13800036","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Chironax","","melanocephalus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1825","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","190","","","Black-capped Fruit Bat","Indonesia, W Java, Bantam, Gunung Karang (restricted by Bergmans and Rozendaal, 1988).","Thailand, W Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Nias Isl, and Sulawesi.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>tumulus</i> </b> Bergmans and Rozendaal, 1988.","Reviewed by Hill (1983) and Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988).","38","38-00036","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0035-0000-0036"
"13800037","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Chironax","","melanocephalus","melanocephalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1825","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","190","","","","Indonesia, W Java, Bantam, Gunung Karang (restricted by Bergmans and Rozendaal, 1988).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00037","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0035-0000-0036-0037"
"13800038","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Chironax","","melanocephalus","tumulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bergmans and Rozendaal","1988","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00038","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0035-0000-0036-0038"
"13800039","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1824","","Dentes des Mammifères","","","248","","<i>Pteropus marginatus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810 (= <i>Vespertilio sphinx</i> Vahl, 1797).","","","","","<i>Niadius</i>  Miller, 1906; <i>Pachysoma</i> Geoffroy, 1828 [not <i>Pachysoma</i> Macleay, 1821, an insect].","Genetic variation within the genus was discussed by Peterson and Heaney (1993) and Schmitt et al. (1995).","38","38-00039","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039"
"13800040","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","brachyotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","146","","","Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat","Borneo, Dewei (= Dewai) River.","Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, S China, Malaysia, Nicobar and Andaman Isls, Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Magnole, Sanana, Sangihe Isls, Talaud Isls and adjacent small islands. Perhaps present in the Palawan region of the Philippines (L. Heaney, pers. comm.)","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brevicaudatum</i>  I. Geoffroy, 1828 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>duvaucelii</i> E. Geoffroy, 1828 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>grandidieri</i> Peters, 1869; <i>minor</i> Revilliod, 1911 [not Trousseart or Lyon]; <i>montanoi</i> Robin, 1881; <i>titthaecheilum</i> Waterhouse, 1843 [not Temminck; <i>nomen dubium</i>]; <b><i>altitudinis</i></b> Hill, 1961; <b><i>brachysoma</i></b> Dobson, 1871; <i>andamanensis</i> Dobson, 1873; <b><i>ceylonensis</i></b> Gray, 1871; <b><i>concolor</i></b> Sody, 1940; <b><i>hoffeti</i></b> Bourret, 1944; <b><i>insularum</i></b> K. Andersen, 1910;<b><i> javanicus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1910.","This taxon is sometimes confused with <i>sphinx,</i> and the status of many populations is in doubt. Does not include <i>angulatus</i>, which was transferred to <i>sphinx</i> by Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Includes <i>minor</i>; see Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include <i>luzoniensis</i> and <i>minutus</i>; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). May include <i>scherzeri</i>, here included in <i>sphinx</i> following Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Bates and Harrison (1997) also referred <i>brachysoma</i> and <i>andamanesis</i> to <i>sphinx</i> with some reservations. See Andersen (1912) for discussion of <i>duvaucelii</i> and <i>grandidieri</i>. Corbet and Hill (1992) included <i>babi</i> (here considered a subspecies of <i>sphinx</i>) in this species without comment. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al. (2002).","38","38-00040","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040"
"13800041","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","brachyotis","brachyotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","146","","","","Borneo, Dewei (= Dewai) River.","","","","","38","38-00041","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0041"
"13800042","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","brachyotis","altitudinis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1961","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00042","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0042"
"13800043","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","brachyotis","brachysoma","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00043","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0043"
"13800044","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","brachyotis","ceylonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00044","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0044"
"13800045","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","brachyotis","concolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00045","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0045"
"13800046","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","brachyotis","hoffeti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bourret","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00046","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0046"
"13800047","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","brachyotis","insularum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00047","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0047"
"13800048","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","brachyotis","javanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00048","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0040-0048"
"13800049","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","horsfieldii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","List Specimens Mamm. Coll. Brit. Mus.","","","38","","","Horsfield’s Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Java.","Thailand, Cambodia, W Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Isls, and adjacent small islands.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>harpax</i> </b> Thomas and Wroughton, 1909; <i>lyoni</i> K. Andersen, 1912; <i>minor</i> Lyon, 1908 [not Trouessart, 1878]; <b><i>persimilis</i></b> K. Andersen, 1912; <b><i>princeps</i></b> Miller, 1906.","Includes <i>harpax</i>; see Hill (1961<i>a</i>). This name is sometimes spelled <i>horsefieldi</i>.","38","38-00049","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0049"
"13800050","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","horsfieldii","horsfieldii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","List Specimens Mamm. Coll. Brit. Mus.","","","38","","","","Indonesia, Java.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00050","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0049-0050"
"13800051","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","horsfieldii","harpax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00051","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0049-0051"
"13800052","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","horsfieldii","persimilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00052","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0049-0052"
"13800053","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","horsfieldii","princeps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00053","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0049-0053"
"13800054","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","luzoniensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1861","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.","1861","","708","","","Peters’s Fruit Bat","Philippines, Luzon, S Camarines, Iriga.","Sulawesi, Philippines, and adjacent small islands.","Not evaluated in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992). IUCN 2003 – not evaluated.","<i>archipelagus</i>  Taylor, 1934; <i>cumingii</i> Gray, 1871; <i>philippensis</i> Gray, 1871.","Included in <i>brachyotis</i> by many authors, but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Schmitt et al. (1995). Heaney et al. (1987) placed <i>archipelagus</i> (known only from the juvenile holotype) in <i>brachyotis</i>, but see Kitchner and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). Specimens of <i>luzoniensis</i> from the Palawan region of the Philippines may actually represent <i>brachyotis</i> as used herein (L. Heaney, pers. comm.).","38","38-00054","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0054"
"13800055","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","minutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","19","","63","","","Minute Fruit Bat","Sumatra, Nias Isl.","Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution as <i>C</i>. <i>brachyotis</i> <i>minutus</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","Included in <i>brachyotis</i> by Hill (1983) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991).","38","38-00055","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0055"
"13800056","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","nusatenggara","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi","1991","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","15","","312","","","Nusatenggara Short-nosed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, W Sumbawa, Jerewah, Desa Belo (8°52'S, 116°50'E), ca 40 m.","Lombok, Moyo, Sumbawa, Sangeang, Komodo, Flores, Sumba, Adonara, Lembata, Pantar, Alor, and Wetar Isls (Indonesia).","Described after completion of IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992). IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>sinagai</i> </b> Kitchener, 1996 [in Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi, 1996]; <b><i>wetarensis</i></b> Kitchener, 1996 [in Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi, 1996].","Specimens of this species were tentatively included in <i>brachyotis</i> by Corbet and Hill (1992), but see Schmitt et al. (1995) and Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1996).","38","38-00056","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0056"
"13800057","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","nusatenggara","nusatenggara","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi","1991","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","15","","312","","","","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, W Sumbawa, Jerewah, Desa Belo (8°52'S, 116°50'E), ca 40 m.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00057","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0056-0057"
"13800058","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","nusatenggara","sinagai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1996","","[in Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi, 1996]","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00058","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0056-0058"
"13800059","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","nusatenggara","wetarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1996","","[in Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi, 1996]","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00059","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0056-0059"
"13800060","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","sphinx","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vahl","1797","","Skr. Nat. Selsk. Copenhagen","4","1","123","","","Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat","India, Madras, Tranquebar.","Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, S China, SE Asia including Burma, Vietnam, and Cambodia, W Malaysia, Sumatra, adjacent small islands; perhaps Borneo.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brevicaudatum</i>  Temminck, 1837 [not I. Geoffroy]; <i>ellioti</i> Gray, 1870; <i>fibulatus</i> Vahl, 1797; <i>gangeticus</i> K. Andersen, 1910; <i>marginatus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810; <i>pusillus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1803; <i>sphynx</i> Sody, 1933; <b><i>angulatus</i></b> Miller, 1898; <b><i>babi</i></b> Lyon, 1916; <b><i>pagensis</i></b> Miller, 1906; <b><i>scherzeri</i></b> Zelebor, 1869;<b><i> serasani</i></b> Paradiso, 1971.","This taxon is sometimes confused with <i>brachyotis, </i>and the status of many populations is in doubt. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al. (2002). Includes <i>angulatus</i>; see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include <i>titthaecheilus</i>; see Hill (1983). Apparently includes <i>babi</i>; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992), who included <i>babi</i> in <i>brachyotis</i> without comment. May not include <i>scherzeri</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Bates and Harrison (1997), who retained <i>scherzeri</i> in <i>sphinx</i> but noted that it may represent a distinct species. May also include <i>brachysoma</i> and <i>andamanesis</i> (here listed as synonyms of <i>brachyotis</i>); see Bates and Harrison (1997). Some authors recognize <i>gangeticus</i> as a distinct subspecies; it is here grouped in the nominate subspecies following Koopman (1994). Clinal variation in size dis... [truncated]","38","38-00060","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0060"
"13800061","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","sphinx","sphinx","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Vahl","1797","","Skr. Nat. Selsk. Copenhagen","4","1","123","","","","India, Madras, Tranquebar.","","","","","38","38-00061","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0060-0061"
"13800062","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","sphinx","angulatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00062","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0060-0062"
"13800063","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","sphinx","babi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00063","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0060-0063"
"13800064","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","sphinx","pagensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00064","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0060-0064"
"13800065","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","sphinx","scherzeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zelebor","1869","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00065","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0060-0065"
"13800066","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","sphinx","serasani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Paradiso","1971","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00066","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0060-0066"
"13800067","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","titthaecheilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1825","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","198","","","Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Java, Bogor (restricted by Andersen, 1912).","Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Timor, and adjacent small islands.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>diardii</i>  E. Geoffroy, 1828; <b><i>major</i></b> Miller, 1906; <b><i>terminus</i></b> Sody, 1940.","Formerly included in <i>sphinx</i>, but see Hill (1983); also see Corbet and Hill (1992). The position of <i>diardii</i> in this synonymy remains somewhat uncertain, see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00067","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0067"
"13800068","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","titthaecheilus","titthaecheilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1825","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","198","","","","Indonesia, Java, Bogor (restricted by Andersen, 1912).","","","","","38","38-00068","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0067-0068"
"13800069","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","titthaecheilus","major","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00069","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0067-0069"
"13800070","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Cynopterus","","titthaecheilus","terminus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00070","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0039-0000-0067-0070"
"13800071","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Palmer","1898","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","12","","114","","<i>Cephalotes peroni</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810.","","","","","<i>Hypoderma</i>  E. Geoffroy, 1828 [not <i>Hypoderma</i> Latreille, 1825, a Diptera]; <i>Pteronotus</i> Rafinesque, 1815 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; ?<i>Tribonophorus</i> Burnett, 1829.","Reviewed by Jong and Bergmans (1981). Species groups follow Koopman (1994).","38","38-00071","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071"
"13800072","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","anderseni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","13","","435","","","Andersen’s Naked-backed Fruit Bat","Papua New Guinea, Admiralty Isls, Manus Isl.","Bismarck Archipelago including Admiralty Isls.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data as <i>D</i>. <i>pannietensis</i> <i>anderseni</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","<i>moluccensis</i> species group. Often included in <i>moluccensis</i> or <i>pannietensis</i>, but see Bergmans and Sarbini (1985), Flannery (1995<i>b</i>), and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00072","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0072"
"13800073","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","beauforti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bergmans","1975","","Beaufortia","23","295","3","","","Beaufort’s Naked-backed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Sorong Div., Waigeo Isl, Njanjef.","Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, Gebe, Gag, and Biak Isls (off Vogelkop Peninsula, New Guinea).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Endangered.","","<i>viridis</i> species group. Closely related to <i>viridis</i>; see Bergmans (1975). Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00073","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0073"
"13800074","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","chapmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rabor","1952","","Nat. Hist. Misc., Chicago Acad. Sci.","96","2","","","","Negros Naked-backed Fruit Bat","Philippines, Negros, Bais, Pagabonin.","Cebu and Negros Isls (Philippines).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Extinct? IUCN 2003 – Extinct. Previously thought to be extinct, but a living population was discovered in 2000 by S. Pedregosa (L. Heaney, pers. comm.).","","<i>moluccensis</i> species group. Listed by Corbet and Hill (1992) as a possible subspecies of <i>exoleta</i>; also see Bergmans (1978).","38","38-00074","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0074"
"13800075","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","crenulata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","532","","","Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Maluku (Moluccas), Ternate.","N Moluccas, Togian Isls, Sangihe Isls, Talaud Isls, Pelang, Sulawesi (Indonesia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data as <i>D</i>. <i>viridis</i> <i>crenulata</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","<i>viridis</i> species group. Included by Hill (1983) and Hill and Corbet (1992) as a subspecies of <i>viridis</i>, but see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988). Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>). Non-Moluccan populations apparently represent an undescribed subspecies (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","38","38-00075","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0075"
"13800076","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","emersa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bergmans and Sarbini","1985","","Beaufortia","34","","185","","","Biak Naked-backed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Biak, Sorido.","Biak and Owii Isls (in Geelvink Bay, New Guinea).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","<i>moluccensis</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>). There is a closely related, undescribed species on Numfoor Isl (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","38","38-00076","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0076"
"13800077","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","exoleta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","531, 533","","","Sulawesi Naked-backed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Minahassa, Tomohon.","Sulawesi, Muna Togian Isls, Sula Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>moluccensis</i> species group. May include <i>chapmani</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed by Hill (1983); also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00077","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0077"
"13800078","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","inermis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","532","","","Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat","Solomon Isls, Makira (San Cristobal Isl).","Solomon Isls, including Bougainville Isl (Papua New Guinea).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nesea</i>  K. Andersen, 1909; <b><i>minimus</i></b><i> </i>Phillips, 1968.","<i>viridis</i> species group; see discussion in Bergmans (1978) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00078","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0078"
"13800079","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","inermis","inermis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","532","","","","Solomon Isls, Makira (San Cristobal Isl).","","","","<i>viridis</i> species group; see discussion in Bergmans (1978) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00079","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0078-0079"
"13800080","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","inermis","minimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Phillips","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>viridis</i> species group; see discussion in Bergmans (1978) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00080","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0078-0080"
"13800081","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","magna","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","16","","423","","","New Guinea Naked-backed Fruit Bat","Papua New Guinea, Mambare River, Tamata, 100 ft. (33 m.).","Waigeo, Yapen, Batanta, and Misool Isls through New Guinea to N Queensland (Australia); possibly the Aru Isls.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened as <i>D</i>. <i>moluccense</i> <i>magna</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","<i>moluccensis</i> species group. Often included in <i>moluccensis</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1979; Hill, 1983), but see Bergmans and Sarbini (1985). Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>).","38","38-00081","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0081"
"13800082","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","minor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","1879","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1878","","875","","","Lesser Naked-backed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Manokwari Div., Amberbaki.","C and W New Guinea and adjacent small islands; Sulawesi.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>minor</i> species group. Reviewed by Bergmans and Sarbini (1985) and Corbet and Hill (1992); also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00082","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0082"
"13800083","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","moluccensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Quoy and Gaimard","1830","","<i>In</i> d'Urville, Voy...de Astrolabe, Zool.","1(L'Homme, Mamm. Oiseaux)","","86","","","Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Maluku (Moluccas), Amboina Isl.","Molucca Isls including Bacan, Buru and Seram; Banda Isls, Aru Isls, Waigeo (Prov. of Papua, Indonesia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>moluccensis</i> species group. Does not include <i>pannietensis</i>; see Bergmans (1979). Koopman (1979, 1982) included <i>magna</i> and <i>anderseni</i> in <i>moluccensis</i>, but see Bergmans and Sarbini (1985) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00083","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0083"
"13800084","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","pannietensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","De Vis","1905","","Ann. Queensl. Mus.","6","","36","","","Panniet Naked-backed Fruit Bat","Papua New Guinea, Louisiade Arch., Panniet Isl.","Louisiade Arch., D'Entrecasteaux Isls, and Trobriand Isls.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>remota</i> </b> Cabrera, 1920.","<i>moluccensis</i> species group. Considered a subspecies of <i>moluccensis</i> by Laurie and Hill (1954), but apparently distinct; see Bergmans (1979) and Bonaccorso (1998). Includes <i>remota</i>; see Koopman (1982). A record of <i>remota</i> from Bougainville Isl is based on a misidentified <i>inermis</i> (see Bergmans, 1979).","38","38-00084","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0084"
"13800085","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","pannietensis","pannietensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","De Vis","1905","","Ann. Queensl. Mus.","6","","36","","","","Papua New Guinea, Louisiade Arch., Panniet Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>moluccensis</i>species group<i>.</i>","38","38-00085","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0084-0085"
"13800086","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","pannietensis","remota","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>moluccensis</i> species group.See Koopman (1982). A record of <i>remota</i> from Bougainville Isl is based on a misidentified <i>inermis</i> (see Bergmans, 1979).","38","38-00086","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0084-0086"
"13800087","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","peronii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","104","","","Western Naked-backed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Timor.","Bali, Nusa Penida, Lombok, Moyo, Sangeang, Komodo, Sumbawa, Rinca, Flores, Lembata, Pantar, Alor, Wetar, Babar, Timor, Sematu, Roti, Savu, and Sumba Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Indeterminate. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","<i>desmarestii</i>  Burnett, 1829 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>paliatus</i> Geoffroy, 1810; <i>sumbanus</i> K. Andersen, 1909; <b><i>grandis</i></b> Bergmans, 1978.","<i>peronii</i> species group. Reviewed by Bergmans (1978) and Kitchener et al. (1997<i>a</i>). Sometimes spelled <i>peroni</i> (e.g., Andersen, 1912; Koopman, 1993).","38","38-00087","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0087"
"13800088","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","peronii","peronii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","104","","","","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Timor.","","","","<i>peronii</i> species group. Reviewed by Bergmans (1978) and Kitchener et al. (1997<i>a</i>). Sometimes spelled <i>peroni</i> (e.g., Andersen, 1912; Koopman, 1993).","38","38-00088","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0087-0088"
"13800089","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","peronii","grandis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bergmans","1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>peronii</i> species group.","38","38-00089","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0087-0089"
"13800090","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","praedatrix","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","532","","","New Britain Naked-backed Fruit Bat","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., ""Duke of York group"".","Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>viridis</i> species group; see discussion in Bergmans (1978) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00090","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0090"
"13800091","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dobsonia","","viridis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1896","","Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin.","3","","176","","","Greenish Naked-backed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Maluku (Moluccas), Kai Isls.","C and S Moluccas including Seram, Ambon, and Buru; Banda, and Kai Isls (Indonesia). A closely related but undescribed species occurs in the Tanimbar Isls (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>umbrosa</i>  Thomas, 1910.","<i>viridis</i> species group. Does not include <i>chapmani</i>; see Bergmans (1978). Does not include <i>crenulata</i>; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988). See also Hill (1983) and Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00091","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0071-0000-0091"
"13800092","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dyacopterus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1912","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","1","","651","","<i>Cynopterus spadiceus</i> Thomas, 1890.","","","","","","","38","38-00092","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0092"
"13800093","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dyacopterus","","brooksi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","5","","284","","","Brooks’s Dyak Fruit Bat","Sumatra, ca. 100 mi. (150 km) N of Bencoolen, upper Ketuan River, Lebang Tandai.","Sumatra; possibly Luzon and Mindanao (Philippines).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data as <i>D</i>. <i>spadiceus</i> <i>brooksi</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","Formerly included in <i>spadiceus</i> (Koopman, 1993, 1994), but see Peterson (1969) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-00093","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0092-0000-0093"
"13800094","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Dyacopterus","","spadiceus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1890","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","5","","235","","","Dyak Fruit Bat","Malaysia, N Borneo, Sarawak, Baram.","NW Borneo including Bunei, Luzon and Mindanao (Philippines), Malaya, possibly S Thailand.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","","Does not include <i>brooksi</i>; see Peterson (1969) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-00094","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0092-0000-0094"
"13800095","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Eidolon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1815","","Analyse de la Nature","","","54","","<i>Vespertilio vampirus helvus</i> Kerr, 1792.","","","","","<i>Leiponyx</i>  Jentink, 1881; <i>Liponyx</i> Forbes, 1882; <i>Pterocyon</i> Peters, 1861.","Revised by Bergmans (1990).","38","38-00095","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0095"
"13800096","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Eidolon","","dupreanum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pollen <i>In</i> Schlegel and Pollen","1866","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1866","","419","","","Malagasy Straw-colored Fruit Bat","Madagascar, Nossi Bé.","Madagascar.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","See comments under <i>helvum</i>. Reviewed by Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-00096","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0095-0000-0096"
"13800097","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Eidolon","","helvum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","1","xvii, 91","","","African Straw-colored Fruit Bat","Senegal (restricted by K. Andersen, 1907).","Mauritania, Senegal, and Gambia to Ethiopia to South Africa; SW Arabia and Oman; islands in the Gulf of Guinea and off E Africa.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>buettikoferi</i> Jentink, 1881; <i>leucomelas</i> Fitzinger, 1866; <i>mollipilosus</i> H. Allen, 1862; <i>paleaceus</i> Peters, 1862; <i>palmarum</i> Heuglin, 1877;<i> stramineus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1803; <b><i>annobonensis</i></b> Juste, Ibáñez, and Machordom, 2000; <b><i>sabaeum</i></b> K. Andersen, 1907.","Includes <i>sabaeum, </i>see Hayman and Hill (1971), Bergmans (1990), and Harrison and Bates (1991). Does not include <i>dupreanum</i>; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995), but also see Hayman and Hill (1971). See DeFrees and Wilson (1988), but note that they included <i>dupreanum</i> in <i>helvum</i>. African forms reviewed in part by Juste et al. (2000); Palearctic forms reviewed by Horácek et al. (2000). Distribution mapped by Taylor (2000<i>a</i>) and Cotterill (2001<i>e</i>). The taxonomic status of populations in the Anr Mountains of Niger is unclear.","38","38-00097","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0095-0000-0097"
"13800098","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Eidolon","","helvum","helvum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","1","xvii, 91","","","","Senegal (restricted by K. Andersen, 1907).","","","","","38","38-00098","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0095-0000-0097-0098"
"13800099","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Eidolon","","helvum","annobonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Juste, Ibß±ez, and Machordom","2000","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00099","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0095-0000-0097-0099"
"13800100","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Eidolon","","helvum","sabaeum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00100","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0095-0000-0097-0100"
"13800101","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Eonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Dobson","1873","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","","","148","","<i>Macroglossus spelaeus</i> Dobson, 1871.","","","","","<i>Callinycteris</i>  Jentink, 1889.","","38","38-00101","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0101"
"13800102","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Eonycteris","","major","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","6","","625","","","Greater Dawn Bat","Malaysia, N Borneo, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit.","Borneo, Mentawai Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","Apparently does not include <i>robusta</i> and <i>longicauda</i>; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998). Corbet and Hill (1992) suggested that the Mentawai Isls record may have been based on a large example of <i>spelaea</i>, but it appears that this material may actually represent an undescribed subspecies (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","38","38-00102","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0101-0000-0102"
"13800103","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Eonycteris","","robusta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","26","","73-74","","","Phillipine Dawn Bat","Phillipines, Luzon Isl, Rizal Prov., Montalban Caves.","Philippines except Palawan region.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare as <i>E</i>. <i>major</i> <i>robusta</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","<i>longicauda</i>  Taylor, 1934.","Often included in <i>major</i> following Tate (1942<i>b</i>), but apparently distinct; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998).","38","38-00103","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0101-0000-0103"
"13800104","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Eonycteris","","spelaea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","","","105, 106","","","Lesser Dawn Bat","Burma, Tenasserim, Moulmein, Farm Caves.","India, Burma, Nepal, S China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, W Malaysia, Borneo; Sula Isls, N Moluccas, Sumatra, Java, Sumba, Timor and Sulawesi (Indonesia); Philippines; Andaman Isls (India).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>glandifera</i> </b> Lawrence, 1939; <b><i>rosenbergii</i></b> Jentink, 1889; <i>bernsteini</i> Tate, 1942; <b><i>winnyae</i></b> Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener, 1997.","Includes <i>rosenbergii</i>; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988). Reviewed in part by Hill (1983), Flannery (1995<i>b</i>),<i> </i>Bates and Harrison (1997), Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener (1997), and Maharadatunkamsi et al. (2003).","38","38-00104","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0101-0000-0104"
"13800105","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Eonycteris","","spelaea","spelaea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","","","105, 106","","","","Burma, Tenasserim, Moulmein, Farm Caves.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00105","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0101-0000-0104-0105"
"13800106","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Eonycteris","","spelaea","glandifera","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lawrence","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00106","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0101-0000-0104-0106"
"13800107","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Eonycteris","","spelaea","rosenbergii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00107","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0101-0000-0104-0107"
"13800108","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Eonycteris","","spelaea","winnyae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener","1997","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00108","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0101-0000-0104-0108"
"13800109","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomophorus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Bennett","1835","1836","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1835","","149","","<i>Pteropus gambianus</i> Ogilby, 1835.","","","","","","Revised by Bergmans (1988), who transferred <i>Micropteropus grandis</i> to this genus. Key to this genus was presented in Boulay and Robbins (1989) and Claessen and De Vree (1991). Species groups follow Koopman (1994) with some modifications.","38","38-00109","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0109"
"13800110","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomophorus","","angolensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","125","","","Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat","Angola, Benguela.","W Angola, NW Namibia.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>gambianus</i> species group. Distribution mapped by Taylor (2000<i>a</i>).","38","38-00110","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0109-0000-0110"
"13800111","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomophorus","","crypturus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Naturwiss. Reise nach Mossambique, SSug.","","","26","","","Peters’s Epauletted Fruit Bat","Mozambique, Tete.","Zambia, Tanzania, SE Dem. Rep. Congo, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened as <i>Epomophorus</i> <i>gambianus</i> <i>crypturus</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","Often included in <i>gambianus</i> (e.g., Bergmans, 1988, 1997), but see Claessen and De Vree (1990). Genetic studies and more collecting in the gap between the ranges of <i>crypturus</i> and <i>gambianus</i> may be necessary to more completely resolve the relationship of these taxa.","38","38-00111","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0109-0000-0111"
"13800112","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomophorus","","gambianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1835","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1835","","100","","","Gambian Epauletted Fruit Bat","Gambia, Banjul (restricted by Kock et al., 2002).","Senegal and Gambia to Central African Republic, east to Sudan, Ethiopia, S to Malawi and Botswana.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>epomophorus</i>  Bennett, 1836;<i> guineensis</i> Bocage, 1898; <i>macrocephalus </i>Ogilby, 1835; <i>megacephalus</i> Swainson, 1835;<i> reii</i> Aellen, 1950; <i>whitei </i>Bennett, 1836; <i>zechi</i> Matschie, 1899; <b><i>pousarguesi</i></b><i> </i>Trouessart, 1904.","<i>gambianus</i> species group. Does not include <i>crypturus</i> and <i>angolensis</i>; see Claessen and De Vree (1990). See Boulay and Robbins (1989), but note that they included <i>crypturus</i> and <i>angolensis</i> in <i>gambianus</i>.","38","38-00112","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0109-0000-0112"
"13800113","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomophorus","","gambianus","gambianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1835","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1835","","100","","","","Gambia, Banjul (restricted by Kock et al., 2002).","","","","<i>gambianus</i> species group.","38","38-00113","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0109-0000-0112-0113"
"13800114","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomophorus","","gambianus","pousarguesi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Trouessart","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>gambianus</i> species group.","38","38-00114","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0109-0000-0112-0114"
"13800115","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomophorus","","grandis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1950","","Publ. Cult. Comp. Diamantes Angola","10","","55","","","Sanborn’s Epauletted Fruit Bat","Angola, Lunda, Dundo.","N Angola, S Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Data Deficient.","","<i>grandis</i> species group. Transferred from <i>Micropteropus</i> to <i>Epomophorus</i> by Bergmans (1988).","38","38-00115","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0109-0000-0115"
"13800116","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomophorus","","labiatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1837","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","83","","","Little Epauletted Fruit Bat","Sudan, Blue Nile Prov., Sennar.","Saudi Arabia; Nigeria to Ethiopia and Djibouti, south to Republic of Congo and Malawi. Senegal records are probably erroneous (see Bergmans, 1988).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anurus</i>  Heuglin, 1864; <i>doriae</i> Matscheie, 1899;<i> schoensis</i> Rüppell, 1842; <i>schovanus</i> Heuglin, 1877.","<i>gambianus</i> species group. Includes <i>anurus</i>; see Kock (1969<i>a</i>), Bergmans (1988, 1997), and Claessen and De Vree (1991). Koopman (1994) recognized two subspecies (<i>labiatus</i> and <i>anurus</i>), but this arrangement does not appear justified given the morphometric data presented by Claessen and De Vree (1991), who did not recognize subspecies. Apparently does not include <i>minor</i> contra Claessen and De Vree (1991), see discussion in Bergmans (1988, 1997). Middle Eastern forms reviewed by Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-00116","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0109-0000-0116"
"13800117","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomophorus","","minimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Claessen and De Vree","1991","","Senckenberg. Biol.","71","","216","","","Least Epauletted Fruit Bat","Ethiopia, Shewa, Bahadu.","Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.","Described after completion of IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992); IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>gambianus</i> species group. Included in <i>minor</i> by Bergmans (1988), but see Claessen and De Vree (1991).","38","38-00117","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0109-0000-0117"
"13800118","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomophorus","","minor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1879","1880","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1879","","715","","","Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat","Zanzibar.","Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya, Rwanda, SE Dem. Rep. Congo, Zambia, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Uganda, Malawi.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","<i>gambianus</i> species group. Included in <i>labiatus</i> by some authors (e.g., Claessen and De Vree, 1991), but see Bergmans (1988, 1997).","38","38-00118","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0109-0000-0118"
"13800119","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomophorus","","wahlbergi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1846","","Ofv. Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. Stockholm","3","4","118","","","Wahlberg’s Epauletted Fruit Bat","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Prov., near Durban.","Cameroon to Sudan and Somalia, south to Malawi, Angola, and South Africa; Pemba and Zanzibar Isls. A Liberian record is probably erroneous (Koopman, 1993), and Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea records are of uncertain validity (Bergmans, 1988).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>haldemani</i>  Hallowell, 1846; <i>neumanni </i>Matschie, 1899; <i>stuhlmanni </i>Matschie, 1899; <i>unicolor</i> Gray, 1870; <i>zenkeri</i> Matschie, 1899.","<i>wahlbergi</i> species group. Revised by Bergmans (1988), and reviewed in part by Volpers and Kumirai (1996); also see Acharya (1992). For an updated distribution map see Taylor (2000<i>a</i>). Some authors have recognized <i>haldemani</i> as a distinct subspecies, but this arrangement does not seem to be justified, see discussion in Bergmans (1988).","38","38-00119","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0109-0000-0119"
"13800120","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","126","","<i>Epomophorus franqueti</i> Tomes, 1860.","","","","","","Reviewed by Bergmans (1989).","38","38-00120","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0120"
"13800121","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomops","","buettikoferi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","Megachiroptera Berlin Mus.","","","45","","","Büttikofer’s Epauletted Fruit Bat","Liberia, Junk River, Schlieffelinsville.","Guinea to Nigeria.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Vulnerable; IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","","38","38-00121","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0120-0000-0121"
"13800122","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomops","","dobsonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1889","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 2","1","","1","","","Dobson’s Epauletted Fruit Bat","Angola, Benguela, Quindumbo.","Angola to Rwanda, Tanzania, Malawi, and N Botswana.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","Neotype designated by Bergmans (1989). Distribution mapped by Taylor (2000<i>a</i>). This name has sometimes been spelled <i>dobsoni</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1993) but the original spelling is with a double ""I"".","38","38-00122","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0120-0000-0122"
"13800123","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Epomops","","franqueti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1860","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1860","","54","","","Franquet’s Epauletted Fruit<b> </b>Bat","Gabon.","Côte d’Ivoire to Sudan, Uganda, NW Tanzania, N Zambia, and Angola. Previous reports of this species from Guinea are in error (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>comptus</i>  H. Allen, 1861; <i>strepitans</i> K. Andersen, 1910.","Reviewed by Bergmans (1989). No subspecies are presently recognized.","38","38-00123","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0120-0000-0123"
"13800124","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Haplonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lawrence","1939","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","86","","31","","<i>Haplonycteris fischeri</i> Lawrence, 1939.","","","","","","","38","38-00124","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0124"
"13800125","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Haplonycteris","","fischeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lawrence","1939","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","86","","33","","","Philippine Pygmy Fruit Bat","Philippines, Mindoro, Mt. Halcon.","Philippines except Palawan region.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Vulnerable; IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","Genetic variation discussed by Peterson and Heaney (1993); a new species from Sibuyan Isl is currently being described (Heaney et al., 1998).","38","38-00125","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0124-0000-0125"
"13800126","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Harpyionycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","243","","<i>Harpyionycteris whiteheadi</i> Thomas, 1896.","","","","","","","38","38-00126","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0126"
"13800127","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Harpyionycteris","","celebensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","99","","","Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Sulawesi, middle Sulawesi, Gimpoe.","Sulawesi.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data as <i>H</i>. <i>whiteheadi</i> <i>celebensis</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","Considered a subspecies of <i>whiteheadi</i> by Laurie and Hill (1954) and Koopman (1994), but as a separate species by Peterson and Fenton (1970). Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Corbet and Hill (1992) retained <i>celebensis</i> as a separate species with some reservations.","38","38-00127","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0126-0000-0127"
"13800128","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Harpyionycteris","","whiteheadi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","244","","","Harpy Fruit Bat","Philippines, Mindoro Isl, 5,000 ft. (1,524 m).","Philippines except Palawan region.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>negrosensis</i> </b> Peterson and Fenton, 1970.","Does not include <i>celebensis</i>; see comments under that species.","38","38-00128","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0126-0000-0128"
"13800129","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Harpyionycteris","","whiteheadi","whiteheadi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","244","","","","Philippines, Mindoro Isl, 5,000 ft. (1,524 m).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00129","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0126-0000-0128-0129"
"13800130","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Harpyionycteris","","whiteheadi","negrosensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peterson and Fenton","1970","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00130","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0126-0000-0128-0130"
"13800131","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Hypsignathus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","H. Allen","1861","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","","","156","","<i>Hypsignathus monstrosus</i> H. Allen, 1861.","","","","","<i>Sphyrocephalus</i>  A. Murray, 1862; <i>Zygaenocephalus</i> A. Murray, 1862.","Revised by Bergmans (1989).","38","38-00131","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0131"
"13800132","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Hypsignathus","","monstrosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1861","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","","","157","","","Hammer-headed Fruit Bat","Gabon.","Sierra Leone to W Kenya, south to Zambia and Angola; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea). Records from Gambia and Ethiopia are doubtful.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>labrosus</i>  Murray, 1862; <i>macrocephalus</i> Peters, 1876.","See Langevin and Barclay (1990).","38","38-00132","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0131-0000-0132"
"13800133","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Latidens","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thonglongya","1972","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","69","","151","","<i>Latidens salimalii</i> Thonglongya, 1972.","","","","","","","38","38-00133","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0133"
"13800134","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Latidens","","salimalii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thonglongya","1972","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","69","","153","","","Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat","India, Madras, Madurai Dist., High Wavy Mtns, 2,500 ft. (762 m).","S India.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered.","","Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00134","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0133-0000-0134"
"13800135","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Lissonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1912","","Catalogue Chir. Brit. Mus. I. Megachiroptera","23","","814","","<i>Cynopterus</i> <i>angolensis</i> Bocage, 1898.","","","","","","Originally named as a subgenus of <i>Rousettus</i>. Often considered a junior synonym of either <i>Rousettus</i> (see Koopman, 1975) or <i>Myonycteris</i> (see Peterson et al., 1995), but Juste et al. (1997) showed that <i>Lissonycteris</i> is distinct from the latter genera. Bergmans (1997) also treated <i>Lissonycteris</i> as distinct, although he noted that it appears very closely related to <i>Myonycteris</i> (a conclusion confirmed by Juste et al., 1997).","38","38-00135","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0135"
"13800136","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Lissonycteris","","angolensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1898","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 2","5","","133","","","Angolan Soft-furred Fruit Bat","Angola, Quibula, Cahata, Pungo Andongo.","Gambia, Senegal, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko only), Republic of Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened as <i>Rousettus</i> (<i>Lissonycteris</i>) <i>angolensis</i>. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Rousettus angolensis</i>.","<i>crypticola</i>  Cabrera, 1920; <b><i>goliath</i></b> Bergmans, 1997; <b><i>petraea</i></b> Bergmans, 1997; <b><i>ruwenzorii</i></b> Eisentraut, 1965; <b><i>smithii</i></b> Thomas, 1908.","Some authors have split this complex into more than one species: <i>smithii</i> was recognized as distinct by Peterson et al. (1995) and Cotterill (2001<i>e</i>), and <i>goliath</i> and <i>petraea</i> were also treated as distinct species by Cotterill (2001<i>e</i>). However, the most recent comprehensive revision of this complex is that of Bergmans (1997), who treated these taxa and <i>ruwenzorii</i> as subspecies of <i>angolensis</i>. Ongoing work by Kock et al. (2002) and J. Fahr (pers. comm.) supports Bergmans (1997) treatment of <i>smithii</i> as a subspecies of <i>angolensis</i>; the status of <i>goliath</i>, <i>petraea</i>, and <i>ruwenzorii</i> remains unclear. Pending further study, which should include molecular comparisons, I have chosen to follow Bergmans (1997) although it seems likely that more than one species may be present in this complex.","38","38-00136","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0135-0000-0136"
"13800137","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Lissonycteris","","angolensis","angolensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1898","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 2","5","","133","","","","Angola, Quibula, Cahata, Pungo Andongo.","","","","","38","38-00137","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0135-0000-0136-0137"
"13800138","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Lissonycteris","","angolensis","goliath","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bergmans","1997","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00138","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0135-0000-0136-0138"
"13800139","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Lissonycteris","","angolensis","petraea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bergmans","1997","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00139","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0135-0000-0136-0139"
"13800140","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Lissonycteris","","angolensis","ruwenzorii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Eisentraut","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00140","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0135-0000-0136-0140"
"13800141","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Lissonycteris","","angolensis","smithii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00141","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0135-0000-0136-0141"
"13800142","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Macroglossus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1824","","Dentes des Mammifères","","","248","","<i>Pteropus minimus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810.","","","","","<i>Carponycteris</i>  Lydekker, 1891; <i>Kiodotus</i> Blyth, 1840; <i>Odontonycteris</i> Jentink, 1902; <i>Rhynchocyon</i> Gistel, 1848 [not <i>Rhynchocyon</i> Peters, 1847, a macroscelidid].","Reviewed by Hill (1983).","38","38-00142","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0142"
"13800143","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Macroglossus","","minimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","97","","","Dagger-toothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Java.","Thailand to Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Isls, and N Australia. This species has also been reported from Cambodia but there are no vouchered records; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>a</i>).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>horsfieldi</i>  Lesson, 1827; <i>kiodotes</i> Lesson, 1827; <i>rostratus</i> Horsfield, 1822; <b><i>booensis</i></b> Kompanje and Moeliker, 2001; <b><i>lagochilus</i></b> Matschie, 1899; <i>fructivorus</i> Taylor, 1934; <i>meyeri</i> Jentink, 1902; <b><i>nanus</i></b> Matschie, 1899; <i>microtus</i> K. Andersen, 1911; <i>novaeguineae</i> Matschie, 1899 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>pygmaeus</i> K. Andersen, 1911.","Includes <i>lagochilus</i>; see Hill (1983). Includes <i>fructivorus</i>; see Heaney and Rabor (1982). See Bergmans (2001) and Kompanje and Moeliker (2001) for a review of subspecies limits, some of which are unclear. Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00143","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0142-0000-0143"
"13800144","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Macroglossus","","minimus","minimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","97","","","","Indonesia, Java.","","","","","38","38-00144","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0142-0000-0143-0144"
"13800145","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Macroglossus","","minimus","booensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kompanje and Moeliker","2001","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00145","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0142-0000-0143-0145"
"13800146","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Macroglossus","","minimus","lagochilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00146","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0142-0000-0143-0146"
"13800147","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Macroglossus","","minimus","nanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00147","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0142-0000-0143-0147"
"13800148","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Macroglossus","","sobrinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","3","","641, 642","","","Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat","Malaysia, Perak, Gunong Igari (= Mt Igari), 2,000 ft. (610 m).","NE India, Burma, C and S Thailand, S Laos, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Sipora, Siberut, and Mentawai Isls (Indonesia). Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be confirmed (Kock, 2000<i>a</i>).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>fraternus</i> </b> Chasen and Kloss, 1928.","Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Bergmans (2001).","38","38-00148","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0142-0000-0148"
"13800149","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Macroglossus","","sobrinus","sobrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","3","","641, 642","","","","Malaysia, Perak, Gunong Igari (= Mt Igari), 2,000 ft. (610 m).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00149","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0142-0000-0148-0149"
"13800150","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Macroglossus","","sobrinus","fraternus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen and Kloss","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00150","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0142-0000-0148-0150"
"13800151","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Megaerops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","256","","<i>Pachysoma ecaudatum</i> Temminck, 1837.","","","","","<i>Megaera</i>  Temminck, 1841 [not <i>Megaera</i> Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, an insect, and <i>Megaera</i> Wagler, 1830, a reptile].","","38","38-00151","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0151"
"13800152","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Megaerops","","ecaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1837","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","94","","","Temminck’s Tailless Fruit Bat","Indonesia, W Sumatra, Padang.","Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia, Thailand, perhaps Vietnam.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","Some records of this species from India, Thailand, and Vietnam (Hill, 1983; Van Peenen et al., 1969) are referable to <i>niphanae</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed by Maharandatunkamsi and Maryanto (2002).","38","38-00152","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0151-0000-0152"
"13800153","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Megaerops","","kusnotoi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill and Boeadi","1978","","Mammalia","42","","427","","","Javan Tailless Fruit Bat","Indonesia, W Java, S Sukabumi, Lengkong, Hanjuang Ciletuh, 700 m.","Java, Bali, Lombok.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by Maharandatunkamsi and Maryanto (2002).","38","38-00153","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0151-0000-0153"
"13800154","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Megaerops","","niphanae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Yenbutra and Felten","1983","","Senckenberg. Biol.","64","","2","","","Ratanaworabhan's Fruit Bat","Thailand, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Amphoe Pak Thong Chai, Sakaerat Environmental Research Station.","NE India, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00154","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0151-0000-0154"
"13800155","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Megaerops","","wetmorei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1934","","Monogr. Bur. Sci. Manila","","","191","","","White-collared Fruit Bat","Philippines, Mindanao Isl, Cotabato near Tatayan.","Minanao Isl (Philippines), Borneo, W Malaysia, Sumatra.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>albicollis</i> </b> Francis, 1989.","Reviewed by Maharandatunkamsi and Maryanto (2002).","38","38-00155","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0151-0000-0155"
"13800156","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Megaerops","","wetmorei","wetmorei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1934","","Monogr. Bur. Sci. Manila","","","191","","","","Philippines, Mindanao Isl, Cotabato near Tatayan.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00156","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0151-0000-0155-0156"
"13800157","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Megaerops","","wetmorei","albicollis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Francis","1989","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00157","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0151-0000-0155-0157"
"13800158","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Megaloglossus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Pagenstecher","1885","","Zool. Anz.","8","","245","","<i>Megaloglossus woermanni</i> Pagenstecher, 1885.","","","","","<i>Trygenycteris</i>  Lydekker, 1891.","","38","38-00158","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0158"
"13800159","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Megaloglossus","","woermanni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pagenstecher","1885","","Zool. Anz.","8","","245","","","Woermann's Long-tongued Fruit Bat","Gabon, Sibange farm.","Guinea Bissau, Guinea, and Sierra Leone to Dem. Rep. Congo and Uganda, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko, Mbini), Gabon, Republic of Congo, and N Angola.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>prigoginei</i>  Hayman, 1966.","Reviewed by Bergmans and van Bree (1972) and Bergmans (1997).","38","38-00159","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0158-0000-0159"
"13800160","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Melonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Dobson","1877","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1877","","119","","<i>Melonycteris melanops</i> Dobson, 1877.","","","","","<i>Nesonycteris</i>  Thomas, 1887.","Includes <i>Nesonycteris</i>; see Phillips (1968) and Flannery (1993<i>b</i>). Revised by Flannery (1993<i>b</i>). Two subgenera are presently recognized, <i>Melonycteris</i> and <i>Nesonycteris</i>.","38","38-00160","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0160"
"13800161","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Melonycteris","Melonycteris","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Dobson","1877","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1877","","119","","<i>Melonycteris melanops</i> Dobson, 1877.","","","","","","","38","38-00161","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0160-0161"
"13800162","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Melonycteris","Nesonycteris","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00162","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0160-0162"
"13800163","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Melonycteris","Nesonycteris","fardoulisi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1993","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","45","","68","","","Fardoulis's Blossom Bat","Solomon Isls., Makira (= San Cristobal Isl.), Sesena.","S and E Solomon Isls.","IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","<b><i>maccoyi</i> </b> Flannery, 1993; <b><i>mengermani</i></b> Flannery, 1993; <b><i>schouteni</i></b> Flannery, 1993.","Subgenus <i>Nesonycteris</i>. See Flannery (1993<i>b</i>, 1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00163","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0160-0162-0163"
"13800164","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Melonycteris","Nesonycteris","fardoulisi","fardoulisi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1993","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","45","","68","","","","Solomon Isls., Makira (= San Cristobal Isl.), Sesena.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00164","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0160-0162-0163-0164"
"13800165","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Melonycteris","Nesonycteris","fardoulisi","maccoyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00165","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0160-0162-0163-0165"
"13800166","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Melonycteris","Nesonycteris","fardoulisi","mengermani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00166","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0160-0162-0163-0166"
"13800167","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Melonycteris","Nesonycteris","fardoulisi","schouteni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00167","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0160-0162-0163-0167"
"13800168","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Melonycteris","Melonycteris","melanops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1877","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1877","","119","","","Black-bellied Fruit Bat","Given by Andersen (1912:790) as ""New Ireland, coast adjacent to Duke of York Isl."" (Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch.).","Bismarck Arch.; a New Guinea record is highly questionable (Flannery, 1993<i>b</i>).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alboscapulatus</i>  Ramsay, 1877.","Subgenus <i>Melonycteris</i>. Reviewed by Flannery (1993<i>b</i>); also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and<i> </i>Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00168","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0160-0161-0168"
"13800169","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Melonycteris","Nesonycteris","woodfordi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","19","","147","","","Woodford's Fruit Bat","Solomon Isls, Western Province, Alu Isl (near Shortland Isl)","Bougainville and Buka Isls (Papua New Guinea), N and W Solomon Isls.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened as <i>M</i>. <i>woodfordi</i>, No Data: Limited Distribution as <i>M</i>. <i>aurantius</i>. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M. woodfordi</i>; Vulnerable as <i>M.</i> <i>aurantius</i>.","<b><i>aurantius</i> </b> Phillips, 1966.","Subgenus <i>Nesonycteris</i>. Includes <i>aurantius</i>; see Flannery (1993<i>b</i>). Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00169","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0160-0162-0169"
"13800170","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Melonycteris","Nesonycteris","woodfordi","woodfordi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","19","","147","","","","Solomon Isls, Western Province, Alu Isl (near Shortland Isl)","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00170","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0160-0162-0169-0170"
"13800171","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Melonycteris","Nesonycteris","woodfordi","aurantius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Phillips","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00171","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0160-0162-0169-0171"
"13800172","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Micropteropus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","Megachiroptera Berlin Mus.","","","36, 57","","<i>Epomophorus pusillus</i> Peters, 1868.","","","","","","Revised by Bergmans (1989), who transferred <i>grandis</i> from this genus to <i>Epomophorus</i>.","38","38-00172","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0172"
"13800173","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Micropteropus","","intermedius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1963","","Publ. Cult. Comp. Diamantes Angola","66","","100","","","Hayman's Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bat","Angola, Lunda, Dundo.","N Angola, SE Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare. IUCN 2003 – Data Deficient.","","","38","38-00173","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0172-0000-0173"
"13800174","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Micropteropus","","pusillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","1868","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","870","","","Peters's Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bat","Nigeria, Yoruba (see Bergmans [1989] and Kock et al. [2002]).","Senegal and Gambia east to Ethiopia and Sudan; south to Angola, Zambia, Burundi, and Tanzania.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","See Owen-Ashley and Wilson (1998). For discussion of publication date, see Kock et al. (2002).","38","38-00174","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0172-0000-0174"
"13800175","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Myonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","Megachiroptera Berlin Mus.","","","61, 63","","<i>Cynonycteris torquata</i> Dobson, 1878.","","","","","<i>Phygetis</i>  K. Andersen, 1912; <i>Phylletis</i> Juste and Ibáñez, 1993.","Revised by Bergmans (1976, 1997). Two subgenera are presently recognized, <i>Myonycteris</i> and <i>Phygetis</i>, following Koopman (1994).","38","38-00175","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0175"
"13800176","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Myonycteris","Myonycteris","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","Megachiroptera Berlin Mus.","","","61, 63","","<i>Cynonycteris torquata</i> Dobson, 1878.","","","","","","","38","38-00176","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0175-0176"
"13800177","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Myonycteris","Phygetis","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00177","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0175-0177"
"13800178","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Myonycteris","Phygetis","brachycephala","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1889","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 2","1","","198","","","São Tomé Collared Fruit Bat","São Tomé and Príncipe, São Tomé Isl.","São Tomé Isl (Gulf of Guinea).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Vulnerable: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 ûEndangered.","<i>brachycephalus</i>  Seabra, 1898; <i>collaris</i> Andersen, 1907 [in part: the São Tomé specimen].","Subgenus <i>Phygetis</i>. Reviewed by Bergmans (1997).","38","38-00178","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0175-0177-0178"
"13800179","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Myonycteris","Myonycteris","relicta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bergmans","1980","","Zool. Meded. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. Leiden","14","","126","","","Bergmans's Collared Fruit Bat","Kenya, Coast Prov., Shimba Hills, Lukore area, Mukanda River.","Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe along border with Mozambique.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Vulnerable: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Myonycteris</i>. Reviewed by Bergmans (1997). Peterson et al. (1995) assigned this species to <i>Rousettus</i>.","38","38-00179","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0175-0176-0179"
"13800180","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Myonycteris","Myonycteris","torquata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","","","71, 76","","","Little Collared Fruit Bat","N Angola.","Guinea and Sierra Leone to Uganda, south to Angola and NW Zambia; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>collaris</i>  Andersen, 1907; <i>leptodon</i> Andersen, 1908; <i>wroughtoni</i> Andersen, 1908.","Subgenus <i>Myonycteris</i>. Includes <i>leptodon</i> and <i>wroughtoni</i>; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Peterson et al. (1995), and Bergmans (1976, 1997). Koopman (1994) recognized <i>torquata</i>, <i>leptodon</i>, and <i>wroughtoni</i> as subspecies, but see Bergmans (1997).","38","38-00180","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0175-0176-0180"
"13800181","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nanonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","Megachiroptera Berlin Mus.","","","36, 58","","<i>Epomophorus veldkampii</i> Jentink, 1888.","","","","","","Revised by Bergmans (1989).","38","38-00181","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0181"
"13800182","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nanonycteris","","veldkampii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1888","","Notes Leyden Mus.","10","","51","","","Veldkamp's Dwarf Epauletted Fruit Bat","Liberia, Fisherman Lake, Buluma.","Guinea to Central African Republic.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","Sometimes misspelled <i>veldkampi</i>, but the original spelling is <i>veldkampii</i>.","38","38-00182","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0181-0000-0182"
"13800183","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Neopteryx","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hayman","1946","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11","12","","569","","<i>Neopteryx frosti</i> Hayman, 1946.","","","","","<i>Neoptryx</i>  Van der Zon, 1979.","","38","38-00183","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0183"
"13800184","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Neopteryx","","frosti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1946","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11","12","","571","","","Small-toothed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, W Sulawesi, Tamalanti, 3,300 ft. (1,006 m).","W and N Sulawesi.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","Known from only 7 specimens; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988) and Bergmans (2001).","38","38-00184","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0183-0000-0184"
"13800185","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Notopteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1859","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1859","","36","","<i>Notopteris macdonaldi</i> Gray, 1859.","","","","","","","38","38-00185","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0185"
"13800186","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Notopteris","","macdonaldi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1859","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1859","","38","","","Fijian Long-tailed Fruit Bat","Fiji Isls, Viti Levu.","Vanuatu (= New Hebrides), Fiji Isls. A record from the Caroline Isls is probably incorrect (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) and IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","Apparently does not include <i>neocaledonica</i>, here considered a distinct species following Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00186","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0185-0000-0186"
"13800187","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Notopteris","","neocaledonica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Trouessart","1908","","Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris","14","","257","","","New Caledonia Long-tailed Fruit Bat","New Caledonia, Nekliai Valley near Poya, Adio Caves.","New Caledonia.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution as <i>N</i>. <i>macdonaldi</i> <i>neocaledonica</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","Included in <i>macdonaldi</i> by Sanborn and Nicholson (1950) and Hill (1983), but distinguished by non-overlapping measurements in most dimensions; see Sanborn and Nicholson (1950) and Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00187","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0185-0000-0187"
"13800188","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Borkhausen","1797","","Deutsche Fauna","1","","86","","<i>Vespertilio cephalotes</i> Pallas, 1767.","","","","","<i>Bdelygma</i>  Matschie, 1899; <i>Cephalotes</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810; <i>Gelasinus</i> Temminck, 1837 [not <i>Gelasinus</i> Van der Hoeven, 1827, a crustacean]; <i>Harpyia</i> Illiger, 1811 [not <i>Harypia</i> Ochsenheimer, 1810, a lepidopteran]; <i>Uronycteris</i> Gray, 1863.","Reviewed by Smith and Hood (1983) and Bergmans (2001). Bergmans (2001) proposed inclusion of <i>Paranyctimene</i> as a subgenus of <i>Nyctimene</i>, but I retain <i>Paranyctimene</i> as a distinct genus pending phylogenetic studies of relationships of these taxa (see comments under <i>Paranyctimene</i>). Species groups follow Bergmans (2001).","38","38-00188","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188"
"13800189","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","aello","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","216","","","Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Prov., Milne Bay.","Mainland New Guinea; Kairiru and Admosin Isls (Papua New Guinea); Misool and Salawati Isl (Prov. of Papua, Indonesia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare as <i>N. aello</i>, No Data: Limited Distribution as <i>N. celaeno</i>. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>N. aello</i>; Vulnerable as <i>N. celaeno</i>.","<i>celaeno</i>  Thomas, 1922.","<i>aello</i> species group. Includes <i>celaeno</i>, see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bergmans (2001). Also see Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00189","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0189"
"13800190","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","albiventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1862","1863","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1862","","262","","","Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Maluku, Morotai Isl.","New Guinea, Molucca Isls.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>papuanus</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1910.","<i>albiventer</i> species group. Does not include <i>draconilla</i>; see Hill (1983). Does not include <i>bougainville</i>, which Smith and Hood (1983) placed in <i>vizcaccia</i>. Includes <i>papuanus</i>, see Kitchener et al. (1995<i>c</i>). Peterson (1991) treated <i>papuanus</i> as a distinct species but provided no comparisons with <i>albiventer</i>. Does not include <i>keasti</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1995<i>c</i>). Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>). Aru Isl population has not been allocated to subspecies; see Kitchener et al. (1995<i>c</i>). Reviewed by Bergmans (2001).","38","38-00190","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0190"
"13800191","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","albiventer","albiventer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1862","1863","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1862","","262","","","","Indonesia, Maluku, Morotai Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>albiventer</i> species group.","38","38-00191","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0190-0191"
"13800192","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","albiventer","papuanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>albiventer</i> species group.","38","38-00192","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0190-0192"
"13800193","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","cephalotes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1767","","Spicil. Zool.","3","","10","","","Pallas's Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Maluku, Ambon Isl; see Andersen (1912) for discussion.","Indonesia: Sulawesi, Sula Isls; Seram, Boano, Ambon, and Buru Isls (Molucca Isls); extreme S New Guinea and Moa Isl (Australia). Records reported from Timor probably represent <i>keasti</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1995<i>c</i>). A record from Numfor Isl (off N coast New Guinea) represents an undescribed species, and another undescribed species occurs in the Sangihe Isls (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>melinus</i>  Kerr, 1792; <i>pallasi</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810; <b><i>aplini</i></b> Kitchener, 1995 [<i>in</i> Kitchener et al., 1995<i>c</i>].","<i>cephalotes</i> species group. Does not include <i>vizcaccia</i>; see Smith and Hood (1983). Revised by Kitchener et al. (1995<i>c</i>). Also see Heaney and Peterson (1984), Flannery (1995<i>b</i>), Bonaccorso (1998), Bergmans (2001), and Kompanje and Moeliker (2001).","38","38-00193","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0193"
"13800194","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","cephalotes","cephalotes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1767","","Spicil. Zool.","3","","10","","","","Indonesia, Maluku, Ambon Isl; see Andersen (1912) for discussion.","","","","<i>cephalotes</i> species group.","38","38-00194","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0193-0194"
"13800195","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","cephalotes","aplini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1995","","[<i>in</i> Kitchener et al., 1995<i>c</i>]","","","","","","","","","","","<i>cephalotes</i> species group.","38","38-00195","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0193-0195"
"13800196","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","certans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","8","","95","","","Mountain Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","New Guinea, Prov. of Papua, Mount Goliath.","New Guinea.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare as <i>N</i>. <i>cyclotis</i> <i>certans</i>. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>cyclotis</i> species group. Formerly included in <i>cyclotis</i> but see Peterson (1991) and Flannery (1995<i>a</i>). Also see Bonaccorso (1998), who included <i>certans</i> in <i>cyclotis</i>. The relationship between these forms remains unclear and they may be conspecific (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","38","38-00196","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0196"
"13800197","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","cyclotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","6","","623","","","Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Manokwari Div., Arfak Mtns.","Arfak Mtns. (New Guinea). Specimens from Mansuar Isl. (Prov. of Papua, Indonesia) may also represent <i>cyclotis</i> (Meinig, 2002). Specimens from New Britain formerly assigned to this species apparently represent <i>vizcaccia</i> (Bonaccorso, 1998).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>cyclotis</i> species group. Apparently does not include <i>certans</i>; see Peterson (1991) and Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b)</i>, though also see Bonaccorso (1998) and comments under <i>certans</i>.","38","38-00197","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0197"
"13800198","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","draconilla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","Nova Guinea","13","","725","","","Dragon Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Southern Div., Lorentz River, Bivak Isl.","New Guinea.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","<i>albiventer</i> species group. Considered a subspecies of <i>albiventer</i> by Laurie and Hill (1954), but see Hill (1983), Koopman (1982), Flannery (1995<i>a</i>), and Bonaccorso (1998), all of whom treated it as distinct, though with some reservations. Bergmans (2001) questioned the validity of this species but did not revise it.","38","38-00198","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0198"
"13800199","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","keasti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener<i> in</i> Kitchener, Packer, and Maryanto","1993","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","16","","408","","","Keast's Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Maluku, Pulau Dullah (closely associated with Pulau Kai Kecil), 12 km N Tual, near Taman Anggrek, 5°38'S, 132°44'E, sea level.","Babar, Tanimbar, and Kai Isls (Molucca Isls, Indonesia); probably Timor and Flores (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","Described after completion of IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992); IUCN 2003 – not evaluated.","<b><i>babari</i> </b> Bergmans, 2001; <b><i>tozeri</i></b> Kitchener, 1995 [<i>in</i> Kitchener et al., 1995<i>c</i>].","<i>cephalotes</i> species group. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>albiventer</i>, but recognized as a distinct species by Kitchener et al. (1995<i>c</i>) and Bergmans (2001). Revised by Bergmans (2001).","38","38-00199","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0199"
"13800200","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","keasti","keasti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener<i> in</i> Kitchener, Packer, and Maryanto","1993","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","16","","408","","","","Indonesia, Maluku, Pulau Dullah (closely associated with Pulau Kai Kecil), 12 km N Tual, near Taman Anggrek, 5°38'S, 132°44'E, sea level.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>cephalotes</i> species group.","38","38-00200","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0199-0200"
"13800201","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","keasti","babari","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bergmans","2001","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>cephalotes</i> species group.","38","38-00201","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0199-0201"
"13800202","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","keasti","tozeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1995","","[<i>in</i> Kitchener et al., 1995<i>c</i>]","","","","","","","","","","","<i>cephalotes</i> species group.","38","38-00202","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0199-0202"
"13800203","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","major","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1877","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1877","","117","","","Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Duke of York Isl.","D'Entrecasteaux Isls, Trobriand Isls, Bismarck and Louisiade Archs. (Papua New Guinea), Solomon Isls, and small islands off the north coast of New Guinea. A New Guinea mainland record is almost certainly erroneous; see Koopman (1979).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>geminus</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1910; <b><i>lullulae</i></b> Thomas, 1904; <b><i>scitulus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1910.","<i>cephalotes</i> species group. Reviewed in part by Koopman (1979) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00203","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0203"
"13800204","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","major","major","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1877","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1877","","117","","","","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Duke of York Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>cephalotes</i> species group.","38","38-00204","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0203-0204"
"13800205","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","major","geminus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>cephalotes</i> species group.","38","38-00205","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0203-0205"
"13800206","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","major","lullulae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>cephalotes</i> species group.","38","38-00206","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0203-0206"
"13800207","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","major","scitulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>cephalotes</i> species group.","38","38-00207","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0203-0207"
"13800208","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","malaitensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Phillips","1968","","Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist.","16","","822","","","Malaita Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Solomon Isls, Malaita Isl.","Malaita and Makira Isls (Solomon Isls).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","<i>albiventer</i> species group. Possibly a synonym of <i>vizcaccia</i>; see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) but note that he used the name <i>bougainville</i> for the latter taxon.","38","38-00208","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0208"
"13800209","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","masalai","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Smith and Hood","1983","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech Univ.","81","","1","","","Demonic Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Papua New Guinea, New Ireland, Ralum.","New Ireland (Bismarck Arch.).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","<i>albiventer</i> species group. Apparently included in <i>vizcaccia</i> by Bonaccorso (1998). Bergmans (2001) questioned the validity of this species but continued to list it as a separate taxon pending a revision. Treated as distinct by Emmons and Kinbag (2002).","38","38-00209","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0209"
"13800210","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","minutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","6","","622","","","Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Minahassa, Tondano.","Sulawesi, C Moluccas.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","<b><i>varius</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1910.","<i>albiventer</i> species group. The status of <i>minutus</i> and <i>varius</i> is unclear, and is currently under review by K. Helgen (pers. comm.).","38","38-00210","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0210"
"13800211","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","minutus","minutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","6","","622","","","","Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Minahassa, Tondano.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>albiventer</i> species group. The status of <i>minutus</i> and <i>varius</i> is unclear, and is currently under review by K. Helgen (pers. comm.).","38","38-00211","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0210-0211"
"13800212","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","minutus","varius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>albiventer</i> species group. The status of <i>minutus</i> and <i>varius</i> is unclear, and is currently under review by K. Helgen (pers. comm.).","38","38-00212","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0210-0212"
"13800213","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","rabori","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heaney and Peterson","1984","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan","708","","3","","","Philippine Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Philippines, Negros Isl, Negros Oriental Prov., Sibulan Municipality, 6 km W of Dumaguete City, Balinsasayo, (9°21'N, 123°10'E), 835 m.","Negros, Cebu, and Sibuyan Isls (Philippines); Karakelang Isl (Talaud Isls, Indonesia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered.","","<i>cephalotes</i> species group. Corbet and Hill (1992) noted that <i>rabori</i> might be conspecific with <i>cephalotes</i>, but see Bergmans (2001).","38","38-00213","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0213"
"13800214","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","robinsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","196","","","Queensland Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Australia, Queensland, Cooktown.","E Queensland (Australia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>tryoni</i>  Longman, 1921.","<i>cephalotes</i> species group. See Churchill (1998).","38","38-00214","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0214"
"13800215","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","sanctacrucis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1931","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","56","","206","","","Nendo Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Solomon Isls, Temotu Province, Santa Cruz Isls.","Santa Cruz Isls.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) and IUCN 2003 – Extinct.","","<i>cephalotes</i> species group. Known only from the holotype; see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00215","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0215"
"13800216","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","vizcaccia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","13","","436","","","Umboi Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Umboi Isl.","Bismarck Arch., Bougainville Isl, Solomon Isls (N of Malaita only).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>bougainville</i> </b> Troughton, 1936; <i>minor</i> Phillips, 1968.","<i>albiventer</i> species group. Includes <i>bougainville</i>; see Smith and Hood (1983), but also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>), who considered the latter to be a distinct species while treating <i>vizcacaia</i> as a synonym of <i>albiventer</i>. Includes <i>minor</i>, but see Peterson (1991). Formerly included in <i>cephalotes</i>, but see Smith and Hood (1983). Reviewed by Bergmans (2001); also see Bonaccorso (1998). May include <i>malaitensis</i>.","38","38-00216","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0216"
"13800217","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","vizcaccia","vizcaccia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","13","","436","","","","Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Umboi Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>albiventer</i> species group.","38","38-00217","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0216-0217"
"13800218","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Nyctimene","","vizcaccia","bougainville","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>albiventer</i> species group.","38","38-00218","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0188-0000-0216-0218"
"13800219","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Otopteropus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kock","1969","","Senckenberg. Biol.","50","","329","","<i>Otopteropus cartilagonodus</i> Kock, 1969.","","","","","<i>Otopterus</i>  Sokolov, 1973 [<i>lapsus</i>, not <i>Otopterus</i> Lydekker, 1891].","","38","38-00219","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0219"
"13800220","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Otopteropus","","cartilagonodus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kock","1969","","Senckenberg. Biol.","50","","333","","","Luzon Fruit Bat","Philippines, Luzon, Mountain Prov., Sitio Pactil.","Luzon (Philippines).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Indeterminate. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","","38","38-00220","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0219-0000-0220"
"13800221","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Paranyctimene","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Tate","1942","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1204","","1","","<i>Paranyctimene raptor</i> Tate, 1942.","","","","","","Revised by Bergmans (2001). Bergmans (2001) proposed that <i>Paranyctimene</i> be considered a subgenus of <i>Nyctimene</i>, but I retain <i>Paranyctimene</i> as a distinct genus pending studies of phylogenetic relationships of these taxa. Should <i>Paranyctimene</i> be shown to nest within a clade of <i>Nyctimene</i> species, I would support synonymizing these genera. However, I see little to be gained by this change if <i>Nyctimene</i> sensu stricto proves to be monophyletic with respect to <i>Paranyctimene</i> (and vice versa) given the long history of usage of these names. Electophoretic data published by Donnellan et al. (1995) suggests that these taxa are indeed reciprocally monophyletic.","38","38-00221","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0221"
"13800222","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Paranyctimene","","raptor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1942","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1204","","1","","","Unstriped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Papua New Guinea, Western Province, Fly River, Oroville Camp. (ca. 4 mi. [6 km]) below Elavala River mouth); (6°13'S, 141°7'E).","Papua New Guinea; possibly Mainland Prov. of Papua (Indonesia) and Salawati Isl (Indonesia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","","Reviewed and rediagnosed by Bergmans (2001); also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998). Many of the published records of this species may represent <i>tenax</i>, see Bergmans (2001).","38","38-00222","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0221-0000-0222"
"13800223","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Paranyctimene","","tenax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bergmans","2001","","Beaufortia","51","","146","","","Steadfast Tube-nosed Fruit Bat","Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, 32 km SSW of Wau, upstream of Anadea, about 07°36'S, 146°37'E, 850 m.","Mainland New Guinea; Waigeo Isl (Indonesia, Prov. of Papua).","IUCN 2003 – not evaluated (new species).","<b><i>marculus</i> </b> Bergmans, 2001.","Originally placed in <i>Nyctimene</i> (subgenus <i>Paranyctimene</i>) by Bergmans (2001); see comments under those genera. Many published records referred to <i>raptor</i> may actually represent <i>tenax</i>, see Bergmans (2001).","38","38-00223","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0221-0000-0223"
"13800224","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Paranyctimene","","tenax","tenax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bergmans","2001","","Beaufortia","51","","146","","","","Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, 32 km SSW of Wau, upstream of Anadea, about 07°36'S, 146°37'E, 850 m.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00224","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0221-0000-0223-0224"
"13800225","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Paranyctimene","","tenax","marculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bergmans","2001","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00225","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0221-0000-0223-0225"
"13800226","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Penthetor","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1912","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","","","665","","<i>Cynopterus</i> (<i>Ptenochirus</i>) <i>lucasi</i> Dobson, 1880.","","","","","","","38","38-00226","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0226"
"13800227","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Penthetor","","lucasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1880","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","6","","163","","","Lucas's Short-nosed Fruit Bat","Malaysia, N Borneo, Sarawak.","W Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Riau Arch. (Indonesia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","","38","38-00227","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0226-0000-0227"
"13800228","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Plerotes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","97","","<i>Epomophorus anchietae</i> Seabra, 1900.","","","","","","Revised by Bergmans (1989).","38","38-00228","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0228"
"13800229","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Plerotes","","anchietae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Seabra","1900","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 2","6","","116","","","Anchieta's Broad-faced Fruit Bat","Angola, Benguela, Galanga.","Angola, Zambia, S Dem. Rep. Congo, Malawi.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare. IUCN 2003 – Data Deficient.","","Reviewed by Kock et al. (1998). Sometimes misspelled <i>anchietai</i>, but see Kock et al. (1998).","38","38-00229","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0228-0000-0229"
"13800230","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Ptenochirus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1861","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1861","","707","","<i>Pachysoma</i> (<i>Ptenochirus</i>) <i>jagori</i> Peters, 1861.","","","","","","","38","38-00230","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0230"
"13800231","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Ptenochirus","","jagori","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1861","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1861","","707","","","Greater Musky Fruit Bat","Philippines, Luzon, Albay, Daraga.","Philippines except Palawan region.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","Sometimes misspelled <i>jagorii</i> (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1992).","38","38-00231","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0230-0000-0231"
"13800232","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Ptenochirus","","minor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Yoshiyuki","1979","","Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, Ser. A (Zool.)","5","","75","","","Lesser Musky Fruit Bat","Philippines, Mindanao, Davao City Prov., Mt. Talomo, Baracatan.","Philippines.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","","38","38-00232","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0230-0000-0232"
"13800233","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteralopex","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","1","","155","","<i>Pteralopex atrata</i> Thomas, 1888.","","","","","","Revised by Parnaby (2002<i>b</i>); also see Hill and Beckon (1978). For a key to species see Parnaby (2002<i>b</i>).","38","38-00233","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0233"
"13800234","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteralopex","","acrodonta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill and Beckon","1978","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.","34","","68","","","Fijian Monkey-faced Fruit Bat","Fiji Isls, Taveuni Isl, Des Voeux Peak, ca. 3,840 ft. (1,170 m).","Taveuni Isl (Fiji Isls).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered.","","Reviewed by Parnaby (2002<i>b</i>); also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00234","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0233-0000-0234"
"13800235","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteralopex","","anceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","3","","266","","","Bougainville Monkey-faced Fruit Bat","Papua New Guinea, Bougainville Isl.","Buka, Bougainville Isls (Papua New Guinea); Choiseul Isl and Isabel Isl (Solomon Isls).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered.","","Considered a subspecies of <i>atrata</i> by Phillips (1968), but clearly distinct; see Hill and Beckon (1978) Flannery (1991<i>b</i>, 1995<i>b</i>), and Parnaby (2002<i>b</i>). See also Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00235","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0233-0000-0235"
"13800236","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteralopex","","atrata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","1","","155","","","Guadalcanal Monkey-faced Fruit Bat","Solomon Isls, Guadalcanal, Aola.","Guadalcanal (Solomon Isls). A specimen from Isabel Isl formerly referred to this species has been reidentified as <i>anceps</i> (see Parnaby, 2002<i>b</i>).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered.","","Does not include <i>anceps</i>; see Hill and Beckon (1978), Flannery (1991<i>b</i>, 1995<i>b</i>), and Parnaby (2002<i>b</i>).","38","38-00236","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0233-0000-0236"
"13800237","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteralopex","","pulchra","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1991","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","43","","125","","","Montane Monkey-faced Fruit Bat","Solomon Isls, Guadacanal, Mount Makarakomburu, 1,230 m.","Montane Guadalcanal (Solomon Isls).","Described after completion of IUCN/SSC Old World Fruit Bat Action Plan (1992). IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered.","","Known only from the holotype. See Flannery (1991<i>b</i>, 1995<i>b</i>) and Parnaby (2002<i>b</i>).","38","38-00237","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0233-0000-0237"
"13800238","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteralopex","","taki","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Parnaby","2002","","Aust. Mammal.","23","","146","","","New Georgian Monkey-faced Bat","Solomon Isls, New Georgia Isl, Marovo Lagoon, 5 km N of Patutiva Village, Mt Javi, 8°31'S, 157°52'E, 50 m.","New Georgia Isl and Vangunu Isl (Solomon Isls). Apparently locally extinct on Kolombangara Isl.","IUCN 2003 – Not Evaluated as <i>Pteralopex </i>sp. nov., but Parnaby (2000<i>b</i>) recommended that this species be classified in the IUCN threat category of ""Critically Endangered.""","","In addition to the original description by Parnaby (2002<i>b</i>), see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>), who discussed this species under its common name.","38","38-00238","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0233-0000-0238"
"13800239","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brisson","1762","","Regnum Animale, Ed. 2","","","13, 153","","<i>Vespertilio vampirus niger</i> Kerr, 1792, type species by designation under plenary powers of the International Commision on Zoological Nomenclature.","","","","","<i>Desmalopex</i>  Miller, 1907; <i>Eunycteris</i> Gray, 1866; <i>Pselaphon</i> Gray, 1870 [not <i>Pselaphon</i> Herbst, 1792, a coleopteran]; <i>Sericonycteris</i> Matschie, 1899; <i>Spectrum</i> Lacépède, 1799 [not <i>Spectrum</i> Scopoli, 1777, a lepidopteran].","The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled in favor of rejecting Brisson (1762), but conserved several of the generic names including <i>Pteropus</i> (Opinion 1894, ICZN 1998). Formerly included <i>arquatus</i> and <i>leucotis</i> which were transferred to <i>Acerodon</i> by Musser et al. (1982<i>a</i>). Species groups follow Koopman (1994).","38","38-00239","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239"
"13800240","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","admiralitatum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","13","","293","","","Admiralty Flying Fox","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Isls.","Solomon Isls; Admiralty Isls, New Britain, and Tabar Isls (Bismarck Arch.).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>colonus</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b><i>goweri</i></b> Tate, 1934; <b><i>solomonis</i></b> Thomas, 1904.","<i>subniger</i> species group. Reviewed by Felten and Kock (1972); also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00240","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0240"
"13800241","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","admiralitatum","admiralitatum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","13","","293","","","","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Isls.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>subniger</i> species group.","38","38-00241","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0240-0241"
"13800242","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","admiralitatum","colonus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i> species group.","38","38-00242","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0240-0242"
"13800243","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","admiralitatum","goweri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i> species group.","38","38-00243","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0240-0243"
"13800244","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","admiralitatum","solomonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i> species group.","38","38-00244","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0240-0244"
"13800245","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","aldabrensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1893","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","16","","533","","","Aldabra Flying Fox","Seychelles, Aldabra Isl.","Known only from the type locality.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Vulnerable: Limited Distribution as <i>P</i>.<i> seychellensis</i> <i>aldabrensis</i>. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","<i>niger</i> species group. Included in <i>seychellensis</i> by Hill (1971<i>b</i>), but see Bergmans (1990).","38","38-00245","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0245"
"13800246","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","alecto","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1837","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","75","","","Black Flying Fox","Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Menado.","Sulawesi, Saleyer Isl, Lombok, Bawean Isl, Kangean Isls, Sumba Isl, and Savu Isl (Indonesia); N and E Australia; S New Guinea.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nicobaricus</i>  Heude, 1897 [not Zelebor, 1869]; <b><i>aterrimus</i></b> Matschie, 1899; <i>aterrimus</i> Temminck, 1846 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>baveanus</i> Miller, 1906; <b><i>gouldi</i></b> Peters, 1867; <b><i>morio</i></b> K. Andersen, 1908.","<i>alecto</i> species group. Includes <i>gouldi</i>; see Tate (1942<i>b</i>); also see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988). The synonymy of <i>nicobaricus</i> with <i>alecto</i> is uncertain (Corbet and Hill, 1992). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with <i>poliocephalus</i> and possible hybridization with <i>conspicillatus</i>. Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>).","38","38-00246","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0246"
"13800247","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","alecto","alecto","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1837","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","75","","","","Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Menado.","","","","<i>alecto</i> species group.","38","38-00247","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0246-0247"
"13800248","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","alecto","aterrimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>alecto</i> species group.","38","38-00248","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0246-0248"
"13800249","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","alecto","gouldi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>alecto</i> species group.","38","38-00249","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0246-0249"
"13800250","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","alecto","morio","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>alecto</i> species group.","38","38-00250","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0246-0250"
"13800251","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","anetianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","101","","","Vanuatu Flying Fox","Vanuatu, Aneiteum (= Aneityum).","Vanuatu including Banks Isls.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Indeterminate. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>aorensis</i> </b> Lawrence, 1945; <b><i>bakeri</i></b> Thomas, 1925; <b><i>banksiana</i></b> Sanborn, 1930; <b><i>eotinus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1913; <b><i>motalavae</i></b> Felten and Kock, 1972; <b><i>pastoris </i></b>Felten and Kock, 1972.","<i>samoensis</i> species group. Includes <i>eotinus</i>, <i>bakeri</i>, and <i>banksiana</i>; see Felten and Kock (1972). Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00251","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0251"
"13800252","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","anetianus","anetianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","101","","","","Vanuatu, Aneiteum (= Aneityum).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>samoensis</i> species group.","38","38-00252","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0251-0252"
"13800253","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","anetianus","aorensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lawrence","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>samoensis</i> species group.","38","38-00253","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0251-0253"
"13800254","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","anetianus","bakeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>samoensis</i> species group.","38","38-00254","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0251-0254"
"13800255","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","anetianus","banksiana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>samoensis</i> species group.","38","38-00255","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0251-0255"
"13800256","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","anetianus","eotinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>samoensis</i> species group.","38","38-00256","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0251-0256"
"13800257","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","anetianus","motalavae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Felten and Kock","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>samoensis</i> species group.","38","38-00257","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0251-0257"
"13800258","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","anetianus","pastoris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Felten and Kock","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>samoensis</i> species group.","38","38-00258","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0251-0258"
"13800259","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","aruensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","330","","","Aru Flying Fox","Indonesia, Aru Isls.","Aru Isls (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution as <i>Pteropus</i> <i>melanopogon</i> <i>aruensis</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed. This species has not been collected since the nineteenth century, and probably should be listed as Critically Endangered (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","<i>fumigatus</i>  Rosenberg, 1867; <i>rubiginosus</i> Rosenberg, 1867.","<i>melanopogon</i> species group. Often listed as a subspecies of <i>melanopogon</i> following Laurie and Hill (1954), but see Bergmans (2001), who argued that <i>aruensis</i> should be considered distinct pending additional review of this complex.","38","38-00259","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0259"
"13800260","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","banakrisi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Richards and Hall","2002","","Australian Zool.","32","","60","","","Torresian Flying Fox","Australia, Torres Strait, Moa Isl, St. Pauls Mission.","Moa Isl (Australia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN 2003 – not evaluated (new species).","","<i>alecto</i> species group. May be conspecific with <i>alecto</i> (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","38","38-00260","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0260"
"13800261","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","brunneus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","","","37","","","Dusky Flying Fox","Australia, Queensland, Percy Isl.","Known from the type locality only.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Extinct? IUCN 2003 – Extinct.","","<i>subniger</i> species group. Known only from the holotype. It is not clear that this taxon represents a valid species, see Koopman (1984<i>c</i>).","38","38-00261","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0261"
"13800262","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","caniceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","107","","","North Moluccan Flying Fox","Indonesia, Maluku, Halmahera, Batjan (= Batchian, Bacan).","Halmahera (Indonesia). Sula, Peleng, and Sangihe Isl records are erroneous, and a single Sulawesi record (obtained from a dealer) is dubious (Bergmans and Rozendaal, 1988; K. Helgen, pers. comm.; Koopman, 1993).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>affinis</i>  Gray, 1871; <i>batchiana</i> Gray, 1871; <b><i>dobsoni</i></b> Andersen, 1908; <i>fuscus</i> Dobson, 1878 [not Geoffory, 1803, Desmarest, 1803, or Blainville, 1840].","<i>caniceps</i> species group. Includes <i>dobsoni</i>; see Laurie and Hill (1954). Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00262","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0262"
"13800263","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","caniceps","caniceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","107","","","","Indonesia, Maluku, Halmahera, Batjan (= Batchian, Bacan).","","","","<i>caniceps</i> species group.","38","38-00263","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0262-0263"
"13800264","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","caniceps","dobsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Andersen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>caniceps</i> species group.","38","38-00264","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0262-0264"
"13800265","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","capistratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1876","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1876","","316","","","Bismark Masked Flying Fox","Papua New Guinea. The type locality was initially given as New Ireland Isl., but this is clearly incorrect (see Flannery and White, 1991). The type locality is probably the Duke of York group or New Britain Isl.","Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data as <i>P</i>. <i>temmincki</i> <i>capistratus</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","<b><i>ennisae</i> </b> Flannery and White, 1991.","Formerly regarded as a subspecies of <i>temmincki</i>, but apparently distinct; see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>). See also Flannery and White (1991) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00265","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0265"
"13800266","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","capistratus","capistratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1876","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1876","","316","","","","Papua New Guinea. The type locality was initially given as New Ireland Isl., but this is clearly incorrect (see Flannery and White, 1991). The type locality is probably the Duke of York group or New Britain Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00266","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0265-0266"
"13800267","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","capistratus","ennisae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery and White","1991","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00267","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0265-0267"
"13800268","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","chrysoproctus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1837","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","67","","","Moluccan Flying Fox","Indonesia, Maluku, Ambon.","Ambon, Buru, Seram, and small islands east of Seram (Indonesia). A Sangihe Isl record is erroneous; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>argentatus</i>  Gray, 1843 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>argentatus</i> Gray, 1844.","<i>chrysoproctus</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>). Apparently includes <i>argentatus</i>, a taxon based on a badly damaged immature specimen thought to be from Ambon (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). Sulawesi specimens previously referred to <i>argentatus</i> were allocated to <i>Acerodon</i> <i>celebensis</i> by Musser et al. (1982<i>a</i>). This complex includes several undescribed species (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","38","38-00268","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0268"
"13800269","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","cognatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","365","","","Makira Flying Fox","Solomon Isl, Makira (""San Cristoval"" = San Cristobal Isl).","Makira and Uki Ni Masi Isls (Solomon Isls).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution as <i>P</i>. <i>rayneri</i> <i>cognatus</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","Often considered a subspecies of <i>rayneri</i> (e.g., Hill, 1962<i>a</i>), but apparently distinct; see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>). May be conspecific with <i>rennelli</i> (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","38","38-00269","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0269"
"13800270","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","conspicillatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1849","1850","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1849","","109","","","Spectacled Flying Fox","Australia, Queensland, Fitzroy Isl.","N Moluccas (Indonesia); New Guinea and West Papuan Isls (Raja Ampat Isl, off NW coast of New Guinea); NE Queensland (Australia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>chrysauchen</i> </b> Peters, 1862; <i>mysolensis</i> Gray, 1871.","<i>conspicillatus</i> species group. See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of possible hybridization with <i>alecto</i>. Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), Bonaccorso (1998), and Bergmans (2001).","38","38-00270","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0270"
"13800271","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","conspicillatus","conspicillatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1849","1850","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1849","","109","","","","Australia, Queensland, Fitzroy Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>conspicillatus</i> species group.","38","38-00271","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0270-0271"
"13800272","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","conspicillatus","chrysauchen","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1862","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>conspicillatus</i> species group.","38","38-00272","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0270-0272"
"13800273","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","dasymallus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1825","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","180","","","Ryukyu Flying Fox","Japan, Ryukyu Isls, Kuchinoerabu Isl (restricted by Kuroda, 1933).","Taiwan; Ryukyu Isls, Daito Isls and extreme S Kyushu (Japan); Batan, Dalupiri, and Fuga Isls (Philippines).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Endangered.","<i>rubricollis</i>  Siebold, 1824 [not Geoffroy, 1810]; <i>yamagatai</i> Kishida, 1929; <b><i>daitonensis</i></b> Kuroda, 1921; <b><i>formosus</i></b> Sclater, 1873; <b><i>inopinatus</i></b> Kuroda, 1933; <b><i>yayeyamae</i></b> Kuroda, 1933.","<i>subniger</i> species group. Includes <i>daitoensis</i>; see Kuroda (1933) and Yoshiyuki (1989). Reviewed in part by Yoshiyuki (1989) and Horácek et al. (2000); see also Ingle and Heaney (1992).","38","38-00273","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0273"
"13800274","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","dasymallus","dasymallus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1825","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","180","","","","Japan, Ryukyu Isls, Kuchinoerabu Isl (restricted by Kuroda, 1933).","","","","<i>subniger species group. </i>","38","38-00274","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0273-0274"
"13800275","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","dasymallus","daitonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00275","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0273-0275"
"13800276","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","dasymallus","formosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sclater","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00276","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0273-0276"
"13800277","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","dasymallus","inopinatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00277","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0273-0277"
"13800278","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","dasymallus","yayeyamae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00278","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0273-0278"
"13800279","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","faunulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","24","","785","","","Nicobar Flying Fox","India, Nicobar Isls, Car Nicobar Isl.","Nicobar Isls (India).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","<i>subniger</i> species group. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00279","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0279"
"13800280","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","fundatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Felten and Kock","1972","","Senckenberg. Biol.","53","","186","","","Banks Flying Fox","Vanuatu, Banks Isls, Mota Isl.","Banks Isls (Vanuatu).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","<i>chrysoproctus</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00280","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0280"
"13800281","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","giganteus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brünnich","1782","","Dyrenes Historie","1","","43","","","Indian Flying Fox","India, Bengal.","Maldive Isls, India (incl. Andaman Isls), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Burma, Tsinghai (China). The Tsinghai record requires confirmation. Cambodian records are apparently erroneous; see Kock (2000).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>edwardsi</i>  Geoffroy, 1828 [not Geoffroy, 1810]; <i>kelaarti</i> Gray, 1871 [skin, not skull]; <i>medius</i> Temminck, 1825; <i>ruvicollis</i> Ogilby, 1840 [not E. Geoffroy, 1810]; <b><i>ariel</i></b> G. M. Allen, 1908;<i> <b>chinghaiensis</b></i> Wang and Wang, 1962; <b><i>leucocephalus</i></b> Hodgson, 1835; <i>assamensis</i> McClelland, 1839.","<i>vampyrus</i> species group. Includes <i>ariel</i>; see Hill (1958). Possibly conspecific with <i>vampyrus</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-00281","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0281"
"13800282","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","giganteus","giganteus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brünnich","1782","","Dyrenes Historie","1","","43","","","","India, Bengal.","","","","<i>vampyrus</i> species group.","38","38-00282","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0281-0282"
"13800283","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","giganteus","ariel","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>vampyrus</i> species group.","38","38-00283","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0281-0283"
"13800284","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","giganteus","chinghaiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wang and Wang","1962","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>vampyrus</i> species group.","38","38-00284","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0281-0284"
"13800285","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","giganteus","leucocephalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>vampyrus</i> species group.","38","38-00285","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0281-0285"
"13800286","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","gilliardorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van Deusen","1969","","Am. Mus. Novit.","2371","","5","","","Gilliard's Flying Fox","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., West New Britain Province, Whiteman Mtns, Wild Dog Ridge, ca. 1,600 m.","New Britain and New Ireland (Bismarck Arch., Papua New Guinea).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable as <i>P. gilliardi</i>.","","<i>scapulatus</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998). Previously spelled <i>gilliardi</i>; ammended to <i>gilliardorum</i> by Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) following Article 31.1.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). Misspelled <i>gailliardi</i> by Koopman (1994).","38","38-00286","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0286"
"13800287","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","griseus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","94","","","Gray Flying Fox","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Timor.","Timor, Samao Isl, Dyampea Isl, Bonerato Isl, Saleyer Isl, Paternoster Isls, Pelang, Isl, Sulawesi, and Banda Isls (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>mimus</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b><i>pallidus</i></b> Temminck, 1825.","<i>subniger</i> species group. Includes <i>mimus</i>; see Laurie and Hill (1954) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May also include <i>speciosus</i> (here retained as a separate species); see Corbet and Hill (1992). Subspecies limits and allocation are uncertain; see Bergmans (2001).","38","38-00287","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0287"
"13800288","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","griseus","griseus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","94","","","","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Timor.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00288","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0287-0288"
"13800289","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","griseus","mimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00289","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0287-0289"
"13800290","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","griseus","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1825","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00290","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0287-0290"
"13800291","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","howensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1931","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","56","","204","","","Ontong Java Flying Fox","Solomon Isls, Ontong Java Isl.","Ontong Java Isl (Solomon Isls).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","<i>subniger</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00291","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0291"
"13800292","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guine","","","61","","","Variable Flying Fox","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate Isl.","Andaman and Maldive Isls; New Guinea through Indonesia to Vietnam and Thailand, and adjacent islands; Philippines. Solomon Isls records are probably erroneous (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>tricolor</i>  Gray, 1871; <b><i>annectens</i></b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b><i>cagayanus</i></b> Mearns, 1905; <b><i>canus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b><i>condorensis</i></b> Peters, 1869; <b><i>enganus</i></b> Miller, 1906; <b><i>fretensis</i></b> Kloss, 1916;<b><i> geminorum</i></b> Miller, 1903; <b><i>lepidus</i></b> Miller, 1900; <b><i>luteus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1908; <i>vulcaniu<b>s </b></i>Thomas, 1915; <b><i>macassaricus</i></b> Heude, 1897; <b><i>maris</i></b> Allen, 1936; <b><i>robinsoni</i></b> K. Andersen, 1909; <b><i>satyrus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b><i>simalurus</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>tomesi</i></b> Peters, 1869.","<i>subniger</i> species group. It is possible that <i>vociferus</i> Peale, 1848, is an older name for this taxon; see K. Andersen (1912). Formerly included <i>brunneus</i>; see Ride (1970); but see Koopman (1984<i>c</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Includes <i>satyrus</i>; see Bates and Harrison (1997), but also see Hill (1971<i>c</i>), who included <i>satyrus</i> in <i>melanotus</i>. Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998). Validity of many subspecies is questionable. Does not include <i>mearnsi</i>; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery (1995<i>b</i>), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-00292","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292"
"13800293","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","hypomelanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guine","","","61","","","","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate Isl.","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00293","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0293"
"13800294","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","annectens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00294","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0294"
"13800295","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","cagayanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00295","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0295"
"13800296","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","canus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00296","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0296"
"13800297","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","condorensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1869","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00297","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0297"
"13800298","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","enganus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00298","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0298"
"13800299","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","fretensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00299","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0299"
"13800300","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","geminorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00300","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0300"
"13800301","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","lepidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00301","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0301"
"13800302","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","luteus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00302","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0302"
"13800303","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","macassaricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00303","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0303"
"13800304","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","maris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00304","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0304"
"13800305","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","robinsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00305","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0305"
"13800306","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","satyrus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00306","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0306"
"13800307","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","simalurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00307","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0307"
"13800308","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","hypomelanus","tomesi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1869","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i>species group.","38","38-00308","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0292-0308"
"13800309","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","insularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hombron and Jacquinot","1842","","<i>In</i> d'Urville, Voy. Pole Sud. Mammifères","","","24","","","Ruck Flying Fox","Caroline Isls, Truk Isl, Hogoleu (Micronesia).","Truk Isls (Micronesia).","CITES – Appendix I. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered.","<i>laniger</i>  H. Allen, 1890; <b><i>phaeocephalus</i></b> Thomas, 1882.","<i>pselaphon</i> species group. Includes <i>phaeocephalus</i> (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00309","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0309"
"13800310","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","insularis","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hombron and Jacquinot","1842","","<i>In</i> d'Urville, Voy. Pole Sud. Mammifères","","","24","","","","Caroline Isls, Truk Isl, Hogoleu (Micronesia).","","","","<i>pselaphon</i> species group.","38","38-00310","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0309-0310"
"13800311","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","insularis","phaeocephalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1882","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pselaphon</i> species group.","38","38-00311","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0309-0311"
"13800312","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","intermedius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","368","","","Andersen's Flying Fox","S Burma, Amherst, near Moulmein.","S Burma and W Thailand.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data as <i>P</i>. <i>vampyrus</i> <i>intermedius</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","<i>vampyrus</i> species group. Included in <i>vampyrus</i> by Lekagul and McNeely (1977) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-00312","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0312"
"13800313","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","keyensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","330","","","Kei Flying Fox","Indonesia, Key (= Kei) Isls.","Kai Isls (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution as <i>Pteropus</i> <i>melanopogon</i> <i>keyensis</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","<i>chrysargyrus</i>  Heude, 1897.","<i>melanopogon</i> species group. Often listed as a subspecies of <i>melanopogon</i> following Laurie and Hill (1954), but see Bergmans (2001), who argued that <i>keyensis</i> should be considered distinct pending additional review of this complex.","38","38-00313","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0313"
"13800314","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","leucopterus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guine","","","60","","","White-winged Flying Fox","Philippines.","Luzon, Catanduanes, and Dinagat Isls (Philippines).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Vulnerable. IUCN 2003 – Endangered.","<i>chinensis</i>  Gray, 1871.","<i>pselaphon</i> species group.","38","38-00314","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0314"
"13800315","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","livingstonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1866","","66","","","Comoro Flying Fox","Comoro Isls, Anjouan Isl.","Comoro Isls.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered.","","<i>livingstonii</i> species group. Reviewed by Bergmans (1990). Misspelled <i>livingstonei</i> by Koopman (1993, 1994).","38","38-00315","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0315"
"13800316","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","lombocensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","","","34","","","Lombok Flying Fox","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Lombok Isl.","Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Lembata, Pantar, Alor and Timor Isls (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>temmincki</i>  Hartert, 1898 [not Peters, 1867]; <b><i>heudei</i></b> Matschie, 1899; <i>tricolor</i> Heude, 1897 [not Gray, 1871]; <i>solitarius</i> K. Andersen, 1908; <b><i>salottii</i></b> Kitchener, 1995 [in Kitchener and Maryanto, 1995].","<i>molossinus</i> species group. Revised by Kitchener et al. (1995<i>d</i>) and Kitchener and Maryanto (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00316","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0316"
"13800317","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","lombocensis","lombocensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","","","34","","","","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Lombok Isl.","","","","<i>molossinus</i> species group.","38","38-00317","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0316-0317"
"13800318","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","lombocensis","heudei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>molossinus</i> species group.","38","38-00318","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0316-0318"
"13800319","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","lombocensis","salottii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1995","","[in Kitchener and Maryanto, 1995]","","","","","","","","","","","<i>molossinus</i> species group.","38","38-00319","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0316-0319"
"13800320","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","loochoensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, British Museum","","","106","","","Japanese Flying Fox","Japan, Okinawa, Liû-kiû Isls.","Okinawa Isl, Ryûkyû Isls (Japan).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution as <i>P</i>. <i>mariannus</i> <i>loochoensis</i>. IUCN 2003 – Extinct.","<i>keraudreni</i>  Fritze, 1894; <i>loochooensis</i> Fritze, 1894; <i>luchuensis</i> Seitz, 1892.","<i>mariannus</i> species group. Often included in <i>mariannus</i>, but see Corbet and Hill (1980) and Yoshiyuki (1989). Reviewed by Yoshiyuki (1989). Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) treated <i>loochoensis</i> as a subspecies of <i>mariannus</i> without comment.","38","38-00320","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0320"
"13800321","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","lylei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","367","","","Lyle's Flying Fox","Thailand, Bangkok.","Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>vampyrus</i> species group.","38","38-00321","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0321"
"13800322","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","macrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","327","","","Big-eared Flying Fox","Indonesia, Aru Isls, Wokam Isl.","New Guinea; Aru Isls (Indonesia); Boigu Isl (Australia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Old World Fruit Bat Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>insignis</i>  Rosenberg, 1867; <b><i>epularius</i></b> Ramsay, 1878.","<i>poliocephalus</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00322","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0322"
"13800323","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","macrotis","macrotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","327","","","","Indonesia, Aru Isls, Wokam Isl.","","","","<i>poliocephalus</i> species group","38","38-00323","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0322-0323"
"13800324","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","macrotis","epularius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ramsay","1878","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>poliocephalus</i> species group","38","38-00324","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0322-0324"
"13800325","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","mahaganus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1931","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","2","","19","","","Sanborn's Flying Fox","Solomon Isls, Ysabel Isl, Tunnibul.","Bougainville Isl (Papua New Guinea); Ysabel Isl and Choiseul Isl (Solomon Isls).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Vulnerable: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","<i>scapulatus</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00325","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0325"
"13800326","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","mariannus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encycl. Méth.","2(Suppl.)","","547","","","Marianas Flying Fox","West Pacific, Mariana Isls, Guam (USA).","S Mariana Isls through Guam to Ulithi Isl.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered (but proposed reclassification to Threatened) in Guam as <i>P. m. mariannus</i>; Proposed Threatened in the Aguijan, Tinian, Saipan populations. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Endangered.","<i>keraudren</i>  Quoy and Gaimard, 1824; <b><i>paganensis</i></b> Yamashima, 1932; <b><i>ulthiensis</i></b> Yamashima, 1932. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>vanikorensis</i> Quoy and Gaimard, 1830.","<i>mariannus</i> species group. Probably includes <i>vanikorensis</i>, see Troughton (1930). If <i>vanikorensis</i> is in fact from the Mariana Isls (rather than Vanikoro Isl in the Santa Cruz Isls), it would likely be a synonym of either the nominate subspecies or <i>paganensis</i>. Systematics of this complex is somewhat confused; some authors have included <i>pelewensis</i>, <i>ualanus</i>, and <i>yapensis</i> as subspecies of <i>mariannus</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1994), while others have treated them as distinct species without comment (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1980). I follow Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) in provisionally recognizing <i>pelewensis</i>, <i>ualanus</i>, and <i>yapensis</i> as distinct species pending further study.","38","38-00326","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0326"
"13800327","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","mariannus","mariannus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encycl. Méth.","2(Suppl.)","","547","","","","West Pacific, Mariana Isls, Guam (USA).","","","","<i>mariannus</i> species group.","38","38-00327","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0326-0327"
"13800328","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","mariannus","paganensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Yamashima","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>mariannus</i> species group.","38","38-00328","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0326-0328"
"13800329","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","mariannus","ulthiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Yamashima","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>mariannus</i> species group.","38","38-00329","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0326-0329"
"13800330","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","melanopogon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","330","","","Black-bearded Flying Fox","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina.","Amboina, Buru, Seram, Banda Isls, Yamdena (= Timor Laut), and adjacent islands (Indonesia). A Sangihe Isl record is erroneous; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>argentatus</i>  Gray, 1858 [not Gray, 1844]; <i>phaiops</i> Temminck, 1837 [not Temminck, 1825].","<i>melanopogon</i> species group. Does not include <i>sepikensis</i>, here considered a synonym of <i>neohibernicus; </i>see Koopman (1979). I follow Bergmans (2001) in recognizing <i>aruensis</i> and <i>keyensis</i> (often listed as subspecies of <i>melanopogon</i> following Laurie and Hill [1954]) as distinct species pending additional review of this complex. This complex includes several undescribed species (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","38","38-00330","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0330"
"13800331","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","melanotus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1863","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta","","","20","","","Black-eared Flying Fox","India, Nicobar Isls.","Nicobar and Andaman Isls (India); Engano Isl and Nias Isl (Indonesia); Christmas Isl.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>edulis</i>  Blyth, 1846 [not E. Geoffroy, 1810]; <i>nicobaricus</i> Fitzinger, 1861 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>nicobaricus</i> Zelebor, 1869; <b><i>modiglianii</i></b> Thomas, 1894; <b><i>natalis</i></b> Thomas, 1887; <b><i>niadicus</i></b> Miller, 1906; <b><i>tytleri</i></b> Dobson, 1874.","<i>melanotus</i> species group. Does not include <i>satyrus</i>; see Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00331","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0331"
"13800332","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","melanotus","melanotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1863","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta","","","20","","","","India, Nicobar Isls.","","","","<i>melanotus</i> species group.","38","38-00332","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0331-0332"
"13800333","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","melanotus","modiglianii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>melanotus</i> species group.","38","38-00333","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0331-0333"
"13800334","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","melanotus","natalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>melanotus</i> species group.","38","38-00334","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0331-0334"
"13800335","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","melanotus","niadicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>melanotus</i> species group.","38","38-00335","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0331-0335"
"13800336","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","melanotus","tytleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>melanotus</i> species group.","38","38-00336","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0331-0336"
"13800337","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","molossinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guine","","","62","","","Caroline Flying Fox","Caroline Isls, Ponape (Micronesia).","Pohnpei (= Ponape) and possibly Mortlock Isls (Caroline Isls, Micronesia).","CITES – Appendix I. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered.","<i>breviceps</i>  Thomas, 1883.","<i>molossinus</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00337","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0337"
"13800338","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","neohibernicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1876","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1876","","317","","","Great Flying Fox","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., New Ireland Isl.","Bismarck Arch. and Admiralty Isls (Papua New Guinea), New Guinea, Misool and Gebi Isls, Gag Isl.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>coronatus</i>  Thomas, 1888; <i>degener</i> Peters, 1876; <i>papuanus</i> Peters and Doria, 1881; <i>rufus</i> Ramsay, 1891 [not E. Geoffroy, 1803, or Tiedemann, 1808]; <i>sepikensis</i> Sanborn, 1931; <b><i>hilli</i></b><i> </i>Felten, 1961.","<i>neohibernicus</i> species group. Includes <i>sepikensis</i>; see Koopman (1979). Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00338","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0338"
"13800339","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","neohibernicus","neohibernicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1876","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1876","","317","","","","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., New Ireland Isl.","","","","<i>neohibernicus</i> species group.","38","38-00339","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0338-0339"
"13800340","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","neohibernicus","hilli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Felten","1961","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>neohibernicus</i> species group.","38","38-00340","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0338-0340"
"13800341","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","niger","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","90","","","Greater Mascarene Flying Fox","Mascarene Isls, Réunion Isl (France).","Mascarene Isls (Réunion Isl, Mauritius Isl, subfossil on Rodrigues Isl). Madagascar records are probably erroneous (Bergmans, 1990).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Vulnerable: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable. Extinct on Réunion Isl, see Cheke and Dahl (1981).","<i>fuscus</i>  E. Geoffroy, 1803; <i>mauritianus</i> Hermann, 1804; <i>rufus</i> Tiedemann, 1808 [not E. Geoffroy, 1803]; <i>pteropus</i> Merriam ex Brisson, 1895; <i>vulgaris</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810.","<i>niger</i> species group. Reviewed by Bergmans (1990).","38","38-00341","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0341"
"13800342","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","nitendiensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1930","","Am. Mus. Novit.","435","","2","","","Temotu Flying Fox","Solomon Isls, Santa Cruz Isls, Ndeni Isl (= Nendö Isl.).","Nendö and Tömotu Neo (in the Santa Cruz Isls, Solomon Isls).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution as <i>P</i>. <i>nitendiensis</i> and as <i>P</i>. <i>sanctacrucis</i>. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable as <i>P</i>. <i>nitendiensis</i> and as <i>P</i>. <i>sanctacrucis</i>.","<i>sanctacrucis</i>  Troughton, 1930.","<i>pselaphon</i> species group. Includes <i>sanctacrucis</i>; see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00342","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0342"
"13800343","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","ocularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","326","","","Seram Flying Fox","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Seram Isl.","Seram and Buru (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","<i>ceramensis</i>  Gray, 1871.","<i>conspicillatus</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00343","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0343"
"13800344","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","ornatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","105","","","Ornate Flying Fox","New Caledonia, Noumea (France).","New Caledonia and Loyalty Isls.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Indeterminate. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","<b><i>auratus</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1909.","<i>subniger</i> species group. Includes <i>auratus</i>; see Felten (1964<i>b</i>). Also see Sanborn and Nicholson (1950) and Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00344","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0344"
"13800345","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","ornatus","ornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","105","","","","New Caledonia, Noumea (France).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>subniger</i> species group.","38","38-00345","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0344-0345"
"13800346","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","ornatus","auratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>subniger</i> species group.","38","38-00346","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0344-0346"
"13800347","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","pelewensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","364","","","Pelew Flying Fox","Micronesia, Caroline Isls, Palau Isl (= Pelew Isls).","Pelew Isls (Micronesia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution as <i>P</i>. <i>mariannus</i> <i>pelewensis</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","<i>mariannus</i> species group. Often treated as a subspecies of <i>mariannus</i>, but apparently distinct (Corbet and Hill, 1980; Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>). See comments under <i>mariannus</i>.","38","38-00347","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0347"
"13800348","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","personatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1825","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","189","","","Moluccan Masked Flying Fox","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate.","North Molucca Isls (Halmahera and Obi Isl Groups), and Gag. Sulawesi records are erroneous; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>personatus</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00348","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0348"
"13800349","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","pilosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","369","","","Large Pelew Flying Fox","Micronesia, Caroline Isls, Palau Isls (= Pelew Isls).","Pelew Isls (Micronesia).","CITES – Appendix I. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) and IUCN 2003 – Extinct.","","<i>pselaphon</i> species group. Known from only two specimens and presumed to be extinct; see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00349","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0349"
"13800350","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","pohlei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Stein","1933","","Z. SSugetierk.","8","","93","","","Geelvink Bay Flying Fox","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Tjenderawasih Div., Yapen Isl.","Yapen, Biak-Supiori, Numfoor, and Rani Isls (off NW New Guinea).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","<i>poliocephalus</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>). Includes at least one undescribed species (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","38","38-00350","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0350"
"13800351","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","poliocephalus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1825","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","179","","","Gray-headed Flying Fox","Australia.","E Australia, from S Queensland to Victoria.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>poliocephalus</i> species group. See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with <i>alecto</i>.","38","38-00351","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0351"
"13800352","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","pselaphon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lay","1829","","Zool. J.","4","","457","","","Bonin Flying Fox","Japan, Bonin Isls.","Bonin and Volcano Isls (Japan).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Vulnerable: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered.","<i>ursinus</i>  Temminck (ex Kittlitz), 1837.","<i>pselaphon</i> species group. Reviewed by Yoshiyuki (1989).","38","38-00352","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0352"
"13800353","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","pumilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1911","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","38","","394","","","Little Golden-mantled Flying Fox","Indonesia, Miangas Isl (= Palmas Isl) between Talaud Isls and Mindanao.","Philippines (except Palawan region), Talaud Isls (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Vulnerable. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","<i>balutus</i>  Hollister, 1913; <i>tablasi</i> Taylor, 1934.","<i>subniger</i> species group. Includes <i>balutus</i> and <i>tablasi</i>; see Klingener and Creighton (1984).","38","38-00353","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0353"
"13800354","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","rayneri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","108","","","Solomons Flying Fox","Solomon Isls, Guadalcanal Isl.","Bougainville and Buka Isls (Papua New Guinea); Solomon Isls.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>grandis</i> </b> Thomas, 1887;<i> <b>lavellanus</b></i> K. Andersen, 1908; <b><i>monoensis</i></b> Lawrence, 1945; <b><i>rubianus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1908.","<i>chrysoproctus</i> species group. Does not include <i>cognatus</i> and <i>rennelli</i>; see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>). Also see Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00354","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0354"
"13800355","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","rayneri","rayneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","108","","","","Solomon Isls, Guadalcanal Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>chrysoproctus</i> species group.","38","38-00355","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0354-0355"
"13800356","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","rayneri","grandis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1887","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>chrysoproctus</i> species group.","38","38-00356","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0354-0356"
"13800357","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","rayneri","lavellanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>chrysoproctus</i> species group.","38","38-00357","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0354-0357"
"13800358","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","rayneri","monoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lawrence","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>chrysoproctus</i> species group.","38","38-00358","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0354-0358"
"13800359","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","rayneri","rubianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>chrysoproctus</i> species group.","38","38-00359","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0354-0359"
"13800360","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","rennelli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1929","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","17","","193","","","Rennell Flying Fox","Solomon Isls, Rennell Isl.","Rennell Isl (Solomon Isls).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","Known from only 5 specimens. Formerly included in <i>rayneri</i>, but apparently distinct; see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>). May be conspecific with <i>cognatus</i> (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","38","38-00360","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0360"
"13800361","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","rodricensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","","","36","","","Rodrigues Flying Fox","Mascarene Isls, Rodrigues.","Rodrigues Isl, Round Isl near Mauritius Isl (Mascarene Isls).","CITES – Appendix II. U.S. ESA – Endangered. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered; extinct on Round Isl.","<i>mascarinus</i>  Mason, 1907.","<i>molossinus</i> species group. See Bergmans (1990).","38","38-00361","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0361"
"13800362","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","rufus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris","","","47","","","Malagasy Flying Fox","Madagascar. Restricted to ""N. and C. Madagascar"" by K. Andersen (1908).","Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>edwardsi</i>  E. Geoffroy, 1810; <i>phaiops</i> Temmnick, 1825; <i>princeps</i> K. Andersen, 1908.","<i>niger</i> species group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995); also see Bergmans (1990). Some authors have recognized <i>princeps</i> as a subspecies, but this has not been supported in recent analyses; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995). Because Wilson and Reeder (1993) did not treat names established in E. Geoffroy (1803) as available, Koopman (1993) attributed authorship of <i>rufus</i> to Tiedemann (""1808, Zool., v.1, Allgemeine Zool., Mensch Saugthiere, Landshut, p.535.""), but <i>rufus</i> Tiedemann is a junior synonym of <i>niger</i> Kerr; see Grubb (2001<i>a</i>) and Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002<i>b</i>).","38","38-00362","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0362"
"13800363","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","samoensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peale","1848","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","","20","","","Samoan Flying Fox","Samoan Isls, Tutuila Isl (American Samoa).","Fiji Isls, Samoan Isls.","CITES – Appendix I. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) and IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","<i>vitiensis</i>  Gray, 1870; <i>whitmeei</i> Alston, 1874; <b><i>nawaiensis</i></b> Gray, 1870; <i>fuscicollis</i> Nicoll, 1904 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>ruficollis</i> Nicoll, 1908 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","<i>samoensis</i> species group. Includes <i>nawaiensis</i>; see Hill and Beckon (1978) and Banack (2001).","38","38-00363","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0363"
"13800364","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","samoensis","samoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peale","1848","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","","20","","","","Samoan Isls, Tutuila Isl (American Samoa).","","","","<i>samoensis</i> species group.","38","38-00364","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0363-0364"
"13800365","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","samoensis","nawaiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>samoensis</i> species group.","38","38-00365","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0363-0365"
"13800366","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","scapulatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1862","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1862","","574","","","Little Red Flying Fox","Australia, Queensland, Cape York.","Australia, S New Guinea, accidental on New Zealand.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>elseyi</i>  Peters, 1862.","<i>scapulatus</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00366","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0366"
"13800367","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","seychellensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1877","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7","2","","221","","","Seychelles Flying Fox","Seychelle Isls, Mahe Isl.","Seychelle Isls, Comoros Isls, Mafia Isl (off Tanzania).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>comorensis</i> </b> Nicoll, 1908; <i>comorensis</i> Wallace, 1880 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>comorensis</i> Keller, 1898 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","<i>niger</i> species group. Includes <i>comorensis</i>; see Hill (1971<i>b</i>) and Bergmans (1990). Does not include <i>aldabrensis</i>; see Bergmans (1990).","38","38-00367","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0367"
"13800368","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","seychellensis","seychellensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1877","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7","2","","221","","","","Seychelle Isls, Mahe Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>niger</i> species group.","38","38-00368","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0367-0368"
"13800369","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","seychellensis","comorensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nicoll","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>niger</i> species group.","38","38-00369","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0367-0369"
"13800370","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","speciosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","364","","","Philippine Gray Flying Fox","Philippines, Malanipa Isl (off west end of Zamboanga, Mindanao).","Philippines; Solombo Besar and Mata Siri (Java Sea); Talaud Isls.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare as <i>P</i>. <i>speciosus</i>, No Data: Limited Distribution as <i>P</i>. <i>mearnsi</i>. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable as <i>P</i>. <i>speciosus</i>, Data Deficient as <i>P</i>. <i>mearnsi</i>.","<i>mearnsi</i>  Hollister, 1913.","<i>subniger</i> species group. Included in <i>griseus</i> by Corbet and Hill (1992), but I follow Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Heaney et al. (1998) in treating it as distinct pending further study. Some Philippine records were erroneously based on subadult <i>hypomelanus</i>; see Heaney et al. (1998). Includes <i>mearnsi</i>; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery (1995<i>b</i>), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992), who suggested that <i>mearnsi</i> may be a synonym of <i>hypomelanus</i>.","38","38-00370","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0370"
"13800371","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","subniger","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i>Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","91","","","Dark Flying Fox","Mascarene Isls, Réunion Isl (France).","Réunion and Mauritius Isls (Mascarene Isls).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) and IUCN 2003 – Extinct.","<i>collaris</i>  Illiger, 1815; <i>fuscus</i> Desmarest, 1803 [not E. Geoffroy]; <i>ruber</i> E. Geoffroy, 1803;<i> rubidum</i> Daudin, 1802; <i>rubricollis</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810; <i>torquatus</i> G. Fischer, 1814; <i>vulgaris</i> Temminck, 1837.","<i>subniger</i> species group. Reviewed by Bergmans (1990). Probably extinct, see Cheke and Dahl (1981).","38","38-00371","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0371"
"13800372","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","temminckii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","331","","","Temminck's Flying Fox","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina Isl; see Andersen (1912:318) for clarification.","Buru, Ambon, Seram (Indonesia); nearby small islands; perhaps Timor Isl (Indonesia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>griseus</i>  Temminck, 1837 [not Geoffroy, 1810]; <i>petersi</i> Matschie, 1899; <b><i>liops</i></b> Thomas, 1910.","<i>personatus</i> species group. Does not include <i>capistratus</i>; see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998). This name is variously spelled ""<i>temmincki</i>"" and ""<i>temminckii</i>""; I follow Bergmans (2001) in preferring the latter because it is the original spelling.","38","38-00372","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0372"
"13800373","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","temminckii","temminckii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","331","","","","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina Isl; see Andersen (1912:318) for clarification.","","","","<i>personatus</i> species group.","38","38-00373","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0372-0373"
"13800374","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","temminckii","liops","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>personatus</i> species group.","38","38-00374","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0372-0374"
"13800375","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","tokudae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1934","","Am. Mus. Novit.","713","","1","","","Guam Flying Fox","Mariana Isls, Guam (USA).","Guam (Mariana Isls, USA).","CITES – Appendix II. U.S. ESA – Endangered. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Extinct? IUCN 2003 – Extinct.","","<i>pselaphon</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00375","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0375"
"13800376","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","tonganus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Quoy and Gaimard","1830","","<i>In</i> d'Urville, Voy...de Astrolabe, Zool.","1(L'Homme, Mamm., Oiseaux)","","74","","","Pacific Flying Fox","Tonga Isls, Tongatapu Isl.","Karkar Isl (off NE New Guinea) and Rennell Isl (Solomon Isls), south to New Caledonia, east to Cook Isls.","CITES – Appendix I. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>flavicollis</i>  Gray, 1870; <b><i>basiliscus</i></b> Thomas, 1915; <b><i>geddiei</i></b> MacGillivray, 1860; <i>heffernani</i> Troughton, 1930.","<i>mariannus</i> species group. Includes <i>geddiei</i>; see Sanborn (1931) and Felten and Kock (1972). Karkar Isl population (<i>basiliscus</i>) may actually be a subspecies of <i>conspicillatus</i> (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). It is possible that this species has been transported to some islands by humans; see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>). Also see Miller and Wilson (1997), Bonaccorso (1998), and Bergmans (2001).","38","38-00376","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0376"
"13800377","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","tonganus","tonganus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Quoy and Gaimard","1830","","<i>In</i> d'Urville, Voy...de Astrolabe, Zool.","1(L'Homme, Mamm., Oiseaux)","","74","","","","Tonga Isls, Tongatapu Isl.","","","","<i>mariannus</i> species group.","38","38-00377","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0376-0377"
"13800378","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","tonganus","basiliscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","Karkar Isl (off NE New Guinea)","","","<i>mariannus</i> species group. May actually be a subspecies of <i>conspicillatus</i> (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","38","38-00378","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0376-0378"
"13800379","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","tonganus","geddiei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","MacGillivray","1860","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>mariannus</i> species group. See Sanborn (1931) and Felten and Kock (1972).","38","38-00379","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0376-0379"
"13800380","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","tuberculatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1869","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1869","","393","","","Vanikoro Flying Fox","Solomon Isls, Santa Cruz Isls, Vanikoro Isl.","Vanikoro Isl (Santa Cruz Isls, Solomon Isls).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","<i>pselaphon</i> species group. Reviewed by Troughton (1927); also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00380","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0380"
"13800381","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","ualanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1883","","Ges. Nat. Fr.","1","","1","","","Kosrae Flying Fox","Ualan (= Kosrae; Micronesia)","Kosrae (Micronesia).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution as <i>P</i>. <i>mariannus</i> <i>ualanus</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","<i>ualensis</i>  Finsch, 1881 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","<i>mariannus</i> species group. Often treated as a subspecies of <i>mariannus</i>, but clearly distinct (Corbet and Hill, 1980; K. Helgen, pers. comm.; Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>). See comments under <i>mariannus</i>.","38","38-00381","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0381"
"13800382","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","vampyrus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","31","","","Large Flying Fox","Indonesia, Java (designated by K. Andersen, 1912).","Vietnam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, and Lesser Sunda Isls, adjacent small islands including Anak Krakatau. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be verified (Kock, 2000).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>celaeno</i>  Hermann, 1804; <i>caninus</i> Blumenbach, 1797; <i>javanicus</i> Desmarest, 1820; <i>kalou</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810; <i>kelaarti</i> Gray, 1870 [skull, not skin]; <i>nudus</i> Hermann, 1804; <i>phaiops</i> Gray, 1870 [not Temminck, 1825]; <i>pteronotus</i> Dobson, 1878;<i> <b>edulis</b></i> E. Geoffroy, 1810; <i>funereus</i> Temminck, 1837;<i> <b>lanensis</b></i> Mearns, 1905; <b><i>natunae</i></b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b><i>pluton</i></b> Temminck, 1853; <i>kopangi</i> Kuroda, 1933; <b><i>sumatrensis</i></b> Ludeking, 1862; <i>malaccensis</i> K. Andersen, 1908.","<i>vampyrus</i> species group. Does not include <i>intermedius</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). See Kunz and Jones (2000). Subspecies are poorly defined.","38","38-00382","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0382"
"13800383","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","vampyrus","vampyrus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","31","","","","Indonesia, Java (designated by K. Andersen, 1912).","","","","<i>vampyrus</i> species group.","38","38-00383","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0382-0383"
"13800384","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","vampyrus","edulis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>vampyrus</i> species group.","38","38-00384","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0382-0384"
"13800385","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","vampyrus","lanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>vampyrus</i> species group.","38","38-00385","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0382-0385"
"13800386","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","vampyrus","natunae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>vampyrus</i> species group.","38","38-00386","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0382-0386"
"13800387","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","vampyrus","pluton","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>vampyrus</i> species group.","38","38-00387","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0382-0387"
"13800388","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","vampyrus","sumatrensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ludeking","1862","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>vampyrus</i> species group.","38","38-00388","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0382-0388"
"13800389","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","vetulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jouan","1863","","Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg","9","","90","","","New Caledonian Flying Fox","New Caledonia (France).","New Caledonia (France).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>germaini</i>  Dobson, 1878; <i>macmillani</i> Tate, 1942.","<i>pselaphon</i> species group. Includes <i>macmillani</i>; see Felten (1964<i>b</i>). Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00389","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0389"
"13800390","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","voeltzkowi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1909","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","486","","","Pemba Flying Fox","Tanzania, Pemba Isl, Fufuni.","Pemba Isl (off coast of Tanzania).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered.","","<i>niger</i> species group. Reviewed by Bergmans (1990).","38","38-00390","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0390"
"13800391","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","woodfordi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","1","","156","","","Dwarf Flying Fox","Solomon Isls, Guadalcanal Isl, Aola.","New Georgia group, Russell and Florida Isls, Guadalcanal, Malaita (Solomon Isls).","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>austini</i>  Lawrence, 1945.","<i>scapulatus</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00391","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0391"
"13800392","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Pteropus","","yapensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","365","","","Yap Flying Fox","W Carolines, Yap Isl.","Yap Isls.","CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution as <i>P</i>. <i>mariannus</i> <i>yapensis</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.","","<i>mariannus</i> species group. Often treated as a subspecies of <i>mariannus</i>, but apparently distinct (Corbet and Hill, 1980; Flannery, 1995<i>b</i>). See comments under <i>mariannus</i>.","38","38-00392","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0239-0000-0392"
"13800393","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","299","","<i>Pteropus aegyptiacus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810.","","","","","<i>Boneia</i>  Jentink, 1879; <i>Cercopterus</i> Burnett, 1829; <i>Cynonycteris</i> Peters, 1852; <i>Eleutherura</i> Gray, 1844; <i>Senonycteris</i> Gray, 1870; <i>Stenonycteris</i> Gray, 1871; <i>Xantharpyia</i> Gray, 1834.","Does not include <i>Lissonycteris</i> (Bergmans, 1994, 1997; Juste et al., 1997; Peterson et al., 1995). Revised by Bergmans (1994); also see Peterson et al. (1995). A key to the genus was provided by Kwiecinski and Griffiths (1999), however, this genus includes at least one undescribed species. Three subgenera are often recognized <i>(Rousettus</i>, <i>Boneia</i>, and <i>Stenonycteris</i>), although see Bergmans (1994), who rejected use of subgenera for the African species.","38","38-00393","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393"
"13800394","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","299","","<i>Pteropus aegyptiacus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810.","","","","","","","38","38-00394","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394"
"13800395","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Boneia","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Jentink","1879","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00395","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0395"
"13800396","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Stenonycteris","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00396","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0396"
"13800397","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","aegyptiacus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","96","","","Egyptian Rousette","Egypt, Giza (Great Pyramid).","Senegal and Egypt south to South Africa; Cyprus, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, S Syria, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, S Iraq, S. Iran, Pakistan, NW India; islands in the Gulf of Guinea (São Tomé and Príncipe); adjacent small islands.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aegyptiacus</i>  E. Geoffroy, 1818 [emendation of <i>egyptiacus</i>]; <i>geoffroyi</i> Temminck, 1825; <b><i>arabicus</i></b> Anderson and de Winton, 1902; <b><i>leachii</i></b> Smith, 1892; <i>hottentotus</i> Temminck, 1832; <i>sjostedti</i> Lönnberg, 1908; <b><i>princeps</i></b> Juste and Iba±ez, 1993; <b><i>tomensis</i></b> Juste and Iba±ez, 1993; <i>thomensis</i> Feiler, Haft, and Widmann, 1993; <b><i>unicolor</i></b> Gray, 1870; <i>occidentalis</i> Eisentraut, 1960.","Subgenus <i>Rousettus</i>. Includes <i>leachii</i> and <i>arabicus</i>; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), Harrison and Bates (1991), and Bergmans (1994). Revised by Bergmans (1994); reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000). Also see Kwiecinski and Griffiths (1999). Spelling changed from <i>aegyptiacus</i> to <i>egyptiacus</i> by Corbet and Hill (1992), but returned to <i>aegyptiacus</i> by Kock (2001<i>a</i>).","38","38-00397","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0397"
"13800398","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","aegyptiacus","aegyptiacus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","96","","","","Egypt, Giza (Great Pyramid).","","","","","38","38-00398","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0397-0398"
"13800399","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","aegyptiacus","arabicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson and de Winton","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00399","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0397-0399"
"13800400","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","aegyptiacus","leachii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Smith","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00400","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0397-0400"
"13800401","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","aegyptiacus","princes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Juste and Iba±ez","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00401","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0397-0401"
"13800402","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","aegyptiacus","tomensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Juste and Iba±ez","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00402","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0397-0402"
"13800403","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","aegyptiacus","unicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00403","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0397-0403"
"13800404","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","amplexicaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","96","","","Geoffroy's Rousette","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Timor Isl.","Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, and Laos; Peninsular Malaysia through Indonesia, Java, and Bali; Philippines; New Guinea; Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Isls.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>philippinensis</i>  Gray, 1871; <i>stresemanni</i> Stein, 1933; <b><i>brachyotis</i></b> Dobson, 1877; <b><i>hedigeri</i></b> Pohle, 1952; <b><i>infumatus</i></b> Gray, 1871; <i>bocagei</i> Seabra, 1898; <b><i>minor</i></b> Dobson, 1873.","Subgenus <i>Rousettus</i>. Revised by Rookmaaker and Bergmans (1981); also see Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>). Peterson et al. (1995) suggested that <i>brachyotis</i> and <i>minor</i> may represent distinct species. Subspecies allocation of Sulawesi and Kasi Isl (Indonesia) populations is uncertain; see Koopman (1994) and Kompanje and Moeliker (2001).","38","38-00404","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0404"
"13800405","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","amplexicaudatus","amplexicaudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","96","","","","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Timor Isl.","","","","","38","38-00405","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0404-0405"
"13800406","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","amplexicaudatus","brachyotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1877","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00406","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0404-0406"
"13800407","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","amplexicaudatus","hedigeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pohle","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00407","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0404-0407"
"13800408","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","amplexicaudatus","infumatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00408","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0404-0408"
"13800409","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","amplexicaudatus","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00409","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0404-0409"
"13800410","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Boneia","bidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1879","","Notes Leyden Mus.","1","","117","","","Manado Rousette","Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Boné (near Gerontalo).","N Sulawesi (Indonesia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>menadensis</i>  Thomas, 1896.","Subgenus <i>Boneia</i>. Placed in its own genus (<i>Boneia)</i> by some authors (e.g., Andersen, 1912; Koopman, 1993) but see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988) and Bergmans (1994). Corbet and Hill (1992) referred this species to the subgenus <i>Boneia</i>, the arrangement followed here.","38","38-00410","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0395-0410"
"13800411","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","celebensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","503, 509","","","Sulawesi Rousette","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Mt. Masarang, 3,500 ft. (1,067 m).","Sulawesi; Mangole, Sanana, Sangihe Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Rousettus</i>. Reviewed by Rookmaaker and Bergmans (1981), Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Maryanto and Yani (2003). Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00411","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0411"
"13800412","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Stenonycteris","lanosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","137","","","Long-haired Rousette","Uganda, Ruwenzori East, Mubuku Valley, 13,000 ft. (3,962 m).","E Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, S Ethiopia, S Sudan.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kempi</i>  Thomas, 1909.","Subgenus <i>Stenonycteris</i>. Revised by Bergmans (1994), who argued against recognition of subspecies.","38","38-00412","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0396-0412"
"13800413","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","leschenaultii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1820","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encyclop. Méthod.","1","","110","","","Leschenault's Rousette","India, Pondicherry.","Sri Lanka; Pakistan to Vietnam and S China; Peninsular Malaysia; Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Mentawai Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>affinis</i>  Gray, 1843; <i>fuliginosa</i> Gray, 1871; <i>fusca</i> Gray, 1871; <i>infuscata</i> Peters, 1873; <i>marginatus</i> Gray, 1843 [not Geoffroy, 1810]; <i>pirivarus</i> Hodgson, 1841; <i>pyrivorus</i> Hodgson, 1835; <b><i>seminudus</i></b> Kelaart, 1850; <b><i>shortridgei</i></b> Thomas and Wroughton, 1909.","Subgenus <i>Rousettus</i>. Includes <i>seminudus</i>; see Sinha (1970). See Peterson et al. (1995) for a discussion of <i>shortridgei</i>. Kock et al. (2000<i>b</i>) treated <i>shortridgei</i> as a distinct species without comment. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Kock et al. (2000<i>b</i>). This name is sometimes spelled <i>leschenaulti</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1993, 1994), but I prefer the original spelling.","38","38-00413","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0413"
"13800414","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","leschenaultii","leschenaultii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1820","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encyclop. Méthod.","1","","110","","","","India, Pondicherry.","","","","","38","38-00414","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0413-0414"
"13800415","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","leschenaultii","seminudus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kelaart","1850","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00415","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0413-0415"
"13800416","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","leschenaultii","shortridgei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00416","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0413-0416"
"13800417","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","linduensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Maryanto and Yani","2003","","Mammal Study","28","","113","","","Linduan Rousette","Indonesia, Central Sulawesi, Lore Lindu National Park, Lundu lake enclave, Kenawu village, 1&#730;19’8’’S, 120&#730;6’8’’E, 930 m.","C Sulawesi.","IUCN 2003 – not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Subgenus <i>Rousettus</i>.","38","38-00417","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0417"
"13800418","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Stenonycteris","madagascariensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Grandidier","1928","","Bull. Acad. Malgache, N.S.","11","","91","","","Malagasy Rousette","Madagascar, Beforona (between Tananarive [= Antananarivo] and Andevoranto).","Madagascar except SW region.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Stenonycteris</i>. Considered a subspecies of <i>lanosus</i> by Hayman and Hill (1977), but see Bergmans (1977). Revised by Peterson et al. (1995). Does not include <i>obliviosus</i>; see Bergmans (1994), but also see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-00418","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0396-0418"
"13800419","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","obliviosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kock","1978","","Proc. 4th Int. Bat Res. Conf. Nairobi","","","208","","","Comoro Rousette","Comoro Isls, Grand Comoro, near Boboni, 640 m.","Comoro Isls.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Rousettus</i>. Considered a subspecies of <i>madagascarensis</i> by Peterson et al. (1995), but see Bergmans (1994).","38","38-00419","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0419"
"13800420","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Rousettus","Rousettus","spinalatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bergmans and Hill","1980","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.","38","","95","","","Bare-backed Rousette","Indonesia, N Sumatra, near Medan or near Prapat.","Sumatra, Borneo.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Rousettus</i>.","38","38-00420","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0393-0394-0420"
"13800421","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Scotonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1894","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","200","","<i>Scotonycteris zenkeri</i> Matschie, 1894.","","","","","","Reviewed by Bergmans (1990).","38","38-00421","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0421"
"13800422","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Scotonycteris","","ophiodon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pohle","1943","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","76","","","Pohle's Fruit Bat","Cameroon, Bipindi.","Liberia, Ghana, Cameroon, Republic of Congo.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>cansdalei</i>  Hayman, 1946.","","38","38-00422","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0421-0000-0422"
"13800423","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Scotonycteris","","zenkeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1894","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","202","","","Zenker's Fruit Bat","Cameroon, Yaunde (Yaoundé).","Liberia to Republic of Congo and E Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>bedfordi</i> </b> Thomas, 1904; <b><i>occidentalis</i></b> Hayman, 1947.","Current subspecific nomenclature does not adequately describe the known range of variation in this species; see Bergmans (1990).","38","38-00423","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0421-0000-0423"
"13800424","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Scotonycteris","","zenkeri","zenkeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1894","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","202","","","","Cameroon, Yaunde (Yaoundé).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00424","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0421-0000-0423-0424"
"13800425","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Scotonycteris","","zenkeri","bedfordi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00425","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0421-0000-0423-0425"
"13800426","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Scotonycteris","","zenkeri","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00426","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0421-0000-0423-0426"
"13800427","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Sphaerias","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","19","","83","","<i>Cynopterus blanfordi</i> Thomas, 1891.","","","","","","","38","38-00427","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0427"
"13800428","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Sphaerias","","blanfordi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2","10","","884, 921, 922","","","Blanford's Fruit Bat","Burma, Karin Hills, Cheba, Leito.","N India, Bhutan, Burma, N Thailand, Vietnam, SW China.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>motuoensis</i>  Cai and Zhang, 1980.","Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00428","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0427-0000-0428"
"13800429","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Styloctenium","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","Megachiroptera Berlin Mus.","","","33","","<i>Pteropus wallacei</i> Gray, 1866.","","","","","","","38","38-00429","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0429"
"13800430","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Styloctenium","","wallacei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1866","","65","","","Stripe-faced Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Macassar.","Sulawesi, Tongian Isls.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","","See Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988).","38","38-00430","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0429-0000-0430"
"13800431","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Syconycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","Megachiroptera Berlin Mus.","","","94, 95, 98","","<i>Macroglossus minimus</i> var. <i>australis</i> Peters, 1867.","","","","","","Reviewed by Ziegler (1982<i>a</i>).","38","38-00431","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0431"
"13800432","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Syconycteris","","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","13, footnote","","","Southern Blossom Bat","Australia, Queensland, Rockhampton.","E Queensland and New South Wales (Australia); New Guinea, Aru Isl, Trobriand Isls, D'Entrecasteaux Isls, Kai Isls, Ambon, Seram, Haruku, and Boano Isls. (Indonesia), Bismarck Arch., including Manus (Papua New Guinea).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>crassa</i> </b> Thomas, 1895;<i> <b>finschi</b></i> Matschie, 1899; <b><i>keyensis</i></b> K. Andersen, 1911;<i> <b>major</b></i> K. Andersen, 1911;<i> <b>naias</b></i> K. Andersen, 1911;<i> <b>papuana</b></i> Matschie, 1899.","Includes <i>naias</i> and <i>crassa</i>; see Lidicker and Ziegler (1968) and Koopman (1982). Reviewed by Hill (1983); also see Kitchener et al. (1994<i>d</i>), Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), Bonaccorso (1998), and Kompanje and Moeliker (2001). Subspecies limits are somewhat unclear, particularly the status of the Kai Isl form (<i>keyensis</i>); see Kitchener et al. (1994<i>d</i>). It is possible that <i>major</i> from Ambon and Seram Isls represents a distinct species; see Kitchener et al. (1994<i>d</i>). Material from Haruku and Boano Isls differs from typical <i>major</i> and may require recognition as a distinct subspecies; see Kompanje and Moeliker (2001). There is also an undescribed subspecies from Biak-Supiori (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). High-altitude specimens of <i>australis</i> from mainland New Guinea are also in need of systematic revision (Kompanje and Moeliker, 2001).","38","38-00432","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0431-0000-0432"
"13800433","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Syconycteris","","australis","australis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","13, footnote","","","","Australia, Queensland, Rockhampton.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00433","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0431-0000-0432-0433"
"13800434","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Syconycteris","","australis","crassa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00434","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0431-0000-0432-0434"
"13800435","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Syconycteris","","australis","finschi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00435","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0431-0000-0432-0435"
"13800436","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Syconycteris","","australis","keyensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00436","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0431-0000-0432-0436"
"13800437","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Syconycteris","","australis","major","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00437","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0431-0000-0432-0437"
"13800438","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Syconycteris","","australis","naias","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00438","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0431-0000-0432-0438"
"13800439","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Syconycteris","","australis","papuana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00439","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0431-0000-0432-0439"
"13800440","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Syconycteris","","carolinae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rozendaal","1984","","Zoologische Mededelingen","58","13","200","","","Halmaheran Blossom Bat","Indonesia, Moluccas, Halmahera Isl, S base of Gamkunora (01°20'N, 127°31'E), ca 180 m.","Bacan and Halmahera Isls (Moluccas).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00440","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0431-0000-0440"
"13800441","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Syconycteris","","hobbit","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ziegler","1982","","Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus.","25","5","5","","","Moss-forest Blossom Bat","Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Mt. Kaindi.","Mountains of C New Guinea.","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.","","See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00441","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0431-0000-0441"
"13800442","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Thoopterus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Matschie","1899","","Megachiroptera Berlin Mus.","","","72, 73, 77","","<i>Cynopterus marginatus</i> var. <i>nigrescens</i> Gray, 1870.","","","","","","This genus is present monotypic, but contains at least one undescribed species.","38","38-00442","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0442"
"13800443","CHIROPTERA","","","","Pteropodidae","","","Thoopterus","","nigrescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.","","","123","","","Swift Fruit Bat","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Morotai.","Sulawesi, Sula Isls, Sangihe Isls, Karakelang (Talaud Isls), and Morotai (Indonesia).","IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>latidens</i>  Dobson, 1878.","See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00443","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0442-0000-0443"
"13800444","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Zool. Journ.","2","6","242","","","","","","","Histiorhina Van der Hoeven, 1855.","Monogeneric. Does not include Hipposideridae; see discussion under that taxon.","38","38-00444","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444"
"13800445","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lacépède","1799","","Tabl. Div. Subd. Orders Genres Mammifères","","","15","","<i>Vespertilio ferrum-equinum</i> Schreber, 1774. Conserved in ICZN Opinion 91 (1926) and Direction 24 (1955).","","","","","<i>Aquias</i>  Gray, 1847; <i>Coelophyllus</i> Peters, 1867; <i>Euryalus</i> Matschie, 1901; <i>Phyllorhina</i> Leach, 1816; <i>Phyllotis</i> Gray, 1866 [not Waterhouse, 1837]; <i>Rhinocrepis</i> Gervais, 1836; <i>Rhinomegalophus</i> Bourret, 1951; <i>Rhinophyllotis</i> Troughton, 1941.","For a comprehensive review of the genus (including detailed accounts for each species) see Csorba et al. (2003). Includes <i>Rhinomegalophus</i>; see Thonglongyai (1973). For partial phylogenies see Qumsiyeh et al. (1988<i>b</i>), Bogdanowicz and Owen (1992), and Maree and Grant (1997); also see Guillén-Servent (2001). Species groups follow Csorba et al. (2003)","38","38-00445","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445"
"13800446","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","acuminatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1871","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1871","","308","","","Accuminate Horseshoe Bat","Indonesia, Java, Gadok.","Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah; Borneo; Sumatra (including Nias and Engano Isls); Java, Krakatau, Lombok, and Bali (Indonesia); Palawan, Balabac, Busuanga (Philippines).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>audax</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>calypso</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>circe</i></b> K. Andersen, 1906; <b><i>sumatranus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905.","<i>pusillus</i> species group. Subspecific allocations of mainland and Philippine populations are uncertain.","38","38-00446","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0446"
"13800447","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","acuminatus","acuminatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1871","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1871","","308","","","","Indonesia, Java, Gadok.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00447","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0446-0447"
"13800448","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","acuminatus","audax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00448","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0446-0448"
"13800449","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","acuminatus","calypso","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00449","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0446-0449"
"13800450","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","acuminatus","circe","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00450","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0446-0450"
"13800451","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","acuminatus","sumatranus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00451","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0446-0451"
"13800452","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","adami","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Aellen and Brosset","1968","","Rev. Suisse Zool.","75","","443","","","Adam's Horseshoe Bat","Republic of Congo, Kouilou.","Republic of Congo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","<i>adami</i> species group. Reviewed by Kock et al. (2000<i>a</i>).","38","38-00452","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0452"
"13800453","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","affinis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1823","","Zool. Res. Java","6","","pl. figs. a, b","","","Intermediate Horseshoe Bat","Indonesia, Java.","India and Nepal to S China and Vietnam, through Malaysia to Borneo and Lesser Sunda Isls; Andaman Isls (India); perhaps Sri Lanka. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be confirmed (Kock, 2000<i>a</i>).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>andamanensis</i> </b> Dobson, 1872; <b><i>hainanus</i></b> Allen, 1906; <b><i>himalayanus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>macrurus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>nesites</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>princeps</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>superans</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>tener</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905.","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group. Includes <i>andamanensis</i>; see Sinha (1973). Reviewed in part by Bergmans and van Bree (1986) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Csorba (2002) designated a lectotype for this species; also see Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00453","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0453"
"13800454","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","affinis","affinis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1823","","Zool. Res. Java","6","","pl. figs. a, b","","","","Indonesia, Java.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00454","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0453-0454"
"13800455","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","affinis","andamanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00455","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0453-0455"
"13800456","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","affinis","hainanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00456","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0453-0456"
"13800457","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","affinis","himalayanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00457","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0453-0457"
"13800458","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","affinis","macrurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00458","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0453-0458"
"13800459","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","affinis","nesites","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00459","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0453-0459"
"13800460","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","affinis","princes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00460","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0453-0460"
"13800461","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","affinis","superans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00461","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0453-0461"
"13800462","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","affinis","tener","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00462","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0453-0462"
"13800463","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","alcyone","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guine","","","80","","","Halcyon Horseshoe Bat","Ghana, Boutry River.","Senegal to Uganda, SW Sudan, N Dem. Rep. Congo, and Gabon; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>landeri</i> species group.","38","38-00463","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0463"
"13800464","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","arcuatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1871","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1871","","305","","","Arcuate Horseshoe Bat","Philippines, Luzon.","Sumatra to Philippines, New Guinea, and South Molucca Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Rhinolophus</i> <i>arcuatus</i>; Data Deficient as <i>R</i>. <i>anderseni</i>.","<i>aequalis</i>  Allen, 1922; <i>anderseni</i> Cabrera, 1909; <b><i>angustifolius</i></b> Sanborn, 1939; <b><i>beccarii</i></b> K. Andersen, 1907;<i> <b>exiguus</b></i> K. Andersen, 1905;<i> <b>mcintyrei</b></i> Hill and Schlitter, 1982;<i> <b>proconsulis</b></i> Hill, 1959; <b><i>toxopeusi</i></b> Hinton, 1925.","<i>euryotis</i> species group. Includes <i>toxopeusi</i>; see Hill and Schlitter (1982). Includes <i>anderseni</i>; see Csorba et al. (2003). Also see Ingle and Heaney (1992), Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), and Bonaccorso (1998). The relationships of <i>aequalis</i> (originally described as a subspecies of <i>anderseni</i>) are uncertain; see Heaney et al. (1998) and Csorba et al. (2003). Koopman (1993) incorrectly spelled <i>proconsulis</i> as ""<i>proconsularis</i>.""","38","38-00464","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0464"
"13800465","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","arcuatus","arcuatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1871","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1871","","305","","","","Philippines, Luzon.","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00465","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0464-0465"
"13800466","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","arcuatus","angustifolius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00466","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0464-0466"
"13800467","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","arcuatus","beccarii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00467","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0464-0467"
"13800468","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","arcuatus","exiguus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00468","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0464-0468"
"13800469","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","arcuatus","mcintyrei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hill and Schlitter","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00469","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0464-0469"
"13800470","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","arcuatus","proconsulis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1959","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00470","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0464-0470"
"13800471","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","arcuatus","toxopeusi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00471","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0464-0471"
"13800472","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","beddomei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","16","","253","","","Bedomme's Horseshoe Bat","India, Madras [= Kerala], Wynaad.","S India, Sri Lanka.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>sobrinus</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1918.","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group. Distinct from <i>luctus</i>; see Topál and Csorba (1992), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>a</i>).","38","38-00472","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0472"
"13800473","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","beddomei","beddomei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","16","","253","","","","India, Madras [= Kerala], Wynaad.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group.","38","38-00473","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0472-0473"
"13800474","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","beddomei","sobrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group.","38","38-00474","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0472-0474"
"13800475","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","blasii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","1867","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","17","","","Blasius's Horseshoe Bat","SE Europe; restricted to Italy by Ellerman et al. (1953:59).","NE South Africa to S Dem. Rep. Congo; Ethiopia; Somalia; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Turkey; Yemen; Israel; Jordan; Syria; Iran; Serbia and Montenegro; Albania; Bulgaria; Romania; Transcaucasia and Turkmenistan; Afghanistan; Pakistan; Italy; Greece; Cyprus.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>blasiusi</i>  Trouessart, 1910; <i>clivosus</i> Blasius, 1857 [not Cretzschmar, 1828]; <b><i>andreinii</i></b> Senna, 1905; <i>brockmani</i> Thomas, 1910; <b><i>empusa</i></b> K. Andersen, 1904; <b><i>meyeroehmi</i></b> Felten, 1977 [in Felten, Spitzenberger, and Storch, 1977].","<i>landeri</i> species group. Includes <i>brockmani</i>; see Koopman (1975). Reviewed in part by Paz (1995), Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), Zagorodnyuk (1999), and Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-00475","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0475"
"13800476","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","blasii","blasii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","1867","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","17","","","","SE Europe; restricted to Italy by Ellerman et al. (1953:59).","","","","<i>landeri</i> species group.","38","38-00476","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0475-0476"
"13800477","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","blasii","andreinii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Senna","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00477","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0475-0477"
"13800478","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","blasii","empusa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00478","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0475-0478"
"13800479","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","blasii","meyeroehmi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Felten","1977","","[in Felten, Spitzenberger, and Storch, 1977]","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00479","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0475-0479"
"13800480","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","bocharicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kastchenko and Akimov","1917","","Annu. Mus. Zool. Acad. St. Petersb.","22","","221","","","Central Asian Horseshoe Bat","Turkmenistan, Murgab River.","Kyrgyzstan, W Tajikistan, NE Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, possibly N Pakistan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group. Included in <i>clivosus</i> by Aellen (1959), but see Hanák (1969), Felten (1977), DeBlase (1980), Gromov and Baranova (1981), Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987), and Horácek et al. (2000). Apparently does not include <i>rubiginosus</i>, which is here placed in <i>ferrumequinum</i> following Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00480","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0480"
"13800481","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","borneensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1861","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1861","","709","","","Bornean Horseshoe Bat","Malaysia, N Borneo, Sabah, Labuan Isl.","Borneo; Labuan and Banguey Isls (Malaysia); Java, Karimata Isls, and South Natuna Isls (Indonesia); Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>chaseni</i> </b> Sanborn, 1939; <b><i>importunus</i></b> Chasen, 1939; <b><i>spadix</i></b> Miller, 1901.","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group. Includes <i>chaseni</i> and <i>importunus</i>; see Hill (1983). Formerly included <i>javanicus</i>, <i>celebensis</i>, <i>madurensis</i>, and <i>parvus</i> (e.g., by Goodwin [1979] and Hill and Thonglongya [1972]) but see Hill (1983) and Kitchener et al. (1995<i>a</i>). Type material discussed by Csorba (2002). Subspecies limits are somewhat unclear, and the relationships of various forms to <i>celebensis</i> and <i>malayanus</i> remains problematic; see Csorba et al. (2003). This complex may include more than one species, see Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00481","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0481"
"13800482","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","borneensis","borneensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1861","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1861","","709","","","","Malaysia, N Borneo, Sabah, Labuan Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00482","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0481-0482"
"13800483","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","borneensis","chaseni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00483","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0481-0483"
"13800484","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","borneensis","importunus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00484","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0481-0484"
"13800485","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","borneensis","spadix","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00485","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0481-0485"
"13800486","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","canuti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1909","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1909","68","18","","","Canut's Horseshoe Bat","Indonesia, South Java, Tji-Tangoi river, Kallipoet-jang.","Java, Bali, Timor (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>conuti</i>  Schwartz, 1914; <b><i>timoriensis</i></b> Goodwin, 1979.","<i>euryotis</i> species group. Formerly included in <i>creaghi</i>; see Hill and Schlitter (1982).","38","38-00486","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0486"
"13800487","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","canuti","canuti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1909","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1909","68","18","","","","Indonesia, South Java, Tji-Tangoi river, Kallipoet-jang.","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00487","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0486-0487"
"13800488","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","canuti","timoriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1979","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00488","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0486-0488"
"13800489","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","capensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1823","","Verz. Doblet. Mus. Univ. Berlin","","","4","","","Cape Horseshoe Bat","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope.","South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique. Occurence outside South Africa is doubtful; records from Zambia and Malawi are definitely erroneous (Koopman, 1993).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>auritus</i>  Sundevall, 1860.","<i>capensis</i> species group. See Taylor (2000<i>a</i>) for distribution map.","38","38-00489","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0489"
"13800490","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","celebensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","2","83","","","Sulawesi Horseshoe Bat","Sulawesi, Macassar (= Ujung Pandang).","Java, Bali, Timor, Sulawesi, Sangihe, Kangean, and Talaud Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>javanicus</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1918.","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group. Closely related to <i>virgo</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include <i>parvus</i>; see Bergmans and van Bree (1986) and Kitchener et al. (1995<i>a</i>), but also see Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include <i>madurensis</i>; see Bergmans and van Bree (1986), but also see Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00490","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0490"
"13800491","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","celebensis","celebensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","2","83","","","","Sulawesi, Macassar (= Ujung Pandang).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00491","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0490-0491"
"13800492","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","celebensis","javanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00492","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0490-0492"
"13800493","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","clivosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1828","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Ssugeth.","","","47","","","Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat","Saudi Arabia, Red Sea Coast, Muwaylih (= Mohila), (approx. 27°49'N, 35°30'E).","Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Angola, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland, Namibia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>andersoni</i>  Thomas, 1904; <b><i>acrotis</i></b> Heuglin, 1861; <b><i>augur</i></b> K. Andersen, 1904; <b><i>brachygnathus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>keniensis</i></b> Hollister, 1916; <b><i>schwarzi</i></b> Heim de Balsac, 1934; <b><i>zuluensis</i></b> K. Andersen, 1904; <i>zambesiensis</i> K. Andersen, 1904.","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group. Does not include <i>bocharicus</i>; see Hanák (1969), DeBlase (1980), Gromov and Baranova (1981), and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987). Does not include <i>deckenii</i> or <i>silvestris</i>; see Koopman (1975), Cotterill (2002), and Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include <i>hillorum</i>, see Cotterill (2002). Also see Harrison and Bates (1991). Reviewed in part by Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-00493","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0493"
"13800494","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","clivosus","clivosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1828","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Ssugeth.","","","47","","","","Saudi Arabia, Red Sea Coast, Muwaylih (= Mohila), (approx. 27°49'N, 35°30'E).","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00494","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0493-0494"
"13800495","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","clivosus","acrotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00495","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0493-0495"
"13800496","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","clivosus","augur","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00496","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0493-0496"
"13800497","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","clivosus","brachygnathus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00497","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0493-0497"
"13800498","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","clivosus","keniensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00498","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0493-0498"
"13800499","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","clivosus","schwarzi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heim de Balsac","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00499","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0493-0499"
"13800500","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","clivosus","zuluensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00500","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0493-0500"
"13800501","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","coelophyllus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","1867","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1866","","426","","","Croslet Horseshoe Bat","Burma, Salaween (= Salween) River.","W Malaysia, Thailand, Burma, Laos.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>euryotis</i> species group. Does not include <i>shameli</i>; see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Reviewed in part by Yoshiyuki (1990).","38","38-00501","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0501"
"13800502","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","cognatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3","2","","181","","","Andaman Horseshoe Bat","India, Andaman Isls, S Andaman Isl, Port Blair.","Andaman Isls (India).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<b><i>famulus</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1918.","<i>pusillus</i> species group. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); see also Csorba (1997).","38","38-00502","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0502"
"13800503","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","cognatus","cognatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3","2","","181","","","","India, Andaman Isls, S Andaman Isl, Port Blair.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00503","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0502-0503"
"13800504","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","cognatus","famulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00504","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0502-0504"
"13800505","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","convexus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Csorba","1997","","J. Mammal.","78","","343","","","Convex Horseshoe Bat","Malaysia, Pahang State, Cameron Highlands, Tanah Rata (= Tana Rata), Gunung Jasar, 4°28'N, 101°22'E, 1,600 m.","Peninsular Malaysia, Laos.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered.","","<i>pusillus</i> species group. Reviewed by Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00505","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0505"
"13800506","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","cornutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1834","","Tijdschrift Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol.","1","","30","","","Little Japanese Horseshoe Bat","Japan.","Japan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>miyakonis</i> </b> Kuroda, 1924; <b><i>orii</i></b> Kuroda, 1924; <b><i>perditus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918; <b><i>pumilus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905.","<i>pusillus</i> species group. Does not include <i>blythi</i>; see Hill and Yoshiyuki (1980). Includes <i>pumilus</i>, <i>perditus</i>, and <i>miyakonis</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Csorba et al. (2003). May be conspecific with <i>pusillus</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Yoshiyuki (1989, 1990) and Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include <i>monoceros</i>, see Csorba et al. (2003), but also see Koopman (1994) and Csorba (1997). Reviewed by Horácek et al. (2000). Csorba et al. (2003) designated a lectotype for <i>cornutus</i>.","38","38-00506","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0506"
"13800507","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","cornutus","cornutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1834","","Tijdschrift Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol.","1","","30","","","","Japan.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00507","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0506-0507"
"13800508","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","cornutus","miyakonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00508","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0506-0508"
"13800509","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","cornutus","orii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00509","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0506-0509"
"13800510","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","cornutus","perditus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00510","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0506-0510"
"13800511","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","cornutus","pumilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00511","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0506-0511"
"13800512","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","creaghi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","244","","","Creagh's Horseshoe Bat","Malaysia, N Borneo, Sabah, Sandakan.","Borneo; Madura Isl, Kalimantan, (Indonesia); Sabah, Sarawak (Malaysia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>pilosus</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1918.","<i>euryotis</i> species group. Includes <i>pilosus</i> but not <i>canuti</i>;<i> </i>see Hill and Schlitter (1982).","38","38-00512","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0512"
"13800513","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","creaghi","creaghi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","244","","","","Malaysia, N Borneo, Sabah, Sandakan.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00513","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0512-0513"
"13800514","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","creaghi","pilosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00514","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0512-0514"
"13800515","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","darlingi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","15","","70","","","Darling's Horseshoe Bat","Zimbabwe, Mazoe.","NE South Africa, Namibia, S Angola, N and W Botswana, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Nigeria.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>barbertonensis</i>  Roberts, 1924; <b><i>damarensis</i></b> Roberts, 1946.","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group. Includes <i>barbertonensis</i>; see Hayman and Hill (1971). See Taylor (2000<i>a</i>) for distribution map.","38","38-00515","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0515"
"13800516","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","darlingi","darlingi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","15","","70","","","","Zimbabwe, Mazoe.","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00516","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0515-0516"
"13800517","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","darlingi","damarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00517","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0515-0517"
"13800518","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","deckenii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","1868","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","705","","","Decken's Horseshoe Bat","Tanzania, ""Zanzibar coast"" (mainland opposite Zanzibar).","Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zanzibar and Pemba.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group. Treated as a subspecies of <i>clivosus</i> by Hayman and Hill (1971), but see Koopman (1975), Cotterill (2002), and Csorba et al. (2003). May include <i>silvestris</i>, see Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00518","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0518"
"13800519","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","denti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","13","","386","","","Dent's Horseshoe Bat","South Africa, Northern Cape Prov., Kuruman.","Northern Cape Prov. (South Africa), Namibia, Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ghana. A Côte d’Ivoire record is incorrect (it actually represents <i>landeri</i>; J. Fahr, pers. comm.), and reports from Gambia similarly seem to represent misidentified <i>landeri</i> (Kock et al., 2002).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>knorri</i> </b> Eisentraut, 1960.","<i>capensis</i> species group. May include <i>swinnyi</i>, see discussion in Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00519","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0519"
"13800520","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","denti","denti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","13","","386","","","","South Africa, Northern Cape Prov., Kuruman.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>capensis</i> species group.","38","38-00520","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0519-0520"
"13800521","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","denti","knorri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Eisentraut","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>capensis</i> species group.","38","38-00521","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0519-0521"
"13800522","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","eloquens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","15","","74","","","Eloquent Horseshoe Bat","Uganda, Entebbe.","Uganda, S Somalia, S Sudan, NE Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, N Tanzania, Zanzibar and Pemba.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>perauritus</i> </b> De Beaux, 1922.","<i>fumigatus</i> species group. Includes <i>perauritus</i>; see Koopman (1975).","38","38-00522","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0522"
"13800523","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","eloquens","eloquens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","15","","74","","","","Uganda, Entebbe.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>fumigatus</i> species group..","38","38-00523","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0522-0523"
"13800524","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","eloquens","perauritus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","De Beaux","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>fumigatus</i> species group..","38","38-00524","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0522-0524"
"13800525","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","euryale","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blasius","1853","","Arch. Naturgesch.","19","1","49","","","Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat","Italy, Milan.","Transcaucasia to Turkey, Israel, and Jordan; S Europe from Portugal, C France to S Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, and Romania; Turkmenistan; Iran; Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia; various Mediterranean islands; perhaps Egypt.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>atlanticus</i>  K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; <i>barbarus<b> </b></i>K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; <i>cabrerae </i>K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; <i>meridionalis</i> K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; <i>nordmanni</i> Satunin, 1911; <i>toscanus</i> K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; <b><i>judaicus</i></b> K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>algirus</i> Loche, 1867.","<i>euryale</i> species group. Revised by DeBlase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), and Gaisler (2001<i>b</i>). Does not include <i>tuneti</i>; see Cockrum (1976<i>b</i>).","38","38-00525","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0525"
"13800526","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","euryale","euryale","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blasius","1853","","Arch. Naturgesch.","19","1","49","","","","Italy, Milan.","","","","<i>euryale</i> species group.","38","38-00526","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0525-0526"
"13800527","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","euryale","judaicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen and Matschie","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryale</i> species group.","38","38-00527","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0525-0527"
"13800528","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","euryotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1835","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","26","","","Broad-eared Horseshoe Bat","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina Isl.","Aru Isls, Buru, Bacan, Amboina, Seram, and Tanimbar Isls, Kai Isls, Halmahera, and Sulawesi (Indonesia); New Guinea; Bismarck Arch.; adjacent small islands.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>aruensis</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1907;<i> <b>burius</b></i> Hinton, 1925; <b><i>praestens</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905;<i> <b>tatar</b></i> Bergmans and Rozendaal, 1982;<i> <b>timidus</b></i> K. Andersen, 1905.","<i>euryotis</i> species group. Subspecies, some of which are of dubious validity, were discussed by Hill (1983); also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00528","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0528"
"13800529","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","euryotis","euryotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1835","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","26","","","","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00529","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0528-0529"
"13800530","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","euryotis","aruensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00530","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0528-0530"
"13800531","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","euryotis","burius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00531","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0528-0531"
"13800532","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","euryotis","praestens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00532","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0528-0532"
"13800533","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","euryotis","tatar","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bergmans and Rozendaal","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00533","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0528-0533"
"13800534","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","euryotis","timidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00534","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0528-0534"
"13800535","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","ferrumequinum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","174, pl. 62","","","Greater Horseshoe Bat","France.","Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia; S Europe from Portugal to Greece and north to S England, the Netherlands, S Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria; Turkey, Cyprus, Georgia, and Azerbaijan; Urkrain, Crimea, and Caucacus regions; the Mediterranean coast from Turkey to Israel and Jordan; NE Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, S Kazakhstan, Afganistan, Pakistan, N India, Nepal, Sikkim, China, Korea, and Japan; adjacent small islands. Records at some localities in northern Europe (e.g., the Netherlands) apparently reflect temporary northern range extensions (Glas and Voûte, 1992<i>a</i>).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>colchicus</i>  Satunin, 1912; <i>equinus</i> Müller, 1776; <i>germanicus</i> Koch, 1865; <i>hippocrepis</i> Schrank, 1798; <i>homodorensis </i>Daday, 1887; <i>homorodalmasiensis</i> Daday, 1885 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>insulanus</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1910;<i> italicus</i> Koch, 1865; <i>major</i> E Geoffroy, 1803 [not Kerr, 1792); <i>major</i> Kerr, 1792:99 [not Kerr, 1792:97]; <i>martinoi </i>Petrov, 1940; <i>obscurus</i> Cabrera, 1904; <i>perspicillatus</i> Blumenbach, 1779; <i>solea</i> Zimmermann, 1777 [unavailable; see Bull. Zool. Nomen. (1950)4:547]; <i>typicus</i> K. Andersen, 1905; <i>ungula</i> Boddaert, 1785; <i>unihastatus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1803; <b><i>creticum</i></b> Iliopoulou-Georgudaki and Ondrias, 1985; <b><i>irani</i></b> Cheesman, 1921; <i>rubiginosus</i> Gubareff, 1941; <b><i>korai</i></b> Kuroda, 1938; <i>pachyodontus</i> Kishida, 1931 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>quelpartis</i> Mori, 1933; <b><i>nippon</i></b> Temminck, 1835; <i>fudisanus</i> Kishida, 1940; <i>kosidianus</i> Kishida, 1940;<i> mikadoi</i> Ognev, 1927; <i>norikuranus</i> Kishida, 1940;<i> ogasimanus</i> Kishida, 1940;<i> <b>proximus</b></i> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>tragatus</i></b> Hodgson, 1835; <i>brevitarsus</i> Blyth, 1863 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>regulus</i> K. Andersen, 1905.","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group. Revised by Strelkov et al. (1978). Reviewed in part by Yoshiyuki (1989), Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Kock (1996), Bates and Harrison (1997), Sinha (1999), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000) and Gaisler (2001<i>a</i>). Subspecies limits are somewhat unclear and there may be more than one species present in this complex; see discussion in Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00535","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0535"
"13800536","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","ferrumequinum","ferrumequinum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","174, pl. 62","","","","France.","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00536","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0535-0536"
"13800537","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","ferrumequinum","creticum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Iliopoulou-Georgudaki and Ondrias","1985","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00537","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0535-0537"
"13800538","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","ferrumequinum","irani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cheesman","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00538","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0535-0538"
"13800539","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","ferrumequinum","korai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00539","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0535-0539"
"13800540","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","ferrumequinum","nippon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00540","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0535-0540"
"13800541","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","ferrumequinum","proximus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00541","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0535-0541"
"13800542","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","ferrumequinum","tragatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00542","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0535-0542"
"13800543","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","formosae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1939","","Publ. Field. Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.","24","","41","","","Formosan Woolly Horseshoe Bat","Taiwan.","Taiwan.","IUCN 2003 – not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group. Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>luctus</i>, but apparently distinct; see Yoshiyuki and Harada (1995) and Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00543","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0543"
"13800544","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","fumigatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1842","","Mus. Senckenbergianum","3","","132, 155","","","Rüppell's Horseshoe Bat","Ethiopia, Shoa.","Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Dem. Rep. Congo, Nigeria, Niger, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, Togo, Benin, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Angola, Namibia, South Africa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>antinorii</i>  Dobson, 1885; <i>macrocephalus</i> Heuglin, 1877; <b><i>abae</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1917; <b><i>aethiops</i></b> Peters, 1869; <b><i>diversus</i></b> Sanborn, 1939; <b><i>exsul</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <i>acrotis</i> G. M. Allen, 1914 [not Heuglin, 1861]; <b><i>foxi</i></b> Thomas, 1913.","<i>fumigatus</i> species group. Does not include <i>eloquens</i> or <i>perauritus</i>, but does include <i>aethiops</i>; see Koopman (1975). Subspecies boundaries are not well delimited. See Taylor (2000<i>a</i>) for distribution map.","38","38-00544","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0544"
"13800545","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","fumigatus","fumigatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1842","","Mus. Senckenbergianum","3","","132, 155","","","","Ethiopia, Shoa.","","","","<i>fumigatus</i> species group.","38","38-00545","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0544-0545"
"13800546","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","fumigatus","abae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>fumigatus</i> species group.","38","38-00546","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0544-0546"
"13800547","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","fumigatus","aethiops","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1869","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>fumigatus</i> species group.","38","38-00547","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0544-0547"
"13800548","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","fumigatus","diversus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>fumigatus</i> species group.","38","38-00548","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0544-0548"
"13800549","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","fumigatus","exsul","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>fumigatus</i> species group.","38","38-00549","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0544-0549"
"13800550","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","fumigatus","foxi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>fumigatus</i> species group.","38","38-00550","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0544-0550"
"13800551","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","guineensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eisentraut","1960","","Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk.","39","","1","","","Guinean Horseshoe Bat","Guinea, Tahiré (foot of Kelesi Plateau).","Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>landeri</i> species group. Originally described as a subspecies of <i>landeri</i>, but see Böhme and Hutterer (1979), who demonstrated that it is a separate species.","38","38-00551","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0551"
"13800552","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","hildebrandtii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1878","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1878","","195","","","Hildebrandt's Horseshoe Bat","Kenya, Taita, Ndi.","NE South Africa and Mozambique to Ethiopia, S Sudan, and NE Dem. Rep. Congo; Nigeria.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>fumigatus</i> species group. See Taylor (2000<i>a</i>) for distribution map. See Fahr et al. (2002) for information on Nigerian record. Sometimes spelled ""<i>hildebranti</i>,"" but the original spelling is ""<i>hildebrantii</i>.""","38","38-00552","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0552"
"13800553","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","hilli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Aellen","1973","","Period. Biol. Zagreb","75","","101","","","Hill's Horseshoe Bat","Rwanda, Cyangugu, Uwinka, 2,512 m.","Rwanda.","IUCN 2003 – not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001). Fahr et al. (2002) suggested that this species be listed as Data Deficient.","","<i>maclaudi</i> species group. Previously included in <i>maclaudi</i> (e.g., Smith and Hood, 1980) or <i>ruwenzorii</i> (e.g., Csorba et al., 2003), but distinct from both of these species (Fahr et al., 2002).","38","38-00553","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0553"
"13800554","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","hillorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Koopman","1989","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","2946","","4","","","Upland Horseshoe Bat","Liberia, Lofa County, ca. 2 mi. (3 km) SW Voinjama, near Zozoma, John Hegbe Farm, 8°25'N, 9°35'W, ca. 500 m.","Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Cameroon.","IUCN 2003 – not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group. Originally named as a subspecies of <i>clivosus</i>, but apparently distinct; see Cotterill (2002).","38","38-00554","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0554"
"13800555","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","hipposideros","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bechstein","1800","","<i>In</i>Pennant, Allgemeine Ueber. Vierfüss. Thiere","2","","629","","","Lesser Horseshoe Bat","France.","Ireland, N Europe to Iberia and Morocco, through S Europe and N Africa to Kyrgystan and Kashmir; Bulgaria; Israel and Jordan; Arabia; Sudan; Ethiopia; Djibouti. Records at some localities in N Europe (e.g., the Netherlands) apparently reflect temporary northern range extensions (Glas and Voûte, 1992<i>b</i>).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>alpinus</i>  Koch, 1865; <i>anomalus</i> Soderland, 1920; <i>bifer</i> Kaup, 1829 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>bifer</i> Blainville, 1840 [replacement for <i>bifer</i> Kaup, 1829]; <i>bihastatus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1813; <i>eggenhoeffner</i> Fitzinger, 1870; <i>helvetica</i> Bretschner, 1904; <i>intermedius</i> Soderland, 1920; <i>kisnyiresiensis</i> Daday, 1885; <i>minor</i> Kerr 1792:99 [not Kerr 1792:97]; <i>minuta</i> Leach, 1816 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>moravicus</i> Kostron, 1943; <i>trogophilus</i> Daday, 1887; <i>typicus</i> K. Andersen, 1905; <i>typus</i> Koch, 1865; <b><i>escalerae</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918; <i>vespa</i> Laurent, 1937; <b><i>majori</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918; <i>billanyani</i> DeBlase, 1972; <b><i>midas</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905;<i> <b>minimus</b></i> Heuglin, 1861; <i>pallidus</i> Koch, 1865; <i>phasma</i> Cabrera, 1904; <b><i>minutus</i></b> Montagu, 1808.","<i>hipposideros</i> species group. Revised by Felten et al. (1977). Reviewed by Paz (1995) and Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Harrison and Bates (1991) and Horácek et al. (2000). It is possible that <i>minimus</i> represents a distinct species; see Zagorodnyuk (1999).","38","38-00555","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0555"
"13800556","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","hipposideros","hipposideros","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bechstein","1800","","<i>In</i>Pennant, Allgemeine Ueber. Vierfüss. Thiere","2","","629","","","","France.","","","","<i>hipposideros</i> species group.","38","38-00556","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0555-0556"
"13800557","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","hipposideros","escalerae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>hipposideros</i> species group.","38","38-00557","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0555-0557"
"13800558","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","hipposideros","majori","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>hipposideros</i> species group.","38","38-00558","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0555-0558"
"13800559","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","hipposideros","midas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>hipposideros</i> species group.","38","38-00559","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0555-0559"
"13800560","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","hipposideros","minimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>hipposideros</i> species group.","38","38-00560","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0555-0560"
"13800561","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","hipposideros","minutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Montagu","1808","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>hipposideros</i> species group.","38","38-00561","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0555-0561"
"13800562","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","imaizumii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill and Yoshiyuki","1980","","Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, ser. A (Zool.)","6","","180","","","Imaizumi's Horseshoe Bat","Japan, Ryukyu Isls, Yayeyama Isls, Iriomote Isl, Otomi-do cave.","Iriomote Isl and Yaeyama Isl (Japan: Ryukyu Isls).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","<i>pusillus</i> species group. Reviewed by Yoshiyuki (1989).","38","38-00562","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0562"
"13800563","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","inops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","16","","284, 651","","","Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bat","Philippines, Mindanao, Davao, Mt. Apo, Todaya (= Jodaya), 1,325 m.","Philippines except Palawan region.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","<i>euryotis</i> species group. This taxon may include more than one species; see Ingle and Heaney (1992) and Heaney et al. (1998).","38","38-00563","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0563"
"13800564","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","keyensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1871","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1871","","307","","","Kai Horseshoe Bat","Key-Inseln (= Kai Isls).","Many islands in Indonesia; see Kitchener et al. (1995<i>a</i>).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","<i>nanus</i>  K. Andersen, 1905; <i>truncatus</i> Peters, 1871; <b><i>amiri</i></b> Kitchener, 1995 [in Kitchener et al., 1995<i>a</i>]; <b><i>parvus</i></b> Goodwin, 1979; <i>annectens</i> Sanborn, 1939; <b><i>simplex</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905.","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group. Revised by Kitchener (1995<i>a</i>), who apparently overlooked the fact that <i>keyensis</i> is the oldest name for this complex (not <i>simplex</i>). Not included in <i>megaphyllus</i>, although see Corbet and Hill (1992). Includes <i>parvus</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1995<i>a</i>), but see also Bergmans and van Bree (1986). The holotype of <i>annectans</i> is a damaged skull that is difficult to assign with any certainty, but may represent <i>parvus</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1995<i>a</i>).","38","38-00564","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0564"
"13800565","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","keyensis","keyensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1871","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1871","","307","","","","Key-Inseln (= Kai Isls).","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00565","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0564-0565"
"13800566","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","keyensis","amiri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1995","","[in Kitchener et al., 1995<i>a</i>]","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00566","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0564-0566"
"13800567","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","keyensis","parvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1979","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00567","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0564-0567"
"13800568","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","keyensis","simplex","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00568","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0564-0568"
"13800569","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","landeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Martin","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","101","","","Lander's Horseshoe Bat","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","Senegal and Gambia to Ethiopia and Somalia, south to South Africa and Namibia; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea); Zanzibar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>angolensis</i> </b> Seabra, 1898; <b><i>lobatus</i></b> Peters, 1852; <i>axillaris</i> Allen, Lang, and Chapin, 1917; <i>dobsoni</i> Thomas, 1904.","<i>landeri</i> species group. According to Hayman and Hill (1971) and Koopman (1975), this species includes <i>angolensis</i>, <i>dobsoni</i>, and <i>guineensis</i>, but not <i>brockmani</i>; but see Böhme and Hutterer (1979) who correctly treated <i>guineensis</i> as a separate species. See Brown and Dunlop (1997); also see Kock et al. (2002), who discussed differences between <i>landeri</i> and <i>denti</i>.","38","38-00569","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0569"
"13800570","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","landeri","landeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Martin","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","101","","","","Equatorial Guinea, Bioko.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>landeri</i> species group.","38","38-00570","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0569-0570"
"13800571","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","landeri","angolensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Seabra","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>landeri</i> species group.","38","38-00571","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0569-0571"
"13800572","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","landeri","lobatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>landeri</i> species group.","38","38-00572","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0569-0572"
"13800573","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","lepidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1844","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","13","","486","","","Blyth's Horseshoe Bat","India, Bengal, Calcutta (uncertain); see Das (1986).","Afghanistan, Pakistan, N India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Szechwan and Yunnan (China), Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>cuneatus</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1918; <b><i>feae</i></b> K. Andersen, 1907; <b><i>monticola</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>refulgens</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905.","<i>pusillus</i> species group. Includes <i>feae</i>, <i>monticola</i>, and <i>refulgens</i>; see Hill and Yoshiyuki (1980) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include <i>osgoodi</i> or <i>shortridgei</i>; see Csorba et al. (2003), although also see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00573","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0573"
"13800574","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","lepidus","lepidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1844","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","13","","486","","","","India, Bengal, Calcutta (uncertain); see Das (1986).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00574","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0573-0574"
"13800575","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","lepidus","cuneatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00575","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0573-0575"
"13800576","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","lepidus","feae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00576","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0573-0576"
"13800577","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","lepidus","monticola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00577","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0573-0577"
"13800578","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","lepidus","refulgens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00578","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0573-0578"
"13800579","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","luctus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1834","","Tijdschrift Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol.","1","","23","","","Woolly Horseshoe Bat","Indonesia, Java, Tapos.","India, Nepal, Burma, Sri Lanka, S China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia; Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Bali (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>geminus</i>  K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>foetidus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918; <b><i>lanosus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>morio</i></b> Gray, 1842; <b><i>perniger</i></b> Hodgson, 1843; <b><i>spurcus</i></b> Allen, 1928.","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group. Includes <i>lanosus</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951). Does not include <i>beddomei</i>; see Topál and Csorba (1992) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Does not include <i>formosae</i>; see Yoshiyuki and Harada (1995) and Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00579","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0579"
"13800580","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","luctus","luctus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1834","","Tijdschrift Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol.","1","","23","","","","Indonesia, Java, Tapos.","","","","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group.","38","38-00580","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0579-0580"
"13800581","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","luctus","foetidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group.","38","38-00581","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0579-0581"
"13800582","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","luctus","lanosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group.","38","38-00582","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0579-0582"
"13800583","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","luctus","morio","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group.","38","38-00583","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0579-0583"
"13800584","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","luctus","perniger","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group.","38","38-00584","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0579-0584"
"13800585","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","luctus","spurcus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group.","38","38-00585","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0579-0585"
"13800586","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","maclaudi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pousargues","1897","","Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","3","","358","","","Maclaud's Horseshoe Bat","Guinea, Conakry.","Guinea. A record from Nigeria was based on misidentified specimens (Fahr et al., 2002).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt). Fahr et al. (2002) proposed that this be changed to Endangered.","","<i>maclaudi</i> species group. Smith and Hood (1980) included <i>ruwenzorii</i> in this taxon, but morphological differences and a major range disjunction indicate that <i>maclaudi</i> and <i>ruwenzorii</i> are distinct species; see Csorba et al. (2003) and Fahr et al. (2002). Revised by Fahr et al. (2002), who provided a key to species in the <i>maclaudi</i> species group.","38","38-00586","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0586"
"13800587","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","macrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1844","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","13","","485","","","Big-eared Horseshoe Bat","Nepal.","Pakistan, N India, Nepal to S China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Peninsualr Malaysia; Sumatra (Indonesia); Philippines.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>caldwelli</i> </b> Allen, 1923; <b><i>dohrni</i></b> K. Andersen, 1907; <b><i>episcopus</i></b> Allen, 1923; <b><i>hirsutus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>topali</i></b> Csorba and Bates, 1995.","<i>philippinensis</i> species group. Includes <i>episcopus</i> and <i>hirsutus</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Tate (1943), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Bates and Harrison (1997), but also see Ingle and Heaney (1992), who suggested that <i>hirsutus</i> may deserve recognition as a distinct species. Does not include <i>siamensis</i>, see Francis et al. (1999<i>b</i>) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-00587","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0587"
"13800588","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","macrotis","macrotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1844","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","13","","485","","","","Nepal.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>philippinensis</i> species group.","38","38-00588","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0587-0588"
"13800589","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","macrotis","caldwelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>philippinensis</i> species group.","38","38-00589","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0587-0589"
"13800590","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","macrotis","dohrni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>philippinensis</i> species group.","38","38-00590","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0587-0590"
"13800591","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","macrotis","episcopus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>philippinensis</i> species group.","38","38-00591","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0587-0591"
"13800592","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","macrotis","hirsutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>philippinensis</i> species group.","38","38-00592","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0587-0592"
"13800593","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","macrotis","topali","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Csorba and Bates","1995","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>philippinensis</i> species group.","38","38-00593","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0587-0593"
"13800594","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","madurensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","2","","375","","","Madura Horseshoe Bat","Indonesia, off NE Java, Madura Isl, E. Madura, Soemenep.","Madura and Kangean Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 – not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group. Previously included in <i>celebensis</i>, but see Bergmans and van Bree (1986). Does not include <i>parvus</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1995<i>a</i>), but also see Bergmans and van Bree (1986). Csorba et al. (2003) retained both <i>madurensis</i> and <i>parvus</i> in <i>celebensis</i>.","38","38-00594","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0594"
"13800595","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","maendeleo","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kock, Csorba, and Howell","2000","","Senkenbergiana Biol.","80","","234","","","Maendeleo Horseshoe Bat","Tanzania, Tanga Dist., 2.5 km W of Tanga, Mkulumuzi River Gorge, Amboni Cave Forest, 05°05'S, 39°02'E, 0-80 m.","NE Tanzania.","IUCN 2003 – not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>adami</i> species group. Known from only two specimens.","38","38-00595","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0595"
"13800596","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","malayanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1903","","<i>In</i> N. Annandale, Fasciculi Malayenses, Zool.","1","","15","","","Malayan Horseshoe Bat","Thailand, Jalor, Biserat.","Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group. McFarlane and Blood (1986) suggested that characters used by Lekagul and McNeeky (1977) to separate <i>stheno</i> and <i>malayanus</i> may not be reliable, but see Corbet and Hill (1992), Csorba and Jenkins (1998), and Hendrichsen (2001<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>).","38","38-00596","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0596"
"13800597","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","marshalli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thonglongya","1973","","Mammalia","37","","590","","","Marshall's Horseshoe Bat","Thailand, Chantaburi, Amphoe Pong Nam Ron, foothills of Khao Soi Dao Thai.","Thailand, Burma, Vietnam, Laos, Peninsular Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 – and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>philippinensis</i> species group. Reviewed by Yoshiyuki (1990) and Hill and Topál (1990); also see Bates et al. (2001) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-00597","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0597"
"13800598","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","megaphyllus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1834","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1834","","52","","","Smaller Horseshoe Bat","Australia, New South Wales, Murrumbidgee River.","E New Guinea; Misima Isl (Louisiade Arch.), Goodenough Isl (D'Entrecasteaux Isls), and Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea); Moluccas, Lesser Sundas; E Queensland, E New South Wales, and E Victoria (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>fallax</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1906; <b><i>ignifer</i></b> Allen, 1933; <b><i>monachus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>vandeuseni</i></b> Koopman, 1982.","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group. Does not include <i>keyensis</i> and <i>amiri</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1995<i>a</i>), although also see discussion in Csorba et al. (2003). May be closely related to <i>philippinensis</i>, and both taxa as presently recognized may be polyphyletic; see Cooper et al. (1998). Does not include <i>robinsoni</i> and <i>simplex</i>, although see discussion in Corbet and Hill (1992) and Csorba et al. (2003). Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00598","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0598"
"13800599","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","megaphyllus","megaphyllus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1834","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1834","","52","","","","Australia, New South Wales, Murrumbidgee River.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00599","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0598-0599"
"13800600","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","megaphyllus","fallax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00600","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0598-0600"
"13800601","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","megaphyllus","ignifer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00601","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0598-0601"
"13800602","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","megaphyllus","monachus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00602","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0598-0602"
"13800603","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","megaphyllus","vandeuseni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Koopman","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00603","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0598-0603"
"13800604","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","mehelyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1901","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","225","","","Mehely's Horseshoe Bat","Romania, Bucharest.","Portugal, Spain, France, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro, Transcaucasia; Morocco, Tunisa, Egypt, Algeria, and Libya; Mediterranean islands, Turkey, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, and Jordan; Afghanistan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>carpetanus</i>  Cabrera, 1904; <b><i>tuneti </i></b>Deleuil and Labbe, 1955.","<i>euryale</i> species group. Revised by DeBlase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), and Gaisler (2001<i>c</i>). Includes <i>tuneti</i>; see Cockrum (1976<i>b</i>).","38","38-00604","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0604"
"13800605","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","mehelyi","mehelyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1901","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","","","225","","","","Romania, Bucharest.","","","","<i>euryale</i> species group.","38","38-00605","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0604-0605"
"13800606","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","mehelyi","tuneti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Deleuil and Labbe","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryale</i> species group.","38","38-00606","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0604-0606"
"13800607","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","mitratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1844","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","13","","483","","","Mitred Horseshoe Bat","India, Orissa, Chaibassa.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group. Known only from the holotype; see Sinha (1973), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Bates and Harrison (1997) for discussion of morphology and possible affinities.","38","38-00607","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0607"
"13800608","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","monoceros","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","2","131","","","Formosan Lesser Horseshoe Bat","Taiwan, Baksa.","Taiwan, possibly S China.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Microchiropteran Bats Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>pusillus</i> species group. May be conspecific with <i>cornutus</i> and/or <i>pusillus</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992), Koopman (1994), and Csorba (1997). Reviewed by Yoshiyuki (1989).","38","38-00608","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0608"
"13800609","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","montanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1979","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","163","","112","","","Timorese Horseshoe Bat","Timor, 5 mi. (8 km) S of Ermera, near Village of Lequi Mia, Quoto Lou Caves.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 – not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>philippinensis</i> species group. Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>philippinensis</i>, but apparently distinct; see Csorba (2002) and Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00609","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0609"
"13800610","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","nereis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","","90","","","Anamban Horseshoe Bat","Indonesia, Anamba Isls, Siantan Isl.","Anamba and North Natuna Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00610","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0610"
"13800611","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","osgoodi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1939","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","24","","40","","","Osgood's Horseshoe Bat","China, Yunnan, N of Likiang, Nguluko, (27°05'N, 100°15'E).","Yunnan (China).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","<i>pusillus</i> species group. Possibly conspecific with <i>lepidus</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992), but treated as distinct following Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00611","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0611"
"13800612","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","paradoxolophus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bourret","1951","","Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2","33","","607","","","Bourret's Horseshoe Bat","Vietnam, Tonkin, Lao Key Prov., near Chapa, Rochepercée cave, 1,700 m.","Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, and China.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>philippinensis</i> species group. Redescribed by Hill (1972<i>b</i>); also see Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>). Corbet and Hill (1992) suggested that paradoxolophus may be conspecific with <i>rex</i>, but see Eger and Fenton (2003).","38","38-00612","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0612"
"13800613","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","pearsonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1851","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. India Co.","","","33","","","Pearson's Horseshoe Bat","India, W Bengal, Darjeeling.","N India; Nepal; Bhutan; Burma; Tibet, Szechwan, Anhwei, and Fukien (China) to Vietnam; Laos; Thailand; Peninsular Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>larvatus</i>  Milne-Edwards, 1872 [not Horsfield, 1823]; <b><i>chinensis</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905.","<i>pearsonii</i> species group. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). Subspecies are of questionable validity (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Sometimes spelled <i>pearsoni</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1993).","38","38-00613","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0613"
"13800614","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","pearsonii","pearsonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1851","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. India Co.","","","33","","","","India, W Bengal, Darjeeling.","","","","<i>pearsonii</i> species group.","38","38-00614","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0613-0614"
"13800615","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","pearsonii","chinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pearsonii</i> species group.","38","38-00615","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0613-0615"
"13800616","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","philippinensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1843","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1843","","68","","","Large-eared Horseshoe Bat","Philippines, Luzon.","Phillipines; Kai Isls, Sabah, Sarawak, and Sulawesi (Indonesia); Borneo; New Guinea; NE Queensland (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>achilles</i> </b> Thomas, 1900; <b><i>alleni</i></b> Lawrence, 1939; <b><i>maros</i></b> Tate and Archbold, 1939; <b><i>robertsi</i></b> Tate, 1952; <b><i>sanborni</i></b> Chasen, 1940.","<i>philippinensis</i> species group. Variation discussed by Goodwin (1979). May be closely related to <i>megaphyllus</i>, and both taxa as presently recognized may be polyphyletic; see Cooper et al. (1998). Does not include <i>montanus</i>, see Csorba et al. (2003). Two morphologically distinct populations occur on the Cape York peninisula of Australia; see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), Churchill (1998), and Csorba et al. (2003). Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) referred the smaller of these forms to the subspecies <i>maros</i> (which he considered to be a senior synonym of <i>alleni</i> and <i>sanborni</i>) and the larger-bodied form to <i>achilles</i>. The only name based on an Australian holotype, <i>robertsi</i>, was treated as a junior synonym of <i>achilles</i> by Flannery (1995<i>b</i>). Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) referred all New Guinea populations to <i>maros</i>, but Bonaccorso (1998) referred the New Guinea and Cape York populations to <i>robertsi</i> while reco... [truncated]","38","38-00616","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0616"
"13800617","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","philippinensis","philippinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1843","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1843","","68","","","","Philippines, Luzon.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>philippinensis</i> species group. See comments under species account.","38","38-00617","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0616-0617"
"13800618","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","philippinensis","achilles","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>philippinensis</i> species group. See comments under species account.","38","38-00618","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0616-0618"
"13800619","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","philippinensis","alleni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lawrence","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>philippinensis</i> species group. See comments under species account.","38","38-00619","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0616-0619"
"13800620","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","philippinensis","maros","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>philippinensis</i> species group. See comments under species account.","38","38-00620","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0616-0620"
"13800621","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","philippinensis","robertsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>philippinensis</i> species group. See comments under species account.","38","38-00621","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0616-0621"
"13800622","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","philippinensis","sanborni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>philippinensis</i> species group. See comments under species account.","38","38-00622","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0616-0622"
"13800623","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","pusillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1834","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","1","","29","","","Least Horseshoe Bat","Indonesia, Java.","India; Nepal; Thailand; Burma; Laos; S China; Peninsular Malaysia; Mentawai Isls, Javaand Lesser Sunda Isls (Indonesia), small adjacent islands. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be confirmed (Kock, 2000<i>a</i>).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>minor</i>  Horsfeld, 1823 [not Kerr, 1792]; <b><i>blythi</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918; <b><i>calidus</i></b> G. M. Allen, 1923; <b><i>gracilis</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>lakkhanae</i></b> Yoshiyuki, 1990; <b><i>minutillus</i></b> Miller, 1906; <i>minutus</i> Miller, 1900 [not Montague, 1808]; <b><i>pagi</i></b> Tate and Archbold, 1939; <b><i>parcus</i></b> Allen, 1928; <b><i>szechwanus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918.","<i>pusillus</i> species group. Includes <i>blythi</i>, <i>minutillus</i>, and <i>pagi</i>; see Hill and Yoshiyuki (1980) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Contains <i>gracilis</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Sinha (1973). May include <i>cornutus</i>, <i>pumilus</i>, and <i>perditus</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Yoshiyuki (1990), Kock (1996), and Bates and Harrison (1997). Lectotype designated by Csorba (2002). See Corbet and Hill (1992) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>) for a discussion of usage of the name <i>minor</i>, which was preoccupied by <i>minor</i> Kerr, 1792.","38","38-00623","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0623"
"13800624","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","pusillus","pusillus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1834","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","1","","29","","","","Indonesia, Java.","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00624","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0623-0624"
"13800625","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","pusillus","blythi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00625","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0623-0625"
"13800626","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","pusillus","calidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00626","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0623-0626"
"13800627","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","pusillus","gracilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00627","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0623-0627"
"13800628","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","pusillus","lakkhanae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Yoshiyuki","1990","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00628","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0623-0628"
"13800629","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","pusillus","minutillus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00629","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0623-0629"
"13800630","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","pusillus","pagi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Archbold","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00630","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0623-0630"
"13800631","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","pusillus","parcus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00631","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0623-0631"
"13800632","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","pusillus","szechwanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>pusillus</i> species group.","38","38-00632","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0623-0632"
"13800633","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","rex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1923","","Am. Mus. Novit.","85","","3","","","King Horseshoe Bat","China, Szechwan, Wanhsien.","SW China.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>philippinensis</i> species group. Redescribed by Hill (1972<i>b</i>). May be conspecific with <i>paradoxolophus</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-00633","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0633"
"13800634","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","robinsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","2","","375","","","Peninsular Horseshoe Bat","Thailand, Surat Thani, Bandon, Kaho Nawng.","W Malaysia, Thailand, adjacent small islands.","IUCN 2003 – not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<b><i>klossi</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1918; <b><i>thaianus</i></b> Hill, 1992 [in Corbet and Hill (1992), replacement name for <i>siamensis</i> McFarlane and Blood, 1986]; <i>siamensis</i> McFarlane and Blood, 1986 [not <i>siamensis</i> Gyldenstolpe, 1917].","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group. Includes <i>klossi</i>; see Medway (1969). Not included in <i>megaphyllus</i>, although see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00634","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0634"
"13800635","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","robinsoni","robinsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","2","","375","","","","Thailand, Surat Thani, Bandon, Kaho Nawng.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00635","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0634-0635"
"13800636","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","robinsoni","klossi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00636","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0634-0636"
"13800637","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","robinsoni","thaianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1992","","[in Corbet and Hill (1992)]","","","","","","","","","","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group. Replacement name for siamensis McFarlane and Blood, 1986.","38","38-00637","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0634-0637"
"13800638","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","rouxii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1835","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","306","","","Rufous Horseshoe Bat","India, Pondicherry and Calcutta.","Sri Lanka, peninsular India to S Burma and Vietnam. Reports of this species from Cambodia are likely erroneous; see Kock (2000<i>a</i>).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cinerascens</i>  Kelaart, 1852; <i>fulvidus</i> Blyth, 1851; <i>petersii</i> Dobson, 1872; <i>rammanika</i> Kelaart, 1852; <b><i>rubidus</i></b> Kelaart, 1850.","<i>rouxii</i> species group. Includes <i>petersii</i>; see Sinha (1973). Does not include <i>sinicus</i>; see Thomas (2000). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000); revised by Thomas (2000). Sometimes spelled <i>rouxi</i> (e.g., Horácek et al., 2000; Koopman, 1993).","38","38-00638","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0638"
"13800639","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","rouxii","rouxii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1835","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","306","","","","India, Pondicherry and Calcutta.","","","","<i>rouxii</i> species group.","38","38-00639","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0638-0639"
"13800640","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","rouxii","rubidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kelaart","1850","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>rouxii</i> species group.","38","38-00640","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0638-0640"
"13800641","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","rufus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eydoux and Gervais","1836","","<i>In</i> Laplace, Voy. autour du monde par les mers de l'Inde...la Favorite","5(Zoologie)","pt. 2","9","","","Large Rufous Horseshoe Bat","Philippines, Luzon, Manila.","Philippines.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>eudoxii</i>  Fitzinger, 1870.","<i>euryotis</i> species group. Name revived by Lawrence (1939); also see Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-00641","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0641"
"13800642","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","ruwenzorii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. Eric Hill","1942","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","1180","","1-2","","","Ruwenzori Horseshoe Bat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Kivu, W slope of Mount Ruwenzori, Buhatu Valley, 7,500 ft. (2,500 m).","E Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, W Uganda.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001). Fahr et al. (2002) suggested that this species be listed as Vulnerable.","","<i>maclaudi</i> species group. Smith and Hood (1980) considered this taxon to be a junior synonym of <i>maclaudi</i>, but morphological differences and a major range disjunction indicate that <i>maclaudi</i> and <i>ruwenzorii</i> are distinct species; see Csorba et al. (2003) and Fahr et al. (2002). Does not include <i>hilli</i>, a taxon sometimes considered a junior synonym of <i>ruwenzorii</i> (Fahr et al., 2002).","38","38-00642","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0642"
"13800643","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","sakejiensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cotterill","2002","","J. Zool.","256","","166","","","Sakeji Horseshoe Bat","Zambia, Mwinilunga District, Ikelenge Pedicle between the Sakeji and Zambezi Rivers, approx. 11 km NNE of source of Zambezi River, Kavunda, 11°17'S, 24°21'E, 1,388 m.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated (new species).","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group.","38","38-00643","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0643"
"13800644","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","sedulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","16","","244, 247","","","Lesser Wooly Horseshoe Bat","Malaysia, Sarawak.","Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah (Malaysia), Borneo (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group. Does not include <i>edax</i>; see Tate (1943) and Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Chasen (1940).","38","38-00644","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0644"
"13800645","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","shameli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1943","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1219","","3","","","Shamel's Horseshoe Bat","Thailand, off SE Thailand, Koh Chang Isl.","Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>euryotis</i> species group. Described as a subspecies of <i>coelophyllus</i>, but see Hill and Thonglongya (1972).","38","38-00645","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0645"
"13800646","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","shortridgei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","2","","376","","","Shortridge's Horseshoe Bat","Burma, Irrawaddy River, Pagan (= Bagan).","N India, Burma","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>pusillus</i> species group. Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>lepidus</i>, but recently captured in sympatry with that species and thus clearly distinct; see Csorba (2002) and Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00646","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0646"
"13800647","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","siamensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gyldenstolpe","1917","","Kungliga Svenska VetenskAkad. Handl.","57","","12","","","Thai Horseshoe Bat","Thailand, NW Thailand, Doi Par Sakang.","Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly included in <i>macrotis</i> but apparently distinct, see Francis et al. (1999<i>b</i>) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-00647","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0647"
"13800648","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","silvestris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Aellen","1959","","Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. Geneve","12","","228","","","Forest Horseshoe Bat","Gabon, Latoursville, N'Dumbu Cave.","Gabon, Republic of Congo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>ferrumequinum</i> species group. Considered a subspecies of <i>clivosus</i> by Hayman and Hill (1971), but see Koopman (1975), Cotterill (2002), and Csorba et al. (2003). The relationships of <i>silvestris</i> and <i>deckeni</i> are unclear, these forms may be conspecific; see Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00648","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0648"
"13800649","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","simulator","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","384","","","Bushveld Horseshoe Bat","Zimbabwe, Mazoe.","South Africa to S Sudan and Ethiopia; Cameroon; Liberia; Nigeria; Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bembanicus</i>  Senna, 1914; <b><i>alticolus</i></b> Sanborn, 1936.","<i>capensis</i> species group. Includes <i>alticolus</i> and <i>bembanicus</i>; see Koopman (1975) and Hayman and Hill (1971).","38","38-00649","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0649"
"13800650","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","simulator","simulator","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","384","","","","Zimbabwe, Mazoe.","","","","<i>capensis</i> species group.","38","38-00650","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0649-0650"
"13800651","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","simulator","alticolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>capensis</i> species group.","38","38-00651","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0649-0651"
"13800652","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","sinicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. B.","2","","98","","","Chinese Rufous Horseshoe Bat","China, Anhwei (= Anhui), Chinteh.","S China, Nepal, N India, Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>septentrionalis</i> </b> Sanborn, 1939.","<i>rouxii</i> species group. Previously included in <i>rouxii</i>, but see Thomas (2000). Includes <i>septentrionalis</i>, see Csorba (2002) and Csorba et al. (2003).","38","38-00652","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0652"
"13800653","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","sinicus","sinicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. B.","2","","98","","","","China, Anhwei (= Anhui), Chinteh.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>rouxii</i> species group.","38","38-00653","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0652-0653"
"13800654","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","sinicus","septentrionalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>rouxii</i> species group.","38","38-00654","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0652-0654"
"13800655","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","stheno","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","","91","","","Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bat","Malaysia, Selangor.","Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Java (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>microglobosus</i> </b> Csorba and Jenkins, 1998.","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group. McFarlane and Blood (1986) suggested that characters used by Lekagul and McNeeky (1977) to separate <i>stheno</i> and <i>malayanus</i> may not be reliable, but see Corbet and Hill (1992), Csorba and Jenkins (1998), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-00655","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0655"
"13800656","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","stheno","stheno","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","","91","","","","Malaysia, Selangor.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group.","38","38-00656","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0655-0656"
"13800657","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","stheno","microglobosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Csorba and Jenkins","1998","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00657","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0655-0657"
"13800658","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","subbadius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1844","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","13","","486","","","Little Nepalese Horseshoe Bat","Nepal.","NE India, Nepal, Vietnam, Burma.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","<i>garoensis</i>  Dobson, 1872; <i>subbadius</i> Hodgson, 1841 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","<i>pusillus</i> species group. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Csorba (1997).","38","38-00658","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0658"
"13800659","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","subrufus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","16","","283","","","Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat","Philippines, Luzon, Manila.","Philippines except Palawan region.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>rufus</i>  Peters, 1861 [not Eydoux and Gervais, 1836]; <b><i>bunkeri</i></b> Taylor, 1934.","<i>euryotis</i> species group.<i> </i>Includes<i> bunkeri</i>; see Lawrence (1939) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Also see Ingle and Heaney (1992).","38","38-00659","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0659"
"13800660","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","subrufus","subrufus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","16","","283","","","","Philippines, Luzon, Manila.","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00660","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0659-0660"
"13800661","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","subrufus","bunkeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>euryotis</i> species group.","38","38-00661","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0659-0661"
"13800662","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","swinnyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gough","1908","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","1","","72","","","Swinny's Horseshoe Bat","South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Pondoland, Ngqeleni Dist.","South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, S Dem. Rep. Congo, Tanzania, Zanzibar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>piriensis</i>  Hewitt, 1913; <i>rhodesiae</i> Roberts, 1946.","<i>capensis</i> species group. Possibly a subspecies of <i>denti</i> (Koopman, 1993). See Taylor (2000<i>a</i>) for distribution map.","38","38-00662","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0662"
"13800663","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","","100","","","Thomas's Horseshoe Bat","Burma, Karin Hills.","Burma, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>latifolius</i> </b> Sanborn, 1939.","<i>rouxii</i> species group. Does not include <i>septentrionalis</i>, see Csorba et al. (2003). Also see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-00663","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0663"
"13800664","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","thomasi","thomasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","","100","","","","Burma, Karin Hills.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>rouxii</i> species group.","38","38-00664","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0663-0664"
"13800665","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","thomasi","latifolius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>rouxii</i> species group.","38","38-00665","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0663-0665"
"13800666","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","trifoliatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1834","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","1","","24","","","Trefoil Horseshoe Bat","Indonesia, W Java, Bantam.","NE India, SW Thailand, and Burma; Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, and Sabah (Malaysia); Singapore; Borneo, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Banguey Isl, Java, Banka Isl and Nias Isl (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>edax</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1918; <b><i>niasensis</i></b> K. Andersen, 1906;<i> <b>solitarius</b></i> K. Andersen, 1905.","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group. Includes <i>edax</i>; see Tate (1943) and Corbet and Hill (1992); but also see Chasen (1940). Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00666","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0666"
"13800667","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","trifoliatus","trifoliatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1834","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","1","","24","","","","Indonesia, W Java, Bantam.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group.","38","38-00667","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0666-0667"
"13800668","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","trifoliatus","edax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group.","38","38-00668","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0666-0668"
"13800669","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","trifoliatus","niasensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group.","38","38-00669","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0666-0669"
"13800670","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","trifoliatus","solitarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>trifoliatus</i> species group.","38","38-00670","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0666-0670"
"13800671","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","virgo","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","","88","","","Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat","Philippines, Luzon, Camarines Sur, Pasacao.","Philippines.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>megaphyllus</i> species group. Closely related to <i>celebensis</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-00671","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0671"
"13800672","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","yunanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1872","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","41","","336","","","Dobson's Horseshoe Bat","China, Yunnan, Hotha.","Yunnan (China), Burma, Thailand, NE India.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>pearsonii</i> species group. Formerly included in <i>pearsonii</i>, but see Lekagul and McNeely (1977) and Yoshiyuki (1990). Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00672","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0672"
"13800673","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinolophidae","","","Rhinolophus","","ziama","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fahr, Vierhaus, Hutterer, and Kock","2002","","Myotis","40","","109","","","Ziama Horseshoe Bat","Guinea, Guinée Forestière, Réserve de la Biosphère du Massif du Ziama, western edge of Sérédou near park station.","SE Guinea, NW Liberia.","IUCN 2003– Not evaluated (new species). Fahr et al. (2002) suggested that this species be listed as Data Deficient.","","<i>maclaudi</i> species group. See Fahr et al. for a key to species of the <i>maclaudi</i> species group.","38","38-00673","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0444-0000-0000-0445-0000-0673"
"13800674","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Lydekker","1891","","<i>In</i> Flower and Lydekker, Mamm., Living and Extinct","","","657","","","","","","","Coelopsinae Tate, 1941.","Treated as a subfamily of Rhinolophidae by Koopman (1993, 1994), McKenna and Bell (1997), Simmons (1998), Simmons and Geisler (1998), and Teeling et al. (2002), but returned to family rank here following Corbet and Hill (1992), Bates and Harrison (1997), Bogdanowicz and Owen (1998), Hand and Kirsch (1998), and numerous other authors. McKenna and Bell (1997) used the name Rhinonycterinae Gray, 1866 for this group, but this has not been accepted by other authors. Although Rhinonycteridae (= Rhinonycterina Gray, 1866) has prioriy over Hipposideridae as a family-group name, nobody other than Gray (1866) used the former name until it was resurrected by McKenna and Bell (1997). Miller (1907) used the name Hipposideridae for this group because <i>Hipposideros</i> Gray, 1831 has priority over <i>Rhinonycteris</i> Gray, 1866 (= <i>Rhinonicteris</i> Gray, 1847). All subsequent authors have followed Miller's (1907) usage of Hipposideridae/inae, and I believe that there is little to be gained by r... [truncated]","38","38-00674","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674"
"13800675","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Anthops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","1","","156","","<i>Anthops ornatus</i> Thomas, 1888.","","","","","","","38","38-00675","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0675"
"13800676","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Anthops","","ornatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","1","","156","","","Flower-faced Bat","Solomon Isls, Guadalcanal Isl, Aola.","Solomon Isls, Bougainville Isl (Papua New Guinea).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00676","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0675-0000-0676"
"13800677","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Asellia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","493","","<i>Rhinolophus tridens</i> E. Geoffroy, 1813.","","","","","","","38","38-00677","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0677"
"13800678","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Asellia","","patrizii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","DeBeaux","1931","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","55","","186","","","Patrizi's Trident Leaf-nosed Bat","Ethiopia, Dancalia, Gaare.","N Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, and islands in the Red Sea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","See Moeschler et al. (1990) and Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-00678","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0677-0000-0678"
"13800679","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Asellia","","tridens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1813","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","20","","265","","","Geoffroy's Trident Leaf-nosed Bat","Egypt, Qena, near Luxor.","Pakistan and Afganistan to Israel and Jordan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Sinai peninsula (NE Egypt), Socotra (Yemen) and Oman; Egypt to Morocco including S Lybia, Tunisia, and Algeria; Senegal, Mauritania, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, S Somalia, and Eritrea; perhaps Zanzibar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>diluta</i> </b> Anderson, 1881; <i>pallida</i> Laurent, 1937;<b> <i>italosomalica</i></b> De Beaux, 1931; <b><i>murraiana</i></b> Anderson, 1881.","Reviewed in part by Owen and Qumiseyeh (1987), Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Horácek et al. (2000). Subspecies are poorly delimited, see Owen and Qumiseyeh (1987) and Kock et al. (2002).","38","38-00679","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0677-0000-0679"
"13800680","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Asellia","","tridens","tridens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1813","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","20","","265","","","","Egypt, Qena, near Luxor.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00680","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0677-0000-0679-0680"
"13800681","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Asellia","","tridens","diluta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1881","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00681","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0677-0000-0679-0681"
"13800682","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Asellia","","tridens","italosomalica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","De Beaux","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00682","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0677-0000-0679-0682"
"13800683","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Asellia","","tridens","murraiana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1881","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00683","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0677-0000-0679-0683"
"13800684","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Aselliscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Tate","1941","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1140","","2","","<i>Rhinolophus tricuspidatus</i> Temminck, 1835.","","","","","","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-00684","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0684"
"13800685","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Aselliscus","","stoliczkanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","","","106","","","Stoliczka's Asian Trident Bat","Malaysia, West, Penang Isl.","Burma, S China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, W Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>trifidus</i>  Peters, 1871; <i>wheeleri</i> Osgood, 1932.","See Sanborn (1952<i>b</i>).","38","38-00685","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0684-0000-0685"
"13800686","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Aselliscus","","tricuspidatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1835","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","20","","","Temminck's Asian Trident Bat","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina.","Molucca Isls, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls (including Santa Cruz Isls), Vanuatu (New Hebrides), adjacent small islands.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>koopmani</i> </b> Schlitter, Williams, and Hill, 1983;<i> <b>novaeguinae</b></i> Schlitter, Williams, and Hill, 1983;<i> <b>novehebridensis</b></i> Sanborn and Nicholson, 1950.","Revised by Schlitter et al. (1983); also see Hill (1983), Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00686","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0684-0000-0686"
"13800687","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Aselliscus","","tricuspidatus","tricuspidatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1835","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","20","","","","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00687","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0684-0000-0686-0687"
"13800688","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Aselliscus","","tricuspidatus","koopmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schlitter, Williams, and Hill","1983","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00688","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0684-0000-0686-0688"
"13800689","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Aselliscus","","tricuspidatus","novaeguinae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schlitter, Williams, and Hill","1983","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00689","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0684-0000-0686-0689"
"13800690","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Aselliscus","","tricuspidatus","novehebridensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn and Nicholson","1950","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00690","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0684-0000-0686-0690"
"13800691","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Cloeotis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","28","","<i>Cloetis percivali</i> Thomas, 1901.","","","","","","Reviewed by Hill (1982).","38","38-00691","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0691"
"13800692","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Cloeotis","","percivali","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","28","","","Percival's Short-eared Trident Bat","Kenya, Coast Prov., Takaungu.","Kenya, Tanzania, S Dem. Rep. Congo, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, SE Botswana, Swaziland, NE South Africa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>australis</i> </b> Roberts, 1917.","","38","38-00692","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0691-0000-0692"
"13800693","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Cloeotis","","percivali","percivali","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","28","","","","Kenya, Coast Prov., Takaungu.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00693","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0691-0000-0692-0693"
"13800694","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Cloeotis","","percivali","australis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00694","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0691-0000-0692-0694"
"13800695","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Coelops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blyth","1848","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","17","","251","","<i>Coelops frithii</i> Blyth, 1848.","","","","","<i>Chilophylla</i>  Miller, 1910.","Includes <i>Chilophylla</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), also Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-00695","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0695"
"13800696","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Coelops","","frithii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1848","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","17","","251","","","East Asian Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat","Bangladesh, Sunderbans.","Bangladesh and NE India to S China, Thailand, Burma, Laos, Vietnam, south to W Malaysia, Sumatra, and Java and Bali; Taiwan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>bernsteini</i> </b> Peters, 1862; <b><i>formosanus</i></b> Horikawa, 1928; <b><i>inflatus</i></b> Miller, 1928; <b><i>sinicus</i></b><i> </i>Allen, 1928.","Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). Malay material has not been allocated to subspecies. Sometimes spelled <i>frithi</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1993).","38","38-00696","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0695-0000-0696"
"13800697","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Coelops","","frithii","frithii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1848","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","17","","251","","","","Bangladesh, Sunderbans.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00697","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0695-0000-0696-0697"
"13800698","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Coelops","","frithii","bernsteini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1862","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00698","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0695-0000-0696-0698"
"13800699","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Coelops","","frithii","formosanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horikawa","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00699","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0695-0000-0696-0699"
"13800700","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Coelops","","frithii","inflatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00700","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0695-0000-0696-0700"
"13800701","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Coelops","","frithii","sinicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00701","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0695-0000-0696-0701"
"13800702","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Coelops","","robinsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1908","","J. Fed. Malay St. Mus.","3","","4","","","Malayan Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat","Malaya, Pahang, foot of Mt. Tahan.","W Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines. The record from Thailand is in error; see Hill (1983).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>C</i>. <i>robinsoni</i>; Data Deficient as <i>C</i>. <i>hirsutus</i>.","<b><i>hirsutus</i> </b> Miller, 1910.","Includes <i>hirsutus</i>; see Hill (1972<i>a</i>, 1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-00702","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0695-0000-0702"
"13800703","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Coelops","","robinsoni","robinsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1908","","J. Fed. Malay St. Mus.","3","","4","","","","Malaya, Pahang, foot of Mt. Tahan.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00703","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0695-0000-0702-0703"
"13800704","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Coelops","","robinsoni","hirsutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00704","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0695-0000-0702-0704"
"13800705","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1831","","Zool. Misc.","1","","37","","<i>Vespertilio speoris</i> Schneider, 1800.","","","","","<i>Chrysonycteris</i>  Gray, 1866; <i>Cyclorhina</i> Peters, 1871; <i>Gloionycteris</i> Gray, 1866; <i>Phyllorhina</i> Bonaparte, 1837 [not Leach, 1816]; <i>Ptychorhina</i> Peters, 1871; <i>Rhinophylla</i> Gray, 1866 [not Peters, 1865]; <i>Speorifera</i> Gray, 1866; <i>Syndesmotis</i> Peters, 1871; <i>Syndesmotus</i> Waterhouse, 1902 [objective synonym of <i>Syndesmotis</i> Peters]; <i>Thyreorhina</i> Peters, 1871.","Revised by Hill (1963<i>b</i>). The genus is apparently paraphyletic, but alternative phylogenies (e.g., those of Bogdanowicz and Owen [1998] and Hand and Kirsch [1998]) disagree about genus and species relationships. Accordingly, I have retained the traditional contents of <i>Hipposideros</i> pending a thorough revision. Species groups follow Koopman (1994) with some modifications.","38","38-00705","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705"
"13800706","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","abae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","","432","","","Aba Leaf-nosed Bat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Oriental, Aba.","Guinea-Bissau to SW Sudan and Uganda.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>speoris</i> species group.","38","38-00706","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0706"
"13800707","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","armiger","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1835","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","4","","699","","","Great Leaf-nosed Bat","Nepal.","N India, Nepal, Burma, S and SE China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Taiwan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>debilis</i>  K. Andersen, 1906; <i>swinhoei</i> Peters, 1871; <b><i>fujianensis</i></b> Zhen, 1987; <b><i>terasensis</i></b> Kishida, 1924; <b><i>tranninhensis</i></b> Bourret, 1942.","<i>armiger</i> species group. Includes <i>terasensis</i>, but see Yoshiyuki (1991<i>a</i>) and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>b</i>). Reviewed in part by Kock (1996) Bates and Harrison (1997), Sinha (1999), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-00707","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0707"
"13800708","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","armiger","armiger","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1835","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","4","","699","","","","Nepal.","","","","<i>armiger</i> species group.","38","38-00708","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0707-0708"
"13800709","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","armiger","fujianensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zhen","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>armiger</i> species group.","38","38-00709","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0707-0709"
"13800710","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","armiger","terasensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kishida","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>armiger</i> species group.","38","38-00710","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0707-0710"
"13800711","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","armiger","tranninhensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bourret","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>armiger</i> species group.","38","38-00711","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0707-0711"
"13800712","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","ater","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Templeton","1848","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","17","","252","","","Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat","Sri Lanka, Western Prov., Colombo.","Sri Lanka; India to W Malaysia, through Philippines, Indonesia, and New Guinea to N Queensland, N Northern Territory, and N Western Australia (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>atratus</i>  Kelaart, 1850; <b><i>amboinensis</i></b> Peters, 1871; <b><i>antricola</i></b> Peters, 1861; <b><i>aruensis</i></b> Gray, 1858; <i>albanensis</i> Gray, 1866; <b><i>gilberti</i></b> Johnson, 1959; <b><i>nicobarulae</i></b> Miller, 1902; <b><i>saevus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918; <i>toala</i> Shamel, 1940.","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Formerly included in <i>bicolor</i>, but see Hill (1963<i>b</i>). Does not include <i>wrighti</i> (here considered a subspecies of <i>cineraceus</i>); see Hill and Francis (1984). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00712","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0712"
"13800713","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","ater","ater","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Templeton","1848","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","17","","252","","","","Sri Lanka, Western Prov., Colombo.","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00713","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0712-0713"
"13800714","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","ater","amboinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00714","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0712-0714"
"13800715","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","ater","antricola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00715","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0712-0715"
"13800716","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","ater","aruensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00716","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0712-0716"
"13800717","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","ater","gilberti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Johnson","1959","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00717","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0712-0717"
"13800718","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","ater","nicobarulae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00718","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0712-0718"
"13800719","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","ater","saevus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00719","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0712-0719"
"13800720","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","beatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","279","","","Benito Leaf-nosed Bat","Equatorial Guinea, Rio Muni, 15 mi. (24 km) from Benito River.","Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, Cameroon, Rio Muni (Equatorial Guinea), Gabon, N Dem. Rep. Congo. A previous report of this species from Guinea-Bissau is in error (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>maximus</i> </b> Verschuren, 1957.","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00720","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0720"
"13800721","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","beatus","beatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","279","","","","Equatorial Guinea, Rio Muni, 15 mi. (24 km) from Benito River.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00721","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0720-0721"
"13800722","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","beatus","maximus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Verschuren","1957","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00722","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0720-0722"
"13800723","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","bicolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1834","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","1","","19","","","Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bat","Indonesia, Java, Anjer coast. Lectotype designated and type locality restricted by Tate (1941).","Laos, Vietnam, S Thailand, and Malaysia to Borneo and the Philippines; Java, Sumbawa, Seralu, Sumba, Savu, Roti, and Timor Isls (Indonesia), and adjacent small islands. A Cambodian record was rejected by Kock (2000<i>a</i>) and a Bali record was rejected by Kock and Dobat (2000); a Taiwan record is doubtful, see Corbet and Hill (1992).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>javanicus</i>  Sody, 1937; <b><i>atrox</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918; <b><i>erigens</i></b> Lawrence, 1939; <b><i>hilli</i></b> Kitchener, 1996 [in Kitchener et al., 1996]; <b><i>major</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918; <b><i>selatan</i></b> Kitchener, 1996 [in Kitchener et al., 1996]; <b><i>tanimbarensis</i></b> Kitchener, 1996 [in Kitchener et al., 1996].","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Includes <i>erigens</i>; see Hill (1963<i>b</i>). Does not include <i>pomona</i>, <i>gentilis</i>, or <i>macrobullatus</i>; see Hill et al. (1986). Reviewed in part by Hill (1983), Bergmans and van Bree (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1995), and Kitchener et al. (1996). Sumbawa specimens have not be allocated to subspecies; see Kitchener et al. (1996). Probably includes more than one species, including cryptic species distinguishable primarily by echolocation call frequencies (see Kingston et al., 2001).","38","38-00723","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0723"
"13800724","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","bicolor","bicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1834","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","1","","19","","","","Indonesia, Java, Anjer coast. Lectotype designated and type locality restricted by Tate (1941).","","","","","38","38-00724","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0723-0724"
"13800725","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","bicolor","atrox","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00725","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0723-0725"
"13800726","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","bicolor","erigens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lawrence","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00726","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0723-0726"
"13800727","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","bicolor","hilli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1996","","[in Kitchener et al., 1996]","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00727","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0723-0727"
"13800728","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","bicolor","major","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00728","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0723-0728"
"13800729","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","bicolor","selatan","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1996","","[in Kitchener et al., 1996]","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00729","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0723-0729"
"13800730","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","bicolor","tanimbarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1996","","[in Kitchener et al., 1996]","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00730","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0723-0730"
"13800731","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","breviceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1941","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","78","","358","","","Short-headed Leaf-nosed Bat","Indonesia, Sumatra, Mentawai Isls, N Pagi Isl.","Mentawai Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00731","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0731"
"13800732","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","caffer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1846","","Öfv. Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. Stockholm","3","4","118","","","Sundevall's Leaf-nosed Bat","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Prov., near Durban.","SW Arabian Peninsula including Yemen; most of subsaharan Africa except the central forested region; Morocco; Zanzibar and Pemba.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aurantiaca</i>  De Beaux, 1924; <i>bicornis</i> Heuglin, 1861; <i>gracilis</i> Peters, 1825; <b><i>angolensis</i></b> Seabra, 1898; <b><i>nanus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1917; <b><i>tephrus</i></b> Cabrera, 1906; <i>braima</i> Monard, 1939.","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Includes <i>tephrus</i>; see Hayman and Hill (1971). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991) and Horácek et al. (2000). See Taylor (2000<i>a</i>) for distribution map. Subspecies limits are somewhat unclear, and it is possible that this complex includes more than one species.","38","38-00732","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0732"
"13800733","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","caffer","caffer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1846","","Öfv. Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. Stockholm","3","4","118","","","","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Prov., near Durban.","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00733","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0732-0733"
"13800734","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","caffer","angolensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Seabra","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00734","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0732-0734"
"13800735","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","caffer","nanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00735","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0732-0735"
"13800736","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","caffer","tephrus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00736","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0732-0736"
"13800737","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","calcaratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1877","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1877","","122","","","Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Duke of York Isl.","New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls, adjacent small islands.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>cupidus</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1918.","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Includes <i>cupidus</i>; see Smith and Hill (1981). Does not include <i>maggietaylorae</i>; see Smith and Hill (1981). Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00737","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0737"
"13800738","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","calcaratus","calcaratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1877","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1877","","122","","","","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Duke of York Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00738","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0737-0738"
"13800739","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","calcaratus","cupidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00739","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0737-0739"
"13800740","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","camerunensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eisentraut","1956","","Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Oekol. Geogr. Tiere","84","","526","","","Cameroon Leaf-nosed Bat","Cameroon, near Buea.","Cameroon, E Dem. Rep. Congo, W Kenya.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>cyclops</i> species group.","38","38-00740","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0740"
"13800741","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","cervinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1854","","Mamm. Austr.","3","","pl. 34","","","Fawn-colored Leaf-nosed Bat","Australia, Queensland, Cape York and Albany Isl.","W Malaysia, Sumatra, and Mindanao (Philippines) to the Mollucca Isls, Vanuatu, and NE Australia. Specimens from Mansuar Isl (Prov. of Papua, Indonesia) may represent <i>cyclotis</i> (Meinig, 2002).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>celebensis</i>  Sody, 1936; <b><i>batchianus</i></b> Matschie, 1901; <b><i>labuanensis</i></b> Tomes, 1859; <i>schneidersi</i> Thomas, 1904; <b><i>misoriensis</i></b> Peters, 1906.","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Distinct from <i>galeritus</i>; see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>). Also see Jenkins and Hill (1981) and Hill (1983).","38","38-00741","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0741"
"13800742","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","cervinus","cervinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1854","","Mamm. Austr.","3","","pl. 34","","","","Australia, Queensland, Cape York and Albany Isl.","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00742","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0741-0742"
"13800743","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","cervinus","batchianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00743","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0741-0743"
"13800744","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","cervinus","labuanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1859","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00744","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0741-0744"
"13800745","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","cervinus","misoriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00745","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0741-0745"
"13800746","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","cineraceus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1853","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","22","","410","","","Ashy Leaf-nosed Bat","Pakistan, Punjab, Salt Range, near Pind Dadan Khan.","Pakistan and India to Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Sumatra and Borneo; adjacent small islands including Kangean Isls (Indonesia); probably the Philippines.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>micropus</i>  Peters, 1872; <b><i>wrighti</i></b> Taylor, 1934.","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Does not includes <i>durgadasi</i>; see Topál (1975), Khajuria (1982), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>b</i>). Includes <i>wrighti</i>, see Hill and Francis (1984). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00746","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0746"
"13800747","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","cineraceus","cineraceus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1853","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","22","","410","","","","Pakistan, Punjab, Salt Range, near Pind Dadan Khan.","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00747","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0746-0747"
"13800748","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","cineraceus","wrighti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00748","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0746-0748"
"13800749","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","commersoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1813","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","20","","263","","","Commerson's Leaf-nosed Bat","Madagascar, Fort Dauphin (= Tolagnaro).","Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) (including <i>gigas</i>, <i>vittata</i>, and <i>thomensis</i>, which are now regarded as distinct species).","","<i>commersoni</i> species group. Does not include <i>gigas</i>, <i>vittatus</i> (including<i> marungensis) </i>or <i>thomensis</i>, which are now recognized as distinct species based on differences in morphology and echolocation calls (J. Fahr and D. Kock, pers. comm.; D. Lunde, pers. comm.; McWilliam, 1982; Pye, 1972). Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-00749","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0749"
"13800750","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","coronatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1871","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1871","","327","","","Large Mindanao Leaf-nosed Bat","Philippines, Mindanao, Surigao, Mainit.","NE Mindanao (Philippines).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>bicolor</i> species group. See Ingle and Heaney (1992).","38","38-00750","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0750"
"13800751","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","corynophyllus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1985","","Mammalia","49","","527","","","Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bat","Papua New Guinea, W Sepik, 3 km ENE Telefomin, 1,800 m.","C New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>cyclops</i> species group. Reviewed by Flannery and Colgan (1993); also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00751","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0751"
"13800752","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","coxi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shelford","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","113","","","Cox's Leaf-nosed Bat","Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak, Mt. Penrisen, 4,200 ft. (1,280 m).","Sarawak (Borneo, Malaysian part).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00752","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0752"
"13800753","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","crumeniferus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lesueur and Petit","1807","","<i>In</i>Peron, Voyage Decouv. Terres Australes, Atlas","","","pl. 35","","","Timor Leaf-nosed Bat","Indonesia, Timor.","Timor (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Based on palate only; not certainly determinable; see Laurie and Hill (1954) and Hill (1963b). It may represent cervinus, see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Pavlinov et al. (1995b).","38","38-00753","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0753"
"13800754","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","curtus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1921","","Rev. Zool. Afr.","9","","194","","","Short-tailed Leaf-nosed Bat","Cameroon, Sakbayeme.","Cameroon, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>sandersoni</i>  Sanderson, 1937.","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Includes <i>sandersoni</i>; see Hill (1963<i>b</i>).","38","38-00754","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0754"
"13800755","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","cyclops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guine","","","75","","","Cyclops Leaf-nosed Bat","Ghana, Boutry River.","Kenya and S Sudan to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>langi</i>  J. A. Allen, 1917; <i>micaceus</i> De Winton, 1897.","<i>cyclops</i> species group.","38","38-00755","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0755"
"13800756","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","demissus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","3","","268","","","Makira Leaf-nosed Bat","East Solomon Isls, San Cristoval (= San Cristobal) Isl, Yanuta.","San Cristobal Isl (Solomon Isls).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>diadema</i> species group. Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>diadema</i>, but apparently distinct; see Kitchener et al. (1992<i>b</i>) and Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00756","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0756"
"13800757","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1813","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","20","","263","","","Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Timor Isl.","Burma and Vietnam through Thailand, Laos, W Malaysia and Indonesia (including Sumatra, Borneo, and Bali) to New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls and NE Australia; Philippines; Nicobar Isls. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be confirmed (Kock, 2000<i>a</i>).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>ceramensis</i> </b> Laurie and Hill, 1954; <b><i>custos</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918;<i> <b>enganus</b></i> K. Andersen, 1907; <b><i>euotis</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>griseus</i></b> Meyen, 1883; <i>anderseni</i> Taylor, 1934; <i>pullatus</i> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>masoni</i></b> Dobson, 1872; <b><i>mirandus</i></b> Thomas, 1914; <b><i>natunensis</i></b> Chasen, 1940; <b><i>nicobarensis</i></b> Dobson, 1871; <b><i>nobilis</i></b> Horsfield, 1823; <i>vicarius</i> K. Andersen, 1905; <b><i>oceanitis</i></b> K. Andersen, 1905; <i>malaitensis</i> Phillips, 1967; <b><i>reginae</i></b> Troughton, 1937; <b><i>speculator</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918; <b><i>trobrius</i></b> Troughton, 1937.","<i>diadema</i> species group. Many subspecies are of dubious validity, and several island populations have not been assigned to subspecies. Reviewed in part by Laurie and Hill (1954) and Kitchener et al. (1992<i>b</i>). Does not include <i>demissus</i> and <i>inornatus</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1992<i>b</i>). Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998). May include <i>ornatus</i>, a name listed as a synonym of <i>diadema</i> by Koopman (1993) but which I have been unable to trace (although it may be a <i>lapsus</i> for <i>inornatus</i>).","38","38-00757","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757"
"13800758","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","diadema","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1813","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","20","","263","","","","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Timor Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00758","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0758"
"13800759","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","ceramensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Laurie and Hill","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00759","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0759"
"13800760","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","custos","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00760","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0760"
"13800761","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","enganus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00761","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0761"
"13800762","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","euotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00762","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0762"
"13800763","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","griseus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Meyen","1883","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00763","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0763"
"13800764","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","masoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00764","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0764"
"13800765","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","mirandus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00765","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0765"
"13800766","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","natunensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00766","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0766"
"13800767","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","nicobarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00767","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0767"
"13800768","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","nobilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00768","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0768"
"13800769","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","oceanitis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00769","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0769"
"13800770","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","reginae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00770","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0770"
"13800771","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","speculator","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00771","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0771"
"13800772","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","diadema","trobrius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00772","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0757-0772"
"13800773","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","dinops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","16","","502","","","Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat","Solomon Isls, New Georgia Group, Rubiana Isl.","Solomon Isls; Bougainville Isl (Papua New Guinea).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>diadema</i> species group. Does not include <i>pelingensis</i>; see discussion under that species. See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00773","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0773"
"13800774","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","doriae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1871","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1871","","326","","","Bornean Leaf-nosed Bat","Malaysia, Sarawak.","W Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah (Malaysia), Borneo and Sumatra (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>H.</i> <i>sabanus</i>; Data Deficient as <i>H.</i> <i>doriae</i>.","<i>sabanus</i>  Thomas, 1898.","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Includes <i>sabanus</i>, see Hill (1963<i>b</i>) and Benda (2000). Lectotype designated by Benda (2000).","38","38-00774","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0774"
"13800775","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","durgadasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Khajuria","1970","","Mammalia","64","","623","","","Durga Das's Leaf-nosed Bat","India, Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur Dist., near Katungi village.","C India.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Formerly included in <i>cineraceus</i>, but see see Topál (1975), Khajuria (1982), and Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00775","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0775"
"13800776","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","dyacorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","271","","","Dayak Leaf-nosed Bat","Malaysia, Sarawak, Baram, Mt. Mulu.","Borneo (including Sarawak, Malaysia), Peninsular Thailand.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00776","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0776"
"13800777","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","edwardshilli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery and Colgan","1993","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","45","","45","","","Hill's Leaf-nosed Bat","Papua New Guinea, W Sepik, Bewani Mtns., Imonda Sta.","NW Papua New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>cyclops</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00777","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0777"
"13800778","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","fuliginosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guine","","","77","","","Sooty Leaf-nosed Bat","Ghana.","Sierra Leone and Liberia to Dem. Rep. Congo. Ethiopian records represent another, possibly undescribed, species (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00778","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0778"
"13800779","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","fulvus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","492","","","Fulvus Leaf-nosed Bat","India, Karnatika, Dharwar.","Afganistan, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan to Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>atra</i>  Fitzinger, 1870 [not Templeton, 1848]; <i>aurita</i> Tomes, 1859; <i>fulgens</i> Elliot, 1839; <i>murinus</i> Gray, 1838; <b><i>pallidus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918.","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00779","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0779"
"13800780","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","fulvus","fulvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","492","","","","India, Karnatika, Dharwar.","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00780","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0779-0780"
"13800781","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","fulvus","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00781","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0779-0781"
"13800782","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","galeritus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cantor","1846","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","15","","183","","","Cantor's Leaf-nosed Bat","Malaysia, Penang Isl.","Sri Lanka and India through SE Asia (including Burma, Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia) to Java and Borneo; Sanana Isl (Sula Group, Moluccas Isls). A record from Bali is possibly erroneous; see Kock and Dobat (2000).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>brachyotis</i> </b> Dobson, 1874; <b><i>insolens</i></b> Lyon, 1911; <b><i>longicauda</i></b> Peters, 1861.","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Includes <i>longicauda</i>; see Hill (1963<i>b</i>). Formerly included <i>cervinus</i>; but see Jenkins and Hill (1981)<i>. </i>Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00782","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0782"
"13800783","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","galeritus","galeritus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cantor","1846","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","15","","183","","","","Malaysia, Penang Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00783","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0782-0783"
"13800784","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","galeritus","brachyotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00784","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0782-0784"
"13800785","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","galeritus","insolens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00785","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0782-0785"
"13800786","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","galeritus","longicauda","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00786","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0782-0786"
"13800787","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","gigas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1845","","Arch. Naturgesch.","11","1","148","","","Giant Leaf-nosed Bat","Angola, Benguela.","Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Central African Republic, Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea (incl. Bioko), Cameroon, Nigeria and west to Senegal. The range of this taxon may be more extensive and is currently under review (J. Fahr, pers. comm.)","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>gambiensis</i>  K. Andersen, 1906;<i> niangarae</i> J. A. Allen, 1917.","<i>commersoni</i> species group. Formerly included in <i>commersoni</i>, but clearly distinct based on differences in morphology and echolocation calls (J. Fahr and D. Kock, pers. comm.; D. Lunde, pers. comm.; McWilliam, 1982; Pye, 1972). Reviewed in part by Peterson et al. (1995). Some West African specimens identified as <i>gigas</i> may represent <i>vittatus</i> (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).","38","38-00787","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0787"
"13800788","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","grandis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1936","","Rec. Indian Mus.","38","","345","","","Grand Leaf-nosed Bat","Burma, Upper Chindwin, Akanti, 300 ft. (91 m).","Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>larvatus</i> species group. Distinct from <i>larvatus</i>; see Kitchener and Maryanto (1993<i>a</i>).","38","38-00788","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0788"
"13800789","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","halophyllus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill and Yenbutra","1984","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.","47","","77","","","Thailand Leaf-nosed Bat","Thailand, Lop Buri, Tha Woong, Khao Sa Moa Khan.","Thailand.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00789","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0789"
"13800790","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","hypophyllus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kock and Bhat","1994","","Senk. Biol.","73","","26","","","Leafletted Leaf-nosed Bat","India, Karnataka, Bangalore Region, 15 km E Kolar Town, Hanumanhalli Village (13°09'N, 78°07'E).","S India.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00790","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0790"
"13800791","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","inexpectatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Laurie and Hill","1954","","List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes, and adjacent islands","","","60","","","Crested Leaf-nosed Bat","Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Poso (= Posso).","N Sulawesi (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00791","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0791"
"13800792","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","inornatus","","SPECIES","False","<i>Hipposideros diadema inornatus</i>","YES","McKean","1970","","West. Aust. Nat.","11","6","138","","","McKean's Leaf-nosed Bat","Australia, Northern Territory, 55 mi. (85 km) S of Oenpelli, Deaf Adder Creek, where it emerges from the Arnhem Land Plateau, 13°06'S, 132°56'E.","Northern Territory (Australia).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>diadema</i> species group. Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>diadema</i>, but apparently distinct; see Kitchener et al. (1992<i>b</i>). Also see Churchill (1998).","38","38-00792","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0792"
"13800793","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","jonesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1947","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11","14","","71","","","Jones's Leaf-nosed Bat","Sierra Leone, Makeni.","Sierra Leone and Guinea to Mali, Burkina Faso and Nigeria.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00793","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0793"
"13800794","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","lamottei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brosset","1985","","Mammalia","48","","548","","","Lamotte's Leaf-nosed Bat","Guinea, Mt. Nimba, Pierre Richaud.","Mt. Nimba on Guinea-Liberia border.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Distinction from <i>ruber</i> is not entirely clear.","38","38-00794","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0794"
"13800795","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","lankadiva","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kelaart","1850","","J. Sri Lanka Branch Asiat. Soc.","2","2","216","","","Indian Leaf-nosed Bat","Sri Lanka, Kandy.","Sri Lanka, S and C India.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient as <i>H</i>. <i>schistaceus</i>; Lower Risk (lc) as <i>H</i>. <i>lankadiva</i>.","<i>indus</i>  K. Andersen, 1918; <i>mixtus</i> K. Andersen, 1918; <i>schistaceus</i> K. Andersen, 1918; <i>unitus</i> K. Andersen, 1918.","<i>diadema</i> species group. Includes <i>schistaceus</i>; see Bates and Harrison (1997) and Srivinasulu and Srivinasulu (2001). Multiple subspecies have been recognized by some authors, but these do not appear justified; see Sinha (1999), although also see Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu (2001).","38","38-00795","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0795"
"13800796","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","larvatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1823","","Zool. Res. Java","6","","<i>Rhinolophus larvatus</i>, pl. and 10 unno. pp","","","Intermediate Leaf-nosed Bat","Indonesia, Java.","N and E India and Bangladesh; Yunnan, Kwangsi and Hainan (China); Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam; W Malaysia to Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and adjacent small islands including Kangean Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>deformis</i>  Horsfield, 1823; <i>insignis</i> Horsfield, 1823; <i>vulgaris</i> Horsfield, 1823; <b><i>barbensis</i></b> Miller, 1900; <b><i>leptophyllus</i></b> Dobson, 1874;<i> <b>neglectus</b></i> Sody, 1936; <b><i>poutensis</i></b> Allen, 1906.","<i>larvatus</i> species group. Does not include <i>grandis</i> and <i>sumbae</i>; see Kitchner and Maryantu (1993), who revised this complex. See also Hill (1963) and Sinha (1999). Subspecies limits and validity are uncertain. Does not include <i>alongensis</i>, see Topál (1993).","38","38-00796","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0796"
"13800797","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","larvatus","larvatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1823","","Zool. Res. Java","6","","<i>Rhinolophus larvatus</i>, pl. and 10 unno. pp","","","","Indonesia, Java.","","","","<i>larvatus</i> species group.","38","38-00797","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0796-0797"
"13800798","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","larvatus","barbensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00798","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0796-0798"
"13800799","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","larvatus","leptophyllus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00799","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0796-0799"
"13800800","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","larvatus","neglectus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00800","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0796-0800"
"13800801","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","larvatus","poutensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00801","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0796-0801"
"13800802","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","lekaguli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thonglongya and Hill","1974","","Mammalia","38","","286","","","Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bat","Thailand, Saraburi, Kaeng Khoi, Phu Nam Tok Tak Kwang, (c 14°34'N, 101°09'E).","Thailand; peninsular Malaysia; Luzon (Philippines).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>diadema</i> species group.","38","38-00802","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0802"
"13800803","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","lylei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","12","","88","","","Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bat","Thailand, 50 mi. (80 km) N Chiengmai (= Chiang Mai), Chiengdao Cave, 350 m.","Burma, Vietnam, Thailand, W Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>pratti</i> species group. Reviewed by Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>) and Robinson et al. (2003).","38","38-00803","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0803"
"13800804","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","macrobullatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1941","","Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","78","","357","","","Big-eared Leaf-nosed Bat","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Talassa (near Maros).","Sulawesi, Seram (Molucca Isls) and Kangean Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Formerly included in <i>bicolor</i>, but see Hill et al. (1986) and Bergmans and van Bree (1986). May be conspecific with <i>pomona</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-00804","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0804"
"13800805","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","madurae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener and Maryanto","1993","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","16","","132","","","Maduran Leaf-nosed Bat","Indonesia, Madura Isl, Pulau, Sampang.","Madura Isl, C Java (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>jenningsi</i> </b> Kitchener and Maryanto, 1993.","<i>larvatus</i> species group.","38","38-00805","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0805"
"13800806","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","madurae","madurae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener and Maryanto","1993","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","16","","132","","","","Indonesia, Madura Isl, Pulau, Sampang.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>larvatus</i> species group.","38","38-00806","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0805-0806"
"13800807","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","madurae","jenningsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener and Maryanto","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>larvatus</i> species group.","38","38-00807","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0805-0807"
"13800808","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","maggietaylorae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Smith and Hill","1981","","Los Angeles Cty. Mus. Contrib. Sci.","331","","9","","","Maggie Taylor's Leaf-nosed Bat","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., New Ireland, 1.3 km S, 3 km E, Lakuramau Plantation.","New Guinea (possibly extending as far west as Waigeo Isl.), Bismarck Arch.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>erroris</i> </b> Smith and Hill, 1981.","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Formerly confused with <i>calcaratus</i>; see Smith and Hill (1981). Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), Bonaccorso (1998), and Meinig (2002).","38","38-00808","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0808"
"13800809","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","maggietaylorae","maggietaylorae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Smith and Hill","1981","","Los Angeles Cty. Mus. Contrib. Sci.","331","","9","","","","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., New Ireland, 1.3 km S, 3 km E, Lakuramau Plantation.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00809","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0808-0809"
"13800810","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","maggietaylorae","erroris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Smith and Hill","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00810","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0808-0810"
"13800811","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","marisae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Aellen","1954","","Rev. Suisse Zool.","61","","474","","","Aellen's Leaf-nosed Bat","Côte d’Ivoire, Duékoué, White Leopard Rock.","Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00811","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0811"
"13800812","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","megalotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1862","","Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., Halle","29","8","4, 8","","","Large-eared Leaf-nosed Bat","Eritrea, Bogos Land, Keren.","Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Kenya. A record from Somalia is erroneous (M. Happold, pers. comm.)","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>megalotis</i> species group. Sometimes placed in the subgenus <i>Syndesmotis</i>; see Legendre (1982) and Gaucher and Brosset (1990). Also see Hill (1963<i>b</i>).","38","38-00812","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0812"
"13800813","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","muscinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Doria","1886","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","4","","201","","","Fly River Leaf-nosed Bat","Papua New Guinea, Western Prov., Fly River.","New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>cyclops</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00813","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0813"
"13800814","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","nequam","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","2","","380","","","Malayan Leaf-nosed Bat","Malaysia, Selangor, Klang.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered.","","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Known only from the holotype; see Hill (1963<i>b</i>).","38","38-00814","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0814"
"13800815","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","obscurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1861","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1861","","707","","","Philippine Forest Leaf-nosed Bat","Philippines, Luzon, Camarines, Paracale.","Philippines except Palawan region.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00815","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0815"
"13800816","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","orbiculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Francis, Kock, and Habersetzer","1999","","Senkenbergiana Biol.","79","","259","","","Orbiculus Leaf-nosed Bat","Indonesia, Sumatra, Sumatera Barat, SE Kota Baru, Abai Siat, 01°02'S, 101°43'E.","Sumatra (Indonesia); Peninsular Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00816","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0816"
"13800817","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","papua","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Doria","1886","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","4","","204","","","Biak Leaf-nosed Bat","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Tjenderawasih Div. (= Geelvinck Bay), Misori Isl (= Biak Isl = Schouten Isl), Korido.","Biak and Numfoor Isls, W New Guinea, and N Molucca Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>bicolor</i> species group. See Hill and Rozendaal (1989) and Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>).","38","38-00817","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0817"
"13800818","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","pelingensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shamel","1940","","J. Mammal.","21","","353","","","Peleng Leaf-nosed Bat","Indonesia, Peling (= Peleng) Isl east of Sulawesi.","Peleng Isl and Sulawesi (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>diadema</i> species group. Hill (1963<i>b</i>, 1983) followed Tate (1941) in treating <i>pelingensis</i> as a subspecies of <i>dinops</i>, but these taxa (which are separated by 1,800 km with no known populations on the many islands in between) are diagnosably distinct; see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>). <i>H.</i> <i>pelingensis</i> is therefore provisionally treated here as a separate species pending further study.","38","38-00818","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0818"
"13800819","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","pomona","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","2","","380, 381","","","Pomona Leaf-nosed Bat","India, Mysore, N Coorg, Haleri (a few miles N of Mercara, Coorg Dist., Karnataka).","Bangladesh and India to Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, S China and W Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>gentilis</i> </b> K. Andersen, 1918; <b><i>sinensis</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918.","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Formerly included in <i>bicolor</i> but see Hill et al (1986). May be conspecific with <i>macrobullatus</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Some specimens from peninsular India previously referred to this species were subsequently removed to form the type series of <i>hypophyllus</i>. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-00819","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0819"
"13800820","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","pomona","pomona","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","2","","380, 381","","","","India, Mysore, N Coorg, Haleri (a few miles N of Mercara, Coorg Dist., Karnataka).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00820","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0819-0820"
"13800821","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","pomona","gentiles","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00821","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0819-0821"
"13800822","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","pomona","sinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00822","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0819-0822"
"13800823","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","pratti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","7","","527","","","Pratt's Leaf-nosed Bat","China, Szechwan, Kiatingfu.","S China, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, W Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>pratti</i> species group. Reviewed by Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>) and Robinson et al. (2003).","38","38-00823","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0823"
"13800824","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","pygmaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1843","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1843","","67","","","Philippine Pygmy Leaf-nosed Bat","Philippines.","Philippines except Palawan region.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00824","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0824"
"13800825","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","ridleyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1911","","J. Fed. Malay St. Mus.","4","","241","","","Ridley's Leaf-nosed Bat","Singapore, Botanic Gardens.","Penninsular Malaysia, Singapore, N Borneo.","U.S. ESA – Endangered. IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Reviewed by Francis et al. (1999<i>a</i>).","38","38-00825","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0825"
"13800826","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","rotalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Francis, Kock, and Habersetzer","1999","","Senkenbergiana Biol.","79","","266","","","Laotian Leaf-nosed Bat","Laos, Bolikhamxai Prov., Nam (River) Kading, Ban Keng Bit, 18°15'N, 104°34'E.","Laos.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00826","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0826"
"13800827","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","ruber","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Noack","1893","","Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Oekol. Geogr. Tiere","7","","586","","","Noack's Leaf-nosed Bat","Tanzania, Eastern Province, Ngerengere River.","Senegal and Gambia to Ethiopia, south to Angola, Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea); São Tomé and Principe.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>centralis</i>  K. Andersen, 1906; <i>niapu</i> J. A. Allen, 1917; <b><i>guineensis</i></b> K. Andersen, 1906.","<i>bicolor</i> species group. Included in <i>caffer</i> by Hill (1963<i>b</i>), but clearly distinct; see Lawrence (1964), Kock (1969<i>a</i>), Heller (1992), Jones et al. (1993), and Cotterill (2001<i>f</i>). Subspecies limits are problematic, and it is possible that this complex includes more than one species.","38","38-00827","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0827"
"13800828","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","ruber","ruber","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Noack","1893","","Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Oekol. Geogr. Tiere","7","","586","","","","Tanzania, Eastern Province, Ngerengere River.","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00828","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0827-0828"
"13800829","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","ruber","guineensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bicolor</i> species group.","38","38-00829","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0827-0829"
"13800830","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","scutinares","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson, Jenkins, Francis, and Fulford","2003","","Acta. Chiropt.","5","","33","","","Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat","Laos, Khammouan Limestone NBCA, Bolikhamsai Province, along the upper Nam Hinboun, Ban Khankeo, 17&#730;58’N, 104&#730;49’E.","Laos, Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>pratti</i> species group.","38","38-00830","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0830"
"13800831","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","semoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1903","","Denks. Med. Nat. Ges. Jena (Semon Zool. Forsch. Austr.)","8","","774 (Heft 6:132)","","","Semon's Leaf-nosed Bat","Australia, Queensland, Cooktown.","N Queensland (Australia), E New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>cyclops</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00831","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0831"
"13800832","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","sorenseni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener and Maryanto","1993","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","16","","142","","","Sorensen's Leaf-nosed Bat","Indonesia, W Java, Pangandaran, Gua Karmat (= holy cave)(c. 7°41’S, 108°40’E).","C and W Java (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>larvatus</i> species group.","38","38-00832","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0832"
"13800833","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","speoris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schneider","1800","","<i>In</i> Schreber, Die Säugethiere","","","pl. 59b","","","Schneider's Leaf-nosed Bat","India, Madras, Tranquebar.","India, Sri Lanka.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>apiculatus</i>  Gray, 1838; <i>aureus</i> Kelaart, 1853; <i>blythi</i> Kelaart, 1953; <i>dukhunensis</i> Sykes, 1831; <i>marsupialis</i> Desmarest, 1820; <i>penicillatus</i> Gray, 1838; <i>pulchellus</i> K. Andersen, 1918; <i>templetonii</i> Kelaart, 1850.","<i>speoris</i> species group. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00833","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0833"
"13800834","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","stenotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","12","","206","","","Narrow-eared Leaf-nosed Bat","Australia, Northern Territory, Mary River.","Northern Territory, N Western Australia and N Queensland (Australia). A New Guinea record is probably erroneous, see Hill (1963<i>b</i>:87).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>cyclops</i> species group.","38","38-00834","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0834"
"13800835","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","sumbae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Oei","1960","","Hemera Zoa","67","","28","","","Sumban Leaf-nosed Bat","Indonesia, E Sumba, Nusa Tenggara, from cave (c. 9°55’S, 120°41’E).","Sumba, Roti, Sumbawa, Flores, Semau, and Savu Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>rotiensis</i> </b> Kitchener and Maryanto, 1993; <b><i>sumbawae</i></b> Kitchener and Maryanto, 1993.","<i>larvatus</i> species group. Distinct from <i>larvatus</i>; see Kitchener and Maryanto (1993<i>a</i>). Lectotype designated by van Bree (1961).","38","38-00835","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0835"
"13800836","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","sumbae","sumbae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Oei","1960","","Hemera Zoa","67","","28","","","","Indonesia, E Sumba, Nusa Tenggara, from cave (c. 9°55’S, 120°41’E).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>larvatus</i> species group.","38","38-00836","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0835-0836"
"13800837","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","sumbae","rotiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener and Maryanto","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>larvatus</i> species group.","38","38-00837","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0835-0837"
"13800838","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","sumbae","sumbawae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener and Maryanto","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>larvatus</i> species group.","38","38-00838","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0835-0838"
"13800839","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","thomensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1891","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa","2","2","88","","","Saõ Tomé leaf-nosed Bat","Sao Tome and Princepe, Saõ Tomé Isl.","Saõ Tomé Isl.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>commersoni</i> species group. Formerly included in <i>commersoni</i>, but apparently distinct (J. Fahr and D. Kock, pers. comm.).","38","38-00839","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0839"
"13800840","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","turpis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1901","","Am. Nat.","35","","561","","","Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat","Japan, Ryukyu Isls, Sakishima Isls, Ishigaki Isl.","Peninsular Thailand and Vietnam; Ryukyu Isls (Japan).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","<b><i>alongensis</i> </b> Bourret, 1942; <b><i>pendleburyi</i></b> Chasen, 1936.","<i>armiger</i> species group. Distinct from <i>armiger</i>; see Hill (1963<i>b</i>), Yoshiyuki (1989), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>). Includes <i>alongensis</i>, see Topál (1993).","38","38-00840","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0840"
"13800841","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","turpis","turpis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1901","","Am. Nat.","35","","561","","","","Japan, Ryukyu Isls, Sakishima Isls, Ishigaki Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>armiger</i> species group.","38","38-00841","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0840-0841"
"13800842","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","turpis","alongensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bourret","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>armiger</i> species group.","38","38-00842","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0840-0842"
"13800843","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","turpis","pendleburyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>armiger</i> species group.","38","38-00843","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0840-0843"
"13800844","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","vittatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Naturwiss. Reise Mossambique, Säugeth.","","","32","","","Striped Leaf-nosed Bat","Mozambique, Cap Delgado group, Ibo Isl.","Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania (incl. Pemba, Chumbwe and Zanzibar Isl), Malawi, Mozambique (incl. Ibo Isl), Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Dem. Rep. Congo, Angola, Namibia, South Africa, Guinea-Bissau. May occur throughout much of West Africa in sympatry with <i>gigas</i>, but distribution is presently unclear; it is likely considerably more extensive than given here (J. Fahr, pers. comm.)","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>marungensis</i> Noack, 1887; <i>mostellum</i> Thomas, 1904; <i>viegasi</i> Monard, 1939.","<i>commersoni</i> species group. Includes <i>maurngensis</i> (J. Fahr, pers. comm.); also see Hayman and Hill (1971). Formerly included in <i>commersoni</i>, but clearly distinct based on differences in morphology and echolocation calls (J. Fahr and D. Kock, pers. comm.; McWilliam, 1982; Pye, 1972). Reviewed in part by Peterson et al. (1995). The status of <i>viegasi</i> is unclear, but it probably represents <i>vittatus</i> (J. Fahr, pers. comm.)","38","38-00844","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0844"
"13800845","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","wollastoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","12","","205","","","Wollaston's Leaf-nosed Bat","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Utakwa River, 2,500 ft. (762 m).","W and C New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>fasensis</i> </b> Flannery and Colgan, 1993; <b><i>parnabyi</i></b> Flannery and Colgan, 1993.","<i>cyclops</i> species group. Revised by Flannery and Colgan (1993); also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00845","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0845"
"13800846","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","wollastoni","wollastoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","12","","205","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Utakwa River, 2,500 ft. (762 m).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>cyclops</i> species group.","38","38-00846","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0845-0846"
"13800847","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","wollastoni","fasensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery and Colgan","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>cyclops</i> species group.","38","38-00847","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0845-0847"
"13800848","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Hipposideros","","wollastoni","parnabyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery and Colgan","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>cyclops</i> species group.","38","38-00848","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0705-0000-0845-0848"
"13800849","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Paracoelops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Dorst","1947","","Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2","19","","436","","<i>Paracoelops megalotis</i> Dorst, 1947.","","","","","","","38","38-00849","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0849"
"13800850","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Paracoelops","","megalotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dorst","1947","","Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2","19","","436","","","Vietnamese Leaf-nosed Bat","Vietnam, Annam, Vinh.","C Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered.","","Known only from the badly damaged holotype.","38","38-00850","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0849-0000-0850"
"13800851","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Rhinonicteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1847","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1847","","16","","<i>Rhinolophus aurantius</i> Gray, 1845.","","","","","","<i>Rhinonicteris</i> is the original spelling, but <i>Rhinonycteris</i> Gray, 1866, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866:81, is sometimes used. Reviewed by Hill (1982) who spelled it <i>Rhinonycteris</i>.","38","38-00851","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0851"
"13800852","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Rhinonicteris","","aurantia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1845","","<i>In</i> Eyre, Central Australia","1","","405","","","Orange Leaf-nosed Bat","Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington.","N Western Australia, Northern Territory and NW Queensland (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Sometimes spelled ""<i>aurantius</i>"", but ""<i>aurantia</i>"" is the correct spelling in combination with <i>Rhinonicteris</i>. Reviewed by Armstrong (2002).","38","38-00852","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0851-0000-0852"
"13800853","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Triaenops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","40","","455","","<i>Triaenops persicus</i> Dobson, 1871.","","","","","","Reviewed by Hill (1982); see also Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-00853","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0853"
"13800854","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Triaenops","","auritus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Grandidier","1912","","Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris","18","","8","","","Grandidier's Trident Bat","Madagascar, near Diégo-Suarez (=Antsiranana).","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Known only from the holotype. Often included in <i>furculus</i> (e.g., Hayman and Hill, 1971; Koopman, 1993, 1994), but see Peterson et al. (1995). Originally spelled <i>aurita</i> but emended to <i>auritus</i> by Peterson et al. (1995), presumably to agree in gender with the generic epithet.","38","38-00854","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0853-0000-0854"
"13800855","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Triaenops","","furculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Trouessart","1906","","Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","1906","7","446","","","Trouessart's Trident Bat","Madagascar, near Tulear (= Toliara), St. Augustine Bay, Grotte de Sarondrano.","N and W Madagascar, Aldabra and Cosmoledo Isls (Seychelles).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Does not includes <i>auritus</i>; see Peterson et al. (1995), but also see Hayman and Hill (1971). Originally spelled <i>furcula</i> but emended to <i>furculus</i> by Hill (1982), presumably to agree in gender with the generic epithet. May include <i>furinea</i> Tate, 1941, possibly a <i>lapsus</i> for <i>furcula</i> (see discussion in Hill, 1982).","38","38-00855","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0853-0000-0855"
"13800856","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Triaenops","","persicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","40","","455","","","Persian Trident Bat","Iran, Shiraz, 4,750 ft. (1,448 m).","Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Angola, Zanzibar, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Yemen, Oman, Republic of Congo, Iran, Pakistan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>macdonaldi</i>  Harrison, 1955; <b><i>afer</i></b> Peters, 1876;<i> <b>majusculus</b></i> Aellen and Brosset, 1968.","See Hayman and Hill (1971) and Hill (1982) for discussion of contents. Does not include <i>rufus</i>; see Peterson et al. (1995). It is possible that <i>majusculus</i> represents a distinct species; see Cotterill (2001<i>a</i>). Reviewed in part by DeBlase (1980), Harrison and Bates (1991), and Bates and Harrison (1997). See Taylor (2000<i>a</i>) for distribution map.","38","38-00856","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0853-0000-0856"
"13800857","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Triaenops","","persicus","persicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","40","","455","","","","Iran, Shiraz, 4,750 ft. (1,448 m).","","","","","38","38-00857","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0853-0000-0856-0857"
"13800858","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Triaenops","","persicus","afer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1876","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00858","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0853-0000-0856-0858"
"13800859","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Triaenops","","persicus","majusculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Aellen and Brosset","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00859","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0853-0000-0856-0859"
"13800860","CHIROPTERA","","","","Hipposideridae","","","Triaenops","","rufus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1881","","C. R. Hebd. Séanc. Acad, Sci., Paris","91","","1035","","","Rufous Trident Bat","E Madagascar.","E and C Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","<i>humbolti</i>  Milne-Edwards, 1881.","Often included in <i>persicus</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1993, 1994), but see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-00860","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0674-0000-0000-0853-0000-0860"
"13800861","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","H. Allen","1864","","Monogr. Bats N. Am.","","","pp. xxiii, 1.","","","","","","","","For discussion of the correct formation of the family name, see Handley (1980). Hand (1985, 1996) and Griffiths et al. (1992) have provided alternative phylogenies for the group. No subfamilies are presently recognized.","38","38-00861","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861"
"13800862","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Cardioderma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1873","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1873","","488","","<i>Megaderma cor</i> Peters, 1872.","","","","","","","38","38-00862","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0862"
"13800863","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Cardioderma","","cor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1872","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1872","","194","","","Heart-nosed Bat","Ethiopia.","Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, E Sudan, Tanzania, Zanzibar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","","38","38-00863","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0862-0000-0863"
"13800864","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Lavia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","490","","<i>Megaderma frons</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810.","","","","","<i>Livia</i>  Agassiz, 1846 [misspelling].","","38","38-00864","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0864"
"13800865","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Lavia","","frons","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","192","","","Yellow-winged Bat","Senegal.","Senegal and Gambia to Somalia, south to Namibia, Zambia, and Malawi; Zanzibar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>affinis</i> </b> K. Andersen and Wroughton, 1907; <b><i>rex</i></b> Miller, 1905.","See Vonhof and Kalcounis (1999).","38","38-00865","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0864-0000-0865"
"13800866","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Lavia","","frons","frons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","192","","","","Senegal.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00866","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0864-0000-0865-0866"
"13800867","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Lavia","","frons","affinis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen and Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00867","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0864-0000-0865-0867"
"13800868","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Lavia","","frons","rex","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00868","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0864-0000-0865-0868"
"13800869","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Macroderma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","19","","84","","<i>Megaderma gigas</i> Dobson, 1880.","","","","","","","38","38-00869","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0869"
"13800870","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Macroderma","","gigas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1880","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1880","","461","","","Australian False Vampire Bat","Australia, Queensland, Wilson's River, Mt. Margaret.","N and C Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>saturata</i>  Douglas, 1962.","See Hudson and Wilson (1986).","38","38-00870","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0869-0000-0870"
"13800871","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","197","","<i>Vespertilio spasma</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Eucheira</i>  Hodgson, 1847 [not <i>Eucheira</i> Westwood, 1838, an insect]; <i>Lyroderma</i> Peters, 1872; <i>Spasma</i> Gray, 1866.","Includes <i>Lyroderma</i>, but see Hand (1985). Two subgenera (<i>Megaderma</i> and <i>Lyroderma</i>) are recognized here following Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-00871","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871"
"13800872","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","197","","<i>Vespertilio spasma</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","","","38","38-00872","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872"
"13800873","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Lyroderma","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00873","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0873"
"13800874","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Lyroderma","lyra","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","190","","","Greater False Vampire Bat","India, Madras.","Afghanistan to S China, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam; south to Sri Lanka and W Malaysia; Bangladesh.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>carnatica</i>  Elliot, 1839; <i>caurina</i> K. Andersen and Wroughton, 1907; <i>schistacea</i> Hodgson, 1847; <i>spectrum</i> Wagner, 1844; <b><i>sinensis</i></b> K. Andersen and Wroughton, 1907.","Subgenus <i>Lyroderma</i>. Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1994) and Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00874","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0873-0874"
"13800875","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Lyroderma","lyra","lyra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","190","","","","India, Madras.","","","","","38","38-00875","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0873-0874-0875"
"13800876","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Lyroderma","lyra","sinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen and Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00876","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0873-0874-0876"
"13800877","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","32 (based on Seba, 1734, Locupletissimi rerum naturalium... p. 90)","","","Lesser False Vampire Bat","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate.","Sri Lanka and India through SE Asia (including Vietnam) to Lesser Sundas, the Philippines and Molucca Isls, various adjacent islands.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>abditum</i> </b> Chasen, 1940; <b><i>carimatae</i></b> Miller, 1906; <b><i>celebensis</i></b> Shamel, 1940; <b><i>ceylonense</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918; <b><i>horsfieldii</i></b> Blyth, 1863; <b><i>kinabalu</i></b> Chasen, 1940; <b><i>lasiae</i></b> Lyon, 1916;<i> <b>majus</b></i> K. Andersen, 1918; <b><i>medium</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918; <b><i>minus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1918; <b><i>naisense</i></b> Lyon, 1916; <b><i>natunae</i></b> K. Andersen and Wroughton, 1907; <b><i>pangandarana</i></b> Sody, 1936; <b><i>philippinensis</i></b> Waterhouse, 1843; <b><i>siumatis</i></b> Lyon, 1916; <b><i>trifolium</i></b> Geoffroy, 1810.","Subgenus <i>Megaderma</i>. See Bergmans and van Bree (1986) for discussion of subspecies limits in the Indonesian region. Boundaries of some subspecies are unclear. Reviewed in part by Hill (1983) and Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00877","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877"
"13800878","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","spasma","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","32 (based on Seba, 1734, Locupletissimi rerum naturalium... p. 90)","","","Lesser False Vampire Bat","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00878","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0878"
"13800879","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","abditum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00879","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0879"
"13800880","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","carimatae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00880","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0880"
"13800881","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","celebensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shamel","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00881","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0881"
"13800882","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","ceylonense","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00882","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0882"
"13800883","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","horsfieldii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00883","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0883"
"13800884","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","kinabalu","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00884","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0884"
"13800885","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","lasiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00885","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0885"
"13800886","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","majus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00886","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0886"
"13800887","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","medium","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00887","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0887"
"13800888","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","minus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00888","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0888"
"13800889","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","naisense","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00889","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0889"
"13800890","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","natunae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen and Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00890","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0890"
"13800891","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","pangandarana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00891","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0891"
"13800892","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","philippinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00892","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0892"
"13800893","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","siumatis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00893","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0893"
"13800894","CHIROPTERA","","","","Megadermatidae","","","Megaderma","Megaderma","spasma","trifolium","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Geoffroy","1810","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00894","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0861-0000-0000-0871-0872-0877-0894"
"13800895","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1838","","Syn. Vert. Syst., <i>in</i> Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna","2","","111","","","","","","","Rhinopomidae Miller, 1911.","Monogeneric.","38","38-00895","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895"
"13800896","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","113","","<i>Vespertilio microphyllus</i> Brünnich, 1782.","","","","","<i>Rhinopomus</i>  Gervais, 1854.","Revised by Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1994), who provided a key to species; also see Hill (1977<i>b</i>), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Kock et al. (2001).","38","38-00896","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896"
"13800897","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","hardwickii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1831","","Zool. Misc.","1","","37","","","Lesser Mouse-tailed Bat","India, resticted to Bengal by Qumsiyeh et al. (1992).","Morocco to Burma, south to Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Kenya; Socotra Isl (Yemen).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>arabium</i> </b> Thomas, 1913; <i>ferox</i> Stresemann, 1954; <i>sennaariense</i> Fitzinger, 1866 [<i>nomen nudum</i>; validated by Kock, 1969]; <b><i>cystops</i></b> Thomas, 1903; <b><i>sondaicum</i></b> Van Cakenberghe and De Vree, 1994. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>brevicaudatum</i> Gray, 1831 [not available; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion 417, 1956]; <i>longicaudatum</i> Fitzinger 1866 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","See Qumsiyeh and Jones (1986), Harrison and Bates (1991), and Kock et al. (2001). Does not include <i>macinnesi</i>; see Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1994). Sometimes spelled <i>hardwickei</i> (because the species was named after Major General Hardwicke), but the original spelling is <i>hardwickii</i> (see Kock et al., 2001). I follow Corbet and Hill (1992) and Kock et al. (2001) in using the original spelling.","38","38-00897","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896-0000-0897"
"13800898","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","hardwickii","hardwickii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1831","","Zool. Misc.","1","","37","","","","India, resticted to Bengal by Qumsiyeh et al. (1992).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00898","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896-0000-0897-0898"
"13800899","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","hardwickii","arabium","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00899","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896-0000-0897-0899"
"13800900","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","hardwickii","cystops","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00900","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896-0000-0897-0900"
"13800901","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","hardwickii","sondaicum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Van Cakenberghe and De Vree","1994","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00901","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896-0000-0897-0901"
"13800902","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","macinnesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1937","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10","19","","530","","","MacInnes's Mouse-tailed Bat","Kenya, Lake Rudolf, near Central Isl, Bat Isl.","Kenya, Somalia, Eritrea, and Ethiopia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Considered a subspecies of <i>hardwickei</i> by Koopman (1975, 1993, 1994) but see Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1994).","38","38-00902","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896-0000-0902"
"13800903","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","microphyllum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brünnich","1782","","Dyrenes Historie","1","","50","","","Greater Mouse-tailed Bat","Egypt, restricted to Giza by Koopman (1975).","Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Burkina Faso, and Nigeria to Afghanistan, Pakista, and India; possibly Burma; Thailand; N Sumatra.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cordofanicum</i>  Heuglin, 1877; <i>hadithaensis</i> Khajuria, 1988; <i>harrisoni</i> Schlitter and Deblase, 1974; <i>lepsianum</i> Peters, 1859; <i>tropicalis</i> Kock, 1969; <b><i>asirensis</i></b> Nader and Kock, 1982; <b><i>kinneari</i></b><i> </i>Wroughton, 1912; <b><i>sumatrae</i></b> Thomas, 1903.","Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991) and Kock et al. (2001). Includes <i>hadithaensis</i>, see Kock et al. (2001). Subspecies nomenclature revised by Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1994); also see Pearch et al. (2001).","38","38-00903","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896-0000-0903"
"13800904","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","microphyllum","microphyllum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brünnich","1782","","Dyrenes Historie","1","","50","","","","Egypt, restricted to Giza by Koopman (1975).","","","","","38","38-00904","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896-0000-0903-0904"
"13800905","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","microphyllum","asirensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nader and Kock","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00905","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896-0000-0903-0905"
"13800906","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","microphyllum","kinneari","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00906","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896-0000-0903-0906"
"13800907","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","microphyllum","sumatrae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00907","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896-0000-0903-0907"
"13800908","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","muscatellum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","498","","","Small Mouse-tailed Bat","Oman, Muscat, Wadi Bani Ruha.","United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, SW Iran, S Afghanistan, W Pakistan, SW India.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pusillum</i>  Thomas, 1920; <b><i>seianum</i></b> Thomas, 1913.","Ethiopian specimens referred to this species actually represent <i>macinnesi</i>; see Van Cakenberghe and de Vree (1994). Reviewed by Kock et al. (2001). Also see Qumsiyeh and Jones (1986) and Harrison and Bates (1991).","38","38-00908","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896-0000-0908"
"13800909","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","muscatellum","muscatellum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","498","","","","Oman, Muscat, Wadi Bani Ruha.","","","","","38","38-00909","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896-0000-0908-0909"
"13800910","CHIROPTERA","","","","Rhinopomatidae","","","Rhinopoma","","muscatellum","seianum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00910","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0895-0000-0000-0896-0000-0908-0910"
"13800911","CHIROPTERA","","","","Craseonycteridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Hill","1974","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.","27","","303","","","","","","","","Monotypic.","38","38-00911","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0911"
"13800912","CHIROPTERA","","","","Craseonycteridae","","","Craseonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hill","1974","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.","27","","304","","<i>Craseonycteris thonglongyai</i> Hill, 1974.","","","","","","","38","38-00912","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0911-0000-0000-0912"
"13800913","CHIROPTERA","","","","Craseonycteridae","","","Craseonycteris","","thonglongyai","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1974","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.","27","","305","","","Hog-nosed Bat","Thailand, Kanchanaburi, Ban Sai Yoke (= Yok), cave near Forestry Station (14°26'N, 98°51'E).","Thailand, Burma","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","See Hill and Smith (1981) and Bates et al. (2001).","38","38-00913","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0911-0000-0000-0912-0000-0913"
"13800914","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gervais","1855","","<i>In</i> F. Comte de Castelnau, Exped. Partes Cen. Am. Sud., Zool.(Sec. 7)","Vol. 1","pt. 2(Mammifères)","p. 62 footnote","","","","","","","","For alternative phylogenies see Barghoorn (1977), Robbins and Sarich (1988), Griffiths and Smith (1991), and Dunlop (1998).","38","38-00914","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914"
"13800915","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Jerdon","1867","","Mammals of India","","","30","","","","","","","","Equivalent to Tribe Taphozoini of McKenna and Bell (1997).","38","38-00915","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915"
"13800916","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Saccolaimus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Temminck","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","14","","<i>Taphozous saccolaimus</i> Temminck, 1838.","","","","","<i>Taphonycteris</i>  Dobson, 1876.","Considered a subgenus of <i>Taphozous</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet and Hill (1980, 1992), and Bates and Harrison (1997), but see Barghoorn (1977), Robbins and Sarich (1988), and Chimimba and Kitchener (1991). Key to species provided by Chimimba and Kitchener (1991).","38","38-00916","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0916"
"13800917","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Saccolaimus","","flaviventris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","1867","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1866","","430","","","Yellow-bellied Pouched Bat","Australia.","Australia (except Tasmania), SE New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>hargravei</i>  Ramsay, 1876; <i>insignis</i> Leche, 1884.","Revised by Chimimba and Kitchener (1991). Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00917","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0916-0000-0917"
"13800918","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Saccolaimus","","mixtus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1925","","Rec. Aust. Mus.","14","","322","","","Troughton's Pouched Bat","Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., Port Moresby.","SE New Guinea, NE Queensland (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by Chimimba and Kitchener (1991). Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00918","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0916-0000-0918"
"13800919","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Saccolaimus","","peli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guiné","","","82","","","Pel's Pouched Bat","Ghana, Boutry River.","Liberia to W Kenya south to Angola.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","","38","38-00919","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0916-0000-0919"
"13800920","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Saccolaimus","","saccolaimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","14","","","Naked-rumped Pouched Bat","Indonesia, Java.","Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka through SE Asia (including Burma, Cambodia, Thailand, and the Nicobar Isls) to the Philippines, Sulawesi, and Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Timor (Indonesia); New Guinea; New Britain and Bougainville Isls (Papua New Guinea); NE Queensland (Australia); Guadalcanal Isl (Solomon Isls).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>affinis</i> </b> Dobson, 1875; <i>flavimaculatus</i> Sody, 1931; <b><i>crassus</i></b> Blyth, 1844; <i>pulcher</i> Blyth, 1844; <b><i>nudicluniatus</i></b> De Vis, 1905; <i>granti</i> Thomas, 1911; <b><i>pluto</i></b> Miller, 1910; <i>capito</i> Hollister, 1913.","Corbet and Hill (1980) listed <i>nudicluniatus</i> as a distinct species without comment. Includes <i>pulcher</i>; see Medway (1977) and Goodwin (1979). Includes <i>pluto</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Chimimba and Kitchener (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00920","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0916-0000-0920"
"13800921","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Saccolaimus","","saccolaimus","saccolaimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","14","","","","Indonesia, Java.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00921","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0916-0000-0920-0921"
"13800922","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Saccolaimus","","saccolaimus","affinis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00922","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0916-0000-0920-0922"
"13800923","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Saccolaimus","","saccolaimus","crassus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00923","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0916-0000-0920-0923"
"13800924","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Saccolaimus","","saccolaimus","nudicluniatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","De Vis","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00924","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0916-0000-0920-0924"
"13800925","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Saccolaimus","","saccolaimus","pluto","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00925","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0916-0000-0920-0925"
"13800926","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","113","","<i>Taphozous perforatus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1818.","","","","","<i>Liponycteris</i>  Thomas, 1922.","Includes <i>Liponycteris</i> but not <i>Saccolaimus</i>; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Barghoorn (1977), Robbins and Sarich (1988), and Chimimba and Kitchener (1991), though also see Corbet and Hill (1992). Key to Australian species provided by Chimimba and Kitchener (1991). Two subgenera are recognized, <i>Taphozous</i> and <i>Liponycteris</i>.","38","38-00926","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926"
"13800927","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","113","","<i>Taphozous perforatus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1818.","","","","","","","38","38-00927","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927"
"13800928","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Liponycteris","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00928","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0928"
"13800929","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","achates","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","","60","","","Indonesian Tomb Bat","Indonesia, near Timor, Nusa Tenggara, Savu Isl.","Kei, Savu, Roti, Semau, and Nusa Penida Isls (Indonesia); possibly Timor.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<b><i>minor</i> </b> Kitchener, 1995 [in Kitchener and Suyanto, 1995].","Subgenus <i>Taphozous</i>. Formerly included in <i>melanopogon</i>, but see Kitchener et al. (1993<i>b</i>) and Kitchener and Suyanto (1995). Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00929","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0929"
"13800930","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","achates","achates","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","","60","","","","Indonesia, near Timor, Nusa Tenggara, Savu Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00930","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0929-0930"
"13800931","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","achates","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1995","","[in Kitchener and Suyanto, 1995]","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00931","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0929-0931"
"13800932","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1854","","Mamm. Aust.","","","3","","","Coastal Tomb Bat","Australia, Queensland, Albany Isl (off Cape York).","N Queensland (Australia), Torres Strait Isls, SE New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>fumosus</i>  De Vis, 1905.","Subgenus <i>Taphozous</i>. Includes <i>fumosus</i>; see Troughton (1925) and Chimimba and Kitchener (1991). Tate (1952) included <i>georgianus</i> in this species, but see McKean and Price (1967) and Chimimba and Kitchener (1991). Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-00932","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0932"
"13800933","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","georgianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","","62","","","Sharp-nosed Tomb Bat","Australia, Western Australia, King Georges Sound.","N and W Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Taphozous</i>. McKean and Price (1967) and Koopman (1993, 1994) included <i>troughtoni</i> in this species, but see Chimimba and Kitchener (1991).","38","38-00933","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0933"
"13800934","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Liponycteris","hamiltoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","5","","142","","","Hamilton's Tomb Bat","Sudan, Equatoria, Mongalla.","S Sudan, Chad, Kenya, possibly Somalia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Liponycteris</i>.","38","38-00934","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0928-0934"
"13800935","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","hildegardeae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","98","","","Hildegarde's Tomb Bat","Kenya, Coast Province, Rabai (near Mombassa).","Kenya, NE Tanzania, Zanzibar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Taphozous</i>. See Colket and Wilson (1998).","38","38-00935","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0935"
"13800936","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","hilli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1980","","Rec. W. Aust. Mus.","8","","162","","","Hill's Tomb Bat","Australia, Western Australia, Hamersley range, near Mt. Bruce.","Western Australia, South Australia, and Northern Territory.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Taphozous</i>. Reviewed by Chimimba and Kitchener (1991).","38","38-00936","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0936"
"13800937","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","kapalgensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","McKean and Friend","1979","","Vict. Nat.","96","","239","","","Arnhem Tomb Bat","Australia, Northern Territory, S Alligator River, near Rookery Point, Kapalga.","Northern Territory (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Taphozous</i>. Reviewed by Chimimba and Kitchener (1991).","38","38-00937","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0937"
"13800938","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","longimanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hardwicke","1825","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","14","","525","","","Long-winged Tomb Bat","India, Bengal, Calcutta.","Sri Lanka; India and Bangladesh to Burma, Cambodia, and Thailand; Peninsular Malaysia; Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, Sumbawa, and Flores (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brevicaudus</i>  Blyth, 1841; <i>cantorii</i> Blyth, 1842; <i>fulvidus</i> Blyth, 1841; <b><i>albipinnis</i></b> Thomas, 1898; <b><i>kampenii</i></b> Jentink, 1907; <b><i>leucopleurus</i></b> Dobson, 1875.","Subgenus <i>Taphozous</i>. Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1994) and Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00938","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0938"
"13800939","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","longimanus","longimanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hardwicke","1825","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","14","","525","","","","India, Bengal, Calcutta.","","","","","38","38-00939","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0938-0939"
"13800940","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","longimanus","albipinnis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00940","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0938-0940"
"13800941","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","longimanus","kampenii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00941","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0938-0941"
"13800942","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","longimanus","leucopleurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00942","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0938-0942"
"13800943","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","mauritianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","127","","","Mauritian Tomb Bat","Mauritius.","South Africa to Sudan and Somalia to Senegal; Mauritius and Réunion Isls (Mascarene Isls); São Tomé and Princepe; Madagascar; Assumption Isl and Aldabra Isl.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cinerascens</i>  Seabra, 1900; <i>dobsoni</i> Jentink, 1879; <i>leucopterus</i> Temminck, 1835.","Subgenus <i>Taphozous</i>. Reviewed in part by Peterson et al. (1995); also see Taylor (2000<i>a</i>).","38","38-00943","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0943"
"13800944","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","melanopogon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1841","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","287","","","Black-bearded Tomb Bat","Indonesia, W Java, Bantam.","Sri Lanka; India; Burma; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; S China; Malay Peninsula and adjacent islands; Borneo; Sumatra, Java, Lombok, Sumbawa, Moyo, Alor, Timor, and Sulawesi (Indonesia), Philippines.","IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc); IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>T. melanopogon </i>and <i>T. solifer.</i>","<b><i>bicolor</i> </b> Temminck, 1841; <b><i>cavaticus</i></b> Hollister, 1913; <b><i>fretensis</i></b> Thomas, 1916; <b><i>phillipinensis</i></b> Waterhouse, 1845; <i>solifer</i> Hollister, 1913.","Subgenus <i>Taphozous</i>. Does not includes <i>achates</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1993<i>b</i>). Includes <i>phillipinensis</i>; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1994) and Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>). Rediagnosed by Kitchener et al. (1993<i>b</i>). Sulawesi and Kei populations have not be allocated to subspecies.","38","38-00944","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0944"
"13800945","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","melanopogon","melanopogon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1841","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","287","","","","Indonesia, W Java, Bantam.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00945","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0944-0945"
"13800946","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","melanopogon","bicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00946","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0944-0946"
"13800947","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","melanopogon","cavaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00947","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0944-0947"
"13800948","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","melanopogon","fretensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00948","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0944-0948"
"13800949","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","melanopogon","phillipinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00949","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0944-0949"
"13800950","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Liponycteris","nudiventris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1830","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nördl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","","","70","","","Naked-rumped Tomb Bat","Egypt, Giza.","Mauritania, Senegal, and Guinea-Bissau to Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, and NE Turkey, south to Tanzania and east to Burma.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>assabensis</i>  Monticelli, 1885; <i>nudiventer</i> Temminck, 1841; <b><i>kachhensis</i></b> Dobson, 1872; <b><i>magnus</i></b> Wettstein, 1913; <i>babylonicus</i> Thomas, 1915; <b><i>nudaster</i></b> Thomas, 1915; <b><i>zayidi </i></b>Harrison, 1955. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>serratus</i> Heuglin, 1877 [see comments].","Subgenus <i>Liponycteris</i>. Includes <i>kachhensis</i>; see Felten (1962) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Formerly included in genus <i>Liponycteris</i>; see Hayman and Hill (1977). Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1994) as <i>kachhensis</i>. Also see Harrison and Bates (1991). May include <i>serratus</i> Heuglin, 1877, an enigmatic taxon variously referred to either <i>Taphozous</i> <i>nudiventris</i> (e.g., G. M. Allen, 1939; Koopman, 1993) or <i>Scotophilus</i> <i>leucogaster</i> (e.g., G. M. Allen, 1939; Koopman, 1975) but which may not represent either of those species.","38","38-00950","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0928-0950"
"13800951","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Liponycteris","nudiventris","nudiventris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1830","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nördl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","","","70","","","","Egypt, Giza.","","","","","38","38-00951","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0928-0950-0951"
"13800952","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Liponycteris","nudiventris","kachhensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00952","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0928-0950-0952"
"13800953","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Liponycteris","nudiventris","magnus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wettstein","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00953","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0928-0950-0953"
"13800954","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Liponycteris","nudiventris","nudaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00954","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0928-0950-0954"
"13800955","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Liponycteris","nudiventris","zayidi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harrison","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00955","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0928-0950-0955"
"13800956","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","perforatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","126","","","Egyptian Tomb Bat","Egypt, Kom Ombo.","Mauritania and Senegal to Botswana, Mozambique, Somalia, Djibouti and Egypt; S Arabia; Jordan; S Iran; Pakistan; NW India.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>maritimus</i>  Heuglin, 1877; <b><i>haedinus</i></b> Thomas, 1915; <b><i>senegalensis</i></b> Desmarest, 1820; <i>swirae</i> Harrison, 1958 <b><i>sudani</i></b> Thomas, 1915; <i>australis</i> Harrison, 1962 [not Gould, 1854]; <i>rhodesiae</i> Harrison, 1964 [replacement name for <i>australis</i>].","Subgenus <i>Taphozous</i>. Includes <i>senegalensis</i> and <i>sudani</i>; see Hayman and Hill (1977). Reviewed by Bates et al. (1994) and Bates and Harrison (1997); see also Meester et al. (1986), Harrison and Bates (1991), and Taylor (2000<i>a</i>). Subspecies are poorly defined.","38","38-00956","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0956"
"13800957","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","perforatus","perforatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","126","","","","Egypt, Kom Ombo.","","","","","38","38-00957","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0956-0957"
"13800958","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","perforatus","haedinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00958","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0956-0958"
"13800959","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","perforatus","senegalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1820","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00959","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0956-0959"
"13800960","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","perforatus","sudani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00960","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0956-0960"
"13800961","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","theobaldi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1872","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","","","152","","","Theobald's Tomb Bat","Burma, Tenasserim.","C India to Vietnam; Java, Borneo and Sulawesi. A record from Malaysia appears to be in error; see Medway (1969).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>secatus</i> </b> Thomas, 1915.","Subgenus <i>Taphozous</i>. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-00961","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0961"
"13800962","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","theobaldi","theobaldi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1872","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","","","152","","","","Burma, Tenasserim.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00962","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0961-0962"
"13800963","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","theobaldi","secatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00963","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0961-0963"
"13800964","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Taphozoinae","","Taphozous","Taphozous","troughtoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1952","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist.","98","","563","","","Troughton's Tomb Bat","Australia, Queensland, 10 mi. (15 km) E of Mt. Isa, Rifle Creek.","NW Queensland (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Taphozous</i>. Included in <i>georgianus</i> by McKean and Price (1967) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Chimimba and Kitchener (1991).","38","38-00964","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0915-0000-0926-0927-0964"
"13800965","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gervais","1855","","<i>In</i> F. Comte de Castelnau, Exped. Partes Cen. Am. Sud., Zool. (Sec. 7)","Vol. 1","pt. 2 (Mammifères)","p. 62 footnote","","","","","","","","McKenna and Bell (1997) divided this subfamily into two tribes, Emballonurini Gervais, 1855 (<i>Mosia</i>, <i>Emballonura</i>, <i>Coleura</i>) and Diclidurini Gray, 1866 (Neotropical emballonurids). However, both of these groups may be paraphyletic as so defined (Dunlop, 1998). Accordingly, I do not recognize tribes within Emballonurinae at this time. For a key to Neotropical species see Jones and Hood (1993).","38","38-00965","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965"
"13800966","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Balantiopteryx","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","476","","<i>Balantiopteryx plicata</i> Peters, 1867.","","","","","","Revised by Hill (1987); also see Arroyo-Cabrales and Jones (1988<i>a</i>) and Jones and Hood (1993).","38","38-00966","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0966"
"13800967","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Balantiopteryx","","infusca","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","20","","546","","","Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bat","Ecuador, Esmeraldas, Cachabi.","W Ecuador, Colombia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","Reviewed by Hill (1987), Arroyo-Cabrales and Jones (1988<i>b</i>), and McCarthy et al. (2000).","38","38-00967","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0966-0000-0967"
"13800968","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Balantiopteryx","","io","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","13","","252","","","Thomas's Sac-winged Bat","Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, Río Dolores (near Coban).","S Veracruz and Oaxaca (Mexico) to EC Guatemala and Belize.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","See Arroyo-Cabrales and Jones (1988<i>b</i>).","38","38-00968","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0966-0000-0968"
"13800969","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Balantiopteryx","","plicata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","476","","","Gray Sac-winged Bat","Costa Rica, Puntarenas.","Costa Rica to C Sonora and S Baja California (Mexico); N Colombia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ochoterenai</i>  Martínez and Villa, 1938; <b><i>pallida</i></b> Burt, 1948.","See Arroyo-Cabrales and Jones (1988<i>a</i>).","38","38-00969","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0966-0000-0969"
"13800970","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Balantiopteryx","","plicata","plicata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","476","","","","Costa Rica, Puntarenas.","","","","","38","38-00970","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0966-0000-0969-0970"
"13800971","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Balantiopteryx","","plicata","pallida","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1948","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00971","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0966-0000-0969-0971"
"13800972","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Centronycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","499","","<i>Vespertilio calcaratus</i> Schinz, 1821 (preoccupied by Rafinesque, 1818) (= <i>Vespertilio maximiliani</i>, J. Fischer, 1829).","","","","","","Revised by Simmons and Handley (1998). The two species have not yet been found in sympatry, but their ranges may overlap in NE Peru (Hice and Solari, 2002).","38","38-00972","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0972"
"13800973","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Centronycteris","","centralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","638","","","Thomas's Shaggy Bat","Panama, Chiriquí, Bogava.","S Mexico to SE Peru.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly included in <i>maximiliani</i> but clearly distinct, see Simmons and Handley (1998).","38","38-00973","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0972-0000-0973"
"13800974","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Centronycteris","","maximiliani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. Fischer","1829","","Synopsis Mamm.","","","122","","","Shaggy Bat","Brazil, Espirito Santo, Rio Jucy, Fazenda do Coroaba.","NE Peru, S Venezuela, Brazil, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>calcaratus</i>  Schinz, 1821 [preoccupied by <i>calcaratus</i> Rafinesque, 1818]; <i>wiedi</i> Palmer, 1898.","Does not include <i>centralis</i>, see Simmons and Handley (1998).","38","38-00974","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0972-0000-0974"
"13800975","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Coleura","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","479","","<i>Emballonura afra</i> Peters, 1852.","","","","","","","38","38-00975","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0975"
"13800976","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Coleura","","afra","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Reise nach Mossambique, Säugethiere","","","51","","","African Sheath-tailed Bat","Mozambique, Tete.","Guinea-Bissau to Somalia and Djibouti, south to Angola, Dem. Rep. Congo, and Mozambique; Yemen.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gallarum</i>  Thomas, 1915; <i>kummeri</i> Monard, 1939; <i>nilosa</i> Thomas, 1915.","Includes <i>kummeri</i>, see Rosevear (1965). Also see Harrison and Bates (1991) and Dunlop (1997).","38","38-00976","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0975-0000-0976"
"13800977","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Coleura","","seychellensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1868","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1868","","367","","","Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat","Seychelle Isls, Mahe Isl.","Seychelle Isls; possibly Zanzibar. The Zanzibar record is extremely dubious (Koopman, 1993).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered.","<b><i>silhouettae</i> </b> Thomas, 1915.","","38","38-00977","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0975-0000-0977"
"13800978","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Coleura","","seychellensis","seychellensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1868","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1868","","367","","","","Seychelle Isls, Mahe Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-00978","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0975-0000-0977-0978"
"13800979","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Coleura","","seychellensis","silhouettae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00979","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0975-0000-0977-0979"
"13800980","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Cormura","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","475","","<i>Emballonura brevirostris</i> Wagner, 1843.","","","","","<i>Myropteryx</i>  Miller, 1906.","Reviewed by Jones and Hood (1993).","38","38-00980","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0980"
"13800981","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Cormura","","brevirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","Arch. Naturgesch., ser. 9","1","","367","","","Chestnut Sac-winged Bat","Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Negro, Marabitanas.","Nicaragua south to Peru and C Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pullus</i>  Miller, 1906.","See Bernard (2003).","38","38-00981","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0980-0000-0981"
"13800982","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Cyttarops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","134","","<i>Cyttarops alecto</i> Thomas, 1913.","","","","","","","38","38-00982","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0982"
"13800983","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Cyttarops","","alecto","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","135","","","Short-eared Bat","Brazil, Pará, Mocajatube.","Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guyana, French Guiana, Amazonian Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Reviewed by Jones and Hood (1993); also see Starrett (1972). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-00983","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0982-0000-0983"
"13800984","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Diclidurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1819","1820","Isis von Oken","1819","","1629","","<i>Diclidurus albus</i> Wied-Neuwied, 1820.","","","","","<i>Depanycteris</i>  Thomas, 1920.","Includes <i>Depanycteris</i>. Reviewed by Jones and Hood (1993); also see Ojasiti and Linares (1971) and Ceballos and Medellín (1988). Two subgenera are recognized, <i>Diclidurus</i> and <i>Depanycteris</i>.","38","38-00984","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0984"
"13800985","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Diclidurus","Diclidurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1819","1820","Isis von Oken","1819","","1629","","<i>Diclidurus albus</i> Wied-Neuwied, 1820.","","","","","","","38","38-00985","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0984-0985"
"13800986","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Diclidurus","Depanycteris","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00986","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0984-0986"
"13800987","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Diclidurus","Diclidurus","albus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1819","1820","Isis von Oken","1819","","1630","","","Northern Ghost Bat","Brazil, Bahia, Rio Pardo, Canavieiras.","Nayarit (Mexico) to E Brazil and Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>freyreisii</i>  Wied, 1838; <b><i>virgo</i></b> Thomas, 1903.","Subgenus <i>Diclidurus</i>. Includes <i>virgo</i>; see Goodwin (1969), but see also Ojasti and Linares (1971). Corbet and Hill (1980) listed <i>virgo </i>as a distinct species without comment. See Ceballos and Medellín (1988).","38","38-00987","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0984-0985-0987"
"13800988","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Diclidurus","Diclidurus","albus","albus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1819","1820","Isis von Oken","1819","","1630","","","","Brazil, Bahia, Rio Pardo, Canavieiras.","","","","","38","38-00988","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0984-0985-0987-0988"
"13800989","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Diclidurus","Diclidurus","albus","virgo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-00989","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0984-0985-0987-0989"
"13800990","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Diclidurus","Diclidurus","ingens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hernandez-Camacho","1955","","Caldasia","7","","87","","","Greater Ghost Bat","Colombia, Caqueta, Río Putumayo, Puerto Leguizamo.","Venezuela, SE Colombia, Guyana, NW Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Diclidurus</i>.","38","38-00990","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0984-0985-0990"
"13800991","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Diclidurus","Depanycteris","isabellus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","271","","","Isabelle's Ghost Bat","Brazil, Amazonas, Manacapuru (lower Solimões River).","NW Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Depanycteris</i>. Formerly placed in its own genus (<i>Depanycteris</i>), see Ojasti and Linares (1971).","38","38-00991","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0984-0986-0991"
"13800992","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Diclidurus","Diclidurus","scutatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1869","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1869","","400","","","Lesser Ghost Bat","Brazil, Pará, Belem.","Amazonian Brazil, Venezuela, Peru, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Diclidurus</i>.","38","38-00992","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0984-0985-0992"
"13800993","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Temminck","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","22","","<i>Emballonura monticola</i> Temminck, 1838.","","","","","","Does not include <i>Mosia</i>; see Griffiths et al. (1991). Species groups follow Koopman (1994).","38","38-00993","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993"
"13800994","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","alecto","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eydoux and Gervais","1836","","Mag. Zool. Paris","6","","7","","","Small Asian Sheath-tailed Bat","Philippines, Luzon, Manila.","Philippines, Borneo, Sulawesi, and Tanimbar (Indonesia), Moluccas, and adjacent small islands including Anambas Isl.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>discolor</i>  Peters, 1861; <b><i>anambensis</i></b> Miller, 1900; <b><i>palawanensis</i></b> Taylor, 1934; <b><i>rivalis</i></b> Thomas, 1915.","<i>alecto</i> species group. Includes <i>rivalis</i>; see Medway (1977). Includes <i>anambensis</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-00994","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-0994"
"13800995","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","alecto","alecto","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Eydoux and Gervais","1836","","Mag. Zool. Paris","6","","7","","","","Philippines, Luzon, Manila.","","","","<i>alecto</i>species group<i>.</i>","38","38-00995","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-0994-0995"
"13800996","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","alecto","anambensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>alecto</i>species group<i>.</i>","38","38-00996","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-0994-0996"
"13800997","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","alecto","palawanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>alecto</i>species group<i>.</i>","38","38-00997","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-0994-0997"
"13800998","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","alecto","rivalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>alecto</i>species group<i>.</i>","38","38-00998","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-0994-0998"
"13800999","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","atrata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1874","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1874","","693","","","Peters's Sheath-tailed Bat","Madagascar, restricted to ""interior of Madagascar"" by Peterson et al. (1995).","Madagascar except for S region.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>atrata</i> species group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-00999","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-0999"
"13801000","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","beccarii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters and Doria","1881","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","16","","693","","","Beccari's Sheath-tailed Bat","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Tjenderawasih Div., Yapen Isl, Ansus.","New Guinea, Kai Isls, Biak, Ypen, Trobriand Isls, Bougainville, New Ireland (Bismarck Arch.) and nearby smaller islands.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>locusta</i>  Thomas, 1920; <b><i>clavium</i></b> Thomas, 1915; <b><i>meeki</i></b> Thomas, 1896.","<i>alecto</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-01000","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1000"
"13801001","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","beccarii","beccarii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters and Doria","1881","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","16","","693","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Tjenderawasih Div., Yapen Isl, Ansus.","","","","<i>alecto</i>species group<i>.</i>","38","38-01001","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1000-1001"
"13801002","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","beccarii","clavium","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>alecto</i>species group<i>.</i>","38","38-01002","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1000-1002"
"13801003","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","beccarii","meeki","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>alecto</i>species group<i>.</i>","38","38-01003","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1000-1003"
"13801004","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","dianae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1956","","<i>In</i> Wolff, Nat. Hist. Rennell Isl, Brit. Solomon Isls","1","","74","","","Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bat","Solomon Isls, Rennell Isl, near Tigoa, Te-Abagua Cave, about 35 m.","Rennell, Guadalcanal, Malaita, Choiseul and San Isabel Isls (Solomon Isls), New Ireland (Bismarck Arch.), New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<b><i>fruhstorferi</i> </b> Flannery, 1994; <b><i>rickwoodi</i></b> Flannery, 1994.","<i>raffrayana</i> species group. Revised by Flannery (1994<i>b</i>). See also Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-01004","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1004"
"13801005","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","dianae","dianae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1956","","<i>In</i> Wolff, Nat. Hist. Rennell Isl, Brit. Solomon Isls","1","","74","","","","Solomon Isls, Rennell Isl, near Tigoa, Te-Abagua Cave, about 35 m.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>raffrayana</i> species group.","38","38-01005","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1004-1005"
"13801006","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","dianae","fruhstorferi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1994","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>raffrayana</i> species group.","38","38-01006","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1004-1006"
"13801007","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","dianae","rickwoodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1994","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>raffrayana</i> species group.","38","38-01007","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1004-1007"
"13801008","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","furax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","7","","384","","","New Guinean Sheath-tailed Bat","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, S of Charles Louis Range, Kapare River, Whitewater Camp., 400 ft. (122 m).","Prov. of Papua (Indonesia); Papua New Guinea including Bismarck Arch.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>raffrayana</i> species group. Revised by Flannery (1994<i>b</i>), who described <i>serii</i> based on specimens from New Ireland Isl originally referred to <i>furax</i>. Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-01008","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1008"
"13801009","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","monticola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","25","","","Lesser Sheath-tailed Bat","Indonesia, Java, Mt. Munara.","Burma and Thailand to W Malaysia; Borneo; Sumatra, Rhio Arch., Banka, Billiton, Enggano, Babi Isls, Batu Isls, Nias Isl, Mentawai Isls, Java, Sulawesi.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>peninsularis</i>  Miller, 1898; <i>pusilla</i> Lyon, 1911.","<i>alecto</i> species group.","38","38-01009","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1009"
"13801010","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","raffrayana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","1879","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1878","","876","","","Raffray's Sheath-tailed Bat","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Tjenderawasih Div., Geelvinck Bay, Numfor Isl (= Mefor Isl = Noemfor Isl = Numfoor Isl); for clarification see Thomas (1914<i>b</i>).","Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismark Arch., Solomons, and Vanuatu.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>cor</i> </b> Thomas, 1915; <b><i>stresemanni</i></b> Thomas, 1914.","<i>raffrayana</i> species group. See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-01010","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1010"
"13801011","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","raffrayana","raffrayana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","1879","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1878","","876","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Tjenderawasih Div., Geelvinck Bay, Numfor Isl (= Mefor Isl = Noemfor Isl = Numfoor Isl); for clarification see Thomas (1914<i>b</i>).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>raffrayana</i> species group.","38","38-01011","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1010-1011"
"13801012","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","raffrayana","cor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>raffrayana</i> species group.","38","38-01012","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1010-1012"
"13801013","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","raffrayana","stresemanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>raffrayana</i> species group.","38","38-01013","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1010-1013"
"13801014","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","semicaudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peale","1848","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","","23","","","Polynesian Sheath-tailed Bat","Samoa.","Mariana Isls and Caroline Isls (including Palau Isls), Vanuatu, Fiji Isls, Samoa.","U. S. ESA – Candidate taxon (in Aguijan, American Samoa); IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","<i>fuliginosa</i>  Tomes, 1859; <b><i>palauensis</i></b> Yamashima, 1932; <b><i>rotensis</i></b> Yamashima, 1943; <b><i>sulcata</i></b> Miller, 1911.","<i>semicaudata</i> species group. Includes <i>sulcata</i>, see Griffiths et al. (1991). Subspecies reviewed by Koopman (1997).","38","38-01014","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1014"
"13801015","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","semicaudata","semicaudata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peale","1848","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","","23","","","","Samoa.","","","","<i>semicaudata</i> species group.","38","38-01015","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1014-1015"
"13801016","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","semicaudata","palauensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Yamashima","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>semicaudata</i> species group.","38","38-01016","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1014-1016"
"13801017","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","semicaudata","rotensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Yamashima","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>semicaudata</i> species group.","38","38-01017","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1014-1017"
"13801018","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","semicaudata","sulcata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>semicaudata</i> species group.","38","38-01018","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1014-1018"
"13801019","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Emballonura","","serii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flannery","1994","","Mammalia","58","","606","","","Seri's Sheath-tailed Bat","Bismarck Archipelago, New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), Matapara Cave near Medina, 2°55'N, 151°23'E.","Los Negros Isl, Manus Isl, New Ireland Isl (Bismarck Arch.).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Defficient.","","<i>raffrayana</i> species group. Described based on specimens orginally referred to <i>furax</i>. See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-01019","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-0993-0000-1019"
"13801020","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Mosia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","11","","117","","<i>Mosia nigrescens</i> Gray, 1843.","","","","","","Formerly included in <i>Emballonura</i>, but see Griffiths et al. (1991). Corbet and Hill (1992) recognized <i>Mosia</i> as a subgenus of <i>Emballonura</i>.","38","38-01020","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1020"
"13801021","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Mosia","","nigrescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","11","","117","","","Dark Sheath-tailed Bat","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina Isl.","New Guinea; New Ireland (Papua New Guinea); Kai Isls, Halmahera Isls, Schouten Isls, Sulawesi, Moluccas Isls; Waigeo Isl. (Prov. of Papua, Indonesia), Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea); Solomon Isls; adjacent small islands.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>papuana</i> </b> Thomas, 1914; <b><i>solomonis</i></b> Thomas, 1904.","Includes <i>papuana</i>; see Laurie and Hill (1954) and Hill (1983). Includes <i>solomonis</i>, considered a distinct species by McKean (1972). See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-01021","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1020-0000-1021"
"13801022","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Mosia","","nigrescens","nigrescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","11","","117","","","","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01022","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1020-0000-1021-1022"
"13801023","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Mosia","","nigrescens","papuana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01023","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1020-0000-1021-1023"
"13801024","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Mosia","","nigrescens","solomonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01024","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1020-0000-1021-1024"
"13801025","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Peropteryx","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","472","","<i>Vespertilio caninus</i> Wied-Neuwied, 1821 (preoccupied; = <i>Emballonura macrotis</i> Wagner, 1843).","","","","","<i>Peronymus</i>  Peters, 1868.","Includes <i>Peronymus</i>; see Griffiths and Smith (1991), Jones and Hood (1993), Dunlop (1998), and Simmons and Voss (1998). Reviewed by Jones and Hood (1993). Two subgenera recognized, <i>Peropteryx</i> and <i>Peronymus</i>.","38","38-01025","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1025"
"13801026","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Peropteryx","Peropteryx","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","472","","<i>Vespertilio caninus</i> Wied-Neuwied, 1821 (preoccupied; = <i>Emballonura macrotis</i> Wagner, 1843).","","","","","","","38","38-01026","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1025-1026"
"13801027","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Peropteryx","Peronymus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1868","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01027","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1025-1027"
"13801028","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Peropteryx","Peropteryx","kappleri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","473","","","Greater Dog-like Bat","Surinam.","S Veracruz (Mexico) to the Guianas, E Brazil, Peru, and N Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>intermedia</i> </b> Sanborn, 1951.","Subgenus <i>Peropteryx</i>.","38","38-01028","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1025-1026-1028"
"13801029","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Peropteryx","Peropteryx","kappleri","kappleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","473","","","","Surinam.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01029","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1025-1026-1028-1029"
"13801030","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Peropteryx","Peropteryx","kappleri","intermedia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01030","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1025-1026-1028-1030"
"13801031","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Peropteryx","Peronymus","leucoptera","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","474","","","White-winged Dog-like Bat","Surinam.","Peru, Colombia, N and E Brazil, Venezuela, Guianas.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>cyclops</i> </b> Thomas, 1924.","Subgenus <i>Peronymus</i>. Formerly placed in its own genus (<i>Peronymus</i>), but clearly a member of the <i>Peropteryx </i>clade, see Griffiths and Smith (1991), Jones and Hood (1993), Dunlop (1998), and Simmons and Voss (1998).","38","38-01031","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1025-1027-1031"
"13801032","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Peropteryx","Peronymus","leucoptera","leucoptera","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","474","","","","Surinam.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01032","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1025-1027-1031-1032"
"13801033","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Peropteryx","Peronymus","leucoptera","cyclops","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01033","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1025-1027-1031-1033"
"13801034","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Peropteryx","Peropteryx","macrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","Arch. Naturgesch., ser. 9","1","","367","","","Lesser Dog-like Bat","Brazil, Mato Grosso.","Guerrero and Yucatán (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, and S and E Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brunnea</i>  Gervais, 1855; <i>caninus</i> Schinz, 1821 [not Blumenbach, 1797].","Subgenus <i>Peropteryx</i>. Does not include <i>trinitatis</i>; see Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990) and Simmons and Voss (1998). Does not include <i>phaea</i>; see Genoways et al. (1998). This complex may include more than one species; see Reid et al. (2000). See Yee (2000), but note that they included <i>trinitatis</i> and <i>phaea</i> in this species.","38","38-01034","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1025-1026-1034"
"13801035","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Peropteryx","Peropteryx","trinitatis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1899","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","12","","178","","","Trinidad Dog-like Bat","Trinidad, Port-of-Spain.","Trinidad and Tobago; Aruba Isl (Netherlands Antilles); Grenada; Venezuela; Margarita Isl (Venezuela); French Guiana.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Microchiropteran Bats Action Plan (2001).","<b><i>phaea</i> </b> G. M. Allen, 1911.","Subgenus <i>Peropteryx</i>. Considered a subspecies of <i>macrotis</i> by many authors, but see Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990) and Simmons and Voss (1998). Includes <i>phaea</i>, see discussion in Genoways et al. (1998).","38","38-01035","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1025-1026-1035"
"13801036","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Peropteryx","Peropteryx","trinitatis","trinitatis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1899","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","12","","178","","","","Trinidad, Port-of-Spain.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01036","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1025-1026-1035-1036"
"13801037","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Peropteryx","Peropteryx","trinitatis","phaea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01037","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1025-1026-1035-1037"
"13801038","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Rhynchonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","477","","<i>Vespertilio naso</i> Wied-Neuwied, 1820.","","","","","<i>Proboscidea</i>  Spix, 1823 [not Brugière, 1791]; <i>Rhynchoniscus</i> Miller, 1907.","Reviewed by Jones and Hood (1993).","38","38-01038","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1038"
"13801039","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Rhynchonycteris","","naso","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1820","","Reise nach Brasilien","1","","251","","","Proboscis Bat","Brazil, Bahia, Rio Mucuri, near Morro d'Arara; for clarification see Avila-Pires (1965:9).","E Oaxaca and C Veracruz (Mexico) to C and E Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, French Guiana, Guyana, and Surinam; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>lineata</i>  Temminck, 1838; <i>priscus</i> G. M. Allen, 1914; <i>rivalis</i> Spix, 1823; <i>saxatilis</i> Spix, 1823;<i> villosa</i> Gervais, 1855.","See Plumpton and Jones (1992); see Emmons (1997) for an updated distribution map.","38","38-01039","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1038-0000-1039"
"13801040","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Saccopteryx","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium.","","","121","","<i>Vespertilio lepturus</i> Schreber, 1774.","","","","","<i>Urocryptus</i>  Temminck, 1838.","Reviewed by Jones and Hood (1993); also see Muñoz and Cuartas (2001).","38","38-01040","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1040"
"13801041","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Saccopteryx","","antioquensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Muñoz and Cuartas","2001","","Actual. Biol.","23","","53","","","Antioquian Sac-winged Bat","Colombia, Antioquia, Municipality of Sonsón, ca. 15 km along La Soledad road E of Sonsón; 5°40'N, 75°05'W; 1,200 m.","Known only from the Cordillera Central of N Colombia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Not evaluated (new species).","","Most similar to <i>gymnura</i>; see Muñoz and Cuartas (2001).","38","38-01041","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1040-0000-1041"
"13801042","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Saccopteryx","","bilineata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","33","","","Greater Sac-winged Bat","Surinam.","Jalisco and Veracruz (Mexico) to Bolivia, Guianas, and E Brazil south to Rio de Janiero; Trinidad and Tobago.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>centralis</i>  Thomas, 1904; <i>insignis</i> Wagner, 1855; <i>perspicillifer</i> Miller, 1899.","Several subspecies have been recognized, but these do not appear justified; see Simmons and Voss (1998). See Yancey et al. (1998<i>a</i>).","38","38-01042","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1040-0000-1042"
"13801043","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Saccopteryx","","canescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","366","","","Frosted Sac-winged Bat","Brazil, Pará, Obidos.","Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, N Brazil, Peru, Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>leptura</i>  J. A. Allen, 1900 [preoccupied by <i>leptura</i> Schreber, 1774]; <b><i>pumila</i></b> Thomas, 1914.","Includes <i>pumila</i>; see Husson (1962).","38","38-01043","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1040-0000-1043"
"13801044","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Saccopteryx","","canescens","canescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","366","","","","Brazil, Pará, Obidos.","","","","","38","38-01044","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1040-0000-1043-1044"
"13801045","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Saccopteryx","","canescens","pumila","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01045","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1040-0000-1043-1045"
"13801046","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Saccopteryx","","gymnura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","367","","","Amazonian Sac-winged Bat","Brazil, Pará, Santarem.","Amazonian Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, perhaps Venezuela.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by Simmons and Voss (1998) and Lim and Engstrom (2001).","38","38-01046","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1040-0000-1046"
"13801047","CHIROPTERA","","","","Emballonuridae","Emballonurinae","","Saccopteryx","","leptura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","8","57","","","Lesser Sac-winged Bat","Surinam.","Chiapas and Tabasco (Mexico) to SE Brazil, Peru, and N Bolivia; Guianas; Margarita Isl (Venezuela); Trinidad and Tobago.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","See Yancey et al. (1998<i>b</i>). Reviewed in part by Nogueira et al. (2002).","38","38-01047","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-0914-0965-0000-1040-0000-1047"
"13801048","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Van der Hoeven","1855","","Handb. Dierkunde, 2nd ed.","2","","1028","","","","","","","","Monogeneric; see Griffiths (1994) for a phylogeny. Although some authors have indicated that family-group names based on the greek root -nycteris should be spelled -nycterididae (e.g., Russell and Sigé 1970; Habersetzer and Storch, 1987; Kock et al., 2002), I prefer to maintain the commonly accepted spelling (-nycteridae) for these names in the interests of stability (see discussion in Simmons and Geisler [1998: footnote 13]). Accordingly, I use ""Nycteridae"" for this family instead of ""Nycterididae"".","38","38-01048","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048"
"13801049","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy and G. Cuvier","1795","","Mag. Encyclop.","2","","186","","<i>Vespertilio hispidus</i> Schreber, 1774 [<i>nomen nudum</i>, validated by Opinion 111 of the International Commission, 1929].","","","","","<i>Petalia</i>  Gray, 1838; <i>Pelatia</i> Gray, 1866.","Hall (1981) disregarded ICZN Opinion 111 and used <i>Nycteris</i> Borkhausen, 1797 for the Nearctic genus commonly known as <i>Lasiurus</i> Gray, 1831, but few other authors followed this usage and <i>Nycteris</i> is now universally used for Slit-faced Bats of the Old World. Revised by Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1985, 1993<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, 1998). Thomas et al. (1994) summarized character variation and identified species groups, which we follow here with modifications based on Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1993<i>a</i>). For a key to the genus see Gray et al. (1999), but note that they did not distinguish all species recognized here.","38","38-01049","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049"
"13801050","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","arge","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","633","","","Bates's Slit-faced Bat","Cameroon, Efulen.","Sierra Leone to S and E Dem. Rep. Congo; W Kenya; SW Sudan; NE Angola; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>arge</i> species group. Formerly included <i>intermedia</i>; see Hayman and Hill (1971), but see Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1985).","38","38-01050","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1050"
"13801051","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","aurita","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","547","","","Andersen's Slit-faced Bat","Kenya, Kitui.","Ethiopia, S Somalia, N + E Kenya, NE Tanzania.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>hispida</i> species group. Often considered a synonym or subspecies of <i>hispida</i>, but apparently distinct; see Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1993<i>b</i>)","38","38-01051","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1051"
"13801052","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","gambiensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","548","","","Gambian Slit-faced Bat","Senegal, Dialakoto (= Dialocote).","Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso, Nigeria. A record from Sierra Leone is in error (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>thebaica</i> species group. Reviewed by Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1998).","38","38-01052","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1052"
"13801053","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","grandis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","358","","","Large Slit-faced Bat","""Guinea"".","Senegal to Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Mozambique; Zanzibar and Pemba.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>baikii</i>  Gray, 1866; <i>marica</i> Kershaw, 1923; <i>proxima</i> Lönnberg and Gyldenstolpe, 1925.","<i>hispida</i> species group. Reviewed by Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1993<i>b</i>). <i>N</i>. <i>marica</i> is sometimes recognized as a distinct savanna subspecies, but this does not seem justified based on morphology; see Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1993<i>b</i>). See Hickey and Dunlop (2000).","38","38-01053","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1053"
"13801054","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","hispida","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","1","","169, 188","","","Hairy Slit-faced Bat","Senegal.","Senegal, Gambia, and extreme S Mauritania to Somalia and south to Angola, C Mozambique, Botswana, and Malawi; Zanzibar; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea). A South African record is dubious; see Cotterill (1996).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>daubentoni</i>  E. Geoffroy, 1813; <i>martini</i> Fraser, 1834; <i>pallida</i> J. A. Allen, 1917; <i>pilosa</i> Gray, 1866; <i>poensis</i> Gray, 1843; <i>villosa</i> Peters, 1852.","<i>hispida</i> species group. Revised by Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1993<i>b</i>); also see Koopman (1975). Does not include <i>aurita</i>. Several subspecies are often recognized, but these do not seem justified; see Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1993<i>b</i>).","38","38-01054","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1054"
"13801055","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","intermedia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Aellen","1959","","Arch. Sci. Genève","12","","218","","","Intermediate Slit-faced Bat","Côte d’Ivoire, Adiopodoume.","Liberia to W Tanzania and south to Angola.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>arge</i> species group. Formerly included in <i>arge</i> but see Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1985).","38","38-01055","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1055"
"13801056","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","javanica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1813","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","20","","20","","","Javan Slit-faced Bat","Indonesia, Java.","Java, Nusa Penida (near Bali), and Kangean Isl (Indonesia). A record from Bali is in error (see Kock and Dobat, 2000), as is a record from Timor (see Corbet and Hill, 1992).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<b><i>bastiani</i> </b> Bergmans and van Bree, 1986.","<i>javanica</i> species group. Does not include <i>tragata</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1955) and Van Cakenberge and De Vree (1993<i>a</i>), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed by Bergmans and van Bree (1986) and Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1993<i>a</i>).","38","38-01056","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1056"
"13801057","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","javanica","javanica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1813","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","20","","20","","","","Indonesia, Java.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>javanica</i> species group.","38","38-01057","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1056-1057"
"13801058","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","javanica","bastiani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bergmans and van Bree","1986","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>javanica</i> species group.","38","38-01058","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1056-1058"
"13801059","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","macrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1876","","Monogr. Asiat. Chiroptera","","","80","","","Large-eared Slit-faced Bat","Sierra Leone.","Senegal and Gambia to Ethiopia, south to Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique; Zanzibar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>aethiopica</i> </b> Dobson, 1878; <i>aurantiaca</i> Monard, 1939; <i>guineensis</i> Monard, 1939; <b><i>luteola</i></b> Thomas, 1901; <b><i>oriana</i></b> Kershaw, 1922.","<i>macrotis</i> species group. For discussion of synonyms see Koopman (1975, 1992), Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1985), and Kock (1969<i>a</i>). Does not include <i>madagascariensis</i>; see Peterson et al. (1995). Does not include <i>vinsoni</i>; see Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1998). See Taylor (2000<i>a</i>) for distribution map.","38","38-01059","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1059"
"13801060","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","macrotis","macrotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1876","","Monogr. Asiat. Chiroptera","","","80","","","","Sierra Leone.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>macrotis</i> species group.","38","38-01060","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1059-1060"
"13801061","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","macrotis","aethiopica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>macrotis</i> species group.","38","38-01061","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1059-1061"
"13801062","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","macrotis","luteola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>macrotis</i> species group.","38","38-01062","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1059-1062"
"13801063","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","macrotis","oriana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kershaw","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>macrotis</i> species group.","38","38-01063","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1059-1063"
"13801064","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","madagascariensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Grandidier","1937","","Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2","9","","353","","","Malagasy Slit-faced Bat","Madagascar, N of Ankarana, Vallé de la Rodo (= Irodo), 12°05’S, 49°05’E.","N Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","<i>macrotis</i> species group. Known from only two specimens. Often included in <i>macrotis</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1993<i>, </i>1994; Van Cakenberghe and De Vree, 1985) but see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-01064","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1064"
"13801065","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","major","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","547","","","Dja Slit-faced Bat","Cameroon, Ja (= Dja) River.","Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, and Zambia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>avakubia</i>  J. A. Allen, 1917.","<i>arge</i> species group. Includes <i>avakubia</i>; see Koopman (1965) and Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1985).","38","38-01065","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1065"
"13801066","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","nana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","547","","","Dwarf Slit-faced Bat","Equatorial Guinea, Rio Muni, Benito River.","Côte d’Ivoire to NE Angola, W Kenya, and SW Sudan. A record from Tanzania actually represents <i>intermedia</i> (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>tristis</i>  Allen and Lawrence, 1936.","<i>arge</i> species group. Includes <i>tristis</i>; see Koopman (1975) and Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1985).","38","38-01066","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1066"
"13801067","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","parisii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","De Beaux","1924","","Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat.","62","","254","","","Parisi's Slit-faced Bat","Somalia, Bali.","Cameroon; S Somalia; Ethiopia.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Microchiropteran Bats Action Plan (2001).","<b><i>benuensis</i> </b> Aellen, 1952.","<i>macrotis</i> species group. Distinct from <i>woodi</i>; see Thomas et al. (1995), but see also Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1985).","38","38-01067","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1067"
"13801068","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","parisii","parisii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","De Beaux","1924","","Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat.","62","","254","","","","Somalia, Bali.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>macrotis</i> species group.","38","38-01068","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1067-1068"
"13801069","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","parisii","benuensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Aellen","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>macrotis</i> species group.","38","38-01069","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1067-1069"
"13801070","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","thebaica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","119","","","Egyptian Slit-faced Bat","Egypt, Thebes (near Luxor).","Central Arabia, Israel, Sinai, Egypt, Morocco, Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, Djibouti, and Kenya, south to South Africa in open country; Zanzibar and Pemba.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albiventer</i>  Wagner, 1840; <i>geoffroyi</i> Desmarest, 1820; <i>senegalensis</i> Hartmann, 1868; <b><i>adana</i></b> K. Anderen, 1912; <b><i>angolensis</i></b> Peters, 1870;<i> <b>brockmani</b></i> K. Andersen, 1912; <i>media</i> K. Andersen, 1912; <b><i>capensis</i></b> A. Smith, 1829; <i>affinis</i> A. Smith, 1829; <i>discolor</i> Wagner, 1840; <i>fuliginosa</i> Peters, 1852; <b><i>damarensis</i></b> Peters, 1870; <b><i>labiata</i></b> Heuglin, 1861; <i>aurantiaca</i> De Beaux, 1923; <i>revoilii</i> Robin, 1881; <b><i>najdiya</i></b> Nader and Kock, 1982. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>aethiopicus</i> Heuglin and Fitzinger, 1866 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","<i>thebaica</i> species group. Reviewed by Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1998). The status of <i>brockmani</i> and <i>damarensis</i> remains unclear; these forms may represent distinct species, see discussion in Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1998). Also see Harrison and Bates (1991) and Gray et al. (1999).","38","38-01070","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1070"
"13801071","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","thebaica","thebaica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","119","","","","Egypt, Thebes (near Luxor).","","","","<i>thebaica</i> species group.","38","38-01071","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1070-1071"
"13801072","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","thebaica","adana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Anderen","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>thebaica</i> species group.","38","38-01072","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1070-1072"
"13801073","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","thebaica","angolensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1870","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>thebaica</i> species group.","38","38-01073","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1070-1073"
"13801074","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","thebaica","brockmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>thebaica</i> species group.","38","38-01074","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1070-1074"
"13801075","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","thebaica","capensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>thebaica</i> species group.","38","38-01075","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1070-1075"
"13801076","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","thebaica","damarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1870","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>thebaica</i> species group.","38","38-01076","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1070-1076"
"13801077","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","thebaica","labiata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>thebaica</i> species group.","38","38-01077","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1070-1077"
"13801078","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","thebaica","najdiya","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nader and Kock","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>thebaica</i> species group.","38","38-01078","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1070-1078"
"13801079","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","tragata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","546","","","Malayan Slit-faced Bat","Malaysia, Sarawak, Bidi caves.","Burma, Thailand, W Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>javanica</i> species group. Distinct from <i>javanica</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1955) and Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1993<i>a</i>), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-01079","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1079"
"13801080","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","vinsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest","1965","","J. Mammal.","46","","254","","","Vinson's Slit-faced Bat","Mozambique, Zinave.","Mozambique; known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 – not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>thebaica</i> species group. Distinct from <i>macrotis</i> and <i>thebaica</i>; see Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1998).","38","38-01080","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1080"
"13801081","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","woodi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","13","","563","","","Wood's Slit-faced Bat","Zambia, Chilanga.","Zambia and South Africa to NW Mozambique and SW Tanzania.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>sabiensis</i> </b> Roberts, 1946.","<i>macrotis</i> species group. For synonyms see Van Cakenberghe and De Vree (1985). Does not include <i>parisii</i> or <i>benuensis</i>; see Thomas et al. (1995).","38","38-01081","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1081"
"13801082","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","woodi","woodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","13","","563","","","","Zambia, Chilanga.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>macrotis</i> species group.","38","38-01082","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1081-1082"
"13801083","CHIROPTERA","","","","Nycteridae","","","Nycteris","","woodi","sabiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>macrotis</i> species group.","38","38-01083","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1048-0000-0000-1049-0000-1081-1083"
"13801084","CHIROPTERA","","","","Myzopodidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1904","2","5","","","","","","","","Monotypic.","38","38-01084","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1084"
"13801085","CHIROPTERA","","","","Myzopodidae","","","Myzopoda","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards and Grandidier","1878","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, sér. 7","2","","220","","<i>Myzopoda aurita</i> Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, 1878.","","","","","","","38","38-01085","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1084-0000-0000-1085"
"13801086","CHIROPTERA","","","","Myzopodidae","","","Myzopoda","","aurita","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards and Grandidier","1878","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, sér. 7","2","","220","","","Sucker-footed Bat","Madagascar.","Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","See Schliemann and Maas (1978) and Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-01086","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1084-0000-0000-1085-0000-1086"
"13801087","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mystacinidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","16","","349","","","","","","","","Monogeneric.","38","38-01087","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1087"
"13801088","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mystacinidae","","","Mystacina","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","<i>In</i> Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zealand","2","","296","","<i>Mystacina tuberculata</i> Gray, 1843 (by ICZN ruling, Opinion 1994 [2002]).","","","","","<i>Mystacops</i>  Lydeckker, 1891 [placed on the Offical List of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology; ICZN Opinion 1994 (2002)].","Revised by Hill and Daniel (1985); see Lloyd (2001) for a review and key to species.","38","38-01088","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1087-0000-0000-1088"
"13801089","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mystacinidae","","","Mystacina","","robusta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dwyer","1962","","Zool. Publ. Victoria Univ., Wellington","28","","3","","","New Zealand Greater Short-tailed Bat","New Zealand, Big South Cape Isl.","New Zealand.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Extinct.","","See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Lloyd (2001).","38","38-01089","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1087-0000-0000-1088-0000-1089"
"13801090","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mystacinidae","","","Mystacina","","tuberculata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Voy. ""Sulphur,"" Zool.","","","23","","","New Zealand Lesser Short-tailed Bat","New Zealand.","New Zealand.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>aupourica</i>  Hill and Daniel, 1985; <i>rhyacobia</i> Hill and Daniel, 1985; <i>velutina</i> Hutton, 1872 [see comments].","Mayer et al. (1999) and Mayer and Kirsch (2000) have argued that the correct name for this species is <i>velutina</i> Hutton, 1872. However, Spencer and Lee (1999, 2000) disagreed, and filed a petition with the International Commission on Zoological Nomeclature to conserve <i>tuberculata</i> as the name for this species. This petition was upheld in Opinion 1994 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002), which conserved <i>tuberculata</i> Gray, 1843 as the name for this species and which placed <i>velutina </i>Hutton, 1872 on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Subspecies limits recognized previously (e.g., by Hill and Daniel, 1985) do not correspond to observed patterns of genetic variation (Lloyd, 2003); accordingly no subspecies are recognized here pending a thorough revision of this taxon.","38","38-01090","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1087-0000-0000-1088-0000-1090"
"13801091","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Zool. Journ.","2","6","242","","","","","","","","Includes Desmodontidae; see Jones and Carter (1976). For use of Phyllostomidae rather than Phyllostomatidae, see Handley (1980). The classification used here generally follows that of Wetterer et al. (2000), which was based on a phylogenetic analysis of morphological data, restriction sites, and sex chromosomes; all genera, tribes, and subfamilies appear to be monophyletic unless otherwise noted. See Baker et al. (2000) for an alternative phylogeny based on mtDNA sequence data; also see Baker et al. (1989). Carstens et al. (2002) provided a updated phylogeny of the nectar-feeding subfamilies (Brachyphyllinae, Phyllonycterinae, and Glossophaginae) based on combined analysis of morphological and molecular data.","38","38-01091","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091"
"13801092","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Desmodontinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1845","","Cat. Met. Mamm. Europe","","","5","","","","","","","","Formerly treated as a separate family; see Jones and Carter (1976). See Emmons (1997) for distribution maps.","38","38-01092","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1092"
"13801093","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Desmodontinae","","Desmodus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1826","","Beitr. Naturgesch. Brasil","2","","231","","<i>Desmodus rufus</i> Wied-Neuwied, 1824 (= <i>Phyllostoma rotundus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810).","","","","","<i>Desmodon</i>  Elliot, 1905; <i>Edostoma</i> D’Orbigny, 1834-36.","","38","38-01093","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1092-0000-1093"
"13801094","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Desmodontinae","","Desmodus","","rotundus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","181","","","Common Vampire Bat","Paraguay, Asunción (restricted by Cabrera, 1958).","Uruguay, N Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, and N Chile north to Sonora, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas (Mexico); Margarita Isl (Venezuela); Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cinerea</i>  D'Orbigny, 1834; <i>dorbignyi</i> Waterhouse, 1838;<i> ecaudatus</i> Schinz, 1821; <i>fuscus</i> Burmeister, 1854; <i>mordax</i> Burmeister, 1879;<i> murinus</i> Wagner, 1840;<i> rufus</i> Wied-Neuwied, 1824.","See Greenhall et al. (1983).","38","38-01094","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1092-0000-1093-0000-1094"
"13801095","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Desmodontinae","","Diaemus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","19","","84","","<i>Desmodus youngi</i> Jentink, 1893.","","","","","","Included in <i>Desmodus</i> by Handley (1976) and Anderson (1997), but more often treated as a distinct genus; see Greenhall and Schutt (1996).","38","38-01095","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1092-0000-1095"
"13801096","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Desmodontinae","","Diaemus","","youngi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1893","","Notes Leyden Mus.","15","","282","","","White-winged Vampire Bat","Guyana, Berbice River, upper Canje Creek.","Tamaulipas (Mexico) south to N Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and E Brazil; Trinidad; Margarita Isl (Venezuela).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cypselinus</i>  Thomas, 1928.","See Greenhall and Schutt (1996). Sometimes spelled <i>youngii</i>, but <i>youngi</i> is the original spelling.","38","38-01096","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1092-0000-1095-0000-1096"
"13801097","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Desmodontinae","","Diphylla","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","68","","<i>Diphylla ecaudata</i> Spix, 1823.","","","","","<i>Haematonycteris</i>  H. Allen, 1896.","","38","38-01097","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1092-0000-1097"
"13801098","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Desmodontinae","","Diphylla","","ecaudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","68","","","Hairy-legged Vampire Bat","Brazil, Bahia, San Francisco River.","S Tamaulipas (Mexico) to Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, and E Brazil; a single vagrant individual has also been reported from S Texas (USA).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>centralis</i>  Thomas, 1903;<i> diphylla</i> Fischer, 1829.","See Greenhall et al. (1984).","38","38-01098","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1092-0000-1097-0000-1098"
"13801099","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Brachyphyllinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1866","","115","","","","","","","","Treated as tribe within Glossophaginae by McKenna and Bell (1997).","38","38-01099","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1099"
"13801100","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Brachyphyllinae","","Brachyphylla","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1833","1834","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1833","","122","","<i>Brachyphylla cavernarum</i> Gray, 1834.","","","","","","Revised by Swanepoel and Genoways (1978). A key to this genus was presented by Swanepoel and Genoways (1983<i>a</i>).","38","38-01100","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1099-0000-1100"
"13801101","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Brachyphyllinae","","Brachyphylla","","cavernarum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1833","1834","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1833","","123","","","Antillean Fruit-eating Bat","St. Vincent (Lesser Antilles, UK).","Puerto Rico, Virgin Isls and throughout Lesser Antilles south to St. Vincent and Barbados.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>intermedia</i> </b> Swanepoel and Genoways, 1978; <b><i>minor</i></b> Miller, 1913.","Includes <i>minor</i>; see Swanepoel and Genoways (1978) and Varona (1974). Reviewed by Swanepoel and Genoways (1983<i>a</i>) and Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01101","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1099-0000-1100-0000-1101"
"13801102","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Brachyphyllinae","","Brachyphylla","","cavernarum","cavernarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1833","1834","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1833","","123","","","","St. Vincent (Lesser Antilles, UK).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01102","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1099-0000-1100-0000-1101-1102"
"13801103","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Brachyphyllinae","","Brachyphylla","","cavernarum","intermedia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swanepoel and Genoways","1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01103","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1099-0000-1100-0000-1101-1103"
"13801104","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Brachyphyllinae","","Brachyphylla","","cavernarum","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01104","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1099-0000-1100-0000-1101-1104"
"13801105","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Brachyphyllinae","","Brachyphylla","","nana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","54","","409","","","Cuban Fruit-eating Bat","Cuba, Pinar del Río, El Guama.","Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica (extinct, known only from fossils), Grand Cayman (Cayman Isls, UK), Middle Caicos (SE Bahamas).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>pumila</i>  Miller, 1918.","Includes <i>pumila</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976) and Swanepoel and Genoways (1978). Considered a subspecies of <i>cavernarum</i> by Buden (1977) and Hall (1981). Reviewed by Swanepoel and Genoways (1983<i>b</i>) and Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01105","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1099-0000-1100-0000-1105"
"13801106","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus.","57","","171","","","","","","","","Treated as tribe within Glossophaginae by McKenna and Bell (1997).","38","38-01106","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106"
"13801107","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Erophylla","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","19","","84","","<i>Phyllonycteris bombifrons</i> Miller, 1899.","","","","","","Revised by Buden (1976). Included as a subgenus of <i>Phyllonycteris</i> by Varona (1974).","38","38-01107","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1107"
"13801108","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Erophylla","","bombifrons","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1899","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","13","","36","","","Brown Flower Bat","Puerto Rico, cave near Bayamón.","Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<b><i>santacristobalensis</i> </b> Elliot, 1905.","Included in <i>sezekorni</i> by Buden (1976), but see Varona (1974), Hall (1981), and Koopman (1993). Reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01108","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1107-0000-1108"
"13801109","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Erophylla","","bombifrons","bombifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1899","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","13","","36","","","","Puerto Rico, cave near Bayamón.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01109","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1107-0000-1108-1109"
"13801110","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Erophylla","","bombifrons","santacristobalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01110","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1107-0000-1108-1110"
"13801111","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Erophylla","","sezekorni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gundlach","1860","1861","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1860","","818","","","Buffy Flower Bat","Cuba, Pinar del Río, Santa Cruz de los Pinos, Rangel.","Cuba, Jamaica, Bahamas, and Cayman Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>mariguanensis</i> </b> Shamel, 1931; <b><i>planifrons</i></b> Miller, 1899; <b><i>syops</i></b> G. M. Allen, 1917.","Does not include <i>bombifrons</i>; see Varona (1974), Hall (1981), and Koopman (1993). Reviewed by Baker et al. (1978), but note that they included <i>bombifrons</i> in this taxon. Reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01111","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1107-0000-1111"
"13801112","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Erophylla","","sezekorni","sezekorni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gundlach","1860","1861","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1860","","818","","","","Cuba, Pinar del Río, Santa Cruz de los Pinos, Rangel.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01112","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1107-0000-1111-1112"
"13801113","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Erophylla","","sezekorni","mariguanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shamel","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01113","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1107-0000-1111-1113"
"13801114","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Erophylla","","sezekorni","planifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01114","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1107-0000-1111-1114"
"13801115","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Erophylla","","sezekorni","syops","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01115","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1107-0000-1111-1115"
"13801116","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Phyllonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gundlach","1860","1861","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1860","","817","","<i>Phyllonycteris poeyi</i> Gundlach, 1861.","","","","","<i>Reithronycteris</i>  Miller, 1898; <i>Rhithronycteris</i> Elliot, 1904.","Two subgenera are recognized, <i>Phyllonycteris</i> and <i>Reithronycteris</i>.","38","38-01116","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1116"
"13801117","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Phyllonycteris","Phyllonycteris","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gundlach","1860","1861","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1860","","817","","<i>Phyllonycteris poeyi</i> Gundlach, 1861.","","","","","","","38","38-01117","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1116-1117"
"13801118","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Phyllonycteris","Reithronycteris","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01118","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1116-1118"
"13801119","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Phyllonycteris","Reithronycteris","aphylla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","50","","334","","","Jamaican Flower Bat","Jamaica.","Jamaica.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Reithronycteris</i>.","38","38-01119","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1116-1118-1119"
"13801120","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Phyllonycteris","Phyllonycteris","major","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1917","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","","567","","","Puerto Rican Flower Bat","Puerto Rico, Cueva Catedral near Morovis.","Puerto Rico.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Extinct.","","Subgenus <i>Phyllonycteris</i>. Known only from subfossil skeletal material from the type locality; see Hall (1981).","38","38-01120","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1116-1117-1120"
"13801121","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Phyllonycteris","Phyllonycteris","poeyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gundlach","1860","1861","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1860","","817","","","Cuban Flower Bat","Cuba, Matanzas, Canimar (cafetal ""San Antonio el Fundador"").","Cuba, Isle of Pines, Hispaniola.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>obtusa</i> </b> Miller, 1929.","Subgenus <i>Phyllonycteris</i>. Includes <i>obtusa</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976) and Klingener et al. (1978). Also see Hall (1981), but note that he was unaware that <i>obtusa</i> was not extinct. Reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01121","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1116-1117-1121"
"13801122","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Phyllonycteris","Phyllonycteris","poeyi","poeyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gundlach","1860","1861","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1860","","817","","","","Cuba, Matanzas, Canimar (cafetal ""San Antonio el Fundador"").","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01122","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1116-1117-1121-1122"
"13801123","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllonycterinae","","Phyllonycteris","Phyllonycteris","poeyi","obtusa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01123","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1106-0000-1116-1117-1121-1123"
"13801124","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1845","","Cat. Met. Mamm. Europe","","","5","","","","","","","Lonchophyllinae Griffiths, 1982.","Includes two tribes, Glossophagini and Lonchophillini, which are recognized as separate subfamilies by some authors. Baker et al. (2000) suggested that this subfamily may not be monophyletic, but see Carstens et al. (2002), who recovered a monophyletic Glossophaginae in a combined analysis of molecular and morphological data. Morphology, biology, and evolution reviewed by Solmsen (1998).","38","38-01124","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124"
"13801125","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1845","","Cat. Met. Mamm. Europe","","","5","","","","","","","","Equivalent to Glossophaginae as used by Griffiths (1982). See discussion in Wetterer et al. (2000); also see Carstens et al. (2002). Informally divided into to two groups by Carstens et al. (2002); ""choeronycterines"" (<i>Anoura, Choeronycteris, Choeroniscus, Hylonycteris, Lichonycteris, Musonycteris, </i>and<i> Scleronycteris</i>), and ""glossophagines"" (<i>Glossophaga, Leptonycteris, </i>and<i> Monophyllus</i>).","38","38-01125","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125"
"13801126","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Anoura","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","490","","<i>Anoura geoffroyi</i> Gray, 1838.","","","","","<i>Anura</i>  Agassiz, 1846; <i>Glossonycteris</i> Peters, 1868; <i>Lonchoglossa</i> Peters, 1868.","Includes <i>Lonchoglossa</i>; see Cabrera (1958). Keys to species of <i>Anoura</i> were provided by Tamsitt and Nagorsen (1982) and Handley (1984), but usefulness of these keys has been reduced by subsequent descriptions of new species (i.e., by Handley [1984] and Molinari [1994]) and suggestions that other undescribed species exist (Emmons, 1997).","38","38-01126","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1126"
"13801127","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Anoura","","caudifer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1818","","Mem. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","4","","418","","","Tailed Tailless Bat","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro.","Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, NW Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Anoura caudifera</i>.","<i>aequatoris</i>  Lönnberg, 1921; <i>ecaudata</i> Geoffroy, 1818;<i> wiedii</i> Peters, 1869.","Some specimens previously referred to <i>caudifer</i> may represent <i>luismanueli</i>; see Molinari (1994); also see Cadena et al. (1998). Often spelled ""<i>caudifera</i>"" (see Handley, 1984), but the correct spelling is <i>caudifer</i> according to Article 31.2.2 of the Code of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).","38","38-01127","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1126-0000-1127"
"13801128","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Anoura","","cultrata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1960","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","112","","463","","","Handley's Tailless Bat","Panama, Darién, Río Pucro, Tacarcuna Village, 3,200 ft. (1,033 m); 08°10'N, 77°18'W.","Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brevirostrum</i>  Carter, 1968; <i>werckleae</i> Starrett, 1969.","Includes <i>brevirostrum</i> and <i>werckleae</i>; see Nagorsen and Tamsitt (1981) and Molinari (1994). See Tamsitt and Nagorsen (1982).","38","38-01128","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1126-0000-1128"
"13801129","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Anoura","","geoffroyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","490","","","Geoffroy's Tailless Bat","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro.","Peru, Bolivia, SE Brazil, the Guianas and Ecuador to Tamaulipas and Sinaloa (Mexico); Trinidad; Grenada (Lesser Antilles).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>lasiopyga</i> </b> Peters, 1868; <b><i>peruana</i></b> Tschudi, 1844; <i>antricola</i> Anthony, 1921; <i>apolinari</i> J. A. Allen, 1916.","Subspecies reviewed by Sanborn (1933); also see Arroyo-Cabrales and Gardner (2003).","38","38-01129","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1126-0000-1129"
"13801130","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Anoura","","geoffroyi","geoffroyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","490","","","","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01130","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1126-0000-1129-1130"
"13801131","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Anoura","","geoffroyi","lasiopyga","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1868","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01131","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1126-0000-1129-1131"
"13801132","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Anoura","","geoffroyi","peruana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01132","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1126-0000-1129-1132"
"13801133","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Anoura","","latidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1984","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","97","","503","","","Broad-toothed Tailless Bat","Venezuela, Distrito Federal, Pico Avila.","Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Peru.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Clearly distinct from <i>geoffroyi</i>; see Solari et al. (1999).","38","38-01133","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1126-0000-1133"
"13801134","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Anoura","","luismanueli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Molinari","1994","","Trop. Zool.","7","","76","","","Luis Manuel's Tailless Bat","Venezuela, Estado Mérida, 4 km E Bailadores, inside the Cueva del Salado, 2,000 m.","Andes of Venezuela.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data deficient.","","Distinct from <i>caudifer</i>; see Molinari (1994), Cadena et al. (1998), and Lim and Engstrom (2001).","38","38-01134","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1126-0000-1134"
"13801135","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Choeroniscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1928","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10","1","","122","","<i>Choeronycteris minor</i> Peters, 1868.","","","","","","","38","38-01135","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1135"
"13801136","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Choeroniscus","","godmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","288","","","Godman's Long-tongued Bat","Guatemala.","Sinaloa (Mexico) to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Surinam.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","","38","38-01136","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1135-0000-1136"
"13801137","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Choeroniscus","","minor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1868","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1868","","366","","","Lesser Long-tongued Bat","Surinam.","Guianas, Venezuela, Trinidad, Amazonian Brazil, C Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>C</i>. <i>intermedius</i>; Lower Risk (lc) as <i>C</i>. <i>minor</i>.","<i>inca</i>  Thomas, 1912; <i>intermedius</i> J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1893.","Includes <i>intermedius</i>; see Simmons and Voss (1998).","38","38-01137","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1135-0000-1137"
"13801138","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Choeroniscus","","periosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1966","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","79","","84","","","Greater Long-tongued Bat","Colombia, Valle, 27 km S Buenaventura, Río Raposo.","NW Venezuela, W Colombia, W Ecuador.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<b><i>ponsi</i> </b> Pirlot, 1967.","Includes <i>ponsi</i>; see Koopman (1994).","38","38-01138","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1135-0000-1138"
"13801139","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Choeroniscus","","periosus","periosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1966","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","79","","84","","","","Colombia, Valle, 27 km S Buenaventura, Río Raposo.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01139","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1135-0000-1138-1139"
"13801140","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Choeroniscus","","periosus","ponsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pirlot","1967","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01140","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1135-0000-1138-1140"
"13801141","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Choeronycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Tschudi","1844","","Fauna Peruana","1","","70","","<i>Choeronycteris mexicana</i> Tschudi, 1844.","","","","","","","38","38-01141","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1141"
"13801142","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Choeronycteris","","mexicana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1844","","Fauna Peruana","1","","72","","","Mexican Long-tongued Bat","Mexico.","Honduras and El Salvador to S California, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico (USA); a single record from S Texas; perhaps Venezuela (Koopman, 1993).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Does not include <i>ponsi</i>, which is now recognized as a subspecies of <i>Choeroniscus</i> <i>periosus</i>; see Koopman (1994). See Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1987).","38","38-01142","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1141-0000-1142"
"13801143","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1818","","Mem. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","4","","418","","<i>Vespertilio soricinus</i> Pallas, 1766.","","","","","<i>Nicon</i>  Gray, 1847; <i>Phyllophora</i> Gray, 1838.","Revised by Webster (1993); see Hoffmann and Baker (2001) for a phylogeny of the genus.","38","38-01143","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143"
"13801144","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","commissarisi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gardner","1962","","Los Angeles Cty. Mus. Contrib. Sci.","54","","1","","","Commissaris's Long-tongued Bat","Mexico, Chiapas, 10 km SE Tonala.","Sinaloa (Mexico) to Panama; SE Colombia; E Ecuador; E Peru; NW Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>bakeri</i> </b> Webster and Jones, 1987; <b><i>hespera</i></b> Webster and Jones, 1982.","See Webster and Jones (1993).","38","38-01144","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1144"
"13801145","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","commissarisi","commissarisi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gardner","1962","","Los Angeles Cty. Mus. Contrib. Sci.","54","","1","","","","Mexico, Chiapas, 10 km SE Tonala.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01145","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1144-1145"
"13801146","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","commissarisi","bakeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Webster and Jones","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01146","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1144-1146"
"13801147","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","commissarisi","hespera","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Webster and Jones","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01147","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1144-1147"
"13801148","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","leachii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1844","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Zool. Voy. ""Sulfur,""","1","","18","","","Gray's Long-tongued Bat","Nicaragua, Chinandega, Realejo.","Costa Rica north to Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, Tlaxcala, and Colima (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alticola</i>  Davis, 1944; <i>caudifer</i> Gray, 1847.","Originally considered a subspecies of <i>soricina</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976). Includes <i>alticola</i>; see Webster and Jones (1980). See Webster and Jones (1984). Solmsen (1998) treated <i>morenoi</i> as a synonym of <i>leachii</i> with no comment.","38","38-01148","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1148"
"13801149","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","longirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","50","","330","","","Miller's Long-tongued Bat","Colombia, Magdalena, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.","Colombia; Venezuela (including Margarita Isl); N Brazil; Guyana; Trinidad and Tobago; Grenada, St Vincent, Curaçao, Bonaire, and Aruba (Lesser Antilles). The records from Dominica and Ecuador are erroneous.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>campestris</i> </b> Webster and Handley, 1986; <b><i>elongata</i></b> Miller, 1900; <b><i>major</i></b> Goodwin, 1958; <b><i>maricelae</i></b> Soriano, Fariñas, and Naranjo, 2000; <b><i>reclusa</i></b> Webster and Handley, 1986; <b><i>rostrata</i></b> Miller, 1913.","Includes <i>elongata</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976) and Koopman (1958). Revised by Webster and Handley (1986); also see Handley and Webster (1987), Webster et al. (1998), Soriano et al. (2000), and Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01149","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1149"
"13801150","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","longirostris","longirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","50","","330","","","","Colombia, Magdalena, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01150","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1149-1150"
"13801151","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","longirostris","campestris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Webster and Handley","1986","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01151","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1149-1151"
"13801152","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","longirostris","elongata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01152","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1149-1152"
"13801153","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","longirostris","major","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1958","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01153","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1149-1153"
"13801154","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","longirostris","maricelae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Soriano, Fariñas, and Naranjo","2000","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01154","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1149-1154"
"13801155","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","longirostris","reclusa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Webster and Handley","1986","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01155","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1149-1155"
"13801156","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","longirostris","rostrata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01156","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1149-1156"
"13801157","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","morenoi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Martínez and Villa-R.","1938","","Anal. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auto. Mexico","9","","347","","","Western Long-tongued Bat","Mexico, Oaxaca, Río Guamol, 34 mi. (55 km) S (by Hwy. 190) La Ventosa Jct.","Chiapas to Michoacan and Tlaxcala (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>brevirostris</i> </b> Webster and Jones, 1984; <b><i>mexicana</i></b> Webster and Jones, 1980.","Includes <i>mexicana</i>; see Gardner (1986) and Webster (1993). See Webster and Jones (1985). Solmsen (1998) treated <i>morenoi</i> as a synonym of <i>leachii,</i> and <i>brevirostris</i> as a subspecies of <i>mexicana</i> (listed as a distinct species) with no comment.","38","38-01157","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1157"
"13801158","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","morenoi","morenoi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Martínez and Villa-R.","1938","","Anal. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auto. Mexico","9","","347","","","","Mexico, Oaxaca, Río Guamol, 34 mi. (55 km) S (by Hwy. 190) La Ventosa Jct.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01158","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1157-1158"
"13801159","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","morenoi","brevirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Webster and Jones","1984","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01159","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1157-1159"
"13801160","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","morenoi","mexicana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Webster and Jones","1980","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01160","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1157-1160"
"13801161","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","soricina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","48","","","Pallas's Long-tongued Bat","Surinam.","Tamaulipas, Sonora and Trés Marías Isls (Mexico) south to the Guianas, SE Brazil, N Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru; Margarita Isl (Venezuela); Trinidad; Grenada (Lesser Antilles); Jamaica; perhaps Bahama Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amplexicaudata</i>  Spix, 1823; <i>microtis</i> Miller, 1913; <i>nigra</i> Gray, 1844; <i>truei</i> H. Allen, 1897; <i>villosa</i> H. Allen, 1896; <b><i>antillarum</i></b> Rehn, 1902; <b><i>handleyi</i></b> Webster and Jones, 1980;<i> <b>mutica</b></i> Merriam, 1898; <b><i>valens</i></b> Miller, 1913.","Reviewed by Alvarez et al. (1991); also see Timm and Genoways (2003). Phylogeography discussed by Ditchfield (2000) and Hoffmann and Baker (2001). May contain more than one species, see Hoffmann and Baker (2001).","38","38-01161","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1161"
"13801162","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","soricina","soricina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","48","","","","Surinam.","","","","","38","38-01162","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1161-1162"
"13801163","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","soricina","antillarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rehn","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01163","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1161-1163"
"13801164","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","soricina","handleyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Webster and Jones","1980","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01164","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1161-1164"
"13801165","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","soricina","mutica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01165","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1161-1165"
"13801166","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Glossophaga","","soricina","valens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01166","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1143-0000-1161-1166"
"13801167","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Hylonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","286","","<i>Hylonycteris underwoodi</i> Thomas, 1903.","","","","","","","38","38-01167","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1167"
"13801168","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Hylonycteris","","underwoodi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","287","","","Underwood's Long-tongued Bat","Costa Rica, San José, Rancho Redondo.","W Panama to Nayarit and Veracruz (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>minor</i> </b> Phillips and Jones, 1971.","Includes <i>minor</i>, but see Alvarez and Alvarez-Castañeda (1991). See Jones and Homan (1974). See Reid (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-01168","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1167-0000-1168"
"13801169","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Hylonycteris","","underwoodi","underwoodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","287","","","","Costa Rica, San José, Rancho Redondo.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01169","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1167-0000-1168-1169"
"13801170","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Hylonycteris","","underwoodi","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Phillips and Jones","1971","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01170","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1167-0000-1168-1170"
"13801171","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Leptonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lydekker","1891","","<i>In</i> Flower and Lydekker, Intro. Mamm. Living and Extinct","","","674","","<i>Ischnoglossa nivalis</i> Saussure, 1860.","","","","","<i>Ischnoglossa</i>  Saussure, 1860 [not Kraatz, 1856].","Revised by Arita and Humphrey (1988). A key for the genus was presented by Hensley and Wilkins (1988).","38","38-01171","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1171"
"13801172","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Leptonycteris","","curasoae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","13","","126","","","Curaçaoan Long-nosed Bat","Curaçao, Willemstad (Netherlands).","NE Colombia, N Venezuela, Margarita Isl, Curaçao, Bonaire and Aruba (Netherlands Antilles).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>tarlosti</i>  Pirlot, 1965.","Does not include <i>yerbabuenae</i> (= <i>sanborni</i>); see Watkins et al. (1972), Hall (1981), Koopman (1994), and Simmons and Wetterer (2002).","38","38-01172","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1171-0000-1172"
"13801173","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Leptonycteris","","nivalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","12","","492","","","Mexican Long-nosed Bat","Mexico, Veracruz, Mt. Orizaba.","SE Arizona, S New Mexico, and W Texas (USA) to S Mexico and Guatemala.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","<i>longala</i>  Stains, 1957.","Does not include <i>yerbabuenae</i>; see Watkins et al. (1972) and Hall (1981). See Hensley and Wilkins (1988).","38","38-01173","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1171-0000-1173"
"13801174","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Leptonycteris","","yerbabuenae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Martínez and Villa-R","1940","","Anal. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auto. Mexico","11","","313","","","Lesser Long-nosed Bat","Mexico, Guerrero, Yerbabuena.","C California, S Arizona, and New Mexico (USA) to Honduras and El Salvador","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>L. curasoae yerbabuenae</i>. IUCN 2003 – Not listed; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>sanborni</i>  Hoffmeister, 1957.","Included in <i>curasoae</i> by Koopman (1993), but see Watkins et al. (1972), Hall (1981), Koopman (1994), and Simmons and Wetterer (2002). The name <i>sanborni</i> has been used widely in the literature for this species, but is a junior synonym. A neotype for <i>yerbabuenae</i> was designated by Arita and Humphrey (1988).","38","38-01174","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1171-0000-1174"
"13801175","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Lichonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","55","","<i>Lichonycteris obscura</i> Thomas, 1895.","","","","","","","38","38-01175","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1175"
"13801176","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Lichonycteris","","obscura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","16","","55","","","Dark Long-tongued Bat","Nicaragua, Managua, Managua.","Guatemala and Belize south to Bolivia and SE Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>degener</i>  Miller, 1931.","Includes <i>degener</i>; see Hill (1985).","38","38-01176","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1175-0000-1176"
"13801177","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Monophyllus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","75","","<i>Monophyllus redmani</i> Leach, 1821.","","","","","","Reviewed by Schwartz and Jones (1967). A key to the genus was published by Homan and Jones (1975<i>a</i>).","38","38-01177","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1177"
"13801178","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Monophyllus","","plethodon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Washington Acad. Sci.","2","","35","","","Insular Single-leaf Bat","Barbados (Lesser Antilles), St. Michael Parish.","Lesser Antilles from Anguilla to St. Vincent and Barbados. Fossils known from Puerto Rico.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>frater</i> </b> Anthony, 1917; <b><i>luciae</i></b> Miller, 1902.","Includes <i>luciae</i> and <i>frater</i>; see Schwartz and Jones (1967), Hall (1981), and Timm and Genoways (2003). See Homan and Jones (1975<i>b</i>).","38","38-01178","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1177-0000-1178"
"13801179","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Monophyllus","","plethodon","plethodon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Washington Acad. Sci.","2","","35","","","","Barbados (Lesser Antilles), St. Michael Parish.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01179","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1177-0000-1178-1179"
"13801180","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Monophyllus","","plethodon","frater","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01180","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1177-0000-1178-1180"
"13801181","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Monophyllus","","plethodon","luciae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01181","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1177-0000-1178-1181"
"13801182","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Monophyllus","","redmani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","76","","","Leach's Single-leaf Bat","Jamaica.","Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, S Bahama Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>clinedaphus</i> </b> Miller, 1900; <i>cubanus</i> Miller, 1902; <i>ferreus</i> Miller, 1918; <b><i>portoricensis</i></b> Miller, 1900.","Reviewed by Schwartz and Jones (1967), Hall (1981), and Timm and Genoways (2003). See Homan and Jones (1975<i>a</i>).","38","38-01182","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1177-0000-1182"
"13801183","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Monophyllus","","redmani","redmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","76","","","","Jamaica.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01183","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1177-0000-1182-1183"
"13801184","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Monophyllus","","redmani","clinedaphus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01184","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1177-0000-1182-1184"
"13801185","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Monophyllus","","redmani","portoricensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01185","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1177-0000-1182-1185"
"13801186","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Musonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Schaldach and McLaughlin","1960","","Los Angeles Co. Mus. Contrib. Sci.","37","","2","","<i>Musonycteris harrisoni</i> Schaldach and McLaughlin, 1960.","","","","","","Included in <i>Choeronycteris</i> by Handley (1966<i>b</i>) and Hall (1981), but see Phillips (1971) and Webster et al. (1982). Wetterer et al. (2000) found that <i>Musonycteris</i> is more closely related to <i>Choeroniscus</i> than to <i>Choeronycteris</i>.","38","38-01186","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1186"
"13801187","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Musonycteris","","harrisoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schaldach and McLaughlin","1960","","Los Angeles Cty. Mus. Contrib. Sci.","37","","3","","","Banana Bat","Mexico, Colima, 2 km SE Pueblo Juarez.","Jalisco, Colima, Michoacan and Guerrero (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","See Tellez and Ortega (1999).","38","38-01187","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1186-0000-1187"
"13801188","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Scleronycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","404","","<i>Scleronycteris ega</i> Thomas, 1912.","","","","","","","38","38-01188","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1188"
"13801189","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Glossophagini","Scleronycteris","","ega","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","405","","","Ega Long-tongued Bat","Brazil, Amazonas, Ega.","Amazonian Brazil, S Venezuela.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-01189","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1125-1188-0000-1189"
"13801190","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Griffiths","1982","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","2742","","43","","","","","","","","Used at the tribal level for the first time by McKenna and Bell (1997); see also Wetterer et al. (2000) and Carstens et al. (2002).","38","38-01190","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190"
"13801191","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","Lionycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","12","","270","","<i>Lionycteris spurrelli</i> Thomas, 1913.","","","","","","","38","38-01191","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190-1191"
"13801192","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","Lionycteris","","spurrelli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","12","","271","","","Chestnut Long-tongued Bat","Colombia, Chocó, Condoto.","E Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Amazonian Peru and Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-01192","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190-1191-0000-1192"
"13801193","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","Lonchophylla","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","458","","<i>Lonchophylla mordax</i> Thomas, 1903.","","","","","","Taddei et al. (1983) gave a key to the species. Includes at least one undescribed species from northern South America (L. Davalos, pers. comm.).","38","38-01193","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190-1193"
"13801194","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","Lonchophylla","","bokermanni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sazima, Vizotto, and Taddei","1978","","Rev. Brasil. Biol.","38","","82","","","Bokermann's Nectar Bat","Brazil, Minas Gerais, Jaboticatubas, Serra do Cipo.","SE Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","","38","38-01194","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190-1193-0000-1194"
"13801195","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","Lonchophylla","","dekeyseri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Taddei, Vizotto, and Sazima","1983","","Ciencia e Cultura","35","","626","","","Dekeyser's Nectar Bat","Brazil, D. F., 8 km N Brasilia.","E Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","","38","38-01195","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190-1193-0000-1195"
"13801196","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","Lonchophylla","","handleyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1980","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.","38","","233","","","Handley's Nectar Bat","Ecuador, Morona, Santiago, Los Tayos (03°07'S, 18°12'W).","Ecuador, Peru, possibly SW Colombia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Formerly confused with <i>robusta</i>; see Hill (1980<i>a</i>). Colombian record may represent <i>robusta</i>; see Cadena et al. (1998).","38","38-01196","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190-1193-0000-1196"
"13801197","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","Lonchophylla","","hesperia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1908","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","52","","35","","","Western Nectar Bat","Peru, Tumbes, Zorritos.","N Peru, Ecuador.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Known from only five specimens; see Gardner (1976).","38","38-01197","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190-1193-0000-1197"
"13801198","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","Lonchophylla","","mordax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","459","","","Goldman's Nectar Bat","Brazil, Bahia, Lamarao.","Costa Rica south to Ecuador, Peru, and perhaps Bolivia; E Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>concava</i> </b> Goldman, 1914.","Includes <i>concava</i>; see Handley (1966<i>a</i>); but also see Jones and Carter (1976), who provisionally recognized it as a distinct species.","38","38-01198","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190-1193-0000-1198"
"13801199","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","Lonchophylla","","mordax","mordax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","459","","","","Brazil, Bahia, Lamarao.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01199","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190-1193-0000-1198-1199"
"13801200","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","Lonchophylla","","mordax","concava","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01200","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190-1193-0000-1198-1200"
"13801201","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","Lonchophylla","","robusta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1912","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","42","","23","","","Orange Nectar Bat","Panama, Canal Zone, Río Chilibrillo, near Alajuela.","Nicaragua to Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","See Solari et al. (1999) for discussion of southern range.","38","38-01201","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190-1193-0000-1201"
"13801202","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","Lonchophylla","","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1904","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","20","","230","","","Thomas's Nectar Bat","Venezuela, Bolivar, Ciudad Bolivar.","E Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Specimens of this species have frequently been confused with <i>concava</i>, <i>mordax</i>, and <i>Lionycteris</i> <i>spurrelli</i>; see Taddei et al. (1978) and Koopman (1978<i>b</i>).","38","38-01202","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190-1193-0000-1202"
"13801203","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","Platalina","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1928","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10","8","","120","","<i>Platalina genovensium</i> Thomas, 1928.","","","","","","","38","38-01203","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190-1203"
"13801204","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Glossophaginae","Lonchophyllini","Platalina","","genovensium","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1928","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10","8","","121","","","Long-snouted Bat","Peru, near Lima.","Peru, N Chile.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by Galaz et al. (1999).","38","38-01204","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1124-1190-1203-0000-1204"
"13801205","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Zool. Journ.","2","6","242","","","","","","","","Possibly monophyletic as defined here; see Wetterer et al. (2000), though see also Baker et al. (2000). Wetterer et al. (2000) recognized four tribes within Phyllostominae (Lonchorhinini, Micronycterini, Phyllostomini, and Vampyrini), but monophyly of these groups is uncertain (see Baker et al., 2000). Accordingly, I do not recognize tribes within Phyllostominae at the present time.","38","38-01205","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205"
"13801206","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Chrotopterus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","505","","<i>Vampyrus auritus</i> Peters, 1856.","","","","","<i>Vampyrus</i>  Peters, 1856 [not Leach, 1821].","","38","38-01206","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1206"
"13801207","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Chrotopterus","","auritus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1856","","Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1856","","305","","","Woolly False Vampire Bat","Mexico. The type locality was incorrectly changed to Brazil, Santa Catarina, by Carter and Dolan (1978), see remarks in Medellin (1989).","Veracruz (Mexico) south to the Guianas, S Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, and N Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>australis</i>  Thomas, 1905; <i>guianae</i> Thomas, 1905.","Simmons and Voss (1998) discussed problems with previously recognized subspecies. See Medellín (1989). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-01207","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1206-0000-1207"
"13801208","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Glyphonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","301","","<i>Glyphonycteris</i> <i>sylvestris</i> Thomas, 1896.","","","","","<i>Barticonycteris</i>  Hill, 1964.","Recognized as a subgenus of <i>Micronycteris</i> by Sanborn (1949) and Simmons (1996); raised to genus rank by Simmons and Voss (1998) following information later published in Wetterer et al. (2000).","38","38-01208","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1208"
"13801209","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Glyphonycteris","","behnii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","505","","","Behn's Bat","Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cuiaba (= Cuyaba).","Known only from the holotype.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Micronycteris</i> <i>behnii</i>.","","Restricted to include only the holotype by Simmons (1996). This taxon may be a senior synonym of <i>sylvestis</i>, but the relationship of these taxa cannot be resolved without reexamination of the holotype of <i>behnii</i> in the context of what is now known about variation in <i>sylvestris</i>;<i> </i>see discussion in Simmons (1996).","38","38-01209","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1208-0000-1209"
"13801210","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Glyphonycteris","","daviesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1964","","Mammalia","28","","557","","","Graybeard Bat","Guyana, Essequibo Prov., Potaro road, 24 mi. (39 km) from Bartica.","Honduras south to Peru, the Guianas, Brazil, and Bolivia; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Micronycteris</i> <i>daviesi</i>.","","Formerly included in the monotypic genus <i>Barticonycteris</i>; see Koopman (1978<i>b</i>) and Simmons (1996). Reviewed by Pine et al. (1996).","38","38-01210","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1208-0000-1210"
"13801211","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Glyphonycteris","","sylvestris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","302","","","Tricolored Bat","Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Hda. Miravalles, between 1,400 and 2,000 ft. (427-610 m).","Peru and SE Brazil north to Nayarit and Veracruz (Mexico); Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Micronycteris</i> <i>sylvestris</i>.","","Probably a junior synonym of <i>behnii</i>; see Simmons (1996).","38","38-01211","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1208-0000-1211"
"13801212","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lampronycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Sanborn","1949","","Fieldiana Zool.","31","","223","","<i>Micronycteris</i> <i>brachyotis</i> Dobson, 1879.","","","","","","Recognized as a subgenus of <i>Micronycteris</i> by Sanborn (1949) and Simmons (1996); raised to genus rank by Wetterer et al. (2000).","38","38-01212","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1212"
"13801213","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lampronycteris","","brachyotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","1879","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1878","","880","","","Orange-throated Bat","French Guiana, Cayenne.","Oaxaca (Mexico) to Guyana, French Guiana and Brazil; Peru; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Micronycteris</i> <i>brachyotis</i>.","<i>platyceps</i>  Sanborn, 1949.","Includes <i>platyceps</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976). See Medellín et al. (1985).","38","38-01213","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1212-0000-1213"
"13801214","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lonchorhina","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Tomes","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","81","","<i>Lonchorhina aurita</i> Tomes, 1863.","","","","","","Reviewed by Hernandez-Camacho and Cadena-G. (1978). A key to the genus was presented by Lassieur and Wilson (1989) and subsequently modified by Handley and Ochoa (1997). Species groups follow Handley and Ochoa (1997).","38","38-01214","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1214"
"13801215","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lonchorhina","","aurita","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","83","","","Common Sword-nosed Bat","Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad.","Oaxaca (Mexico) south to SE Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador; Trinidad; perhaps New Providence Isl (Bahama Isls), see Jones and Carter (1976).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>occidentalis</i> </b> Anthony, 1923.","<i>aurita</i> species group. Includes <i>occidentalis</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976). See Lassieur and Wilson (1989) and Handley and Ochoa (1997). Some specimens previously referred to this species actually represent <i>inusitata</i>; see Handley and Ochoa (1997).","38","38-01215","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1214-0000-1215"
"13801216","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lonchorhina","","aurita","aurita","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","83","","","","Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>aurita</i> species group.","38","38-01216","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1214-0000-1215-1216"
"13801217","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lonchorhina","","aurita","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>aurita</i> species group.","38","38-01217","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1214-0000-1215-1217"
"13801218","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lonchorhina","","fernandezi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ochoa and Ibáñez","1982","","Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle","42","","147","","","Fernandez's Sword-nosed Bat","Venezuela, Amazonas, 40-50 km (by road) NE Puerto Ayacucho.","S Venezuela.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>orinocensis</i> species group. Known only from the type locality. Some specimens previously referred to this species actually represent <i>inusitata</i>; see Handley and Ochoa (1997).","38","38-01218","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1214-0000-1218"
"13801219","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lonchorhina","","inusitata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley and Ochoa","1997","","Mem. Soc. Cien. Nat. La Salle","57","","73","","","Uncommon Sword-nosed Bat","Venezuela, Amazonas, 84 km SSE Esmeralda, Boca Mavaca, 2°30'N, 56°13'W.","S Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, W Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","<i>aurita</i> species group. Specimens referred to this species were previously identified as <i>aurita</i>, <i>marinkellei</i>, or <i>fernandezi</i>; see Handley and Ochoa (1997) and Simmons et al. (2000).","38","38-01219","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1214-0000-1219"
"13801220","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lonchorhina","","marinkellei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hernández-Camacho and Cadena-G.","1978","","Caldasia","12","","229","","","Marinkelle's Sword-nosed Bat","Colombia, Vaupes, near Mitu, Durania.","SE Colombia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>aurita</i> species group. Some specimens previously referred to this species actually represent <i>inusitata</i>; see Handley and Ochoa (1997).","38","38-01220","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1214-0000-1220"
"13801221","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lonchorhina","","orinocensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linares and Ojasti","1971","","Novid. Cient. Contrib. Occas. Mus. Hist. Nat. La Salle, Ser. Zool.","36","","2","","","Orinocoan Sword-nosed Bat","Venezuela, Bolivar, 50 km NE Puerto Paez, Boca de Villacoa.","Venezuela, SE Colombia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>orinocensis</i> species group. See Handley and Ochoa (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-01221","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1214-0000-1221"
"13801222","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lophostoma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","d'Orbigny","1836","","Voy. Amer. Merid. Atlas Zool.","4","","11","","<i>Lophostoma</i> <i>silvicolum</i> d'Orbigny, 1836.","","","","","<i>Chrotopterus</i>  J. A. Allen, 1910 [not Peters, 1865].","Formerly included <i>Tonatia</i>, but see Lee et al. (2002), who demonstrated that <i>Tonatia</i> as traditionally defined is not monophyletic. Those authors proposed restricting <i>Tonatia</i> to the type species and its close relative (<i>bidens</i> and <i>saurophila</i>), and using the next available generic name (<i>Lophostoma</i>) for the remaining species, which together form a clade that is not closely related to <i>Tonatia</i>. That recommendation is followed here. Keys to species now included in <i>Lophostoma</i> were provided by Genoways and Williams (1984) and Medellín and Arita (1989).","38","38-01222","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1222"
"13801223","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lophostoma","","brasiliense","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","674","","","Pygmy Round-eared Bat","Brazil, Bahia.","Veracruz (Mexico) south to Peru, Bolivia, NE Brazil; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Tonata</i> <i>brasiliense</i>.","<i>minuta</i>  Goodwin, 1942; <i>nicaraguae</i> Goodwin, 1942; <i>venezuelae</i> Robinson and Lyon, 1901.","For synonyms see Jones and Carter (1979); but also see Gardner (1976). Hall (1981) listed<i> nicaraguae</i> (including <i>minuta</i>) as a distinct species.","38","38-01223","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1222-0000-1223"
"13801224","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lophostoma","","carrikeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1910","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","28","","147","","","Carriker's Round-eared Bat","Venezuela, Bolivar, Río Mocho.","Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, N Brazil, Bolivia, Peru.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Tonata</i> <i>carrikeri</i>.","","See McCarthy et al. (1992).","38","38-01224","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1222-0000-1224"
"13801225","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lophostoma","","evotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Davis and Carter","1978","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech Univ.","53","","8","","","Davis's Round-eared Bat","Guatemala, Izabál, 25 km S.S.W. Puerto Barrios.","S Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Tonatia</i> <i>evotis</i>.","","Formerly included in <i>silvicola</i>. See Medellín and Arita (1989).","38","38-01225","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1222-0000-1225"
"13801226","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lophostoma","","schulzi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Genoways and Williams","1980","","Ann. Carnegie Mus.","49","","205","","","Schulz's Round-eared Bat","Surinam, Brokopondo, 3 km SW Rudi Koppelvliegveld.","Guianas, N Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Tonata</i> <i>schulzi</i>.","","","38","38-01226","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1222-0000-1226"
"13801227","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lophostoma","","silvicolum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","d'Orbigny","1836","","Voy. Amer. Merid. Atlas Zool.","4","","11, pl. 7","","","White-throated Round-eared Bat","Bolivia, Yungas between Secure and Isiboro rivers.","Honduras to Bolivia, NE Argentina, Guianas, and E Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Tonatia</i> <i>silvicola</i>.","<i>amblyotis</i>  Wagner, 1843; <i>auritus</i> Sanborn, 1923 [not Peters, 1865]; <i>colombianus</i> Anthony, 1920; <i>midas</i> Pelzeln, 1883; <b><i>centralis</i></b> Davis and Carter, 1978; <b><i>laephotis</i></b> Thomas, 1910; <b><i>occidentalis</i></b> Davis and Carter, 1978.","Includes <i>laephotis</i> and <i>amblyotis</i>; see Davis and Carter (1978). See Medellín and Arita (1989). The species name for this taxon was formerly spelled <i>silvicola</i> when used in <i>Tonatia</i>, but must be spelled <i>silvicolum</i> when combined with <i>Lophostoma</i>, which is a Greek neuter noun. These names have sometimes been spelled <i>sylvicola</i> and <i>sylvicolum</i>, but I retain the original spelling here.","38","38-01227","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1222-0000-1227"
"13801228","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lophostoma","","silvicolum","silvicolum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","d'Orbigny","1836","","Voy. Amer. Merid. Atlas Zool.","4","","11, pl. 7","","","","Bolivia, Yungas between Secure and Isiboro rivers.","","","","","38","38-01228","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1222-0000-1227-1228"
"13801229","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lophostoma","","silvicolum","centralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis and Carter","1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01229","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1222-0000-1227-1229"
"13801230","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lophostoma","","silvicolum","laephotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01230","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1222-0000-1227-1230"
"13801231","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Lophostoma","","silvicolum","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis and Carter","1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01231","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1222-0000-1227-1231"
"13801232","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Macrophyllum","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","489","","<i>Macrophyllum nieuwiedii</i> Gray, 1838 (= <i>Phyllostoma macrophyllum</i> Schinz, 1821).","","","","","<i>Dolichophyllum</i>  Lydekker, 1891; <i>Mesophyllum</i> Vieira, 1942.","","38","38-01232","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1232"
"13801233","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Macrophyllum","","macrophyllum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1821","","Das Thierreich","1","","163","","","Long-legged Bat","Brazil, Bahia, Río Mucuri.","Tabasco (Mexico) south to Peru, Bolivia, SE Brazil, Paraguay, and NE Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>neuwiedii</i>  Gervais, 1855; <i>nieuwiedii</i> Gray, 1838.","See Harrison (1975). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-01233","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1232-0000-1233"
"13801234","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Macrotus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1843","","21","","<i>Macrotus waterhousii</i> Gray, 1843.","","","","","<i>Otopterus</i>  Lydekker, 1891.","Revised by Anderson and Nelson (1965).","38","38-01234","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1234"
"13801235","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Macrotus","","californicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1858","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","10","","116","","","Californian Leaf-nosed Bat","USA, California, Imperial Co., Old Fort Yuma.","N Sinaloa and SW Chihuahua (Mexico) north to S Nevada and S California (USA); Baja California and Tamaulipas (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","For a comparison with <i>waterhousii</i>, see Davis and Baker (1974) and Greenbaum and Baker (1976). Considered to be a subspecies of <i>waterhousii</i> by Anderson (1969<i>a</i>) and Hall (1981).","38","38-01235","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1234-0000-1235"
"13801236","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Macrotus","","waterhousii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1843","","21","","","Waterhouse's Leaf-nosed Bat","Haiti.","Sonora and Hidalgo (Mexico) south to Guatemala; Bahama Isls; Jamaica; Cuba; Cayman Isls (NW of Jamaica); Hispaniola and Beata Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>heberfolium</i>  Shamel, 1931; <b><i>bulleri</i></b> H. Allen, 1890; <b><i>compressus</i></b> Rehn, 1904; <b><i>jamaicensis</i></b> Rehn, 1904; <b><i>mexicanus</i></b> Saussure, 1860; <i>bocourtianus</i> Dobson, 1876; <b><i>minor</i></b> Gundlach, 1864.","Includes <i>mexicanus</i>; see Anderson and Nelson (1965). See Anderson (1969<i>a</i>). Caribbean forms reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01236","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1234-0000-1236"
"13801237","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Macrotus","","waterhousii","waterhousii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1843","","21","","","","Haiti.","","","","","38","38-01237","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1234-0000-1236-1237"
"13801238","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Macrotus","","waterhousii","bulleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01238","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1234-0000-1236-1238"
"13801239","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Macrotus","","waterhousii","compressus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rehn","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01239","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1234-0000-1236-1239"
"13801240","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Macrotus","","waterhousii","jamaicensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rehn","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01240","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1234-0000-1236-1240"
"13801241","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Macrotus","","waterhousii","mexicanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01241","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1234-0000-1236-1241"
"13801242","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Macrotus","","waterhousii","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gundlach","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01242","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1234-0000-1236-1242"
"13801243","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Micronycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1866","","113","","<i>Phyllophora megalotis</i> Gray, 1842.","","","","","<i>Schizastoma</i>  Gray, 1862 [<i>lapsus</i> for <i>Schizostoma</i>]; <i>Schizostoma</i> Gervais, 1856 [not Bronn, 1835]; <i>Vampirella</i> Reinhardt, 1872 [not Cienkowsky, 1865]; <i>Xenoctenes</i> Miller, 1907.","Includes <i>Xenoctenes</i>; see Simmons (1996). Does not include <i>Barticonycteris</i>, <i>Glyphonycteris</i>, <i>Lampronycteris</i>, <i>Neonycteris</i>, or <i>Trinycteris</i>; see Simmons and Voss (1998) and Wetterer et al. (2000).","38","38-01243","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1243"
"13801244","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Micronycteris","","brosseti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Simmons and Voss","1998","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","273","","62","","","Brosset's Big-eared Bat","French Guiana, Paracou near Sinnamary.","E Peru, Guyana, French Guiana, SE Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","","38","38-01244","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1243-0000-1244"
"13801245","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Micronycteris","","hirsuta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1869","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1869","","397","","","Hairy Big-eared Bat","Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Pozo Azul.","Honduras to French Guiana, Trinidad, Amazonian Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Placed in subgenus <i>Xenoctenes</i> by Sanborn (1949), but see Simmons (1996).","38","38-01245","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1243-0000-1245"
"13801246","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Micronycteris","","homezi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pirlot","1967","","Mammalia","31","","265","","","Pirlot's Big-eared Bat","Venezuela, Zulia, Maracaibo Basis, Río Palmar, Hacienda El Cerro.","NW Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Described by Pirlot (1967) as a subspecies of <i>megalotis</i>, but clearly a distinct species; see Simmons and Voss (1998). Also see Bernard (2001) and Lim and Engstrom (2001).","38","38-01246","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1243-0000-1246"
"13801247","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Micronycteris","","matses","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Simmons, Voss, and Fleck","2002","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","3358","","5","","","Matses Big-eared Bat","Peru, Departmento Loreto, SE bank of Río Gálvez, village of Nuevo San Juan, 5°17'30""S, 73°9'50""W, 150 m.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Not evaluated (new species).","","","38","38-01247","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1243-0000-1247"
"13801248","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Micronycteris","","megalotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","257","","","Little Big-eared Bat","Brazil, São Paulo, Pereque.","Colombia to Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil; Venezuela and the Guianas; Trinidad and Tobago; Margarita Isl (Venezuela); Grenada; St. Vincent.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>elongatum</i>  Gray, 1842; <i>megalotes</i> Robinson, 1896; <i>scrobiculatum</i> Wagner, 1855; <i>typica</i> K. Andersen, 1906.","Does not include <i>microtis</i>; see Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990), Simmons (1996), and Simmons and Voss (1998). Does not include <i>mexicana</i>; see Simmons (1996). Does not include <i>homezi</i>; see Simmons and Voss (1998). See Alonso-Mejia and Medellín (1991), but note that these authors included <i>microtis</i>, <i>mexicana</i>, and <i>homezi</i> in <i>megalotis</i>.","38","38-01248","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1243-0000-1248"
"13801249","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Micronycteris","","microtis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","50","","328","","","Common Big-eared Bat","Nicaragua, San Juan del Norte, Graytown.","Tamaulipas and Jalisco (Mexico) to northern Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, northern Brazil, and Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<b><i>mexicana</i> </b> Miller, 1898; <i>pygmaeus</i> Rehn, 1904.","Formerly included in <i>megalotis</i>, but see Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990), Simmons (1996), and Simmons and Voss (1998). Simmons (1996) included <i>mexicana</i> as a subspecies of <i>microtis</i>, but noted that it may be a distinct species.","38","38-01249","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1243-0000-1249"
"13801250","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Micronycteris","","microtis","microtis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","50","","328","","","","Nicaragua, San Juan del Norte, Graytown.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01250","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1243-0000-1249-1250"
"13801251","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Micronycteris","","microtis","mexicana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01251","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1243-0000-1249-1251"
"13801252","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Micronycteris","","minuta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gervais","1856","","<i>In</i> F. Comte de Castelnau, Exped. Partes Cen. Am. Sud., Zool. (Sec. 7)","Vol. 1","pt. 2(Mammifères)","50","","","Tiny Big-eared Bat","Brazil, Bahia, Capela Nova.","Honduras to S Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru; Guianas; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hypoleuca</i>  J. A. Allen, 1900.","See Simmons (1996), Simmons and Voss (1998), and López-González (1998).","38","38-01252","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1243-0000-1252"
"13801253","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Micronycteris","","sanborni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Simmons","1996","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","3158","","6","","","Sanborn's Big-eared Bat","Brazil, Ceará, Itaitera, Sitio Luanda, 4 mi. (6 km) S of Crato.","NE Brazil, Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","","38","38-01253","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1243-0000-1253"
"13801254","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Micronycteris","","schmidtorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1935","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","20","","81","","","Schmidt's Big-eared Bat","Guatemala, Izabal, Bobos.","S Mexico to Guianas; NE Peru; Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Ascorra et al. (1991) reviewed <i>schmidtorum</i> but referred some specimens to this species that were subsequently reidentified as either <i>sanborni</i> (Simmons, 1996) or <i>brosseti</i> (Simmons and Voss, 1998).","38","38-01254","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1243-0000-1254"
"13801255","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Mimon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1847","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1847","","14","","<i>Phyllostoma bennettii</i> Gray, 1838.","","","","","<i>Chrotopterus</i>  Elliot, 1904 [not Peters, 1865]; <i>Vampyrus</i> Saussure, 1860 [not Leach, 1821].","Does not include <i>Anthorhina</i>, a name that is actually a junior synonym of <i>Tonatia</i> (see Gardner and Ferrell [1990] and Article 67.8 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999]) despite its frequent use as a subgenus of <i>Mimon</i> following Handley (1960). The nominate subgenus of <i>Mimon</i> includes <i>bennettii</i> and <i>cozumelae</i>; the other subgenus (formerly called <i>Anthorhina</i>) includes <i>crenulatum</i> and <i>koepckeae</i>, but there is presently no valid name for this subgenus.","38","38-01255","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1255"
"13801256","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Mimon","","bennettii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","483","","","Southern Golden Bat","Brazil, São Paulo, Ipanema (restricted by Hershkovitz, 1951).","Guianas; SE Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>auricularis</i>  Saussure, 1860; <i>auritus</i> Elliot, 1904.","Does not include <i>cozumelae</i>; see McCarthy (1987), McCarthy et al. (1993), and Simmons and Voss (1998).","38","38-01256","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1255-0000-1256"
"13801257","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Mimon","","cozumelae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1914","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","27","","75","","","Cozumelan Golden Bat","Mexico, Quintana Roo, Cozumel Isl.","S Mexico to Colombia","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly included in <i>bennettii</i> (see Hall, 1981; Schaldach, 1965; Villa-R., 1967), but recognized as a distinct species by McCarthy (1987), McCarthy et al. (1993), and Simmons and Voss (1998).","38","38-01257","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1255-0000-1257"
"13801258","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Mimon","","crenulatum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat.","","","61","","","Striped Hairy-nosed Bat","Brazil, Bahia; see Handley (1960).","Chiapas and Campeche (Mexico) to Guianas, E Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador and E Peru; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>keenani</i> </b> Handley, 1960; <b><i>longifolium</i></b> Wagner, 1843; <i>peruanum</i> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>picatum</i></b> Thomas, 1903.","Does not include <i>koepckeae</i>; see Gardner and Patton (1972). Reviewed by Handley (1960), Jones and Carter (1979), and Koopman (1978<i>b</i>). Because Wilson and Reeder (1993) did not treat names established in E. Geoffroy (1803) as available, Koopman (1993) attributed authorship of <i>crenulatum</i> to a later work by E. Geoffroy, but this name was actually published in the 1803 volume, which is now accepted (Grubb, 2001<i>a</i>; Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2002<i>b</i>).","38","38-01258","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1255-0000-1258"
"13801259","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Mimon","","crenulatum","crenulatum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat.","","","61","","","","Brazil, Bahia; see Handley (1960).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01259","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1255-0000-1258-1259"
"13801260","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Mimon","","crenulatum","keenani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01260","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1255-0000-1258-1260"
"13801261","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Mimon","","crenulatum","longifolium","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01261","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1255-0000-1258-1261"
"13801262","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Mimon","","crenulatum","picatum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01262","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1255-0000-1258-1262"
"13801263","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Mimon","","koepckeae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gardner and Patton","1972","","Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ.","43","","7","","","Koepcke's Hairy-nosed Bat","Peru, Departamento de Ayacucho, Huanhuachayo (12°44'S, 73°47'w), 1,660 m.","Highlands of central Peru.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Koopman (1993, 1994) treated <i>koepckeae</i> as a subspecies of <i>crenulatum</i>, but this does not appear justified given the data presented by Gardner and Patton (1972).","38","38-01263","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1255-0000-1263"
"13801264","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Neonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Sanborn","1949","","Fieldiana Zool.","31","","226","","<i>Micronycteris</i> <i>pusilla</i> Sanborn, 1949.","","","","","","Recognized as a subgenus of <i>Micronycteris</i> by Sanborn (1949) and Simmons (1996); raised to genus rank by Wetterer et al. (2000).","38","38-01264","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1264"
"13801265","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Neonycteris","","pusilla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1949","","Fieldiana Zool.","31","","228","","","Least Big-eared Bat","Brazil, Amazonas, Tahuapunta (Vaupes River).","NW Brazil, E Colombia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Micronycteris</i> <i>pusilla</i>.","","Known only from the type series.","38","38-01265","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1264-0000-1265"
"13801266","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Phylloderma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","513","","<i>Phylloderma stenops</i> Peters, 1865.","","","","","<i>Guandira</i>  Gray, 1866.","Included in <i>Phyllostomus</i> by Baker et al. (1988<i>b</i>) and Van Den Bussche and Baker (1993), but see Simmons and Voss (1998) and Wetterer et al. (2000).","38","38-01266","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1266"
"13801267","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Phylloderma","","stenops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","513","","","Pale-faced Bat","French Guiana, Cayenne.","S Mexico to SE Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cayenensis</i>  Gray, 1866; <b><i>boliviensis</i></b> Barquez and Ojeda, 1979; <b><i>septentrionalis</i></b> Goodwin, 1940.","Includes <i>septentrionalis</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976). Bolivian form reviewed by Bárquez and Ojeda (1979). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-01267","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1266-0000-1267"
"13801268","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Phylloderma","","stenops","stenops","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","513","","","","French Guiana, Cayenne.","","","","","38","38-01268","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1266-0000-1267-1268"
"13801269","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Phylloderma","","stenops","boliviensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barquez and Ojeda","1979","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01269","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1266-0000-1267-1269"
"13801270","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Phylloderma","","stenops","septentrionalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01270","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1266-0000-1267-1270"
"13801271","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Phyllostomus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lacépède","1799","","Tabl. Div. Subd. Order Genres Mammifères","","","16","","<i>V(espertilio) hastatus</i> Pallas, 1767.","","","","","<i>Alectops</i>  Gray, 1866; <i>Phyllostoma</i> Cuvier, 1800.","Does not include <i>Phylloderma</i>, but see Baker et al. (1988<i>b</i>) and Van Den Bussche and Baker (1993). Phylogenetic relationships among species discussed by Baker et al. (1988<i>b</i>) and Van Den Bussche and Baker (1993).","38","38-01271","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1271"
"13801272","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Phyllostomus","","discolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","Arch. Naturgesch.","9","1","366","","","Pale Spear-nosed Bat","Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cuiaba (=Cuyaba).","Oaxaca and Veracruz (Mexico) to Guianas, SE Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina and Peru; Trinidad; Margarita Isl (Venezeula).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angusticeps</i>  Gervais, 1856; <i>innominatum</i> Tschudi, 1844; <b><i>verrucosus</i></b> Elliot, 1905.","","38","38-01272","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1271-0000-1272"
"13801273","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Phyllostomus","","discolor","discolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","Arch. Naturgesch.","9","1","366","","","","Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cuiaba (=Cuyaba).","","","","","38","38-01273","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1271-0000-1272-1273"
"13801274","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Phyllostomus","","discolor","verrucosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01274","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1271-0000-1272-1274"
"13801275","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Phyllostomus","","elongatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","182","","","Lesser Spear-nosed Bat","Brazil, Mato Grosso, Rio Branco.","Bolivia, E Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia to Guianas and E Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ater</i>  Gray, 1866.","","38","38-01275","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1271-0000-1275"
"13801276","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Phyllostomus","","hastatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1767","","Spicil. Zool.","3","","7","","","Greater Spear-nosed Bat","Surinam.","Guatemala and Belize to the Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru; Trinidad and Tobago; Margarita Isl (Venezuela).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aruma</i>  Thomas, 1924; <i>curaca</i> Cabrera, 1912; <i>maximus</i> Wied, 1821; <b><i>panamensis</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>caucae</i> J. A. Allen, 1916; <i>caurae</i> J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>paeze</i> Thomas, 1924.","","38","38-01276","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1271-0000-1276"
"13801277","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Phyllostomus","","hastatus","hastatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1767","","Spicil. Zool.","3","","7","","","","Surinam.","","","","","38","38-01277","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1271-0000-1276-1277"
"13801278","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Phyllostomus","","hastatus","panamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01278","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1271-0000-1276-1278"
"13801279","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Phyllostomus","","latifolius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","142","","","Guianan Spear-nosed Bat","Guyana, Essequibo Prov., Mt. Kanuku.","Guianas, SE Colombia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Clearly distinct from <i>elongatus</i>.","38","38-01279","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1271-0000-1279"
"13801280","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Tonatia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith, Anim. Kingdom","5","","71","","<i>Vampyrus bidens</i> Spix, 1823.","","","","","<i>Anthorhina</i>  Lydekker, 1891;<i> Phyllostoma</i> Gray, 1838 [not Cuvier, 1800]; <i>Tylostoma</i> Gervais, 1855; <i>Vampyrus</i> Spix, 1823 [not Leach, 1821].","<i>Tonatia</i> as traditionally defined was recently shown to be non-monophyletic (see Lee et al., 2002), and so has been restricted to include only the type species (<i>bidens</i>) and its close relative (<i>saurophila</i>). The remaining species, which together form a clade that is not closely related to <i>Tonatia</i>, are here transferred to <i>Lophostoma</i> following the recommendation of Lee et al. (2002). Keys to <i>Tonatia</i> have been published by several authors, but only one publication – Williams et al. (1995) – describes distinctions between the species now included in the genus.","38","38-01280","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1280"
"13801281","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Tonatia","","bidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","65","","","Greater Round-eared Bat","Brazil, Bahia, Rio Sao Francisco.","NE Brazil to N Argentina and Paraguay.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>childreni</i>  Gray, 1838.","Most material previously referred to <i>bidens</i> from Central America and northern South America is now recognized as <i>saurophila</i>; see Williams et al. (1995).","38","38-01281","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1280-0000-1281"
"13801282","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Tonatia","","saurophila","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Koopman and Williams","1951","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","1519","","11","","","Stripe-headed Round-eared Bat","Jamaica, St. Elizabeth Parish, Balaclava, Wallingford Roadside Cave.","Chiapas (Mexico) and Belize to Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and NE Brazil; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc); not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<b><i>bakeri</i> </b> Williams, Willig, and Reid, 1995; <b><i>maresi</i></b> Williams, Willig, and Reid, 1995.","Originally described from fossils from Jamaica. Reviewed by Williams et al. (1995).","38","38-01282","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1280-0000-1282"
"13801283","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Tonatia","","saurophila","saurophila","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Koopman and Williams","1951","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","1519","","11","","","","Jamaica, St. Elizabeth Parish, Balaclava, Wallingford Roadside Cave.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01283","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1280-0000-1282-1283"
"13801284","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Tonatia","","saurophila","bakeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Williams, Willig, and Reid","1995","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01284","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1280-0000-1282-1284"
"13801285","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Tonatia","","saurophila","maresi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Williams, Willig, and Reid","1995","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01285","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1280-0000-1282-1285"
"13801286","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Trachops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1847","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1847","","14","","<i>Trachops fuliginosus</i> Gray, 1865 (= <i>Vampyrus cirrhosus</i> Spix, 1823).","","","","","<i>Istiophorus</i>  Gray, 1825 [not Lacépède, 1802]; <i>Histiophorus</i> Agassiz, 1846; <i>Trachyops</i> Peters, 1865; <i>Tylostoma</i> Saussure, 1860 [not Gervais, 1855 or Gervais, 1856).","","38","38-01286","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1286"
"13801287","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Trachops","","cirrhosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","64","","","Fringe-lipped Bat","Brazil, Pará (restricted by Husson, 1962).","Oaxaca (Mexico) to Guianas, SE Brazil, Bolivia and Ecuador; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fuliginosus</i>  Gray, 1865; <b><i>coffini</i></b> Goldman, 1925; <b><i>ehrhardti</i></b> Felten, 1956.","Reviewed by Cramer et al. (2001).","38","38-01287","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1286-0000-1287"
"13801288","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Trachops","","cirrhosus","cirrhosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","64","","","","Brazil, Pará (restricted by Husson, 1962).","","","","","38","38-01288","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1286-0000-1287-1288"
"13801289","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Trachops","","cirrhosus","coffini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01289","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1286-0000-1287-1289"
"13801290","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Trachops","","cirrhosus","ehrhardti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Felten","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01290","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1286-0000-1287-1290"
"13801291","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Trinycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Sanborn","1949","","Fieldiana Zool.","31","","228","","<i>Micronycteris</i> <i>nicefori</i> Sanborn, 1949.","","","","","","Recognized as a subgenus of <i>Micronycteris</i> by Sanborn (1949) and Simmons (1996); raised to genus rank by Simmons and Voss (1998) following information later published in Wetterer et al. (2000).","38","38-01291","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1291"
"13801292","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Trinycteris","","nicefori","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1949","","Fieldiana Zool.","31","","230","","","Niceforo's Bat","Colombia, Norte de Santander, Cucuta.","Belize to N Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru; Bolivia; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Micronycteris</i> <i>nicefori</i>.","","See Simmons and Voss (1998).","38","38-01292","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1291-0000-1292"
"13801293","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Vampyrum","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1815","","Analyse de la Nature","","","54","","<i>Vespertilio spectrum</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Vampirus</i>  Lesson, 1827; <i>Vampyrus</i> Leach, 1821.","","38","38-01293","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1293"
"13801294","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Phyllostominae","","Vampyrum","","spectrum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","31","","","Spectral Bat","Surinam.","Veracruz (Mexico) to Ecuador and Peru, Bolivia, N and SW Brazil, and Guianas; Trinidad; perhaps Jamaica.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>guianensis</i>  Lacépède, 1789; <i>maximus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1806; <i>nasutus</i> Shaw, 1800; <i>nelsoni</i> Goldman, 1917.","See Navarro and Wilson (1982). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-01294","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1205-0000-1293-0000-1294"
"13801295","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Carolliinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Miller","1924","","Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus.","128","","53","","","","","","","","May not be monophyletic; see Lim and Engstrom (1998), Wright et al. (1999), and Baker et al. (2000). Treated as a tribe within Stenodermatinae by McKenna and Bell (1997), but see Wetterer et al. (2000).","38","38-01295","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1295"
"13801296","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Carolliinae","","Carollia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","488","","<i>Carollia braziliensis</i> Gray, 1838 (= <i>Vespertilio perspicillata</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Hemiderma</i>  Gervais, 1856; <i>Rhinops</i> Gray, 1866.","Revised by Pine (1972); phylogeny and geographic patterns discussed by Lim and Engstrom (1998), Wright et al. (1999), Baker et al. (2002), and Hoffman and Baker (2003). Also see Cloutier and Thomas (1992) and Cuartas et al. (2001). Keys were provided by many of these authors, but none included all of the species recognized here.","38","38-01296","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1295-0000-1296"
"13801297","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Carolliinae","","Carollia","","brevicauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1821","","Das Thierreich","1","","164","","","Silky Short-tailed Bat","Brazil, Espirito Santo, Jucu River, Fazenda de Coroaba.","E Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and N &amp; E Brazil; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bicolor</i>  Wagner, 1840;<i> grayi</i> Waterhouse, 1838;<i> lanceolatum</i> Natterer, 1843 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> minor</i> Gray, 1866.","Long confused with <i>perspicillata</i> or <i>subrufa</i>; see Pine (1972). Range restricted to N South America and E Panama by Baker et al. (2002), who referred all Central American records (from W Panama north through Mexico) to <i>sowelli</i>. It is possible that these taxa occur in sympatry in Panama, but this has not yet been demonstrated.","38","38-01297","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1295-0000-1296-0000-1297"
"13801298","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Carolliinae","","Carollia","","castanea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1890","","Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.","28","","19","","","Chestnut Short-tailed Bat","Costa Rica, Angostura.","Honduras to Peru, Bolivia, W Brazil and Venezuela.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","This complex probably includes more than one species; see Hoffman and Baker (2003).","38","38-01298","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1295-0000-1296-0000-1298"
"13801299","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Carolliinae","","Carollia","","colombiana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cuartas, Muñoz, and González","2001","","Actual. Biol.","23","75","65","","","Colombian Short-tailed Bat","Colombia, Antioquia, Municipality of Barbosa, La Cejita road, 6°25'N, 75°15'W.","Cordillera Central of N Colombia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Not evaluated (new species).","","Known only from the type locality.","38","38-01299","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1295-0000-1296-0000-1299"
"13801300","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Carolliinae","","Carollia","","perspicillata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","31","","","Seba's Short-tailed Bat","Surinam.","Oaxaca, Veracruz and Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, SE Brazil and Guianas; Trinidad and Tobago; perhaps Jamaica, N Lesser Antilles. A record from Grenada (Lesser Antilles) is probably erroneous; see Genoways et al. (1998).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amplexicaudata</i>  E. Geoffroy, 1818; <i>azteca</i> Saussure, 1860; <i>brachyotus</i> Schinz, 1821; <i>braziliensis</i> Gray, 1838; <i>calcaratum</i> Wagner, 1843; <i>tricolor</i> Miller, 1902; <i>verrucata</i> Gray, 1844.","Includes <i>tricolor</i>; see Pine (1972). Some authors have recognized subspecies, but see Pine (1972), McLellan (1984), and Koopman (1994). See also Cloutier and Thomas (1992). Phylogeography discussed by Ditchfield (2000).","38","38-01300","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1295-0000-1296-0000-1300"
"13801301","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Carolliinae","","Carollia","","sowelli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baker, Solari, and Hoffmann","2002","","Occ. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech. Univ.","217","","4","","","Sowell’s Short-tailed Bat","Honduras, Comayagua, Cueva de Taulabe, 14°41'42""N, 87°57'07""W.","San Luis Potosi (Mexico) south to W Panama.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Not evaluated (new species).","","Specimens of this species were previously referred to <i>brevicauda</i>, which is now thought to be restricted to E Panama and South America; see Wright et al. (1999), Baker et al. (2002), and Hoffman and Baker (2003). It is possible that these taxa occur in sympatry in Panama, but this has not yet been demonstrated.","38","38-01301","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1295-0000-1296-0000-1301"
"13801302","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Carolliinae","","Carollia","","subrufa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hahn","1905","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","18","","247","","","Gray Short-tailed Bat","Mexico, NW coast of Oaxaca, 8 mi (12 km) NW Tapanatepec, Sta. Efigenia.","Jalisco (Mexico) to NW Nicaragua. A report of this species from Guyana (Koopman, 1993) appears to be in error (B. Lim, pers. comm.).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Not a subspecies of <i>castanea</i>; see Pine (1972).","38","38-01302","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1295-0000-1296-0000-1302"
"13801303","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Carolliinae","","Rhinophylla","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","355","","<i>Rhinophylla pumilio</i> Peters, 1865.","","","","","","Phylogeny and geographic patterns discussed by Lim and Engstrom (1998) and Wright et al. (1999).","38","38-01303","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1295-0000-1303"
"13801304","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Carolliinae","","Rhinophylla","","alethina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1966","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","79","","86","","","Hairy Little Fruit Bat","Colombia, Valle, 27 km S Buenaventura, Raposo River.","W Colombia, W Ecuador.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","","38","38-01304","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1295-0000-1303-0000-1304"
"13801305","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Carolliinae","","Rhinophylla","","fischerae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Carter","1966","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","79","","235","","","Fischer's Little Fruit Bat","Peru, Loreto, 61 mi. (98 km) SE Pucallpa.","Peru, Ecuador, SE Colombia, S Venezuela, Amazonian Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","","38","38-01305","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1295-0000-1303-0000-1305"
"13801306","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Carolliinae","","Rhinophylla","","pumilio","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","355","","","Dwarf Little Fruit Bat","Brazil, Bahia.","Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia to Guianas and E Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","","38","38-01306","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1295-0000-1303-0000-1306"
"13801307","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gervais","1856","","<i>In</i> F. Comte de Castelnau, Exped. Partes Cen. Am. Sud., Zool.(Sec. 7)","Vol. 1","pt. 2(Mammifères)","32 footnote.","","","","","","","","McKenna and Bell (1997) included Carolliinae as a tribe (Carolliini) within Stenodermatinae, but the traditional usage of these group names is retained here; see discussion in Wetterer et al. (2000). Phylogenetic relationships have been discussed by Owen (1987, 1991), Lim (1993), Van Den Bussche et al. (1993<i>a</i>), Wetterer et al. (2000), and Baker et al. (2000).","38","38-01307","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307"
"13801308","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus.","57","","33","","","","","","","","Monogeneric; equivalent to subtribe Sturnirina of McKenna and Bell (1997). See discussion in Wetterer et al. (2000). Relationships and biogeography reviewed by Pacheco and Patterson (1992).","38","38-01308","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308"
"13801309","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","257","","<i>Sturnira spectrum</i> Gray, 1842 (= <i>Phyllostoma lilium</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810).","","","","","<i>Corvira</i>  Thomas, 1915; <i>Nyctiplanus</i> Gray, 1849; <i>Stenoderma</i> Gray, 1847 [not Geoffroy, 1813];<i> Sturnirops</i> Goodwin, 1938.","Includes <i>Corvira</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976). Davis (1980) gave a key to all but one of the species recognized here. Two subgenera are recognized, <i>Sturnira</i> and <i>Corvira</i>. Phylogenies of the genus have been proposed by Pacheco and Patterson (1991) and Villalobos and Valerio (2002).","38","38-01309","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309"
"13801310","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","257","","<i>Sturnira spectrum</i> Gray, 1842 (= <i>Phyllostoma lilium</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810).","","","","","","","38","38-01310","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310"
"13801311","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Corvira","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01311","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1311"
"13801312","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","aratathomasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peterson and Tamsitt","1968","","R. Ontario Mus. Life Sci. Occas. Pap.","12","","1","","","Aratathomas's Yellow-shouldered Bat","Colombia, Valle, 2 km S Pance (ca. 20 km SW Cali), 1,650 m.","Colombia, Ecuador, NW Venezuela, Peru.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Sturnira</i>.<i> </i>See Soriano and Molinari (1987).","38","38-01312","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1312"
"13801313","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Corvira","bidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","16","","310","","","Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat","Ecuador, Napo, Baeza, Upper Coca River, 6,500 ft. (1,981 m).","Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, perhaps Amazonian Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Corvira</i>.<i> </i>Formerly placed in a distinct genus (<i>Corvira</i>); see Gardner and O'Neill (1969) and Jones and Carter (1976). See Molinari and Soriano (1987).","38","38-01313","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1311-1313"
"13801314","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","bogotensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shamel","1927","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","40","","129","","","Bogotan Yellow-shouldered Bat","Colombia, Cundinamarca, Bogota.","Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Records from Venezuela, Bolivia, and Argentina are erroneous (see Pacheco and Patterson, 1992).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Sturnira</i>.<i> </i>Often confused with <i>erythromos</i>, <i>ludovici</i>, and <i>oporaphilum</i>, but see Handley (1976) and Pacheco and Patterson (1992).","38","38-01314","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1314"
"13801315","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","erythromos","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1844","","Fauna Peruana","","","64","","","Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bat","Peru.","Venezuela to Peru, Bolivia, and NW Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Sturnira</i>.<i> </i>Reviewed by Pacheco and Patterson (1992); also see Giannini and Barquez (2003).","38","38-01315","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1315"
"13801316","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","lilium","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","181","","","Little Yellow-shouldered Bat","Paraguay, Asunción (restricted by Cabrera [1958]).","Lesser Antilles; Sonora and Tamaulipas (Mexico) south to Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina, Uruguay, and E Brazil; Trinidad and Tobago; Grenada; perhaps Jamaica.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albescens</i>  Wagner, 1847; <i>chilense</i> Gray, 1847; <i>chrysocomos</i> Wagner, 1855; <i>erythromas</i>, Tschudi, 1844; <i>excisum</i> Wagner, 1842; <i>fumarium</i> Wagner, 1847;<i> oporophilum</i> Tschudi, 1844; <i>rotundatus</i> Gray, 1849; <i>spectrum</i> Gray, 1842; <i>spiculatum</i> Illiger, 1825; <i>vampyrus</i> Schinz, 1845; <b><i>angeli</i></b> de la Torre, 1966; <b><i>luciae</i></b> Jones and Phillips, 1976; <b><i>parvidens</i></b> Goldman, 1917; <b><i>paulsoni</i></b> de la Torre, 1966; <b><i>serotinus</i></b> Genoways, 1998; <b><i>vulcanensis</i></b> Genoways, 1998; <b><i>zygomaticus</i></b> Jones and Phillips, 1976.","Subgenus <i>Sturnira</i>.<i> </i>Includes <i>angeli</i> and <i>paulsoni</i>; see Jones and Phillips (1976). Reviewed in part by Jones and Phillips (1976), Genoways (1998), and Timm and Genoways (2003); also see Jones (1989) and Gannon et al. (1989). Phylogeography discussed by Ditchfield (2000).","38","38-01316","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1316"
"13801317","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","lilium","lilium","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","181","","","","Paraguay, Asunción (restricted by Cabrera [1958]).","","","","","38","38-01317","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1316-1317"
"13801318","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","lilium","angeli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de la Torre","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01318","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1316-1318"
"13801319","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","lilium","luciae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jones and Phillips","1976","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01319","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1316-1319"
"13801320","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","lilium","parvidens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01320","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1316-1320"
"13801321","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","lilium","paulsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de la Torre","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01321","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1316-1321"
"13801322","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","lilium","serotinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Genoways","1998","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01322","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1316-1322"
"13801323","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","lilium","vulcanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Genoways","1998","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01323","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1316-1323"
"13801324","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","lilium","zygomaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jones and Phillips","1976","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01324","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1316-1324"
"13801325","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","ludovici","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1924","","Am. Mus. Novit.","139","","8","","","Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat","Ecuador, Pichincha, near Gualea, ca. 4,000 ft (1,333 m).","Ecuador and Guyana north to Sonora and Tamaulipas (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>hondurensis</i> </b> Goodwin, 1940; <b><i>occidentalis</i></b> Jones and Phillips, 1964.","Subgenus <i>Sturnira</i>.<i> </i>Includes <i>hondurensis</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976). Bolivian records probably pertain to <i>oporaphilum</i>; Peruvian ones definitely do; see Anderson et al. (1982) and Pacheco and Patterson (1992).","38","38-01325","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1325"
"13801326","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","ludovici","ludovici","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1924","","Am. Mus. Novit.","139","","8","","","","Ecuador, Pichincha, near Gualea, ca. 4,000 ft (1,333 m).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01326","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1325-1326"
"13801327","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","ludovici","hondurensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01327","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1325-1327"
"13801328","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","ludovici","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jones and Phillips","1964","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01328","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1325-1328"
"13801329","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","luisi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1980","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech Univ.","70","","1","","","Luis's Yellow-shouldered Bat","Costa Rica, Alajuela, 11 mi. (18 km) NE Naranjo, Cariblanco, 3,000 ft. (914 m).","Costa Rica to Ecuador and NW Peru.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Sturnira</i>.<i> </i>The presence of this species in Colombia has not been verified; previously confused with <i>Sturnira</i> <i>ludovici</i> (Tamsitt, <i>in</i> Honacki et al., 1982). Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990) suggested that <i>luisi</i> might be conspecific with <i>tildae</i>, but see Simmons and Voss (1998).","38","38-01329","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1329"
"13801330","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","magna","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de la Torre","1966","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","79","","267","","","Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat","Peru, Loreto, Iquitos, Río Maniti, Santa Cecilia.","Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, W Brazil, Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Sturnira</i>.<i> </i>See Tamsitt and Häuser (1985).","38","38-01330","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1330"
"13801331","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","mistratensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vega and Cadena","2000","","Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc.","24","","286","","","Mistratoan Yellow-shouldered Bat","Colombia, Risaralda, Mistrató, corregimiento de Puerto de Oro, 980 m.","W Andes of Colombia.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated (new species); and not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Subgenus <i>Sturnira</i>.<i> </i>Known only from the holotype.","38","38-01331","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1331"
"13801332","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","mordax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1938","","Am. Mus. Novit.","976","","1","","","Talamancan Yellow-shouldered Bat","Costa Rica, Cartago, El Sauce Peralta.","Costa Rica, Panama.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Sturnira</i>.<i> </i>Formerly included in <i>Sturnirops</i>; see Davis et al. (1964).","38","38-01332","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1332"
"13801333","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Corvira","nana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gardner and O'Neill","1971","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. La. St. Univ.","42","","1","","","Lesser Yellow-shouldered Bat","Peru, Ayacucho, Huanhuachayo, 1,660 m.","S Peru.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Corvira</i>.","38","38-01333","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1311-1333"
"13801334","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","oporaphilum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1844","","Fauna Peruana","","","64","","","Tschudi's Yellow-shouldered Bat","Peru.","Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and NW Argentina.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Subgenus <i>Sturnira</i>.<i> </i>Often confused with <i>bogotensis</i>; see Pacheco and Patterson (1992).","38","38-01334","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1334"
"13801335","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","thomasi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de la Torre and Schwartz","1966","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","79","","299","","","Thomas's Yellow-shouldered Bat","Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles), Sofaia, 1,200 ft. (366 m) (France).","Guadeloupe and Montserrat (Lesser Antilles).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Sturnira</i>.<i> </i>See Jones and Genoways (1975<i>c</i>) and Pedersen et al. (1996).","38","38-01335","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1335"
"13801336","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Sturnirini","Sturnira","Sturnira","tildae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de la Torre","1959","","Chicago Acad. Sci. Nat. Hist. Misc.","166","","1","","","Tilda's Yellow-shouldered Bat","Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad, Arima Valley.","Brazil, Guianas, Venezuela, Trinidad, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Sturnira</i>.<i> </i>Does not include <i>luisi</i>; see Simmons and Voss (1998).","38","38-01336","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1308-1309-1310-1336"
"13801337","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Gervais","1856","","<i>In</i> Comte de Castelnau, Exped. Partes Cen. Am. Sud., Zool.(Sec. 7)","Vol. 1","pt. 2(Mammifères)","32 footnote","","","","","","","","Equivalent to subtribe Stenodermatina of McKenna and Bell (1997). The subtribal classification used here follows Wetterer et al. (2000). The subtribe Ectophyllina may be paraphylletic (see Baker et al., 2000), but there is strong support for monophyly of the subtribe Stenodermatina from both morphology and DNA sequence data (Baker et al., 2000; Wetterer et al. 2000).","38","38-01337","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337"
"13801338","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Ametrida","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1847","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1847","","15","","<i>Ametrida centurio</i> Gray, 1847.","","","","","","Subtribe Stenodermatina. Revised by Peterson (1965<i>b</i>).","38","38-01338","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1338"
"13801339","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Ametrida","","centurio","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1847","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1847","","15","","","Little White-shouldered Bat","Brazil, Pará, Belem.","Amazonian Brazil, Guianas, Panama, Venezuela, Trinidad, Bonaire Isl (Netherlands Antilles).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>minor</i>  H. Allen, 1894.","Includes <i>minor</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-01339","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1338-0000-1339"
"13801340","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Ardops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","19","","84","","<i>Stenoderma nichollsi</i> Thomas, 1891.","","","","","","Subtribe Stenodermatina. Revised by Jones and Schwartz (1967). Included under <i>Stenoderma</i> by Varona (1974) and Simpson (1945), but see Jones and Carter (1976).","38","38-01340","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1340"
"13801341","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Ardops","","nichollsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","7","","529","","","Tree Bat","Dominica (Lesser Antilles).","Lesser Antilles, from St. Eustatius to St. Vincent.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>annectens</i> </b> Miller, 1913; <b><i>koopmani</i></b> Jones and Schwartz, 1967; <b><i>luciae</i></b> Miller, 1902; <b><i>montserratensis</i></b> Thomas, 1894.","For discussion of subspecies see Jones and Schwartz (1967) and Jones (1989). See also Jones and Genoways (1973).","38","38-01341","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1340-0000-1341"
"13801342","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Ardops","","nichollsi","nichollsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","7","","529","","","","Dominica (Lesser Antilles).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01342","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1340-0000-1341-1342"
"13801343","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Ardops","","nichollsi","annectens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01343","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1340-0000-1341-1343"
"13801344","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Ardops","","nichollsi","koopmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jones and Schwartz","1967","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01344","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1340-0000-1341-1344"
"13801345","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Ardops","","nichollsi","luciae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01345","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1340-0000-1341-1345"
"13801346","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Ardops","","nichollsi","montserratensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01346","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1340-0000-1341-1346"
"13801347","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Ariteus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","491","","<i>Istiophorus flavescens</i> Gray, 1831.","","","","","<i>Peltorhinus</i>  Peters, 1876.","Subtribe Stenodermatina. Included as a subgenus of <i>Stenoderma</i> by Varona (1974) and Simpson (1945); but see Jones and Carter (1976).","38","38-01347","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1347"
"13801348","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Ariteus","","flavescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1831","","Zool. Misc.","1","","37","","","Jamaican Fig-eating Bat","Not designated in original publication (presumably Jamaica).","Jamaica.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>achradophilus</i>  Gosse, 1851.","See Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01348","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1347-0000-1348"
"13801349","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","75","","<i>Artibeus jamaicensis</i> Leach, 1821.","","","","","<i>Arctibeus</i>  Gray, 1838; <i>Artibaeus</i> Gervais, 1856; <i>Artibius</i> Bonaparte, 1847; <i>Artobius</i> Winge, 1892; <i>Dermanura</i> Gervais, 1856; <i>Koopmania</i> Owen, 1991; <i>Medateus</i> Leach, 1821; <i>Pteroderma</i> Gervais, 1856.","Subtribe Ectophyllina. Includes three subgenera as recognized here: <i>Artibeus</i>, <i>Dermanura</i>, and <i>Koopmania</i>. Does not include <i>Enchisthenes</i>; see Lim (1993), Van Den Bussche et al. (1993<i>a</i>, 1998), Baker et al. (2000), and Wetterer et al. (2000). Some researchers regard <i>Dermanura</i> as a distinct genus, but I prefer to treat it as a subgenus of <i>Artibeus</i> in recognition of its close phylogenetic affinities with <i>Artibeus</i> sensu stricto (see phylogenies in Van Den Bussche et al. [1993<i>a</i>, 1998], Baker et al. [2000], and Wetterer et al. [2000]). Large-bodied species (subgenus <i>Artibeus</i>) were reviewed by Marques-Aguiar (1994); see also Lim and Wilson (1993). Handley (1987) reviewed the smaller species (subgenera <i>Dermanura </i>and <i>Koopmania</i>). Species relationships discussed by Marques-Aguiar (1994) and Van Den Bussche et al. (1998).","38","38-01349","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349"
"13801350","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","75","","<i>Artibeus jamaicensis</i> Leach, 1821.","","","","","","","38","38-01350","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350"
"13801351","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gervais","1856","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01351","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351"
"13801352","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Koopmania","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Owen","1991","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01352","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1352"
"13801353","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","amplus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1987","","Fieldiana, Zool., n.s.","39","","164","","","Large Fruit-eating Bat","Venezuela, Zulia, Kasmera.","Guyana, Venezuela, N Colombia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Artibeus</i>.<i> </i>Reviewed by Lim and Wilson (1993).","38","38-01353","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1353"
"13801354","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","anderseni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1916","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","212","","","Andersen's Fruit-eating Bat","Brazil, Rondonia, Porto Velho.","W Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Dermanura</i>.<i> </i>Previously considered a subspecies of <i>cinereus</i>, but see Koopman (1978<i>b</i>) and Handley (1987).","38","38-01354","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1354"
"13801355","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","aztecus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","422","","","Aztec Fruit-eating Bat","Mexico, Morelos, Tetela del Volcán.","Michoacan and Oaxaca to Nuevo León and Sinaloa (Mexico), south to W Panama.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>major</i> </b> Davis, 1969; <b><i>minor</i></b> Davis, 1969.","Subgenus <i>Dermanura</i>.<i> </i>Not a subspecies of <i>cinereus</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976). Revised by Davis (1969). See Webster and Jones (1982<i>b</i>).","38","38-01355","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1355"
"13801356","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","aztecus","aztecus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","422","","","","Mexico, Morelos, Tetela del Volcán.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01356","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1355-1356"
"13801357","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","aztecus","major","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01357","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1355-1357"
"13801358","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","aztecus","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01358","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1355-1358"
"13801359","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","cinereus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gervais","1856","","<i>In</i> Comte de Castelnau, Exped. Partes Cen. Am. Sud., Zool. (Sec. 7)","Vol. 1","pt. 2 (Mammifères)","36","","","Gervais's Fruit-eating Bat","Brazil, Pará, Belem.","Guianas, Venezuela, N Brazil, Peru, Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>quadrivittatus</i>  Peters, 1865.","Subgenus <i>Dermanura</i>.<i> </i>Does not include <i>gnomus</i> or <i>glaucus</i>; see Handley (1987).","38","38-01359","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1359"
"13801360","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Koopmania","concolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","357","","","Brown Fruit-eating Bat","Surinam, Paramaribo.","Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia, N Brazil, Peru.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Koopmania</i>.<i> </i>A revised diagnosis was presented by Owen (1991), who placed this species in its own genus (<i>Koopmania</i>), which is here considered a subgenus of <i>Artibeus</i> based on phylogenetic results of Marques-Aguiar (1994), Van Den Bussche et al. (1998), Baker et al. (2000), and Wetterer et al. (2000). See Acosta and Owen (1993).","38","38-01360","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1352-1360"
"13801361","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","fimbriatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","487","","","Fringed Fruit-eating Bat","Brazil, Paraná, Serra do Mar, Morretes.","S Brazil, Paraguay.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>grandis</i>  Dobson, 1878 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Subgenus <i>Artibeus</i>.<i> </i>Reviewed by Handley (1989) and Marques-Aguiar (1994).","38","38-01361","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1361"
"13801362","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","fraterculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1924","","Am. Mus. Novit.","114","","5","","","Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat","Ecuador, El Oro, Portovelo, 2,000 ft. (610 m).","Ecuador, Peru.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Artibeus</i>.<i> </i>Considered a subspecies of <i>jamaicensis</i> by Jones and Carter (1976), but see Koopman (1978<i>b</i>) and Marques-Aguiar (1994).","38","38-01362","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1362"
"13801363","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","glaucus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1893","","336","","","Silvery Fruit-eating Bat","Peru, Junín, Chauchamayo.","S Mexico to Bolivia and S Brazil; Grenada (Lesser Antilles).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bogotensis</i>  K. Andersen, 1906; <i>pumilio</i> Thomas, 1924;<i> rosenbergii</i> Thomas, 1897.","Subgenus <i>Dermanura</i>.<i> </i>Does not include <i>gnomus</i> or <i>watsoni</i>; see Handley (1987). Koopman (1994) recognized several subspecies in this complex (which he referred to <i>cinereus</i>), but the boundaries among them are unclear. Caribbean records reviewed by Genoways et al. (1998).","38","38-01363","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1363"
"13801364","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","gnomus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1987","","Fieldiana Zool.","39","","167","","","Dwarf Fruit-eating Bat","Venezuela, Bolívar, 59 km SE El Dorado, El Manaco.","Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Amazonian Brazil, Venezuela, Guianas.","IUCN 2003 – Not listed (<i>lapsus</i>); IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Dermanura</i>.<i> </i>Distinct from <i>cinereus</i> and <i>glaucus</i>; see Handley (1987), Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990), and Simmons and Voss (1998).","38","38-01364","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1364"
"13801365","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","hirsutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","18","","420","","","Hairy Fruit-eating Bat","Mexico, Michoacan, La Salada.","Sonora to Guerrero (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Artibeus</i>.<i> </i>See Webster and Jones (1983) and Marques-Aguiar (1994).","38","38-01365","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1365"
"13801366","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","incomitatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kalko and Handley","1994","","Z. Säugtierk.","59","","260","","","Solitary Fruit-eating Bat","Panama, Bocas del Toro, Isla Escudo de Veraguas, near West Point, 1 m.","Known only from type locality.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Dermanura</i>.<i> </i>Closely related to <i>watsoni</i>; see Kalko and Handley (1994).","38","38-01366","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1366"
"13801367","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","inopinatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Davis and Carter","1964","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","77","","119","","","Honduran Fruit-eating Bat","Honduras, Choluteca, Choluteca, 10 ft. (3 m).","El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Artibeus</i>.<i> </i>Closely related to <i>hirsutus</i> but apparently distinct; see Marques-Aguiar (1994). See Webster and Jones (1983).","38","38-01367","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1367"
"13801368","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","jamaicensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","75","","","Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat","Jamaica.","Michoacan, Sinaloa, and Tamaulipas (Mexico) to Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, N Argentina, and E Brazil; Trinidad and Tobago; Greater and Lesser Antilles, S Bahamas. Perhaps Florida Keys; see Lazell and Koopman (1985), but see also Humphrey and Brown (1986).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>A</i>. <i>jamaicensis</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>planirostris</i>.","<i>carpolegus</i>  Gosse, 1851; <i>coryi</i> J. A. Allen, 1890; <i>eva</i> Cope, 1889; <i>insularis</i> J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>lewisi</i> Leach, 1821; <i>praeceps</i> K. Andersen, 1906; <b><i>aequatorialis</i></b> K. Andersen, 1906; <b><i>fallax</i></b> Peters, 1865; <i>alidum </i>Elliot, 1907; <b><i>grenadensis</i></b> K. Andersen, 1906; <b><i>hercules</i></b> Rehn, 1902; <b><i>parvipes</i></b> Rehn, 1902; <b><i>paulus</i></b> Davis, 1970; <b><i>planirostris</i></b> Spix, 1823; <b><i>richardsoni</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1908; <b><i>schwartzi</i></b> Jones, 1978; <b><i>trinitatis</i></b><i> </i>K. Andersen, 1906; <b><i>triomylus</i></b> Handley, 1966; <b><i>yucatanicus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1904. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>macleayii</i> Dobson, 1878 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Subgenus <i>Artibeus</i>.<i> </i>Does not include <i>obscurus</i> (= <i>fuliginosus</i>); see Handley (1989), Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990), Lim and Wilson (1993), and Simmons and Voss (1998). There is little agreement about whether <i>jamaicensis</i> includes <i>planirostris</i> (supported by Handley [1987, 1991] and Marques-Aguiar [1994]) or if <i>planirostris</i> (including <i>fallax</i> and <i>hercules</i>) represents a distinct species (supported by Koopman [1978<i>b</i>], Lim and Wilson [1993], and Lim [1997]). Pumo et al. (1996) treated <i>planirostris</i> and <i>jamaicensis</i> as separate species in their analysis of mtDNA sequences, but their data are more consistent with recognition of these as members of a single species. Accordingly, I have retained <i>planirostris</i> in <i>jamaicensis</i> pending further study. Includes <i>fallax</i>, <i>hercules</i>, and <i>praeceps</i>; see Koopman (1968), Handley (1987), and Marques-Aguiar (1994). Subspecies limits and relation... [truncated]","38","38-01368","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1368"
"13801369","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","jamaicensis","jamaicensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","75","","","","Jamaica.","","","","","38","38-01369","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1368-1369"
"13801370","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","jamaicensis","aequatorialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01370","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1368-1370"
"13801371","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","jamaicensis","fallax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01371","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1368-1371"
"13801372","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","jamaicensis","grenadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01372","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1368-1372"
"13801373","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","jamaicensis","hercules","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rehn","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01373","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1368-1373"
"13801374","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","jamaicensis","parvipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rehn","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01374","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1368-1374"
"13801375","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","jamaicensis","paulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1970","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01375","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1368-1375"
"13801376","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","jamaicensis","planirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Spix","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01376","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1368-1376"
"13801377","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","jamaicensis","richardsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01377","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1368-1377"
"13801378","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","jamaicensis","schwartzi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jones","1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01378","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1368-1378"
"13801379","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","jamaicensis","trinitatis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01379","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1368-1379"
"13801380","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","jamaicensis","triomylus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01380","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1368-1380"
"13801381","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","jamaicensis","yucatanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01381","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1368-1381"
"13801382","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","lituratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Olfers","1818","","<i>In</i> Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek. Reisenb.","15","","224","","","Great Fruit-eating Bat","Paraguay, Asunción.","Michoacan, Sinaloa, and Tamaulipas (Mexico) south to S Brazil, N Argentina, and Bolivia; Trinidad and Tobago; S Lesser Antilles; Trés Marías Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>A. lituratus </i>and <i>A. intermedius</i>.","<i>frenatus</i>  Illiger, 1815 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>frenatus</i> Olfers, 1818; <i>rusbyi</i> J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>superciliatum </i>Schinz, 1821; <b><i>koopmani</i></b> Wilson, 1991; <b><i>palmarum</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1897; <i>femurvillosum</i> Bangs, 1899; <i>intermedius</i> J. A. Allen, 1897.<b> </b><u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>dominicanus</i> Andersen, 1908 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Subgenus <i>Artibeus</i>.<i> </i>Includes <i>palmarum</i> but not <i>fallax</i>, <i>hercules</i>, or <i>praeceps</i> (Koopman, 1968, 1978<i>b</i>), Handley (1987), and Marques-Aguiar (1994). Includes <i>intermedius</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976) and Marques-Aguiar (1994), but see also Davis (1984) and Wilson (1991). It is not appropriate to treat <i>intermedius</i> as a subspecies of <i>lituratus</i> because it supposedly co-occurs with other populations of <i>lituratus</i> (referred to <i>palmarum</i>, which has priority) at several Central American localities (Davis, 1984). Because there are no characters that unambiguously separate <i>palmarum</i> and <i>intermedius</i> (Davis, 1984; Marques-Aguiar, 1994; Rodrigo Medellin, pers. comm.), it seems most likely that <i>intermedius</i> simply represents individuals of <i>palmarum</i> that fall at the lower end of the normal range of size variation. Accordingly, I treat <i>intermedius</i> as a junior synonym of <i>A. lituratus palmarum<... [truncated]","38","38-01382","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1382"
"13801383","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","lituratus","lituratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Olfers","1818","","<i>In</i> Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek. Reisenb.","15","","224","","","","Paraguay, Asunción.","","","","","38","38-01383","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1382-1383"
"13801384","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","lituratus","koopmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wilson","1991","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01384","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1382-1384"
"13801385","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","lituratus","palmarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01385","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1382-1385"
"13801386","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Artibeus","obscurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1821","","<i>In</i> G. Cuvier, Das Tierreich","1","","164","","","Dark Fruit-eating Bat","Brazil, Bahia, Rio Peruhype, Villa Vicosa.","Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>fuliginosus</i>  Gray, 1838.","Subgenus <i>Artibeus</i>.<i> </i>Distinct from <i>jamaicensis</i>; see Handley (1989), Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990), Lim and Wilson (1993), Marques-Aguiar (1994), and Simmons and Voss (1998). This species has often been referred to as <i>fuliginosus</i> in the literature, but <i>obscurus</i> is a senior synonym; see Handley (1989).","38","38-01386","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1350-1386"
"13801387","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","phaeotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","54","","405","","","Pygmy Fruit-eating Bat","Mexico, Yucatán, Chichén-Itzá.","Veracruz, Sinaloa, and Michoacan (Mexico) south to Ecuador and Guyana.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>turpis</i>  K. Andersen, 1906; <b><i>nanus</i></b> K. Andersen, 1906; <b><i>palatinus</i></b> Davis, 1970; <b><i>ravus</i></b> Miller, 1902.","Subgenus <i>Dermanura</i>.<i> </i>Includes <i>nanus</i> and <i>turpis</i>; see Jones and Lawlor (1965) and Davis (1970). For including <i>ravus</i> and other synomyms see Timm (1985) and Handley (1987).","38","38-01387","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1387"
"13801388","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","phaeotis","phaeotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","54","","405","","","","Mexico, Yucatán, Chichén-Itzá.","","","","","38","38-01388","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1387-1388"
"13801389","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","phaeotis","nanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01389","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1387-1389"
"13801390","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","phaeotis","palatinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1970","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01390","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1387-1390"
"13801391","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","phaeotis","ravus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01391","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1387-1391"
"13801392","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","toltecus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","12","","427","","","Toltec Fruit-eating Bat","Mexico, Veracruz, Mirador.","Panama to Nuevo León and Sinaloa (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>hesperus</i> </b> Davis, 1969.","Subgenus <i>Dermanura</i>.<i> </i>Not a subspecies of <i>cinereus</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976). Revised by Davis (1969). Does not include<i> ravus</i>, see Handley (1987). See Webster and Jones (1982<i>c</i>).","38","38-01392","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1392"
"13801393","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","toltecus","toltecus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","12","","427","","","","Mexico, Veracruz, Mirador.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01393","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1392-1393"
"13801394","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","toltecus","hesperus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01394","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1392-1394"
"13801395","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Artibeus","Dermanura","watsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","542","","","Thomas's Fruit-eating Bat","Panama, Chiriquí, Bogava [Bugaba], 250 m.","S Mexico to SW Colombia.","IUCN 2003 – Not listed (<i>lapsus</i>); IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>jucundum</i>  Elliot, 1906.","Subgenus <i>Dermanura</i>.<i> </i>Distinct from <i>glaucus</i>; see Handley (1987). See also Kalko and Handley (1994).","38","38-01395","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1349-1351-1395"
"13801396","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Centurio","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","259","","<i>Centurio senex</i> Gray, 1842.","","","","","<i>Trichocoryctes</i>  Trouessart, 1897; <i>Trichocoryes</i> H. Allen, 1861; <i>Trichocorytes</i> Gray, 1866.","Subtribe Stenodermatina.","38","38-01396","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1396"
"13801397","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Centurio","","senex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","259","","","Wrinkle-faced Bat","Nicaragua, Chinandega, Realejo.","Venezuela to Tamaulipas and Sinaloa (Mexico); Trinidad and Tobago.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>flavogularis</i>  Lichtenstein and Peters, 1854; <i>mexicanus</i> Saussure, 1860; <i>mcmurtrii</i> H. Allen, 1861; <i>minor</i> Ward, 1891; <b><i>greenhalli</i></b> Paradiso, 1967.","Reviewed by Paradiso (1967) and Snow et al. (1980). Venezuelan populations have not been allocated to subspecies. See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-01397","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1396-0000-1397"
"13801398","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Centurio","","senex","senex","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","259","","","","Nicaragua, Chinandega, Realejo.","","","","","38","38-01398","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1396-0000-1397-1398"
"13801399","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Centurio","","senex","greenhalli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Paradiso","1967","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01399","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1396-0000-1397-1399"
"13801400","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Chiroderma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1860","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1860","","747","","<i>Chiroderma villosum</i> Peters, 1860.","","","","","<i>Mimetops</i>  Gray, 1866.","Subtribe Ectophyllina. Reviewed by Goodwin (1958). See Baker et al. (1994) for a phylogeny of the genus.","38","38-01400","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1400"
"13801401","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Chiroderma","","doriae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2","10","","881","","","Brazilian Big-eyed Bat","Brazil, Minas Gerais.","Minas Gerais and São Paulo (SE Brazil), Paraguay.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>dorsale</i>  Lund, 1842.","","38","38-01401","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1400-0000-1401"
"13801402","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Chiroderma","","improvisum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baker and Genoways","1976","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech Univ.","39","","2","","","Guadeloupean Big-eyed Bat","Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles), Basse Terre, 2 km S and 2 km E Baie-Mahault (France).","Guadeloupe and Montserrat (Lesser Antilles).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","See Jones and Baker (1980) and Jones (1989).","38","38-01402","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1400-0000-1402"
"13801403","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Chiroderma","","salvini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","","","532","","","Salvin's Big-eyed Bat","Costa Rica.","Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela north to Michoacan, Hidalgo, and Chihuahua (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>scopaeum</i> </b> Handley, 1966.","","38","38-01403","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1400-0000-1403"
"13801404","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Chiroderma","","salvini","salvini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","","","532","","","","Costa Rica.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01404","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1400-0000-1403-1404"
"13801405","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Chiroderma","","salvini","scopaeum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01405","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1400-0000-1403-1405"
"13801406","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Chiroderma","","trinitatum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1958","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1877","","1","","","Little Big-eyed Bat","Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad, Cumaca, 1,000 ft. (305 m).","Panama south to Amazonian Brazil, Bolivia and Peru; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gorgasi</i>  Handley, 1960.","Includes <i>gorgasi</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976).","38","38-01406","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1400-0000-1406"
"13801407","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Chiroderma","","villosum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1860","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1860","","748","","","Hairy Big-eyed Bat","Brazil; see Carter and Dolan (1978).","Hidalgo (Mexico) south to S Brazil, Bolivia and Peru; Trinidad and Tobago.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>jesupi</i> </b> J. A. Allen, 1900; <i>isthmicum</i> Miller, 1912.","See Handley (1960).","38","38-01407","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1400-0000-1407"
"13801408","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Chiroderma","","villosum","villosum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1860","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1860","","748","","","","Brazil; see Carter and Dolan (1978).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01408","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1400-0000-1407-1408"
"13801409","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Chiroderma","","villosum","jesupi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01409","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1400-0000-1407-1409"
"13801410","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Ectophylla","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","H. Allen","1892","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","15","","441","","<i>Ectophylla alba</i> H. Allen, 1892.","","","","","","Subtribe Ectophyllina. Some authors have treated <i>Mesophylla</i> as a junior synonym; see Goodwin and Greenhall (1962), Simmons and Voss (1998), and Wetterer et al. (2000). However, relationships of these taxa remain unclear (see Owen [1987] and Baker et al. [2000]), so <i>Mesophylla</i> is treated here as a distinct genus pending further study.","38","38-01410","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1410"
"13801411","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Ectophylla","","alba","","SPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1892","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","15","","442","","","Honduran White Bat","Honduras (= Río Segovia) (McCarthy et al., 1993).","Honduras to W Panama.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","See Timm (1982). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Koopman (1993) included W Colombia in the range of this species based on Cuervo-Diaz et al. (1986), but that specimen has been reidentified as <i>Vampyressa pusilla</i>.","38","38-01411","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1410-0000-1411"
"13801412","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Enchisthenes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 7","18","","419","","<i>Artibeus</i> <i>hartii</i> Thomas, 1892.","","","","","","Subtribe Ectophyllina. Formerly included in <i>Artibeus</i> (e.g., Goodwin, 1969), but see Jones and Carter (1979), Van Den Bussche et al. (1993<i>a</i>, 1998), Baker et al. (2000), and Wetterer et al. (2000).","38","38-01412","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1412"
"13801413","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Enchisthenes","","hartii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","10","","409","","","Velvety Fruit-eating Bat","Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad, Port of Spain.","Bolivia and Venezuela north to Michoacan, Jalisco, and Tamaulipas (Mexico); Trinidad. There is an extralimital record from Tucson, Arizona (Irwin and Baker, 1967).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Artibeus</i> <i>hartii</i>.","","","38","38-01413","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1412-0000-1413"
"13801414","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Mesophylla","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","143","","<i>Mesophylla macconnelli</i> Thomas, 1901.","","","","","","Subtribe Ectophyllina. Included in <i>Ectophylla</i> by Goodwin and Greenhall (1962), Simmons and Voss (1998), and Wetterer et al. (2000); included in <i>Vampyressa</i> by Owen (1987). Treated as distinct here pending further study; also see Baker et al. (2000).","38","38-01414","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1414"
"13801415","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Mesophylla","","macconnelli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","145","","","MacConnell's Bat","Guyana, Essequibo Dist., Kanuku Mtns.","Nicaragua south to Peru, Bolivia, and Amazonian Brazil; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>flavescens</i> </b> Goodwin and Greenhall, 1962.","See Kunz and Pena (1992).","38","38-01415","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1414-0000-1415"
"13801416","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Mesophylla","","macconnelli","macconnelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","145","","","","Guyana, Essequibo Dist., Kanuku Mtns.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01416","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1414-0000-1415-1416"
"13801417","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Mesophylla","","macconnelli","flavescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin and Greenhall","1962","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01417","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1414-0000-1415-1417"
"13801418","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Phyllops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","356","","<i>Phyllostoma</i> <i>albomaculatum</i> Gundlach, 1861 (= <i>Arctibeus</i> <i>falcatus</i> Gray, 1839).","","","","","","Subtribe Stenodermatina. Included in <i>Stenoderma</i> by Varona (1974), Simpson (1945), and Silva-Taboada (1979); but see Jones and Carter (1976) and Corbet and Hill (1980). Two additional species of <i>Phyllops </i>have been described from cave fossils: <i>Phyllops silvai </i>Suárez and Díaz-Franco, 2003 and <i>Phyllops vetus</i> Anthony, 1917; see review by Suárez and Díaz-Franco (2003).","38","38-01418","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1418"
"13801419","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Phyllops","","falcatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1839","","Ann. Nat. Hist.","4","","1","","","Cuban Fig-eating Bat","Cuba, Habana, Guanabacoa.","Cuba; Hispaniola; as fossil, Isle of Pines (Cuba).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>albomaculatum</i>  Gundlach, 1861; <b><i>haitiensis</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1908.","Includes <i>haitiensis</i>; see Koopman (1989<i>c</i>) and Timm and Genoways (2003). Reviewed by Suárez and Díaz-Franco (2003).","38","38-01419","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1418-0000-1419"
"13801420","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Phyllops","","falcatus","falcatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1839","","Ann. Nat. Hist.","4","","1","","","","Cuba, Habana, Guanabacoa.","","","","","38","38-01420","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1418-0000-1419-1420"
"13801421","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Phyllops","","falcatus","haitiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01421","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1418-0000-1419-1421"
"13801422","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2","12","","429","","<i>Phyllostoma lineatum</i> E. Geoffroy, 1810.","","","","","<i>Vampyrops</i>  Peters, 1865.","Subtribe Ectophyllina. For a history of the nomeclature of this genus and reasons for using <i>Platyrrhinus</i> in place of <i>Vampyrops</i>, see Gardner and Ferrell (1990) and Alberico and Velasco (1991). A key to the genus was provided by Ferrell and Wilson (1991).","38","38-01422","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422"
"13801423","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","aurarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley and Ferris","1972","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","84","","522","","","Eldorado Broad-nosed Bat","Venezuela, Bolivar, 85 km SSE El Dorado, 1,000 m.","S Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam. Specimens previously reported from Colombia appear to have been misidentified.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","May be a synonym of <i>dorsalis</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976).","38","38-01423","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1423"
"13801424","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","brachycephalus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rouk and Carter","1972","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech Univ.","1","","1","","","Short-headed Broad-nosed Bat","Peru, Huanuco, 3 mi. (5 km) S Tingo Maria, 2,400 ft. (732 m).","N Brazil; Colombia to Guianas; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>latus</i>  Handley and Ferris, 1972; <i>saccharus</i> Handley and Ferris (1972).","Includes <i>latus</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976). May not be distinct from <i>helleri</i>; see Alberico (1990), but also see Anderson (1996).","38","38-01424","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1424"
"13801425","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","chocoensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Alberico and Velasco","1991","","Bonn. zool. Beitr.","42","","238","","","Choco Broad-nosed Bat","Colombia, Departamento del Chocó, 12 km W Istmina (by road), Quebrada El Platinero, 5°00'N, 76°45'W, 100 m.","W Colombia, lowlands between the Western Cordillera of the Andes and the Pacific coast.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","","38","38-01425","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1425"
"13801426","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","dorsalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","269","","","Thomas's Broad-nosed Bat","Ecuador, Paramba, 1,100 m.","Panama to Peru and Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Although the named forms <i>umbratus</i>, <i>oratus</i>, and <i>aquilus</i> were regarded as synonyms of <i>dorsalis</i> by Carter and Rouk (1973), these apparently represent a distinct species for which the oldest name is <i>umbratus</i>; see Handley (1976).","38","38-01426","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1426"
"13801427","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","helleri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","392","","","Heller's Broad-nosed Bat","Mexico.","Oaxaca and Veracruz (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, and Amazonian Brazil; Trinidad. A Paraguay record is erroneous.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>zarhinus</i>  H. Allen, 1891; <b><i>incarum</i></b> Thomas, 1912.","Includes <i>zarhinus</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976) and Gardner and Carter (1972). May include <i>brachycephalus</i>, see Alberico (1990). Reviewed by Ferrell and Wilson (1991) and Anderson (1996).","38","38-01427","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1427"
"13801428","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","helleri","helleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","392","","","","Mexico.","","","","","38","38-01428","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1427-1428"
"13801429","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","helleri","incarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01429","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1427-1429"
"13801430","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","infuscus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1880","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1880","","259","","","Buffy Broad-nosed Bat","Peru, Cajamarca, Hualgayoc, Hac. Ninabamba.","Colombia to Peru, Bolivia, and NW Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>fumosus</i>  Miller, 1902;<i> intermedius</i> Marinkelle, 1970.","Includes <i>intermedius</i> and <i>fumosus</i>; see Gardner and Carter (1972), who also designated a neotype for <i>infuscus</i>.","38","38-01430","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1430"
"13801431","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","lineatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","180","","","White-lined Broad-nosed Bat","Paraguay, Asunción.","Colombia to Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, N Argentina, and S and E Brazil; French Guyana; Surinam.","CITES – Appendix III (Uruguay). IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>sacrillus</i>  Thomas, 1924; <b><i>nigellus</i></b> Gardner and Carter, 1972.","Includes <i>nigellus</i>; see Jones and Carter (1979). See Willig and Hollander (1987).","38","38-01431","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1431"
"13801432","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","lineatus","lineatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1810","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","15","","180","","","","Paraguay, Asunción.","","","","","38","38-01432","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1431-1432"
"13801433","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","lineatus","nigellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gardner and Carter","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01433","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1431-1433"
"13801434","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","recifinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","192","","","Recife Broad-nosed Bat","Brazil, Pernambuco, Recife.","E and SE Brazil. A Guyana record is erroneous, because the specimen was referred to <i>latus</i> (= <i>brachycephalus</i>) by Handley and Ferris (1972).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","","38","38-01434","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1434"
"13801435","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","umbratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","151","","","Shadowy Broad-nosed Bat","Colombia, Magdalena, San Miguel (Macotama River).","Panama, N and W Colombia, N Venezuela.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>aquilius</i> </b> Handley and Ferris, 1972; <b><i>oratus</i></b> Thomas, 1914.","Formerly included in <i>dorsalis</i> by Carter and Rouk (1973), but see Handley (1976).","38","38-01435","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1435"
"13801436","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","umbratus","umbratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","151","","","","Colombia, Magdalena, San Miguel (Macotama River).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01436","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1435-1436"
"13801437","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","umbratus","aquilius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Handley and Ferris","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01437","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1435-1437"
"13801438","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","umbratus","oratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01438","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1435-1438"
"13801439","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Platyrrhinus","","vittatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1860","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1860","","225","","","Greater Broad-nosed Bat","Venezuela, Carabobo, Puerto Cabello.","Costa Rica to Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","","38","38-01439","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1422-0000-1439"
"13801440","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Pygoderma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1863","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1863","","83","","<i>Stenoderma microdon</i> Peters, 1863 (= <i>Phyllostoma bilabiatum</i> Wagner, 1843).","","","","","","Subtribe Stenodermatina.","38","38-01440","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1440"
"13801441","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Pygoderma","","bilabiatum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","366","","","Ipanema Broad-nosed Bat","Brazil, São Paulo, Ipanema.","Bolivia, SE Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina. Reported occurrences in North America and Surinam are erroneous (Jones and Carter, 1976; Voss and Emmons, 1996).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>leucomus</i>  Gray, 1848; <i>microdon</i> Peters, 1863; <b><i>magna</i></b> Owen and Webster, 1983.","See Webster and Owen (1984). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-01441","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1440-0000-1441"
"13801442","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Pygoderma","","bilabiatum","bilabiatum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","366","","","","Brazil, São Paulo, Ipanema.","","","","","38","38-01442","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1440-0000-1441-1442"
"13801443","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Pygoderma","","bilabiatum","magna","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Owen and Webster","1983","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01443","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1440-0000-1441-1443"
"13801444","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Sphaeronycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1882","","Sitzb. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.","45","","988","","<i>Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum</i> Peters, 1882.","","","","","","Subtribe Stenodermatina.","38","38-01444","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1444"
"13801445","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Sphaeronycteris","","toxophyllum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1882","","Sitzb. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.","45","","989","","","Visored Bat","Peru, Loreto, Pebas.","Colombia to Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia; Amazonian Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-01445","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1444-0000-1445"
"13801446","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Stenoderma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","114","","""le sténoderme roux"" (= <i>Stenoderma rufa</i> Desmarest, 1820).","","","","","<i>Histiops</i>  Peters, 1869.","Subtribe Stenodermatina. Some authors have included <i>Ardops</i>, <i>Phyllops</i>, and <i>Ariteus</i> in <i>Stenoderma</i>; see Varona (1974) and Simpson (1945), but most recent authors have followed the arrangement presented here; see also Jones and Carter (1976).","38","38-01446","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1446"
"13801447","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Stenoderma","","rufum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1820","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encycl. Méth.","","","117","","","Red Fruit Bat","Not designated in original publication (probably Virgin Isls).","Puerto Rico and Virgin Isls (St. John and St. Thomas).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>undatus</i>  Gervais, 1855; <b><i>darioi</i></b> Hall and Tamsitt, 1968; <i>anthonyi</i> Choate and Birney, 1968.","See Genoways and Baker (1972) and Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01447","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1446-0000-1447"
"13801448","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Stenoderma","","rufum","rufum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1820","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encycl. Méth.","","","117","","","","Not designated in original publication (probably Virgin Isls).","","","","","38","38-01448","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1446-0000-1447-1448"
"13801449","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Stenoderma","","rufum","darioi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Tamsitt","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01449","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1446-0000-1447-1449"
"13801450","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Uroderma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1865","1866","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","587","","<i>Phyllostoma personatum</i> Peters, 1865 (preoccupied; = <i>Uroderma bilobatum</i> Peters, 1866).","","","","","","Subtribe Ectophyllina. Revised by Davis (1968).","38","38-01450","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1450"
"13801451","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Uroderma","","bilobatum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","392","","","Common Tent-making Bat","Brazil, São Paulo.","Veracruz and Oaxaca (Mexico) south to Peru, Bolivia, the Guianas, and Brazil; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>personatum</i>  Peters, 1865; <i>thomasi</i> K. Andersen, 1906; <i>trinitatum</i> Davis, 1968; <b><i>convexum</i></b> Lyon, 1902; <i>molaris</i> Davis, 1968; <b><i>davisi</i></b> Baker and McDaniel, 1972.","See Baker and Clark (1987). There are three chromosomal races that are largely genetically distinct although some hybridization may occur; these may represent distinct species (Hoffman et al., 2003). I have chosen to treat these races as subspecies here pending further study of this complex.","38","38-01451","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1450-0000-1451"
"13801452","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Uroderma","","bilobatum","bilobatum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","392","","","","Brazil, São Paulo.","","","","","38","38-01452","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1450-0000-1451-1452"
"13801453","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Uroderma","","bilobatum","convexum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01453","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1450-0000-1451-1453"
"13801454","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Uroderma","","bilobatum","davisi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baker and McDaniel","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01454","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1450-0000-1451-1454"
"13801455","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Uroderma","","magnirostrum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1968","","J. Mammal.","49","","679","","","Brown Tent-making Bat","Honduras, Valle, 10 km E San Lorenzo.","Michoacan (Mexico) to south Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","","38","38-01455","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1450-0000-1455"
"13801456","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Vampyressa","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","270","","<i>Phyllostoma pusillum</i> Wagner, 1843.","","","","","<i>Metavampyressa</i> Peterson, 1968;<i> Vampyriscus</i> Thomas, 1900.","Subtribe Ectophyllina. Includes <i>Metavampyressa</i> and <i>Vampyriscus</i>, here recognized as subgenera along with <i>Vampyressa</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976). Probably not monophyletic; see Wetterer et al. (2000) and Baker et al. (2000). A key for this genus was presented in Lewis and Wilson (1987). See Lim et al. (2003) for a phylogeny of the genus.","38","38-01456","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1456"
"13801457","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Vampyressa","Vampyressa","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","270","","<i>Phyllostoma pusillum</i> Wagner, 1843.","","","","","","","38","38-01457","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1456-1457"
"13801458","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Vampyressa","Metavampyressa","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Peterson","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01458","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1456-1458"
"13801459","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Vampyressa","Vampyriscus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01459","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1456-1459"
"13801460","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Vampyressa","Vampyriscus","bidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","","","535","","","Bidentate Yellow-eared Bat","Peru, Loreto, Santa Cruz (Río Huallaga).","Guianas to Colombia to Peru; N Bolivia; Amazonian Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Vampyriscus</i>.<i> </i>Formerly placed in its own genus (<i>Vampyriscus</i>); see Jones and Carter (1976). Reviewed by Lee et al. (2001).","38","38-01460","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1456-1459-1460"
"13801461","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Vampyressa","Metavampyressa","brocki","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peterson","1968","","R. Ontario Mus. Life Sci. Contrib.","73","","1","","","Brock's Yellow-eared Bat","Guyana, Rupununi, ca. 40 mi. (64 km) E Dadanawa, at Ow-wi-dy-wau (Oshi Wau head, near Marara Waunowa), Kuitaro River.","Guianas, Amazonian Brazil, SE Colombia, Peru.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Metavampyressa</i>.<i> </i>Characters of this species have been reported inconsistently in the literature; see Simmons and Voss (1998).","38","38-01461","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1456-1458-1461"
"13801462","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Vampyressa","Vampyressa","melissa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","18","","157","","","Melissa's Yellow-eared Bat","Peru, Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Puca Tambo, 1,480 m.","Peru, S Colombia. A record from French Guiana is apparently erroneous (Charles-Dominique et al., 2001).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Vampyressa</i>.","38","38-01462","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1456-1457-1462"
"13801463","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Vampyressa","Metavampyressa","nymphaea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","230","","","Striped Yellow-eared Bat","Colombia, Chocó, Novita (San Juan River).","W Ecuador to Nicaragua. A record from SE Peru is suspect.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Metvampyressa</i>.","38","38-01463","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1456-1458-1463"
"13801464","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Vampyressa","Vampyressa","pusilla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","Abh. Akad. Wiss., München","5","","173","","","Southern Little Yellow-eared Bat","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Sapitiba.","SE Brazil, Paraguay, and NE Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nattereri</i>  Goodwin, 1963.","Subgenus <i>Vampyressa</i>. Does not include <i>thyone</i>, see Lim et al. (2003).<i> </i>Discussed by Jones and Carter (1976) and Lewis and Wilson (1987), but note that they included <i>thyone</i> in this taxon.","38","38-01464","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1456-1457-1464"
"13801465","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Vampyressa","Vampyressa","thyone","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","231","","","Northern Little Yellow-eared Bat","Ecuador, Bolívar, Chimbo; 1000 ft (305 m).","Oaxaca and Veracruz (Mexico) to Bolivia, Peru, Venezuela, Guyana, and French Guiana.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>minuta</i>  Miller, 1912; <i>venilla</i> Thomas, 1924.","Subgenus <i>Vampyressa</i>.<i> </i>Previously included in <i>pusilla</i>, but clearly distinct; see Lim et al. (2003). Much of the account of <i>V. pusilla</i> provided in Lewis and Wilson (1987) actually applies to <i>thyone</i>.","38","38-01465","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1456-1457-1465"
"13801466","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Vampyrodes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","270","","<i>Vampyrops caracciolae</i> Thomas, 1889.","","","","","","Subtribe Ectophyllina.","38","38-01466","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1466"
"13801467","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Vampyrodes","","caraccioli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1889","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","4","","167","","","Great Stripe-faced Bat","Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad.","Oaxaca (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, the Guianas, and N Brazil; Trinidad and Tobago.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>major</i> </b> G. M. Allen, 1908; <i>ornatus</i> Thomas, 1924.","Includes <i>major</i>; see Jones and Carter (1976), but also see Starrett and Casebeer (1968). See Willis et al. (1990). Originally spelled <i>caracciolae</i> but later emended to <i>caraccioli</i>; see discussion in Carter and Dolan (1978).","38","38-01467","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1466-0000-1467"
"13801468","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Vampyrodes","","caraccioli","caraccioli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1889","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","4","","167","","","","Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01468","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1466-0000-1467-1468"
"13801469","CHIROPTERA","","","","Phyllostomidae","Stenodermatinae","Stenodermatini","Vampyrodes","","caraccioli","major","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01469","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1091-1307-1337-1466-0000-1467-1469"
"13801470","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Revue et Mag. Zool.","2","","286","","","","","","","","Revised by Smith (1972); see Lewis-Oritt et al. (2001<i>a</i>), Simmons and Conway (2001), Van Den Bussche et al. (2002), and Van den Bussche and Weyandt (2003) for phylogenies. See Smith (1972) for a discussion of authorship and priority of the name Mormoopidae.","38","38-01470","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470"
"13801471","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Mormoops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","76","","<i>Mormoops blainvillii</i> Leach, 1821.","","","","","<i>Aello</i>  Leach, 1821.","This name is used instead of <i>Aello</i> following Opinion 462 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1958<i>b</i>).","38","38-01471","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1471"
"13801472","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Mormoops","","blainvillei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","77","","","Antillean Ghost-faced Bat","Jamaica.","Greater Antilles, adjacent small islands.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>cinnamomeum</i>  Gundlach, 1840; <i>cuvieri</i> Leach, 1821.","See Lancaster and Kalko (1996) and Timm and Genoways (2003). Often spelled <i>blainvillii</i>, but this was an incorrect original spelling; the correct spelling is <i>blainvillei</i> (see Opinion 462 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1958<i>b</i>). The ICZN placed <i>blainvilli</i> on the Offical Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology, and placed <i>blainvillei</i> on the Offical List of Specific Names in Zoology in Opinion 462.","38","38-01472","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1471-0000-1472"
"13801473","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Mormoops","","magna","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Silva-Taboada","1974","","Acta Zool. Cracoviensia","19","","52","","","Giant Ghost-faced Bat","Cuba, Las Villas Province, Trinidad, Cueva de los Masones.","Known only from the type locality.","Extinct; IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Known only from subfossils, but found in the same sedimentary deposits as remains of many extant bat species (Silva-Taboada, 1974, 1979).","38","38-01473","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1471-0000-1473"
"13801474","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Mormoops","","megalophylla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1864","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1864","","381","","","Peters's Ghost-faced Bat","Mexico, Coahuila, Parras.","S Texas, S Arizona (USA), and Baja California (Mexico) south to NW Peru and N Venezuela; Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles); Trinidad; Margarita Isl (Venezuela).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>rufescens</i>  Davis and Carter, 1962; <i>senicula</i> Rehn, 1902; <b><i>carteri</i></b> Smith, 1972; <b><i>intermedia</i></b> Miller, 1900; <b><i>tumidiceps</i></b> Miller, 1902.","See Rezsutek and Cameron (1993).","38","38-01474","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1471-0000-1474"
"13801475","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Mormoops","","megalophylla","megalophylla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1864","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1864","","381","","","","Mexico, Coahuila, Parras.","","","","","38","38-01475","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1471-0000-1474-1475"
"13801476","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Mormoops","","megalophylla","carteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Smith","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01476","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1471-0000-1474-1476"
"13801477","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Mormoops","","megalophylla","intermedia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01477","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1471-0000-1474-1477"
"13801478","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Mormoops","","megalophylla","tumidiceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01478","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1471-0000-1474-1478"
"13801479","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","500","","<i>Pteronotus davyi</i> Gray, 1838.","","","","","<i>Chilonycteris</i>  Gray, 1839; <i>Dermonotus</i> Gill, 1901; <i>Lobostoma</i> Gundlach, 1840; <i>Phyllodia</i> Gray, 1843.","Includes <i>Chilonycteris</i> and <i>Phyllodia</i>, which are recognized as subgenera along with <i>Pteronotus</i>; see Smith (1972). Keys to this genus were presented by Herd (1983) and by Rodríguez-Durán and Kunz (1992).","38","38-01479","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479"
"13801480","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Pteronotus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","500","","<i>Pteronotus davyi</i> Gray, 1838.","","","","","","","38","38-01480","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1480"
"13801481","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Chilonycteris","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01481","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1481"
"13801482","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Phyllodia","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01482","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1482"
"13801483","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Pteronotus","davyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","500","","","Davy's Naked-backed Bat","Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad.","NW Peru and N Venezuela to S Baja California, S Sonora, and Nuevo León (Mexico); Trinidad; S Lesser Antilles. A Brazilian record is erroneous, see Willig and Mares (1989).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>fulvus</i> </b> Thomas, 1892; <i>calvus</i> Goodwin, 1958; <b><i>incae</i></b> Smith, 1972.","Subgenus <i>Pteronotus</i>. See Adams (1989) and Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01483","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1480-1483"
"13801484","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Pteronotus","davyi","davyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","500","","","","Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01484","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1480-1483-1484"
"13801485","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Pteronotus","davyi","fulvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01485","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1480-1483-1485"
"13801486","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Pteronotus","davyi","incae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Smith","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01486","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1480-1483-1486"
"13801487","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Pteronotus","gymnonotus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Natterer","1843","","<i>In</i> Wagner, Arch. Naturgesch.","9","","367","","","Big Naked-backed Bat","Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cuiaba (= Cuyaba).","S Veracruz (Mexico) south to Peru, NE and C Brazil, Bolivia, Guyana, and French Guiana.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>centralis</i>  Goodwin, 1942; <i>suapurensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1904.","Subgenus <i>Pteronotus</i>. Includes <i>suapurensis</i>; see Smith (1977).","38","38-01487","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1480-1487"
"13801488","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Chilonycteris","macleayii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1839","","Ann. Nat. Hist.","4","","5","","","MacLeay's Mustached Bat","Cuba, Habana, Guanabacoa.","Cuba, Jamaica.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<b><i>griseus</i> </b> Gosse, 1851.","Subgenus <i>Chilonycteris</i>. Reviewed in part by Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01488","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1481-1488"
"13801489","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Chilonycteris","macleayii","macleayii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1839","","Ann. Nat. Hist.","4","","5","","","","Cuba, Habana, Guanabacoa.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01489","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1481-1488-1489"
"13801490","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Chilonycteris","macleayii","griseus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gosse","1851","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01490","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1481-1488-1490"
"13801491","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Phyllodia","parnellii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1843","","50","","","Common Mustached Bat","Jamaica.","Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Guianas, and Venezuela to S Sonora and S Tamaulipas (Mexico); Cuba; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Hispaniola; St. Vincent; Trinidad and Tobago; Margarita Isl (Venezuela); La Gonave Isl (Haiti).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>boothi</i>  Gundlach, 1861; <i>osburni</i> Tomes, 1861; <b><i>fuscus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1911; <b><i>gonavensis</i></b> Koopman, 1955;<i> <b>mesoamericanus</b></i> Smith, 1972; <b><i>mexicanus</i></b> Miller, 1902; <b><i>paraguanensis</i></b> Linares and Ojasti, 1974; <b><i>portoricensis</i></b> Miller, 1902; <b><i>pusillus</i></b> G. M. Allen, 1917; <b><i>rubiginosus</i></b> Wagner, 1843.","Subgenus <i>Phyllodia</i>. Hall (1981) reviewed the numerous Central American and Carribean subspecies; also see Timm and Genoways (2003). See Herd (1983). This complex probably includes more than one species (Lewis-Oritt et al., 2001<i>a</i>).","38","38-01491","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1482-1491"
"13801492","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Phyllodia","parnellii","parnellii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1843","","50","","","","Jamaica.","","","","","38","38-01492","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1482-1491-1492"
"13801493","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Phyllodia","parnellii","fuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01493","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1482-1491-1493"
"13801494","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Phyllodia","parnellii","gonavensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Koopman","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01494","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1482-1491-1494"
"13801495","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Phyllodia","parnellii","mesoamericanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Smith","1972","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01495","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1482-1491-1495"
"13801496","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Phyllodia","parnellii","mexicanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01496","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1482-1491-1496"
"13801497","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Phyllodia","parnellii","paraguanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linares and Ojasti","1974","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01497","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1482-1491-1497"
"13801498","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Phyllodia","parnellii","portoricensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01498","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1482-1491-1498"
"13801499","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Phyllodia","parnellii","pusillus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01499","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1482-1491-1499"
"13801500","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Phyllodia","parnellii","rubiginosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01500","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1482-1491-1500"
"13801501","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","??? See comments.","personatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","Arch. Naturgesch.","9","","367","","","Wagner's Mustached Bat","Brazil, Mato Grosso, São Vicente.","Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, and Surinam to S Sonora and S Tamaulipas (Mexico); Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>psilotis</i> </b> Dobson, 1878; <i>continentis</i> Sanborn, 1938.","Often placed in the subgenus <i>Chilonycteris </i>(e.g., Smith, 1972; Simmons and Conway, 2001), but recent molecular studies suggest that it represents an unnamed subgenus (Lewis-Oritt et al., 2001<i>a</i>; Van Den Bussche and Weyandt, 2003). Includes <i>psilotis</i>; see Smith (1972). This complex may include more than one species (Lewis-Oritt et al., 2001<i>a</i>).","38","38-01501","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-0000-1501"
"13801502","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","??? See comments.","personatus","personatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","Arch. Naturgesch.","9","","367","","","","Brazil, Mato Grosso, São Vicente.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01502","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-0000-1501-1502"
"13801503","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","??? See comments.","personatus","psilotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01503","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-0000-1501-1503"
"13801504","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Phyllodia","pristinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Silva-Taboada","1974","","Acta Zool. Cracoviensia","19","","49","","","Prinstine Mustached Bat","Cuba, Las Villas Province, Trinidad, Cueva de los Masones.","Cuba, possibly Florida (USA).","Extinct; IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Subgenus <i>Phyllodia</i>. Known only from subfossils, but found in the same sedimentary deposits as remains of many extant bat species (Silva-Taboada, 1974, 1979). Morphology and phylogenetic relationships discussed by Simmons and Conway (2001).","38","38-01504","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1482-1504"
"13801505","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Chilonycteris","quadridens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gundlach","1840","","Arch. Naturgesch.","6","","357","","","Sooty Mustached Bat","Cuba, Matanzas, Canimar.","Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>torrei</i>  G. M. Allen, 1916; <b><i>fuliginosus</i></b> Gray, 1843; <i>inflata</i> Rehn, 1904.","Subgenus <i>Chilonycteris</i>. Includes <i>torrei</i>; For use of <i>quadridens</i> in place of <i>fuliginosus</i>, see Silva-Taboada (1976). See Rodríguez-Durán and Kunz (1992) and Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01505","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1481-1505"
"13801506","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Chilonycteris","quadridens","quadridens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gundlach","1840","","Arch. Naturgesch.","6","","357","","","","Cuba, Matanzas, Canimar.","","","","","38","38-01506","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1481-1505-1506"
"13801507","CHIROPTERA","","","","Mormoopidae","","","Pteronotus","Chilonycteris","quadridens","fuliginosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01507","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1470-0000-0000-1479-1481-1505-1507"
"13801508","CHIROPTERA","","","","Noctilionidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Reposit.","15","","299","","","","","","","","Monogeneric.","38","38-01508","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1508"
"13801509","CHIROPTERA","","","","Noctilionidae","","","Noctilio","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","88","","<i>Noctilio americanus</i> Linnaeus, 1766 (= <i>Vespertilio leporinus</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Celaeno</i>  Leach, 1821; <i>Dirias</i> Miller, 1906; <i>Noctileo</i> Tiedemann, 1808.","Two subgenera are recognized, <i>Noctilio</i> and <i>Dirias</i>.","38","38-01509","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1508-0000-0000-1509"
"13801510","CHIROPTERA","","","","Noctilionidae","","","Noctilio","Noctilio","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","88","","<i>Noctilio americanus</i> Linnaeus, 1766 (= <i>Vespertilio leporinus</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","","","38","38-01510","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1508-0000-0000-1509-1510"
"13801511","CHIROPTERA","","","","Noctilionidae","","","Noctilio","Dirias","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01511","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1508-0000-0000-1509-1511"
"13801512","CHIROPTERA","","","","Noctilionidae","","","Noctilio","Dirias","albiventris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1818","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","23","","15","","","Lesser Bulldog Bat","Brazil, Bahia, Rio Sao Francisco.","S Mexico to Guianas, E Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, and N Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>affinis</i>  D’Orbigny, 1835; <i>albiventer</i> Spix, 1823; <i>irex</i> Thomas, 1920; <i>leporinus</i> Gervais, 1856 [not Linnaeus, 1758]; <i>ruber</i> Rengger, 1830;<i> zaparo</i> Cabrera, 1907; <b><i>cabrerai</i></b> Davis, 1976; <b><i>minor</i></b> Osgood, 1910.","Subgenus <i>Dirias</i>. Formerly referred to as <i>labialis</i>; see Davis (1976). See Simmons and Voss (1998) for discussion of Amazonian subspecies. Also see Hood and Pitocchelli (1983). May include more than one species, see Lewis-Oritt et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-01512","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1508-0000-0000-1509-1511-1512"
"13801513","CHIROPTERA","","","","Noctilionidae","","","Noctilio","Dirias","albiventris","albiventris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1818","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","23","","15","","","","Brazil, Bahia, Rio Sao Francisco.","","","","","38","38-01513","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1508-0000-0000-1509-1511-1512-1513"
"13801514","CHIROPTERA","","","","Noctilionidae","","","Noctilio","Dirias","albiventris","cabrerai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1976","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01514","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1508-0000-0000-1509-1511-1512-1514"
"13801515","CHIROPTERA","","","","Noctilionidae","","","Noctilio","Dirias","albiventris","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01515","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1508-0000-0000-1509-1511-1512-1515"
"13801516","CHIROPTERA","","","","Noctilionidae","","","Noctilio","Noctilio","leporinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","32","","","Greater Bulldog Bat","Surinam (restricted by Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>).","Sinaloa (Mexico) to the Guianas, S Brazil, N Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru; Trinidad; Greater and Lesser Antilles; S Bahamas.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>americanus</i>  Linnaeus, 1766; <i>brooksiana</i> Leach, 1821; <i>dorsatus</i> Desmarest, 1818; <i>labialis</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>longipes</i> Pelzeln, 1883; <i>macropus</i> Pelzeln, 1883; <i>minor</i> Fermin, 1765; <i>rufus</i> Spix, 1823; <i>unicolor</i> Desmarest, 1818; <i>vittatus</i> Schinz, 1821; <b><i>mastivus</i></b> Vahl, 1797; <i>mexicanus</i> Goldman 1915<b>; <i>rufescens</i></b> Pelzeln, 1883; <i>rufipes</i> D’Orbigny, 1835.","Subgenus <i>Noctilio. </i>See Hood and Jones (1984). Antillean form reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003)","38","38-01516","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1508-0000-0000-1509-1510-1516"
"13801517","CHIROPTERA","","","","Noctilionidae","","","Noctilio","Noctilio","leporinus","leporinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","32","","","","Surinam (restricted by Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>).","","","","","38","38-01517","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1508-0000-0000-1509-1510-1516-1517"
"13801518","CHIROPTERA","","","","Noctilionidae","","","Noctilio","Noctilio","leporinus","mastivus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Vahl","1797","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01518","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1508-0000-0000-1509-1510-1516-1518"
"13801519","CHIROPTERA","","","","Noctilionidae","","","Noctilio","Noctilio","leporinus","rufescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pelzeln","1883","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01519","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1508-0000-0000-1509-1510-1516-1519"
"13801520","CHIROPTERA","","","","Furipteridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","17","","91","","","","","","","","","38","38-01520","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1520"
"13801521","CHIROPTERA","","","","Furipteridae","","","Amorphochilus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1877","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1877","","185","","<i>Amorphochilus schnablii</i> Peters, 1877.","","","","","","","38","38-01521","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1520-0000-0000-1521"
"13801522","CHIROPTERA","","","","Furipteridae","","","Amorphochilus","","schnablii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1877","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1877","","185","","","Smoky Bat","Peru, Tumbes, Tumbes.","W Peru, W Ecuador, Puna Isl (Ecuador), N Chile.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>osgoodi</i>  J. A. Allen, 1914.","","38","38-01522","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1520-0000-0000-1521-0000-1522"
"13801523","CHIROPTERA","","","","Furipteridae","","","Furipterus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1837","","Iconogr. Fauna Ital.","1","","fasc. 21","","<i>Furia<u></u>horrens</i> F. Cuvier, 1828.","","","","","<i>Furia</i>  F. Cuvier, 1828 [not Linnaeus, 1758].","","38","38-01523","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1520-0000-0000-1523"
"13801524","CHIROPTERA","","","","Furipteridae","","","Furipterus","","horrens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1828","","Mem. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","16","","150","","","Thumbless Bat","French Guiana, Mana River.","Costa Rica south to Peru, the Guianas, and E Brazil; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>coerulescens</i>  Tomes, 1856.","See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-01524","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1520-0000-0000-1523-0000-1524"
"13801525","CHIROPTERA","","","","Thyropteridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus.","57","","84, 186","","","","","","","","","38","38-01525","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1525"
"13801526","CHIROPTERA","","","","Thyropteridae","","","Thyroptera","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","61","","<i>Thyroptera tricolor</i> Spix, 1823.","","","","","<i>Hyonycteris</i>  Lichtenstein and Peters, 1854.","","38","38-01526","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1525-0000-0000-1526"
"13801527","CHIROPTERA","","","","Thyropteridae","","","Thyroptera","","discifera","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein and Peters","1855","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1855","","335","","","Peters's Disk-winged Bat","Venezuela, Carabobo, Puerto Cabello.","Nicaragua; Panama and Colombia to Guianas, Amazonian Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>major</i>  Miller, 1931; <b><i>abdita</i></b> Wilson, 1976.","See Pine (1993) and Wilson (1978).","38","38-01527","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1525-0000-0000-1526-0000-1527"
"13801528","CHIROPTERA","","","","Thyropteridae","","","Thyroptera","","discifera","discifera","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein and Peters","1855","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1855","","335","","","","Venezuela, Carabobo, Puerto Cabello.","","","","","38","38-01528","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1525-0000-0000-1526-0000-1527-1528"
"13801529","CHIROPTERA","","","","Thyropteridae","","","Thyroptera","","discifera","abdita","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wilson","1976","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01529","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1525-0000-0000-1526-0000-1527-1529"
"13801530","CHIROPTERA","","","","Thyropteridae","","","Thyroptera","","lavali","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pine","1993","","Mammalia","57","","213","","","LaVal's Disk-winged Bat","Peru, Loreto, Río Javari-Mirim, Quebrada Esperanza.","Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>robusta</i>  Czaplewski, 1996.","Reviewed by Reid et al. (2000); see also Solari et al. (1999).","38","38-01530","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1525-0000-0000-1526-0000-1530"
"13801531","CHIROPTERA","","","","Thyropteridae","","","Thyroptera","","tricolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","61","","","Spix's Disk-winged Bat","Brazil, Amazon River.","Veracruz (Mexico) to Guianas, E Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bicolor</i>  Cantraine, 1845; <i>thyropterus</i> Schinz 1844; <b><i>albiventer</i></b> Tomes, 1856; <i>albigula</i> G. M. Allen, 1923; <b><i>juquiaensis</i></b> Vieira, 1942.","See Wilson and Findley (1977) and Pine (1993).","38","38-01531","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1525-0000-0000-1526-0000-1531"
"13801532","CHIROPTERA","","","","Thyropteridae","","","Thyroptera","","tricolor","tricolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","61","","","","Brazil, Amazon River.","","","","","38","38-01532","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1525-0000-0000-1526-0000-1531-1532"
"13801533","CHIROPTERA","","","","Thyropteridae","","","Thyroptera","","tricolor","albiventer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1856","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01533","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1525-0000-0000-1526-0000-1531-1533"
"13801534","CHIROPTERA","","","","Thyropteridae","","","Thyroptera","","tricolor","juquiaensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Vieira","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01534","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1525-0000-0000-1526-0000-1531-1534"
"13801535","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","17","","90","","","","","","","","Many recent authors have considered Natalidae to be monogeneric, but see Morgan (1989<i>b</i>) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003), who raised <i>Nyctiellus</i> and <i>Chilonatalus</i> to genus rank.","38","38-01535","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535"
"13801536","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Chilonatalus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","1898","","326","","<i>Natalus</i> <i>micropus</i> Dobson, 1880.","","","","","","Previously considered a subgenus of <i>Natalus</i>, but see Morgan and Czaplewski (2003).","38","38-01536","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1536"
"13801537","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Chilonatalus","","micropus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1880","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1880","","443","","","Cuban Lesser Funnel-eared Bat","Jamaica, Kingston.","Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Providencia Isl (Colombia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Natalus</i> <i>micropus</i>.","<b><i>brevimanus</i> </b> Miller, 1898; <b><i>macer</i></b> Miller, 1914.","Includes <i>brevimanus</i> and <i>macer</i>; see Varona (1974) and Timm and Genoways (2003). Formerly included <i>tumidifrons</i>; but see Ottenwalder and Genoways (1982) who revised both species; also see Hall (1981). Kerridge and Baker (1978) treated only the nominate subspecies.","38","38-01537","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1536-0000-1537"
"13801538","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Chilonatalus","","micropus","micropus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1880","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1880","","443","","","","Jamaica, Kingston.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01538","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1536-0000-1537-1538"
"13801539","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Chilonatalus","","micropus","brevimanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01539","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1536-0000-1537-1539"
"13801540","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Chilonatalus","","micropus","macer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01540","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1536-0000-1537-1540"
"13801541","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Chilonatalus","","tumidifrons","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","16","","119","","","Bahamian Lesser Funnel-eared Bat","Bahamas, Watling Isl (= San Salvador Isl).","Isls of the Bahamas.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Natalus</i> <i>tumidifrons</i>.","","Formerly included in <i>micropus</i> (e.g., Hall, 1981) but see Ottenwalder and Genoways (1982) who revised both species.","38","38-01541","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1536-0000-1541"
"13801542","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","496","","<i>Natalus stramineus</i> Gray, 1838.","","","","","<i>Phodotes</i>  Miller, 1906; <i>Spectrellum</i> Gervais, 1855.","Revised by Goodwin (1959<i>b</i>). Does not include <i>Chilonatalus</i> and <i>Nyctiellus</i>; see Morgan (1989<i>b</i>) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003).","38","38-01542","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542"
"13801543","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","jamaicensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1959","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","1977","","910","","","Jamaican Greater Funnel-eared Bat","Jamaica, St. Catherine Parish, St. Clair.","Jamaica.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly included in <i>stramineus</i>, but clearly distinct from that species; see Morgan (1989<i>b</i>) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003). Also distinct from <i>major</i> and <i>primus</i> (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). See Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1997), who reviewed genetic variation and possible relationships of populations of <i>jamaicensis</i>, <i>major,</i> and <i>stramineus </i>(although note that all were treated as <i>stramineus</i>). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959<i>b</i>).","38","38-01543","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542-0000-1543"
"13801544","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","major","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","54","","398","","","Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat","Dominican Republic, near Savaneta.","Dominican Republic, Haiti.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly included in <i>stramineus</i>, but see Morgan (1989<i>b</i>) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003), although also see Timm and Genoways (2003). Does not include <i>jamaicensis</i> or <i>primus</i> (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). See Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1997), who reviewed genetic variation and possible relationships of populations of <i>major,</i> <i>jamaicensis, </i>and <i>stramineus </i>(although note that all were treated as <i>stramineus</i>). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959<i>b</i>) and Hoyt and Baker (1980), but note that they included <i>jamaicensis</i> and <i>primus</i> in <i>major</i>.","38","38-01544","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542-0000-1544"
"13801545","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","primus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1919","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","61","","612","","","Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat","Cuba, Oriente, Daiquiri, Cuevos de los Indios.","Cuba, Isle of Pines.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly included in <i>stramineus</i>, but clearly distinct from that species; see Morgan (1989<i>b</i>) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003). Also distinct from <i>major</i> and <i>jamaicensis</i> (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959<i>b</i>).","38","38-01545","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542-0000-1545"
"13801546","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","stramineus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","496","","","Mexican Greater Funnel-eared Bat","Specified as unknown in the original description. Cabrera (1958) restricted the type locality to Lagoa Sanata, Minas Gerais, Brazil, but Goodwin (1959<i>b</i>) disagreed. Based on measurements and cranial morphology, Goodwin (1959<i>b</i>) concluded that the holotype was probably from Antigua, Lesser Antilles. Handley and Gardner (1990) subsequently confirmed the identity of the holotype and confirmed restriction of the type locality to Antigua.","S Baja California, Nuevo León, and Sonora (Mexico) to N Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, C and E Brazil, Boliva; Lesser Antilles.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dominicensis</i>  Shamel, 1928; <i>splendidus</i> Wagner, 1845; <b><i>espiritosantensis</i></b> Ruschi, 1951; <b><i>mexicanus</i></b> Miller, 1902; <b><i>natalensis</i></b> Goodwin, 1959; <b><i>saturatus</i></b> Dalquest and Hall, 1949; <b><i>tronchonii</i></b> Linares, 1971.","See Handley and Gardner (1990) for clarification of the holotype. For synonyms see Goodwin (1959<i>b</i>) and Varona (1974). Includes <i>espiritosantensis</i>; see Pine and Ruschi (1976). Does not include <i>major</i>, <i>jamaicensis</i>, or <i>primus</i>; see Morgan (1989<i>b</i>) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003), but also see Linares (1971). Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1997) reviewed genetic variation and possible relationships of populations of <i>major</i> and <i>stramineus</i>. Morphometrics and distribution within South America reviewed by Taddei and Uieda (2001); see Timm and Genoways (2003) for discussion of the Carbibbean form.","38","38-01546","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542-0000-1546"
"13801547","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","stramineus","stramineus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","496","","","","Specified as unknown in the original description. Cabrera (1958) restricted the type locality to Lagoa Sanata, Minas Gerais, Brazil, but Goodwin (1959<i>b</i>) disagreed. Based on measurements and cranial morphology, Goodwin (1959<i>b</i>) concluded that the holotype was probably from Antigua, Lesser Antilles. Handley and Gardner (1990) subsequently confirmed the identity of the holotype and confirmed restriction of the type locality to Antigua.","","","","","38","38-01547","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542-0000-1546-1547"
"13801548","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","stramineus","espiritosantensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ruschi","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01548","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542-0000-1546-1548"
"13801549","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","stramineus","mexicanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01549","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542-0000-1546-1549"
"13801550","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","stramineus","natalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1959","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01550","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542-0000-1546-1550"
"13801551","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","stramineus","saturatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest and Hall","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01551","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542-0000-1546-1551"
"13801552","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","stramineus","tronchonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linares","1971","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01552","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542-0000-1546-1552"
"13801553","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","tumidirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","13","","160","","","Trinidadian Greater Funnel-eared Bat","Curaçao, Hatto (Netherlands).","Venezuela, Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago, Curaçao and Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles), the Guianas.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>continentis</i> </b> Thomas, 1911; <b><i>haymani</i></b> Goodwin, 1959.","Revised by Goodwin (1959<i>b</i>).","38","38-01553","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542-0000-1553"
"13801554","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","tumidirostris","tumidirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","13","","160","","","","Curaçao, Hatto (Netherlands).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01554","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542-0000-1553-1554"
"13801555","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","tumidirostris","continentis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01555","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542-0000-1553-1555"
"13801556","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Natalus","","tumidirostris","haymani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1959","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01556","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1542-0000-1553-1556"
"13801557","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Nyctiellus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gervais","1855","","Expéd. du compte de Castelnau, Zool., Mamm.","","","84","","<i>Vespertilio lepidus</i> Gervais, 1837.","","","","","","Previously considered a subgenus of <i>Natalus</i>, but see Morgan (1989<i>b</i>) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003),","38","38-01557","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1557"
"13801558","CHIROPTERA","","","","Natalidae","","","Nyctiellus","","lepidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gervais","1837","","L'Inst. Paris","5","218","253","","","Gervais's Funnel-eared Bat","Cuba.","Cuba, Bahama Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Natalus</i> <i>lepidus</i>.","<i>barbatus</i>  Gundlach, 1840; <i>macrurum</i> Gervais, 1855.","Reviewed by Morgan (1989<i>b</i>); also see Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01558","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1535-0000-0000-1557-0000-1558"
"13801559","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gervais","1856","","<i>In</i> Comte de Castelnau, Exped. Partes Cen. Am. Sud., Zool.(Sec. 7)","Vol. 1","pt. 2 (Mammifères)","53 footnote","","","","","","","","Reviewed by Freeman (1981) and Legendre (1984). Includes Tomopeatinae; see Barkley (1984), Sudman et al. (1994), Simmons (1998), and Simmons and Geisler (1998). South American species reviewed by Jones and Hood (1993).","38","38-01559","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559"
"13801560","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Tomopeatinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus.","57","","237","","","","","","","","Not included in Vespertilionidae; see Barkley (1984), Sudman et al. (1994), McKenna and Bell (1997), Simmons (1998), and Simmons and Geisler (1998).","38","38-01560","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1560"
"13801561","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Tomopeatinae","","Tomopeas","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","6","","570","","<i>Tomopeas ravus</i> Miller, 1900.","","","","","","","38","38-01561","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1560-0000-1561"
"13801562","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Tomopeatinae","","Tomopeas","","ravus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","6","","571","","","Blunt-eared Bat","Peru, Cajamarca, Yayan, 1,000 m.","W Peru.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","","38","38-01562","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1560-0000-1561-0000-1562"
"13801563","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gervais","1856","","<i>In</i> Comte de Castelnau, Exped. Partes Cen. Am. Sud., Zool. (Sec. 7)","Vol. 1","pt. 2 (Mammifères)","53 footnote","","","","","","","Cheiromelinae Legendre, 1984; Tadaridinae Legendre, 1984.","Equivalent to Molossidae sensu Freeman (1981), Legendre (1984), Koopman (1993, 1994), and Peterson et al. (1995). Some recent authors (e.g., Pavlinov et al., 1995<i>b</i>) have followed Legendre (1984) in subdividing this group into three subfamilies, but confusion concerning intergeneric relationships leads me to reject any such arrangement pending a thorough phylogenetic analysis. A key to Brazilian species was provided by Gregorin and Taddei (2002).","38","38-01563","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563"
"13801564","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Dobson","1874","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","43","","144","","<i>Molossus</i> (<i>Nyctinomus</i>) <i>johorensis</i> Dobson, 1873.","","","","","<i>Lophomops</i>  J. A Allen, 1917; <i>Nyctinomus</i> E. Geoffroy, 1818.","Formerly included in <i>Tadarida</i> but apparently distinct, see Freeman (1981). Recognized as a subgenus of <i>Tadarida</i> by Hill (1983), Legendre (1984), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Peterson et al. (1995). Keys have been provided by a number of authors; see Taylor (1999) for a critical summary of those used for African species, and Corbet and Hill (1992) for SE Asian species. Also see Bouchard (1998), but note that her key apparently includes errors in the first two couplets (M. Happold, pers. comm.). Species groups follow Koopman (1994).","38","38-01564","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564"
"13801565","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","aloysiisabaudiae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Festa","1907","","Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino","22","546","1","","","Duke of Abruzzi's Free-tailed Bat","Uganda, Toro.","Ghana, Gabon, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda. Koopman (1993) listed ""perhaps Ethiopia"" in the range for this species, but there are no substantiated records.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cyclotis</i>  Brosset, 1966.","<i>plicatus</i> species group.","38","38-01565","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1565"
"13801566","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","ansorgei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","318","","","Ansorge's Free-tailed Bat","Angola, Malange.","Nigeria and Cameroon to Ethiopia, south to Angola and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>rhodesiae</i>  Roberts, 1946.","<i>bivittatus</i> species group. Distinct from <i>bivittatus</i>; see Eger and Peterson (1979), Taylor (1999), and Bouchard (2001).","38","38-01566","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1566"
"13801567","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","bemmeleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1879","","Notes Leyden Mus.","1","","125","","","Gland-tailed Free-tailed Bat","Liberia.","Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cameroon, Sudan, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>cistura</i> </b> Thomas, 1903.","<i>bivittatus</i> species group. Includes <i>cistura</i>; see Koopman (1975) and Peterson (1971). Revised by Peterson (1971).","38","38-01567","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1567"
"13801568","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","bemmeleni","bemmeleni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1879","","Notes Leyden Mus.","1","","125","","","","Liberia.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>bivittatus</i> species group.","38","38-01568","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1567-1568"
"13801569","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","bemmeleni","cistura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>bivittatus</i> species group.","38","38-01569","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1567-1569"
"13801570","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","bivittatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1861","","Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., Halle","29","8","413","","","Spotted Free-tailed Bat","Eritrea, Keren.","Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hepaticus</i>  Heuglin, 1866.","<i>bivittatus</i> species group. Revised by Eger and Peterson (1979); also see Taylor (1999). Note that the correct spelling for the specific epithet in combination with <i>Chaerephon</i> is <i>bivittatus</i> (not <i>bivittata</i>) because the genus name is masculine.","38","38-01570","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1570"
"13801571","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","bregullae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Felten","1964","","Senkenberg. Biol.","45","","9","","","Fijian Mastiff Bat","New Hebrides (= Vanatu), Malo Isl.","Vanuatu, Fiji Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>plicatus</i> species group. Often included in <i>jobensis</i> (e.g. Felten, 1964<i>a</i>; Hill, 1983), but provisionally recognized as distinct following Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-01571","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1571"
"13801572","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","chapini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","","461","","","Pale Free-tailed Bat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Oriental, Faradje.","Ghana, N Dem. Rep. Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>lancasteri</i> </b> Hayman, 1938.","<i>plicatus</i> species group. Apparently does not include <i>shortridgei</i>, see Peterson et al. (1995). See Fenton and Eger (2002), but note that they included <i>shortridgei</i> in this species.","38","38-01572","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1572"
"13801573","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","chapini","chapini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","","461","","","","Dem. Rep. Congo, Oriental, Faradje.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>plicatus</i> species group.","38","38-01573","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1572-1573"
"13801574","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","chapini","lancasteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>plicatus</i> species group.","38","38-01574","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1572-1574"
"13801575","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","gallagheri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Harrison","1975","","Mammalia","39","","313","","","Gallagher's Free-tailed Bat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Kivu, 30 km SW Kindu, Scierie Forest (3°10'S and 25°46'E).","Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered.","","<i>plicatus</i> species group.","38","38-01575","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1575"
"13801576","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","jobensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","246","","","Northern Mastiff Bat","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Tjenderawasih Div. [= Geelvinck Bay], Yapen Isl [= Jobi Isl], Ansus.","Seram (Moluccas), Yapen Isl (Indonesia), New Guinea, N and C Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>colonicus</i> </b> Thomas, 1906.","<i>plicatus</i> species group. Listed as a subspecies of <i>plicatus</i> by Laurie and Hill (1954), but subsequently recognized as distinct by most authors. Revised by Felten (1964<i>a</i>), who included <i>bregullae</i> and <i>solomonis</i>; also see Hill (1983). In contrast, Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) treated <i>bregullae</i> and <i>solomonis</i> as distinct species based on morphological differences. The latter arrangement is provisionally followed here.","38","38-01576","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1576"
"13801577","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","jobensis","jobensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","246","","","","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Tjenderawasih Div. [= Geelvinck Bay], Yapen Isl [= Jobi Isl], Ansus.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>plicatus</i> species group.","38","38-01577","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1576-1577"
"13801578","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","jobensis","colonicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>plicatus</i> species group.","38","38-01578","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1576-1578"
"13801579","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","johorensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1873","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","","","22","","","Northern Free-tailed Bat","Malaysia, Johore.","W Malaysia, Sumatra (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>plicatus</i> species group. Reviewed by Hill (1974<i>b</i>).","38","38-01579","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1579"
"13801580","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","leucogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Grandidier","1870","","Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2","21","","337","","","Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat","Madagascar, Mahab (= Mahabo?) and Ménabé, E of Morondava.","Ethiopia to Ghana, Nigeria, Dem. Rep. Congo, Mali, Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","<i>cristatus</i>  J. A. Allen, 1917; <i>frater</i> J. A. Allen, 1917;<i> nigri</i> Hatt, 1928; <i>websteri</i> Dollman, 1908.","<i>plicatus</i> species group. Often included in <i>pumilus</i>, but apparently distinct; see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-01580","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1580"
"13801581","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","major","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Trouessart","1897","","Cat. Mamm. Viv. Foss.","1","","146","","","Lappet-eared Free-tailed Bat","N Sudan, 5th Cataract of the Nile.","Senegal, Liberia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Niger, Sudan, NE Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Tanzania.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abae</i> J. A. Allen, 1917; <i>emini</i> De Winton, 1901.","<i>plicatus</i> species group. Specimens reported as <i>pumilus</i> by Happold (1967) actually represent <i>major</i>.","38","38-01581","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1581"
"13801582","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","nigeriae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","319","","","Nigerian Free-tailed Bat","Nigeria, Northern Region, Zaria Province.","Guinea, Sierra Leone, Mali, Ghana, Togo, and Nigeria to Saudi Arabia and Yemen, Ethiopia south to Namibia, Botswana, Uganda, Malawi, and Zimbabwe.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>spillmani</i> </b> Monard, 1933.","<i>plicatus</i> species group. Reviewed in part by Nader and Kock (1979), Harrison and Bates (1991), and Taylor (1999); also see Willis et al. (2002).","38","38-01582","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1582"
"13801583","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","nigeriae","nigeriae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","319","","","","Nigeria, Northern Region, Zaria Province.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>plicatus</i> species group.","38","38-01583","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1582-1583"
"13801584","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","nigeriae","spillmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Monard","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>plicatus</i> species group.","38","38-01584","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1582-1584"
"13801585","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","plicatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Buchannan","1800","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","5","","261","","","Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat","India, Bengal, Puttahaut (restricted to Puttahaut by G. M. Allen, 1939).","India and Sri Lanka to S China, Hong Kong, Cambodia, and Vietnam, southeast through Malyasia to the Philippines, Borneo and Lesser Sunda Isls; Hainan (China); Cocos Keeling Isl (Indian Ocean).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bengalensis</i>  Desmarest, 1820; <i>murinus</i> Gray, 1830; <b><i>dilatatus</i></b> Horsfield, 1822;<i> <b>insularis</b></i> Phillips, 1932; <b><i>luzonus</i></b> Hollister, 1913; <b><i>tenuis</i></b> Horsfield, 1822; <i>adustus</i> Sody, 1936.","<i>plicatus</i> species group. Includes <i>luzonus</i>; see Hill (1961<i>b</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). Subspecies limits are problematic.","38","38-01585","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1585"
"13801586","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","plicatus","plicatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Buchannan","1800","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","5","","261","","","","India, Bengal, Puttahaut (restricted to Puttahaut by G. M. Allen, 1939).","","","","<i>plicatus</i> species group.","38","38-01586","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1585-1586"
"13801587","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","plicatus","dilatatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1822","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01587","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1585-1587"
"13801588","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","plicatus","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Phillips","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01588","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1585-1588"
"13801589","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","plicatus","luzonus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01589","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1585-1589"
"13801590","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","plicatus","tenuis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1822","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01590","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1585-1590"
"13801591","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","pumilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1830-1831","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nördl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","1","","69","","","Little Free-tailed Bat","Eritrea, Massawa.","Senegal to Yemen, south to South Africa; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea); São Tomé; Pemba and Zanzibar; Comoro Isls; Aldabra and Amirante Isls (Seychelles); Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>C</i>. <i>pumila</i>; Vulnerable as <i>C.</i> <i>pusilla</i>.","<i>dubius</i>  Peters, 1852 [not A. Smith, 1833]; <i>elphicki</i> Roberts, 1926; <i>faini</i> Hayman, 1951; <i>gambianus</i> De Winton, 1901; <i>hindei</i> Thomas, 1904; <i>langi</i> Roberts, 1932; <i>limbata</i> Peters, 1852; <i>naivashae</i> Hollister, 1916;<i> pusillus</i> Miller, 1902.","<i>plicatus</i> species group. Includes <i>pusillus</i>; see Hayman and Hill (1971). Does not include <i>leucogaster</i>; see Peterson et al. (1995). Koopman (1994) included <i>leucogaster</i> in <i>pumilus</i> and recognized 12 subspecies in the resulting complex. However, subspecies limits are poorly defined and many populations have not be allocated, rendering any subspecific classification useless. This complex probably includes more than one species; Peterson et al. (1995) recognized <i>hindei</i>, <i>limbata,</i> and <i>naivashae</i> as distinct, but did not diagnose or delimit them. Note that the correct spelling for the specific epithet in combination with <i>Chaerephon</i> is <i>pumilus</i> (not <i>pumila</i>) because the genus name is masculine. Northern records reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991). See Bouchard (1998), but note that she included <i>leucogaster</i> in this species. Specimens reported as <i>pumilus</i> by Happold (1967) actually represent <i>major</i>... [truncated]","38","38-01591","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1591"
"13801592","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","russatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","","458","","","Russet Free-tailed Bat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Oriental, Medje.","Ghana, Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","<i>plicatus</i> species group. The correct spelling for the specific epithet in combination with <i>Chaerephon</i> is <i>russatus</i> (not <i>russata</i>) because the genus name is masculine.","38","38-01592","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1592"
"13801593","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","shortridgei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1926","","289","","","Shortridge's Free-tailed Bat","Namibia, NW Ovamboland, Ukualukasi, 3400 ft. (1100 m).","S Dem. Rep. Congo, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>plicatus</i> species group. Often considered a subspecies of <i>chapini</i>, but see Peterson et al. (1995), who treated these taxa as distinct species based on significant size differences and the large geographic gap apparently separating the southern populations (<i>shortridgei</i>) from northern populations (<i>chapini</i>). Fenton and Eger (2002) included <i>shortridgei</i> in <i>chapini</i> with no comment. Based on my own limited observations, I prefer to treat <i>chapini</i> and <i>shortridgei</i> as distinct species pending additional data.","38","38-01593","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1593"
"13801594","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","solomonis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1931","","Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.","56","","201","","","Solomons Mastiff Bat","Solomon Isls, SW coast of Ysabel Isl, 6 mi. (9 km) W of Tuarugu Village, cave at Mufu Point.","Solomon Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>plicatus</i> species group. Often included in <i>jobensis</i> (e.g. Felten, 1964<i>a</i>; Hill, 1983), but provisionally recognized as distinct following Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-01594","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1594"
"13801595","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Chaerephon","","tomensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Juste and Ibañez","1993","","J. Mammal.","74","","901","","","São Tomé Free-tailed Bat","Sao Tome and Principe, São Tomé Isl, 3 km NW Guadalupe, Praia das Conchas.","São Tomé Isl.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>plicatus</i>species group.","38","38-01595","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1564-0000-1595"
"13801596","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cheiromeles","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Horsfield","1824","","Zool. Res. Java","Part 8","","<i>Cheiromeles torquatus</i>, pl. and 10 unno. pp","","<i>Cheiromeles torquata</i> Horsfield, 1824.","","","","","<i>Chiropotes</i>  Gloger, 1841.","Placed in its own subfamiliy, Cheiromelinae Legendre, 1984, by some authors.","38","38-01596","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1596"
"13801597","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cheiromeles","","parvidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Hollister","1921","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","34","","100","","","Lesser Naked Bat","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Middle Sulawesi, Pinedapa.","Sulawesi, Sanana Isl (Sula Isls; Indonesia); Mindanao, Minoro, and Negros (Philippines).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Formerly included in <i>torquatus</i>, but see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Ingle and Heaney (1992). Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-01597","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1596-0000-1597"
"13801598","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cheiromeles","","torquatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1824","","Zool. Res. Java","Part 8","","<i>Cheiromeles torquatus</i>, pl. and 10 unno. pp","","","Greater Naked Bat","Malaysia, Penang.","Peninsular Malaysia, Terutau Isl (Thailand), Sumatra and Java, Borneo, Palawan Isl (Philippines).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>cheiropus</i>  Temminck, 1826; <b><i>caudatus</i></b> Temminck, 1841; <b><i>jacobsoni</i></b> Thomas, 1923.","Does not include <i>parvidens</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Ingle and Heaney (1992).","38","38-01598","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1596-0000-1598"
"13801599","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cheiromeles","","torquatus","torquatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1824","","Zool. Res. Java","Part 8","","<i>Cheiromeles torquatus</i>, pl. and 10 unno. pp","","","","Malaysia, Penang.","","","","","38","38-01599","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1596-0000-1598-1599"
"13801600","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cheiromeles","","torquatus","caudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01600","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1596-0000-1598-1600"
"13801601","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cheiromeles","","torquatus","jacobsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01601","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1596-0000-1598-1601"
"13801602","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cynomops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","5","","189","","<i>Molossus</i> <i>cerastes</i> Thomas, 1901 (= <i>Vespertilio</i> <i>abrasus</i> Temminck, 1827).","","","","","","Often considered a subgenus of <i>Molossops</i>, but here treated as distinct at the genus level following Barquez et al. (1993), Peterson et al. (1995), Solari et al. (1999), Reid et al. (2000), Barquez and Diaz (2001), and Peters et al. (2002); also see Gardner (1977) and Freeman (1981). See Simmons and Voss (1998) and Peters et al. (2002) for diagnoses and reviews of species, but note that the former authors did not treat <i>mexicanus</i> as a species distinct from <i>greenhalli</i>.","38","38-01602","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1602"
"13801603","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cynomops","","abrasus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1827","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","232","","","Cinnamon Dog-faced Bat","""Brazil.""","Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Molossops</i> <i>abrasus</i>.","<b><i>brachymeles</i> </b> Peters, 1865; <b><i>cerastes</i></b> Thomas, 1901; <b><i>mastivus</i></b> Thomas, 1911.","Called <i>brachymeles</i> by Cabrera (1958) and Freeman (1981), but see Carter and Dolan (1978).","38","38-01603","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1602-0000-1603"
"13801604","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cynomops","","abrasus","abrasus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1827","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","232","","","","""Brazil.""","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01604","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1602-0000-1603-1604"
"13801605","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cynomops","","abrasus","brachymeles","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01605","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1602-0000-1603-1605"
"13801606","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cynomops","","abrasus","cerastes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01606","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1602-0000-1603-1606"
"13801607","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cynomops","","abrasus","mastivus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01607","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1602-0000-1603-1607"
"13801608","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cynomops","","greenhalli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1958","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1877","","3","","","Greenhall's Dog-faced Bat","Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad, Port of Spain, Botanic Gardens.","Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guianas, and NE Brazil; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Molossops greenhalli</i>.","","Reviewed by Simmons and Voss (1998) and Peters et al. (2002); also see Freeman (1981). Does not include <i>mexicanus</i>, see Peters et al. (2002).","38","38-01608","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1602-0000-1608"
"13801609","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cynomops","","mexicanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jones and Genoways","1967","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","80","","207","","","Mexican Dog-faced Bat","Mexico, Jalisco, 7.5 mi (20 km) SE Tecomate, 1,500 ft. (500 m).","Nayarit to Chiapas (Mexico), Honduras, Costa Rica.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>greenhalli</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1994) but apparently distinct, see Peters et al. (2002), also see discussion in Simmons and Voss (1998).","38","38-01609","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1602-0000-1609"
"13801610","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cynomops","","paranus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","190","","","Brown Dog-faced Bat","Brazil, Pará.","Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil, N Argentina. A record from C Mexico listed by Corbet and Hill (1980, 1991) is dubious.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>milleri</i>  Osgood, 1914.","Distinct from <i>planirostris</i>; see Williams and Genoways (1980<i>c</i>), Barquez et al. (1993), and Simmons and Voss (1998). Includes <i>milleri</i>; see Simmons and Voss (1998).","38","38-01610","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1602-0000-1610"
"13801611","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Cynomops","","planirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1865","1866","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","575","","","Southern Dog-faced Bat","French Guiana, Cayenne.","Panama to Peru, Bolivia, N Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, French Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela, probably Guyana.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Lectotype designated by Carter and Dolan (1978). Does not include <i>milleri</i> or <i>paranus</i>; see Williams and Genoways (1980<i>c</i>), Barquez et al. (1993), and Simmons and Voss (1998). Specimens previously reported from Ecuador apparently represent <i>paranus</i>; <i>planirostris</i> is not presently known from Ecuador (Reid et al., 2000).","38","38-01611","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1602-0000-1611"
"13801612","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","19","","85","","<i>Molossus californicus</i> Merriam, 1890 (= <i>Molossus perotis</i> Schinz, 1821).","","","","","","Revised by Eger (1977). Probably includes <i>Molossus ater</i> E. Geoffroy, 1805, see Dolan (1989). Unfortunately, the type of <i>ater</i> has been lost and its affinities are unclear.","38","38-01612","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612"
"13801613","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","auripendulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1800","","Gen. Zool. Syst. Nat. Hist.","1","1","137","","","Black Bonneted Bat","French Guiana.","Oaxaca and Yucatán (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, N Argentina, E Brazil, Venezuela, the Guianas, Trinidad, and Jamaica.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abrasus</i>  Miller, 1906 [not Temminck, 1827]; <i>amplexicaudatus</i> Geoffroy, 1805; <i>barbatus</i> J. A. Allen, 1904;<i> leucopleura</i> Wagner, 1843; <i>longimanus </i>Wagner, 1843; <i>milleri</i> J. A. Allen, 1900;<i> oaxacensis</i> Goodwin, 1956; <b><i>major</i></b> Eger, 1974.","Called <i>abrasus</i> in Hall and Kelson (1959), but see Husson (1962) and Hall (1981). Also see Best et al. (2002). Jamaican form reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01613","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1613"
"13801614","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","auripendulus","auripendulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1800","","Gen. Zool. Syst. Nat. Hist.","1","1","137","","","","French Guiana.","","","","","38","38-01614","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1613-1614"
"13801615","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","auripendulus","major","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Eger","1974","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01615","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1613-1615"
"13801616","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","bonariensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1874","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1874","","232","","","Dwarf Bonneted Bat","Argentina, Buenos Aires.","Veracruz (Mexico) to NW Peru, NW Argentina, Parguay, Uruguay, and Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>delticus</i> </b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>nanus</i></b> Miller, 1900.","Does not include <i>patagonicus</i> or <i>beckeri</i>; see Barquez and Ojeda (1992), Barquez et al. (1993), and Saralegui (1996). See Hunt et al. (2003), but note that they included <i>patagonicus</i> in <i>bonariensis</i>.","38","38-01616","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1616"
"13801617","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","bonariensis","bonariensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1874","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1874","","232","","","","Argentina, Buenos Aires.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01617","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1616-1617"
"13801618","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","bonariensis","delticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01618","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1616-1618"
"13801619","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","bonariensis","nanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01619","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1616-1619"
"13801620","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","dabbenei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","13","","481","","","Big Bonneted Bat","Argentina, Chaco.","Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>mederai</i>  Massoia, 1976.","Includes <i>mederai</i>, which was originally described as a subspecies of <i>underwoodi</i> (Koopman, 1993). See McWilliams et al. (2002).","38","38-01620","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1620"
"13801621","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","glaucinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","Arch. Naturgesch.","9","1","368","","","Wagner's Bonneted Bat","Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cuiaba (= Cuyaba).","Jalisco (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina and Brazil; Jamaica; Cuba; Florida (USA).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc). <i>E. g. floridanus</i> is classified as an Endangered Species by the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission.","<i>ferox</i>  Gundlach, 1861; <i>orthotis</i> H. Allen, 1889; <b><i>floridanus</i></b> G. M. Allen, 1932.","Includes <i>floridanus</i>; see Eger (1977). This complex may include more than one species, see Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01621","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1621"
"13801622","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","glaucinus","glaucinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1843","","Arch. Naturgesch.","9","1","368","","","","Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cuiaba (= Cuyaba).","","","","","38","38-01622","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1621-1622"
"13801623","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","glaucinus","floridanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01623","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1621-1623"
"13801624","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","hansae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1932","","J. Mammal.","13","","356","","","Sanborn's Bonneted Bat","Brazil, Santa Catarina, Joinville, Colonia Hansa.","Chiapas (Mexico), NW Honduras, SW Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amazonicus</i>  Handley, 1955.","Includes <i>amazonicus</i>; see Gardner et al. (1970) and Eger (1977). Also see Best et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-01624","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1624"
"13801625","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","maurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","141","","","Guianan Bonneted Bat","Guyana, Kanuku Mtns, about 59° W and 37°N, 240 ft. (80 m).","Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam. Best et al. (2001<i>a</i>) included extreme N Brazil in the range of this species, but I am unaware of any records from that area.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan – Vulnerable.","<i>geijskesi</i>  Husson, 1962.","Includes <i>geijskesi</i>; see Eger (1977). Reviewed by Best et al. (2001<i>a</i>); also see Reid et al. (2000).","38","38-01625","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1625"
"13801626","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","patagonicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1924","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","13","","234","","","Patagonian Dwarf Bonneted Bat","Argentina, Buenos Ayres (= Buenos Aires).","Bolivia, Argentina, Uruguay.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<b><i>beckeri</i> </b> Sanborn, 1932.","Distinct from <i>bonariensis</i>; see Barquez and Ojeda (1992), Barquez et al. (1993), Mares et al. (1995), Saralegui (1996), Barquez and Diaz (2001), and Gregorin and Taddei (2002).","38","38-01626","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1626"
"13801627","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","patagonicus","patagonicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1924","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","13","","234","","","","Argentina, Buenos Ayres (= Buenos Aires).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01627","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1626-1627"
"13801628","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","patagonicus","beckeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01628","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1626-1628"
"13801629","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","perotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1821","","<i>In</i> Cuvier, Das Thierreich","1","","870","","","Greater Bonneted Bat","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Campos do Goita Cazes, Villa São Salvador.","California to Texas (USA), south to Zacatecas and Hidalgo (Mexico); N Venezuela, W Ecuador and W Peru, Bolivia, N Argentina, Paraguay, and E Brazil; Cuba.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>renatae</i>  Pirlot, 1965; <b><i>californicus</i></b> Merriam, 1890; <b><i>gigas</i></b> Peters, 1864.","Does not include <i>trumbulli</i>; see Eger (1977). The large geographic gap between the North American and South American ranges of this taxon suggests that this complex may include more than one species.","38","38-01629","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1629"
"13801630","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","perotis","perotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1821","","<i>In</i> Cuvier, Das Thierreich","1","","870","","","","Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Campos do Goita Cazes, Villa São Salvador.","","","","","38","38-01630","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1629-1630"
"13801631","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","perotis","californicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01631","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1629-1631"
"13801632","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","perotis","gigas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01632","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1629-1632"
"13801633","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","trumbulli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","7","","190","","","Trumbull's Bonneted Bat","Brazil, Pará.","Colombia, W Peru, N Bolivia, S Venezuela, Guianas, Amazon basin of Brazil.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Included in <i>perotis</i> by Koopman (1971<i>b</i>, 1978<i>b</i>, 1993, 1994) but see Eger (1977).","38","38-01633","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1633"
"13801634","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","underwoodi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1940","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1075","","2","","","Underwood's Bonneted Bat","Honduras, La Paz, 6 km N Chinacia.","Arizona (USA) to Nicaragua.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>sonoriensis</i> </b> Benson, 1947.","Does not include <i>mederai</i>, which has been transferred to <i>dabbenei</i> (Koopman, 1993).","38","38-01634","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1634"
"13801635","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","underwoodi","underwoodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1940","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1075","","2","","","","Honduras, La Paz, 6 km N Chinacia.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01635","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1634-1635"
"13801636","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Eumops","","underwoodi","sonoriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Benson","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01636","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1612-0000-1634-1636"
"13801637","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1865","1866","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","575","","<i>Dysopes temminckii</i> Burmeister, 1854.","","","","","<i>Cabreramops</i> Ibáñez, 1980;<i> Dysopes</i> Burmeister, 1854 [not Illiger, 1811]; <i>Myopterus</i> Peters, 1869 [not Geoffory, 1813]; <i>Neoplatymops</i> Peterson, 1965.","Includes <i>Cabreramops</i> and <i>Neoplatymops</i> with <i>Molossops </i>as subgenera. <i>Cynomops</i> is here treated as distinct at the genus level following Barquez et al. (1993), Peterson et al. (1995), Solari et al. (1999), Reid et al. (2000), Barquez and Diaz (2001), and Peters et al. (2002); also see Gardner (1977) and Freeman (1981).","38","38-01637","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1637"
"13801638","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossops","Molossops","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1865","1866","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","575","","<i>Dysopes temminckii</i> Burmeister, 1854.","","","","","","","38","38-01638","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1637-1638"
"13801639","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossops","Cabreramops","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Ibáñez","1980","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01639","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1637-1639"
"13801640","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossops","Neoplatymops","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Peterson","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01640","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1637-1640"
"13801641","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossops","Cabreramops","aequatorianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1917","","Trab. Mus. Nac. Cienc. Nat. Zool.","31","","20","","","Equatorial Dog-faced Bat","Ecuador, Los Rios, Babahoyo.","Ecuador.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Cabreramops</i>.<i> </i>Placed in its own genus (<i>Cabreramops</i>) by Ibáñez (1980).","38","38-01641","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1637-1639-1641"
"13801642","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossops","Neoplatymops","mattogrossensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vieira","1942","","Argent. Zool. Sao Paulo","3","","430","","","Mato Grosso Dog-faced Bat","Brazil, Mato Grosso, Juruena River, São Simao.","Venezuela, Guyana, C and NE Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Neoplatymops</i>; see Freeman (1981). Listed as a subspecies of <i>Molossops</i> <i>temminckii</i> by Cabrera (1958), but see Peterson (1965<i>a</i>), who considered <i>Neoplatymops</i> a distinct genus. See Willig and Jones (1985). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-01642","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1637-1640-1642"
"13801643","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossops","Molossops","neglectus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Williams and Genoways","1980","","Ann. Carnegie Mus.","49","25","489","","","Rufous Dog-faced Bat","Surinam, Surinam, 1 km S, 2 km E Powaka (5°25'N, 53°03'W).","Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Amazonian Brazil, Peru, N Argentina. Also found in the Atlantic Forest of SE Brazil (B. Lim and R. Gregorin, pers. comm.).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Molossops</i>.<i> </i>See Lim and Engstrom (2001).","38","38-01643","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1637-1638-1643"
"13801644","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossops","Molossops","temminckii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burmeister","1854","","Syst. Uebers. Thiere Bras.","","","72","","","Dwarf Dog-faced Bat","Brazil, Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa.","Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina, Uruguay.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hirtipes</i>  Winge, 1892; <b><i>griseiventer</i></b> Sanborn, 1941; <b><i>sylvia</i></b> Thomas, 1924.","Subgenus <i>Molossops</i>.","38","38-01644","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1637-1638-1644"
"13801645","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossops","Molossops","temminckii","temminckii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burmeister","1854","","Syst. Uebers. Thiere Bras.","","","72","","","","Brazil, Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa.","","","","","38","38-01645","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1637-1638-1644-1645"
"13801646","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossops","Molossops","temminckii","griseiventer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01646","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1637-1638-1644-1646"
"13801647","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossops","Molossops","temminckii","sylvia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01647","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1637-1638-1644-1647"
"13801648","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1805","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","6","","151","","<i>Vespertilio molossus</i> Pallas, 1766.","","","","","<i>Dysopes</i>  Illiger, 1811.","Central American species revised by Dolan (1989). Jennings et al. (2000) provided a key to species modified from Hall (1981), but did not include many of the species recognized here as distinct.","38","38-01648","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648"
"13801649","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","aztecus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, Ser. 2","12","","285","","","Aztec Mastiff Bat","Mexico, Tlaxcala, Amecameca, at the foot of Popocatepetl.","Jalisco (Mexico) to Nicaragua; Cozumel Isl (Mexico); S Venezuela.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Included in <i>molossus</i> by Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Dolan (1989). The Venezuela record is from Lim and Engstrom (2001). Also see López-González and Presley (2001).","38","38-01649","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1649"
"13801650","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","barnesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","15","","584","","","Barnes's Mastiff Bat","French Guiana, Cayenne.","French Guiana.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Placed in <i>coibensis</i> by Dolan (1989) and considered a subspecies of <i>molossus</i> by Koopman (1993, 1994), but clearly distinct, see Simmons and Voss (1998). Sometimes spelled <i>burnesi</i> (e.g., Freeman, 1981), but the correct spelling is <i>barnesi</i>; see Cabrera (1958), Carter and Dolan (1978), and Simmons and Voss (1998).","38","38-01650","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1650"
"13801651","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","coibensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1904","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","20","","227","","","Coiban Mastiff Bat","Panama, Coiba Isl.","Chiapas (Mexico) south to Venezuela, SW Guyana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Mato Grosso (Brazil).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>cherriei</i>  J. A. Allen, 1916; <i>lambi</i> Gardner, 1966.","Included in <i>molossus</i> by Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Dolan (1989) and Reid et al. (2000). Does not include <i>barnesi</i> but does include <i>cherriei</i> and <i>lambi</i>; see Dolan (1989) and Simmons and Voss (1998). Also see Lim and Engstrom (2001).","38","38-01651","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1651"
"13801652","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","currentium","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","438","","","Thomas's Mastiff Bat","Argentina, Corrientes, Goya.","Honduras to Costa Rica; E Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela; Amazonian Brazil; Paraguay and N Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M</i>. <i>bondae</i>.","<b><i>bondae</i> </b> J. A. Allen, 1904; <b><i>robustus</i></b> López-González and Presley, 2001","This species was formerly known as <i>bondae</i>, but <i>currentium</i> (previously listed as a junior synonym of <i>molossus</i>) is an earlier name; see López-González and Presley (2001). Subspecies nomenclature revised by López-González and Presley (2001). Also see Burnett et al. (2001).","38","38-01652","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1652"
"13801653","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","currentium","currentium","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","438","","","","Argentina, Corrientes, Goya.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01653","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1652-1653"
"13801654","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","currentium","bondae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01654","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1652-1654"
"13801655","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","currentium","robustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","López-González and Presley","2001","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01655","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1652-1655"
"13801656","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","molossus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","49-50","","","Pallas's Mastiff Bat","France, Martinique (Lesser Antilles).","Sinaloa and Coahuila (Mexico) to Peru, N Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil and Guianas; Greater and Lesser Antilles; Florida Keys (USA); Margarita Isl (Venezuela); Curaçao and Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles); Trinidad and Tobago.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acuticaudatus</i>  Desmarest, 1820; <i>amplexicaudus</i> Wagner, 1850; <i>crassicaudatus</i> Geoffroy, 1805; <i>currentium</i> Miller, 1913 [not Thomas, 1901]; <i>daulensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1916; <i>fusciventer</i> Geoffroy, 1805; <i>longicaudatus</i> Geoffroy, 1805; <i>major</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>minor</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>moxensis</i> D’Orbigny, 1835;<i> obscurus</i> Geoffroy, 1805; <i>olivaceofuscus</i> Wagner, 1850;<i> velox</i> Temminck, 1827; <b><i>debilis</i></b> Miller, 1913; <b><i>pygmaeus</i></b> Miller, 1900; <b><i>fortis</i></b> Miller, 1913; <b><i>milleri</i></b> Johnson, 1952; <i>fuliginosus</i> Gray, 1838 [not Cooper, 1837]; <b><i>tropidorhynchus</i></b> Gray, 1839; <b><i>verrilli</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1908.","Includes <i>fortis</i>, <i>milleri</i>, <i>debilis</i>, and <i>tropidorhynchus</i>; see Varona (1974). Called <i>major</i> by Hall and Kelson (1959) and Cabrera (1958) but see Husson (1962). Does not include <i>aztecus</i>, <i>barnesi</i>, <i>coibensis</i>, <i>cherriei</i>, and <i>lambi</i>; see Dolan (1989) and Simmons and Voss (1998). Includes <i>daulensis</i>, but see Albuja (1982). Antillean populations reviewed by Genoways et al. (1981) and Timm and Genoways (2003). Records from the Florida Keys may have resulted from transportation by humans; see Frank (1997). <i>M</i>. <i>pygmaeus</i> may represent a distinct species, possibly including populations from Guyana; see Lim and Engstrom (2001). This complexis desperately in need of revision.","38","38-01656","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1656"
"13801657","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","molossus","molossus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","49-50","","","","France, Martinique (Lesser Antilles).","","","","","38","38-01657","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1656-1657"
"13801658","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","molossus","debilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01658","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1656-1658"
"13801659","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","molossus","pygmaeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01659","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1656-1659"
"13801660","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","molossus","fortis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01660","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1656-1660"
"13801661","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","molossus","milleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Johnson","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01661","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1656-1661"
"13801662","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","molossus","tropidorhynchus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01662","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1656-1662"
"13801663","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","molossus","verrilli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01663","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1656-1663"
"13801664","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","pretiosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","","","396","","","Miller's Mastiff Bat","Venezuela, Caracas, LaGuaira.","Guerrero, Oaxaca (Mexico); Nicaragua to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Listed as a synonym of <i>rufus</i> by Cabrera (1958), but see Jones et al. (1977) and Dolan (1989). Does not include <i>macdougalli</i>; see Dolan (1989). See Jennings et al. (2000).","38","38-01664","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1664"
"13801665","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","rufus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1805","","Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris","6","","155","","","Black Mastiff Bat","French Guiana, Cayenne by restriction (Miller, 1913<i>b</i>).","Tamaulipas, Michoacan, and Sinaloa (Mexico) to Peru, N Argentina, Brazil and Guianas; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>M</i>. <i>ater</i>. synonyms: <i>albus</i> Wagner, 1843; <i>alecto</i> Temminck, 1827; <i>fluminensis</i> Lataste, 1891; <i>holosericeus</i> Wagner, 1843; <i>myosurus</i> Tschudi, 1844; <i>ursinus</i> Spix, 1823; <b><i>castaneus</i></b> Geoffroy, 1805; <b><i>nigricans</i></b> Miller, 1902; <i>macdougalli</i> Goodwin, 1956; <i>malagai</i> Villa-R., 1955.","","Called <i>ater</i> by many authors, but see Carter and Dolan (1978) and Dolan (1989), who argued, based on descriptions of head and ear shape of both taxa, and examination of the specimens labeled as types of <i>rufus</i> in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris, that <i>Molossus</i> <i>ater</i> Geoffroy, 1805, is really an <i>Eumops</i>, and that <i>rufus</i> is really the correct name for the large <i>Molossus</i> often incorrectly called <i>ater</i>. Lectotype designated by Carter and Dolan (1978). Unfortunately, the type of <i>ater</i> has been lost and its relationships are unclear. Includes <i>malagai</i>; see Jones (1965). Includes <i>macdougalli</i>; see Jones et al. (1977) and Dolan (1989).","38","38-01665","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1665"
"13801666","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","sinaloae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1906","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","22","","236","","","Sinaloan Mastiff Bat","Mexico, Sinaloa, Esquinapa.","Sinaloa and Michoacan (Mexico) to Colombia, Guyana, Surinam, and French Guiana; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>trinitatus</i> </b> Goodwin, 1959.","Includes <i>trinitatus</i>, see Dolan (1989) and Simmons and Voss (1998). Reviewed by Jennings et al. (2002).","38","38-01666","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1666"
"13801667","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","sinaloae","sinaloae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1906","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","22","","236","","","","Mexico, Sinaloa, Esquinapa.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01667","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1666-1667"
"13801668","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Molossus","","sinaloae","trinitatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1959","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01668","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1648-0000-1666-1668"
"13801669","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1842","","Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim. Mammifères","","","18","","<i>Mops indicus</i> Lesson, 1842 (= <i>Molossus mops</i> de Blainville, 1840).","","","","","<i>Allomops</i>  J. A. Allen, 1917; <i>Philippinopterus</i> Taylor, 1934; <i>Xiphonycteris</i> Dollman, 1911.","Formerly included in <i>Tadarida</i>, often as a subgenus, but apparently distinct; see Freeman (1981), also see Legendre (1984). Dunlop (1999) provided a key to subgenera and species in this genus. Two subgenera are recognized, <i>Mops</i> and <i>Xiphonycteris</i>.","38","38-01669","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669"
"13801670","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1842","","Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim. Mammifères","","","18","","<i>Mops indicus</i> Lesson, 1842 (= <i>Molossus mops</i> de Blainville, 1840).","","","","","","","38","38-01670","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670"
"13801671","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Xiphonycteris","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Dollman","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01671","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1671"
"13801672","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Xiphonycteris","brachypterus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Reise nach Mossambique, Säugethiere","","","59","","","Short-winged Free-tailed Bat","Mozambique, Mozambique Isl (15°S, 40°42'E).","Gambia to Kenya; Tanzania (including Zanzibar and Mafia Isl); Mozambique.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>leonis</i> </b> Thomas, 1908; <i>ochraceus</i> J. A. Allen, 1917.","Subgenus <i>Xiphonycteris</i>.<i> </i>Includes <i>leonis</i>; see El-Rayah (1981).","38","38-01672","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1671-1672"
"13801673","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Xiphonycteris","brachypterus","brachypterus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Reise nach Mossambique, Säugethiere","","","59","","","","Mozambique, Mozambique Isl (15°S, 40°42'E).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01673","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1671-1672-1673"
"13801674","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Xiphonycteris","brachypterus","leonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01674","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1671-1672-1674"
"13801675","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","condylurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1833","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","1","","54","","","Angolan Free-tailed Bat","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Prov., Durban.","Mauritania and Senegal to Somalia, south to Angola, Botswana, and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angolensis</i>  Peters, 1870; <b><i>orientis</i></b> G. M. Allen and Loveridge, 1942; <b><i>osborni</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1917; <i>fulva</i> Monard, 1939; <i>occidentalis</i> Monard, 1939; <b><i>wonderi</i></b> Sanbron, 1936.","Subgenus <i>Mops</i>.<i> </i>Does not include <i>leucostigma</i>; see Peterson et al., 1995. Distribution mapped by Taylor (2000<i>a</i>).","38","38-01675","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1675"
"13801676","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","condylurus","condylurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1833","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","1","","54","","","","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Prov., Durban.","","","","","38","38-01676","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1675-1676"
"13801677","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","condylurus","orientis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen and Loveridge","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01677","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1675-1677"
"13801678","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","condylurus","osborni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01678","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1675-1678"
"13801679","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","condylurus","wonderi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanbron","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01679","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1675-1679"
"13801680","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","congicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","","467","","","Congo Free-tailed Bat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Oriental, Medje.","Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda. Specimens reported from Ghana and Nigeria actually represent <i>trevori</i> (J. Fahr, pers. comm.). Koopman (1993) included ""perhaps Gambia"" in the distribution, but this was apparently a <i>lapsus</i> for a specimen of <i>demonstrator</i> taken at sea off the coast of Gambia (see Koopman, 1989<i>b</i>).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Mops</i>.<i> </i>Does not include <i>trevori</i>; see Peterson (1972).","38","38-01680","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1680"
"13801681","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","demonstrator","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","504","","","Mongallan Free-tailed Bat","Sudan, Equatoria, Mongalla.","Sudan, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Burkina Faso, Ghana, perhaps Gambia (see Koopman, 1989).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>faradjius</i>  J. A. Allen, 1917.","Subgenus <i>Mops</i>.<i> </i>Koopman (1993) suggested that <i>demonstrator</i> may include <i>niveiventer</i>.","38","38-01681","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1681"
"13801682","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","leucostigma","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1918","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard","61","4","513","","","Malagasy White-bellied Free-tailed Bat","Madagascar, Tananarive (= Antananarivo).","E, N, and W Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Mops</i>.<i> </i>Formerly included in <i>condylurus</i>, but see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-01682","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1682"
"13801683","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","midas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1842","1843","Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockholm","1842","","207","","","Midas' Free-tailed Bat","Sudan, Blue Nile (= Bahr-el-Abiad Prov.), White Nile River, West bank, Jebel el Funj.","Senegal to Saudi Arabia, south to Botswana, NE South Africa, and Zimbabwe; Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>unicolor</i>  A. Grandidier, 1870; <b><i>miarensis</i></b> A. Grandidier, 1869.","Subgenus <i>Mops</i>.<i> </i>Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995) and Dunlop (1999); also see Harrison and Bates (1991).","38","38-01683","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1683"
"13801684","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","midas","midas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1842","1843","Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockholm","1842","","207","","","","Sudan, Blue Nile (= Bahr-el-Abiad Prov.), White Nile River, West bank, Jebel el Funj.","","","","","38","38-01684","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1683-1684"
"13801685","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","midas","miarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Grandidier","1869","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01685","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1683-1685"
"13801686","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","mops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Blainville","1840","","Osteogr. Mamm.","pt. 5 (Vespertilio)","","101","","","Malayan Free-tailed Bat","Indonesia, Sumatra.","W Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, perhaps Java.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>indicus</i>  Lesson, 1842 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>mops</i> F. Cuvier, 1824 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>tenuis</i> Temminck, 1827 [not Horsefield, 1822].","Subgenus <i>Mops</i>.<i> Dysopes</i> <i>labiatus</i> Temminck, 1827, may be an older name for this taxon; see discussion in Hill (1961<i>b</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Possibly includes <i>sarasinorum</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-01686","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1686"
"13801687","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Xiphonycteris","nanulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","","477","","","Dwarf Free-tailed Bat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Oriental, Niangara.","Sierra Leone to Ethiopia and Kenya. A previous report of this species from The Gambia is in error, probably based on a specimen of <i>brachypterus</i> (J. Fahr, pers. comm.)","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>calabarensis</i>  Hayman, 1940.","Subgenus <i>Xiphonycteris</i>.","38","38-01687","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1671-1687"
"13801688","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","niangarae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","","468","","","Niangaran Free-tailed Bat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Oriental, Niangara.","Dem. Rep. Congo (known only from the holotype).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Mops</i>.<i> </i>Peterson (1972) included this species in <i>trevori</i>, while Hayman and Hill (1971) listed it as a subspecies of <i>Tadarida</i> <i>congica</i> (= <i>Mops</i> <i>congicus</i>). Freeman (1981) found that holotype skull differed significantly from skulls of both <i>trevori</i> and <i>congicus</i>, and therefore retained <i>niangarae</i> a distinct species. I follow this treatment pending a more formal revision of the <i>trevori</i>/<i>congicus</i> complex.","38","38-01688","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1688"
"13801689","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","niveiventer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera and Ruxton","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","17","","594","","","White-bellied Free-tailed Bat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Kasai Occidental, Luluabourg (= Kananga).","Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Mozambique. Records from Botswana and Madagascar are erroneous; Botswana records are now thought to represent <i>condylurus</i> while Madagascar records represent <i>leucostigma</i> (see Hayman and Hill [1971], Meester et al. [1986], and Peterson et al. [1995]).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chitauensis</i>  Hill, 1937.","Subgenus <i>Mops</i>.<i> </i>Clearly distinct from <i>condylurus</i>, see Ansell (1967), Hayman and Hill (1971), and Meester et al. (1986). Koopman (1993) suggested that <i>niveiventer</i> is possibly a subspecies of <i>demonstrator</i>. Reviewed in part by Van Cakenberghe et al. (1999).","38","38-01689","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1689"
"13801690","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Xiphonycteris","petersoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","El Rayah","1981","","R. Ontario Mus. Life Sci. Occas. Pap.","36","","3","","","Peterson's Free-tailed Bat","Cameroon, 15 km S Kumba (4°39'N, 9°26'E).","Cameroon and Ghana. Koopman (1993) included ""perhaps Sierra Leone"" in the distribution, but there are apparently no documented records from that country (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Xiphonycteris</i>.","38","38-01690","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1671-1690"
"13801691","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","sarasinorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Meyer","1899","","Abh. Zool. Anthrop.-Ethnolog. Mus. Dresden","7","7","16","","","Sulawesian Free-tailed Bat","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Batulappa (North of Lake Tempe).","Sulawesi (Indonesia) and adjacent small islands; Philippines.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>lanei</i> </b> Taylor, 1934.","Subgenus <i>Mops</i>.<i> </i>Includes <i>lanei</i> (formerly included in <i>Philippinopterus</i>); see Freeman (1981) and Hill and Rozendaal (1989). Possibly conspecific with <i>mops</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-01691","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1691"
"13801692","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","sarasinorum","sarasinorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Meyer","1899","","Abh. Zool. Anthrop.-Ethnolog. Mus. Dresden","7","7","16","","","","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Batulappa (North of Lake Tempe).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01692","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1691-1692"
"13801693","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","sarasinorum","lanei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01693","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1691-1693"
"13801694","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Xiphonycteris","spurrelli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","7","","211","","","Spurrell's Free-tailed Bat","Ghana, Bibianaha.","Guinea to Rio Muni, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), Central African Republic, and Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Xiphonycteris</i>.","38","38-01694","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1671-1694"
"13801695","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Xiphonycteris","thersites","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","634","","","Railer Free-tailed Bat","Cameroon, Efulen.","Sierra Leone to Rwanda; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea); perhaps Mozambique and Zanzibar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>occipitalis</i>  J. A. Allen, 1917.","Subgenus <i>Xiphonycteris</i>.","38","38-01695","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1671-1695"
"13801696","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mops","Mops","trevori","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","","468","","","Trevor's Free-tailed Bat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Oriental, Faradje.","NE Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Sudan, Ghana, Nigeria.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Mops</i>.<i> </i>Formerly included <i>niangarae</i>; see Peterson (1972) and Freeman (1981). Specimens reported as <i>congicus</i> from Ghana and Nigeria actually represent <i>trevori</i> (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).","38","38-01696","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1669-1670-1696"
"13801697","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","258","","<i>Nyctinomus</i> (<i>Mormopterus</i>) <i>jugularis</i> Peters, 1865.","","","","","<i>Micronomus</i>  Troughton, 1943.","Formerly included in <i>Tadarida</i> but apparently distinct; see Koopman (1975) and Legendre (1984), but also see Freeman (1981). Does not include <i>Platymops</i> and <i>Sauromys</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Peterson et al. (1995). Species groups follow Koopman (1994). This genus apparently includes at least seven undescribed species in Australia; see Adams et al. (1988), Churchill (1998), and Menkhorst and Knight (2001). These forms have already been given common names (Churchill, 1998): Eastern Freetail Bat, Inland Freetail Bat, Little Northern Freetail Bat, Little Western Freetail Bat, Southern Freetail Bat, Western Freetail Bat, and Hairy-nosed Freetail Bat.","38","38-01697","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697"
"13801698","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","acetabulosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hermann","1804","","Observ. Zool.","","","19","","","Mauritian Little Mastiff Bat","Mauritius, Port Louis.","Réunion and Mauritius (Mascarene Isls), and a single record from Ethiopia. A record from South Africa is questionable, and no specimens are known from Madagascar despite several reports to the contrary (Peterson et al., 1995).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>natalensis</i>  A. Smith, 1847.","<i>acetabulosus</i> species group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-01698","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1698"
"13801699","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","beccarii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1881","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1881","","484","","","Beccari's Mastiff Bat","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina Isl.","Molucca Isls, New Guinea, adjacent small islands, N Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>astrolabiensis</i> </b> Meyer, 1899.","<i>norfolkensis</i> species group. Includes <i>astrolabiensis</i>, see Freeman (1981) and Hill (1983), also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998). Peterson et al. (1995) listed <i>astrolabiensis</i> as a distinct species with no comment.","38","38-01699","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1699"
"13801700","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","beccarii","beccarii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1881","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1881","","484","","","","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>norfolkensis</i> species group.","38","38-01700","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1699-1700"
"13801701","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","beccarii","astrolabiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Meyer","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>norfolkensis</i> species group.","38","38-01701","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1699-1701"
"13801702","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","doriae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1907","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","3","38","42","","","Sumatran Mastiff Bat","Indonesia, NW Sumatra, Deli, Soekaranda.","Sumatra.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>acetabulosus</i> species group.","38","38-01702","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1702"
"13801703","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","jugularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","<i>In</i> Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","468","","","Peters's Wrinkle-lipped Bat","Madagascar, Tananarive (= Antananarivo).","Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>albiventer</i>  Dobson, 1877.","<i>acetabulosus</i> species group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-01703","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1703"
"13801704","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","kalinowskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1893","","334","","","Kalinowski's Mastiff Bat","""Central Peru.""","Peru, N Chile.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>kalinowskii</i> species group.","38","38-01704","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1704"
"13801705","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","loriae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","18","","609","","","Loria's Mastiff Bat","Papua New Guinea, Kamali, mouth of Kemp Welch River, 10°10'S, 147°44'E.","N Australia; New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<b><i>cobourgiana</i> </b> Johnson, 1959; <b><i>ridei</i></b> Felten, 1964.","<i>norfolkensis</i> species group. Formerly included in <i>planiceps</i>, but see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998). Also see Hill (1961<i>b</i>) and Koopman (1984<i>c</i>). This complex may include at least two undescribed species; see Menkhorst and Knight (2001).","38","38-01705","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1705"
"13801706","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","loriae","loriae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","18","","609","","","","Papua New Guinea, Kamali, mouth of Kemp Welch River, 10°10'S, 147°44'E.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>norfolkensis</i> species group.","38","38-01706","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1705-1706"
"13801707","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","loriae","cobourgiana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Johnson","1959","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>norfolkensis</i> species group.","38","38-01707","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1705-1707"
"13801708","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","loriae","ridei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Felten","1964","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>norfolkensis</i> species group.","38","38-01708","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1705-1708"
"13801709","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","minutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1899","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","12","","173","","","Little Goblin Bat","Cuba, Las Villas, Trinidad, San Pablo.","Cuba.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>kalinowskii</i> species group.","38","38-01709","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1709"
"13801710","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","norfolkensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1840","","Ann. Nat. Hist.","4","","7","","","Eastern Little Mastiff Bat","Australia, Norfolk Isl (S Pacific Ocean); uncertain.","Norfolk Isl?, SE Queensland, E New South Wales (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>wilcoxii</i>  Krefft, 1871.","<i>norfolkensis</i> species group. There is considerable doubt as to the status of this species; see Hill (1961<i>b</i>) and Koopman (1984<i>c</i>). Freeman (1981) included <i>wilcoxii</i> in <i>planiceps</i>.","38","38-01710","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1710"
"13801711","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","phrudus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1956","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","69","","197","","","Incan Little Mastiff Bat","Peru, Cuzco, Machu Picchu, Urubamba River, San Miguel Bridge.","Peru.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","<i>kalinowskii</i> species group.","38","38-01711","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1711"
"13801712","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Mormopterus","","planiceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","23","","","Southern Free-tailed Bat","Australia. Probably New South Wales, Sydney; see Iredale and Troughton (1934) for discussion.","S and C Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>petersi</i>  Leche, 1844.","<i>norfolkensis</i> species group. Formerly included <i>loriae</i>, but see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998). See Hill (1961<i>b</i>) and Koopman (1984<i>c</i>). This complex may includes at as many as three undescribed species; see Menkhorst and Knight (2001).","38","38-01712","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1697-0000-1712"
"13801713","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Myopterus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","113","","<i>Myopterus senegalensis</i> Oken, 1816 (not available) (= <i>Myopterus daubentonii</i> Desmarest, 1820).","","","","","<i>Eomops</i>  Thomas, 1905.","Includes <i>Eomops</i>; see Hayman and Hill (1971).","38","38-01713","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1713"
"13801714","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Myopterus","","daubentonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1820","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encyclop. Méth.","1","","132","","","Daubenton's Winged-mouse Bat","Senegal.","Senegal, Côte d’Ivoire, NE Dem. Rep. Congo, Central African Republic.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","<b><i>albatus</i> </b> Thomas, 1915.","Holotype lost; neotype designated by Adam et al. (1993). Includes <i>albatus</i>; see Koopman (1989<i>b</i>) and Adam et al. (1993).","38","38-01714","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1713-0000-1714"
"13801715","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Myopterus","","daubentonii","daubentonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1820","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encyclop. Méth.","1","","132","","","","Senegal.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01715","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1713-0000-1714-1715"
"13801716","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Myopterus","","daubentonii","albatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01716","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1713-0000-1714-1716"
"13801717","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Myopterus","","whitleyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Scharff","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","6","","569","","","Bini Winged-mouse Bat","Nigeria, Mid-Western Region, Benin City.","Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Adam et al. (1993).","38","38-01717","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1713-0000-1717"
"13801718","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Nyctinomops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","54","","393","","<i>Nyctinomus femorosaccus</i> Merriam, 1889.","","","","","","Formerly included in <i>Tadarida</i> but apparently distinct; see Hall (1981) and Legendre (1984), but also see Freeman (1981). A key to the species was presented by Kumirai and Jones (1990).","38","38-01718","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1718"
"13801719","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Nyctinomops","","aurispinosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peale","1848","","Mammalia, <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","","21","","","Peale's Free-tailed Bat","Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte, 100 mi. (161 km) off Cape Sao Roque.","Sonora and Tamaulipas (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>similis</i>  Sanborn, 1941.","Includes <i>similis</i>; see Jones and Arroyo-Cabrales (1990).","38","38-01719","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1718-0000-1719"
"13801720","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Nyctinomops","","femorosaccus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1889","","N. Am. Fauna","2","","23","","","Pocketed Free-tailed Bat","USA, California, Riverside Co., Palm Springs.","Guerrero (Mexico) to New Mexico, Arizona, California (USA) and Baja California (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","See Kumirai and Jones (1990).","38","38-01720","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1718-0000-1720"
"13801721","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Nyctinomops","","laticaudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1805","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","6","","156","","","Broad-eared Free-tailed Bat","Paraguay, Asunción.","Tamaulipas and Jalisco (Mexico) to Venezuela and the Guianas, NW Peru, Bolivia, N Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil; Trinidad; Cuba.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caecus</i>  Rengger, 1830; <i>espiritosantensis</i> Ruschi, 1951 [see discussion of availability in Pine and Ruschi, 1976]; <i>gracilis</i> Dobson, 1876; <b><i>europs</i></b> H. Allen, 1889;<i> <b>ferruginea</b></i> Goodwin, 1954; <b><i>macarenensis</i></b><i> </i>Barriga-Bonilla, 1965; <b><i>yucatanicus</i></b> Miller, 1902.","Includes <i>yucatanicus</i>, <i>europs</i>, and <i>gracilis</i>; see Silva-Taboada and Koopman (1964), Freeman (1981), and Avila-Flores et al. (2002). Includes <i>espiritosantensis</i>, see Zortéa and Taddei (1995) and Avila-Flores et al. (2002). Note that the correct spelling for the specific epithet in combination with <i>Nyctinomops</i> is <i>laticaudatus</i> (not <i>laticaudata</i>) because the generic name is masculine. Reviewed by Avila-Flores et al. (2002).","38","38-01721","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1718-0000-1721"
"13801722","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Nyctinomops","","laticaudatus","laticaudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1805","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","6","","156","","","","Paraguay, Asunción.","","","","","38","38-01722","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1718-0000-1721-1722"
"13801723","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Nyctinomops","","laticaudatus","europs","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01723","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1718-0000-1721-1723"
"13801724","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Nyctinomops","","laticaudatus","ferruginea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01724","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1718-0000-1721-1724"
"13801725","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Nyctinomops","","laticaudatus","macarenensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barriga-Bonilla","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01725","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1718-0000-1721-1725"
"13801726","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Nyctinomops","","laticaudatus","yucatanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01726","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1718-0000-1721-1726"
"13801727","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Nyctinomops","","macrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1840","","Ann. Nat. Hist.","4","","5","","","Big Free-tailed Bat","Cuba.","SW British Columbia and Iowa (USA) to SW Mexico; Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Surinam to Peru, N Argentina and Uruguay; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aequatoralis</i>  J. A. Allen, 1914; <i>affinis</i> J. A. Allen, 1900; <i>auritus</i> Wagner, 1843;<i> depressus</i> Ward, 1891; <i>megalotis</i> Dobson, 1876; <i>molossa</i> Hershkovitz, 1949 [not Pallas]; <i>nevadensis</i> H. Allen, 1894.","Called <i>Tadarida</i> <i>molossa</i> by Hall and Kelson (1959), but see Husson (1962). See Milner et al. (1990) and Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01727","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1718-0000-1727"
"13801728","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Otomops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","22","","90","","<i>Nyctinomus wroughtoni</i> Thomas, 1913.","","","","","","Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-01728","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1728"
"13801729","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Otomops","","formosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1939","","Treubia","17","","186","","","Java Giant Mastiff Bat","Indonesia, W Java, Tjibadak.","Java.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by Boeadi (1990), Kitchener et al. (1992<i>a</i>), and Walston and Bates (2001).","38","38-01729","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1728-0000-1729"
"13801730","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Otomops","","johnstonei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, How, and Maryanto","1992","","Rec. W. Aust. Mus.","15","","730","","","Johnstone's Giant Mastiff Bat","Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Alor Isl, Desa Apui, 08°15'S, 124°43'E.","Alor Isl (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Known only from the holotype.","38","38-01730","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1728-0000-1730"
"13801731","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Otomops","","madagascariensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dorst","1953","","Mém. Inst. Scient. Madagascar (A)","8","","236","","","Malagasy Giant Mastiff Bat","Madagascar, S of Soalala, Namoroka, Réserve naturelle intégrale (no. 8), 16°23’S, 45°28’E.","N, S, and W Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-01731","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1728-0000-1731"
"13801732","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Otomops","","martiensseni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1897","","Arch. Naturgesch.","63","1","84","","","Large-eared Giant Mastiff Bat","Tanzania, W of Tanga, SE Usambara Mtns, Magrotto Plantation.","Yemen; Djibouti and Central African Republic to Angola and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa); Ghana.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<b><i>icarus</i> </b> Chubb, 1917.","Formerly included <i>madagascariensis</i> (e.g., Hayman and Hill, 1971; Koopman, 1993, 1994), but see Peterson et al. (1995). Reviewed by Al-Jumaily (1999).","38","38-01732","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1728-0000-1732"
"13801733","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Otomops","","martiensseni","martiensseni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1897","","Arch. Naturgesch.","63","1","84","","","","Tanzania, W of Tanga, SE Usambara Mtns, Magrotto Plantation.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01733","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1728-0000-1732-1733"
"13801734","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Otomops","","martiensseni","icarus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chubb","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01734","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1728-0000-1732-1734"
"13801735","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Otomops","","papuensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lawrence","1948","","J. Mammal.","29","","413","","","Papuan Giant Mastiff Bat","Papua New Guinea, Gulf Prov., Vailala River.","SE New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by Kitchener et al. (1992<i>a</i>); also see Hill (1983), Flannery (1995<i>a</i>), and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-01735","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1728-0000-1735"
"13801736","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Otomops","","secundus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1952","","<i>In</i> Laurie, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Zool.","1","","314","","","Mantled Giant Mastiff Bat","Papua New Guinea, Madang Prov., Tapu.","NE New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Distinct from <i>papuensis</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1992<i>a</i>). Also see Hill (1983), Flannery (1995<i>a</i>), and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-01736","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1728-0000-1736"
"13801737","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Otomops","","wroughtoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","22","","87","","","Wroughton's Giant Mastiff Bat","India, Mysore, Kanara, near Talewadi, Barapede Cave.","S and NE India, Cambodia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered.","","Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997), Walston and Bates (2001), and Thabah and Bates (2002).","38","38-01737","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1728-0000-1737"
"13801738","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Platymops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","499","","<i>Platymops</i> <i>macmillani</i> Thomas, 1906 (= <i>Mormopterus</i> <i>setiger</i> Peters, 1878).","","","","","","Included in <i>Mormopterus</i> by Freeman (1981) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Harrison and Fleetwood (1960), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-01738","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1738"
"13801739","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Platymops","","setiger","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1878","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1878","","196","","","Peters's Flat-headed Bat","Kenya, Taita.","S Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Mormopterus</i> <i>setiger</i>.","<i>parkeri</i>  Harrison and Fleetwood, 1960; <b><i>macmillani</i></b> Thomas, 1906; <i>barbatogularis</i> Harrison, 1956.","","38","38-01739","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1738-0000-1739"
"13801740","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Platymops","","setiger","setiger","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1878","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1878","","196","","","","Kenya, Taita.","","","","","38","38-01740","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1738-0000-1739-1740"
"13801741","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Platymops","","setiger","macmillani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01741","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1738-0000-1739-1741"
"13801742","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Promops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gervais","1856","","<i>In</i> Comte de Castelnau, Exped. Partes Cen. Am. Sud., Zool.(Sec. 7)","Vol 1","pt. 2(Mammifères)","58","","<i>Promops ursinus</i> Gervais, 1856 (= <i>Molossus nasutus</i> Spix, 1823).","","","","","","","38","38-01742","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1742"
"13801743","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Promops","","centralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","16","","62","","","Big Crested Mastiff Bat","Mexico, N Yucatán.","Jalisco and Yucatán (Mexico) to Ecuador, Peru, W Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina, Guianas; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>davisoni</i> </b> Thomas, 1921; <b><i>occultus</i></b> Thomas, 1915.","<i>davisoni</i> may actually be a subspecies of <i>nasutus</i>; see Genoways and Williams (1979<i>b</i>) and Freeman (1981). See also Ojasti and Linares (1971).","38","38-01743","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1742-0000-1743"
"13801744","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Promops","","centralis","centralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","16","","62","","","","Mexico, N Yucatán.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01744","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1742-0000-1743-1744"
"13801745","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Promops","","centralis","davisoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>davisoni</i> may actually be a subspecies of <i>nasutus</i>; see Genoways and Williams (1979<i>b</i>) and Freeman (1981). See also Ojasti and Linares (1971).","38","38-01745","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1742-0000-1743-1745"
"13801746","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Promops","","centralis","occultus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01746","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1742-0000-1743-1746"
"13801747","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Promops","","nasutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","58","","","Brown Mastiff Bat","Brazil, Bahia, Sao Francisco River.","Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fumarius</i>  Spix, 1823; <i>rufocastaneus</i> Schinz, 1844; <i>ursinus</i> Gervais, 1855; <b><i>ancilla</i></b> Thomas, 1915; <b><i>downsi</i></b> Goodwin, 1962; <b><i>fosteri</i></b> Miller, 1907; <b><i>pamana</i></b> Miller, 1913.","Includes <i>pamana</i>; see Goodwin and Greenhall (1962). May include <i>davisoni</i>; see Genoways and Williams (1979<i>b</i>) and Freeman (1981).","38","38-01747","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1742-0000-1747"
"13801748","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Promops","","nasutus","nasutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Spix","1823","","Sim. Vespert. Brasil.","","","58","","","","Brazil, Bahia, Sao Francisco River.","","","","","38","38-01748","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1742-0000-1747-1748"
"13801749","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Promops","","nasutus","ancilla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01749","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1742-0000-1747-1749"
"13801750","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Promops","","nasutus","downsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1962","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01750","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1742-0000-1747-1750"
"13801751","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Promops","","nasutus","fosteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01751","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1742-0000-1747-1751"
"13801752","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Promops","","nasutus","pamana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01752","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1742-0000-1747-1752"
"13801753","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Sauromys","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Roberts","1917","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","6","","5","","<i>Platymops</i> <i>petrophilus</i> Roberts, 1917.","","","","","","Originally described as a subgenus of <i>Platymops</i>. Included in <i>Mormopterus</i> by Freeman (1981), Legendre (1984), and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Peterson (1965<i>a</i>), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-01753","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1753"
"13801754","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Sauromys","","petrophilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1917","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","6","","4","","","Roberts's Flat-headed Bat","South Africa, Northwest Prov., near Rustenburg, Bleskap.","South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, perhaps Ghana.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Mormopterus</i> <i>petrophilus</i>.","<b><i>erongensis</i> </b> Roberts, 1946; <b><i>fitzsimonsi</i></b> Roberts, 1946; <b><i>haagneri</i></b> Roberts, 1917; <b><i>umbratus</i></b> Shortridge and Carter, 1938.","See Jacobs and Fenton (2002).","38","38-01754","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1753-0000-1754"
"13801755","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Sauromys","","petrophilus","petrophilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1917","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","6","","4","","","","South Africa, Northwest Prov., near Rustenburg, Bleskap.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01755","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1753-0000-1754-1755"
"13801756","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Sauromys","","petrophilus","erongensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01756","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1753-0000-1754-1756"
"13801757","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Sauromys","","petrophilus","fitzsimonsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01757","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1753-0000-1754-1757"
"13801758","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Sauromys","","petrophilus","haagneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01758","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1753-0000-1754-1758"
"13801759","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Sauromys","","petrophilus","umbratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shortridge and Carter","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01759","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1753-0000-1754-1759"
"13801760","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1814","","Precis Som.","","","55","","<i>Cephalotes teniotis</i> Rafinesque, 1814.","","","","","<i>Austronomus</i>  Iredale and Troughton, 1934 [<i>nomen dubium</i>; later validated by Troughton, 1941]; <i>Dinops</i> Savi, 1825; <i>Dysops</i> Cretzschmar, 1830-1831 [proccupied by <i>Dysops</i> Illiger, 1911]; <i>Nictinomes</i> Gray, 1821; <i>Nyctinoma</i> Bowdich, 1821; <i>Nyctinomia</i> Fleming, 1822; <i>Rhizomops</i> Legendre, 1984.","Formerly included <i>Chaerephon</i>, <i>Mops</i>, <i>Mormopterus</i>, <i>Nyctinomops</i>, <i>Platymops</i>, and <i>Sauromys</i>, which are here treated as distinct genera. Includes <i>Rhizomops</i>; see Owen et al. (1990), but also see Legendre (1984). Mahoney and Walton (1988) regarded <i>Nyctinomus </i>(here considered a junior synonym of <i>Chaerephon</i>) as an older name for this genus. Species groups follow Koopman (1994).","38","38-01760","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760"
"13801761","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","aegyptiaca","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","128","","","Egyptian Free-tailed Bat","Egypt, Giza (resticted by Koopman, 1975).","South Africa to Nigeria, Algeria, and Egypt to Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman, east to India and Sri Lanka, N to Afganistan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brunneus</i>  Seabra, 1900; <i>geoffroyi</i> Temminck, 1826; <i>talpinus</i> Heuglin, 1877; <i>tongaensis</i> Wettstein, 1916; <b><i>bocagei</i></b> Seabra, 1900; <i>anchietae</i> Seabra, 1900; <b><i>sindica</i></b> Wroughton, 1919; <b><i>thomasi</i></b> Wroughton, 1919; <i>gossei</i> Wroughton, 1919; <b><i>tragatus</i></b> Dobson, 1874.","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group. Includes <i>tragata</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Freeman (1981). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For African range see Taylor (2000<i>a</i>).","38","38-01761","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1761"
"13801762","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","aegyptiaca","aegyptiaca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","128","","","","Egypt, Giza (resticted by Koopman, 1975).","","","","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group.","38","38-01762","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1761-1762"
"13801763","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","aegyptiaca","bocagei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Seabra","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group.","38","38-01763","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1761-1763"
"13801764","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","aegyptiaca","sindica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group.","38","38-01764","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1761-1764"
"13801765","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","aegyptiaca","thomasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group.","38","38-01765","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1761-1765"
"13801766","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","aegyptiaca","tragatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group.","38","38-01766","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1761-1766"
"13801767","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1839","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","501","","","White-stripped Free-tailed Bat","Australia, New South Wales.","S and C Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>albidus</i>  Leche, 1884; <i>atratus</i> Thomas, 1924.","<i>australis</i> species group. Does not include <i>kuboriensis</i>, although see Koopman (1982).","38","38-01767","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1767"
"13801768","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","brasiliensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1824","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.","1","","343","","","Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (known as the Mexican Free-tailed Bat in North America)","Brazil, Paraná, Curitiba (= Curityba).","S Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile to Oregon, S Nebraska and Ohio (USA); Greater and Lesser Antilles.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>multispinosus</i>  Burmeister, 1861; <i>naso</i> Wagner, 1840; <i>nasutus</i> Temminck, 1827; <i>peruanus</i> J. A. Allen, 1914; <i>rugosus</i> D’Orbigny, 1837; <b><i>antillularum</i></b> Miller, 1902; <b><i>bahamensis</i></b> Rhen, 1902; <b><i>constanzae</i></b> Shamel, 1931; <b><i>cynocephala</i></b> Le Conte, 1831; <i>fuliginosus</i> Cooper, 1837; <b><i>intermedia</i></b> Shamel, 1931; <b><i>mexicana</i></b> Saussure, 1860; <i>californicus</i> H. Allen, 1894; <i>mohavensis</i> Merriam, 1889; <i>texana</i> Stager, 1942; <b><i>murina</i></b> Gray, 1827; <b><i>muscula</i></b> Gundlach, 1861.","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group. Placed in distinct genus (<i>Rhizomops</i>) by Legendre (1984), but see Freeman (1981) and Owen et al. (1990). See Hall (1981) and Wilkins (1989); also see Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Caribbean subspecies reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01768","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1768"
"13801769","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","brasiliensis","brasiliensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1824","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.","1","","343","","","","Brazil, Paraná, Curitiba (= Curityba).","","","","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group.","38","38-01769","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1768-1769"
"13801770","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","brasiliensis","antillularum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group.","38","38-01770","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1768-1770"
"13801771","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","brasiliensis","bahamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhen","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group.","38","38-01771","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1768-1771"
"13801772","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","brasiliensis","constanzae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shamel","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group.","38","38-01772","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1768-1772"
"13801773","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","brasiliensis","cynocephala","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Le Conte","1831","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group.","38","38-01773","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1768-1773"
"13801774","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","brasiliensis","intermedia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shamel","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group.","38","38-01774","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1768-1774"
"13801775","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","brasiliensis","mexicana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group.","38","38-01775","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1768-1775"
"13801776","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","brasiliensis","murina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1827","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group.","38","38-01776","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1768-1776"
"13801777","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","brasiliensis","muscula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gundlach","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>aegyptiaca</i> species group.","38","38-01777","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1768-1777"
"13801778","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","fulminans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","501","","","Malagasy Free-tailed Bat","Madagascar, Betsilo, Fianarantsoa.","E Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, NE South Africa, Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>mastersoni</i> </b> Roberts, 1946.","<i>teniotis</i> species group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995) and Cotterill (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-01778","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1778"
"13801779","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","fulminans","fulminans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","501","","","","Madagascar, Betsilo, Fianarantsoa.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>teniotis</i> species group.","38","38-01779","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1778-1779"
"13801780","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","fulminans","mastersoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>teniotis</i> species group.","38","38-01780","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1778-1780"
"13801781","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","insignis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1862","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","30","","90","","","East Asian Free-tailed Bat","China, Fukien (= Fujian), Amoy.","Japan, Taiwan, Korea, S China.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>chinensis</i>  Westwood, 1874; <i>cinerea</i> Gubareff, 1939; <i>coecata</i> Thomas, 1922; <i>septentrionalis</i> Kishida, 1931 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","<i>teniotis</i> species group. Formerly included in <i>teniotis</i>, but see Yoshiyuki (1989), Yoshiyuki et al. (1989), and Funakoshi and Kunisaki (2000). Does not include <i>latouchei</i>; see Kock (1999<i>a</i>) and Funakoshi and Kunisaki (2000). Status of <i>coecata</i> from Yunnan (China) is somewhat unclear; see Kock (1999<i>a</i>), who suggested that it might represent either <i>teniotis</i> or <i>insignis</i>.","38","38-01781","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1781"
"13801782","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","kuboriensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","McKean and Calaby","1968","","Mammalia","32","","375","","","New Guinea Mastiff Bat","Papua New Guinea, Chimbu Prov., Kubor Range, Minj-nona Divide, 6°02'S, 144°45'E, 2,750 m.","New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","<i>australis</i>species group. Koopman (1982, 1994) treated <i>kuboriensis</i> as a subspecies of <i>australis</i>, but described character variation suggests that they represent distinct species. See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-01782","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1782"
"13801783","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","latouchei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","5","","283","","","La Touche's Free-tailed Bat","China, NE coast of Hopei [Hebei], Ching-wang Tao [= Qinhuangdao].","N. China, Thailand, Laos, Japan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","<i>teniotis</i> species group. Clearly distinct from <i>teniotis</i> and <i>insignis</i>; see Kock (1999<i>a</i>), Funakoshi and Kunisaki (2000), and Helgen and Wilson (2002).","38","38-01783","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1783"
"13801784","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","lobata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","7","","303","","","Big-eared Free-tailed Bat","Kenya, West Pokot, Turkwell Gorge.","Kenya, Zimbabwe.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","<i>teniotis</i> species group. Reviewed by Cotterill (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-01784","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1784"
"13801785","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","teniotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1814","","Prícis Som.","","","12","","","European Free-tailed Bat","Italy, Sicily.","France, Spain, and Portugal south to Morocco and Algeria, east through Tunisia, Libya, Israel, Jordan, W Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Afghanistan to W Bengal (India), Yunnan (China), and Flores (Indonesia); Madeira (Portugal) and Canary Isls (Spain).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cestoni</i>  Savi, 1825; <i>nigrogriseus</i> Schneider, 1871; <i>savii</i> Schinz, 1840; <b><i>rueppelli</i></b> Temminck, 1826.","<i>teniotis</i> species group. Revised by Aellen (1966) and Kock and Nader (1984), although both included <i>insignis</i> in this complex as a subspecies. Does not include <i>insignis</i>; see Yoshiyuki (1989), Yoshiyuki et al. (1989), and Funakoshi and Kunisaki (2000). Does not include <i>latouchei</i>; see Kock (1999<i>a</i>), Funakoshi and Kunisaki (2000), and Helgen and Wilson (2002). May include <i>coecata </i>from Yunnan (China), here considered a synonym of <i>insignis</i>; see Kock (1999). A specimen from India seems clearly referable to <i>teniotis</i>, see Funakoshi and Kunisaki (2000), though also see Kock (1999<i>a</i>). Eastern-most records reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Helgen and Wilson (2002); Middle Eastern records reviewed by Harrison and Bates (1991); Palearctic forms reviewed by Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-01785","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1785"
"13801786","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","teniotis","teniotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1814","","Prícis Som.","","","12","","","","Italy, Sicily.","","","","<i>teniotis</i> species group.","38","38-01786","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1785-1786"
"13801787","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","teniotis","rueppelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1826","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>teniotis</i> species group.","38","38-01787","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1785-1787"
"13801788","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","ventralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1861","","Nova. Acta. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.","29","8","4, 11","","","Giant Free-tailed Bat","Eritrea, Keren.","Eritrea to South Africa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>africana</i> </b> Dobson, 1876.","<i>teniotis</i> species group. Reviewed by Kock (1975) and Cotterill (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-01788","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1788"
"13801789","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","ventralis","ventralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1861","","Nova. Acta. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.","29","8","4, 11","","","","Eritrea, Keren.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","<i>teniotis</i> species group.","38","38-01789","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1788-1789"
"13801790","CHIROPTERA","","","","Molossidae","Molossinae","","Tadarida","","ventralis","africana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1876","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>teniotis</i> species group.","38","38-01790","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1559-1563-0000-1760-0000-1788-1790"
"13801791","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","299","","","","","","","","Does not include Tomopeatinae; see Barkley (1984), Sudman et al. (1994), Simmons (1998), and Simmons and Geisler (1998). Includes Antrozoinae; see discussion under that subfamily. For a phylogeny including representatives of most genera, see Volleth and Heller (1994); also see Kawai et al. (2002) on possible relationships of subfamilies.","38","38-01791","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791"
"13801792","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","299","","","","","","","Nyctophilinae Peters, 1865.","May not be monophyletic; see Simmons (1998). Includes Nyctophilinae; see Koopman (1984<i>a</i>), Volleth and Tidemann (1991), and Volleth and Heller (1994). Does not include Myotinae; see Volleth and Heller (1994), Simmons (1998), and Simmons and Geisler (1998). Koopman (1994) proposed a tribal classification for the subfamily (subsequently reproduced by McKenna and Bell, 1997), but these groupings have not been supported in phylogenetic studies. Volleth and Tidemann (1991) and Volleth and Heller (1994) proposed a tribal classification based on a phylogenetic analysis of karyotypes but did not include all genera. The tribal classification adopted here follows Koopman (1994) with modifications suggested by Volleth and Tidemann (1991), Tumlinson and Douglas (1992), Frost and Timm (1992), Volleth and Heller (1994), Bogdanowicz et al. (1998), Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2001), and Volleth et al. (2001).","38","38-01792","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792"
"13801793","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Volleth and Heller","1994","","Z. Zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch","32","","24","","","","","","","","Includes <i>Arielulus</i>, <i>Eptesicus</i>, and <i>Hesperoptenus</i>; see Volleth and Heller (1994) and Volleth et al. (2001).","38","38-01793","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793"
"13801794","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Arielulus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hill and Harrison","1987","","Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist.","52","","250","","<i>Vespertilio</i> <i>circumdatus</i> Temminck, 1840.","","","","","<i>Thainycteris</i>  Kock and Storch, 1996.","Named as a subgenus of <i>Pipistrellus</i> by Hill and Harrison (1987). Transferred to <i>Eptesicus</i> by Heller and Volleth (1984) and Volleth and Heller (1994), but subsequently recognized as a distinct genus by Csorba and Lee (1999). Includes <i>Thainycteris</i>; see Csorba and Lee (1999).","38","38-01794","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1794"
"13801795","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Arielulus","","aureocollaris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kock and Storch","1996","","Senkenberg. Biol.","76","(1/2)","2","","","Collared Sprite","Thailand, Chiang Mai Prov., Amphoe (District) Mae Ai, Doi (Mount) Pha Hom Pok, 20°08'N, 99°10'E, 1,500 m.","Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Originally placed in its own genus, <i>Thainycteris</i>, but see Csorba and Lee (1999). Also see Eger and Theberge (1999).","38","38-01795","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1794-0000-1795"
"13801796","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Arielulus","","circumdatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","214","","","Bronze Sprite","Indonesia, Java, Tapos.","Java (Indonesia), W Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, NE India, Nepal, SW China.","IUCN 2003 Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Arielulus circumdatus</i>; IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Pipistrellus circumdatus</i>.","<i>drungicus</i>  Wang, 1982.","Heller and Volleth (1984) included this taxon in <i>societatis</i>, but see Hill and Francis (1984) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-01796","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1794-0000-1796"
"13801797","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Arielulus","","cuprosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill and Francis","1984","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.","47","","312","","","Coppery Sprite","Malaysia, Borneo, Sabah, Sepilok (05°52'N, 117°56'E).","Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","","38","38-01797","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1794-0000-1797"
"13801798","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Arielulus","","societatis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1972","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.","23","","34","","","Social Sprite","Malaysia, Pahang, Gunong Benom, Base Camp (03°51'N, 102°11'E), 800 ft. (266 m).","W Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Synonymized with <i>circumdatus</i> by Heller and Volleth (1984), but see Hill and Francis (1984) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-01798","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1794-0000-1798"
"13801799","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Arielulus","","torquatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Csorba and Lee","1999","","J. Zool., Lond.","248","","364-366","","","Necklace Sprite","Taiwan, Taichung County, Wu-ling Farm; 1,800 m; 24°24'N, 121°18'E.","Taiwan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","","38","38-01799","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1794-0000-1799"
"13801800","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1820","","Ann. Nature","","","2","","<i>Eptesicus melanops</i> Rafinesque, 1820 (= <i>Vespertilio fuscus</i> Beauvois, 1796).","","","","","<i>Adelonycteris</i>  H. Allen, 1891; <i>Amblyotis</i> Kolenati, 1858; <i>Cateorus</i> Kolenati, 1856; <i>Cnephaeus</i> Kaup, 1829; <i>Noctula</i> Bonaparte, 1837; <i>Nyctiptenus</i> Fitzinger, 1870; <i>Pachyomus</i> Gray, 1866; <i>Pareptesicus</i> Bianchi, 1917; <i>Rhyneptesicus</i> Bianchi, 1917; <i>Rhinopterus</i> Miller, 1906; <i>Scabrifer</i> G. M. Allen, 1908; <i>Tuitatus</i> Kishida and Mori, 1931.","Middle and South American species reviewed by W. B. Davis (1965, 1966). Indomalayan species reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992). Definition and content discussed by Horacek and Hanák (1985-1986), Hill and Harrison (1987), Menu (1987), Heller and Volleth (1994), and Kearney et al. (2002). Does not include <i>Vespadelus</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1987), Volleth and Tidemann (1991), and Volleth and Heller (1994). Does not include <i>Arielulus</i>; see Csorba and Lee (1991). Does not include <i>Neoromicia</i>; see Volleth et al. (2001) and Kearney et al. (2002). Two subgenera are recognized here, <i>Eptesicus</i> and <i>Rhinopterus</i>. Some authors have recognized several subgenera from among the taxa here included in the subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i> (e.g., Horácek et al. [2000] used <i>Amblyotus</i> and <i>Rhyneptesicus</i> as subgenera), but I prefer to retain a more conservative usage pending a thorough revision of the genus.","38","38-01800","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800"
"13801801","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1820","","Ann. Nature","","","2","","<i>Eptesicus melanops</i> Rafinesque, 1820 (= <i>Vespertilio fuscus</i> Beauvois, 1796).","","","","","","","38","38-01801","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801"
"13801802","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Rhinopterus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01802","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1802"
"13801803","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","andinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1914","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","33","","382","","","Little Black Serotine","Colombia, Valle de las Papas, 10,000 ft. (3,333 m).","Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Amazonian Brazil; possibly Bolivia. Also known from S Guyana (B. Lim and M. Engstrom, pers. comm.).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chiralensis</i>  Anthony, 1926; <i>montosus</i> Thomas, 1920.","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Included in <i>brasiliensis</i> by Koopman (1978<i>b</i>, 1993, 1994) but see Davis (1966) and Simmons and Voss (1998). Does not include <i>chiriquinus</i> and <i>inca</i> contra Davis (1966); see Simmons and Voss (1998). Anderson (1997) reported specimens of both <i>andinus</i> and <i>montosus</i> from Bolivia, but these records must be considered provisional until the specimens are reexamined in light of Simmons and Voss' (1998) revised diagnoses of <i>andinus</i> and <i>chiriquinus</i>.","38","38-01803","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1803"
"13801804","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","bobrinskoi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kuzyakin","1935","","Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow","44","","435","","","Bobrinski's Serotine","Kazakhstan, 65 km E Aralsk, Tyulek Wells in Aral-Kara-Kum desert.","Kazakhstan. Records from Caucasus, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Iran are apparently erroneous, based on juvenile <i>nilssonii</i> (Hanák and Horácek, 1986; Horácek et al., 2000).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Revised by Hanák and Gaisler (1971); see also Hanák and Horácek (1986) and Horácek et al. (2000). Placed in the subgenus <i>Amblyotus</i> by Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-01804","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1804"
"13801805","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","bottae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1869","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1869","","406","","","Botta's Serotine","Yemen.","Rhodes (Greece), Turkey, Egypt, Yemen, Israel, Jordan, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, east to Mongolia, NW China, and Pakistan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>anatolicus</i> </b> Felten, 1971; <b><i>hingstoni</i></b> Thomas, 1919; <b><i>innesi</i></b> Lataste, 1887; <b><i>ognevi</i></b> Bobrinskii, 1918; <b><i>omanensis</i></b> Harrison, 1976; <b><i>taftanimontis</i></b> de Roguin, 1988.","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Does not include <i>sodalis</i>; see Gaisler (1970). See also DeBlase (1971) for discussion of synonyms. Revised by Nader and Kock (1990). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-01805","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1805"
"13801806","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","bottae","bottae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1869","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1869","","406","","","","Yemen.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01806","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1805-1806"
"13801807","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","bottae","anatolicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Felten","1971","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01807","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1805-1807"
"13801808","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","bottae","hingstoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01808","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1805-1808"
"13801809","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","bottae","innesi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lataste","1887","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01809","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1805-1809"
"13801810","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","bottae","ognevi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bobrinskii","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01810","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1805-1810"
"13801811","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","bottae","omanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harrison","1976","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01811","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1805-1811"
"13801812","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","bottae","taftanimontis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Roguin","1988","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01812","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1805-1812"
"13801813","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","brasiliensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1819","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","35","","478","","","Brazilian Brown Bat","Brazil, Goias (restricted by Cabrera, 1957).","Veracruz (Mexico) south to N Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay; Trinidad and Tobago.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arctoideus</i>  Wagner, 1855; <i>derasus</i> Burmeister, 1854; <i>ferrugineus</i> Temminck, 1839; <i>hilarii</i> I. Geoffroy 1824; <i>nitens</i> Wagner, 1855; <b><i>argentinus</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1920; <i>arge</i> Cope, 1889; <b><i>melanopterus</i></b> Jentink, 1904; <b><i>thomasi</i></b> Davis, 1966.","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Does not include <i>andinus</i>, <i>chiriquinus</i>, <i>inca</i>, or <i>montosus</i>; see Davis (1966) and Simmons and Voss (1998). Davis (1966) suggested that the holotype of <i>hilarii</i> may be referable to <i>fuscus</i>, but retained it in <i>brasiliensis</i> pending more comparisons. See Williams (1978<i>c</i>) for discussion of <i>hilarii</i> and <i>melanopterus</i>. Subspecies were delimited by Davis (1966), but additional specimens collected subsequently have made subspecies limits somewhat unclear.","38","38-01813","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1813"
"13801814","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","brasiliensis","brasiliensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1819","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","35","","478","","","","Brazil, Goias (restricted by Cabrera, 1957).","","","","","38","38-01814","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1813-1814"
"13801815","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","brasiliensis","argentinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01815","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1813-1815"
"13801816","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","brasiliensis","melanopterus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01816","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1813-1816"
"13801817","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","brasiliensis","thomasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01817","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1813-1817"
"13801818","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","chiriquinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","5","","362","","","Chiriquinan Serotine","Panama, Chiriquí, Boquete, 4,000 ft. (1,333 m).","Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Amazonian Brazil.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>inca</i>  Thomas, 1920.","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Distinct from <i>andinus</i> and <i>brasiliensis</i>; see Simmons and Voss (1998).","38","38-01818","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1818"
"13801819","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","diminutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1915","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","197","","","Diminutive Serotine","Brazil, Bahia, Rio Preto, São Marcello.","Venezuela, E Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, N Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>fidelis</i> </b> Thomas, 1920.","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Includes <i>fidelis</i> but does not include <i>dorianus</i>; see Williams (1978<i>c</i>).","38","38-01819","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1819"
"13801820","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","diminutus","diminutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1915","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","10","","197","","","","Brazil, Bahia, Rio Preto, São Marcello.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01820","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1819-1820"
"13801821","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","diminutus","fidelis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01821","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1819-1821"
"13801822","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","dimissus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","J. Fed. Malay St. Mus.","7","","1","","","Surat Serotine","Thailand, Bandon, Kao Nawg, 3,500 ft. (1,166 m).","Peninsular Thailand, Nepal.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>E</i>. <i>demissus</i> (sic).","","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Reviewed by Myers et al. (2000). The correct spelling of this name is <i>dimissus</i>, not <i>demissus</i>; see Myers et al. (2000).","38","38-01822","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1822"
"13801823","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Rhinopterus","floweri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","46","","","Horn-skinned Serotine","Sudan, Khartoum, Wad Marium.","Sudan, Mali.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>lowei</i>  Thomas, 1915.","Subgenus <i>Rhinopterus</i>.<i> </i>Includes <i>lowei</i>; see Braestrup (1935). Hayman and Hill (1971) listed <i>lowei</i> as a distinct species but expressed serious doubts about its validity, noting almost complete overlap with <i>floweri</i> in size and color.","38","38-01823","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1802-1823"
"13801824","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","furinalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","d'Orbigny","1847","","Voy. Am. Merid., Atlas Zool.","4","","13","","","Argentinian Brown Bat","Argentina, Corrientes.","N Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil, and the Guianas east to Peru and north to Jalisco and Tamaulipas (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>dorianus</i>  Dobson, 1885; <b><i>carteri</i></b> Davis, 1965; <b><i>findleyi</i></b> Williams, 1978; <b><i>gaumeri</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1897; <i>chapmani</i> J. A. Allen, 1915.","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Reviewed by Williams (1978<i>c</i>). Apparently includes <i>dorianus</i>, but questions still remain about identity of the holotype; see Williams (1978<i>c</i>). Does not include <i>chiralensis</i> and <i>montosus</i>; see Simmons and Voss (1998).","38","38-01824","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1824"
"13801825","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","furinalis","furinalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","d'Orbigny","1847","","Voy. Am. Merid., Atlas Zool.","4","","13","","","","Argentina, Corrientes.","","","","","38","38-01825","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1824-1825"
"13801826","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","furinalis","carteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01826","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1824-1826"
"13801827","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","furinalis","findleyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Williams","1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01827","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1824-1827"
"13801828","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","furinalis","gaumeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01828","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1824-1828"
"13801829","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","fuscus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Beauvois","1796","","Cat. Raisonne Mus. Peale Phil.","","","18","","","Big Brown Bat","USA, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.","S Canada to Colombia and N Brazil; Greater Antilles; Bahamas; Dominica and Barbados (Lesser Antilles); Alaska.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arquatus</i>  Say, 1823; <i>carolinensis</i> E. Geoffroy, 1806; <i>greenii</i> Gray, 1843 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>melanops</i> Rafinesque, 1820; <i>phaiops</i> Rafinesque, 1820; <i>ursinus</i> Temminck, 1835-1841; <b><i>bahamensis</i></b> Miller, 1897; <b><i>bernardinus</i></b> Rhoads, 1902; <i>melanopterus</i> Rehn, 1904 [not Jentink, 1904]; <b><i>dutertreus</i></b> P. Gervais, 1837; <i>cubensis</i> Gray, 1839; <b><i>hispaniolae</i></b> Miller, 1918; <b><i>lynni</i></b> Shamel, 1945; <b><i>miradorensis</i></b> H. Allen, 1866; <i>pelliceus</i> Thomas, 1920; <b><i>osceola</i></b> Rhoads, 1902; <b><i>pallidus</i></b> Young, 1908 [not Bobrinskii, 1929]; <b><i>peninsulae</i></b> Thomas, 1898; <b><i>petersoni</i></b> Silva Taboada, 1974; <b><i>wetmorei</i></b> Jackson, 1916.","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Very similar to <i>serotinus</i> with which it may be conspecific according to Koopman (1993). Includes <i>lynni</i>; see Koopman (1989<i>c</i>). See Kurta and Baker (1990). Caribbean forms reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-01829","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1829"
"13801830","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","fuscus","fuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Beauvois","1796","","Cat. Raisonne Mus. Peale Phil.","","","18","","","","USA, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.","","","","","38","38-01830","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1829-1830"
"13801831","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","fuscus","bahamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01831","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1829-1831"
"13801832","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","fuscus","bernardinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01832","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1829-1832"
"13801833","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","fuscus","dutertreus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","P. Gervais","1837","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01833","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1829-1833"
"13801834","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","fuscus","hispaniolae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01834","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1829-1834"
"13801835","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","fuscus","lynni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shamel","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01835","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1829-1835"
"13801836","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","fuscus","miradorensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01836","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1829-1836"
"13801837","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","fuscus","osceola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01837","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1829-1837"
"13801838","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","fuscus","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Young","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","[not Bobrinskii, 1929]","38","38-01838","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1829-1838"
"13801839","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","fuscus","peninsulae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01839","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1829-1839"
"13801840","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","fuscus","petersoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Silva Taboada","1974","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01840","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1829-1840"
"13801841","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","fuscus","wetmorei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jackson","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01841","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1829-1841"
"13801842","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","gobiensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bobrinskii","1926","","Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR A","","","96","","","Gobi Big Brown Bat","Mongolia, Gobi Altai Mtns, Burchastei-tala.","Iran, N Afghanistan, Kashmir, Pakistan, and Nepal, S Russia, Mongolia. Records from Tajikistan and W China including Tibet are uncertain (Horácek et al., 2000).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>centrasiaticus</i> </b> Bobrinskii, 1926; <b><i>kashgaricus</i></b> Bobrinskii, 1926.","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Sometime considered conspecific with <i>nilssonii</i>, but see Strelkov (1986), Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987), Yoshiyuki (1989), Corbet and Hill (1992), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Horácek et al. (2000). Placed in the subgenus <i>Amblyotus</i> by Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-01842","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1842"
"13801843","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","gobiensis","gobiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bobrinskii","1926","","Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR A","","","96","","","","Mongolia, Gobi Altai Mtns, Burchastei-tala.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01843","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1842-1843"
"13801844","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","gobiensis","centrasiaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bobrinskii","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01844","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1842-1844"
"13801845","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","gobiensis","kashgaricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bobrinskii","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01845","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1842-1845"
"13801846","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","guadeloupensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Genoways and Baker","1975","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech Univ.","34","","1","","","Guadeloupean Big Brown Bat","Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles), Basse Terre, 2 km S and 2 km E Baiae-Mahault (France).","Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Probably closely related to <i>fuscus</i>.","38","38-01846","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1846"
"13801847","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","hottentotus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1833","","S. Afr. J.","2","","59","","","Long-tailed Serotine","South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Uitenhage.","South Africa to Angola and Kenya.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angusticeps</i>  Shortridge and Carter, 1938; <i>megalurus</i> Temminck, 1840; <i>pallidior </i>Shortridge, 1942; <i>smithii</i> Wagner, 1855; <b><i>bensoni</i></b> Roberts, 1946; <b><i>portavernus</i></b> Schlitter and Aggundey, 1986.","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Revised by Schlitter and Aggundey (1986).","38","38-01847","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1847"
"13801848","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","hottentotus","hottentotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1833","","S. Afr. J.","2","","59","","","","South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Uitenhage.","","","","","38","38-01848","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1847-1848"
"13801849","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","hottentotus","bensoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01849","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1847-1849"
"13801850","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","hottentotus","portavernus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schlitter and Aggundey","1986","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01850","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1847-1850"
"13801851","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","innoxius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gervais","1841","","In Vaillant, Voy. autour du monde...la Bonite, Zool.(Eydoux and Souleyet)","1","","pl. 2","","","Harmless Serotine","Peru, Piura, Amotape.","NW Peru, W Ecuador, Puna Isl (Ecuador).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>espadae</i>  Cabrera, 1901;<i> punicus</i> Thomas, 1920.","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Reviewed by Davis (1966).","38","38-01851","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1851"
"13801852","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","japonensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Imaizumi","1953","","Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo","33","","91","","","Japanese Short-tailed Bat","Japan, C Honshû, Nagano Pref., Kita-Azumi-Gun, Hokujô-Mura (Shinden), 720 m.","Honshû Isl (Japan).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Included in <i>nilssonii</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), but see Yoshiyuki (1989). See also Wallin (1969) and Rydell (1993).","38","38-01852","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1852"
"13801853","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","kobayashii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mori","1928","","Zool. Mag. (Tokyo)","40","","292","","","Kobayashi's Serotine","Korea, Nando, Heian, Heijo.","Korea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Status uncertain; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Horácek et al. (2000). Possibly a synonym of <i>bottae</i> (see Koopman, 1993, 1994) or <i>serotinus</i> (Horácek et al., 2000). Sometimes spelled <i>kobayashi</i>.","38","38-01853","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1853"
"13801854","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","matroka","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1905","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1","","258","","","Malagasy Serotine","Madagascar, Ambositra, Betsileo, 1,100 m (20°31'S, 47°15'E).","E Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Included in <i>Neoromicia</i> <i>capensis</i> by Hayman and Hill (1971) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-01854","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1854"
"13801855","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","nasutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1877","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","46","2","311","","","Sind Bat","Pakistan, Sind, Shikarpur, E of Rohri.","Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<b><i>batinensis</i> </b> Harrison, 1968; <b><i>matschiei</i></b> Thomas, 1905;<i> <b>pellucens</b></i> Thomas, 1906; <i>walli</i> Thomas, 1919.","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Does not include <i>bobrinskoi</i>; see Harrison (1963) and Hanák and Gaisler (1971). Includes <i>walli</i>; see DeBlase (1980). Revised by Gaisler (1970) and DeBlase (1980); also see Harrison and Bates (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Placed in the subgenus <i>Rhyneptesicus</i> by Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-01855","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1855"
"13801856","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","nasutus","nasutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1877","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","46","2","311","","","","Pakistan, Sind, Shikarpur, E of Rohri.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01856","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1855-1856"
"13801857","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","nasutus","batinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harrison","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01857","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1855-1857"
"13801858","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","nasutus","matschiei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01858","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1855-1858"
"13801859","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","nasutus","pellucens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01859","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1855-1859"
"13801860","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","nilssonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Keyserling and Blasius","1839","","Arch. Naturgesch.","5","1","315","","","Northern Bat","Sweden.","W and E Europe to E Siberia and NW China; north beyond Arctic Circle in Scandinavia, south to Bulgaria, Iraq, the Elburz Mtns (N Iran), The Pamirs and W China (not Tibet); Korea; Hokkaido (Japan); Sakhalin Isl (Russia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>atratus</i>  Kolenati, 1858; <i>borealis</i> Nilsson 1838 [not Müller, 1776]; <i>kuhli</i> Nilsson 1836 [not Kuhl, 1819]; <i>propinquus</i> Peters, 1872; <b><i>parvus</i></b> Kishida, 1932.","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Includes <i>propinquus</i>; see Davis (1965). Revised by Wallin (1969). Does not include <i>japonensis</i>; see Yoshiyuki (1989). Does not include <i>gobiensis</i>; see Strelkov (1986), Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987), and Corbet and Hill (1992). See Rydell (1993), but note that he included <i>japonensis</i> in this species. Closely related to <i>serotinus</i> and possibly paraphyletic with respect to that species; see Mayer and von Helversen (2001<i>a</i>). Specific epithet has often been spelled <i>nilssoni</i>, but the correct spelling is <i>nilssonii</i>. Placed in the subgenus <i>Amblyotus</i> by Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-01860","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1860"
"13801861","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","nilssonii","nilssonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Keyserling and Blasius","1839","","Arch. Naturgesch.","5","1","315","","","","Sweden.","","","","","38","38-01861","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1860-1861"
"13801862","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","nilssonii","parvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kishida","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01862","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1860-1862"
"13801863","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","pachyotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","","","211","","","Thick-eared Bat","India, Assam (= Meghalaya), Khasi Hills.","Bangladesh, NE India, Tibet (China), N Burma, N Thailand.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997). Placed in the subgenus <i>Amblyotus</i> by Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-01863","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1863"
"13801864","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","platyops","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","31","","","Lagos Serotine","Nigeria, Western Region, Lagos.","Nigeria, Senegal, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea).","IUCN 2003 IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Considered a subspecies of <i>serotinus</i> by Ibáñez and Valverde (1985), but no comparison with <i>bottae</i> was made. Also see Hayman and Hill (1971), who treated <i>platyops</i> as a distinct species based on morphological differences.","38","38-01864","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1864"
"13801865","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","serotinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","167","","","Common Serotine","France.","W Europe through Turkey and S Asiatic Russia to Himalayas, Thailand and China, north to Korea; Taiwan; S England; N Africa; most islands in Mediterranean. Koopman (1993) listed ""perhaps Subsaharan Africa"" under his account of the range of this species, but there are no known records from that region (M. Happold, pers. comm.)","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>incisivus</i>  Crespon, 1844; <i>insularis</i> Cabrera, 1904; <i>intermedius</i> Ognev, 1927; <i>mirza</i> de Filippi, 1865; <i>okenii</i> Brehm, 1827; <i>rufescens</i> Koch, 1865; <i>serotine</i> Müller, 1776; <i>sodalis</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1910; <i>transsylvanus</i> Daday, 1885; <i>typus</i> Koch, 1865; <i>wiedii</i> Brehm, 1827; <b><i>andersoni</i></b> Dobson, 1871;<i> <b>boscai</b></i> Cabrera, 1904; <i>meridionalis</i> Dal Piaz, 1926;<i> <b>horikawai</b></i> Kishida, 1924; <b><i>isabellinus</i></b> Temminck, 1840; <b><i>pachyomus</i></b> Tomes, 1857; <b><i>pallens</i></b> Miller, 1911; <i>brachydigitatus</i> Mori, 1928; <i>pallidus</i> Bobrinskii, 1929 [not Young, 1908]; <b><i>pashtonus</i></b> Gaisler, 1970; <b><i>shirazensis</i></b> Dobson, 1871; <b><i>turcomanus</i></b> Eversmann, 1840; <i>albescens</i> Karelin, 1875 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>gabonensis</i> Trouessart, 1897 [see discussion in Hayman and Hill, 1971].","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Revised by Gaisler (1970), who noted that <i>shiraziensis</i> may be synonymous with <i>turcomanicus</i>. Includes <i>sodalis</i>; see Gaisler (1970) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>). Includes <i>horikawai</i>; see Jones (1975). See additional comments under <i>fuscus</i> and <i>platyops</i>. Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), Horácek et al. (2000), and Baagøe (2001<i>c</i>).","38","38-01865","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1865"
"13801866","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","serotinus","serotinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","167","","","","France.","","","","","38","38-01866","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1865-1866"
"13801867","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","serotinus","andersoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01867","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1865-1867"
"13801868","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","serotinus","boscai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01868","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1865-1868"
"13801869","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","serotinus","horikawai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kishida","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01869","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1865-1869"
"13801870","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","serotinus","isabellinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01870","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1865-1870"
"13801871","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","serotinus","pachyomus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1857","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01871","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1865-1871"
"13801872","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","serotinus","pallens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01872","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1865-1872"
"13801873","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","serotinus","pashtonus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gaisler","1970","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01873","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1865-1873"
"13801874","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","serotinus","shirazensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01874","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1865-1874"
"13801875","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","serotinus","turcomanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Eversmann","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01875","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1865-1875"
"13801876","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Eptesicus","Eptesicus","tatei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ellerman and Morrison-Scott","1951","","Checklist Palaearctic Indian Mammals","","","158","","","Sombre Bat","India, Darjeeling.","NE India.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","<i>atratus</i>  Blyth, 1863 [not Kolenati, 1858].","Subgenus <i>Eptesicus</i>.<i> </i>Corbet and Hill (1992) noted that this species is known only from the holotype, but see Agrawal et al. (1992), who reported additional specimens.","38","38-01876","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1800-1801-1876"
"13801877","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Hesperoptenus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1868","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1868","","626","","<i>Vesperus</i> (<i>Hesperoptenus</i>) <i>doriae</i> Peters, 1868.","","","","","<i>Milithronycteris</i>  Hill, 1976.","Revised by Hill (1976); Indomalayan species reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Two subgenera are recognized, <i>Hesperoptenus</i> and <i>Milithronycteris</i>.","38","38-01877","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1877"
"13801878","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Hesperoptenus","Hesperoptenus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1868","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1868","","626","","<i>Vesperus</i> (<i>Hesperoptenus</i>) <i>doriae</i> Peters, 1868.","","","","","","","38","38-01878","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1877-1878"
"13801879","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Hesperoptenus","Milithronycteris","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Hill","1976","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01879","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1877-1879"
"13801880","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Hesperoptenus","Milithronycteris","blanfordi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1877","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","46","","312","","","Blanford's Bat","Burma, E of Moulmein, Tenasserim.","Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Milithronycteris</i>.","38","38-01880","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1877-1879-1880"
"13801881","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Hesperoptenus","Hesperoptenus","doriae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1868","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1868","","626","","","False Serotine Bat","Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak.","Borneo, Malay Peninsula.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Hesperoptenus</i>.","38","38-01881","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1877-1878-1881"
"13801882","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Hesperoptenus","Milithronycteris","gaskelli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1983","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.","45","","169","","","Gaskell's False Serotine","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Central R. Ranu (01°51'S, 121°30'E).","Sulawesi (known only from the type locality).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Milithronycteris</i>.","38","38-01882","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1877-1879-1882"
"13801883","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Hesperoptenus","Milithronycteris","tickelli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1851","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","20","","157","","","Tickell's Bat","India, Bihar, Chaibassa (restricted by J. Anderson, 1881).","India (including Andaman Isls), Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, perhaps SW China.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>isabellinus</i>  Horsfield, 1851; <i>isabellinus</i> Kelaart, 1850 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Subgenus <i>Milithronycteris</i>.<i> </i>Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-01883","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1877-1879-1883"
"13801884","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Eptesicini","Hesperoptenus","Milithronycteris","tomesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","16","","575","","","Large False Serotine","Malaysia, Malacca.","Borneo, Malay Peninsula.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Milithronycteris</i>.","38","38-01884","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1793-1877-1879-1884"
"13801885","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Tate","1942","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","80","","290","","","","","","","","Includes only <i>Lasiurus</i>.","38","38-01885","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885"
"13801886","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1831","","Zool. Misc.","1","","38","","<i>Vespertilio borealis</i> Müller, 1776.","","","","","<i>Atalapha</i>  Peters, 1871 [not Rafinesque, 1814]; <i>Dasypterus</i> H. Allen, 1894; <i>Nycteris</i> Borkhausen, 1797 [not Cuvier and Geoffroy, 1795].","Treated under the name <i>Nycteris</i> by Hall (1981). In Opinion 111 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1929<i>b</i>), <i>Lasiurus</i> was adopted rather than <i>Nycteris</i>. <i>Atalapha</i> was used for this genus until the early 20th century, when application of the name to bats now included in <i>Lasiurus</i> was shown to date from Peters, not Rafinesque (Hall and Jones, 1961). Includes <i>Dasypterus</i>; see Hall and Jones (1961). Two subgenera are recognized, <i>Lasiurus</i> and <i>Dasypterus</i>. Keys to the genus were presented by Hall and Jones (1961) and Shump and Shump (1982<i>a</i>); see also Handley (1996). Species groups in the subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i> generally follow results of Morales and Bickham (1995).","38","38-01886","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886"
"13801887","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1831","","Zool. Misc.","1","","38","","<i>Vespertilio borealis</i> Müller, 1776.","","","","","","","38","38-01887","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887"
"13801888","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Dasypterus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","H. Allen","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01888","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1888"
"13801889","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","atratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1996","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","109","","5","","","Handley's Red Bat","Surinam, Zuid River, Kaiserberg Airport.","S and E Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group.","38","38-01889","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1889"
"13801890","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","blossevillii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson and Garnot","1826","","Ferussac’s Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol.","8","","95","","","Red Bat (known as the Western Red Bat in North America)","Uruguay, Montevideo.","Bolivia, N Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil to W North America (but not E North America); Trinidad and Tobago; Galapagos (Ecuador).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bonariensis</i>  Lesson, 1826; <i>enslenii</i> Lima, 1926; <b><i>brachyotis</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1882; <b><i>frantzii</i></b> Peters, 1871; <b><i>teliotis</i></b> H. Allen, 1891; <i>ornatus</i> Hall, 1951.","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group. Included in <i>borealis</i> by Koopman (1993, 1994) but see Schmidly and Hendricks (1984), Baker et al. (1988<i>a</i>), and Morales and Bickham (1995). Does not include <i>degelidus</i> (Baker et al., 1988<i>a</i>) but might include <i>minor</i>. Does not include <i>pfeifferi</i>; see Morales and Bickham (1995). Includes <i>brachyotis</i>; see Niethammer (1964) and McCracken et al. (1997). Does not include <i>varius</i>; see Barquez (1987), Barquez et al. (1993), and Mares et al. (1995). Does not include <i>salinae</i>, see Mares et al. (1995) and Tiranti and Torres (1998), but also see Barquez and Diaz (2001).","38","38-01890","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1890"
"13801891","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","blossevillii","blossevillii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson and Garnot","1826","","Ferussac’s Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol.","8","","95","","","","Uruguay, Montevideo.","","","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group.","38","38-01891","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1890-1891"
"13801892","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","blossevillii","brachyotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1882","","","","","","","","","","","","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group.","38","38-01892","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1890-1892"
"13801893","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","blossevillii","frantzii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group.","38","38-01893","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1890-1893"
"13801894","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","blossevillii","teliotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group.","38","38-01894","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1890-1894"
"13801895","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","borealis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1776","","Linné's Vollstand. Natursystem, Suppl.","","","20","","","Eastern Red Bat","USA, New York.","E North America, Bermuda.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>funebris</i> Fitzinger, 1870; <i>lasiurus</i> Schreber, 1781; <i>monachus</i> Rafinesque, 1818; <i>noveboracensis</i> Erxleben, 1777; <i>quebecensis</i> Yourans, 1930; <i>rubellus</i> Palisot de Beauvois, 1796; <i>rubra</i> Ord, 1815; <i>rufus</i> Wardern, 1820; <i>tesselatus</i> Rafinesque, 1818.","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group. Does not include <i>blossevillii</i>, <i>frantzii</i>, <i>teliotis</i>, and <i>varius</i>; see Schmidly and Hendricks (1984), Baker et al. (1988<i>a</i>), and Morales and Bickham (1995). Does not include <i>degelidus</i> (Baker et al., 1988<i>a</i>) but might include <i>minor</i>. Does not include <i>pfeifferi</i>; see Morales and Bickham (1995). See Shump and Shump (1982<i>a</i>) but note that they included <i>blossevillii</i> and its synonyms in <i>borealis</i>.","38","38-01895","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1895"
"13801896","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","castaneus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1960","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","112","","468","","","Tacarcunan Bat","Panama, Darien, Río Pucro, Tacarcuna Village, 3,200 ft. (1,066 m).","Panama, Costa Rica. A record from French Guiana was subsequently reidentified as <i>atratus</i> (Handley, 1996).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group.","38","38-01896","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1896"
"13801897","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","cinereus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Palisot de Beauvois","1796","","Cat. Raisonne Mus. Peale Phil.","","","18","","","Hoary Bat","USA, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.","Colombia and Venezuela to C Chile, Bolivia, Uruguay, and C Argentina; Hawaii (USA); Guatemala and Mexico throughout the USA to S British Columbia, SE Mackenzie, Hudson Bay and S Quebec (Canada); Galapagos Isls (Ecuador); Bermuda; accidental on Cuba, Hispaniola, Iceland, and the Orkney Isls (Scotland).","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>L</i>. <i>c</i>. <i>semotus</i>. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Not Evaluated as <i>L. c. semotus</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>mexicana</i>  Saussure, 1861; <i>pruinosus</i> Say, 1823; <b><i>semotus</i></b> H. Allen, 1890; <b><i>villosissimus</i></b> E. Geoffroy, 1806; <i>brasiliensis</i> Pira, 1905; <i>grayi</i> Tomes, 1857; <i>pallescens</i> Peters, 1871.<b> </b><u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>fossilis</i> Hibbard, 1950 [fossil].","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> cinereus</i> species group. Includes <i>villosissimus</i> and <i>semotus</i>; see Sanborn and Crespo (1957) and Morales and Bickham (1995). See Shump and Shump (1982<i>b</i>).","38","38-01897","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1897"
"13801898","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","cinereus","cinereus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Palisot de Beauvois","1796","","Cat. Raisonne Mus. Peale Phil.","","","18","","","","USA, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.","","","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> cinereus</i> species group.","38","38-01898","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1897-1898"
"13801899","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","cinereus","semotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> cinereus</i> species group.","38","38-01899","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1897-1899"
"13801900","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","cinereus","villosissimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1806","","","","","","","","","","","","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> cinereus</i> species group.","38","38-01900","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1897-1900"
"13801901","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","degelidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1931","","J. Mammal.","12","","410","","","Jamaican Red Bat","Jamaica, District of Vere, Sutton’s.","Jamaica.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group. Closely related to <i>seminolis</i>, but apparently distinct; see Baker et al. (1988<i>a</i>).","38","38-01901","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1901"
"13801902","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","ebenus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fazzolari-Corrêa","1994","","Mammalia","58","","119","","","Blackish Red Bat","Brazil, São Paulo, Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, 25°05'S, 47°59'W.","SE Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group. Known only from the holotype.","38","38-01902","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1902"
"13801903","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Dasypterus","ega","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gervais","1856","","<i>In</i> F. Comte de Castelnau, Exped. Partes Cen. Am. Sud. Zool. (Sec. 7)","Vol. 1","pt. 2 (Mammifères)","73","","","Southern Yellow Bat","Brazil, Amazonas, Ega.","S Texas, E and S Mexico south to Bolivia, Argentina, Parguay, Uruguay, and Brazil; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>argentinus</i> </b> Thomas, 1901; <b><i>caudatus</i></b> Tomes, 1857; <b><i>fuscatus</i></b> Thomas, 1901; <i>punensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1914; <b><i>panamensis</i></b> Thomas, 1901.","Subgenus <i>Dasypterus</i>. Does not include <i>xanthinus</i>, see Baker et al. (1988<i>a</i>) and Morales and Bickham (1995). For discussion of the ranges of <i>ega</i> and <i>xanthinus</i> see Baker and Patton (1967), Baker et al. (1971, 1988<i>a</i>), and Bickham (1987).","38","38-01903","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1888-1903"
"13801904","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Dasypterus","ega","ega","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gervais","1856","","<i>In</i> F. Comte de Castelnau, Exped. Partes Cen. Am. Sud. Zool. (Sec. 7)","Vol. 1","pt. 2 (Mammifères)","73","","","","Brazil, Amazonas, Ega.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01904","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1888-1903-1904"
"13801905","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Dasypterus","ega","argentinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01905","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1888-1903-1905"
"13801906","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Dasypterus","ega","caudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1857","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01906","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1888-1903-1906"
"13801907","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Dasypterus","ega","fuscatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01907","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1888-1903-1907"
"13801908","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Dasypterus","ega","panamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01908","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1888-1903-1908"
"13801909","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","egregius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1870","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1870","","275","","","Big Red Bat","Brazil, Santa Catarina.","Brazil, French Guiana, Panama.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>, <i>borealis</i> species group.","38","38-01909","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1909"
"13801910","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Dasypterus","insularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Jones","1961","","Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ.","14","","85","","","Cuban Yellow Bat","Cuba, Las Villas Province, Cienfuegos.","Cuba.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Subgenus <i>Dasypterus</i>. Named as a subspecies of <i>intermedius</i>, but clearly distinct; see Silva-Taboada (1976) and Morales and Bickham (1995).","38","38-01910","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1888-1910"
"13801911","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Dasypterus","intermedius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1862","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","14","","246","","","Northern Yellow Bat","Mexico, Tamaulipas, Matamoros.","Honduras to Sinaloa (Mexico) and through Texas to Florida and New Jersey (USA); Cuba.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>floridanus</i> </b> Miller, 1902.","Subgenus <i>Dasypterus</i>. Includes <i>floridanus</i>; see Hall and Jones (1961) and Morales and Bickham (1995). Does not include <i>insularis</i>; see Silva-Taboada (1976) and Morales and Bickham (1995). See Webster et al. (1980), but note that their account included <i>insularis</i>.","38","38-01911","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1888-1911"
"13801912","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Dasypterus","intermedius","intermedius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1862","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","14","","246","","","","Mexico, Tamaulipas, Matamoros.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01912","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1888-1911-1912"
"13801913","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Dasypterus","intermedius","floridanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01913","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1888-1911-1913"
"13801914","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","minor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1931","","J. Mammal.","12","","410","","","Minor Red Bat","Haiti, Voûte l’Église, a cave near Jacmel road a few km N Trouin, 1,350 ft. (450 m).","Bahamas, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group. Possibly conspecific with <i>seminolis</i>, <i>borealis,</i> or <i>blossevillii</i>.","38","38-01914","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1914"
"13801915","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","pfeifferi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gundlach","1861","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","1861","","152","","","Pfeiffer's Red Bat","Cuba, Trinidad.","Cuba.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group. May represent a subspecies of <i>seminolus</i>; see Morales and Bickham (1995).","38","38-01915","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1915"
"13801916","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","salinae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","238","","","Saline Red Bat","Argentina, Córdoba Province, Cruz del Eje.","Argentina.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group. The status of this form is unclear. Formerly considered a subspecies or synonym of <i>borealis</i> or <i>blossevillii</i>, but apparently distinct; see Mares et al. (1995) and Tiranti and Torres (1998), but also see Barquez and Diaz (2001).","38","38-01916","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1916"
"13801917","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","seminolus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1895","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","47","","32","","","Seminole Bat","USA, Florida, Pinellas Co., Tarpon Springs.","Florida and Texas to Oklahoma and Virginia; Pennsylvania and New York (USA); Bermuda. N Veracruz (Mexico) record unverified.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>peninsularis</i>  Coues, 1896.","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group. Formerly included in <i>borealis</i>, but see Hall (1981), Baker et al. (1988<i>a</i>), and Morales and Bickham (1995). May include <i>pfeifferi</i>, see Morales and Bickham (1995). See Wilkins (1987<i>a</i>).","38","38-01917","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1917"
"13801918","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Lasiurus","varius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Poeppig","1835","","Reis. Chilie, Peru, und Amaz.","1","","451","","","Cinnamon Red Bat","Chile, Antuco.","S Argentina, Chile.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>poeppigii</i>  Lesson, 1836.","Subgenus <i>Lasiurus</i>,<i> borealis</i> species group. Often listed as synonym of <i>borealis</i> or <i>blossevillii</i>, but apparently distinct; see Barquez (1987), Barquez et al. (1993), and Mares et al. (1995).","38","38-01918","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1887-1918"
"13801919","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Lasiurini","Lasiurus","Dasypterus","xanthinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6","20","","544","","","Western Yellow Bat","Mexico, Baja California, Sierra Laguna.","S California, Arizona, and New Mexico south to Baja California, W and C Mexico.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Dasypterus</i>. Often considered a subspecies of <i>ega</i>, but see Baker et al. (1988<i>a</i>) and Morales and Bickham (1995). For discussion of the ranges of <i>ega</i> and <i>xanthinus</i> see Baker and Patton (1967), Baker et al. (1971, 1988<i>a</i>), and Bickham (1987).","38","38-01919","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1885-1886-1888-1919"
"13801920","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Gervais","1855","","<i>In</i> F. Comte de Castelnau, Exped. Partes Cen. Am. Sud., Zool. (Sec. 7)","Vol. 1","pt. 2 (Mammifères)","71","","","","","","","","May not be monophyletic; see Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2001).","38","38-01920","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920"
"13801921","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Nycticeinops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hill and Harrison","1987","","Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist.","52","","254","","<i>Nycticeius schlieffeni</i> Peters, 1859.","","","","","","Previously included in <i>Nycticeius</i>, but see Hill and Harrison (1987) and Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2001).","38","38-01921","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1921"
"13801922","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Nycticeinops","","schlieffeni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1859","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1859","","223","","","Schlieffen's Twilight Bat","Egypt, Cairo.","Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Egypt to Djibouti, Somalia, Mozambique, Mali, Botswana, South Africa, and Namibia; Mauritania and Ghana to Sudan and Tanzania.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Nycticeius schlieffeni</i>.","<i>adovanus</i>  Heuglin, 1877; <i>africanus</i> Allen, 1911; <i>albiventer</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1908; <i>australis</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1908; <i>bedouin</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1908; <i>cinnamomeus</i> Wettstein, 1916; <i>fitzsimonsi</i> Roberts, 1932; <i>minimus</i> Noack, 1887.","Includes <i>cinnamomeus</i>; see Koopman (1975). Several poorly defined subspecies are often recognized, but there seems little justification for separation of these taxa. Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991); see Taylor (2000<i>a</i>) for distribution map.","38","38-01922","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1921-0000-1922"
"13801923","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Nycticeius","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1819","","J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts Paris","88","","417","","<i>Vespertilio humeralis</i> Rafinesque, 1818.","","","","","<i>Nycticea</i>  Le Conte, 1831; <i>Nycticejus</i> Temminck, 1827; <i>Nycticeus</i> Lesson, 1827; <i>Nycticeyx</i> Wagler, 1830.","Does not include <i>Scotoecus</i>, see Hill (1974<i>c</i>). Does not include <i>Scotorepens</i> or <i>Scoteanax</i>; see Kitchener and Caputi (1985) and Volleth and Tidemann (1991). Does not includes <i>Nycticeinops</i>; see Hill and Harrison (1987) and Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2001).","38","38-01923","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1923"
"13801924","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Nycticeius","","aenobarbus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monographies de Mammalogie","2","","247","","","Temminck’s Mysterious Bat","""Amérique méridionale.""","Unknown; Carter and Dolan (1978) have suggested that the type and only known specimen is probably not from South America.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Listed as a synonym of <i>Myotis</i> <i>albescens</i> by many authors following Miller and Allen (1928), but clearly distinct at both the genus and species level; see Husson (1962) and Carter and Dolan (1978). The latter authors suggested that this species probably belongs with <i>Nycticeius</i>, but its status remains unclear. If the holotype originated in the Old World, this taxon might be referable to <i>Scotoecus</i>, <i>Scotorepens</i>, or <i>Scoteanax</i>.","38","38-01924","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1923-0000-1924"
"13801925","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Nycticeius","","cubanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gundlach","1861","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1861","","150","","","Cuban Evening Bat","Cuba, Matanzas, near Cárdenas.","Cuba.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Apparently distinct from <i>humeralis</i>; see Hall (1981), but also see Varona (1974).","38","38-01925","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1923-0000-1925"
"13801926","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Nycticeius","","humeralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1818","","Am. Mon. Mag.","3","6","445","","","Evening Bat","USA, Kentucky.","N Veracruz (Mexico) to Nebraska, the Great Lakes, and Pennsylvania, south to Florida and the Gulf coast (USA).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>creeks</i>  F. Cuvier, 1832; <i>crepuscularis</i> Le Conte, 1831; <b><i>mexicanus</i></b> Davis, 1944; <b><i>subtropicalis</i></b> Schwartz, 1951.","Does not include <i>cubanus</i>; see Hall (1981), but also see Varona (1974). See Watkins (1972).","38","38-01926","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1923-0000-1926"
"13801927","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Nycticeius","","humeralis","humeralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1818","","Am. Mon. Mag.","3","6","445","","","","USA, Kentucky.","","","","","38","38-01927","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1923-0000-1926-1927"
"13801928","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Nycticeius","","humeralis","mexicanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01928","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1923-0000-1926-1928"
"13801929","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Nycticeius","","humeralis","subtropicalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwartz","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01929","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1923-0000-1926-1929"
"13801930","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Rhogeessa","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","H. Allen","1866","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","18","","285","","<i>Rhogeessa tumida</i> H. Allen, 1866.","","","","","<i>Baeodon</i>  Miller, 1906.","Includes <i>Baeodon</i>, here recognized with <i>Rhogeessa </i>as a subgenus; see Jones et al. (1977). Revised by LaVal (1973<i>b</i>) and Genoways and Baker (1996). For a partial phylogeny see Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2001); also see Baker et al. (1985).","38","38-01930","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1930"
"13801931","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Rhogeessa","Rhogeessa","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","H. Allen","1866","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","18","","285","","<i>Rhogeessa tumida</i> H. Allen, 1866.","","","","","","","38","38-01931","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1930-1931"
"13801932","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Rhogeessa","Baeodon","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01932","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1930-1932"
"13801933","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Rhogeessa","Rhogeessa","aeneus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1958","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","1923","","6","","","Yucatan Yellow Bat","Mexico, Yucatán, Chichén-Itzâ, 10 m.","Yucatán (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Subgenus <i>Rhogeessa</i>. Often included in <i>tumida</i> but see Audet et al. (1993) and Genoways and Baker (1996).","38","38-01933","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1930-1931-1933"
"13801934","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Rhogeessa","Baeodon","alleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","10","","477","","","Allen's Yellow Bat","Mexico, Jalisco, near Autlan, Santa Rosalia.","Oaxaca to Zacatecas (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 – Endangered. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Baeodon</i>.","38","38-01934","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1930-1932-1934"
"13801935","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Rhogeessa","Rhogeessa","genowaysi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baker","1984","","Syst. Zool.","33","","178","","","Genoways's Yellow Bat","Mexico, Chiapas, 23.6 mi. (42 km) NW Huixtla.","Pacific lowlands of S Chiapas (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Rhogeessa</i>. Apparently morphologically inseparable from <i>tumida</i>, but with distinctive karyotype, see Baker (1984). Also see Roots and Baker (1998).","38","38-01935","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1930-1931-1935"
"13801936","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Rhogeessa","Rhogeessa","gracilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1897","","N. Am. Fauna","13","","126","","","Slender Yellow Bat","Mexico, Puebla, Piaxtla, 1,100 m.","Jalisco and Zacatecas to Oaxaca (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Rhogeessa</i>. See J. K. Jones (1977).","38","38-01936","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1930-1931-1936"
"13801937","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Rhogeessa","Rhogeessa","hussoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Genoways and Baker","1996","","Cont. Mammal.: a Memorial Vol. Honoring Dr. J. K. Jones, Mus. Texas Tech Univ.","","","85","","","Husson's Yellow Bat","Surinam, Nickerie Dist., Sipaliwini Airstrip.","S Surinam, E Brazil.","IUCN 2003 – not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Subgenus <i>Rhogeessa</i>.","38","38-01937","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1930-1931-1937"
"13801938","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Rhogeessa","Rhogeessa","io","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","382","","","Thomas's Yellow Bat","Venezuela, Carabobo, Valencia.","C and S Nicaragua south to N Colombia and W Ecuador; Venezuela; Trinidad and Tobago; Guyana; N and C Brazil; N Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>bombyx</i>  Thomas, 1913; <i>riparia</i> Goodwin, 1958;<i> velilla</i> Thomas, 1903.","Subgenus <i>Rhogeessa</i>. Formerly included in <i>tumida</i> (e.g., Hall, 1981; Koopman, 1993, 1994) but see Genoways and Baker (1996).","38","38-01938","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1930-1931-1938"
"13801939","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Rhogeessa","Rhogeessa","minutilla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","139","","","Tiny Yellow Bat","Venezuela, Margarita Isl.","NE Colombia, coastal Venezuela (including Margarita Isl).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Rhogeessa</i>. Listed as a subspecies of <i>parvula</i> by Cabrera (1958), but see LaVal (1973<i>b</i>) and Genoways and Baker (1996).","38","38-01939","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1930-1931-1939"
"13801940","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Rhogeessa","Rhogeessa","mira","","SPECIES","False","","YES","LaVal","1973","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas","19","","26","","","Least Yellow Bat","Mexico, Michoacan, 20 km N El Infernillo.","S Michoacan (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Rhogeessa</i>.","38","38-01940","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1930-1931-1940"
"13801941","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Rhogeessa","Rhogeessa","parvula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1866","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","18","","285","","","Little Yellow Bat","Mexico, Nayarit, Trés Marías Isls.","Oaxaca to Sonora (Mexico); Trés Marías Isls (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>major</i>  Goodwin, 1958.","Subgenus <i>Rhogeessa</i>. For scope of this species, see LaVal (1973<i>b</i>) and Genoways and Baker (1996).","38","38-01941","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1930-1931-1941"
"13801942","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Rhogeessa","Rhogeessa","tumida","","SPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1866","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","18","","286","","","Black-winged Little Yellow Bat","Mexico, Veracruz, Mirador.","Tamaulipas (Mexico) to N Nicaragua and NW Costa Rica.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Rhogeessa</i>. Listed as a subspecies of <i>parvula</i> by Hall and Kelson (1959), but see LaVal (1973<i>b</i>) and Hall (1981). Does not include <i>aeneus</i>; see Audet et al. (1993) and Genoways and Baker (1996). Does not include <i>io</i>; see Genoways and Baker (1996). See Vonhof (2000).","38","38-01942","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1930-1931-1942"
"13801943","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scoteanax","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Troughton","1943","","Furred Animals of Australia, 1<sup>st</sup> ed., Sydney: Angus and Robertson","","","353","","<i>Oligotomus</i> <i>australis</i> Iredale (ex MacGillivray), 1937 (= <i>Nyticejus reuppellii</i> Peters, 1866).","","","","","<i>Oligotomus</i>  Iredale (ex MacGillivray), 1937 [preoccupied by <i>Oligotomus</i> Cope, 1843].","Often included in <i>Nycticeius</i>, but see Kitchener and Caputi (1985).","38","38-01943","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1943"
"13801944","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scoteanax","","rueppellii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","21","","","Rüppell's Broad-nosed Bat","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney.","E Queensland and E New South Wales (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Nycticeius</i> <i>ruppellii</i>.","<i>australis</i>  Iredale (ex MacGillivray), 1937.","Reviewed by Kitchener and Caputi (1985).","38","38-01944","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1943-0000-1944"
"13801945","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotoecus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","263","","<i>Scotophilus albofuscus</i> Thomas, 1890.","","","","","","Considered a subgenus of <i>Nycticeius</i> by Hayman and Hill (1971), but see Hill (1974<i>c</i>), who revised the genus.","38","38-01945","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1945"
"13801946","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotoecus","","albigula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","4","","544","","","White-throated Lesser House Bat","Kenya, Mount Elgon.","Angola, Zambia, Mozambique, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Somalia.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly included in <i>hirundo</i>, but apparently distinct; but see Happold et al. (1987), Happold and Happold (1989), Taylor and Van der Merwe (1998), and Cotterill (2001<i>d</i>).","38","38-01946","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1945-0000-1946"
"13801947","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotoecus","","albofuscus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1890","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","29","","84","","","Light-winged Lesser House Bat","Gambia, Bathurst.","Senegal and Gambia to Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>woodi</i> </b> Thomas, 1917.","See discussion in Kearney and Taylor (1997).","38","38-01947","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1945-0000-1947"
"13801948","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotoecus","","albofuscus","albofuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1890","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","29","","84","","","","Gambia, Bathurst.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01948","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1945-0000-1947-1948"
"13801949","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotoecus","","albofuscus","woodi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01949","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1945-0000-1947-1949"
"13801950","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotoecus","","hindei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","264","","","Hinde's Lesser House Bat","Kenya, Kitui.","Nigeria and Cameroon to S Sudan and Somalia; south to SE Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Malawi.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<b><i>falabae</i> </b> Thomas, 1915.","Formerly included in <i>hirundo</i>, but apparently distinct; see Happold et al. (1987), Happold and Happold (1989), Taylor and Van Der Merwe (1998), and Cotterill (2001<i>d</i>).","38","38-01950","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1945-0000-1950"
"13801951","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotoecus","","hindei","hindei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","264","","","","Kenya, Kitui.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01951","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1945-0000-1950-1951"
"13801952","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotoecus","","hindei","falabae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01952","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1945-0000-1950-1952"
"13801953","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotoecus","","hirundo","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1899","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","4","","355","","","Dark-winged Lesser House Bat","Ghana, Gambaga.","Senegal to Ethiopia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>artinii</i>  de Winton, 1899.","Does not include <i>albigula</i> or <i>hindei</i>; see Happold et al. (1987), Happold and Happold (1989), and Taylor and Van der Merwe (1998); also see Happold and Happold (1997<i>b</i>).","38","38-01953","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1945-0000-1953"
"13801954","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotoecus","","pallidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1876","","Monogr. Asiat. Chiroptera, App. D","","","186","","","Desert Yellow Lesser House Bat","Pakistan, Punjab, Lahore, Mian Mir.","Pakistan, N India.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>noctulinus</i>  I. Geoffroy, 1831 [see discussion in Hill (1974<i>c</i>)].","Included in <i>Nycticeius</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951); but see Hill (1974<i>c</i>). Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997). <i>S</i>. <i>noctulinus</i> may be an earlier name for this species.","38","38-01954","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1945-0000-1954"
"13801955","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotomanes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","371","","<i>Nycticejus ornatus</i> Blyth, 1851.","","","","","<i>Scoteinus</i>  Dobson, 1875.","Includes <i>Scoteinus</i>; see Sinha and Chakraborty (1971).","38","38-01955","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1955"
"13801956","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotomanes","","ornatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1851","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","20","","511","","","Harlequin Bat","India, Assam, Khasi Hills, Cherrapunji.","NE India (including Sikkim), Burma, S China, Thailand,<i><u> </u></i>Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>S</i>. <i>ornatus</i>; Data Deficient as <i>S</i>. <i>emarginatus</i>.","<i>nivicolus</i>  Hodgson, 1855; <b><i>imbrensis</i></b> Thomas, 1921;<i> <b>sinensis</b></i> Thomas, 1921. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>emarginatus</i> Dobson, 1871 [locality unknown, although thought to be from some part of India].","Includes <i>emarginatus</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Included in <i>Nycticeius</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951); but see Hill (1974<i>c)</i>. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Sinha (1999) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-01956","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1955-0000-1956"
"13801957","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotomanes","","ornatus","ornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1851","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","20","","511","","","","India, Assam, Khasi Hills, Cherrapunji.","","","","","38","38-01957","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1955-0000-1956-1957"
"13801958","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotomanes","","ornatus","imbrensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01958","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1955-0000-1956-1958"
"13801959","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotomanes","","ornatus","sinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01959","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1955-0000-1956-1959"
"13801960","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","69, 71","","<i>Scotophilus kuhlii</i> Leach, 1821.","","","","","<i>Pachyotus</i>  Gray, 1831.","Includes <i>Pachyotus</i>; see Walker et al. (1975). African species revised by Robbins et al. (1985); also see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-01960","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960"
"13801961","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","borbonicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat.","","","46","","","Réunion House Bat","Réunion Isl (France).","Réunion Isl (Mascarene Isls). Records from Mauritius (Mascarene Isls) are erroneous, see Cheke and Dahl (1981). Reports from Madagascar have not been confirmed; see Peterson et al. (1995).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered. May be extinct; see Cheke and Dahl (1981).","","Hill (1980<i>b</i>) considered African <i>viridis</i> and <i>damarensis</i>, and possibly <i>leucogaster</i>, to be conspecific with <i>borbonicus</i>, and Koopman (1986) included <i>viridis, damarensis</i>, and <i>nigritellus</i> (but not <i>leucogaster</i>) in this species. However, in a comprehensive revision of the African forms Robbins et al. (1985) rejected any affinity of <i>borbonicus</i> sensu stricto with African mainland species. I therefore restrict usage of the name <i>borbonicus</i> to the Réunion Isl form, and follow Robbins et al. (1985) in using <i>leucogaster</i> and <i>dinganii</i> for the smaller mainland species.","38","38-01961","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1961"
"13801962","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","celebensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1928","","Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind.","88","","90","","","Sulawesi Yellow House Bat","Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Toli Toli.","Sulawesi (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","May represent a subspecies of <i>heathii</i>, see Tate (1942<i>a</i>) and Sinha (1980).","38","38-01962","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1962"
"13801963","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","collinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1936","","Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind.","96","","48","","","Sody's Yellow House Bat","Indonesia, Bali, SW Bali, Djembrana, ca. 50 m.","Sabah, W Java, Bali, Lombok, Flores, Lembata, Timor, Semanu, and Roti Isls (Indonesia); probably also Sumba, Sawu, and Banda Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly included in <i>kuhlii</i>, but see Kitchener et al. (1997<i>b</i>). Kitchener et al. (1997<i>b</i>) recognized eastern and western forms of <i>collinus</i>, but did not name them as subspecies.","38","38-01963","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1963"
"13801964","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","dinganii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1833","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","59","","","Yellow-bellied House Bat","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Prov., Port Natal (= Durban).","Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, and Sierra Leone east to Somalia, Djibouti, and S Yemen, and south to South Africa and Namibia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>planirostris</i>  Peters, 1852;<i> <b>colias</b></i> Thomas, 1904; <b><i>herero</i></b> Thomas, 1906;<i> <b>pondoensis</b></i> Roberts, 1946.","Distinct from <i>nigrita</i> and <i>leucogaster</i>; see Schlitter et al. (1980) and Robbins et al. (1985). Includes <i>colias</i>; see Robbins et al. (1985). Also see Koopman (1975). Many literature records of this species are in error due to taxonomic confusion surrounding these names; see Robbins et al. (1985). Subspecies are poorly defined.","38","38-01964","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1964"
"13801965","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","dinganii","dinganii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1833","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","59","","","","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Prov., Port Natal (= Durban).","","","","","38","38-01965","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1964-1965"
"13801966","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","dinganii","colias","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01966","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1964-1966"
"13801967","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","dinganii","herero","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01967","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1964-1967"
"13801968","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","dinganii","pondoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01968","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1964-1968"
"13801969","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","heathii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1831","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1831","","113","","","Greater Asiatic Yellow House Bat","India, Madras.","Afghanistan to S China, including Hainan Isl, south to Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Burma.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>belangeri</i>  Geoffroy, 1834; <i>luteus</i> Blyth, 1851; <i>flaveolus</i> Horsfield, 1851; <b><i>insularis</i></b> Allen, 1906; <b><i>watkinsi</i></b> Sanborn, 1952.","May include <i>celebensis</i>; see Tate (1942<i>a</i>) and Sinha (1980). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>). Populations from Vietnam have not been allocated to subspecies. Sometimes spelled <i>heathi</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1993).","38","38-01969","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1969"
"13801970","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","heathii","heathii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1831","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1831","","113","","","","India, Madras.","","","","","38","38-01970","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1969-1970"
"13801971","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","heathii","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01971","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1969-1971"
"13801972","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","heathii","watkinsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01972","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1969-1972"
"13801973","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","kuhlii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","71","","","Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat","""India"".","Bangladesh, Pakistan to Taiwan, south to Sri Lanka, Burma, Cambodia, W Malaysia, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara (Indonesia), southeast to Philippines and Aru Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>wroughtoni</i>  Thomas, 1897; <b><i>castaneus</i></b> Horsfield, 1851; <i>castaneus</i> Gray, 1838 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>sumatrana</i> Gray, 1838; <b><i>consobrinus</i></b> Allen, 1906; <i>swinhoei</i> Blyth, 1860; <b><i>gairdneri</i></b> Kloss, 1917; <b><i>panayensis</i></b> Sody, 1928; <b><i>solutatus</i></b> Sody, 1936; <b><i>temminckii</i></b> Horsfield, 1824; <i>fulvus</i> Gray, 1843.","Often called <i>temminckii</i>, but see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include <i>collinus</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1997<i>b</i>). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Kitchener et al. (1997<i>b</i>); see also Tate (1942<i>a</i>). There is some confusion regarding the use of this name in S Asia, see Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-01973","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1973"
"13801974","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","kuhlii","kuhlii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","71","","","","""India"".","","","","","38","38-01974","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1973-1974"
"13801975","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","kuhlii","castaneus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1851","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01975","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1973-1975"
"13801976","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","kuhlii","consobrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01976","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1973-1976"
"13801977","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","kuhlii","gairdneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01977","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1973-1977"
"13801978","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","kuhlii","panayensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01978","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1973-1978"
"13801979","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","kuhlii","solutatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01979","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1973-1979"
"13801980","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","kuhlii","temminckii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1824","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01980","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1973-1980"
"13801981","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","leucogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1830","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nördl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","","","71","","","White-bellied House Bat","Sudan, Kordofan, Brunnen Nedger (Nedger Well = Bir Nedger).","Mauritania, Senegal, and Gambia to N Kenya and Ethiopia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>altilis</i>  G. M. Allen, 1914; <i>flavigaster</i> Heuglin, 1861; <i>murinoflavus</i> Heuglin, 1861; <b><i>damarensis</i></b> Thomas, 1906.","Does not include <i>nucella</i>, see Robbins et al. (1985). Also see Koopman (1994). Distinct from <i>dinganii</i>; see Schlitter et al. (1980) and Robbins et al. (1985), but also see Koopman (1975) and Koopman et al. (1978). Includes <i>damarensis</i>, see Robbins et al. (1985). Many literature records of this species are in error due to taxonomic confusion surrounding the names <i>nigrita</i>, <i>dinganii</i>, <i>leucogaster, </i>and<i> borbonicus</i>; see Robbins (1978) and Robbins et al. (1985). May include <i>serratus</i> Heuglin, 1877, an enigmatic taxon variously referred to either <i>Taphozous</i> <i>nudiventris</i> (e.g., G. M. Allen, 1939; Koopman, 1993) or <i>Scotophilus</i> <i>leucogaster</i> (e.g., G. M. Allen, 1939; Koopman, 1975) but which may not represent either of those species.","38","38-01981","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1981"
"13801982","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","leucogaster","leucogaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1830","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nördl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","","","71","","","","Sudan, Kordofan, Brunnen Nedger (Nedger Well = Bir Nedger).","","","","","38","38-01982","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1981-1982"
"13801983","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","leucogaster","damarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01983","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1981-1983"
"13801984","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","nigrita","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","171","","","Giant House Bat","Senegal.","Senegal to Sudan, E Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Mozambique.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>gigas</i>  Dobson, 1875; <b><i>alvenslebeni</i></b> Dalquest, 1965.","Reviewed by Robbins (1978) and Cotterill (1996). The identity of this species is clear and <i>nigrita</i> is the senior synonym of <i>gigas</i>. Many literature records of this species are in error due to taxonomic confusion surrounding the names <i>nigrita</i>, <i>dinganii</i>, <i>leucogaster, and borbonicus</i>; see Robbins (1978) and Robbins et al. (1985).","38","38-01984","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1984"
"13801985","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","nigrita","nigrita","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","171","","","","Senegal.","","","","","38","38-01985","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1984-1985"
"13801986","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","nigrita","alvenslebeni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01986","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1984-1986"
"13801987","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","nucella","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robbins","1973","","Ann. Kon. Mus. Mid. Afr., Zool. Wetensch. and Ann. Mus Roy. Afr. Centr., Sc. Zool.","273","","19 (Publication has Dutch and English titles)","","","Robbins's House Bat","Ghana, Eastern Region, 1 mi N Nkawkaw.","Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Uganda.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Sometimes considered a subspecies of <i>leucogaster</i>, but apparently distinct in both morphology and habitat preferences; see Koopman (1994).","38","38-01987","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1987"
"13801988","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","nux","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","13","","208","","","Nut-colored House Bat","Cameroon, Efulen.","High forest zones from Sierra Leone to Kenya.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Often treated as a subspecies of <i>dinganii</i> or <i>leucogaster</i> (or <i>nigrita</i>, when that name was misapplied to the former species), see G. M. Allen (1939), Rosevear (1965), and Hayman and Hill (1971), Koopman et al. (1978) and Koopman (1994). However, <i>nux</i> appears to be distinct from all of the above species; see Robbins et al. (1985).","38","38-01988","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1988"
"13801989","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","robustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1881","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","91","","1035","","","Robust House Bat","Madagascar.","N Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Recognized as a subspecies of <i>nigrita</i> (when <i>nigrita</i> was used for the species now called <i>dinganii</i>) by Hayman and Hill (1971). However, Robbins et al. (1985) considered it specifically distinct from <i>dinganii</i> and <i>borbonicus</i>. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995), who also considered it to be distinct.","38","38-01989","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1989"
"13801990","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","viridis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Reise nach Mossambique, Säugethiere","","","67","","","Green House Bat","Mozambique, Mozambique Isl, 15°S.","Senegal to Ethiopia south to Namibia and South Africa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>nigritellus</i> </b> de Winton, 1899.","Included in <i>leucogaster</i> by Hayman and Hill (1971), but see Koopman (1975, 1986) and Schlitter et al. (1980). Distinct from <i>dinganii</i>; see Schlitter et al. (1980). Includes <i>nigritellus</i> but does not include <i>damarensis</i>, see Robbins et al. (1985). Also see comments under <i>borbonicus</i>.","38","38-01990","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1990"
"13801991","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","viridis","viridis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Reise nach Mossambique, Säugethiere","","","67","","","","Mozambique, Mozambique Isl, 15°S.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01991","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1990-1991"
"13801992","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotophilus","","viridis","nigritellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01992","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1960-0000-1990-1992"
"13801993","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotorepens","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Troughton","1943","","Furred Animals of Australia, 1st ed., Syndey: Angus and Robertson","","","354","","<i>Scoteinus</i> <i>orion</i> Troughton, 1937.","","","","","","Often included in <i>Nycticeius</i>, but see Kitchener and Caputi (1985) and Volleth and Tidemann (1991). The latter authors suggested that <i>Scotorepens</i> may be more closely related to Vespertilionini than Nycticeiini. Revised by Kichener and Caputi (1985), who provided a key to the species. An undescribed species of <i>Scotorepens</i> may be present in E Australia; see Menkhorst and Knight (2001).","38","38-01993","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1993"
"13801994","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotorepens","","balstoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","31","2","","","Western Broad-nosed Bat","Australia, Western Australia, Laverton, North Pool, 503 m.","Mainland Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Nycticeius balstoni</i>.","<b><i>influatus</i> </b> Thomas, 1924.","Includes <i>influatus</i>; see Kitchener and Caputi (1985). Does not include <i>orion</i> and <i>caprenus</i>; see Kitchener and Caputi (1985), but also see Koopman (1978<i>a</i>) and Hall and Richards (1979).","38","38-01994","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1993-0000-1994"
"13801995","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotorepens","","balstoni","balstoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","31","2","","","","Australia, Western Australia, Laverton, North Pool, 503 m.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-01995","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1993-0000-1994-1995"
"13801996","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotorepens","","balstoni","influatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-01996","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1993-0000-1994-1996"
"13801997","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotorepens","","greyii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror,""","","","pl. 20","","","Little Broad-nosed Bat","Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington.","Western Australia (excluding the south), Northern Territory, South Australia, New South Wales, and Queensland (Australia). Records from Victoria refer to <i>balstoni</i>.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Nycticeius greyii</i>.","<i>aqeilo</i>  Troughton, 1937; <i>caprenus</i> Troughton, 1937.","Reviewed by Kitchener and Caputi (1985).","38","38-01997","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1993-0000-1997"
"13801998","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotorepens","","orion","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1937","","Aust. Zool.","8","","211","","","Orion Broad-nosed Bat","Australia, New South Wales, Sydney","SE Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Included in <i>balstoni</i> by Koopman (1978<i>a</i>, 1993, 1994) and Hall and Richards (1979), but see Kitchener and Caputi (1985).","38","38-01998","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1993-0000-1998"
"13801999","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nycticeiini","Scotorepens","","sanborni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1937","","Aust. Zool.","8","","280","","","Northern Broad-nosed Bat","Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Prov., East Cape.","W Timor; SE New Guinea; NE Queensland, Northern Territory, and N Western Australia (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Nycticeius sanborni</i>.","","Included in <i>balstoni</i> by Koopman (1978<i>a</i>), but see Kitchener and Caputi (1985). Reviewed by Kitchener et al. (1994<i>c</i>); also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-01999","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-1920-1993-0000-1999"
"13802000","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Peters","1865","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1865","","524","","","","","","","","Volleth and Tidemann (1991) suggested on the basis of karyotype data that <i>Nyctophilus</i> may belong in Vespertilionini.","38","38-02000","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000"
"13802001","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","78","","<i>Nyctophilus geoffroyi</i> Leach, 1821.","","","","","<i>Lamingtona</i>  McKean and Calaby, 1968.","Includes <i>Lamingtona</i>, see Hill and Koopman (1981). Australian species reviewed by Hall and Richards (1979).","38","38-02001","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001"
"13802002","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","arnhemensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Johnson","1959","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","72","","184","","","Northern Long-eared Bat","Australia, Northern Territory, Cape Arnhem Peninsula, S of Yirkala, Rocky Bay. (12°13'S, 36°47'E).","N Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","","38","38-02002","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2002"
"13802003","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","bifax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","496","","","Bifax Long-eared Bat","Australia, Queensland, Herberton.","N Western Australia, N Northern Territory, coastal Queensland, NE New South Wales (Australia); Papua New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>N. bifax</i>; IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>N. daedalus</i>; but <i>N. daedalus </i>not listed in IUCN 2003 (<i>lapsus</i>).","<b><i>daedalus</i> </b><i> </i>Thomas, 1915.","Included in <i>gouldi</i> by Koopman (1984<i>c</i>, 1993, 1994), but see Parnaby (1987, 2002<i>a</i>). Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>). The status of <i>daedalus</i> is uncertain; data presented by Parnaby (1987) suggested that it may represent a distinct species, but Bonaccoroso (1998) indicated that it may not be distinct from <i>bifax</i> even at the subspecies level.","38","38-02003","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2003"
"13802004","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","bifax","bifax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","496","","","","Australia, Queensland, Herberton.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02004","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2003-2004"
"13802005","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","bifax","daedalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02005","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2003-2005"
"13802006","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","geoffroyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","78","","","Lesser Long-eared Bat","Australia, Western Australia, King George Sound.","Australia (except NE) including Tasmania.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>australis</i>  Peters, 1861; <i>leachii</i> Dobson, 1878; <i>novaehollandiae</i> Gray, 1831; <b><i>pacificus</i></b> Gray, 1831; <i>geayi</i> Troussart, 1915; <i>unicolor</i> Tomes, 1858; <b><i>pallescens</i></b> Thomas, 1913.","Reviewed in part by Kitchener et al. (1991<i>d</i>). The three subspecies are poorly defined.","38","38-02006","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2006"
"13802007","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","geoffroyi","geoffroyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Leach","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","78","","","","Australia, Western Australia, King George Sound.","","","","","38","38-02007","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2006-2007"
"13802008","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","geoffroyi","pacificus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1831","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02008","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2006-2008"
"13802009","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","geoffroyi","pallescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02009","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2006-2009"
"13802010","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","gouldi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1858","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1858","","31","","","Gould's Long-eared Bat","Australia, Queensland, Moreton Bay.","E Queensland, E New South Wales, Victoria, SE South Australia, SW Western Australia; a Tasmanian record appears to be erroneous (Koopman, 1993).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Koopman (1984<i>c</i>, 1993, 1994) included <i>bifax</i> and <i>daedalus</i> in this species, but see Parnaby (1987, 2002<i>a</i>).","38","38-02010","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2010"
"13802011","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","heran","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, How, and Maharadatunkamsi","1991","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","15","","100","","","Sundan Long-eared Bat","Indonesia, Lesser Sundas (Nusa Tenggara), Lembata Isl (= Lomblen Isl), Desa Hadakewa, Kampong Merdeka (08°22'S, 123°31'E; restricted by Corbet and Hill, 1992).","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","Known only from the holotype; similar to <i>geoffroyi</i>, to which it may be related; see Kitchener et al. (1991<i>d</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-02011","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2011"
"13802012","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","howensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","McKean","1975","","Aust. Mammalogy","1","","330","","","Lord Howe Island Long-eared Bat","Australia, Lord Howe Isl, North Bay.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Extinct.","","Known only from the holotype, a fossil found in a cave on Lord Howe Isl. McKean (1975) suggested that this species may have survived into historic times on the basis of Etheridge's (1889) statement that a bat larger than <i>Chalinolobus</i> <i>morio</i> was occasionally seen on the island.","38","38-02012","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2012"
"13802013","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","microdon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Laurie and Hill","1954","","List of Land Mammals of New Guinea, Celebes, and adjacent Islands","","","78","","","Small-toothed Long-eared Bat","Papua New Guinea, Western Highlands (?) Prov., Welya (W of Hagen Range, 7,000 ft. (2,134 m)).","EC Papua New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-02013","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2013"
"13802014","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","microtis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1888","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","2","","226","","","New Guinea Long-eared Bat","Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., Astrolabe Range, Sogeri.","Papua New Guinea including New Ireland.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bicolor</i>  Thomas, 1915;<i> lophorhina</i><b> </b>McKean and Calaby, 1968.","Includes <i>lophorhina</i>; see Hill and Koopman (1981). Hill and Koopman (1981) tentatively recognized the three named forms as subspecies, but Koopman (1994) rejected this arrangement and did not recognize subspecies. See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-02014","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2014"
"13802015","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","nebulosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Parnaby","2002","","Aust. Mammal.","23","","116","","","New Caledonian Long-eared Bat","New Caledonia, Nouméa, southwestern slopes of Mt. Koghis, 150 m N of Station d'Altitude car park, 22°10'37""S, 166°30'12""E, 430 m.","Known only from Nouméa area of New Caledonia.","Not yet assessed by IUCN, but Parnaby (2000<i>b</i>) recommended that this species be classified in the IUCN threat category of Vulnerable (B1ab+2ab, D2).","","In addition to the original description by Parnaby (2002<i>a</i>), see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>), who discussed this species under its common name.","38","38-02015","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2015"
"13802016","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","timoriensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1806","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","8","","200","","","Greater Long-eared Bat","Indonesia, Timor (uncertain).","All of Australia including Tasmania; New Guinea; Timor (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>N</i>. <i>timoriensis</i>; IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>N</i>. <i>sherrini</i>; but <i>N. sherrini </i>not listed in IUCN 2003 (<i>lapsus</i>).","<b><i>major</i> </b> Gray, 1844; <b><i>sherrini</i></b> Thomas, 1915.","This bat has been confused with the smaller <i>gouldi</i> in coastal SE Queensland. Reviewed by Hall and Richards (1979) and Kitchener et al. (1991<i>d</i>). Corbet and Hill (1992) discussed the problems associated with the Timor record. See also Flannery (1995<i>a</i>).","38","38-02016","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2016"
"13802017","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","timoriensis","timoriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1806","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","8","","200","","","","Indonesia, Timor (uncertain).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02017","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2016-2017"
"13802018","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","timoriensis","major","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02018","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2016-2018"
"13802019","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","timoriensis","sherrini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02019","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2016-2019"
"13802020","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Nyctophilus","","walkeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","405","","","Pygmy Long-eared Bat","Australia, Northern Territory, Adelaide River.","Northern Territory and N Western Australia (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","","38","38-02020","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2001-0000-2020"
"13802021","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Pharotis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","14","","381","","<i>Pharotis imogene</i> Thomas, 1914.","","","","","","","38","38-02021","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2021"
"13802022","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Nyctophilini","Pharotis","","imogene","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","14","","382","","","Thomas's Big-eared Bat","Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., Lower Kemp Welch River, Kamali.","SE New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered.","","See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-02022","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2000-2021-0000-2022"
"13802023","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Tate","1942","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","80","","232","","","","","","","","Includes <i>Pipistrellus</i>, <i>Glischropus</i>, <i>Nyctalus</i>, and <i>Scotozous</i>; see Volleth (1992), Volleth and Heller (1994), and Volleth et al. (2001); also see Mayer and von Helversen (2001<i>a</i>).","38","38-02023","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023"
"13802024","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Glischropus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","472","","<i>Vesperugo tylopus</i> Dobson, 1875.","","","","","","Menu (1987) considered this genus to be a synonym of <i>Pipistrellus</i>, but see Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-02024","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2024"
"13802025","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Glischropus","","javanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1939","","Treubia","17","","189","","","Javan Thick-thumbed Bat","Indonesia, Java, West Java, Mt. Pangeango.","W Java (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","May be conspecific with <i>tylopus</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Menu (1987).","38","38-02025","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2024-0000-2025"
"13802026","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Glischropus","","tylopus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","473","","","Common Thick-thumbed Bat","Malaysia, N Boreneo, Sabah.","Burma, Thailand, W Malaysia, Borneo, Palawan (Philippines), Sumatra and N Molucca Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>batjanus</i> </b> Marschie, 1901.","See Corbet and Hill (1992) and Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-02026","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2024-0000-2026"
"13802027","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Glischropus","","tylopus","tylopus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","473","","","","Malaysia, N Boreneo, Sabah.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02027","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2024-0000-2026-2027"
"13802028","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Glischropus","","tylopus","batjanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Marschie","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02028","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2024-0000-2026-2028"
"13802029","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Bowditch","1825","","Excursions in Madeira and Porto Santo","","","36, footnote","","<i>Nyctalus verrucosus</i> Bowditch, 1825 (= <i>Vespertilio leisleri</i> Kuhl, 1817).","","","","","<i>Noctulina</i>  Gray, 1842; <i>Panugo</i> Kolenati, 1856; <i>Pterygistes</i> Kaup, 1829.","Members of Koopman's (1994) <i>stenopterus</i> species group are here included in <i>Pipistrellus</i> and <i>Hypsugo</i>.","38","38-02029","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029"
"13802030","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","aviator","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","8","","380","","","Birdlike Noctule","Japan, Honshu, Tokyo.","Hokkaido, Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima, Iki (Japan); Korea; E and C China. Possibly occurs in Russian Far East, see Tiunov (1997).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>molossus</i>  Temminck, 1840 [not Pallas, 1767].","Listed as a subspecies of <i>lasiopterus</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), but see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Yoshiyuki (1989). Reviewed by Yoshiyuki (1989).","38","38-02030","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2030"
"13802031","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","azoreum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","34","","","Azores Noctule","Portugal, Azores, St. Michael.","Azores Isls (Portugal).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Listed as a subspecies of <i>leisleri</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), but see Palmeirim (1991) and Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-02031","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2031"
"13802032","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","furvus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Imaizumi and Yoshiyuki","1968","","Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo","11","","127","","","Japanese Noctule","Japan, Iwate Pref., Shimohei-gun, Iwaizumi-Machi, Kado, 300 m.","N Honshû Isl (Japan).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Included in <i>noctula</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992), but see Yoshiyuki (1989).","38","38-02032","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2032"
"13802033","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","lasiopterus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1780","","<i>In</i>Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","412","","","Giant Noctule","Northern Italy, ?Pisa (uncertain).","W Europe to Urals, Caucasus, and Balkans, Asia Minor, Iran and Ust-Urt Plateau (Kazakhstan), Morocco, Libya, possbily Algeria.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>ferrugineus</i>  Brehm, 1827; <i>maxima</i> Fatio, 1869; <i>sicula</i> Mina-Palumbo, 1868.","Reviewed by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>).","38","38-02033","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2033"
"13802034","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","leisleri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1817","","Die Deutschen Fledermäuse. Hanau","","","14, 46","","","Leisler's Noctule","Germany, Hessen, Hanau.","W Europe to Urals, Caucasus, and Turkey; Britain and Ireland; Sweden, S Finland, Baltic states; Madeira Isl; W Himalayas, Pakistan, E Afghanistan; NW Africa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>dasykarpos</i>  Kuhl, 1819; <i>pachygnathus</i> Michahelles, 1839; <b><i>verrucosus</i></b> Bowditch, 1825; <i>madeirae</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1906.","Includes <i>verrucosus</i>, see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), who also included <i>azoreum</i>; but see Palmeirim (1991). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). For discussion of correct spelling (<i>leisleri</i>) see Bogdanowicz and Kock (1998).","38","38-02034","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2034"
"13802035","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","leisleri","leisleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1817","","Die Deutschen Fledermäuse. Hanau","","","14, 46","","","","Germany, Hessen, Hanau.","","","","","38","38-02035","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2034-2035"
"13802036","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","leisleri","verrucosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bowditch","1825","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02036","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2034-2036"
"13802037","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","montanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","99","","","Mountain Noctule","India, Uttar Pradesh, Dehra Dun, Mussooree.","E Afghanistan, Pakistan, N India, Nepal.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Listed as a subspecies of <i>leisleri</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), but see Gaisler (1970), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-02037","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2037"
"13802038","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","noctula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","166","","","Noctule","France.","Europe and S Scandinavia to Urals and Caucasus; Turkey to Israel and Oman; W Turkmenistan, W Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan to SW Siberia, Himalayas, south to Burma, Vietnam, and W Malaysia; possibly Algeria. A record from Mozambique is dubious (Koopman, 1993, 1994).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>altivolans</i>  White, 1789; <i>lardarius</i> Müller, 1776; <i>magnus</i> Berkenhout, 1789; <i>major </i>Leach, 1818; <i>minima</i> Fatio, 1869; <i>palustris</i> Crespon, 1844; <i>princeps</i> Ognev and Worobyev, 1923; <i>proterus</i> Kuhl, 1818; <i>rufescens</i> Brehm, 1829; <b><i>labiata</i></b> Hodgson, 1835; <b><i>lebanoticus</i></b> Harrison, 1962; <b><i>mecklenburzevi</i></b> Kuziakin, 1934; <i>montanus</i> Kishida, 1934 [not Barrett-Hamilton, 1906]. <u>Not allocated to subspecies:</u> <i>macuanus</i> Peters, 1852 [type locality = Mozambique, but this provenance is dubious; Koopman, 1994].","Formerly included <i>furvus</i> and <i>velutinus</i>, but these appear to be distinct; see Yoshiyuki (1989), but also see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include <i>sinensis</i>, which was recognized as a senior synonym of <i>Vespertilio</i> <i>superans</i> by Horácek (1997). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-02038","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2038"
"13802039","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","noctula","noctula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","166","","","","France.","","","","","38","38-02039","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2038-2039"
"13802040","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","noctula","labiata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02040","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2038-2040"
"13802041","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","noctula","lebanoticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harrison","1962","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02041","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2038-2041"
"13802042","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","noctula","mecklenburzevi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuziakin","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02042","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2038-2042"
"13802043","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","plancyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gerbe","1880","","Bull. Soc. Zool. France","5","","71","","","Chinese Noctule","China, Peking.","E China, Taiwan.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<b><i>velutinus</i> </b> G. M. Allen, 1923.","Included in <i>noctula</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992), but see Tate (1942<i>a</i>), Yoshiyuki (1989), Zhang (1990), and Lin et al. (2002<i>b</i>). This name is sometimes misspelled <i>plancei</i>, but the correct spelling is <i>plancyi</i> after M. V. Collin Plancy.","38","38-02043","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2043"
"13802044","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","plancyi","plancyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gerbe","1880","","Bull. Soc. Zool. France","5","","71","","","","China, Peking.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02044","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2043-2044"
"13802045","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Nyctalus","","plancyi","velutinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02045","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2029-0000-2043-2045"
"13802046","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kaup","1829","","Skizz. Entwickel.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt","1","","98","","<i>Vespertilio Pipistrellus</i> Schreber, 1774.","","","","","<i>Alobus</i>  Peters, 1867 [not Le Conte, 1856]; <i>Attalepharca</i> Menu, 1987 [no type species designated, therefore not available]; <i>Eptesicops</i> Roberts, 1926; <i>Euvesperugo</i> Acloque, 1899; <i>Nannugo</i> Kolenati, 1856; <i>Perimyotis</i> Menu, 1984; <i>Romicia</i> Gray, 1838;<i> Romicius</i> Blyth, 1840; <i>Vansonia</i> Roberts, 1946.","For discussion of synonyms see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Hill (1976), Menu (1984), and Kitchener et al. (1986). Hill and Harrison (1987) reviewed the genus and recognized seven subgenera (<i>Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, Falsistrellus, Perimyotis, Arielulus, Vespadelus, and Neoromicia</i>), but most of these groups are now recognized as distinct genera. Does not include <i>Hypsugo</i>; see Horácek and Hanák (1985-1986), Tiunov (1986), Menu (1987), Ruedi and Arlettaz (1991), Volleth and Heller (1994), Volleth et al. (2001), and Mayer and von Helversen (2001<i>a</i>). Does not include <i>Glischropus</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Menu (1987). Does not include <i>Scotozous</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include <i>Vespadelus</i>; see Volleth and Tidemann (1991) and Volleth and Heller (1994). Does not include <i>Falsistrellus</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1986) and Volleth and Heller (1994). Does not include <i>Arielulus</i>; see Heller and Volleth (1984) and Voll... [truncated]","38","38-02046","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046"
"13802047","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Kaup","1829","","Skizz. Entwickel.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt","1","","98","","<i>Vespertilio Pipistrellus</i> Schreber, 1774.","","","","","","","38","38-02047","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047"
"13802048","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Perimyotis","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Menu","1984","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02048","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2048"
"13802049","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","abramus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1838","","Mongr. Mamm.","Tome 2","","232","","","Japanese Pipistrelle","Japan, Kyushu, Nagasaki.","S Ussuri region (Russia and China), Taiwan, S and C Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Burma, India.","IUCN 2003 – Not listed (<i>lapsus</i>); IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>akokomuli</i>  Temminck 1838; <i>irretitus</i> Cantor, 1842; <i>pomiloides</i>, Mell, 1922; <i>pumiloides</i> Tomes, 1857.","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Often regarded as a subspecies of <i>javanicus</i>, but clearly separable; see Hill and Harrison (1987), Yoshiyuki (1989), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Tiunov (1997). Does not include <i>paterculus</i>; see Hill and Harrison (1987), Corbet and Hill (1992), Bates and Harrison (1997), Bates et al. (1997), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>). Reviewed by Horácek et al. (2000) and Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu (2001).","38","38-02049","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2049"
"13802050","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","adamsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, Caputi, and Jones","1986","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","12","","463","","","Adams's Pipistrelle","Australia, Queensland, Cape York, 40 km E Archer River Crossing, 13°27'S, 143°18'E.","Queensland and Northern Territory (Australia).","IUCN 2003 – Not listed (<i>lapsus</i>); IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Included in <i>tenuis</i> by Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986).","38","38-02050","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2050"
"13802051","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","aero","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1912","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","60","12","3","","","Mt. Gargues Pipistrelle","Kenya, Mathews Range, Mt. Gargues.","NW Kenya, perhaps Ethiopia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. The Ethiopian specimens in the British Museum are clearly <i>kuhlii</i>; see Hayman and Hill (1971).","38","38-02051","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2051"
"13802052","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","angulatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1880","","Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde","","","122","","","Angulate Pipistrelle","Duke of York Isl, between New Britain and New Ireland (New Hebrides, = Vanuatu).","New Guinea; Bismarck Arch.; Bougainville Isl and Solomon Isls; adjacent small islands.","IUCN 2003 – Not listed (<i>lapsus</i>); IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>ponceleti</i> </b> Troughton, 1936.","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Included in <i>tenuis</i> by Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986). Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-02052","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2052"
"13802053","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","angulatus","angulatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1880","","Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde","","","122","","","","Duke of York Isl, between New Britain and New Ireland (New Hebrides, = Vanuatu).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02053","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2052-2053"
"13802054","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","angulatus","ponceleti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02054","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2052-2054"
"13802055","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","ceylonicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kelaart","1852","","Prodr. Faun. Zeylanica","","","22","","","Kelaart's Pipistrelle","Sri Lanka, Trincomalee.","Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Burma, Kwangsi and Hainan (China), Vietnam, Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>borneanus</i> </b> Hill, 1963; <b><i>indicus</i></b> Dobson, 1878; <i>chrysothrix</i> Wroughton, 1899; <b><i>raptor</i></b> Thomas, 1904; <b><i>shanorum</i></b> Thomas, 1915; <b><i>subcanus</i></b> Thomas, 1915; <b><i>tongfangensis</i></b> Wang, 1966.","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-02055","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2055"
"13802056","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","ceylonicus","ceylonicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kelaart","1852","","Prodr. Faun. Zeylanica","","","22","","","","Sri Lanka, Trincomalee.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02056","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2055-2056"
"13802057","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","ceylonicus","borneanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1963","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02057","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2055-2057"
"13802058","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","ceylonicus","indicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02058","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2055-2058"
"13802059","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","ceylonicus","raptor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02059","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2055-2059"
"13802060","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","ceylonicus","shanorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02060","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2055-2060"
"13802061","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","ceylonicus","subcanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02061","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2055-2061"
"13802062","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","ceylonicus","tongfangensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wang","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02062","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2055-2062"
"13802063","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","collinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","6","","533","","","Greater Papuan Pipistrelle","British Papua (= Papua New Guinea), head of Mambare River, Bihagi, 8°04'S, 148°01'E.","Highlands of Papua New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 – Not listed (<i>lapsus</i>); IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Included in <i>angulatus</i> by Laurie and Hill (1954) and in <i>tenuis</i> by Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986). Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccoroso (1998).","38","38-02063","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2063"
"13802064","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","coromandra","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","498","","","Indian Pipistrelle","India, Coromandel Coast, Pondicherry.","Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India (including Nicobar Isls), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Thailand, S China.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>afghanus</i>  Gaisler, 1970; <i>blythii</i> Wagner, 1855; <i>coromandelianus</i> Blyth, 1863; <i>coromandelicus</i> Blyth, 1851; <i>micropus</i> Peters, 1872; <i>nicobaricus</i> Fitzinger, 1861; <i>parvipes</i> Blyth, 1853.","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Does not include <i>aladdin</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>). Does not include <i>portensis</i> and <i>tramatus</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992). See comment under <i>pipistrellus</i>. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-02064","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2064"
"13802065","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","deserti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1902","II","4","","","Desert Pipistrelle","Libya, Fezzan, Murzuk.","Egypt, N Sudan, Libya, Algeria, Burkina Faso, Ghana.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P</i>. <i>aegyptius</i>.","<i>aegyptius</i>  J. Fischer, 1829 [<i>nomen dubium</i>].","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Qumsiyeh (1985) proposed use of <i>aegyptius</i> for this species and many subsequent authors followed this usage, but see Kock (1999<i>b</i>), who showed <i>aegyptius</i> to be a <i>nomen dubium</i>. Reviewed by Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-02065","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2065"
"13802066","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","endoi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Imaizumi","1959","","Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo","4","","363","","","Endo's Pipistrelle","Japan, Honshu, Iwate Pref., Ninohe-Gun, Ashiro-cho, Horobe.","Honshu (Japan).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Very similar to <i>javanicus</i> and <i>abramus</i> but apparently distinct, see Yoshiyuki (1989) and Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-02066","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2066"
"13802067","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","hesperidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monograph. Mammal... Musées de l'Europe","2","","211","","","Dusky Pipistrelle","Not definitely identifiable, although known to be from the Red Sea coast of Africa; probably Ethiopia, probably Shewa Province [= Shoa] (see discussion in Kock, 2001<i>b</i>).","Cape Verde Isls, Canary Isls, Liberia, Chad, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), Nigeria, Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<b><i>fuscatus</i> </b> Thomas, 1901; <b><i>subtilis</i></b> Sundevall, 1846; <i>broomi</i> Roberts, 1948. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>platycephlus</i> Temminck, 1832 [<i>nomen dubium</i>].","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Distinct from <i>kuhlii</i>, see Kock (2001<i>b</i>). Lectotype designated by Kock (2001<i>b</i>). Chromosomal differences between populations in South Africa/Madagascar and those in N Africa strongly suggest that the southern populations (for which <i>subtilis</i> is apparently the oldest name) represent a distinct species (Volleth et al., 2001). Similarly, differences in ectoparasites suggest that North African and Afrotropical forms may represent different species (Kock, 2001<i>b</i>). It thus seems clear that more than one species is present in this complex. However, allocation of many populations is uncertain, taxonomic limits have not yet been adequately described, and holotypes of several important forms (e.g., <i>subtilis</i>) have not been reexamined (Kock et al., 2001<i>b</i>; Volleth et al., 2001). I therefore treat this complex as a single taxon, recognizing the following subspecies (which may be shown to be distinct species): <i>hesperidus</i>... [truncated]","38","38-02067","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2067"
"13802068","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","hesperidus","hesperidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monograph. Mammal... Musées de l'Europe","2","","211","","","","Not definitely identifiable, although known to be from the Red Sea coast of Africa; probably Ethiopia, probably Shewa Province [= Shoa] (see discussion in Kock, 2001<i>b</i>).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","See comments under species.","38","38-02068","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2067-2068"
"13802069","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","hesperidus","fuscatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","38","38-02069","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2067-2069"
"13802070","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","hesperidus","subtilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1846","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","38","38-02070","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2067-2070"
"13802071","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","hesperus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1864","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","7","","43","","","Western Pipistrelle","USA, California, Imperial Co., Old Fort Yuma.","Washington to SW Oklahoma (USA), and Baja California, south to Hidalgo and Guerrero (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>apus</i>  Elliot, 1904; <i>australis</i> Miller, 1897; <i>merriami</i> Dobson, 1866; <b><i>maximus</i></b> Hatfield, 1936; <i>oklahomae</i> Glass and Morse, 1959; <i>potosinus</i> Dalquest, 1951; <i>santarosae</i> Hatfield, 1936.","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. See Hall (1981). Placed in <i>Hypsugo</i> by Koopman (1993), but here retained in <i>Pipistrellus</i> pending further study.","38","38-02071","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2071"
"13802072","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","hesperus","hesperus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1864","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","7","","43","","","","USA, California, Imperial Co., Old Fort Yuma.","","","","","38","38-02072","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2071-2072"
"13802073","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","hesperus","maximus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hatfield","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02073","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2071-2073"
"13802074","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","inexspectatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Aellen","1959","","Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. Geneve","12","","226","","","Aellen's Pipistrelle","Cameroon, Upper Benoue Valley, Ngaaouyanga.","Sierra Leone, Ghana, Benin, Cameroon, and Uganda. Specimens from Kenya and Dem. Rep. Congo previously referred to this species are now thought to represent <i>eisentrauti</i>; see Koopman et al. (1995). A possible record from Sudan cannot be confirmed as the specimen is too immature to identify (M. Happold, pers. comm.)","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Often misspelled <i>inexpectatus</i>.","38","38-02074","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2074"
"13802075","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","javanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","498","","","Javan Pipistrelle","Indonesia, Java.","E Afganistan, N Pakistan, N, C India, SE Tibet (China), Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, through SE Asia to Lesser Sunda Isls and the Philippines; perhaps Australia. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be confirmed (Kock, 2000<i>a</i>).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P. javanicus</i>; Data Deficient as <i>P</i>. <i>peguensis</i>.","<i>bancanus</i>  Sody, 1937; <i>tralatitius</i> Horsfield, 1824 [indeterminable; see comments]; <i>tralatitius</i> Thomas, 1928; <b><i>babu</i></b> Thomas, 1915; <b><i>camortae</i></b> Miller, 1902; <b><i>meyeni</i></b> Waterhouse, 1845; <b><i>peguensis</i></b> Sinha, 1969.","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Includes <i>meyeni</i>; see Laurie and Hill (1954), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Hill (1967), and Koopman (1973). Includes <i>camortae</i>; see Soota Chaturverdi (1980) and Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Das (1990). Includes <i>babu</i> and <i>peguensis</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992), Kock (1996), and Bates and Harrison (1997), but also see Das (1990) and Sinha (1999). Does not include <i>paterculus</i> and <i>abramus</i>; see Hill and Harrsion (1987), Corbet and Hill (1992), Bates et al. (1997), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>). For many years this species was known as <i>tralatitius</i> Horsfield, but Laurie and Hill (1954) regarded this name as indeterminable.","38","38-02075","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2075"
"13802076","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","javanicus","javanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Mag. Zool. Bot.","2","","498","","","","Indonesia, Java.","","","","","38","38-02076","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2075-2076"
"13802077","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","javanicus","babu","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02077","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2075-2077"
"13802078","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","javanicus","camortae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02078","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2075-2078"
"13802079","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","javanicus","meyeni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02079","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2075-2079"
"13802080","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","javanicus","peguensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sinha","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02080","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2075-2080"
"13802081","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","kuhlii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1817","","Die Deutschen Fledermäuse, Hanau","","","14","","","Kuhl's Pipistrelle","Italy, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste.","C Europe, Near East through the Caucasus to Kazakhstan and Pakistan; SW Asia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albicans</i>  Monticelli, 1886; <i>albolimbatus</i> Küster, 1835; <i>alcythoe</i> Bonaparte, 1837; <i>marginatus</i> Cretzschmar, 1830; <i>marginatus</i> Bonaparte, 1841 [not Cretzschmar, 1830]; <i>minuta</i> Loche, 1867;<i> pallidus</i> Heim de Balsac, 1936; <i>pullatus</i> Monticelli, 1886;<i> saharae</i> Heim de Balsac, 1936 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>ursula</i> Wagner, 1840; <b><i>ikhwanius</i></b> Cheesman and Hinton, 1924; <i>latastei</i> Laurent, 1937;<i> <b>lepidus</b></i> Blyth, 1845; <i>canus</i> Blyth, 1863; <i>leucotis</i> Dobson, 1872; <i>lobatus</i> Jerdon, 1867;<i> vispistrellus</i> Bonaparte, 1837. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>calcarata</i> Gray, 1838 [<i>nomen dubium</i>; locality unknown].","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Does not include African populations (here referred to <i>hesperidus</i>), see Kock (2001<i>b</i>). Canary Isls populations referred to <i>kuhlii</i> by Pestano et al. (2003) probably also represent <i>hesperidus</i> and also listed under that taxon. Reviewed in part by Harrsion and Bates (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For discussion of correct spelling (<i>kuhlii</i>) and authorship (Kuhl not Natterer), see Bogdanowicz and Kock (1998).","38","38-02081","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2081"
"13802082","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","kuhlii","kuhlii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1817","","Die Deutschen Fledermäuse, Hanau","","","14","","","","Italy, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste.","","","","","38","38-02082","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2081-2082"
"13802083","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","kuhlii","ikhwanius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cheesman and Hinton","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02083","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2081-2083"
"13802084","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","kuhlii","lepidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02084","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2081-2084"
"13802085","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","maderensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","","","231","","","Madeiran Pipistrelle","Madeira Isls, Madeira Isl (Portugal).","Madeira Isl (Portugal); Canary Isls (Spain).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Phylogeography investigated by Pestano et al. (2003).","38","38-02085","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2085"
"13802086","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","minahassae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Meyer","1899","","Abh. Zool. Anthrop.- Ethnology. Mus. Dresden","7","7","14","","","Minahassa Pipistrelle","Indonesia, Sulawesi, Minahassa, Tomohon.","N Sulawesi.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Reviewed by Tate (1942<i>a</i>).","38","38-02086","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2086"
"13802087","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","nanulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","198","","","Tiny Pipistrelle","Cameroon, Efulen.","Sierra Leone and Côte d’Ivoire to Kenya; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>.","38","38-02087","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2087"
"13802088","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","nathusii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Keyserling and Blasius","1839","","Arch. Naturgesch.","5","1","320","","","Nathusius's Pipistrelle","Germany, Berlin.","W Europe to Urals and Caucasus, and W Asia Minor; S England.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>unicolor</i>  Fatio, 1905.","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>.","38","38-02088","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2088"
"13802089","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","papuanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters and Doria","1881","","Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova","16","","696","","","Lesser Papuan Pipistrelle","Indonesia, Prov. of Papua, Salawati Isl.","Seram, Aru Isls, Baik-Supiori, New Guinea, New Ireland (Bismarck Arch.), adjacent small islands.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>orientalis</i>  Meyer, 1899.","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Included in <i>tenuis</i> by many authors, but see Kitchener et al. (1986); also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-02089","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2089"
"13802090","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","paterculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","","32","","","Mount Popa Pipistrelle","Burma, Mt. Popa.","N India, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, SW China.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>yunnanensis</i> </b> Wang, 1982.","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Included in <i>abramus</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), but see Hill and Harrison (1987), Corbet and Hill (1992), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Bates et al. (1997), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>). Also see Lunde et al. (2003<i>a</i>).","38","38-02090","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2090"
"13802091","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","paterculus","paterculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","","32","","","","Burma, Mt. Popa.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02091","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2090-2091"
"13802092","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","paterculus","yunnanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wang","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02092","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2090-2092"
"13802093","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","permixtus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Aellen","1957","","Rev. Suisse Zool.","64","","200","","","Dar-es-Salaam Pipistrelle","Tanzania, Dar-es-Salaam.","NE Tanzania.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>.","38","38-02093","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2093"
"13802094","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","pipistrellus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","167","","","Common Pipistrelle","France.","British Isles, S Denmark, and W Europe to the Volga and Caucasus; Morocco; Greece, Turkey, Israel and Lebanon to Afghanistan, Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Burma, Sinkiang (China). Perhaps Korea, Japan and Taiwan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brachyotos</i>  Baillon, 1834; <i>flavescens</i> Koch, 1865; <i>genei</i> Bonaparte, 1845; <i>griseus</i> Gray, 1842; <i>limbatus</i> Koch, 1863; <i>macropterus</i> Jeitteles, 1862; <i>melanopterus</i> Schinz, 1840; <i>minutissimus</i> Schinz, 1840; <i>murinus</i> Gray, 1838; <i>nigra</i> de Selys Longchamps, 1839 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>nigricans</i> Bonaparte, 1845; <i>pipistrelle</i> Müller, 1776; <i>pusillus</i> Schinz, 1840; <i>rufescens</i> de Selys Longchamps, 1839 [<i>nomen nudum</i>, not <i>rufescens</i> Brehm, 1829]; <i>stenotus</i> Schinz, 1840 [not Noack, 1899, or LeConte, 1857]; <i>typus</i> Bonaparte, 1845; <b><i>aladdin</i></b> Thomas, 1905; <i>almatensis</i> Severtzov, 1873 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>bactrianus</i> Satunin, 1905; <i>fulvus</i> Korelov, 1947; <i>kuzyakini</i> Korelov, 1947; <i>oxianus</i> Bogdanov, 1882 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>lacteus</i> Temminck, 1840 [locality unknown].","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. A cryptic species previously confused with <i>pipistrellus</i> was recently identified based on echolocation call frequency and DNA sequence divergence; this taxon has been given the name <i>pygmaeus</i> Leach, 1825, see Jones and van Parijs (1993), Barratt et al. (1995, 1997), Jones and Barratt (1999), Häussler et al. (2000), Russo and Jones (2000), and Sendor et al. (2002). The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003<i>b</i>) placed both <i>pipistrellus</i> and <i>pygmaeus</i> on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, and designated neotypes for both species to prevent future confusion of these taxa. Includes <i>aladdin</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Does not include <i>mediterraneus</i>, which is a synonym of <i>pygmaeus</i>; see Jones and Barratt (1999) and Häussler et al. (2000). Some of the synonyms listed above may actually represent <i>pygmaeus</i>; they are retained here pending reexaminati... [truncated]","38","38-02094","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2094"
"13802095","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","pipistrellus","pipistrellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","167","","","","France.","","","","","38","38-02095","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2094-2095"
"13802096","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","pipistrellus","aladdin","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02096","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2094-2096"
"13802097","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","pygmaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Leach","1825","","Zool. J.","1","","559","","","Soprano Pipistrelle","England, Devonshire, Dartmoor.","British Isles, S Scandinavia south to Spain, Portugal, Corsica, Sardinina, Italy, Slovenia, and Greece; east to Ukaraine and W Russia (perhaps much further east); N Algeria, Tunisia, Libya (Cyrenaica only).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>mediterraneus</i>  Cabrera, 1904.","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Previously confused with <i>pipistrellus</i>, but clearly distinct; see Jones and van Parijs (1993), Barratt et al. (1995, 1997), Jones and Barratt (1999), Häussler et al. (2000), Russo and Jones (2000), Ziegler et al. (2001), and Sendor et al. (2002). Conspecific with <i>mediterraneus</i>, see Jones and Barratt (1999) and Häussler et al. (2000). von Helversen et al. (2000) supported use of the name <i>mediterraneus</i> rather than <i>pygmaeus</i> for this species, but this was rejected by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003<i>b</i>), which recently placed both <i>pipistrellus</i> and <i>pygmaeus</i> on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and designated neotypes for both species to prevent future confusion of these taxa. Some of the synonyms listed under <i>pipistrellus</i> may actually represent <i>pygmaeus</i>; they are retained under the former pending reexamination. See Jones (1997) and Mayer and Helversen (2001<i>b... [truncated]","38","38-02097","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2097"
"13802098","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","rueppellii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. Fischer","1829","","Synopsis Mamm.","","","109","","","Rüppell's Pipistrelle","Sudan, Northern Province, Dongola.","Mauritania, Senegal, Algeria, Israel, Egypt, and Iraq, south to Botswana and NE South Africa; Zanzibar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hypoleucus</i>  Fitzinger, 1866; <i>temminckii</i> Cretzschmar, 1826 [not Horsfield, 1824]; <b><i>coxi</i></b> Thomas, 1919; <b><i>fuscipes</i></b> Thomas, 1913; <b><i>pulcher</i></b> Dobson, 1875; <b><i>senegalensis</i></b> Dorst, 1960; <b><i>vernayi</i></b> Roberts, 1932; <i>leucomelas</i> Monard, 1933.","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991). See Taylor (2000<i>a</i>) for distribution map. Different authors have misspelled this name in a variety of ways, dropping the first ""e"", second ""p"", second ""l"", or second ""i"". The original, correct spelling is ""reuppellii"".","38","38-02098","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2098"
"13802099","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","rueppellii","rueppellii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Fischer","1829","","Synopsis Mamm.","","","109","","","","Sudan, Northern Province, Dongola.","","","","","38","38-02099","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2098-2099"
"13802100","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","rueppellii","coxi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02100","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2098-2100"
"13802101","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","rueppellii","fuscipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02101","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2098-2101"
"13802102","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","rueppellii","pulcher","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02102","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2098-2102"
"13802103","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","rueppellii","senegalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dorst","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02103","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2098-2103"
"13802104","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","rueppellii","vernayi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02104","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2098-2104"
"13802105","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","rusticus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1861","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1861","","35","","","Rusty Pipistrelle","Namibia, Damaraland, Olifants Vlei.","Senegal, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria, Central African Republic, and Ethiopia, south to Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, South Africa. A specimen from Liberia has been tentatively reidentified as <i>kuhlii</i> (see Koopman et al., 1995).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>marrensis</i> </b> Thomas and Hinton, 1923.","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Includes <i>marrensis</i>; see Koopman (1975). Geographic range reviewed by Kock et al. (2002).","38","38-02105","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2105"
"13802106","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","rusticus","rusticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1861","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1861","","35","","","","Namibia, Damaraland, Olifants Vlei.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02106","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2105-2106"
"13802107","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","rusticus","marrensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02107","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2105-2107"
"13802108","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","stenopterus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","470","","","Narrow-winged Pipistrelle","Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak.","W Malaysia, Sumatra, Riau Arch., N Borneo, Mindanao (Philippines).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Transferred from <i>Nyctalus</i> to <i>Pipistrellus</i> by Medway (1977) following Tate (1942<i>a</i>). Koopman (1989<i>a</i>, 1993) suggested that this species might best be returned to <i>Nyctalus</i>, but see Hill and Harrison (1987) and Corbet and Hill (1992), who instead placed it in <i>Hypsugo</i>. Volleth and Heller (1994) presented strong karyotypic evidence that <i>stenopterus</i> is a true <i>Pipistrellus</i> closely related to <i>javanicus</i> and <i>mimus</i> (the latter here considered a junior synonym of <i>tenuis</i>).","38","38-02108","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2108"
"13802109","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","sturdeei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","230","","","Sturdee's Pipistrelle","Japan, Bonin Isls, Hillsboro (= Hahajima) Isl.","Bonin Isls (Japan).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Extinct.","","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Reviewed by Yoshiyuki (1989).","38","38-02109","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2109"
"13802110","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Perimyotis","subflavus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1832","","Nouv. Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","1","","17","","","Eastern Pipistrelle","USA, Georgia.","Nova Scotia, S Quebec (Canada), and Minnesota (USA), south to Florida (USA) and Honduras.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>erythrodactylus</i>  Temminck, 1835-1841; <i>monticola</i> Audubon and Bachman, 1841; <i>obscurus</i> Miller, 1897; <b><i>clarus</i></b> Baker, 1954; <b><i>floridanus</i></b> Davis, 1957; <b><i>veraecrucis</i></b> Ward, 1891.","Subgenus <i>Perimyotis</i>. Transferred by Menu (1984) to its own genus <i>(Perimyotis)</i>, but see Hill and Harrison (1987). See Fujita and Kunz (1984).","38","38-02110","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2048-2110"
"13802111","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Perimyotis","subflavus","subflavus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1832","","Nouv. Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","1","","17","","","","USA, Georgia.","","","","","38","38-02111","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2048-2110-2111"
"13802112","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Perimyotis","subflavus","clarus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baker","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02112","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2048-2110-2112"
"13802113","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Perimyotis","subflavus","floridanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1957","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02113","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2048-2110-2113"
"13802114","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Perimyotis","subflavus","veraecrucis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ward","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02114","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2048-2110-2114"
"13802115","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","tenuis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","229","","","Least Pipistrelle","Indonesia, Sumatra.","Afghanistan to the Moluccas; S China, Laos, Vietnam; Cocos Keeling Isl and Christmas Isl (Indian Ocean).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>mimus</i> </b> Wroughton, 1899; <i>glaucillus</i> Wroughton, 1912;<i> principulus</i> Thomas, 1915; <b><i>murrayi</i></b> Andrews, 1900; <b><i>nitidus</i></b> Tomes, 1859;<i> <b>ponceleti</b></i> Troughton, 1936; <b><i>portensis</i></b> Allen, 1906;<i> tramatus</i> Thomas, 1928; <b><i>sewelanus</i></b> Oei, 1960;<i> <b>subulidens</b></i> Miller, 1901.","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Does not include <i>adamsi</i>, <i>angulatus</i>,<i> collinus</i>, <i>orientalis</i>, <i>papuanus</i>, <i>wattsi</i>, or <i>westralis</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1986), but also see Koopman (1984<i>c</i>, 1994) and Corbet and Hill (1992). See also Koopman (1973) and McKean and Price (1978) for discussion of synonyms. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>). This complex may include more than one species.","38","38-02115","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2115"
"13802116","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","tenuis","tenuis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","229","","","","Indonesia, Sumatra.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02116","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2115-2116"
"13802117","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","tenuis","mimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02117","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2115-2117"
"13802118","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","tenuis","murrayi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Andrews","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02118","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2115-2118"
"13802119","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","tenuis","nitidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1859","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02119","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2115-2119"
"13802120","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","tenuis","ponceleti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02120","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2115-2120"
"13802121","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","tenuis","portensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02121","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2115-2121"
"13802122","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","tenuis","sewelanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Oei","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02122","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2115-2122"
"13802123","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","tenuis","subulidens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02123","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2115-2123"
"13802124","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","wattsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, Caputi, and Jones","1986","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","12","","472","","","Watts's Pipistrelle","Papua New Guinea, Tepala, 8°05'S, 146°12'E.","SE Papua New Guinea and Sanari Isl.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Included in <i>tenuis</i> by Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986). Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-02124","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2124"
"13802125","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Pipistrellus","Pipistrellus","westralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Koopman","1984","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","2778","","13","","","Koopman's Pipistrelle","Australia, Western Australia, Cape Bossut, 18°40'S, 121°30'E.","N Australia from Kimberly to E Gulf of Carpentaria.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Included in <i>tenuis</i> by Koopman (1984<i>c</i>, 1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986).","38","38-02125","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2046-2047-2125"
"13802126","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Scotozous","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","372","","<i>Scotozous</i> <i>dormeri</i> Dobson, 1875.","","","","","","Included in <i>Pipistrellus</i> by some authors (e.g., Bates and Harrison, 1997; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Koopman, 1993, 1994; Sinha, 1999), but see Corbet and Hill (1992). Considered congeneric with <i>Scotoecus</i> by Menu (1987), but see Hill and Harrison (1987) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Phylogenetic relationships were discussed by Volleth and Heller (1994).","38","38-02126","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2126"
"13802127","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Pipistrellini","Scotozous","","dormeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","373","","","Dormer's Pipistrelle","India, Mysore, Bellary Hills.","India, Pakistan. A record from Taiwan is erroneous (Koopman, 1994).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Pipistrellus dormeri</i>.","<i>caurinus</i>  Thomas, 1915.","Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-02127","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2023-2126-0000-2127"
"13802128","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","17","","90","","","","","","","","Apparently includes <i>Otonycteris</i>; see Qumsiyeh and Bickham (1993) and Bogdanowicz et al. (1998), although also see Pine et al. (1971) and Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2001). For phylogenies also see Tumlison and Douglas (1992) and Frost and Timm (1992). See Frost and Timm (1992) for generic diagnoses, but note that they included <i>Idionycteris</i> in <i>Euderma</i>.","38","38-02128","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128"
"13802129","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Barbastella","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","300","","<i>Vespertilio barbastellus</i> Schreber, 1774.","","","","","<i>Synotus</i>  Keyserling and Blasius, 1839.","Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) provided a key separating the two species.","38","38-02129","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2129"
"13802130","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Barbastella","","barbastellus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","168","","","Western Barbastelle","France, Burgundy.","England and W Europe to Caucasus; Bulgaria; Turkey; Crimea (Ukraine); Morocco; larger Mediterranean islands; Canary Isls; perhaps Senegal.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>barbastelle</i>  Müller, 1776; <i>communis</i> Gray, 1838; <i>daubentonii</i> Bell, 1836; <b><i>guanchae</i></b> Trujillo, Ibáñez, and Juste, 2002.","Apparently does not include <i>leucomelas</i>, but see Qumsiyeh (1985) and Benda and Horácek (1998), who suggested that they might be conspecific (see discussion under <i>leucomelas</i>). Reviewed by Trujillo et al. (2002). Juste et al. (2003) discussed phylogeography of this species.","38","38-02130","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2129-0000-2130"
"13802131","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Barbastella","","barbastellus","barbastellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","","168","","","","France, Burgundy.","","","","","38","38-02131","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2129-0000-2130-2131"
"13802132","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Barbastella","","barbastellus","guanchae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Trujillo, Ibáñez, and Juste","2002","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02132","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2129-0000-2130-2132"
"13802133","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Barbastella","","leucomelas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1826","","<i>In</i> Ruppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","","","73","","","Eastern Barbastelle","Egypt, Sinai.","Caucasus to The Pamirs, N Iran, Afghanistan, India, Nepal, and W China; Honshu, Hokkaido (Japan); Sinai (Egypt); Eritrea; perhaps Indo-China.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>darjelingensis</i> </b> Hodgson, 1855 [in Horsfield, 1855]; <i>blanfordi</i> Bianchi, 1917;<i> caspica</i> Satunin, 1908; <i>dargelinensis</i> Dobson, 1875; <i>walteri</i> Bianchi, 1916.","Reviewed in part by De Blase (1980), Qumsiyeh (1985), Yoshiyuki (1989), Harrison and Bates (1991), and Bates and Harrison (1997). Horácek et al. (2000) suggested that the western subspecies <i>leucomelas</i> may be conspecific with <i>barbastellus</i>, but retained these as separate species pending further study. If <i>leucomelas</i> is conspecific with <i>barbastellus</i>, the oldest name for the Eastern Barbastelle (widely regarded as a distinct species) would be <i>darjelingensis</i>. Japanese populations may also be distinct at the subspecies or species level (Horácek et al., 2000).","38","38-02133","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2129-0000-2133"
"13802134","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Barbastella","","leucomelas","leucomelas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1826","","<i>In</i> Ruppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","","","73","","","","Egypt, Sinai.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02134","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2129-0000-2133-2134"
"13802135","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Barbastella","","leucomelas","darjelingensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1855","","[in Horsfield, 1855]","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02135","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2129-0000-2133-2135"
"13802136","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Corynorhinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","H. Allen","1865","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phildelphia","17","","173","","<i>Plecotus</i> <i>macrotis</i> Le Conte, 1831 (= <i>Plecotus</i> <i>rafinesquii</i> Lesson, 1827).","","","","","","Included in <i>Plecotus</i> by many authors, but see Tumlinson and Douglas (1992), Frost and Timm (1992), Bogdanowicz et al. (1998), and Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2001).","38","38-02136","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2136"
"13802137","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Corynorhinus","","mexicanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1916","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","60","","347","","","Mexican Big-eared Bat","Mexico, Chihuahua, Pacheco.","Sonora and Coahuila to Michoacan Yucatán (Mexico); Cozumel Isl (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Plecotus</i> <i>mexicanus</i>.","","Listed as a subspecies of <i>townsendii</i> by Hall and Kelson (1959), but see Handley (1959<i>b</i>) and Hall (1981). See Tumlison (1992).","38","38-02137","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2136-0000-2137"
"13802138","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Corynorhinus","","rafinesquii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1827","","Manuel de Mammalogie","","","96","","","Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat","USA, Illinois, Wabash Co., Mt. Carmel.","SE USA from Virginia to Missouri, south to E Texas and Florida.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Plecotus</i> <i>rafinesquii</i>.","<i>megalotis</i>  Rafinesque, 1818 [not Bechstein, 1800]; <b><i>macrotis</i></b> Le Conte, 1831; <i>leconteii</i> Cooper, 1837.","See C. Jones (1977).","38","38-02138","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2136-0000-2138"
"13802139","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Corynorhinus","","rafinesquii","rafinesquii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1827","","Manuel de Mammalogie","","","96","","","","USA, Illinois, Wabash Co., Mt. Carmel.","","","","","38","38-02139","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2136-0000-2138-2139"
"13802140","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Corynorhinus","","rafinesquii","macrotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Le Conte","1831","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02140","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2136-0000-2138-2140"
"13802141","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Corynorhinus","","townsendii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cooper","1837","","Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.","4","","73","","","Townsend's Big-eared Bat","USA, Washington, Clark Co., Fort Vancouver.","S British Columbia (Canada) through W USA to Oaxaca (Mexico), east to Virginia.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Plecotus</i> <i>ingens</i> and <i>Plecotus virginianus</i>. IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Plecotus</i> <i>townsendii</i>.","<b><i>australis</i> </b> Handley, 1955;<i> <b>ingens</b></i> Handley, 1955; <b><i>pallescens</i></b> Miller, 1897;<i> intermedius</i> H. W. Grinnell, 1914; <b><i>virginianus</i></b> Handley, 1955.","See Kunz and Martin (1982).","38","38-02141","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2136-0000-2141"
"13802142","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Corynorhinus","","townsendii","townsendii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cooper","1837","","Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.","4","","73","","","","USA, Washington, Clark Co., Fort Vancouver.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02142","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2136-0000-2141-2142"
"13802143","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Corynorhinus","","townsendii","australis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02143","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2136-0000-2141-2143"
"13802144","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Corynorhinus","","townsendii","ingens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02144","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2136-0000-2141-2144"
"13802145","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Corynorhinus","","townsendii","pallescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02145","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2136-0000-2141-2145"
"13802146","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Corynorhinus","","townsendii","virginianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02146","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2136-0000-2141-2146"
"13802147","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Euderma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","H. Allen","1892","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","43","","467","","<i>Histiotus maculatus</i> J. A. Allen, 1891.","","","","","","Revised by Handley (1959<i>b</i>). Does not include <i>Idionycteris</i>; see comments under that genus.","38","38-02147","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2147"
"13802148","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Euderma","","maculatum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1891","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","195","","","Spotted Bat","USA, California, Los Angeles Co., Santa Clara Valley, Castac Creek mouth.","SW Canada and Montana (USA) to Queretaro (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","See Watkins (1977).","38","38-02148","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2147-0000-2148"
"13802149","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Idionycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Anthony","1923","","Am. Mus. Novit.","54","","1","","<i>Idionycteris mexicanus</i> Anthony, 1923 (= <i>Corynorhinus phyllotis</i> G. M. Allen, 1916).","","","","","","<i>Idionycteris</i> is considered a separate genus following Williams et al. (1970), Tumlinson and Douglas (1992), Bogdanowicz et al. (1998), and Hoofer and Van Den Bussche, but also see Handley (1959<i>b</i>), who retained it in <i>Plecotus</i>, and Frost and Timm (1992), who placed it in <i>Euderma</i>.","38","38-02149","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2149"
"13802150","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Idionycteris","","phyllotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1916","","Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.","60","","352","","","Allen's Big-eared Bat","Mexico, San Luis Potosi, probably near city of San Luis Potosi (see Hall, 1981).","Distrito Federal and Michoacan (Mexico) to S Utah and S Nevada (USA).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>mexicanus</i>  Anthony, 1923.","See Czaplewski (1983).","38","38-02150","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2149-0000-2150"
"13802151","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Otonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1859","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1859","","223","","<i>Otonycteris</i> <i>hemprichii</i> Peters, 1859.","","","","","","Often placed in Nycticeini (e.g., Koopman, 1994; McKenna and Bell, 1997), but recent phylogenetic analyses have grouped this taxon with plecotines (Bogdanowicz et al., 1998; Qumsiyeh and Bickham, 1993), although also see Pine et al. (1971) and Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2001), who suggested a close relationship between <i>Otonycteris</i> and <i>Antrozous</i>.","38","38-02151","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2151"
"13802152","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Otonycteris","","hemprichii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1859","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1859","","223","","","Hemprich's Desert Bat","Restricted by Kock (1969<i>a</i>) to the Nile Valley between north of Aswan, Egypt and Chondek, Sudan.","The desert zone from Morocco and Niger through Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq to Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, and Kashmir.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brevimanus</i>  Severtzov, 1873 [not Jenyns, 1829]; <i>cinerea</i> Satunin, 1909; <i>jin</i> Cheesman and Hinton, 1924; <i>leucophaeus</i> Severtzov, 1873; <i>petersi</i> Anderson and de Winton, 1902; <i>saharae</i> Laurent, 1936; <i>ustus</i> Fitzinger and Heuglin, 1866 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Reviewed by Harrison and Bates (1991), Horácek (1991), and Bates and Harrison (1997). Several subspecies are sometimes recognized (e.g., Harrison and Bates, 1991; Koopman, 1994), but Horácek (1991) and Horácek et al. (2000) have argued that geographic variation in size and coloration is clinal and therefore does not support recognition of local populations as subspecies.","38","38-02152","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2151-0000-2152"
"13802153","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","112","","<i>Vespertilio auritus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Macrotus</i>  Leach, 1816 [<i>nomen nudum</i>; not Gray, 1842].","Does not include <i>Idionycteris</i> or <i>Corynorhinus</i>; see Williams et al. (1970), Tumlinson and Douglas (1992), Frost and Timm (1993), Bogdanowicz et al. (1998), and Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2001). See C. Jones (1977) for a key to species of <i>Plecotus</i> and <i>Corynorhinus</i>, but note that new species have been described since that publication.","38","38-02153","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153"
"13802154","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","alpinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kiefer and Veith","2001","2002","Myotis","39 [dated 2001; issued April, 2002]","","8","","","Alpine Long-eared Bat","France, Haute-Alpes, Ristolas, 44°46'N, 06°57'E, 1600 m.","France, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Austria, Croatia, Greece.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated (new species).","<i>microdontus</i> Spitzenberger, 2002 [in Spitsenberger et al., 2002].","Morphologically similar to <i>auritus</i> and <i>austriacus</i> and probably confused with these taxa in some previous studies. See Kock (2002) for discussion of priority of the name <i>alpinus</i> over <i>microdontus</i> for this species. For comparisons with other European <i>Plecotus</i> species, see Mucedda et al. (2002) and Spitzenberger et al. (2002). Also see Kiefer et al. (2002). Garin et al. (2003) suggested that <i>macrobullaris</i> may be a senior synonym of <i>alpinus</i> (rather than a subspecies of <i>austriacus</i>), but the supporting data have not yet been published.","38","38-02154","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2154"
"13802155","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","auritus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","32","","","Brown Long-eared Bat","Sweden.","Norway, Ireland, and Spain to Sakhalin Isl (Russia), Korea, Japan, N China, Nepal, India.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bonapartii</i>  Gray, 1838 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>brevimanus</i> Jenyns, 1829; <i>communis</i> Lesson, 1827; <i>cornutus</i> Faber, 1826; <i>europaeus</i> Leach, 1816 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>megalotos</i> Schinz, 1840; <i>montanus</i> Koch, 1865;<i> otus</i> Boie, 1825; <i>peronii</i> I. Geoffroy, 1832; <i>typus</i> Koch, 1865; <i>velatus</i> I. Geoffroy, 1832; <i>vulgaris</i> Desmarest, 1829; <b><i>begognae</i></b> de Paz, 1994; <b><i>homochrous</i></b> Hodgson, 1847; <i>puck</i> Barrett-Hamilton, 1907; <b><i>sacrimontis</i></b> G. M. Allen, 1908; <i>ognevi</i> Kishida, 1927; <b><i>uenoi</i></b> Imaizumi and Yoshiyuki, 1969.","Reviewed in part by Yoshiyuki (1989, 1991<i>b</i>), de Paz (1994), Bates and Harrison (1997), Sinha (1999), and Spitzenberger et al. (2001); also see Kiefer and Veith (2001), Kiefer et al. (2002), and Mucedda et al. (2002). Subspecies allocation of populations from northern China, eastern Siberia, and Sakhalin is uncertain. This complex may include more than one species; <i>homochorous</i> may represent a distinct species (Horácek et al., 2000), and it is possible that other forms may also be distinct (see Mucedda et al., 2002).","38","38-02155","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2155"
"13802156","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","auritus","auritus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","32","","","","Sweden.","","","","","38","38-02156","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2155-2156"
"13802157","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","auritus","begognae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Paz","1994","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02157","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2155-2157"
"13802158","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","auritus","homochrous","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1847","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02158","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2155-2158"
"13802159","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","auritus","sacrimontis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02159","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2155-2159"
"13802160","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","auritus","uenoi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Imaizumi and Yoshiyuki","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02160","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2155-2160"
"13802161","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","austriacus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. Fischer","1829","","Synopsis Mamm.","","","117","","","Gray Long-eared Bat","Austria, Vienna.","England and Spain to Mongolia and W China; N Africa from Morocco to Egypt and Sudan; Canary Isls (Spain) and Cape Verde Isls. A report of this species from Senegal is in error, see Grubb and Ansell (1996).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brevipes</i>  Koch, 1865; <i>hispanicus</i> Bauer, 1957; <i>kirschbaumii</i> Koch, 1860; <b><i>ariel</i></b> Thomas, 1911; <i>kozlovi</i> Bobrinski, 1926; <b><i>christii</i></b> Gray, 1838; <i>aegyptius</i> Fischer, 1829:117 [not Fischer, 1829:105]; <i>meridionalis</i> Martino, 1940; <b><i>macrobullaris</i></b> Kuzyakin, 1965; <b><i>turkmenicus</i></b> Strelkov, 1988 [replacement for <i>turkmenicus</i> Strelkov, 1983, <i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>wardi</i></b> Thomas, 1911; <i>mordax</i> Thomas, 1926.","Included in <i>auritus</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), but see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>). Does not include <i>teneriffae</i>; see Ibáñez and Fernández (1985), though also see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>). Does not include <i>kolombatovici</i>, see Mayer and von Helversen (2001<i>a</i>), Kiefer and Veith (2001), Spitzenberger et al. (2001), Kiefer et al. (2002), and Mucedda et al. (2002). Reviewed in part by Yoshiyuki (1991<i>b</i>), Kock (1996), Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), Horácek et al. (2000), and Mucedda et al. (2002). See Horácek et al. (2000) for a summary of presumed subpecies limits, but note that subspecific allocation of many populations is uncertain. <i>P.</i> <i>wardi</i> is included here following Koopman (1993, 1994), Horácek et al. (2000) and other authors, but Sinha (1999) treated this taxon as a subspecies of <i>auritus</i> rather than <i>austriacus</i>. Garin et al. (2003) suggested that <i>macrobullaris</i> may be a senior synonym of <i>alpin... [truncated]","38","38-02161","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2161"
"13802162","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","austriacus","austriacus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Fischer","1829","","Synopsis Mamm.","","","117","","","","Austria, Vienna.","","","","See comments under species.","38","38-02162","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2161-2162"
"13802163","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","austriacus","ariel","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02163","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2161-2163"
"13802164","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","austriacus","christii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02164","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2161-2164"
"13802165","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","austriacus","macrobullaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuzyakin","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02165","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2161-2165"
"13802166","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","austriacus","turkmenicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Strelkov","1988","","","","","","","","","","","","","Replacement for <i>turkmenicus </i>Strelkov, 1983, <i>nomen nudum.</i>","38","38-02166","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2161-2166"
"13802167","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","austriacus","wardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02167","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2161-2167"
"13802168","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","balensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kruskop and Lavrenchenko","2000","","Myotis","38","","6","","","Bale Long-eared Bat","Ethiopia, southern Ethiopia, Bale Mountains National Park, Harenna Forest, 6°45'N, 39°44'E, 2,760 m.","S Ethiopia.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated (new species); not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","","38","38-02168","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2168"
"13802169","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","kolombatovici","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dulic","1980","","Proc. 5th Internat. Bat Res. Conf., (D. E. Wilson and A. L. Gardner, eds.), Texas Tech Press.","","","159","","","Kolombatovic's Long-eared Bat","Croatia, Dalmatia, Korcula Isl., 2.5 km NW Zrnovo, 276 m.","Croatia and nearby islands in the Adriatic Sea.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>austriacus</i>, but clearly distinct; see Mayer and von Helversen (2001<i>a</i>), Kiefer and Veith (2001), Spitzenberger et al. (2001), Kiefer et al. (2002), and Mucedda et al. (2002).","38","38-02169","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2169"
"13802170","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","sardus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Mucedda, Kiefer, Pidinchedda, and Veith","2002","","Acta Chiropterol.","4","","123","","","Sardinian Long-eared Bat","Italy, Sardinia, Nuoro Province, Oliena District, Lanaitto’s Valley, in a cave, 40°15'29""N, 09°29'13""E, 150 m.","Sardinia (Italy).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated (new species).","","Closely related to<i> auritus</i> and <i>alpinus</i>, but clearly distinct.","38","38-02170","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2170"
"13802171","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","taivanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Yoshiyuki","1991","","Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, ser. A(Zool.)","17","","189","","","Taiwan Long-eared Bat","Taiwan, Taichung Hsien, Hoping Hsiang, Mt. Anma Shan, 2,250 m.","Taiwan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Most similar to <i>homochrous</i> and <i>puck</i>, here included in<i> auritus</i>.","38","38-02171","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2171"
"13802172","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Plecotini","Plecotus","","teneriffae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","20","","520","","","Canary Long-eared Bat","Spain, Canary Isls, Teneriffe Isl.","Canary Isls (Spain).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Synonymized with <i>austriacus</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), but see Ibáñez and Fernández (1985).","38","38-02172","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2128-2153-0000-2172"
"13802173","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","299","","","","","","","","Does not include <i>Arielulus</i>, <i>Eptesicus</i>, <i>Hesperoptenus</i>, <i>Glischropus</i>, <i>Nyctalus</i>, <i>Pipistrellus</i>, and <i>Scotozous</i>; see Volleth (1992), Volleth and Heller (1994), and Volleth et al. (2001). Includes <i>Hypsugo</i>, <i>Falsistrellus</i>, <i>Tylonycteris</i>, and <i>Vespadelus</i>; see Volleth and Tidemann (1991) and Volleth and Heller (1994). Includes <i>Neoromicia</i>; see Volleth et al. (2001). May include <i>Nyctophilus </i>(Volleth and Tideman, 1991), here placed in a separate tribe Nyctophilini along with <i>Pharotis</i>.","38","38-02173","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173"
"13802174","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Chalinolobus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1866","1867","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","679","","<i>Vespertilio tuberculatus</i> Forster, 1844 (by International Commision on Zoological Nomenclature ruling, Opinion 1994 [2002]).","","","","","","Does not include <i>Glauconycteris</i>; see Hill and Harrison (1987) and Volleth and Heller (1994). Tate (1942<i>a</i>) reviewed all named forms, and Chruszez and Barclay (2002) provided a key to the genus.","38","38-02174","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2174"
"13802175","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Chalinolobus","","dwyeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ryan","1966","","J. Mammal.","47","","89","","","Large-eared Pied Bat","Australia, New South Wales, 14 mi. (23 km) S Inverell, Copeton.","New South Wales and adjacent part of Queensland (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","","38","38-02175","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2174-0000-2175"
"13802176","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Chalinolobus","","gouldii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1841","","Appendix C <i>in</i> J. Two Exped. Aust.","2","","401, 405","","","Gould's Wattled Bat","Australia, Tasmania, Launceston.","Australia but not Cape York Peninsula N of Cardwell; Tasmania, Norfolk Isl (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>venatoris</i>  Thomas, 1908.","Reviewed by Tidemann (1986) and Chruszez and Barclay (2002), although note that they included <i>neocaledonicus</i> in this species. Does not include <i>neocaledonicus</i>, see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and discussion under that species. The population from Norfolk Isl (as yet unnamed) may also represent a distinct species, see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-02176","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2174-0000-2176"
"13802177","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Chalinolobus","","morio","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1841","","Appendix C <i>in</i> J. Two Exped. Aust.","2","","400, 405","","","Chocolate Wattled Bat","Australia, Tasmania.","Southern Australia, Tasmania.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>australis</i>  Gray, 1841; <i>microdon</i> Tomes, 1860; <i>signifer</i> Dobson, 1876.","","38","38-02177","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2174-0000-2177"
"13802178","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Chalinolobus","","neocaledonicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Revilliod","1914","","<i>In</i> Sarasin and Roux, Nova Caledonia, A. Zool.","","","355","","","New Caledonia Wattled Bat","New Caledonia, Canala.","New Caledonia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","Often treated as a subspecies of <i>gouldii</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1971<i>a</i>, 1994; Tidemann, 1986), but evidence for synonymy is weak; I follow Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) in provisionally recognizing <i>neocaledonicus</i> as distinct pending further study.","38","38-02178","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2174-0000-2178"
"13802179","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Chalinolobus","","nigrogriseus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1852","","Mamm. Aust.","pt. 4","vol. 3","pl. 43","","","Hoary Wattled Bat","Australia, Queensland, vic. of Moreton Bay.","N and E Australia; SE New Guinea and adjacent small islands.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>rogersi</i> </b> Thomas, 1909.","Includes <i>rogersi</i>; see Van Deusen and Koopman (1971), who revised the species. Also see Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-02179","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2174-0000-2179"
"13802180","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Chalinolobus","","nigrogriseus","nigrogriseus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1852","","Mamm. Aust.","pt. 4","vol. 3","pl. 43","","","","Australia, Queensland, vic. of Moreton Bay.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02180","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2174-0000-2179-2180"
"13802181","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Chalinolobus","","nigrogriseus","rogersi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02181","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2174-0000-2179-2181"
"13802182","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Chalinolobus","","picatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1852","","Mamm. Aust.","pt. 4","vol. 3","pl. 43","","","Little Pied Bat","Australia, New South Wales, Capt. Sturt's Depot.","NW New South Wales, C and S Queensland, and South Australia (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Reviewed by Van Deusen and Koopman (1971).","38","38-02182","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2174-0000-2182"
"13802183","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Chalinolobus","","tuberculatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Forster","1844","","Descrip. Animal. Itinere Maris Aust. Terras, 1772-74","","","62","","","Long-tailed Wattled Bat","New Zealand.","New Zealand and adjacent small islands.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","See O'Donnell (2001). Placed on the Offical List Specific Names in Zoology; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Opinion 1994 [2002]).","38","38-02183","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2174-0000-2183"
"13802184","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Eudiscopus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Conisbee","1953","","Last names proposed genera subgenera Recent Mamm.","","","30","","<i>Discopus denticulus</i> Osgood, 1932.","","","","","<i>Discopus</i>  Osgood, 1932 [not <i>Discopus</i> Thompson, 1864, a coleopteran].","","38","38-02184","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2184"
"13802185","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Eudiscopus","","denticulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1932","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","18","","236","","","Disk-footed Bat","Laos, Phong Saly, 4,000 ft. (1,219 m).","Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, C Burma.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","See Koopman (1972) and Kock and Kovac (2000).","38","38-02185","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2184-0000-2185"
"13802186","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Falsistrellus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Troughton","1943","","Furred animals of Australia, 1st ed., Sydney: Angus and Robertson","","","349","","<i>Vespertilio</i> <i>tasmaniensis</i> Gould, 1858.","","","","","","Included in <i>Pipistrellus</i> by many authors (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1992; Hill and Harrison, 1987; Koopman, 1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986) and Volleth and Heller (1994). See Kitchener et al. (1986) for diagnosis.","38","38-02186","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2186"
"13802187","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Falsistrellus","","affinis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","","","213","","","Chocolate Pipistrelle","Burma, Bhamo.","NE Burma, Yunnan (China), India, Nepal, Sri Lanka.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>affinus</i>.","","May include <i>petersi</i>; see Francis and Hill (1986) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May be conspecific with <i>mordax</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-02187","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2186-0000-2187"
"13802188","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Falsistrellus","","mackenziei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, Caputi, and Jones","1986","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.12","","","451","","","Mackenzie's False Pipistrelle","Australia, Donelly, 34°06', 115°58'E.","SW Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>mackenziei</i> (misspelled as <i>mckenziei </i>in 2001 Action Plan).","","Included in <i>tasmaniensis</i> by Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986).","38","38-02188","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2186-0000-2188"
"13802189","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Falsistrellus","","mordax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","402","","","Pungent Pipistrelle","Indonesia, Java.","Java; records from India and Sri Lanka are erroneous, based on misidentified <i>affinis</i>, see Hill and Harrison (1987).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>mordax</i>.","<i>maderaspatanus</i>  Gray, 1843 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","May include <i>petersi</i> and/or <i>affinis</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-02189","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2186-0000-2189"
"13802190","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Falsistrellus","","petersi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Meyer","1899","","Abh. Zool. Anthrop.-Ethnology. Mus. Dresden","7","7","13","","","Peters's Pipistrelle","Indonesia, Sulawesi, N Sulawesi, Minahassa.","Borneo; Sulawesi; Buru and Amboina (Molucca Isls); Philippines.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>petersi</i>.","","May be conspecific with <i>affinis</i>; see Francis and Hill (1986) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-02190","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2186-0000-2190"
"13802191","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Falsistrellus","","tasmaniensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1858","","Mamm. Aust.","3","","pl. 48","","","Eastern False Pipistrelle","Australia, Tasmania.","E and SE Australia, Tasmania.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>tasmaniensis</i>.","<i>krefftii</i>  Peters, 1869.","Does not includes <i>mackenziei</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1986).","38","38-02191","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2186-0000-2191"
"13802192","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","383","","<i>Kerivoula</i> <i>poensis</i> Gray, 1842.","","","","","","Formerly included in <i>Chalinolobus</i>, but see Hill and Harrison (1987) and Volleth and Heller (1994). Reviewed by Tate (1942<i>a</i>) and Ryan (1966).","38","38-02192","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192"
"13802193","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","alboguttata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","","449","","","Striped Butterfly Bat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Oriental, Medje.","Dem. Rep. Congo, Cameroon.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Chalinolobus</i> <i>alboguttatus</i>.","","See Eger and Schlitter (2001).","38","38-02193","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192-0000-2193"
"13802194","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","argentata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1875","","385","","","Common Butterfly Bat","Cameroon, Western Province, Mt. Cameroon.","Cameroon to Kenya, south to Angola, Tanzania, and N Malawi.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Chalinolobus</i> <i>argentatus</i>.","","See Peterson and Smith (1973) and Peterson (1982).","38","38-02194","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192-0000-2194"
"13802195","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","beatrix","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","256","","","Beatrix Butterfly Bat","Equatorial Guinea, Rio Muni, Benito River, 15 mi. (24 km) from mouth.","Equatorial Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola. A report of this species from Guinea-Bissau is in error (J. Fahr, pers. comm.)","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Chalinolobus</i> <i>beatrix</i>.","","Does not include <i>humeralis</i>; see Hill and Harrison (1987) and Heller et al. (1994), but also see Eger and Schlitter (2001).","38","38-02195","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192-0000-2195"
"13802196","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","curryae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eger and Schlitter","2001","","Acta Chiropterologica","3","","2","","","Curry's Butterfly Bat","Cameroon, 10 km W Bipindi, approximately 300 m above sea level; 03°05'N, 10°25'E.","Cameroon; Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated (new species); not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Originally spelled <i>curryi</i>, but emended to <i>curryae</i> by Eger (2001).","38","38-02196","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192-0000-2196"
"13802197","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","egeria","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","144","","","Bibundi Butterfly Bat","Cameroon, Western Province, Bibundi.","Cameroon, Uganda, Central African Republic (Lunde et al., 2002).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Chalinolobus</i> <i>egeria</i>.","","","38","38-02197","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192-0000-2197"
"13802198","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","gleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peterson and Smith","1973","","R. Ont. Mus. Life Sci. Occas. Pap.","22","","3","","","Glen's Butterfly Bat","Cameroon, near Lomie.","Cameroon, Uganda.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Chalinolobus</i> <i>gleni</i>.","","See Peterson (1982).","38","38-02198","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192-0000-2198"
"13802199","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","humeralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","37","","448","","","Spotted Butterfly Bat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Oriental, Medje.","Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Kenya.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Apparently distinct from <i>beatrix</i>; see Hill and Harrison (1987) and Heller et al. (1994), but also see Eger and Schlitter (2001).","38","38-02199","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192-0000-2199"
"13802200","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","kenyacola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peterson","1982","","Canadian J. Zool.","60","","2521","","","Kenyacola Butterfly Bat","Kenya, Coast Prov., 8.5 km N Garsen.","Kenya.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient as <i>Chalinolobus kenyacola</i>.","","Known only from the holotype.","38","38-02200","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192-0000-2200"
"13802201","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","machadoi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1963","","Comp. Diamantes de Angola, Ser. Cult.","1963","","107","","","Machado's Butterfly Bat","Angola, Lac Calundo.","Angola; known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Known only from the holotype. Koopman (1971a:6) treated machadoi as a subspecies of variegata, suggesting that it might be ""simply a melanistic mutant individual"" of the latter widespread species, which is typically pale creamy buff with a whitish head and pale wing membranes. Alternatively, Hayman and Hill (1971) treated machadoi as a separate species in recognition of its distinct coloration, which includes brown dorsal fur, a dark brown head, dark wing membranes, and a creamy-white underbelly. Peterson and Smith (1973) and Crawford-Cabral (1989c) also treated machadoi as distinct. I follow the latter authors pending additional evidence.","38","38-02201","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192-0000-2201"
"13802202","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","poensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","258","","","Abo Butterfly Bat","Nigeria, Abo (lower Niger River).","Senegal to Uganda; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea); Cameroon.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Chalinolobus</i> <i>poensis</i>.","<i>kraussii</i>  Peters, 1868.","Distinct from <i>beatrix</i> and <i>humeralis</i>; see Heller et al. (1994).","38","38-02202","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192-0000-2202"
"13802203","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","superba","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1939","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11","3","","219","","","Pied Butterfly Bat","Dem. Rep. Congo, Oriental, Ituri Dist., Pawa.","Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, NE Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Chalinolobus</i> <i>superbus</i>.","<i>sheila</i>  Hayman, 1947.","Although <i>sheila</i> is sometimes recognized as a subspecies, it might represent only a color variant (Rosevear, 1965; J. Fahr, pers. comm.).","38","38-02203","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192-0000-2203"
"13802204","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","variegata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1861","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1861","","36","","","Variegated Butterfly Bat","Namibia, Otjoro.","Senegal to Somalia, south to South Africa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Chalinolobus</i> <i>variegatus</i>.","<i>papilio</i>  Thomas, 1915; <b><i>phalaena</i></b> Thomas, 1915.","Does not include <i>machadoi</i>, see Hayman and Hill (1971), but also see Koopman (1971<i>a</i>).","38","38-02204","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192-0000-2204"
"13802205","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","variegata","variegata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1861","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1861","","36","","","","Namibia, Otjoro.","","","","","38","38-02205","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192-0000-2204-2205"
"13802206","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Glauconycteris","","variegata","phalaena","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02206","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2192-0000-2204-2206"
"13802207","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Histiotus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gervais","1856","","<i>In</i> F. Comte de Castelnau, Exped. Partes Cen. Am. Sud.(Sec. 7)","Vol. 1","pt. 2 (Mammifères)","77","","<i>Plecotus velatus</i> I. Geoffroy, 1824","","","","","","Species differences discussed by Handley (1996).","38","38-02207","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2207"
"13802208","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Histiotus","","alienus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","17","","276","","","Strange Big-eared Brown Bat","Brazil, Santa Catarina, Joinville.","SE Brazil, Uruguay.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","","38","38-02208","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2207-0000-2208"
"13802209","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Histiotus","","humboldti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1996","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","109","","2","","","Humboldt's Big-eared Brown Bat","Venezuela, Distrito Federal, 4 km NNW Caracas, Los Venados, 1,498 m. 10°32’N, 66°54’W.","Colombia, W Venezuela.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","","38","38-02209","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2207-0000-2209"
"13802210","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Histiotus","","laephotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","17","","275","","","Thomas's Big-eared Brown Bat","Bolivia, Caiza.","Argentina, S Bolivia, S Peru.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Treated as a subspecies of <i>montanus</i> by Anderson (1997) and as a subspecies of <i>macrotis</i> by Koopman (1994) and Barquez et al. (1993, 1999), but apparently distinct; see Autino et al. (1999) and Barquez and Diaz (2001).","38","38-02210","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2207-0000-2210"
"13802211","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Histiotus","","macrotus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Poeppig","1835","","Reise Chile Peru Amaz.","1","","451","","","Big-eared Brown Bat","Chile, Bio-BIo, Antuco.","Chile, Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>chilensis</i>  Lesson, 1836;<i> poeppigii</i> Fitzinger, 1872.","Does not include <i>laephotis</i>; see Autino et al. (1999) and Barquez and Diaz (2001).","38","38-02211","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2207-0000-2211"
"13802212","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Histiotus","","magellanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1866","","Arch. Naturg.","1866","","113","","","Southern Big-eared Brown Bat","Chile.","S Argentina, S Chile.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>capucinus</i>  Philippi, 1866.","Often treated as a subspecies of <i>montanus</i>, but apparently distinct; see Barquez et al. (1993) and Mares et al. (1995).","38","38-02212","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2207-0000-2212"
"13802213","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Histiotus","","montanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi and Landbeck","1861","","Arch. Naturgesch.","","","289","","","Small Big-eared Brown Bat","Chile, Santiago Cordillera.","N Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, W Bolivia, S Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, perhaps N Peru and S Brazil.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>segethii</i>  Peters, 1864; <b><i>colombiae</i></b> Thomas, 1916; <b><i>inambarus</i></b> Anthony, 1920.","Does not include <i>laephotis</i>; see Autino et al. (1999) and Barquez and Diaz (2001). Does not include <i>magellanicus</i>; see Barquez et al. (1993) and Mares et al. (1995).","38","38-02213","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2207-0000-2213"
"13802214","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Histiotus","","montanus","montanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi and Landbeck","1861","","Arch. Naturgesch.","","","289","","","","Chile, Santiago Cordillera.","","","","","38","38-02214","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2207-0000-2213-2214"
"13802215","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Histiotus","","montanus","colombiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02215","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2207-0000-2213-2215"
"13802216","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Histiotus","","montanus","inambarus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anthony","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02216","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2207-0000-2213-2216"
"13802217","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Histiotus","","velatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1824","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.","3","","446","","","Tropical Big-eared Brown Bat","Brazil, Parana, Curitiba.","E Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, NW Argentina","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>miotis</i>  Thomas, 1916.","","38","38-02217","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2207-0000-2217"
"13802218","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kolenati","1856","","Allegemeine Deutsche Naturhist. Zeit.","2","","131","","<i>Vespertilio</i> <i>savii</i> Bonaparte, 1837 (type species fixed by Wallin [1969]).","","","","","<i>Parastrellus</i>  Horacek and Hanák, 1985.","Often included in <i>Pipistrellus</i>, but see Horacek and Hanák (1985-1986), Tiunov (1986), Menu (1987), Ruedi and Arlettaz (1991), Volleth and Heller (1994), and Volleth et al. (1994).","38","38-02218","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218"
"13802219","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","alaschanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bobrinskii","1926","","C. R. Acad. sci. URSS, A","1926","","98","","","Alashanian Pipistrelle","Mongolia, Alashan Range, Hotin Gol Pass.","Mongolia, China, Russian Far East to Korea and Tsushima Isl (Japan).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>coreensis</i>  Imazumi, 1955; <i>velox</i> Ognev, 1927.","Formerly included in <i>savii</i>, but see Horácek et al. (2000). Horácek et al. (2000) suggested that <i>coreensis</i> might represent a separate subspecies, but also see Yoshiyuki (1989), who treated <i>coreensis</i> as a distinct species.","38","38-02219","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2219"
"13802220","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","anchietae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Seabra","1900","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 2","6","","26, 120","","","Anchieta's Pipistrelle","Angola, Cahata.","Angola, S Dem. Rep. Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe, KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>anchietai</i>.","","The oldest name for this species may be <i>bicolor</i>, here listed as a synonym of <i>Neoromicia</i> <i>tenuipinnis</i> following Hayman and Hill (1971); see discussion in Koopman (1975) and Hill and Harrison (1987). Reviewed by Cotterill (1996) and Kearney and Taylor (1997). Sometimes misspelled <i>anchieta</i> or <i>anchietai</i>, but the correct spelling is <i>anchietae</i>; see Kock (2001<i>a</i>).","38","38-02220","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2220"
"13802221","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","anthonyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1942","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","80","","252","","","Anthony's Pipistrelle","Burma, Changyinku, 7,000 ft. (2,134 m).","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>anthonyi</i>.","<i>affinis</i>  Anthony, 1941 [not Dobson, 1871].","Known only by the holotype. May be referrable to <i>Nyctalus</i> or even <i>Philetor</i>; see Hill (1966), Koopman (1993), Hill and Harrison (1987), and Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-02221","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2221"
"13802222","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","arabicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Harrison","1979","","Mammalia","43","","575","","","Arabian Pipistrelle","Oman, Wadi Sahtan (23°22'N, 57°18'E).","Oman, Iran.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>arabicus</i>.","","Reviewed by Harrison and Bates (1991). May be conspecific with <i>ariel</i>, see Benda et al. (2002).","38","38-02222","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2222"
"13802223","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","ariel","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","157","","","Fairy Pipistrelle","Sudan, Kassala Province, Wadi Alagi (22°N, 35°E), 2,000 ft. (610 m).","Israel, Jordan, N Sudan, possibly Egypt.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>ariel</i>.","","Reviewed by Harrison and Bates (1991). May include <i>arabicus</i> and <i>bodenheimeri</i>, see Benda et al. (2002).","38","38-02223","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2223"
"13802224","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","bodenheimeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Harrison","1960","","Durban Mus. Novit.","5","","261","","","Bodenheimer's Pipistrelle","Israel, 40 km N Eilat, Wadi Araba, Yotwata.","Israel, Saudi Arabia, S Yemen, Oman, perhaps Socotra Isl (Yemen).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>bodenheimeri</i>.","","Reviewed by Harrison and Bates (1991) and Gaucher and Harrison (1995); also see Riskin (2001). May be conspecific with <i>ariel</i>, see Benda et al. (2002).","38","38-02224","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2224"
"13802225","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","cadornae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","","416","","","Cadorna's Pipistrelle","India, Darjeeling, Pashok, 3,500 ft. (1,067 m).","NE India, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>cadornae</i>.","","Listed as a subspecies of <i>savii</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), but see Hill (1962<i>b</i>) and Bates and Harrison (1967). Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1997), Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>), and Lunde et al. (2003<i>a</i>).","38","38-02225","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2225"
"13802226","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","crassulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","13","","206","","","Broad-headed Pipistrelle","Cameroon, Efulen.","Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, N Angola, S Sudan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Pipistrellus crassulus</i>.","<i>bellieri</i>  De Vree, 1972.","Includes <i>bellieri</i>; see Heller et al. (1994).","38","38-02226","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2226"
"13802227","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","eisentrauti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1968","","Bonn. Zool. Beitr.","19","","45","","","Eisentraut's Pipistrelle","Cameroon, Western Province, Rumpi Highlands, Dikume-Balue.","Cameroon, Rwanda, Kenya, and Somalia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Pipistrellus eisentrauti</i>.","","Formerly included <i>bellieri</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1989, 1993, 1994), which is here listed as a synonym of <i>crassulus</i> following Heller et al. (1994).","38","38-02227","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2227"
"13802228","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","imbricatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1824","","Zool. Res. Java","part 8","","p. 5 (unno.) of <i>Vespertilio Temminckii</i> acct","","","Brown Pipistrelle","Indonesia, Java.","Java, Kangean Isl, Bali, and Lesser Sunda Isls; Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Pipistrellus imbricatus</i>.","","Previous reports of <i>imbricatus</i> from the Philippines all appear to represent <i>javanicus</i>; see Heaney et al. (1998).","38","38-02228","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2228"
"13802229","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","joffrei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","225","","","Joffre's Pipistrelle","Burma, Kachin Hills.","N Burma.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>joffrei</i>.","","Transferred from <i>Nyctalus</i>; see Hill (1966). Koopman (1989<i>a</i>, 1993) suggested that it might best be returned to <i>Nyctalus</i>, but see Hill (1966) and Hill and Harrison (1987).","38","38-02229","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2229"
"13802230","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","kitcheneri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","229","","","Red-brown Pipistrelle","Borneo, Kalimantan Tengah, Barito River.","Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>kitcheneri</i>.","","Listed as a subspecies of <i>imbricatus</i> by Chasen (1940), but see Tate (1942<i>a</i>) and Medway (1977). May be conspecific with <i>lophurus</i>; see Francis and Hill (1986).","38","38-02230","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2230"
"13802231","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","lophurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","23","","413","","","Burmese Pipistrelle","Burma, Tenasserim, Victoria Province, Maliwun.","Peninsular Burma.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient as <i>Pipistrellus lophurus</i>.","","May be conspecific with <i>kitcheneri</i>; see Francis and Hill (1986). Corbet and Hill (1992) argued that <i>lophurus</i> would be considered the older name.","38","38-02231","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2231"
"13802232","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","macrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","218","","","Big-eared Pipistrelle","Indonesia, Sumatra, Padang.","W Malaysia, Sumatra, Bali, adjacent small islands.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Pipistrellus macrotis</i>.","<i>curtatus</i>  Miller, 1911.","Listed as a subspecies of <i>imbricatus</i> by Medway (1969), but see Tate (1942<i>a</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1980). May include <i>vordermanni</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-02232","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2232"
"13802233","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","musciculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","11","","316","","","Mouse-like Pipistrelle","Cameroon, Ja River, Bitye, 2,000 ft. (610 m).","Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, Gabon, possibly Ghana.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>musciculus</i>.","","","38","38-02233","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2233"
"13802234","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","pulveratus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1870","1871","<i>In</i> Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1870","","618","","","Chinese Pipistrelle","China, Fukien, Amoy.","Szechwan, Yunnan, Hunan, Kiangsu, Fukien (China), Hong Kong; Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>pulveratus</i>.","","Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-02234","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2234"
"13802235","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","savii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1837","","Fauna Ital.","1","","fasc. 20","","","Savi's Pipistrelle","Italy, Pisa.","France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, S Switzerland, Austria, E. Hungary, Balkan Countries, Morocco, N Algeria, and the Canary Isls. (Spain) and Cape Verde Isls through the Crimea and Caucasus, Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Israel Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan to N India and Burma.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Pipistrellus savii</i>.","<i>agilis</i>  Fatio, 1872; <i>aristippe</i> Bonaparte, 1837; <i>bonapartei</i> Savi, 1838; <i>darwini</i> Tomes, 1859; <i>leucippe</i> Bonaparte, 1837; <i>maurus</i> Blasius, 1853; <i>nigrans</i> Crespon, 1844; <b><i>austenianus</i></b> Dobson, 1871; <b><i>caucasicus</i></b> Satunin, 1901; <i>tauricus</i> Ognev, 1927<b>; </b><i>pallescens</i> Bobrinskii, 1926; <i>tamerlani</i> Bobrinskii, 1918; <b><i>ochromixtus</i></b> Cabrera, 1904.","Does not include <i>coreensis</i>, <i>alaschanicus</i>, or <i>velox</i>, see Yoshiyuki (1989) and Horácek et al. (2000). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Horácek et al. (2000). See Horácek et al. (2000) for discussion of subspecies limits. Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu (2001) suggested that <i>austenianus</i> may be a distinct species.","38","38-02235","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2235"
"13802236","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","savii","savii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1837","","Fauna Ital.","1","","fasc. 20","","","","Italy, Pisa.","","","","","38","38-02236","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2235-2236"
"13802237","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","savii","austenianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02237","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2235-2237"
"13802238","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","savii","caucasicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02238","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2235-2238"
"13802239","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","savii","ochromixtus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02239","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2235-2239"
"13802240","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Hypsugo","","vordermanni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1890","","Zool. Ergebnisse Reis. Niederlandische Ost-Indien","","","152","","","Vordermann's Pipistrelle","Indonesia, Billiton Isl (= Belitung).","Belitung Isl (Indonesia), Borneo (Sarawak, Malaysia).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Reviewed by Hill (1983) and Francis and Hill (1986). May be conspecific with <i>macrotis</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-02240","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2218-0000-2240"
"13802241","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Ia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","10","","163","","<i>Ia io</i> Thomas, 1902.","","","","","<i>Parascotomanes</i>  Bourret, 1942.","Considered a subgenus of <i>Pipistrellus</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951); but see Topál (1970<i>a</i>).","38","38-02241","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2241"
"13802242","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Ia","","io","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","10","","164","","","Great Evening Bat","China, Hupeh, Chungyang.","Sichuan, Hubei, Yunnan, Guichow, Tibet (S China), Laos, N Vietnam, N Thailand, NE India, Nepal.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>beaulieui</i>  Bourret, 1942;<i> longimana</i> Pen, 1962.","Reviewed by Topál (1970<i>a</i>), Bates and Harrison (1997), Csorba (1998), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-02242","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2241-0000-2242"
"13802243","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Laephotis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","460","","<i>Laephotis wintoni</i> Thomas, 1901.","","","","","","Considered monotypic by Hayman and Hill (1971), but see Hill (1974<i>a</i>), who revised the genus. Kearney et al. (2002) suggested that <i>Laephotis</i> may nest within <i>Neoromicia</i> based on analysis of bacular structure, but this hypothesis needs to be tested with additional data sets.","38","38-02243","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2243"
"13802244","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Laephotis","","angolensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Monard","1935","","Arch. Mus. Bocage","6","","45","","","Angolan Long-eared Bat","Angola, Tyihumbwe, 15 km W. Dala.","Angola, Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","","38","38-02244","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2243-0000-2244"
"13802245","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Laephotis","","botswanae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Setzer","1971","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","84","","260, 263","","","Botswanan Long-eared Bat","Botswana, 50 mi. (80 km) W and 12 mi. (19 km) S Shakawe.","Dem. Rep. Congo, Zambia, Malawi, Botswana, Zimbabwe, NE South Africa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","For a range map see Cotterill (1996).","38","38-02245","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2243-0000-2245"
"13802246","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Laephotis","","namibensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Setzer","1971","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","84","","259","","","Namibian Long-eared Bat","Namibia, Gobabeb, Kuiseb River.","Namibia, South Africa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","","38","38-02246","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2243-0000-2246"
"13802247","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Laephotis","","wintoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","460","","","De Winton's Long-eared Bat","Kenya, Kitui, 1,150 m.","Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, SW Cape Province (South Africa).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","","38","38-02247","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2243-0000-2247"
"13802248","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Mimetillus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1904","10","12","","<i>Vesperugo</i> (<i>Vesperus</i>) <i>moloneyi</i> Thomas, 1891.","","","","","","","38","38-02248","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2248"
"13802249","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Mimetillus","","moloneyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","7","","528","","","Moloney's Mimic Bat","Nigeria, Western Region, Lagos.","Sierra Leone east to Ethiopia and Kenya, Tanzania south to Mozambique, west to Zambia, S Dem. Rep. Congo, and Angola; no records have been documented in the central Congo Basin.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>thomasi</i> </b> Hinton, 1920; <i>berneri</i> Monard, 1933.","Cotterill (2001<i>c</i>) suggested that <i>thomasi</i> represents a distinct, large-bodied, savanna-dwelling species (<i>moloneyi</i> being a strict forest-dwelling species characterized by smaller size). However, additional locality and morphometric data indicate a more complex pattern (J. Fahr, pers. comm.). Accordingly, I have chosen to treat these taxa as conspecific pending a thorough revision.","38","38-02249","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2248-0000-2249"
"13802250","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Mimetillus","","moloneyi","moloneyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","7","","528","","","","Nigeria, Western Region, Lagos.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02250","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2248-0000-2249-2250"
"13802251","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Mimetillus","","moloneyi","thomasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02251","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2248-0000-2249-2251"
"13802252","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Roberts","1926","","Annals Transvaal Mus.","11","","245","","<i>Eptesicus</i> <i>zuluensis</i> Roberts, 1924.","","","","","","Often considered a subgenus of <i>Pipistrellus</i> (e.g, Hill and Harrison, 1987; Koopman, 1994) or <i>Eptesicus</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1993) but raised to generic rank and transferred to Vespertilionini by Volleth et al. (2001) based on karyotype data. Also see Kearney et al. (2002), who provided additional evidence in support of this arrangment. For a partial phylogeny see Kearney et al. (2002), who also suggested that <i>Laephotis</i> might nest within <i>Neoromicia</i>.","38","38-02252","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252"
"13802253","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","brunneus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1880","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","6","","165","","","Dark-brown Pipistrelle","Nigeria, Eastern region, Calabar.","Liberia to Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>brunneus</i>.","","","38","38-02253","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2253"
"13802254","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","capensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1829","","Zool. J.","4","","435","","","Cape Serotine","South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Grahamstown.","Guinea-Bissau to Ethiopia, south to South Africa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>capensis</i>.","<b><i>damarensis</i> </b> Noack, 1889; <b><i>garambae</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1917; <b><i>gracilior</i></b> Thomas and Schwann, 1905; <b><i>grandidieri</i></b> Dobson, 1876; <b><i>nkatiensis</i></b> Roberts, 1932; <b><i>notius</i></b> G. M. Allen, 1908.","Includes <i>notius</i>; see Koopman (1975<i>b</i>). Does not include <i>matroka</i>; see Peterson et al. (1995). May also include <i>minuta</i> Temminck, 1840 [not of Montgu, 1808; see Koopman, 1975<i>b</i>].<b> </b>Probably includes <i>melckorum</i> Roberts, 1919, but not all of the material referred to that species (see account for <i>melckorum</i> below). Most West African populations have not been allocated to subspecies. See Taylor (2000<i>a</i>) for distribution map, but note that he apparently included <i>matroka</i> from Madagascar (here treated as a species of <i>Eptesicus</i>) in <i>capensis</i>.","38","38-02254","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2254"
"13802255","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","capensis","capensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1829","","Zool. J.","4","","435","","","","South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Grahamstown.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02255","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2254-2255"
"13802256","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","capensis","damarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Noack","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02256","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2254-2256"
"13802257","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","capensis","garambae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02257","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2254-2257"
"13802258","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","capensis","gracilior","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02258","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2254-2258"
"13802259","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","capensis","grandidieri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1876","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02259","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2254-2259"
"13802260","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","capensis","nkatiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02260","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2254-2260"
"13802261","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","capensis","notius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02261","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2254-2261"
"13802262","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","flavescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Seabra","1900","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 2","6","","23","","","Yellow Serotine","Angola, Galanga.","Angola, Burundi, Malawi; also Cameroon (Van Cakenberghe, pers. comm.).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>flavescens</i>.","<i>angolensis</i>  Hill, 1937.","","38","38-02262","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2262"
"13802263","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","guineensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1889","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 2","1","","6","","","Guinean Serotine","Guinea-Bissau, Bissau.","Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, and Guinea to Ethiopia and NE Dem. Rep. Congo; perhaps Tanzania.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>guineensis</i>.","<b><i>rectitragus</i> </b> Wettstein, 1916.","This species was called <i>pusillus</i> by Hayman and Hill (1971), but see Koopman (1975). Tanzanian record may represent <i>somalicus</i>.","38","38-02263","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2263"
"13802264","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","guineensis","guineensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1889","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 2","1","","6","","","","Guinea-Bissau, Bissau.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02264","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2263-2264"
"13802265","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","guineensis","rectitragus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wettstein","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02265","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2263-2265"
"13802266","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","helios","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1912","","Smiths. Misc. Coll.","60","12","3","","","Samburu Pipistrelle","Kenya, 30 mi S Mt. Marsabit, Merelle Water.","Kenya, Somalia, Djibouti, NE Uganda, extreme S Sudan, N Tanzania. Maybe more widespread (Peterson, 1987).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Considered to be a subspecies of <i>nanus</i> by some authors, but differences in bacular morphology (Hill and Harrison, 1987), roosting and social behavior (O'Shea, 1980; Happold and Happold, 1996), habitat and pelage coloration, and the presence of a pair of glands on the interfemoral membrane in <i>helios</i> (O'Shea, 1980) that are rarely found in <i>nanus</i> indicate that <i>helios</i> is a distinct species (M. Happold, pers. comm.).","38","38-02266","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2266"
"13802267","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","melckorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1919","","Ann. Transvaal Mus.","6","","113","","","Melcks' Serotine","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Berg River, Kersfontein.","SW South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>melckorum</i>.","","This species has not been clearly distinguished from <i>capensis</i>, see discussion in Rautenbach et al. (1993) and Kearney et al. (2002). Koopman (1994) noted that the type series from W Cape Province is probably conspecific with <i>capensis</i>; however, material from the northern part of the supposed range of <i>melckorum</i> (Kenya to Zambia and Transvaal) is clearly distinct from <i>capensis</i> and should be renamed.","38","38-02267","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2267"
"13802268","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","nanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Reise nach Mossambique, Säugethier","","","63","","","Banana Pipistrelle","Mozambique, Inhambane.","South Africa to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Niger, Mali, and Senegal; Madagascar; Pemba and Zanzibar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Pipistrellus</i> <i>nanus</i>.","<i>abaensis</i>  J. A. Allen, 1917; <i>africanus</i> Rüppell, 1842; <b><i>culex</i></b> Thomas, 1911; <b><i>fouriei</i></b> Thomas, 1926; <b><i>meesteri</i></b> Kock, 2001 [replacement name for <i>australis</i> Roberts, 1913]; <i>australis</i> Roberts, 1913 [not Miller, 1897]; <i>pagenstecheri</i> Noack, 1889; <i>pusillulus</i> Peters, 1870; <i>pusillus</i> LeConte, 1857 [not Schinz, 1840, or Noack, 1889]; <i>pusillus</i> Noack, 1889 [not Schinz, 1840, or LeConte, 1857]; <b><i>minusculus</i></b> Miller, 1900; <b><i>stampflii</i> </b>Jentink, 1888.","Usually placed in <i>Pipistrellus</i> or <i>Hypsugo</i>, but recently transferred to <i>Neoromicia</i> based on analyses of karyotype data (Kearney et al., 2002; Volleth et al., 2001). The oldest name for this species is <i>africanus</i> (see Koopman [1975], Meester et al. [1986], and Kock [2001<i>b</i>]), but the name <i>nanus</i> has been applied to this taxon extensively in the literature for many decades. A petition has been filed with the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to conserve <i>nanus</i> in place of <i>africanus</i> (M. Happold, pers. comm.) Pending a ruling of the International Commission, I follow Koopman (1993) in retaining the name <i>nanus</i> for this species in the interest of stability. Does not include <i>helios</i>, see comments under that species. May not include <i>minusculus</i>, <i>culex</i>, or <i>fouriei</i>; see Peterson (1987), who suggested in an abstract that these taxa and <i>helios</i> represent two distinct species, <i>helios</i> (... [truncated]","38","38-02268","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2268"
"13802269","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","nanus","nanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Reise nach Mossambique, Säugethier","","","63","","","","Mozambique, Inhambane.","","","","","38","38-02269","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2268-2269"
"13802270","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","nanus","culex","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02270","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2268-2270"
"13802271","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","nanus","fouriei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02271","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2268-2271"
"13802272","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","nanus","meesteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kock","2001","","[replacement name for <i>australis </i>Roberts, 1913]","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02272","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2268-2272"
"13802273","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","nanus","minusculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02273","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2268-2273"
"13802274","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","nanus","stampflii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1888","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02274","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2268-2274"
"13802275","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","rendalli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1889","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","3","","362","","","Rendall's Serotine","Gambia, Bathurst.","Senegal, Mali, and Gambia to Somalia, south to Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>rendalli</i>.","<b><i>phasma</i> </b> G. M. Allen, 1911; <i>faradjius</i> J. A. Allen, 1917.","Reviewed by Koopman (1975) and Kock et al. (2002). This complex is in need of review as it may include more than one species (see Kock et al., 2002).","38","38-02275","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2275"
"13802276","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","rendalli","rendalli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1889","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","3","","362","","","","Gambia, Bathurst.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02276","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2275-2276"
"13802277","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","rendalli","phasma","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02277","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2275-2277"
"13802278","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","somalicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","32","","","Somali Serotine","Somalia, Northwest Province, Hargeisa.","Senegal and Guinea-Bissau to Somalia, south to Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya, and Tanzania; Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>somalicus</i>.","<b><i>humbloti</i> </b> Milne-Edwards, 1881; <b><i>malagasyensis</i></b> Peterson, Eger, and Mitchell, 1995; <b><i>ugandae</i></b> Hollister, 1916.","Does not include <i>zuluensis</i>; see Peterson et al. (1995). Reviewed in part by Peterson et al. (1995). Subspecific allocations of West African and Tanzanian populations are uncertain.","38","38-02278","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2278"
"13802279","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","somalicus","somalicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","8","","32","","","","Somalia, Northwest Province, Hargeisa.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02279","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2278-2279"
"13802280","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","somalicus","humbloti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1881","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02280","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2278-2280"
"13802281","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","somalicus","malagasyensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peterson, Eger, and Mitchell","1995","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02281","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2278-2281"
"13802282","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","somalicus","ugandae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02282","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2278-2282"
"13802283","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","tenuipinnis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1872","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1872","","263","","","White-winged Serotine","""Guinea"".","Senegal to Kenya and Ethiopia, south to Angola and Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>tenuipinnis</i>.","<b><i>ater</i> </b> J. A. Allen, 1917; <i>bicolor</i> Bocage, 1889.","<i>bicolor</i> (known only from the type locality in Angola) was tentatively included here by Hayman and Hill (1971), but it may be an older name for <i>Hypsugo</i> <i>anchietae</i>; see Koopman (1975) and Hill and Harrison (1987).","38","38-02283","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2283"
"13802284","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","tenuipinnis","tenuipinnis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1872","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1872","","263","","","","""Guinea"".","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02284","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2283-2284"
"13802285","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","tenuipinnis","ater","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02285","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2283-2285"
"13802286","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Neoromicia","","zuluensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","Ann. Transv. Mus.","15","","15","","","Zulu Serotine","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Prov., Zululand, White Umfolosi Game Reserve.","Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Natal, Malawi, N South Africa; also known from Kenya, Ethiopia, and Sudan (V. Van Cakenberghe, pers. comm.).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>zuluensis</i>.","<i>vansoni</i>  Roberts, 1932.","Often included in <i>somalicus</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1975, 1993, 1994), but apparently distinct; see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-02286","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2252-0000-2286"
"13802287","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Philetor","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","9","","220","","<i>Philetor rohui</i> Thomas, 1902 (= <i>Vespertilio brachypterus</i> Temminck, 1840).","","","","","","","38","38-02287","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2287"
"13802288","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Philetor","","brachypterus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","215","","","Rohu's Bat","Indonesia, Sumatra, Padang Dist.","Nepal, W Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, New Guinea, New Britain and New Ireland Isls (Bismarck Arch.). A record from Java is erroneous, and a record from Bangka Isl (Indonesia) does not appear to be authentic, see Corbet and Hill (1992).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>rohui</i>  Thomas, 1902; <i>verecundus</i> Chasen, 1940.","Reviewed by Hill (1966, 1971<i>d</i>, 1983); also see Corbet and Hill (1992), Bates and Harrison (1997), Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), and Bonaccorso (1998). Three subspecies are often recognized, but the actual pattern of variation is too complex to fit this taxonomy.","38","38-02288","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2287-0000-2288"
"13802289","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Tylonycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1872","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1872","","703","","<i>Vespertilio pachypus</i> Temminck, 1840.","","","","","","Reviewed by Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-02289","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2289"
"13802290","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Tylonycteris","","pachypus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","217","","","Lesser Bamboo Bat","Indonesia, W Java, Bantam.","Bangladesh, India, Burma, S China, Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam to Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Bali (Indonesia); Andaman Isls (India).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>aurex</i> </b> Thomas, 1915; <b><i>bhaktii</i></b> Oei, 1960; <b><i>fulvidus</i></b> Blyth, 1859; <i>rubidus</i> Thomas, 1915; <b><i>meyeri</i></b> Peters, 1872.","Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-02290","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2289-0000-2290"
"13802291","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Tylonycteris","","pachypus","pachypus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","217","","","","Indonesia, W Java, Bantam.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02291","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2289-0000-2290-2291"
"13802292","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Tylonycteris","","pachypus","aurex","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02292","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2289-0000-2290-2292"
"13802293","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Tylonycteris","","pachypus","bhaktii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Oei","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02293","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2289-0000-2290-2293"
"13802294","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Tylonycteris","","pachypus","fulvidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1859","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02294","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2289-0000-2290-2294"
"13802295","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Tylonycteris","","pachypus","meyeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02295","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2289-0000-2290-2295"
"13802296","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Tylonycteris","","robustula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","227","","","Greater Bamboo Bat","Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak, Upper Sarawak.","NE India, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, S China to the Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, and Ambon Isl (Moluccas).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>malayana</i> </b> Chasen, 1940.","Includes <i>malayana</i>; see Medway (1969). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-02296","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2289-0000-2296"
"13802297","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Tylonycteris","","robustula","robustula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","227","","","","Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak, Upper Sarawak.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02297","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2289-0000-2296-2297"
"13802298","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Tylonycteris","","robustula","malayana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02298","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2289-0000-2296-2298"
"13802299","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespadelus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Troughton","1943","","Furred animals of Australia, 1st ed., Sydney: Angus and Robertson","","","349","","<i>Scotophilus pumilus</i> Gray, 1841.","","","","","<i>Registrellus</i>  Troughton, 1943.","<i>Vespadelus</i> was first published as a <i>nomen</i> <i>nudum</i> (no accompanying diagnosis) by Iredale and Troughton (1934); the name was made available by Troughton (1943), who provided a diagnosis. Often included in <i>Pipistrellus</i> (e.g., Hill and Harrison, 1987) or <i>Eptesicus</i> (e.g., Adams et al., 1987; Kitchener et al., 1987; Koopman, 1993, 1994; McKean et al., 1978), but see Volleth and Tidemann (1991) and Volleth and Heller (1994). Revised by Kitchener et al. (1987); see also Adams et al. (1987) and Queale (1997). Species groups follow Kitchener et al. (1987).","38","38-02299","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2299"
"13802300","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespadelus","","baverstocki","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, Jones, and Caputi","1987","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","13","","481","","","Baverstock's Forest Bat","Australia, Western Australia, Yuinmery area.","C and S Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>baverstocki</i>.","","<i>pumilus</i> species group. Included in <i>vulturnus</i> by Koopman (1994), but see Kitchener at al. (1987) and Queale (1997).","38","38-02300","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2299-0000-2300"
"13802301","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespadelus","","caurinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","13","","439","","","Western Cave Bat","Australia, Western Australia, Kimberley, Drysdale.","N Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>caurinus</i>.","","<i>caurinus</i> species group. Included in <i>pumilus</i> by McKean et al. (1978) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1987) and Adams et al. (1987).","38","38-02301","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2299-0000-2301"
"13802302","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespadelus","","darlingtoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1933","","J. Mammal.","14","","150","","","Large Forest Bat","Australia, New South Wales, 13 km NW Braidwood.","SE Australia, including Tasmania and Lord Howe Isl.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>darlingtoni</i>.","<i>sagittula</i>  McKean, Richards, and Price, 1978.","<i>pumilus</i> species group. See Kitchener et al. (1987) for discussion of synonmy. Adams et al. (1987) and Koopman (1993) used the name <i>sagittula</i> for this taxon, which may include more than one species.","38","38-02302","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2299-0000-2302"
"13802303","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespadelus","","douglasorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1976","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","4","","295, 296","","","Yellow-lipped Bat","Australia, Western Australia, Kimberley, Napier Range, Tunnel Creek.","Kimberley (N Western Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>douglasorum</i>.","","<i>caurinus</i> species group. Originally described as <i>douglasi</i> but emended by Kitchener et al. (1987).","38","38-02303","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2299-0000-2303"
"13802304","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespadelus","","finlaysoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, Jones, and Caputi","1987","","Rec. West, Aust. Mus.","13","","456","","","Finlayson's Forest Bat","Australia, Western Australia, Cossack.","Western and central Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>finlaysoni</i>.","","<i>caurinus</i> species group. Included in <i>pumilus</i> by Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1987) and Queale (1997).","38","38-02304","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2299-0000-2304"
"13802305","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespadelus","","pumilus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1841","","Appendix C <i>in</i> J. Two Exped. Austr.","2","","406","","","Eastern Forest Bat","Australia, New South Wales, Yarrundi.","Eastern Australia, Lord Howe Isl.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>pumilus</i>.","","<i>pumilus</i> species group. Does not include <i>caurinus</i>, <i>darlingtoni</i>, <i>finlaysoni</i> and <i>troughtoni</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1987), Adams et al. (1987), and Queale (1997). Many specimens attributed to this species by McKean et al. (1978) were later referred to <i>troughtoni</i> by Kitchener et al. (1987). See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-02305","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2299-0000-2305"
"13802306","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespadelus","","regulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","","470, 471","","","Southern Forest Bat","Australia, Western Australia, King Georges Sound, King River (near Albany).","SW and SE Australia, including Tasmania.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>regulus</i>.","","<i>pumilus</i> species group. See McKean et al. (1978), Kitchener et al. (1987), and Queale (1997).","38","38-02306","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2299-0000-2306"
"13802307","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespadelus","","troughtoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener, Jones, and Caputi","1987","","Rec. West. Aust. Mus.","13","","467","","","Troughton's Forest Bat","Australia, Queensland, Mt. Surprise, Yarramulla Lava Tunnels.","E Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>troughtoni</i>.","","<i>caurinus</i> species group. Included in <i>pumilus</i> by Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1987).","38","38-02307","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2299-0000-2307"
"13802308","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespadelus","","vulturnus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","13","","440","","","Little Forest Bat","Australia, Tasmania.","SE Australia including Tasmania.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Eptesicus</i> <i>vulturnus</i>.","<i>pygmaeus</i>  Becker, 1858 [not Leach, 1825].","<i>pumilus</i> species group. Includes <i>pygmaeus</i>; see McKean et al. (1978). Does not include <i>baverstocki</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1987) and Queale (1997). This complex may include more than one species; see Adams et al. (1987).","38","38-02308","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2299-0000-2308"
"13802309","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespertilio","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","31","","<i>Vespertilio murinus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Aristippe</i>  Kolenati, 1863; <i>Marsipolaemus</i> Peters, 1872; <i>Meteorus</i> Kolenati, 1856; <i>Vesperugo</i> Keyserling and Blasius, 1839; <i>Vesperus</i> Keyserling and Blasius, 1839 [not Latreille, 1829].","","38","38-02309","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2309"
"13802310","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespertilio","","murinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","32","","","Particolored Bat","Sweden. Baagøe (2001<i>b</i>) indicated that the type locality is probably near Uppsala, Central Sweden.","E France, Britain, and Norway across C Russia, Caucasus, S Ural, S Siberia, Ussuri region (Russia), Mongolia, NE China, and Korea; Bulgaria, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, E Afghanistan and N Pakistan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albigularis</i>  Peters, 1872;<i> discolor</i> Kuhl, 1819; <i>krascheninnikovi</i> Eversmann, 1853;<i> luteus</i> Kastschenko, 1905;<i> michnoi</i> Kastschenko, 1913; <i>siculus</i> Daday, 1885; <b><i>ussuriensis</i></b> Wallin, 1969.","Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997), Horácek et al. (2000), and Baagøe (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-02310","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2309-0000-2310"
"13802311","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespertilio","","murinus","murinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","32","","","","Sweden. Baagøe (2001<i>b</i>) indicated that the type locality is probably near Uppsala, Central Sweden.","","","","","38","38-02311","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2309-0000-2310-2311"
"13802312","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespertilio","","murinus","ussuriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wallin","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02312","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2309-0000-2310-2312"
"13802313","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespertilio","","sinensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1880","","Monatsber. K. Preuss. Acad. Wiss. Berlin","1880","","259","","","Asian Particolored Bat","Peking (China).","China, Ussuri region (Russia), Korea, Japan, Taiwan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Vespertilio superans</i>.","<i>aurijunctus</i>  Mori, 1928; <i>montanus</i> Kishida, 1931 [not Barrett-Hamilton, 1906; substitute for <i>noctula</i> Namie, 1889]; <i>motoyoshii</i> Kuroda, 1934 [substitute for <i>montanus</i> Kishida, 1931]; <i>superans</i> Thomas, 1899; <b><i>andersoni</i></b> Wallin, 1963; <b><i>namiyei</i></b> Kuroda, 1920; <b><i>noctula </i></b>Namie, 1889 [not Schreber, 1774]; <b><i>orientalis</i></b> Wallin, 1969.","Includes <i>nameiyei</i> and <i>orientalis</i>; see Yoshiyuki (1989) and Horácek (1997). The name <i>superans</i> was commonly applied to this taxon until Horácek (1997) demonstrated that <i>sinensis</i> (erroneously grouped in <i>Nyctalus</i> in previous classifications) is the oldest name for the species.","38","38-02313","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2309-0000-2313"
"13802314","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespertilio","","sinensis","sinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1880","","Monatsber. K. Preuss. Acad. Wiss. Berlin","1880","","259","","","","Peking (China).","","","","","38","38-02314","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2309-0000-2313-2314"
"13802315","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespertilio","","sinensis","andersoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wallin","1963","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02315","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2309-0000-2313-2315"
"13802316","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespertilio","","sinensis","namiyei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02316","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2309-0000-2313-2316"
"13802317","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespertilio","","sinensis","noctula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Namie","1889","","[not Schreber, 1774]","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02317","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2309-0000-2313-2317"
"13802318","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Vespertilioninae","Vespertilionini","Vespertilio","","sinensis","orientalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wallin","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02318","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-1792-2173-2309-0000-2313-2318"
"13802319","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Antrozoinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Miller","1897","","North American Fauna","13","","41","","","","","","","","Simmons (1998) raised this group to family level and moved it to Molossoidea, but recent studies based on DNA sequence data (e.g., Hoofer and Van Den Bussche, 2001) indicate that <i>Antrozous</i> belongs in Vespertilionidae, a placement in line with more traditional classifications (e.g., Hill and Smith, 1984; Koopman, 1993, 1994; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Miller, 1897). This group may nest within Vespertilioninae, but its placement remains unclear; accordingly, it is here retained as a distinct subfamily pending further study.","38","38-02319","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2319"
"13802320","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Antrozoinae","","Antrozous","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","H. Allen","1862","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","14","","248","","<i>Vespertilio pallidus</i> Le Conte, 1856.","","","","","","Does not include <i>Bauerus</i>; see Engstrom and Wilson (1981) and Engstrom et al. (1987<i>b</i>), but also see Pine et al. (1971).","38","38-02320","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2319-0000-2320"
"13802321","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Antrozoinae","","Antrozous","","pallidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Le Conte","1856","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","7","","437","","","Pallid Bat","USA, Texas, El Paso Co., El Paso.","Queretaro and Baja California (Mexico) to Kansas (USA) and British Columbia (Canada); Cuba.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cantwelli</i>  V. Bailey, 1936; <b><i>bunkeri</i></b> Hibbard, 1934; <b><i>koopmani</i></b> Orr and Silva-Taboada, 1960; <b><i>minor</i></b> Miller, 1902; <b><i>obscurus</i></b> Baker, 1967; <b><i>pacificus</i></b> Merriam, 1897; <b><i>packardi</i></b> Martin and Schmidly, 1982.","Includes <i>bunkeri</i>; see Morse and Glass (1960). Includes <i>koopmani</i>; see Martin and Schmidly (1982). See Hermanson and O'Shea (1983).","38","38-02321","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2319-0000-2320-0000-2321"
"13802322","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Antrozoinae","","Antrozous","","pallidus","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Le Conte","1856","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","7","","437","","","","USA, Texas, El Paso Co., El Paso.","","","","","38","38-02322","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2319-0000-2320-0000-2321-2322"
"13802323","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Antrozoinae","","Antrozous","","pallidus","bunkeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hibbard","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02323","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2319-0000-2320-0000-2321-2323"
"13802324","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Antrozoinae","","Antrozous","","pallidus","koopmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Orr and Silva-Taboada","1960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02324","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2319-0000-2320-0000-2321-2324"
"13802325","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Antrozoinae","","Antrozous","","pallidus","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02325","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2319-0000-2320-0000-2321-2325"
"13802326","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Antrozoinae","","Antrozous","","pallidus","obscurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baker","1967","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02326","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2319-0000-2320-0000-2321-2326"
"13802327","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Antrozoinae","","Antrozous","","pallidus","pacificus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02327","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2319-0000-2320-0000-2321-2327"
"13802328","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Antrozoinae","","Antrozous","","pallidus","packardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Martin and Schmidly","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02328","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2319-0000-2320-0000-2321-2328"
"13802329","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Antrozoinae","","Bauerus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Van Gelder","1959","","Amer. Mus. Novit.","1973","","1","","<i>Antrozous</i> <i>dubiaquercus</i> Van Gelder, 1959.","","","","","","For use of this name see Engstrom and Wilson (1981) and Engstrom et al. (1987), but also see Pine et al. (1971).","38","38-02329","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2319-0000-2329"
"13802330","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Antrozoinae","","Bauerus","","dubiaquercus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Van Gelder","1959","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1973","","2","","","Van Gelder's Bat","Mexico, Nayarit, Trés Marias Isls, Maria Magdalena Isl.","Trés Marias Isls, Jalisco, Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas (Mexico); Belize; Honduras, Costa Rica.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Antrozous</i> <i>dubiaquercus</i>.","<i>meyeri</i>  Pine, 1966.","Includes <i>Baeodon</i> <i>meyeri</i>; see Pine (1967) and Engstrom and Wilson (1981). See Engstrom et al. (1987<i>b</i>). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.","38","38-02330","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2319-0000-2329-0000-2330"
"13802331","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Tate","1942","","Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.","80","","229","","","","","","","","Originally named as a tribe within Vespertilioninae; raised to subfamily level by Simmons (1998) following the suggestion of Volleth and Heller (1994). May not be monophyletic; see Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2001).","38","38-02331","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331"
"13802332","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Cistugo","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","205","","<i>Myotis</i> <i>seabrai</i> Thomas, 1912.","","","","","","Formerly included in <i>Myotis</i> by most authors (e.g., Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Hayman and Hill, 1971; Koopman, 1993, 1994), but see Rautenbach et al. (1993).","38","38-02332","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2332"
"13802333","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Cistugo","","lesueuri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1919","","Ann. Transv. Mus.","6","","112","","","Lesueur's Wing-gland Bat","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Paarl Dist., Lormarins.","S South Africa; Lesotho.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Myotis</i> <i>lesueuri</i>.","","For distribution map see Taylor (2000<i>a</i>).","38","38-02333","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2332-0000-2333"
"13802334","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Cistugo","","seabrae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","205","","","Angolan Wing-gland Bat","Angola, Mossamedes.","Northern Cape Prov. (South Africa), Namibia, SW Angola.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as <i>Myotis</i> <i>seabrai</i>.","","For distribution map see Taylor (2000<i>a</i>). Sometimes spelled ""<i>seabrai</i>"", but the original spelling is <i>seabrae</i>.","38","38-02334","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2332-0000-2334"
"13802335","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Lasionycteris","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","8","","<i>Vespertilio noctivagans</i> Le Conte, 1831.","","","","","<i>Vesperides</i>  Coues, 1875.","","38","38-02335","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2335"
"13802336","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Lasionycteris","","noctivagans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Le Conte","1831","","<i>In</i> McMurtie, Anim. Kingdom","1(App.)","","431","","","Silver-haired Bat","""Eastern United States"".","S Canada, USA (including SE Alaska, and except extreme southern parts), NE Mexico, Bermuda.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pulverlentus</i>  Temminck, 1840.","See Kunz (1982).","38","38-02336","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2335-0000-2336"
"13802337","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kaup","1829","","Skizz. Entwickel.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt","1","","106","","<i>Vespertilio myotis</i> Borkhausen, 1797.","","","","","<i>Aeorestes</i>  Fitzinger, 1870; <i>Anamygdon</i> Troughton, 1929; <i>Brachyotis</i> Kolenati, 1856 [not Gould, 1837]; <i>Capaccinus</i> Bonaparte, 1841; <i>Chrysopteron</i> Jentink, 1910; <i>Comastes</i> Fitzinger, 1870; <i>Dichromyotis</i> Bianchi, 1916; <i>Euvespertilio</i> Acloque, 1899; <i>Exochurus</i> Fitzinger, 1870; <i>Hesperomyotis</i> Cabrera, 1958; <i>Isotus</i> Kolenate, 1856; <i>Leuconoe</i> Boie, 1830; <i>Megapipistrellus</i> Bianchi, 1917; <i>Nyctactes</i> Kaup, 1829; <i>Paramyotis</i> Bianchi, 1916; <i>Pizonyx</i> Miller, 1906; <i>Pternopterus</i> Peters, 1867; <i>Rickettia</i> Bianchi, 1916; <i>Selysius</i> Bonaparte, 1841; <i>Tralatitus</i> Gervais, 1849; <i>Trilatitus</i> Gray, 1842.","For discussion of synonyms see Findley (1972), Hayman and Hill (1971), and Phillips and Birney (1968). Neotropical species revised by LaVal (1973<i>a</i>). Apparently does not include <i>Cistugo</i>; see Rautenbach et al. (1993). Hall (1981) provided a key to North and Central American species; Corbet and Hill (1992) gave a key to Indomalayan species; Bates et al. (1999) provided a key to species found in Vietnam and adjoining countries. Also see Topál (1997) and Stormark (1998). For partial phylogenies see Mayer and von Helversen (2001<i>a</i>), Ruedi and Mayer (2001), and Kawai et al. (2003). These studies have convincingly demonstrated that the three subgenera of <i>Myotis</i> typically recognized (<i>Myotis</i>, <i>Leuconoe</i>, and <i>Selysius</i>) are not monophyletic, but instead represent ecomorphs characterized by convergent morphologies. Menu et al. (2002:320) argued that <i>Leuconoe</i> can be diagnosed as distinct based on dental morphology, and noted that it includes &quot... [truncated]","38","38-02337","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337"
"13802338","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","abei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Yoshikura","1944","","Zool. Mag. (Tokyo)","56","","6","","","Sakhalin Myotis","Russia, S Sakhalin, Shirutoru.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Horácek et al. (2000) suggested that <i>abei</i> might be conspecific with <i>brandtii</i>, but retained these as separate taxa pending additional data.","38","38-02338","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2338"
"13802339","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","adversus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1824","","Zool. Res. Java","part 8","","p. 3(unno.) of <i>Vespertilio Temminckii</i> acct","","","Large-footed Myotis","Indonesia, Java.","Numerous islands in Indonesia (see Kitchener et al., 1995<i>b</i>); New South Wales; Taiwan; possibly Vietnam and peninsular Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>carimatae</i> </b> Miller, 1906; <b><i>orientis</i></b> Hill, 1983; <b><i>taiwanensis</i></b> Ärnbäck-Christie Linde, 1908; <b><i>tanimbarensis</i></b> Kitchener, 1995 [in Kitchener et al., 1995<i>b</i>]; <b><i>wetarensis</i></b> Kitchener, 1995 (in Kitchener et al., 1995<i>b</i>).","Includes <i>taiwanensis</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951); but see also Findley (1972). Includes <i>carimatae</i>; see Hill (1983). Does not include <i>macropus</i>, <i>moluccarum</i>, or <i>solomonis</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1995<i>b</i>), who revised this complex, but also see Churchill (1998). Vietnamese records are dubious; see Bates et al. (1999). Subspecies affinities of a specimen from New South Wales are unclear; see Kitchener et al. (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-02339","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2339"
"13802340","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","adversus","adversus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1824","","Zool. Res. Java","part 8","","p. 3(unno.) of <i>Vespertilio Temminckii</i> acct","","","","Indonesia, Java.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02340","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2339-2340"
"13802341","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","adversus","carimatae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02341","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2339-2341"
"13802342","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","adversus","orientis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1983","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02342","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2339-2342"
"13802343","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","adversus","taiwanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ärnbäck-Christie Linde","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02343","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2339-2343"
"13802344","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","adversus","tanimbarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1995","","[in Kitchener et al., 1995<i>b</i>]","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02344","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2339-2344"
"13802345","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","adversus","wetarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1995","","[in Kitchener et al., 1995<i>b</i>]","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02345","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2339-2345"
"13802346","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","aelleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baud","1979","","Rev. Suisse Zool.","86","","268","","","Southern Myotis","Argentina, Chubut, El Hoyo de Epuyen.","SW Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","May not be distinct from <i>chiloensis</i>; see Pearson and Pearson (1989), but also see Barquez et al. (1993).","38","38-02346","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2346"
"13802347","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","albescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1806","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","8","","204","","","Silver-tipped Myotis","Paraguay, Paraguari, Yaguaron (of neotype).","S Veracruz (Mexico), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Equador, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, N Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>argentatus</i>  Dalquest and Hall, 1947; <i>isidori</i> D’Orbigny and Gervais, 1847; <i>leucogaster</i> Schinz, 1821.","Includes <i>argentatus</i>; see LaVal (1973<i>a</i>). Reviewed in part by López-González et al. (2001). Does not include <i>aenobarbus</i>, which is here placed in <i>Nycticeius</i> following Carter and Dolan (1978); also see Husson (1962). Although I follow Koopman (1993) in listing <i>isidori</i> as a synonym, there are serious problems with idenfication of the holotype; see Carter and Dolan (1978), who suggested that this name might actually belong in <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Does not include <i>mundus</i>; see LaVal (1973<i>a</i>). Apparently closely related to <i>nigricans</i>, <i>levis</i>, and <i>oxyotus</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02347","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2347"
"13802348","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","alcathoe","","SPECIES","False","","YES","von Helversen and Heller","2001","","In von Helversen, Heller, Mayer, Nemeth, Volleth, and Gombkötö, Naturwissenschaften","88","","217","","","Alcathoe Myotis","Greece, Nomos Evritanias, near the village of Kleistos, over Fournikos Patomos stream, 39°05'N, 21°49'E.","Greece, Hungary, France. Specimens from Bulgaria, Romania, and Ukraine previsously reported as <i>ikonnikovi</i> might represent <i>alcathoe</i> (von Helveren et al., 2001).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated (new species); not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","See Ruedi et al. (2002).","38","38-02348","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2348"
"13802349","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","altarium","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","90","3","","","Szechwan Myotis","China, Szechwan, Omi San (= Omei Shan).","Szechwan, Kweichow (China), Thailand.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Redescribed by Blood and McFarlane (1988).","38","38-02349","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2349"
"13802350","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","anjouanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dorst","1960","","Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., ser. 2","31","","476","","","Anjouan Myotis","Comoro Isls, Anjouan Isl.","Anjouan Isl (Comoro Isls).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Usually included in <i>goudoti</i>, but appears to be distinct; see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-02350","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2350"
"13802351","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","annamiticus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kruskop and Tsytsulina","2001","","Mammalia","65","","65","","","Annamit Myotis","Vietnam, Qaun Binh prov., Minh Hoa district, ca. 35 km S Minh Hoa (Qui Dat), Yen Hop valley near Yen Hop.","Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated (new species); not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Known only from the type locality. Most similar to <i>csorbai</i>.","38","38-02351","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2351"
"13802352","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","annectans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","","","213","","","Hairy-faced Myotis","India, NE India, Assam, Naga Hills.","NE India to Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>primula</i>  Thomas, 1920.","Includes <i>primula</i>; see Topál (1970<i>b</i>), who transfered the species from <i>Pipistrellus</i>. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>a</i>) and Lunde et al. (2003<i>a</i>).","38","38-02352","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2352"
"13802353","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","atacamensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lataste","1892","","Actes Soc. Sci. Chile","1","","80","","","Atacaman Myotis","Chile, Antofogasta, San Pedro de Atacama.","S Peru, N Chile.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>nicholsoni</i>  Sanborn, 1941.","Listed as a subspecies of <i>chiloensis</i> by Cabrera (1958). Includes <i>nicholsoni</i>; see LaVal (1973<i>a</i>).","38","38-02353","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2353"
"13802354","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","ater","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","18","","","Peters's Myotis","Moluccas, Ternate Isl.","Vietnam, W Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Togian Isl, N Borneo, Moluccas, Papua New Guinea, possibly Philippines and Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Myotis atra</i> (misspelled).","<i>amboinensis</i>  Peters, 1866; <b><i>nugax</i></b> Allen and Coolidge, 1940.","Formerly included in <i>muricola</i>, but see Hill (1983), Corbet and Hill (1992), Bates et al. (1999), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001). Revised by Francis and Hill (1998). Specimens from Peninsular Malaysia were tentatively referred to <i>ater</i> by Francis and Hill (1998) but may represent another species. There is apparently only one species of ""<i>muricola</i> type"" <i>Myotis</i> in the Philippines, but it is not yet clear if this taxon is <i>ater</i> or <i>muricola</i> (L. Heaney, pers. comm.); the same is probably also true of the Moluccas (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). May include <i>australis</i>; see Hill (1983). Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-02354","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2354"
"13802355","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","ater","ater","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","18","","","","Moluccas, Ternate Isl.","","","","","38","38-02355","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2354-2355"
"13802356","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","ater","nugax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen and Coolidge","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02356","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2354-2356"
"13802357","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","auriculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baker and Stains","1955","","Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","83","","","Southwestern Myotis","Mexico, Tamaulipas, Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. (16 km) W, 2 mi. (3 km) S Piedra, 1,200 ft. (366 m).","Arizona and New Mexico (USA) to Jalisco and Veracruz (Mexico); Guatemala.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>apache</i> </b> Hoffmeister and Krutzsch, 1955.","Listed as a subspecies of <i>evotis</i> by Hall and Kelson (1959), but see Genoways and Jones (1969<i>b</i>), Hall (1981), and Gannon (1998). See Warner (1982). Woodman (1993) argued that the correct spelling of the specific epithet is <i>auriculacea</i>, but see Pritchard (1994).","38","38-02357","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2357"
"13802358","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","auriculus","auriculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baker and Stains","1955","","Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist.","9","","83","","","","Mexico, Tamaulipas, Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. (16 km) W, 2 mi. (3 km) S Piedra, 1,200 ft. (366 m).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02358","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2357-2358"
"13802359","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","auriculus","apache","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hoffmeister and Krutzsch","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02359","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2357-2359"
"13802360","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","","","317","","","Australian Myotis","Australia, New South Wales.","New South Wales, possibly Western Australia (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Poorly known, the holotype and only certain specimen possibly being incorrectly labelled, or a vagrant individual of <i>muricola </i>(Husson, 1970). A specimen from NW Australia may belong in this species (Koopman, 1984<i>c</i>). Hill (1983) considered <i>australis</i> a subspecies of <i>ater</i>.","38","38-02360","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2360"
"13802361","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","austroriparius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1897","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","49","","227","","","Southeastern Myotis","USA, Florida, Pinellas Co., Tarpon Springs.","SE USA including Florida, north to Indiana and North Carolina, west to Texas and SE Oklahoma.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gatesi</i>  Lowery, 1943; <i>mumfordi</i> Rice, 1955.","Reviewed by LaVal (1970). See Jones and Manning (1989).","38","38-02361","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2361"
"13802362","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","bechsteinii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1817","","Die Deutschen Fledermäuse. Hanau","","","14, 30","","","Bechstein's Myotis","Germany, Hessen, Hanau.","Europe to Caucasus and Iran; Bulgaria; England; S Sweden.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>favonicus</i>  Thomas, 1906; <i>ghidinii</i> Fatio, 1902.","For discussion of correct spelling (<i>bechsteinii</i>, not <i>bechsteini</i>) see Bogdanowicz and Kock (1998). Apparently closely related to <i>daubentonii</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). Reviewed by Horácek et al. (2000) and Baagøe (2001<i>a</i>).","38","38-02362","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2362"
"13802363","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","blythii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1857","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1857","","53","","","Lesser Mouse-eared Myotis","India, Rajasthan, Nasirabad.","Turkey and Israel to Iraq and Iran; NW India and the Himalayas; NW Altai Mtns; Inner Mongolia and Shensi (China).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>africanus</i>  Dobson, 1875 [actually from Kasmir, N India]; <i>dobsoni</i> Trouessart, 1878; <i>murinoides</i> Dobson, 1873 [not Lartet, 1851]; <b><i>ancilla</i></b> Thomas, 1910; <b><i>lesviacus</i></b> Iliopoulou, 1984; <b><i>omari</i></b> Thomas, 1906; <i>risorius</i> Cheesman, 1921.","For discussion of synonyms see Strelkov (1972), Felten et al. (1977), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), Bogan et al. (1978), and Horácek et al. (2000). Middle Eastern records reviewed by Harrison and Bates (1991), Palearctic records by Horácek et al. (2000). Does not include <i>oxygnathus</i> and <i>punicus</i>, which together with <i>blythii</i> form a paraphyletic assemblage that includes <i>myotis</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). In order to restrict all species to potentially monophyletic groups of populations, <i>oxygnathus</i> and <i>punicus</i> are here treated as separate species. It is possible that <i>ancilla</i>, <i>lesviacus</i>, and/or <i>omari</i> may also be distinct, but these are here retained in <i>blythii</i> pending further study. Zhang Yongzu et al. (1997) included <i>ancilla</i> in <i>myotis</i>, but this is apparently incorrect; see Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-02363","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2363"
"13802364","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","blythii","blythii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1857","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1857","","53","","","","India, Rajasthan, Nasirabad.","","","","","38","38-02364","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2363-2364"
"13802365","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","blythii","ancilla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02365","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2363-2365"
"13802366","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","blythii","lesviacus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Iliopoulou","1984","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02366","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2363-2366"
"13802367","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","blythii","omari","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02367","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2363-2367"
"13802368","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","bocagii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1870","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 1","3","","125","","","Rufous Myotis","Angola, Duque de Braganca.","Senegal and Liberia to S Yemen, south to Angola, Zambia, Malawi, and NE South Africa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hildegardeae</i>  Thomas, 1904; <b><i>cupreolus</i></b> Thomas, 1904; <b><i>dogalensis</i></b> Monticelli, 1887.","Includes <i>dogalensis</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991). Misspelled <i>bocagei</i> by some authors, see Bogdanowicz and Kock (1998).","38","38-02368","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2368"
"13802369","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","bocagii","bocagii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1870","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 1","3","","125","","","","Angola, Duque de Braganca.","","","","","38","38-02369","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2368-2369"
"13802370","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","bocagii","cupreolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02370","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2368-2370"
"13802371","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","bocagii","dogalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Monticelli","1887","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02371","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2368-2371"
"13802372","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","bombinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","1906","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","2","337","","","Far Eastern Myotis","Japan, Kiushiu, Miyasaki Ken, Tano.","Japan, Korea, SE Siberia, NE China.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>amurensis</i> </b> Ognev, 1927.","Formerly included in <i>nattereri</i>, but see Horácek and Hanák (1984) and Kawai et al. (2003). Includes <i>amurensis</i>; see Yoon (1990) and Horácek et al. (2000), but also see Yoshiyuki (1989).","38","38-02372","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2372"
"13802373","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","bombinus","bombinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","1906","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1905","2","337","","","","Japan, Kiushiu, Miyasaki Ken, Tano.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02373","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2372-2373"
"13802374","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","bombinus","amurensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02374","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2372-2374"
"13802375","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","brandtii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eversmann","1845","","Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow","18","1","505","","","Brandt's Myotis","Russia, Orenburgsk. Obl., S. Ural, Bolshoi-Ik River, Spasskoie. Foothills of the Ural Mountains.","Britain south to Italy, Greece, and Bulgaria; east to Kazakhstan and Mongolia, E Siberia including Sakhalin Isls, Kamchatka Peninsula and Kurile Isls; Ussuri region (Russia); Korea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aureus</i>  Koch, 1865; <i>coluotus</i> Kostron, 1943; <i>sibiricus</i> Kastschenko, 1905; <b><i>gracilis</i></b> Ognev, 1927.","Listed as a subspecies of <i>mystacinus</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), but see Strelkov and Buntova (1982) and Benda and Tsytsulina (2000). Does not include <i>fujiensis</i>, see Yoshiyuki (1989), Benda and Tsytsulina (2000), and Horácek et al. (2000). Includes <i>gracilis</i>, see Benda and Tsytsulina (2000), but also see Yoshiyuki (1989). Horácek et al. (2000) provisionally treated <i>gracilis</i> as distinct from <i>brandtii</i> and <i>fujiensis</i> pending further study. See also Yoon and Son (1989). Sometimes misspelled <i>brandti</i>, but <i>brandtii</i> is the original spelling.","38","38-02375","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2375"
"13802376","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","brandtii","brandtii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Eversmann","1845","","Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow","18","1","505","","","","Russia, Orenburgsk. Obl., S. Ural, Bolshoi-Ik River, Spasskoie. Foothills of the Ural Mountains.","","","","","38","38-02376","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2375-2376"
"13802377","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","brandtii","gracilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02377","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2375-2377"
"13802378","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","bucharensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kuzyakin","1950","","Letuchieye myschi, Izd. Sovetskaya Nauk, Moscow","","","286","","","Bocharic Myotis","Tajikistan, Kurgan-Tjubinskaja obl., Ayvadj.","Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly included in <i>frater</i>, but clearly distinct; see Horacek et al. (2000) and Tsytsulina and Strelkov (2001).","38","38-02378","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2378"
"13802379","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","californicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1842","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., ser. 1","8","","285","","","Californian Myotis","USA, California, Monterey.","S Alaska Panhandle (USA) to Baja California and higher elevations in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts (Mexico); Guatemala.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>exilis</i>  H. Allen, 1866; <i>nitidus</i> H. Allen, 1862; <i>oregonensis</i> H. Allen, 1864; <i>quercinus</i> H. W. Grinnell, 1914; <i>tenuidorsalis</i> H. Allen, 1866; <b><i>caurinus</i></b> Miller, 1897; <b><i>mexicanus</i></b> Saussure, 1860; <i>agilis</i> H. Allen, 1866; <b><i>stephensi</i></b> Dalquest, 1946; <i>pallidus</i> Stephens, 1900 [not Blyth, 1863].","See Miller and Allen (1928) for discussion of the holotype. Reviewed in part by Yancey (1997). Subspecies are poorly delimited.","38","38-02379","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2379"
"13802380","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","californicus","californicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1842","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., ser. 1","8","","285","","","","USA, California, Monterey.","","","","","38","38-02380","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2379-2380"
"13802381","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","californicus","caurinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02381","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2379-2381"
"13802382","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","californicus","mexicanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02382","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2379-2382"
"13802383","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","californicus","stephensi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02383","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2379-2383"
"13802384","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","capaccinii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1837","","Fauna Ital.","1","","fasc. 20","","","Long-fingered Myotis","Italy, Sicily.","Mediterranean zone and islands of Europe and NW Africa; Bulgaria; Turkey; Israel; Iraq; Iran; Uzbekistan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>blasii</i>  Kolenati, 1860; <i>bureschi</i> Heinrich, 1936; <i>dasypus</i> de Selys Longchamps, 1841; <i>majori</i> Ninni, 1878; <i>megapodius</i> Temminck, 1840; <i>pellucens</i> Crespon, 1844.","See comment under <i>macrodactylus</i>. Does not include <i>fimbriatus</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Horácek et al. (2000), and Alayrak and Asan (2002).","38","38-02384","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2384"
"13802385","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","chiloensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1840","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Beagle"", Mammalia","","","5","","","Chilean Myotis","Chile, Chiloe Isl, Islets on eastern side.","C and S Chile; Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>arescens</i>  Osgood, 1943;<i> atacamensis</i> Miller and Allen, 1928 [not Lataste, 1892]; <i>gayi</i> Lataste, 1892.","See LaVal (1973<i>a</i>) for restriction of the scope of this species. May include <i>aelleni</i>; see Pearson and Pearson (1989), but also see Barquez et al. (1993).","38","38-02385","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2385"
"13802386","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","chinensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1857","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1857","","52","","","Large Myotis","""Southern China"".","Szechwan and Yunnan to Kiangsu (China); Hong Kong; N Thailand; Burma; Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>luctuosus</i>  Allen, 1923.","Included in the species <i>myotis</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Zhang Yongzu et al. (1997), but see Lekagul and McNeely (1977), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), Horácek et al. (2000), and Kawai et al. (2003). Reviewed by Bates et al. (1999). Two subspecies are sometimes recognized, but these do not adequately correspond to known variation in the species; see Bates et al. (1999) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-02386","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2386"
"13802387","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","ciliolabrum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1886","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","4","","2","","","Western Small-footed Myotis","United States, Kansas, Trego Co., near Banner, about 1 mi. (1.5 km) from Castle Rock, bluff on Hackberry Creek.","S Alberta and Saskatchewan (Canada) south through E Colorado and W Kansas (USA).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included in <i>leibii</i> (for which Hall [1981] used the name <i>subulatus</i>), but see van Zyll de Jong (1984). Does not include <i>melanorhinus</i>; see van Zyll de Jong (1984). Reviewed by Holloway and Barclay (2001), but note that they included <i>melanorhinus</i> as a subspecies of <i>ciliolabrum</i>.","38","38-02387","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2387"
"13802388","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","cobanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1955","","Am. Mus. Novit.","1744","","2","","","Guatemalan Myotis","Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, Coban, 1,305 m.","C Guatemala.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered.","","Listed as a subspecies of <i>velifer</i> by Goodwin (1955<i>a</i>), but see de la Torre (1958) and Hall (1981).","38","38-02388","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2388"
"13802389","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","csorbai","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Topál","1997","","Acta Zool. Acad. Scient. Hungaricae","43","4","377","","","Csorba's Mouse-eared Myotis","Nepal, Syangja District, 4 km E of Syangja, about 30 km S of Pokhara town, 1,300 m.","Nepal.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Distinct from <i>longipes</i>; see Topál (1997).","38","38-02389","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2389"
"13802390","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","dasycneme","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Boie","1825","","Isis Jena","","","1200","","","Pond Myotis","Denmark, Jutland, Dagbieg (near Wiborg).","France and Sweden east to Yenisei River (Russia), south to Ukraine, NW Kazakhstan; a single record from Manchuria (China).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>ferrugineus</i>  Temminck, 1840 [not Brehm, 1827]; <i>limnophilus</i> Temminck, 1839; <i>major</i> Ognev and Worobiev, 1923; <i>mystacinus</i> Boie, 1823 [not Kuhl, 1819]; <i>surinamensis</i> Husson, 1962 [replacement name for <i>ferrugineus </i>Temminck, 1840].","Probably includes <i>surinamensis</i>; see Carter and Dolan (1978).","38","38-02390","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2390"
"13802391","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","daubentonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1817","","Die Deutschen Fledermäuse. Hanau","","","14","","","Daubenton's Myotis","Germany, Hessen, Hanau.","Europe (including Britain and Ireland; Scandinavia) east to Kamtschatka, Vladivostok, Sakhalin and Kurile Isls (Russia), Japan, Korea, Manchuria, N and E China (including Tibet), Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aedilus</i>  Jenyns, 1839; <i>albus</i> Fitzinger, 1871; <i>capucinellus</i> Fitzinger, 1871; <i>lanatus</i> Crespon, 1844; <i>minutellus</i> Fitzinger, 1871; <i>staufferi</i> Fatio, 1890; <b><i>chasanensis</i></b> Tiunov, 1997; <b><i>loukashkini</i></b> Shamel, 1942; <b><i>nathalinae</i></b> Tupinier, 1977; <b><i>petax</i></b> Hollister, 1912; <b><i>ussuriensis</i></b> Ognev, 1927; <b><i>volgensis</i></b> Eversmann, 1840.","Includes <i>nathalinae</i>; see Horácek and Hanák (1984), Fairon (1985), Mayer and von Helversen (2001<i>a</i>), and Ruedi and Mayer (2001). Reviewed in part by Yoshiyuki (1989), Yoon (1990), Bates and Harrison (1997), Bates et al. (1999), and Horácek et al. (2000). Does not appear to include <i>laniger</i>; see Topál (1997) and Bates et al. (1999), though also see Corbet and Hill (1992). For discussion of correct spelling see Bogdanowicz and Kock (1998). See Bogdanowicz (1994), but note that <i>laniger</i> was included in <i>daubentonii</i> in that publication. Apparently closely related to <i>bechsteinii</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). Subspecies limits are problematic, see Bogdanowicz (1994), Horácek et al. (2000), and Kruskop (2002). Genetic studies suggest that this complex includes more than one species, with at least some Russian and Japanese specimens representing a taxon distinct from the European form (Kawai et al., 2003).","38","38-02391","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2391"
"13802392","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","daubentonii","daubentonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1817","","Die Deutschen Fledermäuse. Hanau","","","14","","","","Germany, Hessen, Hanau.","","","","","38","38-02392","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2391-2392"
"13802393","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","daubentonii","chasanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tiunov","1997","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02393","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2391-2393"
"13802394","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","daubentonii","loukashkini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shamel","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02394","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2391-2394"
"13802395","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","daubentonii","nathalinae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tupinier","1977","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02395","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2391-2395"
"13802396","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","daubentonii","petax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02396","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2391-2396"
"13802397","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","daubentonii","ussuriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02397","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2391-2397"
"13802398","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","daubentonii","volgensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Eversmann","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02398","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2391-2398"
"13802399","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","davidii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1869","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1869","","402","","","David’s Myotis","China, Hopei, Peiping.","N China.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly included in <i>mystacinus</i> but apparently distinct; see Pavlinov et al. (1995<i>b</i>) and Kawai et al. (2003).","38","38-02399","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2399"
"13802400","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","dominicensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","243","","","Dominican Myotis","Dominica (Lesser Antilles).","Dominica, Guadeloupe.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Listed as a subspecies of <i>nigricans</i> by Hall and Kelson (1959), but see LaVal (1973<i>a</i>) and Hall (1981). Reviewed by Masson and Breuil (1992). Apparently closely related to <i>velifer</i> and <i>yumanensis</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02400","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2400"
"13802401","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","elegans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1962","","Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist.","14","","163-164","","","Elegant Myotis","Mexico, Veracruz, 12.5 mi. (20 km) N Tihuatlan.","San Luis Potosi (Mexico) to Costa Rica.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","","38","38-02401","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2401"
"13802402","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","emarginatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1806","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","8","","198","","","Geoffroy's Myotis","France, Ardennes, Givet, Charlemont.","S Europe, north to Netherlands and S Poland, Crimea, Caucasus and Kopet Dag Mtns, east and south to Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Oman, E Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan; Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>budapestiensis</i>  Margo, 1880;<i> ciliatus</i> Blasius, 1853; <i>kuzyakini</i> Pavilnov, 1979 [replacement name for <i>saturatus</i> Kuzyakin, 1934];<i> neglectus</i> Fatio, 1890; <i>rufescens</i> Crespon 1844 [not Brehm, 1829]; <i>saturatus</i> Kuzyakin, 1934 [not Miller, 1897]; <i>schrankii</i> Kolenati, 1856 [<i>nomen nudum</i>; not <i>schranki</i> Wagner, 1843]; <b><i>desertorum</i></b> Dobson, 1875;<i> lanaceus</i> Thomas, 1920; <b><i>turcomanicus</i></b> Bobrinskii, 1925.","Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991); also see Gaucher (1995) and Horácek et al. (2000). Apparently closely related to <i>welwitschii</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02402","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2402"
"13802403","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","emarginatus","emarginatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1806","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","8","","198","","","","France, Ardennes, Givet, Charlemont.","","","","","38","38-02403","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2402-2403"
"13802404","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","emarginatus","desertorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02404","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2402-2404"
"13802405","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","emarginatus","turcomanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bobrinskii","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02405","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2402-2405"
"13802406","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","evotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1864","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","7","","48","","","Long-eared Myotis","USA, California, Monterey.","S British Columbia, S Alberta, S Saskatchewan (Canada) to New Mexico (USA) and Baja California (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) Lower risk (lc) as <i>M. evotis</i>; Endangered as <i>M</i>. <i>milleri</i>.","<b><i>chrysonotus</i> </b> J. A. Allen, 1896; <b><i>jonesorum</i></b> Manning, 1993; <b><i>micronyx</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1909; <b><i>milleri</i></b> Elliot, 1903; <b><i>pacificus</i></b> Dalquest, 1943.","See Genoways and Jones (1969<i>b</i>) and Manning and Jones (1989). Includes <i>milleri</i>; see Reducker et al. (1983) and Manning (1993). Does not include <i>auriculus</i>; see Genoways and Jones (1969<i>b</i>), Hall (1981), and Gannon (1998). Revised by Manning (1993).","38","38-02406","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2406"
"13802407","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","evotis","evotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1864","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","7","","48","","","","USA, California, Monterey.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02407","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2406-2407"
"13802408","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","evotis","chrysonotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02408","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2406-2408"
"13802409","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","evotis","jonesorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Manning","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02409","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2406-2409"
"13802410","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","evotis","micronyx","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02410","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2406-2410"
"13802411","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","evotis","milleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02411","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2406-2411"
"13802412","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","evotis","pacificus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02412","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2406-2412"
"13802413","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","fimbriatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1870","1871","<i>In</i> R. Swinhoe, Catalogue of Mammals of China, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1870","","617","","","Fringed Long-footed Myotis","China, Fujian, Amoy.","SE China.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>hirsutus</i>  Howell, 1926.","Not conspecific with<i> macrodactylus</i> or <i>capaccinii</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-02413","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2413"
"13802414","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","findleyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bogan","1978","","J. Mammal.","59","","524","","","Findley's Myotis","Mexico, Nayarit, Trés Marías Isls, Maria Magdalena Isl.","Trés Marías Isls (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","","38","38-02414","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2414"
"13802415","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","formosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1835","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","4","","700","","","Hodgson's Myotis","Nepal.","Afghanistan to N India, Nepal, Tibet, Kweichow, Kwangsi, Kiangsu and Fukien (China); Taiwan, Korea, Tsushima Isl (Japan), Malaysia, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and Bali.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc). IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated as <i>M. f. bartelsi.</i>","<i>andersoni</i>  Trouessart, 1897; <i>auratus</i> Dobson, 1871; <i>dobsoni</i> Anderson, 1881 [not Trouessart, 1878]; <i>pallida</i> Blyth, 1863; <b><i>bartelsi</i></b> Jentink, 1910; <b><i>rufoniger</i></b> Tomes, 1858; <b><i>rufopictus</i></b> Waterhouse, 1845; <b><i>tsuensis</i></b> Kuroda, 1922; <i>chofukusei</i> Mori, 1928; <b><i>watasei</i></b> Kishida, 1924; <i>flavus</i> Shamel, 1944; <b><i>weberi</i></b> Jentink, 1890.","For discussion of synonyms see Findley (1972). Does not include <i>hermani</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Yoshiyuki (1989), Yoon (1990), and Bates and Harrison (1997). <i>M. f. rufopictus</i> may represent a distinct species; see Heaney et al. (1998).","38","38-02415","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2415"
"13802416","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","formosus","formosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1835","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","4","","700","","","","Nepal.","","","","","38","38-02416","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2415-2416"
"13802417","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","formosus","bartelsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02417","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2415-2417"
"13802418","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","formosus","rufoniger","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02418","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2415-2418"
"13802419","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","formosus","rufopictus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02419","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2415-2419"
"13802420","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","formosus","tsuensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02420","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2415-2420"
"13802421","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","formosus","watasei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kishida","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02421","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2415-2421"
"13802422","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","formosus","weberi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02422","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2415-2422"
"13802423","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","fortidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Allen","1928","","Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus.","144","","54","","","Cinnamon Myotis","Mexico, Tabasco, Teapa.","Sonora and Veracruz (Mexico) to Guatemala.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>cinnamomeus</i>  Miller, 1902 [not Wagner, 1855]; <b><i>sonoriensis</i></b> Findley and Jones, 1967.","","38","38-02423","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2423"
"13802424","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","fortidens","fortidens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Allen","1928","","Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus.","144","","54","","","","Mexico, Tabasco, Teapa.","","","","","38","38-02424","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2423-2424"
"13802425","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","fortidens","sonoriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Findley and Jones","1967","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02425","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2423-2425"
"13802426","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","frater","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1923","","Am. Mus. Novit.","85","","6","","","Fraternal Myotis","China, SE China, Fukien (= Fujian), Yenping.","E Siberia, Ussuri Region, Krasnoyarsk Region (Russia) to Korea, Heilungkiang (China), SE China; Japan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>eniseensis</i> </b> Tsytsulina and Strelkov, 2001; <b><i>kaguyae</i></b> Imaizumi, 1956; <b><i>longicaudatus</i></b> Ognev, 1927.","Includes <i>longicaudatus</i>, see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Tsytsulina and Strelkov (2001). Does not include <i>bucharensis</i>, see Horácek et al. (2000) and Tsytsulina and Strelkov (2001).","38","38-02426","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2426"
"13802427","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","frater","frater","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1923","","Am. Mus. Novit.","85","","6","","","","China, SE China, Fukien (= Fujian), Yenping.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02427","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2426-2427"
"13802428","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","frater","eniseensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tsytsulina and Strelkov","2001","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02428","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2426-2428"
"13802429","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","frater","kaguyae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Imaizumi","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02429","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2426-2429"
"13802430","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","frater","longicaudatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02430","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2426-2430"
"13802431","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","gomantongensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Francis and Hill","1998","","Mammalia","62","2","248","","","Gomantong Myotis","Malaysia, Borneo, Sabah, Gomantong Caves, 5°31'N, 118°04'E.","Sabah (Borneo, Malaysia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Based on specimens previously referred to <i>ater</i> by Hill and Francis (1984) and Payne et al. (1985).","38","38-02431","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2431"
"13802432","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","goudoti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","244","","","Malagasy Myotis","Madagascar.","Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>madagascariensis</i>  Tomes, 1858; <i>sylvicola</i> A. Grandidier, 1870.","Does not appear to include <i>anjouanensis</i>; see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-02432","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2432"
"13802433","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","grisescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. H. Howell","1909","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","22","","46","","","Gray Myotis","USA, Tennessee, Marion Co., Nickajack Cave, near Shellmound.","Florida Panhandle to Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, E Kansas and NE Oklahoma (USA).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","","38","38-02433","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2433"
"13802434","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","hajastanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Argyropulo","1939","","Zool. Sbornick","1 (Trudy Biol. Inst. 3)","","27","","","Hajastan Myotis","Armenia, eastern bank of Sevan Lake, Sordza (= Nadezdino), 2,000 m.","Known only from the Sevan Lake basin in Armenia.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly included in <i>mystacinus</i>, but see Benda and Tsytsulina (2000).","38","38-02434","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2434"
"13802435","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","hasseltii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","225","","","Lesser Large-footed Myotis","Indonesia, Java, Bantam.","E India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, W Malaysia, Sumatra, Mentawai Isls, Riau Arch., Java, Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>abboti</i> </b> Lyon, 1916; <b><i>continentis</i></b> Shamel, 1942; <i>berdmorei</i> Blyth, 1863; <b><i>macellus</i></b> Temminck, 1840.","Reviewed by Hill (1983), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Bates et al. (1999). Apparently closely related to <i>macrotarsus</i> and <i>horsfieldii</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02435","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2435"
"13802436","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","hasseltii","hasseltii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","225","","","","Indonesia, Java, Bantam.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02436","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2435-2436"
"13802437","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","hasseltii","abboti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02437","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2435-2437"
"13802438","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","hasseltii","continentis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shamel","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02438","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2435-2438"
"13802439","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","hasseltii","macellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02439","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2435-2439"
"13802440","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","hermani","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","11","","252","","","Herman's Myotis","Indonesia, NW Sumatra, Sabang.","Sumatra (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Included in <i>formosus</i> by Findley (1972), but see Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-02440","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2440"
"13802441","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","horsfieldii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","226","","","Horsfield's Myotis","Indonesia, Java, Mount Gede.","India (including Andaman Isls, SE China, Thailand, Burma, Laos, Vietnam, W Malaysia, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, Borneo, Philippines.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>lepidus</i>  Thomas, 1915; <b><i>deignani</i></b> Shamel, 1942; <b><i>dryas</i></b> K. Andersen, 1907; <b><i>jeannei</i></b> Taylor, 1934; <b><i>peshwa</i></b> Thomas, 1915.","Reviewed by Hill (1983), Bates and Harrison (1997), Bates et al. (1999), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001). Apparently closely related to <i>macrotarsus</i> and <i>hasseltii</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02441","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2441"
"13802442","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","horsfieldii","horsfieldii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","226","","","","Indonesia, Java, Mount Gede.","","","","","38","38-02442","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2441-2442"
"13802443","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","horsfieldii","deignani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shamel","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02443","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2441-2443"
"13802444","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","horsfieldii","dryas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","K. Andersen","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02444","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2441-2444"
"13802445","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","horsfieldii","jeannei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02445","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2441-2445"
"13802446","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","horsfieldii","peshwa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02446","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2441-2446"
"13802447","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","hosonoi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Imaizumi","1954","","Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, N. S.","1","","44","","","Hosono's Myotis","Japan, Honshu, Nagano Pref., Kita-azumi-Gun (about 30 km N Matsumotao City), Tokiwa-Mura, Koumito, 732 m.","Honshu (Japan).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by Yoshiyuki (1989), Horácek et al. (2000), and Tsytsulina (2000).","38","38-02447","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2447"
"13802448","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","ikonnikovi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1912","","Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg","16","","477","","","Ikonnikov's Myotis","Russia, Primorsk. Krai (= Ussuri Region), Dalnerechen Dist., Euseevka.","Ussuri region and N Korea to Lake Baikal (Russia), the Altai Mtns, and Mongolia, NE China; Sakhalin Isl (Russia) and Honshû and Hokkaido Isls (Japan).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fujiensis</i>  Imaizumi, 1954.","Revised by Tsytsulina (2001); also see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), Yoshiyuki (1989), and Benda and Tsytsulina (2000). Molecular sequence data support placement of <i>fujiensis</i> in <i>ikonnikovi</i> (Kawai et al., 2003).","38","38-02448","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2448"
"13802449","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","insularum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","","","313","","","Insular Myotis","Samoa.","Samoa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Poorly known, the type and only specimen possibly being incorrectly labelled; see Koopman (1984<i>c</i>).","38","38-02449","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2449"
"13802450","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","keaysi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1914","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","33","","383","","","Hairy-legged Myotis","Peru, Puno, Inca Mines.","Tamaulipas (Mexico) to Bolivia, N Argentina, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>pilosotibialis</i> </b> LaVal, 1973.","Revised by LaVal (1973<i>a</i>). Apparently closely related to <i>riparius</i> and <i>ruber</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02450","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2450"
"13802451","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","keaysi","keaysi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1914","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","33","","383","","","","Peru, Puno, Inca Mines.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02451","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2450-2451"
"13802452","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","keaysi","pilosotibialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","LaVal","1973","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02452","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2450-2452"
"13802453","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","keenii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1895","","Am. Nat.","29","","860","","","Keen's Myotis","Canada, British Columbia, Queen Charlotte Isls, Graham Isl, Massett.","Alaska Panhandle to W Washington (USA).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Does not include <i>septentrionalis</i>; see van Zyll de Jong (1979) and Caceres and Barclay (2000). See Fitch and Shump (1979), but note that they included <i>septentrionalis</i>.","38","38-02453","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2453"
"13802454","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","laniger","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1870","1871","Proc. Royal Soc. Lond.","3 (1870)","","617","","","Chinese Water Myotis","China, Fujian, Amoy.","S China including Tibet, Vietnam, E India.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Included in <i>daubentonii</i> by many authors, but see Topál (1997) and Bates et al. (1999).","38","38-02454","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2454"
"13802455","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","leibii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1842","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., ser. 1","8","","284","","","Eastern Small-footed Myotis","USA, Pennsylvania, Erie Co.","E North America from S Ontario, S Quebec (Canada), and S Maine (USA) south to Georgia and west to E Oklahoma (USA).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>henshawii</i>  H. Allen, 1894; <i>orinomus</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>winnemana</i> Nelson, 1913.","Formerly included <i>ciliolabrum</i> and <i>melanorhinus</i>, but see van Zyll de Jong (1984). An older name for this species may be <i>subulatus</i> Say, 1823; see Glass and Baker (1968). These authors recommended that <i>subulatus</i> should be supressed, but see Hall (1981), who used <i>subulatus</i> instead of <i>leibii</i> for this species. Koopman (1993) disagreed, and suggested that <i>subulatus</i> is probably an older name for <i>yumanensis</i>.","38","38-02455","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2455"
"13802456","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","levis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1824","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., ser. 1","3","","444-445","","","Yellowish Myotis","""Southern Brazil.""","Bolivia, Argentina, SE Brazil, Uruguay.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alter</i>  Miller and Allen, 1928; <i>nubilus</i> J. A. Wagner, 1855; <i>polythrix</i> I. Geoffroy, 1824; <b><i>dinellii</i></b> I Geoffroy, 1824.","Included in <i>ruber</i> by Cabrera (1958), but see LaVal (1973<i>a</i>). Reviewed in part by López-González et al. (2001). Apparently closely related to <i>nigricans</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02456","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2456"
"13802457","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","levis","levis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy","1824","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., ser. 1","3","","444-445","","","","""Southern Brazil.""","","","","","38","38-02457","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2456-2457"
"13802458","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","levis","dinellii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I Geoffroy","1824","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02458","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2456-2458"
"13802459","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","longipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1873","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","","","110","","","Kashmir Cave Myotis","India, Kashmir, Bhima Devi Caves, 6,000 ft. (1,829 m).","Afghanistan, NE India, Nepal, possibly Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>macropus</i>  Dobson, 1872 [not Gould, 1854]; <i>megalopus</i> Dobson, 1875.","Included in <i>capaccinii</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), but considered a distinct species by Hanák and Gaisler (1969), Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), and Bates and Harrison (1997). Some specimens referred to <i>longipes</i> by Bates and Harrison (1997) subsequently formed the type series for <i>csorbai</i> (Topál, 1997). Vietnamese records are dubious; see Bates et al. (1999).","38","38-02459","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2459"
"13802460","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","lucifugus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Le Conte","1831","","<i>In</i> McMurtie, Animal Kingdom","1","(App.)","431","","","Little Brown Myotis","USA, Georgia, possibly Liberty Co., LeConte Plantation near Riceboro (but see Davis and Rippy, 1968).","Alaska (USA) to Labrador and Newfoundland (Canada), south to S California, N Arizona, N New Mexico (USA).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>affinis</i>  H. Allen, 1864; <i>brevirostris</i> Wied-Neuwied, 1862; <i>carolii</i> Temminck, 1840; <i>crassus</i> F. Cuvier, 1832; <i>domesticus</i> Green, 1832; <i>gryphus</i> F. Cuvier, 1832; <i>lanceolatus</i> Wied, 1839; <i>salarii</i> F. Cuvier, 1832; <i>virginianus</i> Audubon and Bachman, 1841; <b><i>alascensis</i></b> Miller, 1897; <b><i>carissima</i></b> Thomas, 1904; <i>albicinctus</i> G. M. Allen, 1919;<i> altipetens</i> H. W. Grinnell, 1916; <i>baileyi</i> Hollister, 1909; <b><i>pernox</i></b> Hollister, 1911; <b><i>relictus</i></b> Harris, 1974.","Does not include <i>occultus</i>, see Piaggio et al. (2002). Hybridizes with <i>yumanensis</i> in some areas; see Parkinson (1979), but see Herd and Fenton (1983). See Fenton and Barclay (1980). Apparently closely related to <i>thysanodes</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). Status of the type and type locality was discussed by Davis and Rippy (1968).","38","38-02460","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2460"
"13802461","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","lucifugus","lucifugus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Le Conte","1831","","<i>In</i> McMurtie, Animal Kingdom","1","(App.)","431","","","","USA, Georgia, possibly Liberty Co., LeConte Plantation near Riceboro (but see Davis and Rippy, 1968).","","","","","38","38-02461","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2460-2461"
"13802462","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","lucifugus","alascensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02462","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2460-2462"
"13802463","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","lucifugus","carissima","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02463","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2460-2463"
"13802464","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","lucifugus","pernox","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02464","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2460-2464"
"13802465","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","lucifugus","relictus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harris","1974","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02465","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2460-2465"
"13802466","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","macrodactylus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","231","","","Big-footed Myotis","Japan.","Japan, Kunashir Isl and Kurile Isls (Russia), SE Siberia, Korea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>continentalis</i> </b> Tiunov, 1997; <b><i>insularis</i></b> Tiunov, 1997.","Koopman (1993) included <i>fimbriatus</i> in this species and noted that it was probably conspecific with <i>capaccinii</i> (see Wallin, 1969), but see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), Yoshiyuki (1989), and Corbet and Hill (1992), who argued that <i>fimbriatus</i> and <i>capaccinii</i> are distinct species. Reviewed in part by Yoshiyuki (1989) and Yoon (1990).","38","38-02466","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2466"
"13802467","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","macrodactylus","macrodactylus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","231","","","","Japan.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02467","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2466-2467"
"13802468","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","macrodactylus","continentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tiunov","1997","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02468","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2466-2468"
"13802469","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","macrodactylus","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tiunov","1997","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02469","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2466-2469"
"13802470","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","macropus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gould","1854","","Mammals of Australia","","","unnumbered page of text","","","Gould's Large-footed Myotis","South Australia.","S Australia, Victoria (Australia).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Distinct from <i>adversus</i> and <i>moluccarum</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1995<i>b</i>), who revised this complex.","38","38-02470","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2470"
"13802471","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","macrotarsus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1845","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1845","3","5","","","Pallid Large-footed Myotis","Philippines.","Philippines, N Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>saba</i> </b> Davis, 1962.","May include <i>stalkeri</i>; see Findley (1972) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Apparently closely related to <i>hasseltii</i> and <i>horsfieldii</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02471","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2471"
"13802472","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","macrotarsus","macrotarsus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1845","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1845","3","5","","","","Philippines.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02472","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2471-2472"
"13802473","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","macrotarsus","saba","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis","1962","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02473","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2471-2473"
"13802474","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","martiniquensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","LaVal","1973","","Bull. Los Angeles Cty. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Soc.","15","","35","","","Schwartz's Myotis","Martinique (Lesser Antilles), Tartane, 6 km E La Trinité (France).","Martinique, Barbados (Lesser Antilles).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>nyctor</i> </b> LaVal and Schwartz, 1975.","See Masson and Breuil (1992) and Timm and Genoways (2003).","38","38-02474","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2474"
"13802475","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","martiniquensis","martiniquensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","LaVal","1973","","Bull. Los Angeles Cty. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Soc.","15","","35","","","","Martinique (Lesser Antilles), Tartane, 6 km E La Trinité (France).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02475","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2474-2475"
"13802476","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","martiniquensis","nyctor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","LaVal and Schwartz","1975","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02476","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2474-2476"
"13802477","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","melanorhinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","N. Amer. Fauna","3","","46","","","Dark-nosed Small-footed Myotis","United States, Arizona, Coconino Co., N base of San Francisco Mountain, Little Spring, 8,250 ft (2,750 m).","British Columbia (Canada) south to C Mexico and east to W Oklahoma (USA).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Included in <i>leibii</i> or <i>ciliolabrum</i> by various authors, but see van Zyll de Jong (1984). Reviewed by Holloway and Barclay (2001), who treated it as a subspecies of <i>ciliolabrum</i>.","38","38-02477","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2477"
"13802478","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","moluccarum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","170","","","Maluku Myotis","Indonesia, Maluku Tenggara, Kei (=Kai) Isls, Ara.","Ambon and Kai Isls (Moluccas), N and W Australia, Seram, Waigeo Isl (West Palua, Indonesia), Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<b><i>richardsi</i> </b> Kitchener, 1995 [in Kitchener et al., 1995<i>b</i>]; <b><i>solomonis</i></b> Troughton, 1929.","Distinct from <i>adversus</i> and <i>macropus</i>; see Kitchener et al. (1995<i>b</i>), who revised this complex. Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998). Includes <i>Anamygdon solomonis</i> Troughton, 1929; see Phillips and Birney (1968) and Kitchener et al. (1995<i>b</i>). Kitchener et al. (1995<i>b</i>) tentatively retained <i>solomonis</i> as a synonym of <i>M. moluccarum moluccarum</i>, but morphological differences suggest that it is best considered as a distinct subspecies.","38","38-02478","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2478"
"13802479","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","moluccarum","moluccarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","15","","170","","","","Indonesia, Maluku Tenggara, Kei (=Kai) Isls, Ara.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02479","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2478-2479"
"13802480","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","moluccarum","richardsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","1995","","[in Kitchener et al., 1995<i>b</i>]","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02480","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2478-2480"
"13802481","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","moluccarum","solomonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Troughton","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02481","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2478-2481"
"13802482","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","montivagus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1874","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","43","","237","","","Burmese Whiskered Myotis","China, Yunnan, Hotha.","Yunnan to Fukien and Chihli (China), NE India, Burma, Vietnam, Laos, NE Thailand, W Malaysia, Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>borneoensis</i> </b> Hill and Francis, 1984; <b><i>federatus</i></b> Thomas, 1916; <b><i>peytoni</i></b> Wroughton and Ryley, 1913.","Includes <i>peytoni</i>; see Hill (1962<i>b</i>), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Bates and Harrison (1997); but see also Findley (1972). Das (1987) reviewed the type series. Reviewed by Bates et al. (1999). Subspecies affinities of Vietnam specimen are unclear; see Bates et al. (1999) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001).","38","38-02482","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2482"
"13802483","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","montivagus","montivagus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1874","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","43","","237","","","","China, Yunnan, Hotha.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02483","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2482-2483"
"13802484","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","montivagus","borneoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hill and Francis","1984","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02484","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2482-2484"
"13802485","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","montivagus","federatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02485","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2482-2485"
"13802486","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","montivagus","peytoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton and Ryley","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02486","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2482-2486"
"13802487","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","morrisi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1971","","Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.","21","","43","","","Morris's Myotis","Ethiopia, Walaga, Didessa River mouth.","Ethiopia, Nigeria.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","","38","38-02487","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2487"
"13802488","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","muricola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Cat. Hodgson Coll. Brit. Mus.","","","4","","","Nepalese Whiskered Myotis","Nepal.","Afghanistan through N India and Nepal to Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and New Guinea; possibly the Philippines.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>lobipes</i>  Peters, 1867; <i>tralatitus</i> Temminck, 1840 [not Horsfield, 1824]; <b><i>browni</i></b> Taylor, 1934; <b><i>caliginosus</i></b> Tomes, 1859; <i>blanfordi</i> Dobson, 1871; <b><i>herrei</i></b> Taylor, 1934;<u> </u><b><i>latirostris</i></b> Kishida, 1932; <i>orii</i> Kuroda, 1935;<u> </u><b><i>moupinensis</i></b> Milne-Edwards, 1872; <b><i>niasensis</i></b> Lyon, 1916; <b><i>patriciae</i></b> Taylor, 1934. <u>Not allocated to subspecies</u>: <i>muricola</i> Hodgson, 1841 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>trilatitoides</i> Gray, 1843 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Includes <i>caliginosus</i>, <i>moupinensis</i>, and <i>latirostris</i>; see Findley (1972). Does not include <i>ater</i> or <i>nugax</i>; see Hill (1983) and Hill and Corbet (1992). Includes <i>browni</i>; see Hill and Rozendaal (1989). Includes <i>herrei</i> and <i>patriciae</i>; see Heaney et al. (1987), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992), who listed <i>patriciae</i> as a separate species with some reservations. Reviewed in part by Hill (1983), Kock (1996), Bates and Harrison (1997), Bates et al. (1999), Francis et al. (1999), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001). This complex may include more than one species, see Francis et al. (1999). There is apparently only one species of ""<i>muricola</i> type"" <i>Myotis</i> in the Philippines, but it is not yet clear if this taxon is <i>ater</i> or <i>muricola</i> (L. Heaney, pers. comm.); the same is probably also true of the Moluccas (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).","38","38-02488","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2488"
"13802489","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","muricola","muricola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Cat. Hodgson Coll. Brit. Mus.","","","4","","","","Nepal.","","","","","38","38-02489","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2488-2489"
"13802490","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","muricola","browni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02490","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2488-2490"
"13802491","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","muricola","caliginosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1859","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02491","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2488-2491"
"13802492","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","muricola","herrei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02492","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2488-2492"
"13802493","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","muricola","latirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kishida","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02493","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2488-2493"
"13802494","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","muricola","moupinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02494","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2488-2494"
"13802495","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","muricola","niasensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02495","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2488-2495"
"13802496","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","muricola","patriciae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02496","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2488-2496"
"13802497","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","myotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Borkhausen","1797","","Deutsche Fauna","1","","80","","","Mouse-eared Myotis","Germany, Thuringia.","C and S Europe, east to Ukraine; S England; most Mediterranean islands; Azores (Portugal); Asia Minor; Lebanon, Syria, and Israel.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>alpinus</i>  Koch, 1865; <i>latipennis</i> Crespon, 1844; <i>myosotis</i> author unknown, date 1797 or 1800 [see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951]; <i>spelaea</i> Bielz, 1886 [not Koch, 1865]; <i>submurinus</i> Brehm, 1827; <i>typus</i> Koch, 1865; <b><i>macrocephalicus</i></b> Harrison and Lewis, 1961.","See Corbet (1978<i>c</i>) and Horácek et al. (2000) for discussion of synonyms. Zhang Yongzu et al. (1997) included <i>ancilla</i> and <i>chinensis</i> in <i>myotis</i>, but this is apparently incorrect; see Horácek et al. (2000). Closely related to <i>blythii</i>, <i>oxygnathus</i>, and <i>punicus</i>; see Castella et al. (2000), Mayer and von Helversen (2001<i>a</i>), and Ruedi and Mayer (2001). Middle Eastern records reviewed by Harrison and Bates (1991), Palearctic records by Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-02497","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2497"
"13802498","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","myotis","myotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Borkhausen","1797","","Deutsche Fauna","1","","80","","","","Germany, Thuringia.","","","","","38","38-02498","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2497-2498"
"13802499","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","myotis","macrocephalicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harrison and Lewis","1961","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02499","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2497-2499"
"13802500","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","mystacinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1817","","Die Deutschen Fledermäuse. Hanau","","","15","","","Whiskered Myotis","Germany.","Ireland and Scandinavia to C Russia and the Ural Moutains, Kazakhstan, south to Syria, Israel, and Morocco.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aurascens</i>  Kuzyakin, 1935; <i>bulgaricus</i> Heinrich, 1936; <i>collaris</i> Schinz, 1821; <i>humeralis</i> Baillon, 1834; <i>lugubris </i>Fatio, 1869; <i>nigricans</i> Koch, 1865 [not Schinz, 1821]; <i>nigricans</i> Fatio, 1869 [not Schinz, 1821, or Koch, 1865]; <i>nigrofuscus</i> Fitzinger, 1871; <i>rufofuscus</i> Koch, 1865; <i>schinzii</i> Brehm, 1837; <i>schrankii</i> Wagner, 1843; <b><i>caucasicus</i></b> Tsytsulina, 2000 [in Benda and Tsytsulina, 2000]; <b><i>occidentalis</i></b> Benda, 2000 [in Benda and Tsytsulina, 2000].","Reviewed by Strelkov (1983), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Horácek et al. (2000), revised by Benda and Tsytsulina (2000) and Tsytsulina (2001). Does not include <i>davidii</i>, <i>hajastanicus</i>, <i>nipalensis</i>, <i>przewalskii</i>, or <i>sogdianus</i>, <i>transcaspicus</i>; see Benda and Tsytsulina (2000) and Kawai et al. (2003). Includes <i>aurascens</i>; see Mayer and von Helversen (2001<i>a</i>), but also see Benda and Tsytsulina (2000). This complex may include at least one cryptic species in Europe; see Mayer and von Helversen (2001<i>a</i>). Japanese specimens previously referred to this species clearly represent an apparently unnamed taxon distinct from both <i>mystacinus</i> and <i>davidii</i>; see Kawai et al. (2003). Specimens from Vietnam originally identified as <i>mystacinus</i> may represent <i>muricola </i>(see Bates et al., 1999); alternatively, they might represent <i>davidii</i> or be conspecific with the unnamed Japanese form.","38","38-02500","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2500"
"13802501","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","mystacinus","mystacinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1817","","Die Deutschen Fledermäuse. Hanau","","","15","","","","Germany.","","","","","38","38-02501","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2500-2501"
"13802502","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","mystacinus","caucasicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tsytsulina","2000","","[in Benda and Tsytsulina, 2000]","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02502","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2500-2502"
"13802503","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","mystacinus","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Benda","2000","","[in Benda and Tsytsulina, 2000]","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02503","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2500-2503"
"13802504","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nattereri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1817","","Die Deutschen Fledermäuse. Hanau","","","14, 33","","","Natterer's Myotis","Germany, Hessen, Hanau.","Ireland, Great Britain, Europe (except N Scandinavia), Morocco, N Algeria, Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Bulgaria, Crimea and Caucasus to Turkmenistan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>escalerae</i>  Cabrera, 1904; <i>spelaeus</i> Koch, 1865; <i>typus</i> Koch, 1865; <i>hoveli</i> Harrison, 1964; <b><i>tschuliensis</i></b> Kuzyakin, 1935.","Does not include <i>araxenus</i> or <i>bombinus</i>; see Horácek and Hanák (1984) and Kawai et al. (2003). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991) and Horácek et al. (2000). For discussion of correct spelling see Bogdanowicz and Kock (1998).","38","38-02504","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2504"
"13802505","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nattereri","nattereri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1817","","Die Deutschen Fledermäuse. Hanau","","","14, 33","","","","Germany, Hessen, Hanau.","","","","","38","38-02505","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2504-2505"
"13802506","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nattereri","tschuliensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuzyakin","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02506","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2504-2506"
"13802507","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nesopolus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","13","","123","","","Curaçao Myotis","Curaçao, Willemstad (Netherlands).","NE Venezuela; Curaçao and Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>larensis</i> </b> LaVal, 1973.","Includes <i>larensis</i>; see Genoways and Williams (1979<i>a</i>). A single specimen reported from St. Martin probably represents <i>nigricans</i>; see Jones (1989).","38","38-02507","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2507"
"13802508","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nesopolus","nesopolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","13","","123","","","","Curaçao, Willemstad (Netherlands).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02508","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2507-2508"
"13802509","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nesopolus","larensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","LaVal","1973","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02509","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2507-2509"
"13802510","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nigricans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1821","","Das Thierreich","1","","179","","","Black Myotis","Brazil, Espírito Santo, between Itapemirin and Iconha Rivers, Fazenda de Aga.","Nayarit and Tamaulipas (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, N Argentina, Paraguay, and S Brazil; Trinidad and Tobago; St. Martin, Montserrat, Grenada (Lesser Antilles).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>arsinoe</i>  Temminck, 1840; <i>bondae</i> J. A. Allen, 1914; <i>brasiliensis</i> Spix, 1823; <i>chiriquensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>concinnus</i> H. Allen, 1866; <i>dalquesti</i> Hall and Alvarez, 1961; <i>esmeraldae</i> J. A. Allen, 1914; <i>exiguus</i> H. Allen, 1866; <i>hypothrix</i> D’Orbigny and Gervais, 1847; <i>maripensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1914; <i>mundus</i> H. Allen, 1866; <i>parvulus</i> Temminck, 1840; <i>punensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1914; <i>spixii</i> J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>splendidus</i> J. A. Wagner, 1855; <b><i>carteri</i></b> LaVal, 1973; <b><i>extremus</i></b> Miller and Allen, 1928; <b><i>osculatii</i></b> Cornalia, 1849; <i>caucensis</i> Miller and G. M. Allen, 1928; <i>quixensis</i> Osculati, 1854.","Includes <i>carteri</i>; see Corbet and Hill (1980), but see Bogan (1978). Neotype designated by LaVal (1973<i>a</i>). See Wilson and LaVal (1974). Reviewed in part by López-González et al. (2001). Apparently closely related to <i>levis</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). More than one species may be represented in this complex.","38","38-02510","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2510"
"13802511","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nigricans","nigricans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1821","","Das Thierreich","1","","179","","","","Brazil, Espírito Santo, between Itapemirin and Iconha Rivers, Fazenda de Aga.","","","","","38","38-02511","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2510-2511"
"13802512","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nigricans","carteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","LaVal","1973","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02512","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2510-2512"
"13802513","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nigricans","extremus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Allen","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02513","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2510-2513"
"13802514","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nigricans","osculatii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cornalia","1849","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02514","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2510-2514"
"13802515","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nipalensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","1871","","214","","","Nepalese Myotis","Nepal, Katmandu.","Iran, Turkey, and Uzbekistan to Nepal, Mongolia, Tibet and NW China, Siberia.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>kukunoriensis</i>  Bobrinskii, 1929; <i>meinertzhageni</i> Thomas, 1926; <i>pallidiventris</i> Hodgson, 1844 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>przewalskii</i></b> Bobrinski, 1926; <i>mongolicus</i> Kruskop and Borissenko, 1996; <b><i>transcaspicus</i></b> Ognev and Heptner, 1928; <i>pamirensis</i> Kuzyakin, 1935; <i>sogdianus</i> Kuzyakin, 1934.","Often included in <i>mystacinus</i>, but see Benda and Tsytsulina (2000).","38","38-02515","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2515"
"13802516","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nipalensis","nipalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1871","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","1871","","214","","","","Nepal, Katmandu.","","","","","38","38-02516","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2515-2516"
"13802517","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nipalensis","przewalskii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bobrinski","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02517","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2515-2517"
"13802518","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","nipalensis","transcaspicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev and Heptner","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02518","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2515-2518"
"13802519","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","occultus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1909","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","22","","43","","","Arizona Myotis","California, San Bernadino Co., 10 mi above Needles, W side of Colorado River.","S California to Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado (USA), south to Distrito Federal (Mexico); possibly W Texas (USA).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Included in <i>lucifugus</i> by Findley and Jones (1967) and most subsequent authors, but apparently distinct, see Piaggio et al. (2002).","38","38-02519","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2519"
"13802520","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","oreias","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","270","","","Singaporese Whiskered Myotis","Singapore.","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Known only from the holotype. Redescribed by Francis and Hill (1998), who noted that the type locality is questionable.","38","38-02520","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2520"
"13802521","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","oxygnathus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Monticelli","1885","","Ann. Accad. O. Costa de Aspir. Nat. Napoli","1","","82","","","Monticelli's Myotis","Italy, Basilicata, Matera.","Mediterranean region from Spain to Italy and Greece; Bulgaria to Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Afghanistan.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly treated as a subspecies of <i>blythii</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1994), but shown to be more closely related to <i>myotis</i> based on molecular data; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02521","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2521"
"13802522","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","oxyotus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","19","","","Montane Myotis","Ecuador, Mount Chimborazo, between 2,743 and 3,048 m.","Venezuela to Bolivia; Panama; Costa Rica.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>thomasi</i>  Cabrera, 1901; <b><i>gardneri</i></b> LaVal, 1973.","Revised by LaVal (1973<i>a</i>). Subspecies allocation of populations from coastal Peru is uncertain. Apparently closely related to <i>nigricans</i><u> </u>and<u></u><i>levis</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02522","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2522"
"13802523","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","oxyotus","oxyotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1867","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1867","","19","","","","Ecuador, Mount Chimborazo, between 2,743 and 3,048 m.","","","","","38","38-02523","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2522-2523"
"13802524","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","oxyotus","gardneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","LaVal","1973","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02524","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2522-2524"
"13802525","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","ozensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Imaizumi","1954","","Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, N. S.","1","","49","","","Honshu Myotis","Japan, Honshu, Gunma Pref, Ozegahara, 1,400 m.","Honshu (Japan).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","Reviewed by Yoshiyuki (1989).","38","38-02525","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2525"
"13802526","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","peninsularis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","2","","124","","","Peninsular Myotis","Mexico, Baja California, San Jose del Cabo.","S Baja California (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Listed as a subspecies of <i>velifer</i> by Hall and Kelson (1959), but see Hayward (1970) and Hall (1981). See Alvarez-Castañeda and Bogan (1998).","38","38-02526","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2526"
"13802527","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","pequinius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1908","","637","","","Peking Myotis","China, Hopeh, 30 mi. (48 km) W Peking, 600 ft (183 m).","Hong Kong, Hopeh, Shantung, Honan and Kiangsu (China).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","See Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-02527","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2527"
"13802528","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","planiceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baker","1955","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","68","","165","","","Flat-headed Myotis","Mexico, Coahuila, 7 mi. (11 km) S and 4 mi. (6 km) E Bella Union, 7,200 ft. (2,195 m).","Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Zacatecas (Mexico).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered.","","See Matson (1975).","38","38-02528","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2528"
"13802529","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","pruinosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Yoshiyuki","1971","","Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo","14","","305","","","Frosted Myotis","Japan, NE Honshu, Iwate Pref., Waga-Gun, Waga-Machi, Geto Hot Spring.","Honshu and Shikoku (Japan).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","Reviewed by Yoshiyuki (1989), also see Horácek et al. (2000) and Kawai et al. (2003).","38","38-02529","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2529"
"13802530","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","punicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Felten, Spitzenberger, and Storch","1977","","Senkenberg. Biol.","58","","39","","","Maghrebian Myotis","Tunisia, Cap Bon, El Haouaria Cave.","Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Malta, Corsica (France), and Sardinia (Italy).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>blythii</i>, but recently shown to lie outside a clade including <i>blythii</i>, <i>myotis</i>, and <i>oxygnathus</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). Also see Borg (1998) and Castella et al. (2000). Accordingly, <i>punicus</i> is treated as a separate species here.","38","38-02530","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2530"
"13802531","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","ricketti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","300","","","Rickett's Big-footed Myotis","China, Fukien (= Fujian), Foochow.","Fukien, Anhwei, Kiangsu, Shantung, Yunnan (China); Hong Kong; Vietnam and Laos.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>Myotis pilosus</i> Peters, 1869 (type locality unknown) may be the oldest name for this species; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Sometimes placed in its own subgenus <i>Rickettia</i>, see discussion in Findley (1972) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1999) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001); also see Horácek et al. (2000), who discussed this taxon under the name <i>pilosus</i>.","38","38-02531","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2531"
"13802532","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","ridleyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","1","","361","","","Ridley's Myotis","Malaysia, Selangor (= Kepong).","W Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Transferred from <i>Pipistrellus</i>; see Medway (1978); also see Hill and Topál (1973).","38","38-02532","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2532"
"13802533","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","riparius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Handley","1960","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","112","","466-468","","","Riparian Myotis","Panama, Darien, Río Puero, Tacarcuna Village.","Honduras south to Uruguay, E Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia; Trinidad.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>simus</i>. Reviewed in part by López-González et al. (2001). LaVal (1973<i>a</i>) suggested that <i>guaycuru</i> may be the oldest name for this species, but López-González et al. (2001) have shown <i>guaycuru</i> to be a junior synonym of <i>simus</i>. Apparently closely related to <i>ruber</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02533","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2533"
"13802534","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","rosseti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Oey","1951","","Beaufortia","1","8","4","","","Thick-thumbed Myotis","Cambodia.","Cambodia, Thailand, possibly Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Originally described as a species of <i>Glischropus</i>; see Hill and Topál (1973). Vietnamese record is not well documented; see Bates et al. (1999).","38","38-02534","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2534"
"13802535","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","ruber","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1806","","Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","8","","204","","","Red Myotis","Paraguay, Neembucu, Sapucay (neotype locality).","SE Brazil, SE Paraguay, NE Argentina.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>cinnamomeus</i>  Wagner, 1855; <i>kinnamon</i> Gervais, 1856.","Does not include <i>levis</i>; revised by LaVal (1973<i>a</i>), who with Miller and Allen (1928) discussed the type. Reviewed in part by López-González et al. (2001). Apparently closely related to <i>riparius</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02535","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2535"
"13802536","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","schaubi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kormos","1934","","Földt Közl., Budapest","64","","310","","","Schaub's Myotis","Hungary (Pliocene). See discussion in Horácek et al. (2000).","Extant populations limited to Armenia and W Iran.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","<b><i>araxenus</i> </b> Dahl, 1947; <i>kretzoii</i> Topál, 1981.","The nominate subspecies is known only from the Pliocene and is presumably extinct. The living subspecies, <i>araxenus</i>, was formerly included in <i>nattereri</i>; see Horácek and Hanák (1984). Reviewed by Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-02536","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2536"
"13802537","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","schaubi","schaubi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kormos","1934","","Földt Közl., Budapest","64","","310","","","","Hungary (Pliocene). See discussion in Horácek et al. (2000) and comments under species.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","Formerly included in <i>nattereri</i>; see Horácek and Hanák (1984). Reviewed by Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-02537","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2536-2537"
"13802538","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","schaubi","araxenus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dahl","1947","","","","","","","","","","Extant populations limited to Armenia and W Iran.","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02538","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2536-2538"
"13802539","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","scotti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1927","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","19","","554","","","Scott's Myotis","Ethiopia, Shoa, Djem-Djem Forest (ca. 40 mi. (64 km) W Addis Ababa), 8,000 ft. (2,438 m).","Ethiopia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","","38","38-02539","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2539"
"13802540","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","septentrionalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Trouessart","1897","","Catalog. Mammal. Vivent.","","","131","","","Northern Myotis","Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax.","E United States and Canada west to British Columbia, E Montana, E Wyoming; south to Alabama, Georgia, and Florida Panhandle.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included in <i>keenii</i>, but see van Zyll de Jong (1979) and Caceres and Barclay (2000).","38","38-02540","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2540"
"13802541","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","sicarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","23","","608","","","Mandelli's Mouse-eared Myotis","India, N Sikkim.","Sikkim (NE India); Nepal.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-02541","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2541"
"13802542","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","siligorensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1855","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2","16","","102","","","Himalayan Whiskered Myotis","Nepal, Siligori.","N India to S China, Burma, Vietnam, and Laos; south to W Malaysia; Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>darjilingensis</i>  Horsfield, 1855; <b><i>alticraniatus</i></b> Osgood, 1932; <b><i>sowerbyi</i></b> Howell, 1926; <b><i>thaianus</i></b> Shamel, 1942.","Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997), Bates et al. (1999), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001). Populations from Malaysia and Borneo have not been allocated to subspecies, and the subspecific status of Vietnamese populations is questionable (see Hendrichsen et al., 2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-02542","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2542"
"13802543","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","siligorensis","siligorensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1855","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2","16","","102","","","","Nepal, Siligori.","","","","","38","38-02543","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2542-2543"
"13802544","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","siligorensis","alticraniatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02544","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2542-2544"
"13802545","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","siligorensis","sowerbyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Howell","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02545","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2542-2545"
"13802546","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","siligorensis","thaianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shamel","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02546","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2542-2546"
"13802547","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","simus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","7","","541","","","Velvety Myotis","Peru, Loreto, Sarayacu (Ucayali River).","Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, N Brazil, Bolivia, NE Argentina, and Paraguay.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>guaycuru</i>  Proença, 1943.","Revised by LaVal (1973<i>a</i>), Baud and Menu (1993), and López-González et al., 2001. Includes <i>guaycuru</i>; see López-González et al. (2001).","38","38-02547","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2547"
"13802548","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","sodalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and Allen","1928","","Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus.","144","","130","","","Indiana Myotis","USA, Indiana, Crawford Co., Wyandotte Cave.","New Hampshire to Florida Panhandle, west to Wisconsin and Oklahoma (USA).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","See Thomson (1982).","38","38-02548","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2548"
"13802549","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","stalkeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","384","","","Kei Myotis","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Kai Isl, Ara.","Kai and Gebe Isls (Molucca Isls), Waigeo Isl (Prov. of Papua, Indonesia)..","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","May be conspecific with <i>macrotarsus</i>; see Findley (1972) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Meinig (2002).","38","38-02549","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2549"
"13802550","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","thysanodes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1897","","N. Am. Fauna","13","","80","","","Fringed Myotis","USA, California, Kern Co., Tehachapi Mountains, Old Fort Tejon.","Chiapas (Mexico) to SW South Dakota (USA) and SC British Columbia (Canada).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>aztecus</i> </b> Miller and G. M. Allen, 1928; <b><i>pahasapensis</i></b> Jones and Genoways, 1967; <b><i>vespertinus</i></b> Manning and Jones, 1988.","Revised by Miller and Allen (1928). Also see O'Farrell and Studier (1980) and Manning and Jones (1988<i>b</i>). Apparently closely related to <i>lucifugus</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02550","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2550"
"13802551","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","thysanodes","thysanodes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1897","","N. Am. Fauna","13","","80","","","","USA, California, Kern Co., Tehachapi Mountains, Old Fort Tejon.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02551","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2550-2551"
"13802552","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","thysanodes","aztecus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and G. M. Allen","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02552","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2550-2552"
"13802553","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","thysanodes","pahasapensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jones and Genoways","1967","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02553","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2550-2553"
"13802554","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","thysanodes","vespertinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Manning and Jones","1988","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02554","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2550-2554"
"13802555","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","tricolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1832","","<i>In</i> Smuts, Enumer. Mamm. Capensium","","","106","","","Temminck's Myotis","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Capetown.","Liberia, Ethiopia and Dem. Rep. Congo, south to South Africa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>loveni</i>  Granvik, 1924.","Includes <i>Eptesicus loveni</i>, see Schlitter and Aggundey (1986). See Taylor (2000<i>a</i>) for distribution map.","38","38-02555","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2555"
"13802556","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","velifer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","177","","","Cave Myotis","Mexico, Jalisco, Guadalajara, Santa Cruz del Valle.","Honduras to Kansas and SE California (USA).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>jaliscensis</i>  Menegaux, 1901; <b><i>brevis</i></b> Vaughan, 1954; <b><i>grandis</i></b> Hayward, 1970; <b><i>incautus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1896; <b><i>magnamolaris</i></b> Choate and Hall, 1967.","See Hayward (1970), Hall (1981), Fitch et al. (1981). Includes <i>magnamolaris</i>; see Dalquest and Stangl (1984). Apparently closely related to <i>yumanensis</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02556","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2556"
"13802557","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","velifer","velifer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1890","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","3","","177","","","","Mexico, Jalisco, Guadalajara, Santa Cruz del Valle.","","","","","38","38-02557","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2556-2557"
"13802558","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","velifer","brevis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Vaughan","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02558","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2556-2558"
"13802559","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","velifer","grandis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hayward","1970","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02559","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2556-2559"
"13802560","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","velifer","incautus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02560","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2556-2560"
"13802561","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","velifer","magnamolaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Choate and Hall","1967","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02561","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2556-2561"
"13802562","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","vivesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Menegaux","1901","","Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris","7","","323","","","Fish-eating Myotis","Mexico, Baja California, Partida Isl.","Coast of Sonora and Baja California (Mexico), chiefly on small islands.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Often placed in its own genus, <i>Pizonyx</i>. See Blood and Clark (1998).","38","38-02562","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2562"
"13802563","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","volans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1866","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","18","","282","","","Long-legged Myotis","Mexico, Baja California, Cabo San Lucas.","Jalisco to Veracruz (Mexico); Alaska Panhandle (USA) to Baja California (Mexico), east to N Nuevo León (Mexico), South Dakota (USA), and C Alberta (Canada).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>capitaneus</i>  Nelson and Goldman, 1909; <b><i>amotus</i></b> Miller, 1914; <b><i>interior</i></b> Miller, 1914; <b><i>longicrus</i></b> True, 1886; <i>altifrons</i> Hollister, 1911; <i>ruddi</i> Silliman and von Bloeker, 1938.","Revised by Miller and Allen (1928). See Warner and Czaplewski (1984). Apparently closely related to <i>lucifugus</i><u> </u>and<u> </u><i>thysanodes</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02563","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2563"
"13802564","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","volans","volans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1866","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","18","","282","","","","Mexico, Baja California, Cabo San Lucas.","","","","","38","38-02564","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2563-2564"
"13802565","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","volans","amotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02565","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2563-2565"
"13802566","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","volans","interior","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02566","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2563-2566"
"13802567","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","volans","longicrus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","True","1886","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02567","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2563-2567"
"13802568","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","welwitschii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1866","","211","","","Welwitsch's Myotis","NE Angola.","South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Angola, Zambia, Dem. Rep. Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>venustus</i>  Matschie, 1899.","Reviewed by Kock (1967) and Ratcliffe (2002). Sometimes misspelled <i>welwitschi</i> but the original spelling is <i>welwitschii</i>. Apparently closely related to <i>emarginatus</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02568","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2568"
"13802569","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","yanbarensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Maeda and Matsumura","1998","","Zool. Sci.","15","","301","","","Yanbaru Myotis","Japan, Okinawa Isl, Kunigami-mura, Aha, upper stream of Funga River.","Northern Okinawa Isl (Japan); known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Apparently related to <i>pruinosus</i> and <i>montivagus</i>; see Kawai et al. (2003).","38","38-02569","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2569"
"13802570","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","yesoensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Yoshiyuki","1984","","Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, ser. A(Zool.)","10","","153","","","Yoshiyuki's Myotis","Japan, Hokkaido, Hiddaka, Mt. Petegari, neighborhood of Petegari River, 400 m.","Hokkaido (Japan).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Closely related to <i>hosonoi</i>. Reviewed by Yoshiyuki (1989); also see Horácek et al. (2000).","38","38-02570","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2570"
"13802571","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","yumanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1864","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","7","","58","","","Yuma Myotis","USA, California, Imperial Co., Old Fort Yuma.","Hidalgo, Morelos and Baja California (Mexico) north to British Columbia (Canada), east to Montana and W Texas (USA).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>durangae</i>  J. A. Allen, 1903; <i>macropus</i> H. Allen, 1866 [not Gould, 1854]; <i>obscurus</i> H. Allen, 1866; <i>phasma</i> Miller and G. M. Allen, 1928; <b><i>lambi</i></b> Benson, 1947; <b><i>lutosus</i></b> Miller and G. M. Allen, 1928; <b><i>oxalis</i></b> Dalquest, 1947; <b><i>saturatus</i></b> Miller, 1897 [not Kuzyakin, 1934]; <b><i>sociabilis</i></b> H. W. Grinnell, 1914.","An older name for this species may be <i>subulatus</i> Say, 1823; see Glass and Baker (1968). Those authors recommended that <i>subulatus</i> should be supressed, but see Hall (1981), who used <i>subulatus</i> for the species we recognize as <i>leibii</i>. See also comments under <i>leibii</i> and <i>lucifugus</i>. Apparently closely related to <i>velifer</i>; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001).","38","38-02571","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2571"
"13802572","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","yumanensis","yumanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","H. Allen","1864","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","7","","58","","","","USA, California, Imperial Co., Old Fort Yuma.","","","","","38","38-02572","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2571-2572"
"13802573","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","yumanensis","lambi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Benson","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02573","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2571-2573"
"13802574","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","yumanensis","lutosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller and G. M. Allen","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02574","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2571-2574"
"13802575","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","yumanensis","oxalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dalquest","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02575","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2571-2575"
"13802576","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","yumanensis","saturatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1897","","[not Kuzyakin, 1934]","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02576","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2571-2576"
"13802577","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Myotinae","","Myotis","","yumanensis","sociabilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","H. W. Grinnell","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02577","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2331-0000-2337-0000-2571-2577"
"13802578","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Dobson","1875","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","16","","349","","","","","","","","","38","38-02578","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578"
"13802579","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1837","","Fauna Ital.","1","","fasc. 20","","<i>Vespertilio ursinii</i> Bonaparte, 1837 (= <i>Vespertilio schreibersii</i> Kuhl, 1817).","","","","","","Reviewed (in part) by Goodwin (1979), Peterson (1981), Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Peterson et al. (1995). These authors have often come to different conclusions regarding classification and synonymys; the arrangement given here generally follows Corbet and Hill (1992) and Peterson et al. (1995). See Maeda (1982) and Peterson et al. (1995) for a summary of authorship, type localities, and holotypes of most named forms.","38","38-02579","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579"
"13802580","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","africanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1936","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ., Zool. Ser.","20","","111","","","African Long-fingered Bat","Ethiopia, Shoa.","Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Tanzania, Botswana, Namibia.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly included in <i>inflatus</i>, but see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-02580","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2580"
"13802581","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1858","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1858","","125","","","Little Long-fingered Bat","New Caledonia, Loyalty Isls, Lifu (21°S, 167°03'E) (France).","Philippines, Borneo, Java, Timor, Moluccas, southeast to Vanuatu and E Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>solomonensis</i> </b> Maeda, 1982; <b><i>tibialis</i></b> Tomes, 1858.","Reviewed by Peterson (1981), Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Koopman (1989<i>a</i>), Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), and Bonaccorso (1998), but note that these authors included taxa now considered to be distinct species (i.e., <i>paululus</i>, <i>shortridgei</i>). Revised by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002), who recognized but did not name an additional subspecies from Kai Isl. Does not include <i>witkampi</i>, referred to <i>paululus</i> by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002).","38","38-02581","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2581"
"13802582","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","australis","australis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1858","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1858","","125","","","","New Caledonia, Loyalty Isls, Lifu (21°S, 167°03'E) (France).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02582","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2581-2582"
"13802583","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","australis","solomonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Maeda","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02583","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2581-2583"
"13802584","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","australis","tibialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02584","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2581-2584"
"13802585","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","fraterculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1906","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1906","","162","","","Lesser Long-fingered Bat","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Knysna.","South Africa, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-02585","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2585"
"13802586","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","fuscus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1902","","Novit. Zool.","9","","626","","","Southeast Asian Long-fingered Bat","Japan, Ryukyu Isls, Okinawa.","Ryukyu Isls (Japan).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","<i>yayeyamae</i>  Kuroda, 1924.","May include <i>medius</i>; see Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include <i>fraterculus</i>; see Peterson et al. (1995). Reviewed by Yoshiyuki (1989). Corbet and Hill (1992) suggested that <i>yayeyamae</i> may merit recognition as a distinct subspecies.","38","38-02586","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2586"
"13802587","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","gleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peterson, Eger, and Mitchell","1995","","Faune de Madagascar, Chiroptères","84","","128","","","Glen's Long-fingered Bat","Madagascar, 20 km S Tuléar (= Toliara), in a marine cave between Sarodrano and St. Augustin.","N, W, and S Madagascar.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","","38","38-02587","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2587"
"13802588","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","inflatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","634","","","Greater Long-fingered Bat","Cameroon, Efulen.","Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, E and S Dem. Rep. Congo, Cameroon, Gabon, Mozambique, Liberia, perhaps Nigeria. W African distribution uncertain because of confusion with <i>schreibersii</i>.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>rufus</i> </b> Sanborn, 1936.","Koopman (1993, 1994) included <i>africanus</i> in this species, but see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-02588","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2588"
"13802589","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","inflatus","inflatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","12","","634","","","","Cameroon, Efulen.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02589","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2588-2589"
"13802590","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","inflatus","rufus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02590","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2588-2590"
"13802591","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","macrocneme","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Revilliod","1914","","<i>In</i> Sarasin and Roux, Nova Caledonia, A. Zool.","1","","360","","","Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat","New Caledonia and Loyalty Isls.","New Guinea to Vanuatu and New Caledonia.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Listed a subspecies of <i>pusillus</i> by Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Sanborn and Nicholson (1950), Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), and Bonaccorso (1998). In a recent revision of the <i>pusillus</i>/<i>australis</i> complex, Kitchener and Suyanto (2002) treated <i>macrocneme</i> as a subspecies of <i>pusillus</i>, but did not examine specimens of <i>macrocneme</i> sensu stricto.","38","38-02591","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2591"
"13802592","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","magnater","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1931","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","18","","26","","","Western Long-fingered Bat","Papua New Guinea, E Sepik, Marienberg.","NE India, SE China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam to Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Timor (Indonesia), Borneo, Moluccas, and New Guinea including the Bismarck Arch.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>macrodens</i> </b> Maeda, 1982.","Reviewed by Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May also include <i>bismarckensis</i>, here listed as a synonym of <i>tristis</i> following Koopman (1993); see discussion in Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998). Some specimens from SE Asia previously identified as <i>schrebersii</i> may represent <i>magnater</i>; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-02592","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2592"
"13802593","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","magnater","magnater","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1931","","Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.","18","","26","","","","Papua New Guinea, E Sepik, Marienberg.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02593","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2592-2593"
"13802594","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","magnater","macrodens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Maeda","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02594","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2592-2594"
"13802595","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","majori","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","175","","","Major's Long-fingered Bat","Madagascar, NE Betsileo, d’Imasindrary [Sahamananina].","Madagascar, Comores Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Formerly included in <i>schreibersii</i>, but see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-02595","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2595"
"13802596","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","manavi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","176","","","Manavi Long-fingered Bat","Madagascar, E/NE of Betsileo, 20°17’S, 47°31’E [Fandriana region].","Madagascar, Comoro Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient as <i>M. menavi </i>(misspelled).","<b><i>griveaudi</i> </b> Harrison, 1959.","Formerly included in <i>minor</i>, but see Peterson et al. (1995); also see Juste and Ibáñez (1992). Includes <i>griveaudi</i>; see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-02596","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2596"
"13802597","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","manavi","manavi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","17","","176","","","","Madagascar, E/NE of Betsileo, 20°17’S, 47°31’E [Fandriana region].","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02597","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2596-2597"
"13802598","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","manavi","griveaudi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harrison","1959","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02598","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2596-2598"
"13802599","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","medius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1909","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1909","","382","","","Intermediate Long-fingered Bat","Indonesia, W Java, Tji-Tandoei River, Kalipoetjang.","SE China, Thailand, W Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, Philippines, New Guinea, possibly the Solomon Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","May be conspecific with <i>fuscus</i>; see Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). See also Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-02599","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2599"
"13802600","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","minor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","1867","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","885","","","Least Long-fingered Bat","Tanzania, coast opposite Zanzibar Isl.","Kenya, Tanzania, Dem. Rep. Congo, Republic of Congo, São Tomé Isl.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>newtoni</i> </b> Bocage, 1889; <b><i>occidentalis</i></b> Juste and Ibáñez, 1992.","Reviewed by Juste and Ibañez (1992), who designated a neotype for <i>newtoni</i>. Does not include <i>manavi</i> or <i>griveaudi</i> see Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-02600","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2600"
"13802601","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","minor","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","1867","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","885","","","","Tanzania, coast opposite Zanzibar Isl.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02601","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2600-2601"
"13802602","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","minor","newtoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02602","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2600-2602"
"13802603","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","minor","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Juste and Ibáñez","1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02603","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2600-2603"
"13802604","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","natalensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","59","","","Natal Long-fingered Bat","Natal, Durban.","Sudan and SW Arabia to South Africa.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>breyeri</i>  Jameson, 1909; <i>scotinus</i> Sundevall, 1846; <i>vicinior</i> J. A. Allen, 1917; <b><i>arenarius</i></b> Heller, 1912.","Formerly included in <i>schreibersii</i>, but apparently distinct; see O'Shea and Vaughan (1980), Koopman (1994), and Peterson et al. (1995).","38","38-02604","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2604"
"13802605","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","natalensis","natalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","59","","","","Natal, Durban.","","","","","38","38-02605","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2604-2605"
"13802606","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","natalensis","arenarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02606","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2604-2606"
"13802607","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","paululus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1913","","Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.","46","","311","","","Philippine Long-fingered Bat","Philippines, Guimarás Isls.","Majuyod, Negros, and Guimarás Isls (Philippines), Borneo, Selaru.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<b><i>graysonae</i> </b> Kitchener, 2002 [in Kitchener and Suyanto, 2002];<b><i> witkampi</i></b> Sody, 1930.","Revised by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002).","38","38-02607","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2607"
"13802608","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","paululus","paululus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1913","","Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.","46","","311","","","","Philippines, Guimarás Isls.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02608","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2607-2608"
"13802609","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","paululus","graysonae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kitchener","2002","","[in Kitchener and Suyanto, 2002]","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02609","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2607-2609"
"13802610","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","paululus","witkampi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02610","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2607-2610"
"13802611","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","pusillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1876","","Monogr. Asiatic Chiroptera","","","162","","","Small Long-fingered Bat","India, Nicobar Isls (NW of Sumatra).","India, Nepal, and Burma to Sumatra and Timor (Indonesia), Philippines, and Moluccas.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Hill (1983), Corbet and Hill (1992), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Kitchener and Suyanto (2002). Philippine records may actually represent <i>australis</i>; see Heaney et al. (1998). Does not seem to include <i>macrocneme</i>; see Sanborn and Nicholson (1950), Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), and Bonaccorso (1998), although also see Kitchener and Suyanto (2002), who treated <i>macrocneme</i> as a subspecies of <i>pusillus</i> but did not examine specimens of <i>macrocneme</i> sensu stricto. Some specimens from SE Asia previously identified as <i>schreibersii</i> may represent <i>pusillus</i>; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>). Kitchener and Suyanto (2002) recognized but did not name a subspecies from Alor, Roti, Timor, Ambon, probably Seram, and possibly Sulawesi.","38","38-02611","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2611"
"13802612","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","robustior","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Revilliod","1914","","<i>In</i> Sarasin and Roux, Nova Caledonia, A. Zool.","1","","359","","","Loyalty Long-fingered Bat","New Caledonia (France), Loyalty Isls, Lifu Isl, Quepenee (= Chépénéhé).","Loyalty Isls (E of New Caledonia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","See Hill (1971<i>a</i>), Peterson (1981), and Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-02612","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2612"
"13802613","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1817","","Die Deutschen Fledermäuse, Hanau","","","14","","","Schreibers's Long-fingered Bat","Romania, Mountains of Banat, Banat, near Coronini, Kolumbacs Cave (= Kulmbazer Cave = Columbäzar Cave).","S Europe and Morocco through the Caucasus, Iran, and Bulgaria to most of China and Japan; most of Indo-Malayan region; Philippines; New Guinea; Solomon Isls (including Bougainville Isl); Australia; subsaharan Africa; Bismarck Arch.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>baussencis</i>  Laurent, 1944; <i>inexpectatus</i> Heinrich, 1936; <i>italicus</i> Dal Piaz, 1926; <i>ursinii</i> Bonaparte, 1837;<u> </u><b><i>bassanii</i></b> Cardinal and Christidis, 2000; <b><i>blepotis</i></b> Temminck, 1840; <i>ravus</i> Sody, 1930; <b><i>chinensis</i></b> Thomas, 1908; <b><i>dasythrix</i></b> Temminck, 1840; <b><i>eschscholtzii</i></b> Waterhouse, 1845; <b><i>fuliginosus</i></b> Hodgson, 1835;<u> </u><b><i>haradai</i></b> Maeda, 1982; <b><i>japoniae</i></b> Thomas, 1905; <b><i>oceanensis</i></b> Maeda 1982; <b><i>orianae</i></b> Thomas, 1922; <b><i>orsinii</i></b> Temminck, 1840; <b><i>pallidus</i></b> Thomas, 1907; <i>pulcher</i> Harrison, 1956; <b><i>parvipes</i></b> G. M. Allen, 1923; <b><i>smitianus</i></b> Thomas, 1927;<u> </u><b><i>villiersi</i></b> Aellen, 1956.","Formerly included <i>magnater</i>. Does not include <i>natalensis</i> or <i>arenarius</i>, see Koopman (1994). Does not include <i>majori</i>; see Peterson et al. (1995). Reviewed by Crucitti (1976); see also Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Harrison and Bates (1991), Kock (1996), Bates and Harrison (1997), Cardinal and Christidis (2000), Conole (2000), Horácek et al. (2000), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>). Subspecies boundaries are not always clear (e.g., see Hill [1983] and Yoshiyuki [1989]), and some populations have not been allocated to subspecies. Sometimes misspelled <i>schriebersi</i>, but see Bogdanowicz and Kick (1998) for correct spelling (<i>schreibersii</i>). This complex probably includes more than one species.","38","38-02613","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613"
"13802614","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","schreibersii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuhl","1817","","Die Deutschen Fledermäuse, Hanau","","","14","","","","Romania, Mountains of Banat, Banat, near Coronini, Kolumbacs Cave (= Kulmbazer Cave = Columbäzar Cave).","","","","","38","38-02614","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2614"
"13802615","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","bassanii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cardinal and Christidis","2000","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02615","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2615"
"13802616","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","blepotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02616","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2616"
"13802617","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","chinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02617","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2617"
"13802618","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","dasythrix","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02618","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2618"
"13802619","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","eschscholtzii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02619","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2619"
"13802620","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","fuliginosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02620","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2620"
"13802621","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","haradai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Maeda","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02621","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2621"
"13802622","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","japoniae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02622","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2622"
"13802623","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","oceanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Maeda","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02623","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2623"
"13802624","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","orianae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02624","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2624"
"13802625","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","orsinii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02625","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2625"
"13802626","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02626","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2626"
"13802627","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","parvipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02627","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2627"
"13802628","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","smitianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02628","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2628"
"13802629","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","schreibersii","villiersi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Aellen","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02629","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2613-2629"
"13802630","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","shortridgei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Laurie and Hill","1957","","J. Mammal.","38","","128","","","Shortridge's Long-fingered Bat","Indonesia, Java, south Java, Tji -Tandoei River, Kalipoetjang.","Java, Madura, Lombok, Sumbawa, Moyo, Alor, Wetar, Seralu, Timor, Semau, Roti, and Savu Isls (Indonesia).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>minor</i>  Hill, 1954 [in Laurie and Hill, 1954; not<i> minor</i> Peters, 1867].","Revised by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002).","38","38-02630","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2630"
"13802631","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","tristis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1845","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1845","","3","","","Great Long-fingered Bat","Philippine Isls.","Philippines; Sulawesi, Sanan Isl, New Guinea; Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls, Vanuatu (= New Hebrides).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>celebensis</i> </b> Peterson, 1981; <b><i>grandis</i></b> Peterson, 1981;<u> </u><b><i>insularis</i></b> Peterson, 1981; <i>bismarckensis</i> Maeda, 1982; <i>melanesiensis</i> Maeda, 1982; <b><i>propritristis</i></b> Peterson, 1981.","Includes <i>propritristis</i>; see Koopman (1984<i>c</i>) and Hill (1983). Peterson (1981) and Maeda (1982) recognized more than one species in this complex, but did not agree on species limits; see Hill (1983), who argued convincingly that all of these forms should be regarded as subspecies of <i>tristis</i> pending further study. Koopman (1993) included <i>bismarckensis</i> in this complex, but also see Hill (1983), who suggested that this poorly-known taxon might be allied to <i>magnater</i>. Also see accounts in Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), Bonaccorso (1998), and Meinig (2002) under <i>propritristis</i>.","38","38-02631","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2631"
"13802632","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","tristis","tristis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1845","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1845","","3","","","","Philippine Isls.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02632","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2631-2632"
"13802633","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","tristis","celebensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peterson","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02633","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2631-2633"
"13802634","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","tristis","grandis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peterson","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02634","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2631-2634"
"13802635","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","tristis","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peterson","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02635","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2631-2635"
"13802636","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Miniopterinae","","Miniopterus","","tristis","propritristis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peterson","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02636","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2578-0000-2579-0000-2631-2636"
"13802637","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus.","57","","229","","","","","","","","","38","38-02637","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637"
"13802638","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Harpiocephalus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","259","","<i>Harpiocephalus rufus</i> Gray, 1842 (= <i>Vespertilio harpia</i> Temminck, 1840).","","","","","","","38","38-02638","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2638"
"13802639","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Harpiocephalus","","harpia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","219","","","Lesser Hairy-winged Bat","Indonesia, Java, NE side of Mt. Gede.","S and NE India, S China, Taiwan, Laos and Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, S Moluccas, and the Philippines.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pearsonii</i>  Horsfield, 1851; <i>rufus</i> Gray, 1842; <b><i>lasyurus</i></b> Hodgson, 1847; <b><i>madrassius</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>rufulus</i></b> G. M. Allen, 1913.","Doe not include <i>mordax</i>; see Hill and Francis (1984) Corbet and Hill (1992), and Hendrichsen et al. (2002<i>b</i>). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>). The Taiwan record, if valid, has not been allocated to subspecies.","38","38-02639","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2638-0000-2639"
"13802640","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Harpiocephalus","","harpia","harpia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","219","","","","Indonesia, Java, NE side of Mt. Gede.","","","","","38","38-02640","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2638-0000-2639-2640"
"13802641","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Harpiocephalus","","harpia","lasyurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1847","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02641","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2638-0000-2639-2641"
"13802642","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Harpiocephalus","","harpia","madrassius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02642","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2638-0000-2639-2642"
"13802643","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Harpiocephalus","","harpia","rufulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02643","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2638-0000-2639-2643"
"13802644","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Harpiocephalus","","mordax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","29","","88","","","Greater Hairy-winged Bat","Burma, Mogok.","Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo. This species has also been reported from Cambodia but there are no vouchered records; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>a</i>). Some specimens from India previously identified as <i>harpia</i> may represent this species, see Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>)","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Formerly included in <i>harpia</i> (e.g., Koopman, 1993, 1994), but apparently distinct, see Hill and Francis (1984), Corbet and Hill (1992), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-02644","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2638-0000-2644"
"13802645","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","258","","<i>Vespertilio suillus</i> Temminck, 1840.","","","","","<i>Harpiola</i>  Thomas, 1915; <i>Ocypetes</i> Lesson, 1841 [not Risso, 1826].","Includes <i>Harpiola</i>, here recognized as a subgenus, see Corbet and Hill (1980, 1992) although also see Bhattacharyya (2002). The other recognized subgenus, <i>Murina</i>, is sometimes divided into two species groups but there is disagreement about membership; see Corbet and Hill (1992), Maeda and Matsumura (1998), and Kawai et al. (2002).","38","38-02645","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645"
"13802646","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","258","","<i>Vespertilio suillus</i> Temminck, 1840.","","","","","","","38","38-02646","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646"
"13802647","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Harpiola","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02647","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2647"
"13802648","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","aenea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1964","","Fed. Mus. J., Kuala Lumpur, N.S.","8","","57","","","Bronze Tube-nosed Bat","Malaysia, Pahang, Bentong Dist., near Janda Baik, Ulu Chemperoh (c 03°18'N, 101°50'E).","W Malaysia, Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. Reviewed by Francis (1997).","38","38-02648","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2648"
"13802649","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","aurata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1872","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mammifères","","","250","","","Little Tube-nosed Bat","China, Szechwan, Moupin.","NE India, Nepal to SW China (including E Tibet) and Burma, Thailand.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>aurita</i> Miller, 1907; <i>feae</i> Thomas, 1891.","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. Formerly included <i>ussuriensis</i>; see Maeda (1980); see also comments under <i>silvatica</i>. Reviewed by Hill (1983) and Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-02649","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2649"
"13802650","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","cyclotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1872","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","","","210","","","Round-eared Tube-nosed Bat","India, Darjeeling.","Sri Lanka and India to Kwangtung and Hainan (China); Myanamar, Laos, and Vietnam, south to W Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines, and Lesser Sunda Isls. Records from Cambodia are erroneous (Kock, 2000<i>a</i>).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>eileenae</i> </b> Phillips, 1932; <b><i>peninsularis</i></b> Hill, 1964.","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. Reviewed in part by Hill (1983), Bates and Harrison (1997), Sinha (1999), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>).","38","38-02650","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2650"
"13802651","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","cyclotis","cyclotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1872","","Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","","","210","","","","India, Darjeeling.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02651","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2650-2651"
"13802652","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","cyclotis","eileenae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Phillips","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02652","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2650-2652"
"13802653","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","cyclotis","peninsularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hill","1964","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02653","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2650-2653"
"13802654","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","florium","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","371","","","Flores Tube-nosed Bat","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Flores.","Lesser Sunda Isls, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Seram, New Guinea including the Bismark Arch, and NE Australia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>lanosa</i> </b> Thomas, 1910; <b><i>toxopei</i></b> Thomas, 1923.","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998). The three subspecies are poorly delimited.","38","38-02654","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2654"
"13802655","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","florium","florium","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","371","","","","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Flores.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02655","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2654-2655"
"13802656","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","florium","lanosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02656","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2654-2656"
"13802657","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","florium","toxopei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02657","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2654-2657"
"13802658","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","fusca","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sowerby","1922","","J. Mammal.","3","","46","","","Dusky Tube-nosed Bat","China, Manchuria, Kirin, Imienpo area.","Manchuria (China).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. Listed as a subspecies of <i>leucogaster</i><u> </u>by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>), but see Wallin (1969). Wang (1959) suggested that <i>fusca</i> might be a synonym of <i>hilgendorfi</i>.","38","38-02658","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2658"
"13802659","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Harpiola","grisea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1872","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1872","","258","","","Peters's Tube-nosed Bat","India, Uttar Pradesh, Dehra Dun, Mussooree, Jeripanee, 5,500 ft. (1,676 m).","NW Himalayas, Mizoram (India).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Harpiola</i>. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Bhattacharyya (2002).","38","38-02659","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2647-2659"
"13802660","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","hilgendorfi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1880","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1880","","24","","","Hilgendorf's Tube-nosed Bat","Japan, near Tokyo, Yedo.","N China; Upper Yenisei River (Russia); Altai Mtns (Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia); Korea; Ussur region (Russia); Sakhalin Isl (Russia); Honshu, Kyushu and Shikiku (Japan).","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","<i>intermedia</i>  Mori, 1933; <i>ognevi</i><u></u>Bianchi, 1916; <i>sibirica</i> Kastschenko, 1905.","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. Formerly included in <i>leucogaster</i>, but apparently distinct. May include more than one species; see Yoshiyuki (1989). Also see Wang (1959).","38","38-02660","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2660"
"13802661","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","huttoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1872","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1872","","257","","","Hutton's Tube-nosed Bat","India, Uttar Pradesh, Kumaon, Dehra Dun.","Tibet, NE and S China, NW India to Vietnam, Thailand, W Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>rubella</i> </b> Thomas, 1914.","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. Reviewed in part by Sinha (1999) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>). Does not include <i>tubinaris</i>, see Hill (1963<i>a</i>, 1983), Bates and Harrison (1997), Sinha (1999), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>). Some SE Asian specimens previously referred to <i>tubinaris</i> may represent <i>huttoni</i>, see Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>). Sometimes spelled <i>huttonii</i>.","38","38-02661","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2661"
"13802662","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","huttoni","huttoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1872","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1872","","257","","","","India, Uttar Pradesh, Kumaon, Dehra Dun.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02662","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2661-2662"
"13802663","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","huttoni","rubella","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02663","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2661-2663"
"13802664","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","leucogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1872","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mammifères","","","252","","","Greater Tube-nosed Bat","China, Szechwan, Moupin Dist.","NE India, Nepal, S China, W Thailand.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>leucogastra</i>  Thomas, 1899; <b><i>rubex</i></b> Thomas, 1916.","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. Does not include <i>hilgendorfi</i>; see Yoshiyuki (1989). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997).","38","38-02664","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2664"
"13802665","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","leucogaster","leucogaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1872","","Rech. Hist. Nat. Mammifères","","","252","","","","China, Szechwan, Moupin Dist.","","","","","38","38-02665","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2664-2665"
"13802666","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","leucogaster","rubex","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02666","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2664-2666"
"13802667","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","puta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kishida","1924","","Zool. Mag. (Tokyo)","36","","127","","","Taiwanese Tube-nosed Bat","Taiwan, Chang Hua, Erh-Shui.","Taiwan.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. Closely related to and possibly conspecific with <i>huttoni</i>, see Yoshiyuki (1989).","38","38-02667","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2667"
"13802668","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","rozendaali","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill and Francis","1984","","Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.)","47","","319","","","Gilded Tube-nosed Bat","Borneo, Sabah, Gomantong (c 05°31'N, 118°04'E).","Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. Reviewed by Francis (1997).","38","38-02668","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2668"
"13802669","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","ryukyuana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Maeda and Matsumura","1998","","Zool. Sci.","15","","303","","","Ryukyu Tube-nosed Bat","Japan, Okinawa Isl, Kunigami-mura, Aha, upper stream of Funga River.","Northern Okinawa Isl (Japan); known only from the type locality.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>.","38","38-02669","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2669"
"13802670","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","silvatica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Yoshiyuki","1983","","Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, ser. A(Zool.)","9","","141","","","Forest Tube-nosed Bat","Japan, Honshu, Fukushima Prefecture, Minamiaiau-Gug, Hinoemata-Mura, Oze-Numa Lake.","Japan, including Tsushima Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. Includes specimens formerly included in <i>aurata</i> or <i>ussuriensis</i>. Reviewed by Yoshiyuki (1989).","38","38-02670","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2670"
"13802671","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","suilla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","224","","","Brown Tube-nosed Bat","Indonesia, Java, Tapos.","Java, Sumatra, Borneo, W Malaysia, nearby small islands. Reports of this species from Sulawesi, Peleng Isl, and New Guinea are doubtfull, see discussion in Corbet and Hill (1992).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>balstoni</i>  Thomas, 1908; <b><i>canescens</i></b> Thomas, 1923.","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. Includes <i>balstoni</i> and <i>canescens</i>, see Koopman (1989<i>a</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992). See also Francis (1997).","38","38-02671","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2671"
"13802672","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","suilla","suilla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","224","","","","Indonesia, Java, Tapos.","","","","","38","38-02672","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2671-2672"
"13802673","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","suilla","canescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02673","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2671-2673"
"13802674","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","tenebrosa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Yoshiyuki","1970","","Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo","13","","195","","","Gloomy Tube-nosed Bat","Japan, Tsushima Isls, Kamishima Isl, Sago.","Tsushima Isls (Japan), perhaps Yakushima (Ryukyu Isls, Japan).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. Reviewed by Yoshiyuki (1989).","38","38-02674","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2674"
"13802675","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","tubinaris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Scully","1881","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1881","","200","","","Scully's Tube-nosed Bat","Pakistan, Kasmir, Gilgit.","Pakistan, N India, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. Listed as a subspecies of <i>huttoni</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), but apparently distinct, see Hill (1963<i>a</i>, 1983), Bates and Harrison (1997), Sinha (1999), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>). Koopman and Danforth (1989) suggested that <i>tubinaris</i> may be conspecific with <i>suilla</i>, but this has not been supported by recent authors.","38","38-02675","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2675"
"13802676","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Murininae","","Murina","Murina","ussuriensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1913","","Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg","18","","402","","","Ussurian Tube-nosed Bat","Russia, SE Siberia, Ussuri, Imansky distr., Evseevka","Ussuri region, Kurile Isls, and Sakhalin (Russia); Korea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Murina</i>. Formerly included in <i>aurata</i>, see Maeda (1980) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>). Japanese populations have been separated as <i>M. silvatica</i>.","38","38-02676","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2637-0000-2645-2646-2676"
"13802677","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus.","57","","232","","","","","","","","","38","38-02677","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677"
"13802678","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","258","","<i>Vespertilio pictus</i> Pallas, 1767, by subsequent designation (Peters, 1866).","","","","","<i>Cerivoula</i>  Blanford, 1891; <i>Nyctophylax</i> Fitzinger, 1861.","Does not include <i>Phoniscus</i>. Koopman (1982, 1993, 1994) and Ryan (1965) considered <i>Phoniscus</i> to be congeneric with <i>Kerivoula</i>, but see Hill (1965) and Corbet and Hill (1980, 1991, 1992). Characters separating these genera were summarized by Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-02678","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678"
"13802679","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","africana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","","","335","","","Tanzanian Woolly Bat","Tanzania, coast opposite Zanzibar Isl.","Tanzania.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.","","See Burgess et al. (2000).","38","38-02679","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2679"
"13802680","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","agnella","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","2","","372","","","St. Aignan's Woolly Bat","Papua New Guinea, Louisiade Archipelago, Misima Isl.","Louisiade Arch., Woodlark and D'Entrecasteaux Isls (Papua New Guinea).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-02680","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2680"
"13802681","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","argentata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1861","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1861","","32","","","Damara Woolly Bat","Namibia, Otjoro.","Uganda and S Kenya to Malawi, Angola, Namibia and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>nidicola</i> </b> Kirk, 1865; <b><i>zuluensis</i></b> Roberts, 1924.","See Taylor (2000<i>a</i>) for distribution map.","38","38-02681","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2681"
"13802682","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","argentata","argentata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1861","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1861","","32","","","","Namibia, Otjoro.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02682","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2681-2682"
"13802683","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","argentata","nidicola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kirk","1865","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02683","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2681-2683"
"13802684","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","argentata","zuluensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02684","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2681-2684"
"13802685","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","cuprosa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","41","","","Copper Woolly Bat","Cameroon, Ja River, Bitye.","N Dem. Rep. Congo, S Cameroon. A record of this species from Kenya was based on a specimen subsequently reidentified as <i>smithii</i> (J. Fahr, pers. comm.)","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","","38","38-02685","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2685"
"13802686","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","eriophora","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1877","","Reise Nordost-Afrika","2","","34","","","Ethiopian Woolly Bat","Ethiopia, Belegaz Valley, between Semian and Wogara.","Ethiopia.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Very poorly known; may be conspecific with <i>africana</i> which it antedates; see Hayman and Hill (1971).","38","38-02686","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2686"
"13802687","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","flora","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","13","","441","","","Flores Woolly Bat","Indonesia, Lesser Sundas, S Flores.","Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Bali, Sumbawa, and Sumba (Indonesia; see Corbet and Hill, 1992); possibly Vietnam and Thailand (see Hendrichsen et al., 2001<i>b</i>).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Hendrichsen et al. (2001<i>b</i>) and Vanitharani et al. (2003); also see Hill and Rozendaal (1989).","38","38-02687","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2687"
"13802688","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","hardwickii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1824","","Zool. Res. Java","Part 8","","p. 4(unno.) of <i>Vespertilio Temminckii</i> acct","","","Hardwicke's Woolly Bat","Indonesia, Java.","India and Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, China, W Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Nusa Penida, Mentawai Isls, Sulawesi, Bali, Lesser Sundas, Kangean Isl and Talaud Isl (Indonesia), Philippines.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>crypta</i>  Wroughton and Ryley, 1913; <i>depressa</i> Miller, 1906; <i>engana</i> Miller, 1906; <i>fusca</i> Dobson, 1871; <i>malpasi</i> Phillips, 1932.","Does not include <i>flora</i>; see Hill and Rozendaal (1989). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001b). Multiple subspecies have been recognized in the past, but recent studies suggest that these are not justified; see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Sinha (1999). This taxon is sometimes spelled hardwickei or hardwicki but most recent authors (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1992; Koopman, 1993; Sinha, 1999; Hendrichsen et al., 2001b) have used the spelling hardwickii.","38","38-02688","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2688"
"13802689","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","intermedia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hill and Francis","1984","","Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.)","47","","323","","","Small Woolly Bat","Malaysia, Borneo, Sabah, Lumerao (05°12'N, 118°52'E).","Borneo, W Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","","38","38-02689","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2689"
"13802690","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","lanosa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1847","","Illustr. Zool. S. Afr. Mamm.","","","pl. 50","","","Lesser Woolly Bat","South Africa, 200 mi. (322 km) E Capetown.","Guinea and Liberia to Ethiopia, south to South Africa.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brunnea</i>  Dobson, 1878; <b><i>harrisoni</i></b> Thomas, 1901; <b><i>lucia</i></b> Hinton, 1920; <i>lueia</i> Kershaw, 1922;<u> </u><b><i>muscilla</i></b> Thomas, 1906; <i>bellula</i> Aellen, 1959.","Includes <i>harrisoni</i> and <i>muscilla</i>; see Hill (1977<i>a</i>). See Cotterill (1996) for range map.","38","38-02690","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2690"
"13802691","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","lanosa","lanosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1847","","Illustr. Zool. S. Afr. Mamm.","","","pl. 50","","","","South Africa, 200 mi. (322 km) E Capetown.","","","","","38","38-02691","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2690-2691"
"13802692","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","lanosa","harrisoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02692","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2690-2692"
"13802693","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","lanosa","lucia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02693","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2690-2693"
"13802694","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","lanosa","muscilla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02694","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2690-2694"
"13802695","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","lenis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","24","","416","","","Lenis Woolly Bat","India, Calcutta.","NE and S India, W Malaysia, Sabah.","IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).","","Formerly included in <i>papillosa</i> but clearly distinct; see Vanitharani et al. (2003).","38","38-02695","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2695"
"13802696","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","minuta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1898","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.","50","","321","","","Least Woolly Bat","Thailand, Trang Province, Lay Song Hong.","W Malaysia, S Thailand, Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","","38","38-02696","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2696"
"13802697","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","muscina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tate","1941","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","78","","586","","","Fly River Woolly Bat","Papua New Guinea, Western Province, Lake Daviumbu, ca. 20 m.","C New Guinea.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-02697","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2697"
"13802698","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","myrella","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","13","","438","","","Bismarck's Woolly Bat","Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Admiralty Isls, Manus Isl.","Bismarck Arch.; possibly Wetar Isl (Lesser Sunda Isls).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.","","Specimens from Wetar Isl reported by Hill and Rozendaal (1989) may represent <i>hardwickii</i>; see Bonaccorso (1998). See Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-02698","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2698"
"13802699","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","papillosa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","220","","","Papillose Woolly Bat","Indonesia, Java, Bantam (restricted by Tate, 1940).","Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, W Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>malayana</i> </b> Chasen, 1940.","Does not include <i>lenis</i>; see Vanitharani et al. (2003). See Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992) for discussion of subspecies. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). Some specimens referred to this species may represent <i>lenis</i>, which apprears to be broadly sympatric with papillosa (Vanitharani et al., 2003).","38","38-02699","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2699"
"13802700","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","papillosa","papillosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1840","","Monogr. Mamm.","2","","220","","","","Indonesia, Java, Bantam (restricted by Tate, 1940).","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02700","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2699-2700"
"13802701","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","papillosa","malayana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02701","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2699-2701"
"13802702","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","pellucida","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1845","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1845","","6","","","Clear-winged Woolly Bat","Philippines.","Borneo, Philippines, Java and Sumatra, W Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bombifrons</i>  Lyon, 1911.","Includes <i>bombifrons</i>; see Hill (1965).","38","38-02702","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2702"
"13802703","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","phalaena","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","10","","281","","","Spurrell's Woolly Bat","Ghana, Bibianaha.","Liberia, Ghana, Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","","","38","38-02703","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2703"
"13802704","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","picta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1767","","Spicil. Zool.","3","","7","","","Painted Woolly Bat","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate Isl. See discussion in Corbet and Hill (1992).","Sri Lanka; India and Nepal to Vietnam, W Malaysia, and S China; Borneo; Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, and Molucca Isls.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kirivoula</i>  F. Cuvier, 1832; <i>rubellus</i> Kerr, 1792; <b><i>bellissima</i></b> Thomas, 1906.","Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). Also see Flannery (1995<i>b</i>).","38","38-02704","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2704"
"13802705","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","picta","picta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1767","","Spicil. Zool.","3","","7","","","","Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate Isl. See discussion in Corbet and Hill (1992).","","","","","38","38-02705","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2704-2705"
"13802706","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","picta","bellissima","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02706","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2704-2706"
"13802707","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","smithii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1880","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","6","","166","","","Smith's Woolly Bat","Nigeria, Calabar.","Nigeria, Cameroon, N and E Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya. Previous records from Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia are apparently erroneous (J. Fahr, pers. comm.)","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).","","Sometimes mispelled <i>smithi</i> but the original spelling is <i>smithii</i>.","38","38-02707","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2707"
"13802708","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","whiteheadi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","460","","","Whitehead's Woolly Bat","Philippines, Luzon, Isabella, Molino.","Philippines, Borneo, S Thailand, W Malaysia.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>bicolor</i> </b> Thomas, 1904;<u></u><b><i>pusilla</i></b> Thomas, 1894.","Reviewed by Hill (1965) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-02708","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2708"
"13802709","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","whiteheadi","whiteheadi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","14","","460","","","","Philippines, Luzon, Isabella, Molino.","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","38","38-02709","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2708-2709"
"13802710","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","whiteheadi","bicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02710","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2708-2710"
"13802711","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Kerivoula","","whiteheadi","pusilla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","38","38-02711","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2678-0000-2708-2711"
"13802712","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Phoniscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1905","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","18","","229","","<i>Phoniscus atrox</i> Miller, 1905.","","","","","","Distinct from <i>Kerivoula</i>. Koopman (1982, 1993, 1994) and Ryan (1965) considered <i>Phoniscus</i> to be congeneric with <i>Kerivoula</i>, but see Hill (1965) and Corbet and Hill (1980, 1992). Characters separating these genera were summarized by Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-02712","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2712"
"13802713","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Phoniscus","","aerosa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tomes","1858","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1858","","333","","","Dubious Trumpet-eared Bat","""Eastern coast of South Africa.""","Possibly South Africa, but more likely somewhere in SE Asia; known only from two syntypes that may have been incorrectly localized (Corbet and Hill, 1992).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient as <i>Kerivoula aerosa.</i>","","See Hill (1965) and Corbet and Hill (1992) for discussion of the uncertain affinties of this species.","38","38-02713","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2712-0000-2713"
"13802714","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Phoniscus","","atrox","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1905","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","18","","230","","","Groove-toothed Trumpet-eared Bat","Indonesia, E Sumatra, near Kateman River.","S Thailand, W Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo.","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Kerivoula atrox</i>.","","Discussed by Hill and Francis (1984) and Corbet and Hill (1992).","38","38-02714","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2712-0000-2714"
"13802715","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Phoniscus","","jagorii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","399","","","Peters's Trumpet-eared Bat","Philippines, Samar Isl.","Laos; Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, and Lesser Sunda Isls, Samar Isl (Philippines).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Kerivoula jagori</i>.","<i>javana</i>  Thomas, 1880; <i>rapax</i> Miller, 1931.","See Hill (1965) and Kingston et al. (1997). Specimens from Laos are slightly smaller than those reported from elsewhere (Robinson and Webber, 2000), and may represent a distinct taxon. Sometimes spelled <i>jagori</i>.","38","38-02715","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2712-0000-2715"
"13802716","CHIROPTERA","","","","Vespertilionidae","Kerivoulinae","","Phoniscus","","papuensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dobson","1878","","Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus.","","","339","","","Golden-tipped Bat","Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., Port Moresby.","SE New Guinea, Biak-Supiori Isl, Queensland and New South Wales (Australia).","IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Kerivoula papuensis</i>.","","See Flannery (1995<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Bonaccorso (1998).","38","38-02716","38-0001-0000-0000-0000-1791-2677-0000-2712-0000-2716"
"13900001","PHOLIDOTA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Weber","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","39","39-00001","39-0001"
"13900002","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","305","","","","","","","","","39","39-00002","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"13900003","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","36","","<i>Manis</i> <i>pentadactyla</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Pangolin</i>  Gray, 1873;<i> Pangolinus</i> Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Pangolinus</i> Rafinesque, 1821; <i>Paramanis</i> Pocock, 1824;<i> Phatages</i> Sundevall, 1843; <i>Phatagin</i> Gray, 1865;<i> Phataginus </i>Rafinesque, 1821;<i> Pholidotus</i> Brisson, 1762;<i> Smutsia</i> Gray, 1865;<i> Triglochinopolis</i> Fitzinger, 1872;<i> Uromanis</i> Pocock, 1924.","Family reviewed by Mohr (1961). Morphological evidence suggests a subdivision of the genus into two genera (<i>Manis</i> and <i>Phataginus</i>), see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Patterson (1978); or four subgenera (<i>Manis, Paramanis, Smutsia, </i>and <i>Uromanis</i>), see Meester (1972<i>a</i>), Meester et al. (1986), and Mohr (1961). Gaudin and Wible (1999) conducted a cladistical analysis of 67 cranial characters in extant pangolins plus one fossil genus and found that the Asian pangolins form a monophyletic clade while the African species form a paraphyletic assemblage.","39","39-00003","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"13900004","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Manis","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","36","","<i>Manis</i> <i>pentadactyla</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","","","39","39-00004","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004"
"13900005","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Paramanis","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Pocock","1824","","","","","","","","","","","","","","39","39-00005","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005"
"13900006","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Smutsia","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","","","","","","","","","","","","","39","39-00006","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006"
"13900007","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Uromanis","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Pocock","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","39","39-00007","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0007"
"13900008","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Phataginus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1821","","","","","","","","","","","","","","39","39-00008","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0008"
"13900009","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Manis","crassicaudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. H. N. Paris","","","213","","","Indian Pangolin","India.","E Pakistan; India; Bangladesh; Sri Lanka.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>crassicaudata</i>  Gray, 1827; <i>indicus</i> (Gray, 1865).","Subgenus <i>Manis</i>. Formerly erroneously called <i>pentadactyla</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Emry (1970), and Corbet and Hill (1992). Probably includes <i>laticauda</i> Illiger, 1815, a <i>nomen nudum.</i> Chromosomes reported by Aswathanayana (2000).","39","39-00009","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0009"
"13900010","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Paramanis","culionensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Elera","1915","","Cont. Fauna Filipina, Manila, Col. Santo Tomás","","","274","","","Philippine Pangolin","Philippines, Calamian Isl, Culion Isl.","Palawan and adjacent islands, Philippines.","","<i>culionensis</i>  (de Elera, 1895) [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Subgenus <i>Paramanis</i>. A synonym of <i>javanica</i> according to Corbet and Hill (1992:19) but accorded specific rank by Lawrence (1939:70), Sanborn (1952<i>a</i>:114) and Feiler (1998:161).","39","39-00010","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0010"
"13900011","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Smutsia","gigantea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Illiger","1815","","Abh. Phys. Klasse K. Pruess Konigl. Akad. Wiss.","","","84","","","Giant Pangolin","Not indicated.","Senegal to W Kenya, south to Rwanda, C Dem. Rep. Congo and SW Angola.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>africanus</i>  (Gray, 1865); <i>wagneri</i> Fitzinger, 1872.","Subgenus <i>Smutsia</i>.","39","39-00011","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0011"
"13900012","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Paramanis","javanica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encycl. Méth.","2","","377","","","Sunda Pangolin","Indonesia, Java.","Burma; Thailand; S Laos; C and S Vietnam; Cambodia; Malaysia; Sumatra; Java; Borneo; adjacent islands.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>aspera</i>  Sundevall, 1843; <i>guy</i> Focillon, 1850; <i>labuanensis</i> (Fitzinger, 1872); <i>leptura</i> Blyth, 1842; <i>leucura</i> Blyth, 1847; <i>malaccensis</i> (Fitzinger, 1872); <i>sumatrensis</i> Ludeking, 1862.","Subgenus <i>Paramanis</i>. Formerly included <i>culionensis</i> (Corbet and Hill, 1992:19).","39","39-00012","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0005-0012"
"13900013","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Manis","pentadactyla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","36","","","Chinese Pangolin","Taiwan.","E Nepal; NE India; E Bangladesh; Burma; Thailand; N Cambodia; N Laos; N Vietnam; C and S China, including Hainan Isl; Taiwan.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>brachyura</i>  Erxleben, 1777; <b><i>auritus</i></b> Hodgson, 1836; <i>assamensis</i> (Fitzinger, 1872); <i>bengalensis</i> (Fitzinger, 1872); <i>dalmanni</i> Sundevall, 1843; <i>kreyenbergi</i> (Matschie, 1907); <b><i>pusilla</i></b> J. Allen, 1906.","Subgenus <i>Manis</i>. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:214) recognized three subspecies. Zhang and Shi (1991) analyzed mtDNA in two scale color morphs and concluded they could represent two taxa but Su-Bing et al (1994) concluded from protein polymorphisms that the two morphs were indistinguishable.","39","39-00013","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0013"
"13900014","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Manis","pentadactyla","pentadactyla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","36","","","","Taiwan.","","","","","39","39-00014","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0013-0014"
"13900015","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Manis","pentadactyla","auritus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","","39","39-00015","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0013-0015"
"13900016","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Manis","pentadactyla","pusilla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. Allen","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","39","39-00016","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0013-0016"
"13900017","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Smutsia","temminckii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Smuts","1832","","Enumer. Mamm. Capensium","","","54","","","Ground Pangolin","South Africa, Northern Cape Prov., Latakou (= Litakun), near Kuruman.","N South Africa; N and E Namibia; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Botswana; S Angola; S Zambia; SE Dem. Rep. Congo; S Rwanda; Malawi; Tanzania; E Uganda; W Kenya; S Sudan; S Chad.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>hedenborgii</i>  (Fitzinger, 1872).","Subgenus <i>Smutsia</i>. Reviewed by Stuart (1980).","39","39-00017","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0006-0017"
"13900018","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Uromanis","tetradactyla","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","53","","","Long-tailed Pangolin","West Africa.","Equatorial Africa from Senegal and Gambia to W Uganda, south to SW Angola.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>africana</i>  Desmarest, 1822; <i>ceonyx</i> Rafinesque, 1820; <i>guineensis</i> Fitzinger, 1872; <i>hessi</i> Noack, 1889; <i>longicaudatus</i> (Brisson, 1756); <i>longicaudatus</i> (Brisson, 1762); <i>macroura</i> Erxleben, 1777; <i>senegalensis</i> Fitzinger, 1872.","Subgenus <i>Uromanis</i>. The name <i>longicaudatus</i> Brisson, 1756, is unavailable; see Mohr (1961) and Meester (1972<i>a</i>).","39","39-00018","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0007-0018"
"13900019","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Phataginus","tricuspis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1821","","Ann. Sci. Phys. Brux.","7","","215","","","Tree Pangolin","West Africa, ""Guinee.""","Equatorial Africa from Senegal to W Kenya, south to NW Zambia and SW Angola; NE Mozambique; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>multiscutata</i>  Gray, 1843; <i>tridentata</i> Focillon, 1850; <b><i>mabirae</i></b> (Allen and Loveridge, 1942).","Subgenus <i>Phataginus</i>. Meester (1972<i>a</i>:2) recognized two subspecies. Includes <i>tridentata</i> described from ""coastal Mozambique""; see Ansell (1982:35).","39","39-00019","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0008-0019"
"13900020","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Phataginus","tricuspis","tricuspis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1821","","Ann. Sci. Phys. Brux.","7","","215","","","","West Africa, ""Guinee.""","","","","","39","39-00020","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0008-0019-0020"
"13900021","PHOLIDOTA","","","","Manidae","","","Manis","Phataginus","tricuspis","mabirae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen and Loveridge","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","39","39-00021","39-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0008-0019-0021"
"14000001","CARNIVORA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Bowdich","1821","","","","","","","","","","","","","Higher taxonomic arrangement follows that of McKenna and Bell (1997), except that Ailuridae, Eupleridae, Mephitidae, and Odobenidae are raised to Family rank.","40","40-00001","40-0001"
"14000002","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Kretzoi","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00002","40-0001-0002"
"14000003","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer de Waldheim","1817","","Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow","5","","372","","","","","","","Euailuroida Kretzoi, 1929; Felinoidea Brunet, 1979; Feloidae Hay, 1930; Feloidea Simpson, 1931; Lyncina Gray 1867.","Revised by Pocock (1917<i>a, b</i>, 1951), Weigel (1961), de Beaumont (1964), Hemmer (1978), Král and Zima (1980), Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>), Groves (1982<i>a</i>), Collier and O'Brien (1985), Salles (1992), Johnson and O'Brien (1997), McKenna and Bell (1997), Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999), and Mattern and McLennan (2000). Some (Honacki et al., 1982; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Van Gelder, 1977<i>b</i>) have followed Simpson (1945) and placed the majority of taxa in <i>Felis</i>, except for the large cats (i.e., <i>Panthera</i> and <i>Acinonyx</i>); however, this is not well supported by primary systematic studies and only poorly represents relationships below the family level. Most studies agree on the clear separation of the ""big cats"" (i.e., <i>Panthera</i>,<i> Neofelis</i>,<i> Uncia</i>) from the remainder. However, within the remaining group, there does not appear to be a clear consensus. Even the cheetah’s (<i>Acinonyx</i>) traditional position has been called into question ... [truncated]","40","40-00003","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"14000004","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer de Waldheim","1817","","Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow","5","","372","","","","","","","Acinonychinae Pocock, 1917; Guepardina Gray, 1867; Lyncini Kalandadze and Rautian, 1992; Profelina Kalandadze and Rautian, 1992; Therailurini Kalandadze and Rautian, 1992.","A comparison of four recent phylogenetic analyses of the non-pantherine cats shows little consensus at branch points other than those that might be recognized as genera. For this reason all non-pantherine cats are tentatively grouped together in the Felinae. Synonyms allocated according to McKenna and Bell (1997).","40","40-00004","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004"
"14000005","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Acinonyx","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brookes","1828","","Cat. Anat. Zool. Mus. Joshua Brookes, London","","","16, 33","","<i>Acinonyx venator</i> Brookes, 1828 (= <i>Felis jubata</i> Schreber, 1775), by monotypy (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1956<i>a</i>; Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Acinomyx</i>  de Beaumont, 1964; <i>Cynaelurus</i> Gloger, 1841; <i>Cynailurus</i> Wagner, 1830; <i>Cynofelis</i> Lesson, 1842; <i>Guepar</i> Boitard 1842; <i>Gueparda</i> Gray 1843; <i>Guepardus</i> Duvernoy, 1834; <i>Paracinonyx </i>Kretzoi,<i> </i>1929.","Wozencraft (1993) placed <i>Acinonyx</i> in the monophyletic subfamily Acinonychinae. Salles (1992), Johnson and O'Brien (1997), Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999), and Mattern and McLennan (2000) considered <i>Acinonyx</i>,<i> Puma concolor</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Puma </i>(<i>= Herpailurus</i>)<i> yagouaroundi</i> to represent close sister groups. Synonyms allocated according to McKenna and Bell (1997).","40","40-00005","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0005"
"14000006","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Acinonyx","","jubatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","2","15","pl. 105[1775]; also see text 3(22):392 [1777]","","","Cheetah","""südliche Afrika; man bekömmt die Felle vom Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung"" [South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape of Good Hope].","Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Dem. Rep. Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Recently extinct: Afghanistan, Burundi, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Western Sahara, Yemen.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>A. j. venaticus</i>, Endangered as <i>A. j. hecki</i>, otherwise Vulnerable.","<i>guttata</i>  (Hermann, 1804); <i>fearonii</i> (A. Smith, 1834); <i>fearonis</i> (Fitzinger, 1869); <i>lanea</i> (Sclater, 1877); <i>obergi</i> Hilzheimer, 1913; <i>rex</i> Pocock, 1927; <b><i>hecki</i></b> Hilzheimer, 1913; <i>senegalensis</i> (de Blainville, 1843) [preoccupied]; <b><i>raineyi</i></b> Heller, 1913; <i>ngorongorensis</i> Hilzheimer, 1913; <b><i>soemmeringii</i></b> (Fitzinger, 1855); <i>megabalica</i> (Heuglin, 1863); <i>wagneri</i> Hilzheimer, 1913; <b><i>velox</i></b> Heller, 1913; <b><i>venaticus</i></b><i> </i>(Griffith, 1821); <i>raddei</i> Hilzheimer, 1913; <i>venator</i> Brookes, 1828.","Placed in <i>Acinonyx</i> by Pocock (1917<i>b</i>), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Král and Zima (1980), Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>), and Groves (1982<i>a</i>). Subspecies and their synonyms allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939) and Ellerman et al. (1953).","40","40-00006","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0005-0000-0006"
"14000007","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Acinonyx","","jubatus","jubatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","2","15","pl. 105[1775]; also see text 3(22):392 [1777]","","","","""südliche Afrika; man bekömmt die Felle vom Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung"" [South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape of Good Hope].","","","","","40","40-00007","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0005-0000-0006-0007"
"14000008","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Acinonyx","","jubatus","hecki","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hilzheimer","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00008","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0005-0000-0006-0008"
"14000009","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Acinonyx","","jubatus","raineyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00009","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0005-0000-0006-0009"
"14000010","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Acinonyx","","jubatus","soemmeringii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00010","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0005-0000-0006-0010"
"14000011","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Acinonyx","","jubatus","velox","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00011","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0005-0000-0006-0011"
"14000012","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Acinonyx","","jubatus","venaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Griffith","1821","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00012","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0005-0000-0006-0012"
"14000013","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Caracal","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","List. Spec. Mamm. Coll. Brit. Mus.","","","46","","<i>Caracal melanotis</i> Gray, 1843 (= <i>Felis caracal</i> Schreber, 1776) by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Caracala</i>  Gray, 1843 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Urolynchus</i> Severtzov, 1858","Recent studies (Groves, 1982<i>a</i>; Král and Zima, 1980) emphasized the closeness of this taxon to <i>Felis</i> and the separation of it from <i>Lynx</i> (<i>sensu</i> Simpson, 1945). Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), and Werdelin (1981) placed <i>caracal</i> Schreber in the monotypic <i>Caracal</i> followed here (placed in <i>Urolynchus</i> by Kratochvíl, 1982<i>c</i>). Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) and Mattern and McLennan (2000) considered<i> Caracal</i> the sister taxon to <i>Leptailurus serval</i>. However Mattern and McLennan then considered this pair related to <i>Profelis aurata</i> whereas Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) placed it with more typical <i>Felis</i>. Johnson and O'Brien (1997) considered <i>C. caracal</i> and <i>P. aurata</i> to be sister groups. McKenna and Bell (1997) placed <i>Caracal</i> in <i>Felis </i>(<i>Lynx</i>).","40","40-00013","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0013"
"14000014","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Caracal","","caracal","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","3","16","pl. 110[1776]; see als text 3(24):413, 587[1777]","","","Caracal","""Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung"", restricted by J. A. Allen (1924:281) to ""Table Mountain, near Cape Town, South Africa"".","Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso (?), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Malawi, Mali (?), Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","CITES – Appendix I (Asian population); otherwise, Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>coloniae</i>  Thomas, 1926; <i>melanotis</i> Gray, 1843; <i>melanotix </i>Gray, 1843; <i>roothi</i> (Roberts, 1926); <b><i>algira</i></b> (Wagner, 1841); <i>berberorum</i> Matschie, 1892; <i>corylinus</i> (Matschie, 1912); <i>medjerdae</i> (Matschie, 1912); <i>spatzi</i> (Matschie, 1912); <b><i>damarensis</i></b> (Roberts, 1926); <b><i>limpopoensis</i></b> (Roberts, 1926); <b><i>lucani</i></b> (Rochebrune, 1885); <b><i>nubica</i></b> (J. B. Fischer, 1829); <b><i>poecilotis</i></b> Thomas and Hinton, 1921; <b><i>schmitzi</i></b> (Matschie, 1912); <i>aharonii</i> (Matschie, 1912); <i>bengalensis</i> (J. B. Fischer, 1829) [preoccupied]; <i>michaelis</i> Heptner, 1945.","J. A. Allen (1924) discussed the authority. Subspecies allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939), Ellerman et al. (1953), and Smithers (1971).","40","40-00014","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0013-0000-0014"
"14000015","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Caracal","","caracal","caracal","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","3","16","pl. 110[1776]; see als text 3(24):413, 587[1777]","","","","""Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung"", restricted by J. A. Allen (1924:281) to ""Table Mountain, near Cape Town, South Africa"".","","","","","40","40-00015","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0013-0000-0014-0015"
"14000016","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Caracal","","caracal","algira","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00016","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0013-0000-0014-0016"
"14000017","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Caracal","","caracal","damarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00017","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0013-0000-0014-0017"
"14000018","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Caracal","","caracal","limpopoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00018","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0013-0000-0014-0018"
"14000019","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Caracal","","caracal","lucani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rochebrune","1885","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00019","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0013-0000-0014-0019"
"14000020","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Caracal","","caracal","nubica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. B. Fischer","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00020","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0013-0000-0014-0020"
"14000021","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Caracal","","caracal","poecilotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00021","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0013-0000-0014-0021"
"14000022","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Caracal","","caracal","schmitzi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00022","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0013-0000-0014-0022"
"14000023","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Catopuma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Severtzov","1858","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","10","","387","","<i>Felis moormensis</i> Hodgson, 1831 (= <i>Felis temminckii</i> Vigors and Horsfield, 1827), by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Badiofelis</i>  Pocock, 1932.","<i>Catopuma</i> is the sister group to <i>Profelis aurata</i> according to Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999); however, Mattern and McLennan (2000) placed it next to more typical <i>Felis</i>. McKenna and Bell (1997) placed it in <i>Felis </i>(<i>Profelis</i>). Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) and Mattern and McLennan (2000) demonstrated that <i>C. badia</i> and <i>C. temmincki</i> are sister taxa.","40","40-00023","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0023"
"14000024","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Catopuma","","badia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1874","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1874","","322","","","Bay Cat","""Borneo, Sarawak"" [Malaysia].","Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered.","","Placed in <i>Catopuma</i> by Hemmer (1978) and Groves (1982<i>a</i>). Placed in the monotypic <i>Badiofelis </i>by Pocock (1932<i>d</i>), and followed by Weigel (1961), and Johnson and O'Brien (1997).","40","40-00024","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0023-0000-0024"
"14000025","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Catopuma","","temminckii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vigors and Horsfield","1827","","Zool. J.","3","","451","","","Asian Golden Cat","""Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia, Burma, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>aurata</i>  (Blyth, 1863); <i>bainsei</i> (Sowerby, 1924); <i>moormensis</i> (Hodgson, 1831); <i>nigrescens</i> (Gray, 1863); <b><i>dominicanorum</i></b> (Sclater, 1898); <i>badiodorsalis</i> (Howell, 1926); <i>dominicorum </i>(Howell, 1929); <i>melli</i> (Matschie, 1922); <i>mitchelli</i> (Lydekker, 1908); <b><i>tristis</i></b><i> </i>(Milne-Edwards, 1872); <i>semenovi</i> (Satunin, 1905).","Placed in <i>Catopuma</i> by Hemmer (1978) and Groves (1982<i>a</i>). Placed in <i>Profelis</i> by Pocock (1932<i>d</i>), followed by Weigel (1961), Král and Zima (1980), Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>), and Johnson and O'Brien (1997). Includes <i>tristis</i> after Pocock (1932<i>d</i>). Subspecies allocated according to<b> </b>Ellerman et al. (1953).","40","40-00025","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0023-0000-0025"
"14000026","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Catopuma","","temminckii","temminckii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Vigors and Horsfield","1827","","Zool. J.","3","","451","","","","""Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","","","","","40","40-00026","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0023-0000-0025-0026"
"14000027","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Catopuma","","temminckii","dominicanorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sclater","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00027","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0023-0000-0025-0027"
"14000028","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Catopuma","","temminckii","tristis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00028","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0023-0000-0025-0028"
"14000029","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","41","","<i>Felis</i> <i>catus </i>Linnaeus, 1758, by Linnean tautonymy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Avitofelis</i>  Kretzoi, 1930; <i>Catolynx</i> Severtzov, 1858; <i>Catus </i>Frisch, 1775; <i>Chaus</i> Gray, 1843; <i>Eremaelurus </i>Ognev, 1927; <i>Mamfelisus</i> Herrera, 1899; <i>Microfelis</i> Roberts, 1926; <i>Otailurus</i> Severtzov, 1858; <i>Otocolobus</i> Brandt, 1842; <i>Poliailurus</i> Lönnberg, 1925; <i>Trichaelurus</i> Satunin, 1905.","Revised by Schwangart (1943), Pocock (1951), and Haltenorth (1953). Subspecies allocated according to McKenna and Bell (1997) and Kitchener (pers. comm.). Opinion 91 (1926) and Direction 24 (1955<i>b</i>) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature declared the type of<i> Felis </i>to be<i> Felis catus </i>Linnaeus, 1758.","40","40-00029","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029"
"14000030","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","bieti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1892","","Rev. Gen. Sci. Pures Appl.","3","","671","","","Chinese Mountain Cat","""Batang Tatsien-Lou"", restricted by Pousargues (1898:358) to ""environ de Tongolo et de Ta-tsien-lou"" [China, Sichuan].","China (E Qinghai and N Sichuan; see He et al., 2004).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>pallida</i>  Büchner, 1892; <i>subpallida</i> Jacobi, 1923.","Haltenorth (1953) suggested<i> chutuchta</i> <i>and vellerosa</i> belonged in <i>silvestris </i>(followed here). <i>F. bieti</i>, <i>margarita</i>, <i>nigripes</i>, and <i>chaus</i> are considered closely related by Hemmer (1978), Collier and O'Brien (1985), Salles (1992), and Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999).","40","40-00030","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0030"
"14000031","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","catus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","41","","","Domestic Cat","Listed as ""Sweden"" in Pocock (1951:6).","Cosmopolitan. Specifically reported in: Albania, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Crete, Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Scotland, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey.","CITES – specifically excluded from protection.","<i>agria</i>  Bate, 1906; <i>angorensis</i> Gmelin, 1788; <i>antiquorum</i> J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>aureus</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>bouvieri</i> Rochebrune, 1883; <i>brevicaudata</i> Schinz, 1844; <i>caerulea</i> Erxleben, 1777; <i>cumana</i> Schinz, 1844; <i>daemon</i> Satunin, 1904; <i>domestica</i> Erxleben, 1777; <i>hispanica</i> Erxleben, 1777; <i>huttoni</i> Blyth, 1846; <i>inconspicua</i> Gray, 1837; <i>japonica</i> J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>longiceps</i> Bechstein, 1800; <i>madagascariensis</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>megalotis</i> Müller, 1839; <i>pulchella </i>Gray, 1837; <i>rubra</i> Gmelin, 1788; <i>siamensis</i> Trouessart, 1904; <i>sinensis</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>striaas</i> Bechstein, 1800; <i>syriaca</i> J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>tralatitia</i> J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>vulgaris</i> J. B. Fischer, 1829.","Also see comments under <i>Felis</i> and <i>Felis silvestris.</i> Synonyms allocated according to Pocock (1951) and should be considered provisional. There has been almost universal use of <i>F.</i> <i>catus</i> for the domestic cat and <i>silvestris</i> for wild cats. Several authors have treated the domestic cat as separate from the wildcats (Corbet and Hill, 1991; Daniels et al., 1998; Kitchener, 1991; Mattern and McLennan, 2000; Nowak, 1999; Pocock, 1951; Wiseman et al., 2000); however also see Randi and Ragni (1986), Essop et al. (1997), and Johnson and O’Brien (1997), who presented morphological and molecular evidence to support <i>catus</i>, <i>libyca</i>, and <i>silvestris</i> as conspecific. If conspecific, there would be a problem with the continued use of the name <i>Felis</i> <i>silvestris</i> (see comments therein).","40","40-00031","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0031"
"14000032","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","chaus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1777","","Die Säugethiere","2","13","pl. 110.B[1777]; see also text, 3(24):414[1777]","","","Jungle Cat","""wohnt in den sumpfigen mit Schilf bewachsenen oder bewaldeten Gegenden der Steppen um das kaspische Meer, und die in selbiges fallenden Flüse. Auf der Nordseite des Terekflusses und der Festung Kislar . . . desto Hünfiger aber bey der Mündung der Kur . . ."". Listed in Honacki et al. (1982) as ""U.S.S.R., Dagestan, Terek River, N. of the Caucasus"".","Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Laos, Mongolia, Burma, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>catolynx</i> Pallas, 1811; <i>shawiana</i> Blanford, 1876; <i>typica</i> de Winton, 1898; <b><i>affinis</i></b> Gray, 1830; <i>erythrotus</i> (Hodgson, 1836); <i>jacquemontii </i>I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1844; <b><i>fulvidina</i></b> Thomas, 1929; <b><i>furax</i></b> de Winton, 1898; <i>chrysomelanotis</i> (Nehring, 1902); <b><i>kelaarti</i></b> Pocock, 1939 [based on <i>Felis</i> <i>chaus</i> Kelaart 1852]; <b><i>kutas</i></b> Pearson, 1832; <b><i>maimanah</i></b> Zukowsky, 1915; <b><i>nilotica</i></b><i> </i>de Winton, 1898; <i>rüppelii</i> Brandt, 1832 [preoccupied]; <b><i>oxiana</i></b> Heptner, 1969; <b><i>prateri</i></b> Pocock, 1939.","<i>F. chaus</i> Güldenstädt, 1776, is invalid (J. A. Allen, 1920). Subspecies allocated according to Pocock (1951) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00032","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0032"
"14000033","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","chaus","chaus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1777","","Die Säugethiere","2","13","pl. 110.B[1777]; see also text, 3(24):414[1777]","","","","""wohnt in den sumpfigen mit Schilf bewachsenen oder bewaldeten Gegenden der Steppen um das kaspische Meer, und die in selbiges fallenden Flüse. Auf der Nordseite des Terekflusses und der Festung Kislar . . . desto Hünfiger aber bey der Mündung der Kur . . ."". Listed in Honacki et al. (1982) as ""U.S.S.R., Dagestan, Terek River, N. of the Caucasus"".","","","","","40","40-00033","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0032-0033"
"14000034","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","chaus","affinis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1830","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00034","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0032-0034"
"14000035","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","chaus","fulvidina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00035","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0032-0035"
"14000036","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","chaus","furax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00036","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0032-0036"
"14000037","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","chaus","kelaarti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","Based on <i>Felis chaus </i>Kelaart (1852).","40","40-00037","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0032-0037"
"14000038","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","chaus","kutas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pearson","1832","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00038","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0032-0038"
"14000039","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","chaus","maimanah","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zukowsky","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00039","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0032-0039"
"14000040","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","chaus","nilotica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00040","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0032-0040"
"14000041","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","chaus","oxiana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heptner","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00041","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0032-0041"
"14000042","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","chaus","prateri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00042","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0032-0042"
"14000043","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","manul","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1776","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs","3","","692","","","Pallas' Cat","""Frequens in rupestribus, apricis totius Tatariae Mongoliaeque desertae"" [USSR, Chita Province, Borzya District, Kulusutai (Heptner and Sludskii, 1992)].","Afghanistan, Armenia, China, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Near Threatened.","<i>mongolica</i>  Satunin, 1905; <i>satuni</i> Lydekker, 1907; <b><i>ferruginea</i></b> Ognev, 1928; <b><i>nigripecta</i></b> Hodgson, 1842.","Revised by Pocock (1907<i>a</i>), Birula (1913, 1916), Ognev (1935), and Schwangart (1936). Most consider <i>F. manul</i> to be included with <i>Felis </i>(<i>Felis</i>) and separation into <i>Otocolobus</i> following Wozencraft (1993) would make <i>Felis</i> paraphyletic (Bininda-Emonds et al., 1999; Collier and O'Brien, 1985; Hemmer, 1978; Mattern and McLennan, 2000; Salles, 1992; Weigel, 1961). McKenna and Bell (1997) placed in <i>Felis </i>(<i>Otocolobus</i>). Subspecies allocated according to Pocock (1951) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00043","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0043"
"14000044","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","manul","manul","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1776","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs","3","","692","","","","""Frequens in rupestribus, apricis totius Tatariae Mongoliaeque desertae"" [USSR, Chita Province, Borzya District, Kulusutai (Heptner and Sludskii, 1992)].","","","","","40","40-00044","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0043-0044"
"14000045","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","manul","ferruginea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00045","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0043-0045"
"14000046","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","manul","nigripecta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00046","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0043-0046"
"14000047","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","margarita","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Loche","1858","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, (2)","10","","49","","","Sand Cat","""environs de Négonca (Sahara)"" [Algeria].","Afghanistan (?), Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Iran (?), Iraq (?), Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya (?), Mali (?), Mauritania (?), Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan (?), Syrian Arab Republic (?), Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Western Sahara (?), Yemen.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>F. margarita scheffeli</i>; IUCN – Near Threatened.","<i>marginata</i>  Gray, 1867; <i>margaritae</i> Trouessart, 1897; <i>marguerittei</i> Trouessart, 1905; <b><i>airensis</i></b> Pocock, 1951; <b><i>harrisoni</i></b> Hemmer, Grubb and Groves, 1976; <b><i>meinertzhageni</i></b> Pocock, 1938; <b><i>scheffeli</i></b> Hemmer 1974; <b><i>thinobia</i></b> (Ognev, 1927).","Revised by Schauenberg (1974) and Hemmer et al. (1976). Pocock (1951) and Schauenberg (1974) included <i>Eremaelurus thinobia</i>, which was recognized as separate by Haltenorth (1953) and Weigel (1961), but see discussion by Hemmer et al. (1976). Král and Zima (1980) suggested this species was closely related to <i>F. manul.</i> Subspecies allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939), Pocock (1951), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Schauenberg (1974), and Hemmer et al. (1976).","40","40-00047","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0047"
"14000048","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","margarita","margarita","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Loche","1858","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, (2)","10","","49","","","","""environs de Négonca (Sahara)"" [Algeria].","","","","","40","40-00048","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0047-0048"
"14000049","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","margarita","airensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00049","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0047-0049"
"14000050","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","margarita","harrisoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hemmer, Grubb and Groves","1976","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00050","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0047-0050"
"14000051","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","margarita","meinertzhageni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00051","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0047-0051"
"14000052","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","margarita","scheffeli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hemmer","1974","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00052","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0047-0052"
"14000053","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","margarita","thinobia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00053","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0047-0053"
"14000054","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","nigripes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burchell","1824","","Travels Interior of Southern Africa","2","","592","","","Black-footed Cat","Burchell (1824:509) implied the country of the ""Bachapins"", presumably in the capital, ""the town of Litákun (Letárkoon)...27°6'44"". [S]...24°39'27""[E]"" [South Africa].","Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>thomasi</i> </b> Shortridge, 1931.","Král and Zima (1980) noted a distinctly different karotype from other <i>Felis</i>. McKenna and Bell (1997) placed in <i>Felis </i>(<i>Microfelis</i>).","40","40-00054","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0054"
"14000055","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","nigripes","nigripes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burchell","1824","","Travels Interior of Southern Africa","2","","592","","","","Burchell (1824:509) implied the country of the ""Bachapins"", presumably in the capital, ""the town of Litákun (Letárkoon)...27°6'44"". [S]...24°39'27""[E]"" [South Africa].","","","","","40","40-00055","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0054-0055"
"14000056","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","nigripes","thomasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shortridge","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00056","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0054-0056"
"14000057","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1777","","Die Säugethiere","3","23","397","","","Wildcat","Not given. Fixed by Haltenorth (1953) as ""vielleicht Nordfrankreich"". Listed by Pocock (1951) as ""Germany"".","Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Republic of Congo, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, USA, Uzbekistan, Western Sahara, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>F. s. grampia</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Least Concern.","<i>euxina</i>  Pocock, 1943; <i>ferox</i> Martorelli, 1896; <i>ferus</i> Erxleben, 1777; <i>foxi</i> Pocock, 1944; <i>hybrida</i> J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>molisana</i> Altobello, 1921; <i>morea</i> Trouessart, 1904; <i>obscura</i> Desmarest, 1820; <i>tartessia </i>Miller, 1907; <b><i>cafra</i></b> Desmarest, 1822; <i>caffra</i> A. Smith, 1826; <i>caligata</i> Temminck, 1824; <i>obscura</i> Anderson and de Winton, 1902; <i>namaquana</i> Thomas, 1926; <i>rusticana</i> Thomas, 1928; <b><i>caucasica</i></b> Satunin, 1905; <i>trapezia</i> Blackler, 1916; <b><i>caudata</i></b> Gray, 1874; <i>griseoflava</i> Zukowsky, 1915; <i>issikulensis</i> Ognev, 1930; <i>kozlovi</i> Satunin, 1905; <i>longipilis</i> Zukowsky, 1915; <i>macrothrix</i> Zukowsky, 1915; <i>matschiei </i>Zukowsky, 1914; <i>murgabensis </i>Zukowsky, 1915; <i>schnitnikovi</i> Birula, 1915; <b><i>chutuchta</i></b> Birula, 1916; <b><i>cretensis</i></b> Haltenorth, 1953; <b><i>foxi</i></b> Pocock, 1944; <b><i>gordoni</i></b> Harrison, 1968; <b><i>grampia</i></b> Miller, 1907; <b><i>griselda</i></b> Thomas, 1926; <i>vernayi</i> Roberts, 1932; <i>xanthella</i> Thomas, 1926; <b><i>haussa</i></b> Thomas and Hinton, 1921; <b><i>iraki</i></b> Cheesman, 1921; <b><i>jordansi</i></b> Schwarz, 1930; <b><i>lybica</i></b> Forster, 1780; <i>bubastis</i> Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833; <i>cyrenarum</i> Ghigi, 1920; <i>dongolana</i> Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832 [not <i>V. dongolana</i> Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832, a viverrid]; <i>cristata</i> Lataste, 1885; <i>libyca</i> Olivier, 1804; <i>lowei</i> Pocock, 1944; <i>lybiensis</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>lynesi</i> Pocock, 1944; <i>maniculata</i> Temminck, 1824; <i>mauritana</i> Cabrera, 1906; <i>mediterranea</i> Martorelli, 1896; <i>ruppelii</i> Schinz, 1824; <i>sarda</i> Lataste, 1885; <b><i>mellandi</i></b> Schwann, 1904; <i>pyrrhus</i> Pocock, 1944; <b><i>nesterovi</i></b> Birula, 1916; <b><i>ocreata</i></b> Gmelin, 1791; <i>brockmani</i> Pocock, 1944; <i>guttata</i> Hermann, 1804; <i>maniculata</i> Cretschmar, 1826; <i>nubiensis</i> Kerr, 1792; <b><i>ornata</i></b> Gray, 1832; <i>servalina</i> Jardine, 1834; <i>torquata</i> Blyth, 1863; <b><i>reyi</i></b> Lavauden, 1929; <b><i>rubida</i></b> Schwann, 1904; <b><i>tristrami</i></b> Pocock, 1944; <i>maniculata</i> Yerbury and Thomas, 1895; <i>syriaca </i>Tristram, 1867; <b><i>ugandae</i></b> Schwann, 1904; <i>nandae</i> Heller, 1913; <i>taitae</i> Heller, 1913; <i>vellerosa</i> Pocock, 1943.","Also see comments under <i>Felis catus</i>. There is some confusion as to the correct species name. Schreber (1775) illustrated a plate as ‘<i>Felis Catus ferus’</i>, and in 1777 the text listed ‘<i>Felis</i> (<i>Catus</i>) <i>silvestris’</i> and ‘<i>Felis Catus</i> (<i>domestica</i>).’ Opinion 465 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1957<i>f</i>) declared <i>silvestris</i> as the specific name for the European wild cat (with the understanding that <i>F. catus</i> and <i>F. silvestris</i> are usually considered conspecific). Revised by Ragni and Randi (1986), who included <i>lybica</i>, and by Haltenorth (1953), who included <i>chutuchta</i>, <i>lybica</i>, and <i>vellerosa.</i> However, Pocock's (1951) revision considered <i>catus</i> as separate and placed <i>chutuchta</i> and <i>vellerosa</i> in <i>bieti</i>, and they probably should be considered <i>incertae sedis.</i> Does not include <i>F. catus</i> (worldwide), which was domesticated from this species (Co... [truncated]","40","40-00057","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057"
"14000058","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","silvestris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1777","","Die Säugethiere","3","23","397","","","","Not given. Fixed by Haltenorth (1953) as ""vielleicht Nordfrankreich"". Listed by Pocock (1951) as ""Germany"".","","","","","40","40-00058","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0058"
"14000059","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","cafra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00059","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0059"
"14000060","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","caucasica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00060","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0060"
"14000061","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","caudata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00061","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0061"
"14000062","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","chutuchta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Birula","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00062","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0062"
"14000063","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","cretensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Haltenorth","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00063","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0063"
"14000064","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","foxi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00064","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0064"
"14000065","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","gordoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harrison","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00065","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0065"
"14000066","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","grampia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00066","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0066"
"14000067","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","griselda","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00067","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0067"
"14000068","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","haussa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00068","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0068"
"14000069","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","iraki","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cheesman","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00069","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0069"
"14000070","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","jordansi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00070","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0070"
"14000071","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","lybica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Forster","1780","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00071","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0071"
"14000072","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","mellandi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwann","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00072","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0072"
"14000073","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","nesterovi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Birula","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00073","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0073"
"14000074","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","ocreata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1791","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00074","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0074"
"14000075","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","ornata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1832","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00075","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0075"
"14000076","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","reyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lavauden","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00076","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0076"
"14000077","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","rubida","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwann","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00077","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0077"
"14000078","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","tristrami","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00078","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0078"
"14000079","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Felis","","silvestris","ugandae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwann","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00079","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0029-0000-0057-0079"
"14000080","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [ser. 1]","10","","260","","<i>Leopardus griseus</i> Gray, 1842 (= <i>Felis pardalis</i> Linnaeus, 1758), by subsequent designation by Pocock (1917<i>b</i>).","","","","","<i>Colocolo</i>  Pocock, 1941; <i>Dendrailurus</i> Severtzov, 1858; <i>Lynchailurus</i> Severtzov, 1858; <i>Margay </i>Gray, 1867; <i>Montifelis</i> Schwangart, 1941; <i>Mungofelis</i> Antonius, 1933; <i>Noctifelis</i> Severtzov, 1858; <i>Oncifelis</i> Severtzov, 1858; <i>Oncilla </i>Allen, 1919; <i>Oncoides</i> Severtzov, 1858; <i>Oreailurus</i> Cabrera, 1940; <i>Pajeros</i> Gray, 1867; <i>Pardalina</i> Gray, 1867; <i>Pardalis</i> Gray, 1867; <i>Pseudolynx</i> Schwangart, 1941.","There has been almost unanimous agreement that this group is monophyletic (Bininda-Emonds et al., 1999; Herrington, 1986; Johnson and O’Brien, 1997; Johnson et al., 1998; Mattern and McLennan, 2000; Pocock, 1917<i>a</i>; Salles, 1992; Weigel, 1961). However, the relationships within this genus are unclear. Most recognize <i>wiedii</i> and <i>pardalis</i> as a monophyletic group, however there is considerable controversy on the arrangement of the remaining species. Under phylogenies put forward by some recent genetic and molecular studies, the remaining taxa (<i>guigna</i>,<i> colocolo</i>,<i> jacobitus</i>,<i> tigrinus</i>,<i> geoffroyi</i>) would be paraphyletic if <i>wiedii </i>and <i>pardalis</i> were separated (Collier and O’Brien, 1985; Johnson and O’Brien, 1997; Johnson et al., 1998). All are provisionally included here in <i>Leopardus</i>. García-Perea (1994) revised the pampas cat group and found three clearly distinct allopatric populations. She argued that these populations h... [truncated]","40","40-00080","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080"
"14000081","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","braccatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cope","1889","","Am. Nat.","23","","144","","","Pantanal Cat","""Chapada, matto Grosso,"" Brazil.","Brazil (Mato Grosso and mato Grosso do Sul), Paraguay, Uruguay (Garcia-Perea, 1994).","CITES – Appendix II.","<b><i>munoai</i> </b> (Ximenez, 1961).","See comments under genus.","40","40-00081","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0081"
"14000082","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","braccatus","braccatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cope","1889","","Am. Nat.","23","","144","","","","""Chapada, matto Grosso,"" Brazil.","","","","","40","40-00082","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0081-0082"
"14000083","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","braccatus","munoai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ximenez","1961","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00083","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0081-0083"
"14000084","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","colocolo","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","295","","","Colocolo","""che abitano i boschi del Chili,"" restricted by Osgood (1943) to ""Province of Valparaiso"" [Chile].","Chile.","CITES – Appendix II, ; IUCN – Near Threatened as <i>Oncifelis colocolo</i>.","<i>albescens</i>  (Fitzinger, 1869); <i>colocola</i> (Molina, 1782); <i>colorolla</i> (Bechstein, 1800); <i>huinus</i> (Pocock, 1941); <i>passerum</i> (Sclater, 1871); <b><i>wolffsohni</i></b><i> </i>(García-Perea, 1994).","The validity of <i>colocolo</i> was questioned by Osgood (1943) however, Wolffsohn (1908) and Cabrera (1940, 1958) defended the original description. Some have placed it in <i>Oncifelis </i>(but see comments under genus). Subspecies allocated according to Pocock (1941<i>b</i>) and García-Perea (1994).","40","40-00084","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0084"
"14000085","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","colocolo","colocolo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","295","","","","""che abitano i boschi del Chili,"" restricted by Osgood (1943) to ""Province of Valparaiso"" [Chile].","","","","","40","40-00085","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0084-0085"
"14000086","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","colocolo","wolffsohni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","García-Perea","1994","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00086","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0084-0086"
"14000087","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","geoffroyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","d'Orbigny and Gervais","1844","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1844","","40","","","Geoffroy's Cat","""des rives du Rio Negro, en Patagonie"".","Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>Oncifelis geoffroyi</i>; IUCN – Near Threatened as <i>Oncifelis geoffroyi</i>.","<i>argenteus</i>  (Schwangart, 1941); <i>flavus </i>(Schwangart, 1941); <i>geoffroyi</i> (Severtzow, 1858); <i>guigna</i> (Mivart, 1881); <i>himalayanus</i> Gray, 1843 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>macdonaldi</i> (Marelli, 1932); <i>pardoides</i> (Gray, 1867); <i>tigrina</i> (Larranaga, 1923); <i>warwickii</i> (Gray, 1867); <b><i>euxanthus</i></b> (Pocock, 1940); <b><i>leucobaptus</i></b> (Pocock, 1940); <b><i>paraguae</i></b> (Pocock, 1940); <i>melas</i> (Betoni, 1914) [preoccupied]; <b><i>salinarum</i></b> (Thomas, 1903).","Subspecies allocated according to Cabrera (1958). Revised by Pocock (1940<i>c</i>) and reviewed by Ximenez (1975). Placed in <i>Oncifelis</i> by J. A. Allen (1919<i>a</i>), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Král and Zima (1980), and Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>). Ximeñez (1975) followed Cabrera (1957), and placed <i>geoffroyi</i> in <i>Felis</i> (<i>Leopardus</i>). Includes <i>F. pardoides</i> (Cabrera, 1957).","40","40-00087","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0087"
"14000088","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","geoffroyi","geoffroyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","d'Orbigny and Gervais","1844","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1844","","40","","","","""des rives du Rio Negro, en Patagonie"".","","","","","40","40-00088","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0087-0088"
"14000089","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","geoffroyi","euxanthus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00089","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0087-0089"
"14000090","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","geoffroyi","leucobaptus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00090","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0087-0090"
"14000091","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","geoffroyi","paraguae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00091","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0087-0091"
"14000092","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","geoffroyi","salinarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00092","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0087-0092"
"14000093","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","guigna","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","295","","","Kodkod","""Chili"", restricted by Thomas (1903:240) to ""Valdivia"" [Chile].","Argentina and Chile.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Oncifelis guigna</i>.","<i>santacrucensis</i>  (Artayeta, 1950); <b><i>tigrillo</i></b> (Schinz, 1844); <i>molinae</i> (Osgood, 1943).","Placed in <i>Oncifelis</i> by Weigel (1961) and Hemmer (1978). Placed in subgenus <i>Leopardus</i> of <i>Felis</i> by Cabrera (1958). Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957).","40","40-00093","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0093"
"14000094","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","guigna","guigna","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","295","","","","""Chili"", restricted by Thomas (1903:240) to ""Valdivia"" [Chile].","","","","","40","40-00094","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0093-0094"
"14000095","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","guigna","tigrillo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00095","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0093-0095"
"14000096","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","jacobitus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cornalia","1865","","Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat.","1","","5","","","Andean Mountain Cat","""Bolivia, circa Potosi et Humacuaca in montibus sat elevatis""; further clarified by Cabrera (1958:297): as ""Sur del departamento boliviano de Potosi, cerca de la frontera argentina, entre Potosi y Humahuaca"".","NW Argentina, SW Bolivia, NE Chile, S Peru.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>Oreailurus jacobitus</i>; U. S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Felis jacobitus</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>Oreailurus jacobita </i>(sic).","<i>colocolo</i>  (Philippi, 1869).","Reviewed by Garcia-Perea (2002), Yensen and Seymour (2000), and Gray (1867<i>b</i>). Placed in<i> Oreailurus</i> by Cabrera (1940), Weigel (1961), and Hemmer (1978). Later, Cabrera (1958) reconsidered <i>Oreailurus</i> as a subgenus of <i>Felis</i>.","40","40-00096","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0096"
"14000097","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pajeros","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1816","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., (2)","6","","114","","","Pampas cat","""Pampas de Buenos Ayres entre los 35 y 36 grados"" [Argentina].","Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru.","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>pageros</i>  (Lesson, 1827); <i>pajero</i> (Burmeister, 1879); <i>pampa</i> (Schinz, 1831); <i>pampanus</i> (Gray, 1867); <i>passerum</i> (Sclater, 1872); <b><i>budini</i></b> (Pocock, 1941); <i>crespoi</i> (Cabrera, 1957); <i>crucinus</i> (Thomas, 1901); <b><i>garleppi</i></b> (Matschie, 1912); <i>parleppi</i> (Lönnberg, 1913); <b><i>steinbachi</i></b><i> </i>(Pocock, 1941); <b><i>thomasi</i></b> (Lönnberg, 1913); <i>garleppi</i> (Pocock, 1941) [preoccupied].","See comments under genus, see also García-Perea (1994).","40","40-00097","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0097"
"14000098","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pajeros","pajeros","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1816","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., (2)","6","","114","","","","""Pampas de Buenos Ayres entre los 35 y 36 grados"" [Argentina].","","","","","40","40-00098","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0097-0098"
"14000099","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pajeros","budini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00099","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0097-0099"
"14000100","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pajeros","garleppi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00100","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0097-0100"
"14000101","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pajeros","steinbachi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00101","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0097-0101"
"14000102","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pajeros","thomasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00102","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0097-0102"
"14000103","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pardalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","42","","","Ocelot","""America"", restricted to ""Mexico"", by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:136), further restricted by J. A. Allen (1919<i>b</i>:345) to ""State of Vera Cruz"".","Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA (Texas, Arizona), Uruguay, Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered as <i>L. p. albescens</i>,<i> </i>otherwise<i> </i>Least Concern.","<i>buffoni</i>  (Brass, 1911); <i>canescens</i> (Swainson, 1838); <i>griffithii</i> (J. B. Fischer, 1829); <i>griseus</i> Gray 1842; <i>mexicanus</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>ocelot</i> (Link, 1795); <i>pictus</i> Gray, 1842; <b><i>aequatorialis</i> </b>(Mearns, 1903); <i>costaricensis</i> (Mearns, 1903); <i>mearnsi</i> (J. A. Allen, 1904); <i>pardalis</i> (Alston, 1882) [preoccupied]; <b><i>albescens</i></b> (Pucheran, 1855); <i>limitis</i> (Mearns, 1902); <i>ludovicianus</i> (Brass, 1911); <b><i>melanurus</i></b> (Ball, 1844); <i>chibigouazou</i> (Mearns, 1903); <i>maripensis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1904); <i>ocelot</i> (Osgood, 1916); <i>tumatumari</i> (J. A. Allen, 1915); <b><i>mitis</i></b> (F. G. Cuvier, 1820); <i>armillatus</i> (F. G. Cuvier, 1820); <i>brasiliensis</i> (Schinz, 1844); <i>chati</i> (Gray, 1827); <i>chibigouavou</i> (Ditmars, 1939); <i>chibigouazou</i> (Gray, 1827); <i>chibiguazu</i> (J. B. Fischer, 1829); <i>hamiltonii</i> (J. B. Fischer, 1829); <i>maracaya</i> (Wagner, 1841); <i>ocelot</i> (Smith, 1827); <i>smithii</i> (Swainson, 1838); <i>tigrinus</i> (Elliot, 1877); <i>pardalis</i> (Lahille, 1899); <b><i>nelsoni</i></b> (Goldman, 1925); <b><i>pseudopardalis</i></b> (Boitard, 1842); <i>sanctaemartae</i> (J. A. Allen, 1904); <b><i>pusaeus</i></b> (Thomas, 1914); <b><i>sonoriensis</i></b> (Goldman, 1925); <b><i>steinbachi</i></b> (Pocock, 1941).","Placed in <i>Leopardus</i> by J. A. Allen (1919<i>b</i>), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), and Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>). Reviewed by Murray and Gardner (1997). Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1958<i>b</i>), Hall (1981), and Murray and Gardner (1997).","40","40-00103","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0103"
"14000104","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pardalis","pardalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","42","","","","""America"", restricted to ""Mexico"", by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:136), further restricted by J. A. Allen (1919<i>b</i>:345) to ""State of Vera Cruz"".","","","","","40","40-00104","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0103-0104"
"14000105","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pardalis","aequatorialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00105","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0103-0105"
"14000106","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pardalis","albescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pucheran","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00106","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0103-0106"
"14000107","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pardalis","melanurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ball","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00107","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0103-0107"
"14000108","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pardalis","mitis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1820","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00108","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0103-0108"
"14000109","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pardalis","nelsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00109","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0103-0109"
"14000110","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pardalis","pseudopardalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Boitard","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00110","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0103-0110"
"14000111","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pardalis","pusaeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00111","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0103-0111"
"14000112","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pardalis","sonoriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00112","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0103-0112"
"14000113","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","pardalis","steinbachi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00113","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0103-0113"
"14000114","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","tigrinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","2","15","pl. 106[1775]; see also text, 3(23):396[1777]","","","Oncilla","""südlichen Amerika"", restricted by J. A. Allen (1919<i>b</i>:356), to ""Cayenne"" [French Guiana].","Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Nicaragua (?), Panama, Paraguay (?), Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Near Threatened.","<i>emiliae</i>  (Thomas, 1914); <i>margay</i> (Müller, 1776); <b><i>guttulus</i></b> (Hensel, 1872); <i>guigna</i> (Hensel, 1872); <i>guttula</i> (Trouessart, 1897); <i>mitis</i> (Lahille, 1899); <i>pardinoides</i> (Thomas, 1903) [preoccupied]; <b><i>oncilla</i></b> (Thomas, 1903); <i>carrikeri</i> (J. A. Allen, 1904); <b><i>pardinoides</i></b> (Gray, 1867); <i>andinus</i> (Thomas, 1903); <i>caucensis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1915); <i>elenae</i> (J. A. Allen, 1915); <i>emeritus</i> (Thomas, 1912); <i>geoffroyi</i> (Elliot, 1872); <i>wiedi</i> (J. A. Allen, 1916).","Placed <i>in Leopardus</i> by J. A. Allen (1919<i>b</i>), Weigel (1961), and Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>); placed in <i>Oncifelis</i> (with <i>guigna</i> and <i>geoffroyi</i>) by Hemmer (1978). <i>L. tigrinus</i> shares a derived chromosomal number with <i>pardalis</i> and <i>wiedii </i>(Wurster-Hill, 1973). Includes <i>Felis pardinoides</i> after Cabrera (1958); however, see J. A. Allen (1919<i>b</i>) and Weigel (1961) who considered <i>pardinoides</i> as distinct, but closely related to <i>tigrinus.</i> Synonyms allocated according to Pocock (1941<i>c</i>), Cabrera (1957), and Hall (1981).","40","40-00114","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0114"
"14000115","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","tigrinus","tigrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","2","15","pl. 106[1775]; see also text, 3(23):396[1777]","","","","""südlichen Amerika"", restricted by J. A. Allen (1919<i>b</i>:356), to ""Cayenne"" [French Guiana].","","","","","40","40-00115","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0114-0115"
"14000116","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","tigrinus","guttulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hensel","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00116","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0114-0116"
"14000117","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","tigrinus","oncilla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00117","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0114-0117"
"14000118","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","tigrinus","pardinoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00118","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0114-0118"
"14000119","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","wiedii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1821","","Cuvier, Das Thierreich","1","","235","","","Margay","""Brasilien"", restricted by J. A. Allen (1919<i>b</i>:357) to ""northern Espirito Santo, Brazil"", and further restricted by Cabrera (1957:290), to ""Brasil, restringida al Morro de Arará, sobre el rio Mucurí, estado de Baía"".","Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, USA (Texas), Uruguay, Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered (from Mexico southward); IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>elegans</i>  (Lesson, 1830); <i>geoffroyi</i> (Rochebrune, 1895); <i>macroura</i> (Wied-Neuwied, 1823); <i>macrourus</i> (C. E. H. Smith, 1827); <i>macrura</i> (Hensel, 1872); <i>pardictis</i> Pocock, 1941; <i>tigrinoides</i> Gray, 1842; <i>venusta</i> (Reichenbach, 1836); <b><i>amazonicus</i></b> (Cabrera, 1917); <i>pirrensis</i> (Pocock, 1941); <b><i>boliviae</i></b> Pocock, 1941; <b><i>cooperi</i></b> (Goldman, 1943); <b><i>glauculus</i></b> (Thomas, 1903); <b><i>nicaraguae</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1919); <b><i>oaxacensis</i></b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1931); <i>mexicana</i> (Saussure, 1860) [preoccupied]; <b><i>pirrensis</i></b> Goldman, 1914; <i>andina</i> (J. A. Allen, 1916); <i>ludovici</i> (L&#337;nnberg, 1925); <b><i>salvinius</i></b> Pocock, 1941; <b><i>vigens</i></b> (Thomas, 1904); <i>catenata</i> (Cabrera, 1917); <i>macrura</i> (Goeldi and Hagmann, 1904); <b><i>yucatanicus</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1931.","Placed in <i>Leopardus</i> by Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), and Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>). Allen (1919<i>b</i>) and Weigel (1961) suggested that <i>wiedii </i>(in part) may be conspecific with <i>tigrinus</i>; however, Hemmer (1978) considered differences between <i>wiedii </i>and <i>tigrinus</i> to warrant generic distinction. Synonyms allocated according to Pocock (1941<i>d</i>), Cabrera (1957), Hall (1981), and Oliveira (1998<i>a</i>).","40","40-00119","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0119"
"14000120","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","wiedii","wiedii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1821","","Cuvier, Das Thierreich","1","","235","","","","""Brasilien"", restricted by J. A. Allen (1919<i>b</i>:357) to ""northern Espirito Santo, Brazil"", and further restricted by Cabrera (1957:290), to ""Brasil, restringida al Morro de Arará, sobre el rio Mucurí, estado de Baía"".","","","","","40","40-00120","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0119-0120"
"14000121","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","wiedii","amazonicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00121","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0119-0121"
"14000122","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","wiedii","boliviae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00122","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0119-0122"
"14000123","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","wiedii","cooperi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00123","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0119-0123"
"14000124","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","wiedii","glauculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00124","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0119-0124"
"14000125","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","wiedii","nicaraguae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00125","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0119-0125"
"14000126","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","wiedii","oaxacensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00126","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0119-0126"
"14000127","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","wiedii","pirrensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00127","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0119-0127"
"14000128","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","wiedii","salvinius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00128","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0119-0128"
"14000129","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","wiedii","vigens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00129","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0119-0129"
"14000130","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leopardus","","wiedii","yucatanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00130","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0080-0000-0119-0130"
"14000131","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Severtzov","1858","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, (2)","10","","389","","<i>Felis serval </i>Schreber, 1776, by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Galeopardus</i>  Heuglin and Fitzinger, 1866; <i>Serval</i> Brehm, 1864; <i>Servalina</i> Greve, 1894.","Placed as a subgenus of <i>Felis </i>by McKenna and Bell (1997). There appears to be little agreement on the relationship of <i>Leptailurus</i> to other cats. Pocock (1917<i>a</i>) placed it with <i>Leopardus</i>; whereas Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), and Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) placed with <i>Felis</i>, <i>Lynx</i>, and <i>Caracal</i>. Salles (1992) grouped it with <i>Prionailurus bengalensis</i>, and Johnson and O'Brien (1997) and Mattern and McLennan (2000) with <i>Caracal</i> and <i>Profelis</i>. Severtzov (1858), Groves (1982<i>a</i>), and McKenna and Bell (1997) considered <i>Leptailurus</i> a subgenus of <i>Felis</i>.","40","40-00131","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131"
"14000132","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","3","16","pl. 108[1776]; see also text 3(23):407[1777]","","","Serval","""Ostindien und Tibet in gebirgegen Gegenden, vielleicht auch am Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung und dem heissern Afrika""; restricted by J. A. Allen (1924) to the ""Cape region of South Africa"".","Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho (?), Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Believed to be extirpated in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>L. s. constantina </i>[sic];<i> </i>IUCN – Endangered as <i>L. s. constantinus</i>, otherwise Least Concern.","<i>capensis</i>  (Forster, 1781); <i>galeopardus</i> (Desmarest, 1820); <b><i>beirae</i></b> (Wroughton, 1910); <b><i>brachyurus</i></b> (Wagner, 1841); <i>ogilbyi</i> (Schinz, 1844); <i>servalinus</i> (Ogilby, 1839); <b><i>constantinus</i></b> (Forster, 1780); <i>algiricus</i> (J. B. Fischer, 1829); <b><i>faradjius</i></b> J. A. Allen; 1924; <b><i>ferrarii</i></b> (de Beaux, 1924); <b><i>hamiltoni</i></b> Roberts, 1931; <b><i>hindei</i></b> (Wroughton, 1910); <b><i>kempi</i></b> (Wroughton, 1910); <b><i>kivuensis</i></b> (Lönnberg, 1919); <b><i>lipostictus</i></b> (Pocock, 1907); <i>larseni</i> (Thomas, 1913); <b><i>lonnbergi</i></b> (Cabrera, 1910); <i>niger</i> (Lönnberg, 1897) [preoccupied]; <b><i>mababiensis</i></b> Roberts, 1932; <b><i>pantastictus </i></b>(Pocock, 1907); <i>poliotricha</i> (Pocock, 1907); <b><i>phillipsi</i></b> (G. M. Allen, 1914); <b><i>pococki</i></b> (Cabrera, 1910); <i>senegalensis</i> (Lesson, 1839) [preoccupied]; <b><i>robertsi </i></b>Ellerman, Morrison-Scott and Hayman, 1953; <b><i>togoensis</i></b> (Matschie, 1893).","Synonyms allocated according to Smithers (1971).","40","40-00132","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132"
"14000133","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","serval","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","3","16","pl. 108[1776]; see also text 3(23):407[1777]","","","","""Ostindien und Tibet in gebirgegen Gegenden, vielleicht auch am Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung und dem heissern Afrika""; restricted by J. A. Allen (1924) to the ""Cape region of South Africa"".","","","","","40","40-00133","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0133"
"14000134","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","beirae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00134","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0134"
"14000135","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","brachyurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00135","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0135"
"14000136","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","constantinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Forster","1780","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00136","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0136"
"14000137","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","faradjius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00137","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0137"
"14000138","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","ferrarii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Beaux","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00138","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0138"
"14000139","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","hamiltoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00139","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0139"
"14000140","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","hindei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00140","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0140"
"14000141","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","kempi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00141","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0141"
"14000142","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","kivuensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00142","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0142"
"14000143","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","lipostictus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00143","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0143"
"14000144","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","lonnbergi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00144","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0144"
"14000145","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","mababiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00145","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0145"
"14000146","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","pantastictus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00146","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0146"
"14000147","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","phillipsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00147","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0147"
"14000148","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","pococki","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00148","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0148"
"14000149","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","robertsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ellerman, Morrison-Scott and Hayman","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00149","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0149"
"14000150","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Leptailurus","","serval","togoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00150","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0131-0000-0132-0150"
"14000151","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","155","","<i>Felis lynx</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by absolute tautonymy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Cervaria</i>  Gray, 1867; <i>Eucervaria</i> Palmer, 1903; <i>Lynceus</i> Gray, 1821; <i>Lynchus</i> Jardine, 1834; <i>Lyncus</i> Gray, 1825; <i>Pardina</i> Kaup, 1829.","Revised by Matyushkin (1979), Werdelin (1981), and García-Perea (1992), who recognized the generic status of <i>Lynx</i>. Groves (1982<i>a</i>), Hemmer (1978), and McKenna and Bell (1997) considered <i>Lynx</i> a subgenus of <i>Felis</i>.","40","40-00151","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151"
"14000152","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","canadensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i>Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","157","","","Canadian Lynx","""Canada""; listed in Miller (1912<i>a</i>) as ""Eastern Canada"".","Canada, USA (C Utah and SW Colorado, NE Nebraska, S Indiana, and West Virginia).","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Least Concern.","<b><i>mollipilosus</i> </b> Stone, 1900; <b><i>subsolanus</i></b> Bangs, 1897.","Considered distinct from <i>L. lynx</i> by Kurtén and Anderson (1980), Matyushkin (1979), Werdelin (1981), and García-Perea (1992). Reviewed in part by Tumlison (1987) as <i>Felis lynx</i>.","40","40-00152","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0152"
"14000153","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","canadensis","canadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i>Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","157","","","","""Canada""; listed in Miller (1912<i>a</i>) as ""Eastern Canada"".","","","","","40","40-00153","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0152-0153"
"14000154","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","canadensis","mollipilosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Stone","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00154","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0152-0154"
"14000155","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","canadensis","subsolanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00155","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0152-0155"
"14000156","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","lynx","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","43","","","Eurasian Lynx","""Europe sylvis and desertis"", subsequently restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:136) to ""Wennersborg, S. Sweden"".","Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina (?), China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq (?), Italy, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mongolia, Nepal, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Serbia and Montenegro. Recently extinct in Bulgaria.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Near Threatened.","<i>albus</i>  Kerr, 1792; <i>baicalensis</i> (Dybowsky, 1922); <i>borealis</i> (Thunberg, 1798); <i>carpathica </i>(Heptner, 1972); <i>cervarius</i> Temminck, 1824; <i>dinniki</i> Satunin, 1915; <i>guttatus </i>Smirnov, 1922; <i>kattlo</i> (Schrank, 1798); <i>lupulinus</i> (Thunberg, 1825); <i>lynculus</i> (Nilsson, 1820); <i>melinus</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>neglectus</i> Stroganov, 1962; <i>orientalis</i> Satunin, 1905; <i>virgata</i> (Nilsson, 1829); <i>vulgaris</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>vulpinus</i> (Thunberg, 1825); <i>wrangeli</i> Ognev, 1928; <b><i>isabellinus</i></b> (Blyth, 1847); <i>kamensis</i> (Satunin, 1905); <i>tibetanus</i> (Gray, 1863); <i>wardi</i> (Lydekker, 1904); <b><i>kozlovi</i></b><i> </i>Fetisov, 1950; <b><i>sardiniae</i></b> Mola, 1908; <b><i>stroganovi</i></b> Heptner, 1969.","Does not include <i>L. canadensis</i> or <i>L. pardinus</i>, following Pocock (1917<i>a</i>), Hemmer (1978), Matyushkin (1979), García-Perea (1992), Werdelin (1981), Salles (1992), Johnson and O'Brien (1997), Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999), and Mattern and McLennan (2000). Includes <i>isabellinus</i> (Gao, 1987). Reviewed in part by Tumlison (1987) as <i>Felis lynx</i>. Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Tumlison (1987).","40","40-00156","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0156"
"14000157","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","lynx","lynx","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","43","","","","""Europe sylvis and desertis"", subsequently restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:136) to ""Wennersborg, S. Sweden"".","","","","","40","40-00157","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0156-0157"
"14000158","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","lynx","isabellinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1847","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00158","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0156-0158"
"14000159","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","lynx","kozlovi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Fetisov","1950","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00159","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0156-0159"
"14000160","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","lynx","sardiniae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mola","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00160","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0156-0160"
"14000161","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","lynx","stroganovi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heptner","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00161","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0156-0161"
"14000162","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","pardinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1827","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","116","","","Iberian Lynx","""Portugal, puisque le commerce reçoit des peaux préparées de Lisbonne, et que M. le baron de Vionénil tua, en 1818, sur les bords du Tage, à dix lieues de Lisbonne"".","Portugal, SW Spain.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Felis pardina</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>pardella</i>  Miller, 1907.","Given specific status by Matyushkin (1979), Werdelin (1981) and García-Perea (1992); however Weigel (1961) and Tumlison (1987) considered <i>pardinus</i> conspecific with <i>L. lynx.</i>","40","40-00162","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0162"
"14000163","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","rufus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1777","","Die Säugethiere","3","25","pl. 109.B[1777]; see also text 3(24):412[1777]","","","Bobcat","""Provinz New York in Amerika"".","Canada (S British Columbia to Nova Scotia), Mexico (south to Oaxaca), USA.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>L. rufus escuinapae. </i>IUCN<i> – </i>Least Concern.","<i>montanus</i>  Rafinesque, 1817; <b><i>baileyi</i></b> Merriam, 1890; <i>eremicus</i> Mearns, 1897; <b><i>californicus</i></b> Mearns, 1897; <i>oculeus</i> Bangs, 1899; <b><i>escuinapae</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1903; <b><i>fasciatus</i></b> Rafinesque, 1817; <i>fasciata</i> Elliot, 1901; <b><i>floridanus</i></b> Rafinesque, 1817; <b><i>gigas</i></b> Bangs, 1897; <b><i>oaxacensis</i></b> Goodwin, 1963; <b><i>pallescens</i></b> Merriam, 1899; <i>uinta</i> Merriam, 1902; <b><i>peninsularis</i></b> Thomas, 1898; <b><i>superiorensis</i></b> Peterson and Downing, 1952; <b><i>texensis</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1895; <i>maculata</i> Horsfield and Vigors, 1829 [preoccupied].","Reviewed by Lariviere and Walton (1997). Mattern and McLennan (2000) demonstrated that a <i>rufus</i> <i>lynx</i> clade would be paraphyletic. Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981) and Larivière and Walton (1997).","40","40-00163","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0163"
"14000164","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","rufus","rufus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1777","","Die Säugethiere","3","25","pl. 109.B[1777]; see also text 3(24):412[1777]","","","","""Provinz New York in Amerika"".","","","","","40","40-00164","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0163-0164"
"14000165","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","rufus","baileyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00165","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0163-0165"
"14000166","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","rufus","californicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00166","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0163-0166"
"14000167","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","rufus","escuinapae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00167","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0163-0167"
"14000168","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","rufus","fasciatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00168","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0163-0168"
"14000169","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","rufus","floridanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00169","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0163-0169"
"14000170","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","rufus","gigas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00170","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0163-0170"
"14000171","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","rufus","oaxacensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1963","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00171","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0163-0171"
"14000172","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","rufus","pallescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00172","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0163-0172"
"14000173","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","rufus","peninsularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00173","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0163-0173"
"14000174","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","rufus","superiorensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peterson and Downing","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00174","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0163-0174"
"14000175","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Lynx","","rufus","texensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00175","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0151-0000-0163-0175"
"14000176","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Pardofelis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Severtzov","1858","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, 2","10","","387","","<i>Felis marmorata</i> Martin, 1837, by monotypy.","","","","","","There is considerable controversy over the correct placement of this genus. Hemmer (1978), Král and Zima (1980), Groves (1982<i>a</i>), Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>), Collier and O’Brien (1985), and Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) placed it as the first outgroup to the Pantherines. Pocock (1932<i>d</i>), Weigel (1961), Salles (1992), and Mattern and McLennan (2000) suggested a relationship with felines while recognizing similarities with <i>Panthera</i>. McKenna and Bell (1997) placed it as a subgenus of <i>Felis</i>. It perhaps should be considered <i>incertae sedis</i>.","40","40-00176","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0176"
"14000177","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Pardofelis","","marmorata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Martin","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","108","","","Marbled Cat","""Java or Sumatra"" [Indonesia], restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1919<i>a</i>:261), to ""Sumatra"".","Bangladesh (?), Bhutan (?), Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra and Kalimantan), Laos, Malaysia, Burma, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>diardii</i> (Jardine, 1834) [preoccupied]; <i>longicaudata</i> (de Blainville, 1843); <b><i>charltonii</i></b> (Gray, 1846); <i>dosul</i> Gray, 1863;<i> duvaucellii</i> (Hodgson, 1863); <i>ogilbii</i> (Hodgson, 1847).","Revised by Pocock (1932<i>d</i>). Placed in <i>Pardofelis</i> by Pocock (1932<i>d</i>), Weigel (1961), Král and Zima (1980), Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>), Hemmer (1978), and Groves (1982<i>a</i>). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00177","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0176-0000-0177"
"14000178","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Pardofelis","","marmorata","marmorata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Martin","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","108","","","","""Java or Sumatra"" [Indonesia], restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1919<i>a</i>:261), to ""Sumatra"".","","","","","40","40-00178","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0176-0000-0177-0178"
"14000179","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Pardofelis","","marmorata","charltonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00179","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0176-0000-0177-0179"
"14000180","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Severtzov","1858","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, (2)","10","","387","","<i>Felis pardochrous</i> Hodgson, 1844 (= <i>Felis bengalensis</i> Kerr, 1792), by original designation.","","","","","<i>Aelurina</i>  Gill, 1871; <i>Ailurin</i> Gervais, 1855; <i>Ailurina</i> Trouessart, 1885; Ailurogale Fitzinger, 1869; Ictailurus Severtzov, 1858; Mayailurus Imaizumi, 1967; Plethaelurus Cope, 1882; Priononfelis Kretzoi, 1929; Viverriceps J. E. Gray, 1867; Zibethailurus Severtzov, 1858.","Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Groves (1982<i>a</i>), Kratochvil (1982<i>c</i>), Collier and O'Brien (1985), and Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999), considered <i>bengalensis</i>, <i>planiceps</i>, <i>iriomotenisis</i>, <i>rubiginosus</i>, and <i>viverrinus</i> a monophyletic group. McKenna and Bell (1997) included <i>bengalensis</i>,<i> iriomotensis</i>,<i> rubiginosus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>viverrinus</i>. Salles (1992), Johnson and O'Brien (1997), and Mattern and McLennan (2000) separated <i>rubiginosus</i>, although there is no agreement nor consensus as to its correct placement. It is provisionally left in <i>Prionailurus</i> here, although perhaps it would be better to consider it as <i>incertae sedis</i>.","40","40-00180","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180"
"14000181","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","bengalensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i>Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","151","","","Leopard Cat","""Bengal"" [India].","Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia (Far East), Taiwan, Thailand, South Korea, and Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>P. b. bengalensis</i> (populations of India, Bangladesh, and Thailand); otherwise Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>P. b. bengalensis</i>; IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>ellioti</i>  (Gray, 1842); <i>herschelii</i> (Gray, 1869); <i>jerdoni </i>Blyth, 1863; <i>nipalensis</i> (Horsfield and Vigors, 1829); <i>servalinus </i>Gray, 1843; <i>tenasserimensis</i> (Gray, 1867); <i>undatus </i>Desmarest, 1816; <i>wagati</i> (Gray, 1867); <b><i>alleni</i></b><i> </i>Sody, 1949; <i>hainanus </i>Xu and Liu, 1983; <b><i>borneoensis</i></b> Brongersma, 1936; <b><i>chinensis</i></b> (Gray, 1837); <i>anastasiae</i> (Satunin, 1905); <i>decoloratus</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1872); <i>ingrami</i> (Bonhote, 1903); <i>microtis</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1872); <i>minutus</i> (Temminck, 1824) [preoccupied]; <i>reevesii</i> (Gray, 1843); <i>ricketti</i> (Bonhote, 1903); <i>scriptus</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1870); <i>sinensis</i> (Shih, 1930); <i>undatus</i> (Radde, 1862); <b><i>euptilurus</i></b> (Elliot, 1871); <i>manchuricus</i> (Mori, 1922); <i>raddei</i> (Trouessart, 1904); <b><i>heaneyi</i></b> Groves, 1997; <b><i>horsfieldii</i></b> (Gray, 1842); <i>nipalensis</i> (Hodgson, 1832) [preoccupied]; <i>pardochrous</i> (Hodgson, 1844); <b><i>javanensis</i></b><i> </i>Desmarest, 1816; <i>anguliferus </i>Fitzinger, 1868; <i>javensis </i>Elliot, 1882; <b><i>rabori</i></b> Groves, 1997; <b><i>sumatranus</i></b> Horsfield, 1821; <i>tingius</i> Lyon, 1908; <b><i>trevelyani</i></b> Pocock, 1939.","Includes <i>euptilurus</i> following G. M. Allen (1939) and Gao (1987). Heptner (1971) and Gromov and Baranova (1981) considered <i>euptilurus </i>a distinct species; however, Gao (1987) pointed out that Heptner compared Russian specimens with those from SE Asia, whereas when intervening Chinese populations are included, his distinctions do not hold. Includes<i> minuta</i> following Chasen (1940). Excludes <i>iriomotensis</i> (see comments below). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Groves (1997<i>b</i>).","40","40-00181","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0181"
"14000182","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","bengalensis","bengalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i>Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","1","","151","","","","""Bengal"" [India].","","","","","40","40-00182","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0181-0182"
"14000183","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","bengalensis","alleni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00183","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0181-0183"
"14000184","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","bengalensis","borneoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brongersma","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00184","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0181-0184"
"14000185","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","bengalensis","chinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00185","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0181-0185"
"14000186","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","bengalensis","euptilurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00186","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0181-0186"
"14000187","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","bengalensis","heaneyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves","1997","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00187","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0181-0187"
"14000188","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","bengalensis","horsfieldii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00188","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0181-0188"
"14000189","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","bengalensis","javanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1816","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00189","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0181-0189"
"14000190","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","bengalensis","rabori","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves","1997","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00190","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0181-0190"
"14000191","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","bengalensis","sumatranus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1821","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00191","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0181-0191"
"14000192","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","bengalensis","trevelyani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00192","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0181-0192"
"14000193","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","iriomotensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Imaizumi","1967","","J. Mamm. Soc. Japan","3","","75","","","Iriomote Cat","""Haimida, Iriomote"".","Japan (Iriomote Isl.).","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered as <i>P. bengalensis iriomotensis</i>.","","Petzsch (1970), Glass and Todd (1977), Hemmer (1978), Groves (1982<i>a</i>), Herrington (1986), and Johnson et al. (1999) argued that differences only warranted subspecific status and separation of <i>iriomotensis </i>from <i>bengalensis </i>may make some populations of <i>bengalensis</i> paraphyletic. Suzuki et al. (1994<i>a</i>), Masuda et al. (1994), and Leyhausen and Pfleiderer (1994, 1999) presented evidence that it should be considered distinct from other <i>bengalensis</i>. It should probably be best considered <i>incertae sedis.</i>","40","40-00193","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0193"
"14000194","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","planiceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Vigors and Horsfield","1827","","Zool. J.","3","","449","","","Flat-headed Cat","""Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","Brunei Darussalam, Burma, Indonesia (Sumatra, Kalimantan), Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) listed this taxon as <i>incertae sedis</i>, but placed it with <i>Felis viverrina.</i> Grouped with <i>Prionailurus </i>by Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>), Groves (1982<i>a</i>), Johnson and O'Brien (1997), Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999), and Mattern and McLennan (2000).","40","40-00194","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0194"
"14000195","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","rubiginosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1831","","<i>In</i>Bélanger (ed.), Voy. Indes Orient., Mamm.","3(Zoologie)","","140","","","Rusty-Spotted Cat","""bois de lataniers qui couvrent une hauteur voisine de Pondichéry"" [India, Pondicherry].","India, Sri Lanka (see Chakraborty, 1978).","CITES – Appendix I (Indian population), otherwise Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>phillipsi</i> </b> Pocock, 1939; <i>koladivius</i> Deraniyagala, 1956.","Placed in <i>Prionailurus</i> by Pocock (1917<i>a</i>), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>), and Groves (1982<i>a</i>). Herrington (1986), Salles (1992), Johnson and O'Brien (1997), and Mattern and McLennan (2000) all considered <i>rubiginosus</i> distant from other <i>Prionailurus</i>, although there is little agreement where it should be placed. See comments under genus.","40","40-00195","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0195"
"14000196","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","rubiginosus","rubiginosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1831","","<i>In</i>Bélanger (ed.), Voy. Indes Orient., Mamm.","3(Zoologie)","","140","","","","""bois de lataniers qui couvrent une hauteur voisine de Pondichéry"" [India, Pondicherry].","","","","","40","40-00196","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0195-0196"
"14000197","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","rubiginosus","phillipsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00197","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0195-0197"
"14000198","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Prionailurus","","viverrinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1833","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1833","","68","","","Fishing Cat","""from the continent of India"".","Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, India, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Burma, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>bennettii</i>  (Gray, 1867); <i>himalayanus</i> (Jardine, 1834); <i>rhizophoreus</i> Sody, 1936; <i>viverriceps</i> (Hodgson, 1836).","Grouped with <i>Prionailurus</i> by Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>), Groves (1982<i>a</i>), Salles (1992), Johnson and O’Brien (1997), Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999), and Mattern and McLennan (2000). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00198","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0180-0000-0198"
"14000199","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Profelis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Severtzov","1858","","Revue Mag. Zool. Paris, (2)","10","","386","","<i>Felis celidogaster</i> Temminck, 1827 (= <i>Felis aurata</i> Temminck, 1827, by monotypy).","","","","","<i>Chrysailurus</i>  Severtzov, 1858.","Placed as a subgenus of <i>Felis</i> by McKenna and Bell (1997). There is considerable controversy with the relationship of <i>Profelis</i> to other cats. Some follow Pocock (1917<i>a</i>) and unite it with <i>Catopuma</i> (Bininda-Emonds et al., 1999; Collier and O'Brien, 1985; Herrington, 1986; Weigel, 1961). Others consider <i>Profelis</i> closely related to <i>Caracal</i> (Johnson and O’Brien, 1997; Mattern and McLennan, 2000).","40","40-00199","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0199"
"14000200","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Profelis","","aurata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1827","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","120","","","African Golden Cat","""Nous ne savons pas au juste dans quelle partie du globe a été trouvé""; fixed by Van Mensch and Van Bree (1969) to ""probably the coastal region of Lower Guinea (Between Cross River and River Congo. . .)"".","Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso (?), Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali (?), Nigeria (?), Rwanda, Senegal (?), Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>celidogaster</i>  (Temminck 1827); <i>chrysothrix</i> (Temminck, 1827); <i>neglecta</i> (Gray, 1838); <i>rutila</i> (Waterhouse, 1843); <b><i>cottoni</i></b> (Lydekker, 1907).","Revised by Van Mensch and Van Bree (1969). Placed in <i>Profelis</i> by Pocock (1917<i>a</i>), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>), and Groves (1982<i>a</i>). Král and Zima (1980) placed it in <i>Felis</i>. Synonyms allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939).","40","40-00200","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0199-0000-0200"
"14000201","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Profelis","","aurata","aurata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1827","","Monogr. Mamm.","1","","120","","","","""Nous ne savons pas au juste dans quelle partie du globe a été trouvé""; fixed by Van Mensch and Van Bree (1969) to ""probably the coastal region of Lower Guinea (Between Cross River and River Congo. . .)"".","","","","","40","40-00201","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0199-0000-0200-0201"
"14000202","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Profelis","","aurata","cottoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00202","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0199-0000-0200-0202"
"14000203","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Jardine","1834","","Natur. Libr.","","","266-267","","<i>Felis concolor</i> Linnaeus, 1771, by original designation.","","","","","<i>Herpailurus</i>  Severtzov, 1858.","Placed as a subgenus in <i>Felis </i>by McKenna and Bell (1997) who separated <i>yagouaroundi</i> into <i>Felis </i>(<i>Herpailurus</i>)<i>.</i> Salles (1992), Johnson and O'Brien (1997), Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999), and Mattern and McLennan (2000) considered<i> concolor</i> and <i>yagouaroundi </i>monophyletic, with <i>Acinonyx</i> as the sister group.","40","40-00203","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203"
"14000204","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","concolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1771","","Mantissa Plantarum","2","","266","","","Cougar","""Brassilia"", restricted by Goldman (<i>In</i> Young and Goldman, 1946:200) to ""Cayenne region, French Guiana"".","Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>F. c. coryi</i>,<i> F. c. costaricensis</i>, and <i>F. c. couguar; </i>otherwise Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>F. c. coryi</i>,<i> F. c. costaricensis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>F. c. couguar</i>; U.S. ESA – Similarity of Appearance to a Threatened Taxa (Florida); IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>P. c. couguar </i>and <i>P. c. coryi</i>, otherwise Near Threatened.","<i>bangsi</i>  (Merriam, 1901); <i>incarum</i> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929); <i>osgoodi</i> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929); <i>soasoaranna</i> (Lesson, 1842); <i>soderstromii</i> (Lönnberg, 1913); <i>sucuacuara</i> (Liais, 1872); <i>wavula </i>(Lesson, 1842); <b><i>anthonyi</i></b><i> </i>(Nelson and Goldman, 1931); <i>acrocodia</i> (Goldman, 1943); <i>borbensis</i> (Nelson and Goldman, 1933); <i>capricornensis</i> (Goldman, 1946); <i>concolor</i> (Pelzeln, 1883) [preoccupied]; <i>greeni</i> (Nelson and Goldman, 1931); <i>nigra</i> Jardine, 1834<sup> [preoccupied]; </sup><b><i>cabrerae</i></b> Pocock, 1940; <i>hudsoni</i> (Cabrera, 1958); <i>puma</i> (Marcelli, 1922); <b><i>costaricensis</i></b> (Merriam, 1901); <b><i>couguar</i></b> (Kerr, 1792); <i>arundivaga</i> (Hollister, 1911); <i>aztecus</i> (Merriam, 1901); <i>browni</i> (Merriam, 1903); <i>californica</i> (May, 1896); <i>coryi</i> (Bangs, 1899); <i>floridana </i>(Cory, 1896); <i>hippolestes</i> (Merriam, 1897); <i>improcera</i> (Phillips, 1912); <i>kaibabensis</i> (Nelson and Goldman, 1931); <i>mayensis</i> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929); <i>missoulensis</i> (Goldman, 1943); <i>olympus</i> (Merriam, 1897); <i>oregonensis</i> (Rafinesque, 1832); <i>schorgeri</i> (Jackson, 1955); <i>stanleyana</i> (Goldman, 1938); <i>vancouverensis</i> (Nelson and Goldman, 1932); <i>youngi</i> (Goldman, 1936); <b><i>puma</i></b> (Molina, 1782); <i>araucanus</i> (Osgood, 1943); <i>concolor</i> (Gay, 1847); <i>patagonica</i> (Merriam, 1901); <i>pearsoni</i> (Thomas, 1901); <i>puma</i> (Trouessart, 1904).","Reviewed by Currier (1983) as <i>Felis concolor</i>. Placed in <i>Puma</i> by Pocock (1917<i>a</i>), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), and Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>). Synonyms allocated according to Culver et al. (2000).","40","40-00204","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0204"
"14000205","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","concolor","concolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1771","","Mantissa Plantarum","2","","266","","","","""Brassilia"", restricted by Goldman (<i>In</i> Young and Goldman, 1946:200) to ""Cayenne region, French Guiana"".","","","","","40","40-00205","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0204-0205"
"14000206","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","concolor","anthonyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00206","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0204-0206"
"14000207","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","concolor","cabrerae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00207","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0204-0207"
"14000208","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","concolor","costaricensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00208","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0204-0208"
"14000209","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","concolor","couguar","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00209","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0204-0209"
"14000210","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","concolor","puma","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00210","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0204-0210"
"14000211","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","yagouaroundi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","É. Geoffory Saint-Hilaire","1803","","Catal. Mam. Mus. Hist. Nat.","","","124","","","Jaguarundi","""Paraguay"", restricted by Hershkovitz, (1951) to ""Cayenne, French Guiana"".","Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, USA (Arizona, Texas, Florida – introduced), Venezuela. Recently extinct in Uruguay.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>Herpailurus jagouaroundi </i>(North and Central American populations); otherwise Appendix II. U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>H. y. cacomitli</i>, <i>H. y. fossata</i>, <i>H. y. panamensis</i>, and <i>H. y. tolteca</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>Herpailurus yagouaroundi cacomitli</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Least Concern as <i>H. yagouaroundi</i>.","<i>jaguarondi</i>  (Fischer, 1814); <i>jaguarondi</i> (Sanderson, 1949); <i>unicolor</i> (Traill, 1819); <i>yaguarondi</i> (Lacépède, 1809); <i>yaguarundi</i> (Goeldi and Hagmann, 1904); <b><i>ameghinoi</i></b> (Holmberg, 1898); <i>yaguarondi</i> (Thomas, 1920); <b><i>cacomitli</i></b> (Berlandier, 1859); <i>apache</i> (Mearns, 1901); <b><i>eyra</i></b> (Fischer, 1814); <i>eira</i> (Desmarest, 1816); <i>darwini</i> (Martin, 1837); <i>yaguarundi</i> (Lahille, 1899); <b><i>fossata</i></b> (Mearns 1901); <b><i>melantho</i></b> (Thomas, 1914); <b><i>panamensis</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1904); <i>eyra</i> (Alfaro, 1897); <b><i>tolteca</i></b> (Thomas, 1898).","Others have used <i>yaguaroundi</i> Lacépède, 1809, or <i>yagouaroundi</i> Desmarest, 1816, however, the former is invalid and the latter is a junior synonym. Placed in <i>Herpailurus</i> by Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), and Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>). See comments under genus for its inclusion here. Reviewed by Oliveira (1998<i>b</i>). Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957) and Oliveira (1998<i>b</i>).","40","40-00211","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0211"
"14000212","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","yagouaroundi","yagouaroundi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","É. Geoffory Saint-Hilaire","1803","","Catal. Mam. Mus. Hist. Nat.","","","124","","","","""Paraguay"", restricted by Hershkovitz, (1951) to ""Cayenne, French Guiana"".","","","","","40","40-00212","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0211-0212"
"14000213","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","yagouaroundi","ameghinoi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Holmberg","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00213","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0211-0213"
"14000214","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","yagouaroundi","cacomitli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Berlandier","1859","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00214","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0211-0214"
"14000215","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","yagouaroundi","eyra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Fischer","1814","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00215","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0211-0215"
"14000216","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","yagouaroundi","fossata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00216","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0211-0216"
"14000217","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","yagouaroundi","melantho","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00217","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0211-0217"
"14000218","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","yagouaroundi","panamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00218","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0211-0218"
"14000219","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Felinae","","Puma","","yagouaroundi","tolteca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00219","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0004-0000-0203-0000-0211-0219"
"14000220","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Pocock","1917","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","20","","332","","","","","","","Neofelinae Kretzoi, 1929; Neofelina Kalandadze and Rautian, 1992; Pantherini<i> </i> Kalandadze, 1992.","Pocock's (1917<i>a</i>) original classification for this subfamily placed <i>Neofelis</i> in the Felinae. Most recent studies have considered these taxa as a monophyletic group (Bininda-Emonds et al., 1999; Hemmer, 1978; Herrington, 1986; Johnson and O'Brien, 1997; Mattern and McLennan, 2000; Salles, 1992; Weigel, 1961). Janczewski et al. (1995) argued that separation of <i>Neofelis</i> and <i>Uncia</i> made <i>Panthera</i> paraphytletic.","40","40-00220","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220"
"14000221","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Neofelis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1867","","265","","<i>Felis macrocelis </i>Horsfield, 1825 (= <i>Felis nebulosa</i> Griffith, 1821), by subsequent designation by Pocock (1917<i>a</i>).","","","","","","Placed in <i>Pantherinae</i> by Hemmer (1978) and Weigel (1961). Placed in <i>Neofelinae</i> by Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>). Pocock (1917<i>a</i>), Weigel (1961), Collier and O'Brien (1985), Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999), and Mattern and McLennan (2000) considered <i>Neofelis</i> either as the most primitive member of the Pantherinae, or as the first outgroup. Placed in Felinae by McKenna and Bell (1997). Considered a synonym of <i>Pardofelis</i> by Corbet and Hill (1992).","40","40-00221","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0221"
"14000222","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Neofelis","","nebulosa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Griffith","1821","","Gen. Particular Descrip. Vert. Anim. (Carn.)","","","p. 37, pl.","","","Clouded Leopard","""brought from Canton"" [China, Guangdong: Guangzhou].","Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra, Kalimantan), Laos, Malaysia, Burma, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>melli</i>  (Matschie, <i>in</i> Mell, 1922); <b><i>brachyura</i></b> (Swinhoe, 1862); <b><i>diardi</i></b> (G. Cuvier, 1823); <b><i>macrosceloides</i></b> (Hodgson, 1853); <i>macrocelis</i> (Tickell, 1843) [preoccupied].","Placed in <i>Neofelis</i> by Pocock (1917<i>a</i>), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), and Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>). Groves (1982<i>a</i>) placed in <i>Panthera.</i> Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00222","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0221-0000-0222"
"14000223","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Neofelis","","nebulosa","nebulosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Griffith","1821","","Gen. Particular Descrip. Vert. Anim. (Carn.)","","","p. 37, pl.","","","","""brought from Canton"" [China, Guangdong: Guangzhou].","","","","","40","40-00223","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0221-0000-0222-0223"
"14000224","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Neofelis","","nebulosa","brachyura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1862","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00224","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0221-0000-0222-0224"
"14000225","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Neofelis","","nebulosa","diardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00225","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0221-0000-0222-0225"
"14000226","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Neofelis","","nebulosa","macrosceloides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00226","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0221-0000-0222-0226"
"14000227","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Oken","1816","","Lehrb. Naturgesch","3","2","1052","","<i>Felis pardus</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation by J. A. Allen (1902).","","","","","<i>Jaguarius</i>  Severtzov, 1858; <i>Leo</i> Frisch 1775; <i>Leonina </i>Greve, 1894; <i>Leoninae</i> Wagner, 1841; <i>Pardotigris</i> Kretzoi, 1929, <i>Pardus</i> Fitzinger, 1868; <i>Tigrina </i>Greve, 1894; <i>Tigrinae</i> Wagner, 1841; <i>Tigris</i> Gray, 1843; <i>Tigris </i>Frisch, 1775.","Synonyms allocated according to McKenna and Bell (1997). Revised by Hemmer (1966, 1968, 1974). <i>Panthera</i> Oken, 1816, has been ruled available (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1985<i>c</i>). Includes <i>Tigris</i> following Pocock (1916<i>b</i>, 1929). Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>) included <i>Panthera</i> as a synonym of <i>Felis</i>.","40","40-00227","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227"
"14000228","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","leo","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","41","","","Lion","""Africa"", restricted by J. A. Allen (1924:222) to ""the Barbary coast region of Africa, or, more explicitly, Constantine, Algeria"".","Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau (?), India, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Recently extinct: Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, Gambia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait, Mauritania, Morocco, Pakistan, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, Tunisia, Western Sahara.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>P. l. persica</i>; otherwise Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>P. l. persica</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>P. l. persica</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Vulnerable.","<i>africana</i>  (Brehm, 1829); <i>barbaric</i>a (Meyer, 1826); <i>barbara</i> (Fisher, 1829); <i>nigra</i> (Loche, 1867); <i>nobilis</i> (Gray, 1867); <i>nubica</i> (de Blainville, 1843); <i>somaliensis</i> (Noack, 1891); <b><i>azandica</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1924); <b><i>bleyenberghi</i></b> (Lönnberg, 1914); <b><i>hollisteri</i></b> (J. A. Allen, 1924); <b><i>kamptzi</i></b> (Matschie, 1900); <b><i>krugeri</i></b> (Roberts, 1929); <b><i>massaica</i></b> (Neumann, 1900); <i>roosevelti</i> (Heller, 1913); <i>sabakiensis</i> (Lönnberg, 1908); <b><i>melanochaita</i></b> (C. E. H. Smith, 1858); <i>capensis</i> (J. B. Fischer, 1830) [preoccupied]; <b><i>nyanzae</i></b> (Heller, 1913); <b><i>persica</i></b> (Meyer, 1826); <i>asiaticus</i> (Brehm, 1829); <i>bengalensis</i> (Bennett, 1829); <i>goojratensis</i> (Smee, 1833); <i>indica </i>(de Blainville, 1843); <b><i>senegalensis</i></b><i> </i>(J. N. von Meyer, 1826); <i>gambiana</i> (Gray, 1843).","Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951); G. M. Allen (1939). Revised by Pocock (1930<i>c</i>). Placed in <i>Panthera</i> by Pocock (1930<i>c</i>), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>), and Groves (1982<i>a</i>).","40","40-00228","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0228"
"14000229","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","leo","leo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","41","","","","""Africa"", restricted by J. A. Allen (1924:222) to ""the Barbary coast region of Africa, or, more explicitly, Constantine, Algeria"".","","","","","40","40-00229","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0228-0229"
"14000230","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","leo","azandica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00230","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0228-0230"
"14000231","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","leo","bleyenberghi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00231","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0228-0231"
"14000232","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","leo","hollisteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00232","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0228-0232"
"14000233","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","leo","kamptzi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00233","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0228-0233"
"14000234","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","leo","krugeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00234","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0228-0234"
"14000235","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","leo","massaica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00235","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0228-0235"
"14000236","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","leo","melanochaita","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","C. E. H. Smith","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00236","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0228-0236"
"14000237","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","leo","nyanzae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00237","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0228-0237"
"14000238","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","leo","persica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Meyer","1826","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00238","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0228-0238"
"14000239","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","leo","senegalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. N. von Meyer","1826","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00239","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0228-0239"
"14000240","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","onca","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","42","","","Jaguar","""America meridionali"", fixed by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:136) as ""Pernambuco"" [Brazil].","Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela. Recently extinct in United States, El Salvador, and Uruguay.","CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Near Threatened.","<i>boliviensis</i>  (Nelson and Goldman, 1933); <i>coxi</i> (Nelson and Goldman, 1933); <i>jaguapara</i> (Liais, 1872); <i>jaguar</i> (Link, 1795); <i>jaguarete</i> (Liais, 1872); <i>jaguatyrica</i> (Liais, 1872); <i>madeirae</i> (Nelson and Goldman, 1933); <i>major</i> (J. B. Fischer, 1830); <i>mexianae</i> (Hagmann, 1908); <i>minor</i> (J. B. Fisher, 1830); <i>nigra</i> (Wagner, 1841); <i>onza</i> (Brehm, 1876); <i>ucayalae</i> (Nelson and Goldman, 1933); <b><i>arizonensis</i></b> (Goldman, 1932); <b><i>centralis</i></b> (Mearns, 1901); <i>onca </i>(Alfaro, 1897) [preoccupied]; <b><i>goldmani</i></b> (Mearns, 1901); <i>gikdnabu </i>(Goldman, 1932); <b><i>hernandesii</i></b> (J. E. Gray, 1857); <b><i>palustris</i></b> (Ameghino, 1888); <i>antiqua</i> (Ameghino, 1889); <i>fossilis</i> (Ameghino, 1889); <i>onssa</i> (Ihering, 1911); <i>proplatensis</i> (Ameghino, 1904); <b><i>paraguensis</i></b> (Hollister, 1914); <i>milleri</i> (Nelson and Goldman, 1933); <i>notialis</i> (Hollister, 1914); <i>paulensis</i> (Nelson and Goldman, 1933); <i>ramsayi</i> (Miller, 1930); <b><i>peruviana</i></b> (de Blainville, 1843); <i>onza</i> (Tschudi, 1844); <i>peruviana</i> (Hoffstetter, 1952); <b><i>veraecruscis</i></b> (Nelson and Goldman, 1933).","Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981), Seymour (1989) and Cabrera (1957). Revised by Nelson and Goldman (1933<i>a</i>), Pocock (1939<i>b</i>), and Larson (1997). Placed in <i>Panthera</i> by Pocock (1939<i>b</i>), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>), and Groves (1982<i>a</i>). Reviewed by Seymour (1989). A multivariate analysis of skull morphology could not discriminate among subspecies (Larson, 1997).","40","40-00240","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0240"
"14000241","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","onca","onca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","42","","","","""America meridionali"", fixed by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:136) as ""Pernambuco"" [Brazil].","","","","","40","40-00241","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0240-0241"
"14000242","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","onca","arizonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00242","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0240-0242"
"14000243","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","onca","centralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00243","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0240-0243"
"14000244","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","onca","goldmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00244","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0240-0244"
"14000245","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","onca","hernandesii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. E. Gray","1857","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00245","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0240-0245"
"14000246","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","onca","palustris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ameghino","1888","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00246","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0240-0246"
"14000247","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","onca","paraguensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00247","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0240-0247"
"14000248","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","onca","peruviana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Blainville","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00248","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0240-0248"
"14000249","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","onca","veraecruscis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00249","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0240-0249"
"14000250","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","pardus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","41","","","Leopard","""Indiis"", fixed by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:135), as ""Egypt""; see discussion by Pocock (1930).","Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Arabia, Armenia, Botswana, Burma, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Dem. Rep. Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, India, Indonesia (Java), Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Liberia, Laos, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, North and South Korea, Pakistan, Republic of Congo, Russia, Saudia Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered (except in Africa, in the wild, south of, and including Gabon, Republic of Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, and Kenya, where this species is Threatened). IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>P. p. nimr</i>,<i> P. p. orientalis</i>,<i> P. p. panthera</i>,<i> </i>and <i>P. p. tulliana</i>, Endangered as <i>P. p. japonensis</i>,<i> P. p. kotiya</i>,<i> P. p. melas</i>,<i> </i>and <i>P. p. saxicolor</i>, otherwise Least Concern.","<i>adersi</i>  Pocock, 1932; <i>adusta</i> Pocock, 1927; <i>antinorii</i> (de Beaux, 1924); <i>barbara</i> (de Blainville, 1843); <i>brockmani</i> Pocock, 1932; <i>centralis</i> (Lönnberg, 1917); <i>chui</i> (Heller, 1913); <i>fortis</i> (Heller, 1913); <i>leoparda</i> (Schreber, 1775); <i>melanosticta</i> (Lydekker, 1908); <i>melanotica</i> (Gunther, 1885); <i>minor</i> (Matschie, 1895); <i>nanoparda</i> (Thomas, 1904); <i>palearia</i> (F. G. Cuvier, 1832); <i>panthera</i> (Schreber, 1777); <i>poecilura</i> (Valenciennes, 1856); <i>puella</i> (Pocock, 1932); <i>reichenowi</i> Cabrera, 1918; <i>ruwenzorii</i> (Camerano, 1906); <i>shortridgei</i> Pocock, 1932; <i>suahelicus</i> (Neumann, 1900); <i>varia </i>(J. E. Gray, 1843); <i>vulgaris</i> (Oken, 1816); <b><i>delacouri</i></b> Pocock, 1930; <i>variegata</i> (Lydekker, 1914) [preoccupied]; <b><i>fusca</i></b> (Meyer, 1794); <i>antiquorum</i> Fitzinger, 1868; <i>centralis</i> (Lönnberg, 1917); <i>chinenesis</i> (Brass, 1904); <i>iturensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1924; <i>longicaudata</i> (Valenciennes, 1856); <i>melas</i> (Pousargues, 1896); <i>millardi</i> Pocock, 1930; <i>pernigra</i> (J. E. Gray, 1863); <i>variegata</i> (G. M. Allen, 1912); <b><i>japonensis</i></b> (J. E. Gray, 1862); <i>bedfordi</i> Pocock, 1930; <i>chinensis</i> (J. E. Gray, 1867); <i>fontanierii</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1867); <i>grayi</i> (Trouessart, 1904); <i>hanensis </i>Matschie, 1907; <b><i>kotiya</i></b><i> </i>Deraniyagala, 1956; <b><i>melas</i></b> G. Cuvier, 1809; <i>variegata</i> (Wagner, 1841) [preoccupied]; <b><i>nimr</i> </b>(Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833); <i>ciscaucasica</i> (Satunin, 1914); <i>dathei</i> Zukowsky, 1964; <i>jarvisi</i> Pocock, 1932; <i>leoparda</i> (Sclater, 1878); <i>saxicolor</i> Pocock, 1927; <i>sindica</i> Pocock, 1930; <i>tulliana</i> (Valenciennes, 1856); <b><i>orientalis</i></b> (Schlegel, 1857); <i>villosa</i> (Bonhote, 1903).","Placed in <i>Panthera</i> by Pocock (1930<i>a, b</i>), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>), and Groves (1982<i>a</i>). Revised by Pocock (1930<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, 1932<i>c</i>) and Miththapala et al. (1996). Synonyms allocated according to Miththapala et al. (1996).","40","40-00250","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0250"
"14000251","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","pardus","pardus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","41","","","","""Indiis"", fixed by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:135), as ""Egypt""; see discussion by Pocock (1930).","","","","","40","40-00251","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0250-0251"
"14000252","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","pardus","delacouri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00252","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0250-0252"
"14000253","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","pardus","fusca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Meyer","1794","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00253","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0250-0253"
"14000254","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","pardus","japonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. E. Gray","1862","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00254","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0250-0254"
"14000255","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","pardus","kotiya","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Deraniyagala","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00255","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0250-0255"
"14000256","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","pardus","melas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1809","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00256","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0250-0256"
"14000257","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","pardus","nimr","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00257","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0250-0257"
"14000258","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","pardus","orientalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schlegel","1857","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00258","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0250-0258"
"14000259","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","tigris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","41","","","Tiger","""Asia"", fixed by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:135) as ""Bengal"" [India].","Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra only), Laos, Malaysia, Burma, Nepal, Russia, Vietnam. Recently extinct in: Afghanistan, Georgia, Bali, Java, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Singapore, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extict as <i>P. t. balica</i>,<i> P. t. sondaica</i>,<i> </i>and <i>P. t. virgata</i>,<i> </i>Critically Endangered as <i>P. t. altaica</i>,<i> P. t. amoyensis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>P. t. sumatrae</i>, otherwise Endangered.","<i>fluviatilis</i>  (Sterndale, 1884); <i>montana </i>(Sterndale, 1884); <i>regalis</i> (J. E. Gray, 1842); <i>striata</i> (Severtzov, 1858); <b><i>altaica</i></b> Temminck, 1844; <i>amurensis</i> (Dode, 1871); <i>coreensis</i> (Brass, 1904); <i>longipilis</i> (Fitzinger, 1868); <i>mandshurica</i> (Baykov, 1925); <i>mikadoi</i> (Satunin, 1915); <b><i>amoyensis</i></b> (Hilzheimer, 1905); <i>styani</i> (Pocock, 1929); <b><i>balica</i></b> Schwarz, 1912; <b><i>corbetti</i></b> Mazak, 1968; <b><i>sondaica</i></b> Temminck, 1844; <b><i>sumatrae</i></b> Pocock, 1929; <b><i>virgata</i></b> (Illiger, 1815); <i>septentrionalis</i> (Satunin, 1904); <i>trabata</i> (Schwarz, 1916).","Synonyms allocated according to Mazák (1981). Revised by Pocock (1929) and Mazák (1979, 1981). Placed in <i>Panthera </i>by Pocock (1929), Weigel (1961), Hemmer (1978), Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>), and Groves (1982<i>a</i>).","40","40-00259","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0259"
"14000260","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","tigris","tigris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","41","","","","""Asia"", fixed by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:135) as ""Bengal"" [India].","","","","","40","40-00260","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0259-0260"
"14000261","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","tigris","altaica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00261","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0259-0261"
"14000262","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","tigris","amoyensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hilzheimer","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00262","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0259-0262"
"14000263","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","tigris","balica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00263","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0259-0263"
"14000264","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","tigris","corbetti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mazak","1968","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00264","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0259-0264"
"14000265","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","tigris","sondaica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00265","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0259-0265"
"14000266","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","tigris","sumatrae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00266","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0259-0266"
"14000267","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Panthera","","tigris","virgata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Illiger","1815","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00267","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0227-0000-0259-0267"
"14000268","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Uncia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1854","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2","14","","394","","<i>Felis irbis</i> Ehrenberg, 1830 (= <i>Felis uncia</i> Schreber, 1775), by subsequent designation (Palmer, 1904).","","","","","","Revised by Pocock (1916<i>b</i>). Yu et al. (1996) considered <i>Uncia</i> congeneric with <i>Panthera</i>.","40","40-00268","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0268"
"14000269","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Felidae","Pantherinae","","Uncia","","uncia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","2","14","pl. 100[1775]; see also text, 3(22):386-7[1777]","","","Snow leopard","""Barbarey, Persien, Ostindien, und China"", restricted by Pocock (1930<i>c</i>:332) to ""Altai Mountains"".","Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>baikalensis-romanii</i> Medvedev, 2000; <i>irbis</i> (Ehrenberg, 1830); <i>schneideri</i> (Zukowsky, 1950); <i>uncioides</i> (Horsfield, 1855).","Revised by Pocock (1930<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>). Placed in <i>Uncia</i> by Pocock (1930<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), Weigel (1961), Kratochvíl (1982<i>c</i>), and Heptner et al. (1967<i>a</i>). Placed in <i>Uncia</i> and reviewed by Hemmer (1972). Status of proposed subspecies <i>baikalensisromanii </i>needs evaluation, see Medvedev (2000).","40","40-00269","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0220-0000-0268-0000-0269"
"14000270","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","1821","","301","","","","","","","","Does not include (1) Herpestinae Bonaparte, 1845 or Galidiinae Gray, 1865 (Flynn et al., 1988; Gregory and Hellman, 1939; Hunt, 1987; Pocock, 1916<i>c</i>, 1919; Radinsky, 1975; Thenius, 1972; Wozencraft, 1989<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>; Wurster and Benirschke, 1968); (2) <i>Nandinia</i> (Flynn and Nedbal, 1998; Hunt, 2001; Veron and Heard, 2000; Yoder et al., 2003); and (3) <i>Cryptoprocta</i>, <i>Eupleres</i>, and <i>Fossa</i> (Veron, 1995; Veron and Catzeflis, 1993; Veron and Heard, 2000; Yoder et al., 2003). The viverrids are one of the most problematic families of carnivores. Hunt (2001)<i> </i>placed the members of this family into six subfamilies: Prionodontinae (incl. <i>Prionodon</i>, <i>Poiana</i>, and <i>Genetta</i>); Viverrinae (incl. <i>Viverra</i>, <i>Viverricula</i>, <i>Osbornictis</i>, and <i>Civettictis</i>); Euplerinae (incl. <i>Fossa</i> and <i>Eupleres</i>); Cryptoproctinae (<i>Cryptoprocta</i>); Hemigalinae (incl. <i>Hemigalus</i>, <i>Diplogale</i>, <i>Chrotogale</i>, and <... [truncated]","40","40-00270","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270"
"14000271","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1864","1865","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","","508","","","","","","","Arctictidina Gray, 1864; Arctictidae Cope, 1882; Arctogalidiinae Pocock, 1933; Arctogalidiini Simpson, 1945; Paradoxurida Gregory and Hellman, 1939; Paradoxurini Simpson, 1945.","","40","40-00271","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271"
"14000272","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctictis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Temminck","1824","","Prospectus de Monographies de Mammifères","","","xxi [issued March, 1824]","","<i>Viverra binturong</i> Raffles, 1821, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Ictides</i>  Valenciennes, 1825.","First placed in Paradoxurinae by Gray (1869).","40","40-00272","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0272"
"14000273","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctictis","","binturong","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","253","","","Binturong","""Malacca"".","Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, China (Yunnan), India (incl. Sikkim), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Java, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippine Isls (Palawan), Thailand, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>A. b. whitei</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ater</i> (F. Cuvier and E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824); <i>gairdneri </i>Thomas, 1916; <b><i>albifrons</i></b><i> </i>(F. G. Cuvier, 1822); <i>niasensis </i>Lyon, 1916; <b><i>kerkhoveni</i></b><i> </i>Sody, 1936; <b><i>menglaensis</i></b><i> </i>Wang and Li, 1987; <b><i>penicillatus</i></b><i> </i>Temminck, 1835; <i>pageli </i>Schwarz, 1911; <b><i>whitei</i></b><i> </i>J. A. Allen, 1910.","Revised by Pocock (1933<i>a</i>). Synonyms allocated according to Pocock (1933<i>a</i>, 1941<i>a</i>), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), and D. D. Davis (1962).","40","40-00273","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0272-0000-0273"
"14000274","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctictis","","binturong","binturong","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","253","","","","""Malacca"".","","","","","40","40-00274","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0272-0000-0273-0274"
"14000275","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctictis","","binturong","albifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1822","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00275","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0272-0000-0273-0275"
"14000276","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctictis","","binturong","kerkhoveni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00276","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0272-0000-0273-0276"
"14000277","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctictis","","binturong","menglaensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wang and Li","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00277","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0272-0000-0273-0277"
"14000278","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctictis","","binturong","penicillatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00278","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0272-0000-0273-0278"
"14000279","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctictis","","binturong","whitei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00279","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0272-0000-0273-0279"
"14000280","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","Science","5","","302","","<i>Paradoxurus trivirgatus</i> Gray, 1832, by monotypy through the replaced name <i>Arctogale</i> Gray, 1865 (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Arctogale</i>  Gray, 1865.","Gray's (1864[1865]) generic name stood until Merriam (1897) pointed out that the name <i>Arctogale</i> was preoccupied (= <i>Arctogale erminea</i> Kaup, 1829).","40","40-00280","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280"
"14000281","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1832","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1832","","68","","","Small-toothed Palm Civet","""from a specimen in the Leyden Museum, sent from the Molúccas"", restricted by Jentink (1887) to ""Java, Buitenzorg"" [= Indonesia, Java, Bogor] (see comments).","Bangladesh, Burma, China (Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.","IUCN – Endangered as <i>A. t. trilineata</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc)<i>.</i>","<b><i>bancana</i> </b><i> </i>Schwarz, 1913; <b><i>fusca</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1906; <i>depressa </i>Miller, 1913; <b><i>inornata</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1901; <b><i>leucotis</i></b><i> </i>Horsfield, 1851; <i>prehensilis </i>Sclater, 1877; <b><i>macra</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1913; <b><i>major</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1906; <b><i>millsi</i></b><i> </i>Wroughton, 1921; <b><i>minor</i></b><i> </i>Lyon, 1906; <b><i>simplex</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1902; <i>mima </i>Miller, 1913; <b><i>stigmaticus</i></b><i> </i>(Temminck, 1853); <i>bicolor </i>Miller, 1913; <b><i>sumatrana</i></b><i> </i>Lyon, 1908; <b><i>tingia</i></b><i> </i>Lyon, 1908; <b><i>trilineata</i></b> Wagner, 1841.","Revised by Pocock (1933<i>a</i>) and Van Bemmel (1952). Gray (1832) originally described the type from the ""Moluccas""; later Temminck (1841) referred to the same specimen as being from ""Java"". Gray (1843), then corrected the presumed geographic error and listed the same type as from ""Malacca"". Jentink (1887) listed the same type from ""Buitenzorg"". However, Van Bemmel (1952) stated that the collector, Reinwardt, was in the eastern part of the Indo-Australian Archipelago in 1821 and the type did not match other specimens from Java. Synonyms allocated according to Pocock (1933<i>a</i>) except that Pocock placed <i>leucotis</i>, <i>millsi</i> and <i>macra</i> in a separate species (=<i>leucotis</i>). Corbet and Hill (1992) proposed three subspecies: Mainland north of the Isthmus of Kra (<i>leucotis</i>); Malaya, Sumatra, and Borneo (<i>trivirgata</i>); and Java (<i>trilineata</i>).","40","40-00281","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281"
"14000282","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","trivirgata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1832","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1832","","68","","","","""from a specimen in the Leyden Museum, sent from the Molúccas"", restricted by Jentink (1887) to ""Java, Buitenzorg"" [= Indonesia, Java, Bogor] (see comments).","","","","","40","40-00282","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281-0282"
"14000283","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","bancana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00283","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281-0283"
"14000284","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","fusca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00284","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281-0284"
"14000285","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","inornata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00285","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281-0285"
"14000286","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","leucotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1851","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00286","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281-0286"
"14000287","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","macra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00287","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281-0287"
"14000288","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","major","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00288","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281-0288"
"14000289","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","millsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00289","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281-0289"
"14000290","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00290","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281-0290"
"14000291","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","simplex","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00291","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281-0291"
"14000292","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","stigmaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00292","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281-0292"
"14000293","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","sumatrana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00293","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281-0293"
"14000294","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","tingia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00294","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281-0294"
"14000295","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Arctogalidia","","trivirgata","trilineata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00295","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0280-0000-0281-0295"
"14000296","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Macrogalidia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Schwarz","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","8","","423","","<i>Paradoxurus musschenbroekii</i> Schlegel, 1877, by monotypy.","","","","","","First placed in the Paradoxurinae by Pocock (1933<i>a</i>).","40","40-00296","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0296"
"14000297","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Macrogalidia","","musschenbroekii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schlegel","1877","","Prosp. Mus. Publ.","1877","","[unnumbered]","","","Sulawesi Palm Civet","""in the Northern parts of the isle of Celebes"", restriced by Jentink (1887), to ""Celebes, Menado-Kinilo"" [Indonesia, Kinilou, 1°22'N, 124°51'E].","Indonesia (Sulawesi).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Schlegel (1877) circulated an unnumbered ""Prospectus,"" for the ""Annals of the Royal Zoological Museum of the Netherlands at Leyden"", which contained the first mention of the new species. The prospectus was to preceed the first issue of the new ""Annals"" which was never printed. He republished the type description in the Notes of the Leyden Museum (1879).","40","40-00297","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0296-0000-0297"
"14000298","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1831","","Proc. Comm. Sci. Corres. Zool. Soc. London","1831","","94","","<i>Gulo larvatus</i> C. E. H. Smith, 1827.","","","","","<i>Ambliodon</i>  Jourdan, 1837.","Reviewed by Pocock (1933<i>c</i>).","40","40-00298","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298"
"14000299","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","C. E. H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Anim. Kingdom","2","","281","","","Masked Palm Civet","Not given. Fixed by Temminck (1841) as ""Nepal"". Gray (1864) discounted this because he knew of no specimens from Nepal, and reassigned the name to two specimens from Canton, China collected by J. R. Reeve (Pocock, 1934<i>b</i>).","Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China (Hainan north to Hopei, Shanxi and the vicinity of Beijing), India (and S Andaman Isls), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Japan (introduced), Laos, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak, West), Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>reevesi</i> Matschie, 1907; <i>rivalis </i>Thomas, 1921; <b><i>chichingensis</i></b> Wang, 1981; <b><i>grayi</i></b><i> </i>(Bennett, 1835); <i>nipalensis </i>(Hodgson, 1836); <b><i>hainana</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1909; <b><i>intrudens</i></b><i> </i>Wroughton, 1910; <i>vagans </i>Kloss, 1919; <i>yunalis </i>Thomas, 1921; <b><i>janetta</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1928; <b><i>jourdanii</i></b><i> </i>(J. E. Gray, 1837); <i>aurata </i>(de Blainville, 1842); <i>annectens </i>Robinson and Kloss, 1917; <i>dore </i>(Jourdan, 1837); <b><i>lanigera</i></b><i> </i>(Hodgson, 1836); <i>grayi </i>Wroughton, 1918; <i>laniger </i>(Hodgson, 1841); <b><i>leucomystax</i></b><i> </i>(J. E. Gray, 1837); <b><i>neglecta</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1934; <b><i>nigriceps</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1939; <b><i>ogilbyi</i></b><i> </i>(Fraser, 1846); <i>leucocephala </i>J. E. Gray, 1864; <i>rubidus </i>(Blyth, 1858); <b><i>robusta</i></b><i> </i>(Miller, 1906); <b><i>taivana</i></b><i> </i>Swinhoe, 1862; <b><i>tytlerii</i></b><i> </i>(Tytler, 1864); <b><i>wroughtoni</i></b><i> </i>Schwarz, 1913.","Pocock (1934<i>b</i>) included <i>Paradoxurus tytlerii.</i> <i>P. lanigera</i>,<i> </i>the ""imperfect, no doubt immature skin, without skull (B.M. no. 43.1.12.103)"" provisionally recognized as separate by Pocock (1941<i>a</i>:416) does not contain diagnostic features that would definitively align the specimen with <i>Paguma</i> (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951). Synonyms allocated according to Pocock (1934<i>b</i>) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00299","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299"
"14000300","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","larvata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","C. E. H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Anim. Kingdom","2","","281","","","","Not given. Fixed by Temminck (1841) as ""Nepal"". Gray (1864) discounted this because he knew of no specimens from Nepal, and reassigned the name to two specimens from Canton, China collected by J. R. Reeve (Pocock, 1934<i>b</i>).","","","","","40","40-00300","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0300"
"14000301","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","chichingensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wang","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00301","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0301"
"14000302","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","grayi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00302","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0302"
"14000303","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","hainana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00303","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0303"
"14000304","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","intrudens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00304","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0304"
"14000305","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","janetta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00305","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0305"
"14000306","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","jourdanii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. E. Gray","1837","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00306","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0306"
"14000307","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","lanigera","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","40","40-00307","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0307"
"14000308","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","leucomystax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. E. Gray","1837","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00308","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0308"
"14000309","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","neglecta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00309","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0309"
"14000310","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","nigriceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00310","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0310"
"14000311","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","ogilbyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Fraser","1846","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00311","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0311"
"14000312","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","robusta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00312","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0312"
"14000313","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","taivana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1862","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00313","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0313"
"14000314","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","tytlerii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tytler","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00314","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0314"
"14000315","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paguma","","larvata","wroughtoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00315","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0298-0000-0299-0315"
"14000316","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1821","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 2","3","24","""Martre des Palmiers"", 5 pp., 1 pl.","","<i>Paradoxurus typus</i> F. Cuvier, 1821 (= Viverra hermaphrodita Pallas, 1777), by indication (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Bondar</i> Gray, 1865; <i>Macrodus </i>Gray, 1865; <i>Platyschista </i>Otto, 1835.","Revised by Pocock (1933<i>c</i>, 1934<i>a</i>).","40","40-00316","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316"
"14000317","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1777","","<i>In</i> Schreber, Die Säugethiere","3","25","426 [1777]","","","Asian Palm Civet","Uncertain. ""Das Vaterland des beschreibenen Thieres ist die Barbarey"". Listed as ""India?"" by Corbet and Hill (1992).","Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippine Isls, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; scattered records in Sulawesi, Moluccas, and Aru Isls, probably resulting from introductions.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>P. h. lignicolor</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>felinus</i> Wagner, 1841; <i>fuliginosus </i>Gray, 1832; <i>laneus </i>Pocock, 1934; <i>niger </i>Blanford, 1885; <i>nigra </i>(Desmarest, 1820); <i>pallasii </i>(Otto, 1835); <i>typus </i>F. G. Cuvier and Geoffroy, 1821; <b><i>balicus</i></b><i> </i>Sody, 1933; <b><i>bondar</i></b><i> </i>(Desmarest, 1820); <i>crossi </i>Gray, 1832; <i>hirsutus </i>Hodgson, 1836; <i>pennantii </i>Gray, 1832; <i>strictus </i>Horsfield (Hodgson, 1855 MS.); <b><i>canescens</i></b><i> </i>Lyon, 1907; <b><i>canus</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1913; <b><i>cochinensis</i></b><i> </i>Schwarz, 1911; <i>kutensis </i>Chasen and Kloss, 1916; <b><i>dongfangensis</i></b><i> </i>Corbet and Hill, 1992; <i>hainanus </i>Wang and Xu, 1981 [preoccupied]; <b><i>enganus</i></b><i> </i>Lyon, 1916; <b><i>exitus</i></b><i> </i>Schwarz, 1911; <b><i>javanica</i></b><i> </i>Horsfield, 1824; <i>dubius </i>Gray, 1832; <i>macrodus </i>Gray, 1864; <b><i>kangeanus</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1910; <b><i>laotum</i></b><i> </i>Gyldenstolpe, 1917; <i>birmanicus </i>Wroughton, 1917; <b><i>lignicolor </i></b>Miller, 1903; <i>siberu </i>Chasen and Kloss, 1928; <b><i>milleri</i></b><i> </i>Kloss, 1908; <i>fuscus </i>Miller, 1913; <b><i>minor</i></b><i> </i>Bonhote, 1903; <i>ravus </i>Miller, 1913; <b><i>musanga</i></b><i> </i>(Raffles, 1821); <i>brunneipes </i>Miller, 1906; <i>cantori </i>Pocock, 1934; <i>fossa </i>(Marsden, 1811) [preoccupied]; <i>musangoides </i>Gray, 1837; <i>padangus </i>Lyon, 1908; <i>sumatrensis </i>Fischer, 1829; <b><i>nictitans</i></b><i> </i>Taylor, 1891; <b><i>pallasii</i></b><i> </i>Gray, 1832; <i>nigrifons </i>Gray, 1864; <i>prehensilis </i>Desmarest, 1820 [preoccupied]; <i>quadriscriptus </i>Horsfield (Hodgson, 1855 MS.); <i>strictus </i>Wroughton, 1917; <i>vicinus </i>Schwarz, 1910; <b><i>pallens</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1913; <b><i>parvus</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1913; <i>enganus </i>Lyon, 1916; <b><i>philippinensis</i></b><i> </i>Jourdan, 1837; <i>baritensis </i>L&#337;nnberg, 1925; <i>minax </i>Thomas, 1909; <i>sabanus </i>Thomas, 1909; <i>torvus </i>Thomas, 1909; <b><i>pugnax</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1913; <b><i>pulcher</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1913; <b><i>sacer</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1913; <b><i>scindiae</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1934; <b><i>senex</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1913; <b><i>setosus</i></b><i> </i>Jacquinot and Pucheran, 1853; <i>celebensis </i>Schwarz, 1911; <b><i>simplex</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1913; <b><i>sumbanus</i></b><i> </i>Schwarz, 1910; <b><i>vellerosus</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1934.","Two primary systematic studies – Chasen and Kloss (1927) and Pocock (1934<i>a</i>) – considered <i>lignicolor</i> Miller, 1903 (an insular population) as conspecific. However, Pocock did not directly study Miller’s (1903<i>b</i>) type specimen. Corbet and Hill’s (1992) review separated <i>lignicolor</i> from other <i>hermaphroditus </i>and perhaps it should best be listed as <i>incertae sedis</i>. They point out the pelage differences (a paler tail, and a more uniform body color). Synonyms allocated according to Pocock (1933<i>c</i>, 1934<i>a</i>) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00317","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317"
"14000318","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","hermaphroditus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1777","","<i>In</i> Schreber, Die Säugethiere","3","25","426 [1777]","","","","Uncertain. ""Das Vaterland des beschreibenen Thieres ist die Barbarey"". Listed as ""India?"" by Corbet and Hill (1992).","","","","","40","40-00318","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0318"
"14000319","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","balicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00319","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0319"
"14000320","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","bondar","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1820","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00320","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0320"
"14000321","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","canescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00321","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0321"
"14000322","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","canus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00322","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0322"
"14000323","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","cochinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00323","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0323"
"14000324","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","dongfangensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Corbet and Hill","1992","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00324","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0324"
"14000325","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","enganus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00325","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0325"
"14000326","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","exitus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00326","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0326"
"14000327","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","javanica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1824","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00327","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0327"
"14000328","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","kangeanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00328","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0328"
"14000329","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","laotum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gyldenstolpe","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00329","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0329"
"14000330","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","lignicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","40","40-00330","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0330"
"14000331","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","milleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00331","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0331"
"14000332","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00332","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0332"
"14000333","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","musanga","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1821","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00333","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0333"
"14000334","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","nictitans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taylor","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00334","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0334"
"14000335","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","pallasii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1832","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00335","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0335"
"14000336","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","pallens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00336","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0336"
"14000337","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","parvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00337","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0337"
"14000338","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","philippinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jourdan","1837","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00338","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0338"
"14000339","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","pugnax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00339","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0339"
"14000340","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","pulcher","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00340","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0340"
"14000341","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","sacer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00341","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0341"
"14000342","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","scindiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00342","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0342"
"14000343","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","senex","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00343","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0343"
"14000344","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","setosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jacquinot and Pucheran","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00344","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0344"
"14000345","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","simplex","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00345","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0345"
"14000346","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","sumbanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00346","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0346"
"14000347","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","hermaphroditus","vellerosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00347","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0317-0347"
"14000348","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","jerdoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1885","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1885","","613, 802","","","Jerdon's Palm Civet","""Kodaikanal, on the Palni (or Pulney) hills in the Madura district, Madras Presidency"" [India, Tamil Nadu Province, Palni Hills, Kodaikanal; 10°15'N, 77°31'E].","S India.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Vulnerable.","<b><i>caniscus</i> </b><i> </i>Pocock, 1933.","Synonyms allocated according to Pocock (1933<i>c</i>) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00348","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0348"
"14000349","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","jerdoni","jerdoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1885","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1885","","613, 802","","","","""Kodaikanal, on the Palni (or Pulney) hills in the Madura district, Madras Presidency"" [India, Tamil Nadu Province, Palni Hills, Kodaikanal; 10°15'N, 77°31'E].","","","","","40","40-00349","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0348-0349"
"14000350","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","jerdoni","caniscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00350","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0348-0350"
"14000351","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Paradoxurinae","","Paradoxurus","","zeylonensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1778","","Die Säugethiere","3","26","451","","","Golden Palm Civet","""Ceylon"" [= Sri Lanka].","Endemic to Sri Lanka.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aureus</i> F. G. Cuvier, 1822; <i>fuscus </i>Kelaart, 1852; <i>montanus </i>Kelaart, 1852; <i>zeylanica </i>(Gmelin, 1788).","","40","40-00351","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0271-0000-0316-0000-0351"
"14000352","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1864","1865","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","","508","","","","","","","Cynogalina Gray, 1865; Cynogalidae Gray, 1869; Cynogalini Simpson, 1945; Hemigalida Gregory and Hellman, 1939; Hemigalini Simpson, 1945.","Simpson (1945) also included <i>Eupleres</i> and <i>Fossa</i>, following Pocock (1915<i>b</i>). Pocock (1933<i>d</i>) and Gregory and Hellman (1939) placed <i>Cynogale</i> in the monotypic Cynogalinae, although both recognized the close relationship of <i>Cynogale</i> to other hemigalines. Placed in Hemigalinae by Simpson (1945) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00352","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352"
"14000353","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","Chrotogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1912","106","17","","<i>Chrotogale owstoni</i> Thomas, 1912, by monotypy.","","","","","","Corbet and Hill (1992) suggested that <i>Chrotogale</i> and <i>Hemigalus</i> are congeneric. This has not been supported by morphological or molecular studies (Veron and Heard, 2000).","40","40-00353","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352-0000-0353"
"14000354","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","Chrotogale","","owstoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1912","106","17","","","Owston's Palm Civet","""Yen-bay, on the Song-koi River, Tonkin"" [Vietnam: Yen Bay on the Songhoi River; 21°43'N 104°54'E].","China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Laos, Vietnam.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Revised by Pocock (1933<i>d</i>).","40","40-00354","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352-0000-0353-0000-0354"
"14000355","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","Cynogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","88","","<i>Cynogale bennettii</i> Gray, 1837, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Lamictis</i>  de Blainville, 1837; <i>Potamophilus</i> Müller, 1838.","","40","40-00355","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352-0000-0355"
"14000356","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","Cynogale","","bennettii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","88","","","Otter Civet","""Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered; <i>Cynogale</i> populations from Vietnam (<i>C. b. lowei</i>) considered by IUCN to have high conservation priority status for viverrids (Schreiber et al., 1989).","<i>barbatus</i> Müller, 1838; <i>carcharias </i>de<i> </i>Blainville, 1837; <b><i>lowei</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1933<i>.</i>","Revised by Pocock (1933<i>d</i>). Includes <i>C. lowei</i>, which is known only from the type, a poorly preserved juvenile skin from N Vietnam (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951). Schreiber et al. (1989) and Corbet and Hill (1992) recognized <i>lowei</i> as a separate species, however primary systematic studies are lacking. Synonyms allocated according to Pocock (1933<i>d</i>).","40","40-00356","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352-0000-0355-0000-0356"
"14000357","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","Cynogale","","bennettii","bennettii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","88","","","","""Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","","","","","40","40-00357","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352-0000-0355-0000-0356-0357"
"14000358","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","Cynogale","","bennettii","lowei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00358","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352-0000-0355-0000-0356-0358"
"14000359","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","Diplogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1912","106","18","","<i>Hemigale hosei</i> Thomas, 1892, by original designation.","","","","","","","40","40-00359","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352-0000-0359"
"14000360","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","Diplogale","","hosei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","9","","250","","","Hose's Palm Civet","""Mount Dulit, N. Borneo, 4000 ft"" [Malaysia, Sarawak, Gunung Dulit, 3°15'N, 114°15'E, 1219 m].","Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Thomas published two accounts of the type description in 1892, one printed in August (Thomas, 1892<i>a</i>), and another printed in October (Thomas, 1892<i>b</i>). Although Pocock (1933<i>d</i>) and Corbet and Hill (1992) supported Thomas (1912<i>d</i>) in separating this species into <i>Diplogale</i>; Chasen (1940), Medway (1977), and Payne et al. (1985) did not.","40","40-00360","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352-0000-0359-0000-0360"
"14000361","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","Hemigalus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Jourdan","1837","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","5","","442","","<i>Hemigalus zebra</i> Jourdan, 1837 (= <i>Paradoxurus derbyanus</i> Gray, 1837) by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Hemigale</i>  Gray, 1865; <i>Hemigalea </i>Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and de Blainville, 1837.","Corbet and Hill (1992) included <i>Chrotogale </i>but excluded <i>Diplogale</i>. There is little question that these three taxa represent a monophyletic group and few would question that <i>Diplogale </i>is more closely related to <i>Hemigalus</i> than <i>Chrotogale</i>. Molecular studies by Veron and Heard (2000) supported the separation of <i>Hemigalus</i> and <i>Chrotogale.</i>","40","40-00361","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352-0000-0361"
"14000362","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","Hemigalus","","derbyanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","579","","","Banded Palm Civet","Not given. Fixed by Gray (1837) as ""in Peninsulâ Malayanâ"".","Burma (peninsular), Indonesia (Sipora Isl, South Pagi Isl, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia, Thailand.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>derbianus</i> Gray, 1838; <i>derbyi </i>Temminck, 1841; <i>incursor </i>Thomas, 1915; <i>invisus </i>Pocock, 1933; <i>zebra </i>Gray, 1837; <b><i>boiei</i></b><i> </i>Müller, 1838; <b><i>minor</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1903; <b><i>sipora</i></b><i> </i>Chasen and Kloss, 1927.","Gervais (1841) was the first to place in <i>Hemigalus</i>. Gray (1849) later considered <i>Paradoxurus derbyanus</i> a junior synonym of <i>Viverra hardwicki</i> Gray (1830), and placed it also in the genus <i>Hemigalea</i> after Jourdan (1837). However, <i>V. hardwicki</i> is a junior synonym of <i>Prionodon linsang</i> Raffles (1821). Synonyms allocated according to D. D. Davis (1962).","40","40-00362","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352-0000-0361-0000-0362"
"14000363","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","Hemigalus","","derbyanus","derbyanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","579","","","","Not given. Fixed by Gray (1837) as ""in Peninsulâ Malayanâ"".","","","","","40","40-00363","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352-0000-0361-0000-0362-0363"
"14000364","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","Hemigalus","","derbyanus","boiei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1838","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00364","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352-0000-0361-0000-0362-0364"
"14000365","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","Hemigalus","","derbyanus","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00365","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352-0000-0361-0000-0362-0365"
"14000366","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Hemigalinae","","Hemigalus","","derbyanus","sipora","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen and Kloss","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00366","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0352-0000-0361-0000-0362-0366"
"14000367","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Prionodontinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Pocock","1933","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1933","","970","","","","","","","","Pocock (1933<i>d</i>) and Gregory and Hellman (1939) placed <i>Poiana</i> and <i>Prionodon</i> in the Prionodontinae, considered a sister group to the remaining viverrines. This was not followed by Gill (1872), Simpson (1945), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Rosevear (1974), and Wozencraft (1989<i>b</i>). Gaubert et al. (2004) demonstrated that <i>Prionodon</i> should be excluded from the Viverrinae but left <i>Poiana</i> in the Viverrinae (which is followed here); however, see Hunt (2001) who included <i>Poiana</i>.","40","40-00367","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0367"
"14000368","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Prionodontinae","","Prionodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Horsfield","1822","","Zool. Res. Java","Part 5","","p. 13(unno.) of <i>Mangusta javanica</i> acct","","<i>Prionodon gracilis</i> (Horsfield, 1822) (= <i>Viverra</i> ? <i>linsang</i> Hardwicke, 1821).","","","","","<i>Linsang</i>  Müller, 1840; <i>Linsanga </i>Lydekker, 1896; <i>Pardictis</i> Thomas, 1925; <i>Priodontes</i> Lesson, 1842.","See comments under family and subfamily for the taxonomic position of this genus.","40","40-00368","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0367-0000-0368"
"14000369","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Prionodontinae","","Prionodon","","linsang","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hardwicke","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","236, pl. 24","","","Banded Linsang","""Malaysia, Malacca"", restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1920:264) to ""Malacca"".","Burma (peninsular), Indonesia (Banka Isl; Java; Kalimantan, Billiton Isl); Malaysia (West) to Sumatra.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>maculosus</i> Blanford, 1878; <b><i>fredericae</i></b><i> </i>Sody, 1936; <i>interliniurus</i> Sody, 1949; <b><i>gracilis</i></b><i> </i>(Horsfield, 1822); <i>hardwichii </i>(Lesson, 1827).","Synonyms allocated according to Pocock (1933<i>d</i>), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), and D. D. Davis (1962).","40","40-00369","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0367-0000-0368-0000-0369"
"14000370","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Prionodontinae","","Prionodon","","linsang","linsang","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hardwicke","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","236, pl. 24","","","","""Malaysia, Malacca"", restricted by Robinson and Kloss (1920:264) to ""Malacca"".","","","","","40","40-00370","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0367-0000-0368-0000-0369-0370"
"14000371","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Prionodontinae","","Prionodon","","linsang","fredericae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00371","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0367-0000-0368-0000-0369-0371"
"14000372","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Prionodontinae","","Prionodon","","linsang","gracilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1822","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00372","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0367-0000-0368-0000-0369-0372"
"14000373","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Prionodontinae","","Prionodon","","pardicolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1842","","Calcutta J. Nat. Hist.","2","","57","","","Spotted Linsang","""Sikim. . . Sub-Hemalayan mountains"". [India].","Bhutan, Burma, China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Laos, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pardochrous</i> Gray, 1863; <i>perdicator </i>(Schinz, 1844); <b><i>presina</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1925).","","40","40-00373","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0367-0000-0368-0000-0373"
"14000374","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Prionodontinae","","Prionodon","","pardicolor","pardicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1842","","Calcutta J. Nat. Hist.","2","","57","","","","""Sikim. . . Sub-Hemalayan mountains"". [India].","","","","","40","40-00374","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0367-0000-0368-0000-0373-0374"
"14000375","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Prionodontinae","","Prionodon","","pardicolor","presina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00375","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0367-0000-0368-0000-0373-0375"
"14000376","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","301","","","","","","","","Pocock (1933<i>c</i>) and Gregory and Hellman (1939) placed <i>Poiana</i> and <i>Prionodon</i> in the Prionodontinae, considered a sister group to the remaining viverrines. This was not followed by Gill (1872), Simpson (1945), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Rosevear (1974), and Wozencraft (1989<i>b</i>). Gaubert et al. (2004) excluded <i>Prionodon</i> from the Viverrinae (followed here).","40","40-00376","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376"
"14000377","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Civettictis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Pocock","1915","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1915","","134","","<i>Viverra civetta</i> Schreber, 1776, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","","Included in <i>Viverra </i>by Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>); recognized as <i>Civettictis</i> by Rosevear (1974), Kingdon (1977), Ansell (1978), Smithers (1983), and Wozencraft (1989<i>b</i>).","40","40-00377","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0377"
"14000378","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Civettictis","","civetta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","3","16","pl. 111[1776]; see also text 3(24):418, 3:index, p. 587[1777]","","","African Civet","""Guinea, Kongo, das Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung und Aethiopien"", restricted by Allen (1924:117) to ""Guinea"".","Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","CITES – Appendix III (Botswana); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>poortmanni</i> (Pucheran, 1855); <b><i>australis</i></b><i> </i>Lundholm, 1955; <b><i>congica</i></b><i> </i>Cabrera, 1929; <b><i>pauli</i></b><i> </i>Kock, Künzel and Rayaleh, 2000; <b><i>schwarzi</i></b><i> </i>Cabrera, 1929; <i>orientalis </i>(Matschie, 1891) [preoccupied]; <i>matschiei </i>(Pocock, 1933); <i>megaspila </i>(Noack, 1891) [preoccupied]; <b><i>volkmanni</i></b><i> </i>Lundholm, 1955.","Ray (1995) reviewed this species. Some authors have placed this species in <i>Viverra</i>, (see Coetzee, 1977); most have followed Pocock (1915<i>b</i>), who placed this species in <i>Civettictis</i>. Rosevear (1974) noted differences in scent glands; G. Petter (1969) discussed dental differences. Synonyms allocated according to Kock et al. (2000<i>c</i>).","40","40-00378","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0377-0000-0378"
"14000379","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Civettictis","","civetta","civetta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","3","16","pl. 111[1776]; see also text 3(24):418, 3:index, p. 587[1777]","","","","""Guinea, Kongo, das Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung und Aethiopien"", restricted by Allen (1924:117) to ""Guinea"".","","","","","40","40-00379","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0377-0000-0378-0379"
"14000380","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Civettictis","","civetta","australis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lundholm","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00380","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0377-0000-0378-0380"
"14000381","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Civettictis","","civetta","congica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00381","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0377-0000-0378-0381"
"14000382","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Civettictis","","civetta","pauli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kock, Künzel and Rayaleh","2000","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00382","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0377-0000-0378-0382"
"14000383","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Civettictis","","civetta","schwarzi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00383","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0377-0000-0378-0383"
"14000384","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Civettictis","","civetta","volkmanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lundholm","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00384","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0377-0000-0378-0384"
"14000385","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","G.[Baron] Cuvier","1816","","Règne Anim.","1","","156","","<i>Viverra genetta</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by designation.","","","","","<i>Odmaelurus</i>  Gloger, 1841; <i>Paragenetta</i> Kuhn, 1960; <i>Pseudogenetta</i> Dekeyser, 1949.","For reviews, see Crawford-Cabral (1966<i>a</i>, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1981<i>a, b</i>), Rosevear (1974), Coetzee (1977), Schlawe (1980<i>a</i>, 1981), Wozencraft (1984, 1989<i>b</i>), Gaubert et al. (2002<i>b</i>, 2003<i>a, b</i>, 2004). Synonyms for the species in this genus follow Gaubert (2003) and Gaubert et al. (2002<i>a</i>, 2003<i>a, b</i>). Gaubert et al. (2002<i>b</i>) suggested that subgenera within the genus should be abandoned.","40","40-00385","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385"
"14000386","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","abyssinica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1836","","Neue Wirbelt. Fauna Abyssin. Gehörig. Säugeth.","1","","33","","","Abyssinian Genet","""In Abyssinien, wo es sehr häufig vorkömmt, führt es beiden Landeseinge-bornen zu Gondar""; Ethiopia, Gondar (12°36'N, 37°28'E).","Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","","40","40-00386","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0386"
"14000387","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","angolensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1882","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 1","9","","29","","","Angolan Genet","""Calcuimba"" [placed in Angola, Caconda (13°47'S, 15°08'E)].","Angola, Dem. Rep. Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hintoni </i> Schwarz, 1929; <i>mossambica</i> Matschie, 1902.","Crawford-Cabral (1970) argued that <i>mossambica</i> should be considered a synonym of <i>angolensis</i>, but later (Crawford-Cabral and Pacheco, 1992) changed and placed <i>mossambica</i> in <i>zambesiana</i> (= <i>maculata</i>)<i>. </i>Crawford-Cabral and Fernandes (1999) considered<i> ""mossambica"" </i>specimens--as identified by Roberts (1951) distinct from <i>mossambica</i> Matschie, 1902, and therefore constituting a separate species closely related to<i> maculata</i>.","40","40-00387","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0387"
"14000388","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","bourloni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gaubert","2003","","Mammalia","67","1","95","","","Bourlon’s Genet","""Sérédou, Cercle de Macenta"" [Guinea, 8°33’N, 9°28’W].","Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone.","","","","40","40-00388","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0388"
"14000389","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","cristata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman <i>In</i> Sanborn","1940","","Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.","24","","686","","","Crested Servaline Genet","""Okoiyong, Mamfe Division, Cameroons""; [Nigeria, 5°45’N, 8°25’E].","Cameroon-Nigeria border region.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>bini</i>  Rosevear, 1974.","Considered conspecific with <i>servalina</i> by Hayman in the original description, and followed by Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>) and Wozencraft (1993). However, see Rosevear (1974), Crawford-Cabral (1981<i>a</i>), Powell and Van Rompaey (1998), and Van Rompaey and Colyn (1998) who considered it distinct. Synonyms allocated according to Gaubert et al. (2003<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>).","40","40-00389","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0389"
"14000390","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","genetta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","45","","","Common Genet","""oriente juxta rivos"", restricted by Linnaeus (1766) to ""oriente juxta rivos, Hispania"", later listed by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) as ""Spain"". Cabrera (1914), synonymizing <i>G. peninsulae</i>, further restricted the type locality to ""El Pardo, cerca de Madrid"" [Spain, El Pardo, near Madrid (40°32'N, 3°46'W)].","Algeria, Angola, Arabia, Belgium, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Portugal, Senegal, Spain, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>G. g. isabelae</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc)<i>.</i>","<i>balearica</i> Thomas, 1902; <i>barbar </i>(Wagner, 1841); <i>communis </i>Burnett, 1830; <i>gallica </i>(Oken 1816); <i>hispanica </i>(Oken 1816); <i>isabelae </i>Delibes, 1977; <i>lusitanica </i>Seabra, 1924; <i>melas </i>Graells, 1897; <i>peninsulae </i>Cabrera, 1905; <i>pyrenaica </i>E. Bourdelle and De Zillière, 1951; <i>rhodanica </i>Matschie, 1902; <i>terraesanctae </i>Neumann, 1902; <i>vulgaris </i>(Lesson, 1827); <b><i>afra</i></b><i> </i>F. G. Cuvier, 1825; <i>barbara </i>C. E. H. Smith, 1842; <i>bonapartei </i>Loche, 1857; <b><i>dongolana</i></b><i> </i>Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832; <i>albipes </i>Trouessart, 1904; <i>grantii </i>Thomas, 1902; <i>guardafuensis </i>Neumann, 1902; <i>hararensis </i>Neumann, 1902; <i>neumanni </i>Matschie, 1902; <i>tedescoi </i>de Beaux; 1924; <b><i>felina</i></b><i> </i>(Thunberg, 1811); <i>bella </i>Matschie, 1902; <i>ludia </i>Thomas and Schwann, 1906; <i>macrura </i>(Jentink, 1892); <i>pulchra </i>Matschie, 1902; <b><i>senegalensis</i></b><i> </i>J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>leptura </i>Reichenbach, 1836.","Schlawe (1981) included <i>afra</i>, <i>bonapartei</i>, <i>barbar</i>, <i>barbara</i>, <i>balearica</i>, <i>lusitanica</i>, <i>melas</i>, <i>peninsulae</i>, <i>pyrenaica</i>, <i>terraesanctae</i>, <i>rhodanica</i>, and <i>isabelae</i>; and provisionally separated into <i>G. felina</i> the following: <i>guardafuensis</i>, <i>hararensis</i>, <i>leptura</i>, <i>senegalensis</i>, <i>dongolana</i>, <i>granti</i>, <i>neumanni</i>, <i>bella</i>, <i>pulchra</i>, and <i>ludia</i>, which are included here, following Crawford-Cabral (1966<i>a</i>, 1969; 1981<i>a</i>), Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>), Smithers (1983), and Wozencraft (1984, 1989<i>b</i>). Reviewed by Crawford-Cabral (1966<i>a</i>, 1969, 1981<i>a</i>), Schlawe (1981), and Larivière and Calzada (2001). Rosevear (1974) separated <i>senegalensis</i> from <i>genetta</i>. However, this was not followed by Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>), Kingdon (1977), Ansell (1978), Crawford-Cabral (1981<i>a</i>), or Wozencraft (1989<i>b</i>). Synonyms allocated accordi... [truncated]","40","40-00390","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0390"
"14000391","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","genetta","genetta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","45","","","","""oriente juxta rivos"", restricted by Linnaeus (1766) to ""oriente juxta rivos, Hispania"", later listed by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) as ""Spain"". Cabrera (1914), synonymizing <i>G. peninsulae</i>, further restricted the type locality to ""El Pardo, cerca de Madrid"" [Spain, El Pardo, near Madrid (40°32'N, 3°46'W)].","","","","","40","40-00391","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0390-0391"
"14000392","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","genetta","afra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1825","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00392","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0390-0392"
"14000393","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","genetta","dongolana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1832","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00393","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0390-0393"
"14000394","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","genetta","felina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thunberg","1811","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00394","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0390-0394"
"14000395","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","genetta","senegalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. B. Fischer","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00395","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0390-0395"
"14000396","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","johnstoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1907","1908","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","","1041","","","Johnston's Genet","""in a district from fifteen to twenty miles [32 km] west of the Putu Mountains, which lie west of the Duobe and Cavally Rivers"". [Liberia]","Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>lehmanni </i> Kuhn, 1960.","Reviewed by Gaubert et al. (2002<i>a</i>).","40","40-00396","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0396"
"14000397","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","maculata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1830","","Spicil. Zool.","2","","9","","","Rusty-spotted Genet","""in Africa Boreali"". Subsequently redefined by Gaubert et al. (2003<i>b</i>) as ""6 km from Hirna (Harrar Road, 2180m), Ethiopia"", following designation of a neotype.","Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Dem. Rep. Congo, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea (incl. Bioko), Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aequatorialis</i> Heuglin, 1866; <i>albiventris </i>Roberts, 1932; <i>deorum </i>Funaioli and Simonetta, 1960; <i>erlangeri </i>Matschie, 1902; <i>fieldiana</i> Du Chaillu, 1860; <i>gleimi </i>Matschie, 1902; <i>insularis </i>Cabrera, 1921; <i>letabae </i>Thomas and Schwann, 1906; <i>matschiei </i>Neumann, 1902; <i>pumila </i>Hollister, 1916; <i>schoutedeni</i> Crawford-Cabral, 1970; <i>schraderi </i>Matschie, 1902; <i>soror </i>Schwarz, 1929; <i>stuhlmanni </i>Matschie, 1902; <i>suahelica </i>Matschie, 1902; <i>zambesiana </i>Matschie, 1902; <i>zuluensis </i>Roberts, 1924.","Traditionally recognized as <i>G. rubiginosa</i> Pucheran, 1855; this form is attributed to <i>G. thierryi</i> (see Schlawe, 1980<i>a</i>, 1981; Crawford-Cabral and Pacheco, 1992). Gaubert et al. (2003<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) proposed that <i>rubiginosa</i> Pucheran, 1855 is a <i>nomen oblitum</i>. Synonyms allocated according to Roberts (1951), Crawford-Cabral and Pacheco (1992) and Gaubert et al. (2003<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>). Rosevear (1974) believed that <i>V. maculata</i> Gray (1830) was invalid, but see Schlawe (1980<i>a</i>, 1981) who defended its use. See Gaubert et al. (2003<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) for usage of the name <i>V. maculata</i> Gray, 1830. Crawford-Cabral (1981<i>a</i>) and Ansell (1978) placed genets west of the Dahomey Gap in <i>pardina</i> and southern and eastern populations in <i>rubiginosa </i>(=<i>maculata</i>) (except for the extreme southern <i>tigrina</i>), which is followed here. <i>G</i>. <i>schoutedeni</i> Crawford-Cabral, 1970 and <i>suahelica </i>Matschie, 1902 shou... [truncated]","40","40-00397","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0397"
"14000398","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","pardina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1832","","Etudes zoologiques","fasc. 1","","8","","","Pardine Genet","""intérieur du Sénégal"".","Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone.","","<i>amer</i> Gray, 1843; <i>dubia </i>Matschie, 1902; <i>genettoides </i>Temminck, 1853; <i>pantherina </i>Hamilton-Smith, 1842.","The status of <i>genettoides </i>is perhaps best listed as<i> incertae sedis</i>. It may be a hybrid population between <i>pardina</i> and <i>maculata</i> (Gaubert et al., 2003<i>a</i>).","40","40-00398","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0398"
"14000399","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","piscivora","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1919","","J. Mammal.","1","","25","","","Aquatic Genet","""Niapu, Belgian Congo"" [Dem. Rep. Congo, Niapu, 2°25'N, 26°28'E)].","N and E Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Osbornictis piscivora</i>.","","Some have placed in <i>Osbornictis</i> (Bininda-Edmonds et al., 1999; Van Rompaey, 1988; Wozencraft, 1993). Reviewed by Van Rompaey (1988) and Gaubert (2003) and Gaubert et al. (2002<i>b</i>, 2004). Hunt (2001) placed <i>Osbornictis</i> in a subfamily separate from <i>Genetta</i>. Gaubert et al. (2004) demonstrated that <i>Osbornictis</i> and <i>Genetta</i> are congeneric, in agreement with Verheyen (1962) and Stains (1983).","40","40-00399","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0399"
"14000400","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","poensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","59","","","King Genet","""Fernando Po "" [Bioko Isl, Equatorial Guinea].","Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Liberia, Republic of Congo.","","","Considered conspecific with <i>pardina-maculata</i> by Schlawe (1981), Wozencraft (1993) and Grubb et al. (1998). Rosevear (1974) and Crawford-Cabral (1981<i>a</i>) discussed its taxonomic status. Erroneously used for designating <i>cristata</i> by Jeannin (1936) and Happold (1987). Gaubert et al. (2003<i>a</i>) proposed a specific status on the basis of coat pattern and hair ultrastructure, together with sympatric distribution with <i>pardina</i> and <i>maculata</i>.","40","40-00400","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0400"
"14000401","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","servalina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pucheran","1855","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris","7","2","154","","","Servaline Genet","""Gabon"".","Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aubryana </i> Pucheran, 1855; <b><i>archeri</i></b> Van Rompaey and Colyn, 1998; <b><i>bettoni</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1902; <i>intensa </i>Lönnberg, 1917; <b><i>lowei</i></b><i> </i>Kingdon, 1977; <b><i>schwarzi</i></b><i> </i>Crawford-Cabral, 1970.","Includes <i>bettoni</i> and <i>aubryana</i>, but not <i>bini</i>, which is here considered a junior synonym of <i>cristata</i>, following Gaubert et al. (2003<i>a</i>). Does not include <i>cristata</i> after Rosevear (1974), Crawford-Cabral (1981<i>a</i>), and Van Rompaey and Colyn (1998). Subspecies allocated according to Van Rompaey and Colyn (1998).","40","40-00401","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0401"
"14000402","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","servalina","servalina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pucheran","1855","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris","7","2","154","","","","""Gabon"".","","","","","40","40-00402","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0401-0402"
"14000403","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","servalina","archeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Van Rompaey and Colyn","1998","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00403","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0401-0403"
"14000404","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","servalina","bettoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00404","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0401-0404"
"14000405","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","servalina","lowei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kingdon","1977","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00405","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0401-0405"
"14000406","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","servalina","schwarzi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Crawford-Cabral","1970","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00406","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0401-0406"
"14000407","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","thierryi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1902","","Verh. V. Internat. Zool. Congr.","1901","","1142","","","Haussa Genet","""Hinterlang von Togo von 9° n. Br. ab."", restricted to ""Borogu = Borgou, (10.78 N., 0.65 E)"" by Schlawe (1981:159).","Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Togo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>rubiginosa </i> Pucheran, 1855; <i>villiersi </i>(Dekeyser, 1949).","Includes <i>Pseudogenetta villiersi</i> (see Crawford-Cabral, 1969, 1981<i>a</i>; Rosevear, 1974; and Schlawe, 1981). Schlawe (1981) pointed out that the type of <i>G. rubiginosa</i>,<i> </i>which traditionally has been considered a synonym of <i>G. maculata</i>,<i> </i>is actually a senior synonym of <i>G. thierryi</i>. This was later verified by Crawford-Cabral and Pacheco (1992), who nevertheless continued to use ""<i>rubiginosa</i>"" to represent the Rusty-spotted Genet (=<i>maculata</i>). See Gaubert et al. (2003<i>a</i>) for use of the name <i>G. thierryi</i> Matschie, 1902, under the status of <i>nomen protectum</i>. See also comments under <i>G. maculata.</i>","40","40-00407","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0407"
"14000408","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","tigrina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","3","17","pl. 115[1776]; see also text, 3(25):425 [1777]","","","Cape Genet","""von dem Vorgebirge der guten Hofnug"" [South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].","South Africa.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>methi</i> </b><i> </i>Roberts, 1948.","There is great confusion in the taxonomy of the <i>pardina-rubiginosa </i>(<i>= maculata</i>) <i>tigrina</i> complex. Some authors (Coetzee, 1977<i>b</i>; Meester et al., 1986) considered <i>rubiginosa</i> as conspecific with <i>tigrina</i>. Others believed that <i>maculata</i> may be conspecific with <i>pardina</i> (Ansell, 1978; Crawford-Cabral, 1966<i>a</i>; Pringle, 1977). Crawford-Cabral (1981<i>a</i>) later reversed his earlier opinion and considered three types to exist as separate species; (1) <i>pardina</i>,<i> </i>(2) <i>rubiginosa </i>(= <i>maculata</i>), and (3) <i>tigrina</i>. This was followed by Gaubert (2003) and Gaubert et al. (2003<i>a</i>,<i> b</i>). Roberts (1951) considered <i>zambesiana</i>, <i>letabae</i>, <i>zuluensis</i>, and <i>albiventris</i> as subspecies of <i>maculata</i>; whereas he limited <i>tigrina</i> to only two subspecies: <i>tigrina</i> and <i>methi</i>. Subspecies allocated according to Roberts (1951) and Crawford-Cabral and Pacheco (1992).","40","40-00408","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0408"
"14000409","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","tigrina","tigrina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","3","17","pl. 115[1776]; see also text, 3(25):425 [1777]","","","","""von dem Vorgebirge der guten Hofnug"" [South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].","","","","","40","40-00409","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0408-0409"
"14000410","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","tigrina","methi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1948","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00410","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0408-0410"
"14000411","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Genetta","","victoriae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1901","2","87","","","Giant Forest Genet","""Entebbe, Uganda"". Subsequently restricted by Moreau et al. (1946:410) to ""Near Lupanzula's, ten miles [16 km] west of Beni, Ituri Forest, Congo Belge [Dem. Rep. Congo]"". See Allen (1924) for discussion.","N and E Dem. Rep. Congo (N and E).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","40","40-00411","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0385-0000-0411"
"14000412","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Poiana","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1864","1865","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","","507, 520","","<i>Genetta richardsonii</i> Thomson, 1842, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","","There are two widely separated (approximately 1600 km) allopatric populations of <i>Poiana</i>: the congo population (<i>P. richardsonii</i>), and the West African population, which Rosevear (1974) raised to the specific level (<i>P. leightoni</i>). <i>Poiana</i> records are few and scattered; however, recent reviews place <i>leightoni</i> as a separate species (de Beaufort, 1965; Gaubert et al., 2002<i>b</i>; Kingdon, 1977; Michaelis, 1972).","40","40-00412","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0412"
"14000413","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Poiana","","leightoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1907","1908","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1907","","1043","","","Leighton’s Linsang","""fifteen to twenty miles [24 to 32 km] west of the Putu Mountains, which lie west of the Duobe and Cavally Rivers. The Cavally River is the eastern boundary line between Liberia and the Côte d’Ivoire, and the Duobe is one of its tributaries joining the Cavally about seventy miles [113 km], as the crow flies, from its mouth, after running for over one hundred miles [161 km] nearly parallel to the main stream"" [Liberia].","Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia.","IUCN – Data Deficient as<i> P. richardsonii liberiensis.</i>","<i>liberiensis</i> Pocock, 1908.","Pocock (1907<i>b</i>:1045) mentioned that there was one specimen in the British Museum labeled ""Sierra Leone"", but he believed that the ""locality is probably erroneous."" Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>) considered <i>leightoni</i> a lapsus and replaced with <i>liberiensis</i>.","40","40-00413","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0412-0000-0413"
"14000414","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Poiana","","richardsonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomson","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","204","","","African Linsang","""Fernando Po"" [Equatorial Guinea: Bioko].","Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>poensis</i> (Waterhouse, 1838) [preoccupied]; <b><i>ochracea</i></b><i> </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1907.","","40","40-00414","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0412-0000-0414"
"14000415","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Poiana","","richardsonii","richardsonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomson","1842","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","10","","204","","","","""Fernando Po"" [Equatorial Guinea: Bioko].","","","","","40","40-00415","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0412-0000-0414-0415"
"14000416","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Poiana","","richardsonii","ochracea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00416","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0412-0000-0414-0416"
"14000417","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverra","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","43","","<i>Viverra zibetha</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Sclater, 1900; Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Moschothera</i>  Pocock, 1933; <i>Vivera</i> Gray, 1821.","Pocock (1933<i>a</i>) placed <i>civettina</i> and <i>megaspila</i> in <i>Moschothera</i>,<i> </i>which was not recognized by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Wozencraft (1989<i>b</i>), and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include <i>Civettictis</i>; see Kingdon (1977) and Ansell (1978); but also see Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>).","40","40-00417","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0417"
"14000418","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverra","","civettina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1862","","J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal","31","","332","","","Malabar Large-spotted Civet","""Southern Malabar"" restricted by Pocock (1933<i>a</i>:446) to ""Travancore"" [India].","Endemic to S India.","CITES – Appendix III (India); U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Considered a subspecies of <i>V. megaspila</i> by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951); however, considered at the specific level by Lindsay (1928), Pocock (1941<i>a</i>), and Wozencraft (1984, 1989<i>b</i>). Corbet and Hill (1992) raised doubts as to their separation.","40","40-00418","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0417-0000-0418"
"14000419","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverra","","megaspila","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1862","","J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal","31","","331","","","Large-spotted Civet","""vicinity of Prome"" [Burma, Prome (= Pye) 18°49'N, 95°13'E].","Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia (West), Thailand, Vietnam.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Does not include <i>V. civettina</i>; reviewed by Lindsay (1928), Pocock (1941<i>a</i>), and Wozencraft (1989<i>b</i>). Corbet and Hill (1992) raised doubts as to their separation.","40","40-00419","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0417-0000-0419"
"14000420","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverra","","tangalunga","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1832","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1832","","63","","","Malayan Civet","Not given. Fixed by Gray (1843:48) as ""Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","Cambodia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Rhio-Lingga Arch., Bangka Isl, Borneo, Karimata Isl, Sulawesi, Amboina), Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand. Introduced throughout the Moluccas.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>lankavensis</i> </b><i> </i>Robinson and Kloss, 1920.","","40","40-00420","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0417-0000-0420"
"14000421","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverra","","tangalunga","tangalunga","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1832","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1832","","63","","","","Not given. Fixed by Gray (1843:48) as ""Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","","","","","40","40-00421","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0417-0000-0420-0421"
"14000422","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverra","","tangalunga","lankavensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00422","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0417-0000-0420-0422"
"14000423","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverra","","zibetha","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","44","","","Large Indian Civet","""Indiis"", subsequently restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:137) to ""Bengal"".","Burma, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Shaanxi, Zhejiang and Jiangsu), India, Indonesia, Laos, Western Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>civettoides</i> Hodgson, 1842; <i>melanurus </i>Hodgson, 1842; <i>orientalis </i>Hodgson, 1842; <i>undulata </i>Gray, 1830; <b><i>ashtoni</i></b><i> </i>Swinhoe, 1864; <i>expectata</i> Corbert and Hooijer, 1953; <i>filchneri </i>Matschie, 1907; <b><i>hainana</i></b> Wang and Xu,<i> </i>1983; <b><i>picta</i></b><i> </i>Wroughton, 1915; <i>surdaster </i>Thomas, 1927; <i>tainguensis </i>Sokolov, Rozhnov and Pham Trong, 1997; <b><i>pruinosus </i></b>Wroughton, 1917; <i>sigillata </i>Robinson and Kloss, 1920.","See Walston and Veron (2001) for inclusion of <i>V. tainguensis</i> here. Synonyms allocated according to Pocock (1933<i>a</i>) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00423","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0417-0000-0423"
"14000424","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverra","","zibetha","zibetha","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","44","","","","""Indiis"", subsequently restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:137) to ""Bengal"".","","","","","40","40-00424","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0417-0000-0423-0424"
"14000425","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverra","","zibetha","ashtoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00425","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0417-0000-0423-0425"
"14000426","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverra","","zibetha","hainana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wang and Xu","1983","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00426","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0417-0000-0423-0426"
"14000427","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverra","","zibetha","picta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00427","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0417-0000-0423-0427"
"14000428","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverra","","zibetha","pruinosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00428","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0417-0000-0423-0428"
"14000429","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverricula","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hodgson","1838","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","1","","152","","<i>Civetta indica</i> E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803","","","","","<i>Viverrula</i>  Hodgson, 1842.","","40","40-00429","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0429"
"14000430","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverricula","","indica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat.","","","113","","","Small Indian Civet","""l'Inde"" [India].","Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Kangean Isl, Sumbawa, Bali), Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Introduced to Yemen, Zanzibar and Pemba Isl, Socotra Isl, Madagascar, the Comoro Isls, and the Philippines; scattered distribution on many SE Asian islands due to introductions.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>rasse</i>  (Horsfield, 1821); <b><i>atchinensis</i></b><i> </i>Sody, 1931; <b><i>baliensis</i></b><i> </i>(Sody, 1931); <b><i>baptistae</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1933; <i>bengalensis </i>(Gray and Hardwicke, 1830); <b><i>deserti</i></b><i> </i>Bonhote, 1898; <b><i>klossi</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1933; <b><i>mayori</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1933; <b><i>muriavensis</i></b><i> </i>Sody, 1931; <b><i>pallida</i></b><i> </i>(Gray, 1831); <i>hanensis </i>Matschie, 1907; <i>taivana </i>Schwarz, 1911; <b><i>schlegelii</i></b> Pollen, 1866; <b><i>thai</i></b><i> </i>Kloss, 1919; <b><i>wellsi</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1933.","Subspecies arranged according to Pocock (1933<i>b</i>) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00430","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0429-0000-0430"
"14000431","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverricula","","indica","indica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat.","","","113","","","","""l'Inde"" [India].","","","","","40","40-00431","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0429-0000-0430-0431"
"14000432","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverricula","","indica","atchinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00432","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0429-0000-0430-0432"
"14000433","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverricula","","indica","baliensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00433","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0429-0000-0430-0433"
"14000434","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverricula","","indica","baptistae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00434","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0429-0000-0430-0434"
"14000435","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverricula","","indica","deserti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00435","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0429-0000-0430-0435"
"14000436","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverricula","","indica","klossi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00436","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0429-0000-0430-0436"
"14000437","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverricula","","indica","mayori","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00437","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0429-0000-0430-0437"
"14000438","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverricula","","indica","muriavensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00438","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0429-0000-0430-0438"
"14000439","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverricula","","indica","pallida","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1831","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00439","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0429-0000-0430-0439"
"14000440","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverricula","","indica","schlegelii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pollen","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00440","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0429-0000-0430-0440"
"14000441","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverricula","","indica","thai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00441","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0429-0000-0430-0441"
"14000442","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Viverridae","Viverrinae","","Viverricula","","indica","wellsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00442","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0270-0376-0000-0429-0000-0430-0442"
"14000443","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Chenu","1850","","Ency. Hist. Nat.","21","","165","","","","","","","Euplerini Simpson, 1945. Including: Cryptoproctina Gray, 1864; Galidiina Gray, 1864; Cryptoproctidae Flower, 1869, Galidiinae Gill, 1872; Galidictinae Mivart, 1882; Cryptoproctinae Trouessart, 1885; Fossinae Pocock, 1915.","The Malagasy carnivores have been problematic since their discovery. They have been placed in the Viverridae, the Herpestidae, and separated into monotypic families. Veron and Catzeflis (1993) and Yoder et al. (2003) provided the strongest evidence that all Malagasy carnivores represent a single radiation.","40","40-00443","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443"
"14000444","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Euplerinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Chenu","1850","","Ency. Hist. Nat.","21","","165","","","","","","","Cryptoproctina Gray, 1865; Cryptoproctidae Flower, 1869; Cryptoproctinae Trouessart, 1885.","Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) and Yoder et al. (2003) considered these taxa a monophyletic group (followed here). Few have questioned that <i>Fossa</i> and <i>Eupleres</i> are more closely related to each other than to <i>Cryptoprocta </i>and Hunt (2001) placed <i>Cryptoprocta</i> in a separate taxon.","40","40-00444","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0444"
"14000445","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Euplerinae","","Cryptoprocta","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Bennett","1833","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1833","","46","","<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i> Bennett, 1833, by designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","","Gregory and Hellman (1939), Beaumont (1964), and Veron (1995) argued that <i>Cryptoprocta</i> be placed in the Felidae because of morphological similarities, but Veron (1995) showed that the dental features shared by Felidae and Cryptoprocta are the result of a convergence. Albignac (1970), Thenius (1972), Radinsky (1975), Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>), Flynn et al. (1988), and Wozencraft (1989<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) placed in the Viverridae; Hemmer (1978) suggested an intermediate position. Veron and Catzeflis (1993) and Yoder et al. (2003) suggested affinities with the Galidiinae (Herpestidae) rather than with the Viverridae.","40","40-00445","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0444-0000-0445"
"14000446","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Euplerinae","","Cryptoprocta","","ferox","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1833","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1833","","46","","","Fossa","""Madagascar"".","Endemic to Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>typicus</i> A. Smith, 1834.","Reviewed by Köhncke and Leonhardt (1986).","40","40-00446","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0444-0000-0445-0000-0446"
"14000447","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Euplerinae","","Eupleres","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Doyère","1835","","Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat.","3","","45","","<i>Eupleres goudotii</i> Doyère, 1835, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","","Gregory and Hellman (1939) followed Chenu and Desmarest (1852), and suggested placing <i>Eupleres</i> in a separate family; however, Pocock (1915<i>a</i>), Albignac (1973, 1974), Petter (1974), Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>), and Wozencraft (1989<i>b</i>) included it in Viverridae. See comments under family for its inclusion here.","40","40-00447","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0444-0000-0447"
"14000448","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Euplerinae","","Eupleres","","goudotii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Doyère","1835","","Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat.","3","","45","","","Falanouc","""Tamatave"" [Madagascar, 18°10'S, 49°23'E].","Endemic to Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>E. g. goudotii </i>and <i>E. g. major</i>.","<b><i>major</i> </b><i> </i>Lavauden, 1929.","","40","40-00448","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0444-0000-0447-0000-0448"
"14000449","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Euplerinae","","Eupleres","","goudotii","goudotii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Doyère","1835","","Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat.","3","","45","","","","""Tamatave"" [Madagascar, 18°10'S, 49°23'E].","","","","","40","40-00449","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0444-0000-0447-0000-0448-0449"
"14000450","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Euplerinae","","Eupleres","","goudotii","major","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lavauden","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00450","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0444-0000-0447-0000-0448-0450"
"14000451","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Euplerinae","","Fossa","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1864","1865","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","","518","","<i>Fossa d'aubentonii</i> Gray, 1865 (= <i>Viverra Fossana</i> Müller, 1776).","","","","","","Veron (1995) and Gaubert et al. (2002<i>b</i>)<sup> </sup>suggested that <i>Fossa</i> could be separated from Viverridae based on morphological features. Molecular data (Yoder et al., 2003) showed close affinities with <i>Cryptoprocta</i>.","40","40-00451","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0444-0000-0451"
"14000452","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Euplerinae","","Fossa","","fossana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1776","","Linné's Vollstand, Natursyst. Suppl.","","","32","","","Malagasy Civet","""Madagascar"".","Endemic to Madagascar.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>fossa</i>  (Schreber, 1777); <i>daubentonii</i> Gray, 1865; <i>majori</i> Dollman, 1909.","The commonly used <i>Viverra fossa</i> Schreber, 1777, is a junior synonym (G. Petter, 1962, 1974).","40","40-00452","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0444-0000-0451-0000-0452"
"14000453","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1864","1865","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","","508","","","","","","","Galidictinae Mivart, 1882.","Veron and Catzeflis (1993), Yoder et al. (2003), and Gaubert et al. (in press) suggested that the Galidiinae and the Cryptoproctidae are a monophyletic group.","40","40-00453","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453"
"14000454","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Galidia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1837","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","5","","580","","<i>Galidia elegans</i> I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837, by monotypy.","","","","","","","40","40-00454","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0454"
"14000455","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Galidia","","elegans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1837","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","5","","581","","","Ring-tailed Mongoose","""Madagascar"".","Endemic to Madagascar.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>afra </i> (Kerr, 1792) [preoccupied]; <b><i>dambrensis</i></b> Tate and Rand, 1941; <b><i>occidentalis</i></b><i> </i>Albignac, 1971.","","40","40-00455","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0454-0000-0455"
"14000456","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Galidia","","elegans","elegans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1837","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","5","","581","","","","""Madagascar"".","","","","","40","40-00456","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0454-0000-0455-0456"
"14000457","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Galidia","","elegans","dambrensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tate and Rand","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00457","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0454-0000-0455-0457"
"14000458","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Galidia","","elegans","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Albignac","1971","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00458","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0454-0000-0455-0458"
"14000459","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Galidictis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1839","","Mag. Zool., Mamm Art.","No. 5","","p. 33, footnote, 37","","<i>Mustela striata</i> I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837 (= <i>Viverra fasciata</i> Gmelin, 1788) by original designation.","","","","","<i>Galictis</i>  I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837 [preoccupied]; <i>Musanga </i>Coues,<i> </i>1891.","Gregory and Hellman (1939) separated <i>Galidictis</i> from other galidiines and placed it in the Viverridae.","40","40-00459","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0459"
"14000460","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Galidictis","","fasciata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","92","","","Broad-striped Malagasy Mongoose","Unknown, erroneously listed by Gmelin as ""in India"".","Endemic to Madagascar.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>eximius</i> Pocock, 1915; s<i>triata </i>(Desmarest, 1820); <i>vittata </i>Schinz, 1844; <b><i>striatus</i></b><i> </i>G. Cuvier, 1829.","","40","40-00460","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0459-0000-0460"
"14000461","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Galidictis","","fasciata","fasciata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","92","","","","Unknown, erroneously listed by Gmelin as ""in India"".","","","","","40","40-00461","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0459-0000-0460-0461"
"14000462","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Galidictis","","fasciata","striatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00462","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0459-0000-0460-0462"
"14000463","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Galidictis","","grandidieri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wozencraft","1986","","J. Mammal.","67","","561","","","Grandidier’s Mongoose","""Madagascar"".","Known only from the spiny desert of SW Madagascar.","IUCN – Endangered.","","<i>G. grandidiensis</i> Wozencraft, 1986 was emended to <i>G. grandidieri</i> by Wozencraft (1987).","40","40-00463","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0459-0000-0463"
"14000464","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Mungotictis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Pocock","1915","","Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","16","","120","","<i>Galidictis vittatus</i> Gray, 1848 (= <i>Galidia decemlineata</i> Grandidier, 1867).","","","","","","","40","40-00464","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0464"
"14000465","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Mungotictis","","decemlineata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Grandidier","1867","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, (2)","19","","85","","","Narrow-striped Mongoose","""à la côte ouest de Madagascar"" (pg. 84).","Endemic to Madagascar.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>rufa </i> Grandidier, 1869; <i>substriatus </i>Pocock, 1915; <i>vittata</i> Gray, 1848 [preoccupied]; <b><i>lineatus</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1915.","Synonyms after Hawkins et al. (2000).","40","40-00465","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0464-0000-0465"
"14000466","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Mungotictis","","decemlineata","decemlineata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grandidier","1867","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, (2)","19","","85","","","","""à la côte ouest de Madagascar"" (pg. 84).","","","","","40","40-00466","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0464-0000-0465-0466"
"14000467","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Mungotictis","","decemlineata","lineatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00467","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0464-0000-0465-0467"
"14000468","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Salanoia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1864","1865","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","","523","","<i>Galidia concolor</i> I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837.","","","","","<i>Hemigalidia</i>  Mivart, 1882.","","40","40-00468","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0468"
"14000469","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Eupleridae","Galidiinae","","Salanoia","","concolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1837","","C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris","5","","581","","","Brown-tailed Mongoose","""Madagascar"".","Endemic to Madagascar.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>olivacea </i> (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1839); <i>unicolor </i>(I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837).","Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1839) noted that his first listed species name, <i>unicolor</i>, was a typographical error and should have been <i>concolor</i> (Coetzee, 1977<i>b</i>:35).","40","40-00469","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0443-0453-0000-0468-0000-0469"
"14000470","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Nandiniidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Pocock","1929","","Ency. Brit., (ed. 14)","3","","898","","","","","","","","Listed in Nandiniinae by Gregory and Hellman (1939), and Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>). Hunt (1987, 1989, 1998), McKenna and Bell (1997), Hunt and Tedford (1993), Flynn and Nedbal (1998), and Veron and Heard (2000) argued that <i>Nandinia</i> should be placed in a monotypic family based on the plesiomorphic condition of its auditory bullae (Pohle, 1920<i>b</i>). This has been confirmed by molecular data (Flynn and Nedbal, 1998; Veron and Heard, 2000; Yoder et al., 2003). Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) considered <i>Nandinia</i> most closely related to the Paradoxurine palm civets.","40","40-00470","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0470"
"14000471","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Nandiniidae","","","Nandinia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","List Spec. Mamm. Coll. Brit. Mus.","","","54","","<i>Viverra binotata</i> Gray, 1830, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","","See comments under family.","40","40-00471","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0470-0000-0000-0471"
"14000472","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Nandiniidae","","","Nandinia","","binotata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1830","","Spicil. Zool.","2","","9","","","African Palm Civet","""Africa, Ashantee"" [Ghana; Ashanti Region; aproximately at 6°55'N 0°32'E].","Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hamiltonii</i> (Gray, 1832); <b><i>arborea </i></b>Heller, 1913; <b><i>gerrardi</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1893; <b><i>intensa</i></b><i> </i>Cabrera and Ruxton, 1926.","Synonyms allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1953).","40","40-00472","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0470-0000-0000-0471-0000-0472"
"14000473","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Nandiniidae","","","Nandinia","","binotata","binotata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1830","","Spicil. Zool.","2","","9","","","","""Africa, Ashantee"" [Ghana; Ashanti Region; aproximately at 6°55'N 0°32'E].","","","","","40","40-00473","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0470-0000-0000-0471-0000-0472-0473"
"14000474","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Nandiniidae","","","Nandinia","","binotata","arborea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00474","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0470-0000-0000-0471-0000-0472-0474"
"14000475","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Nandiniidae","","","Nandinia","","binotata","gerrardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00475","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0470-0000-0000-0471-0000-0472-0475"
"14000476","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Nandiniidae","","","Nandinia","","binotata","intensa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera and Ruxton","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00476","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0470-0000-0000-0471-0000-0472-0476"
"14000477","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1845","","Cat. Meth. Mamm. Europe","","","3","","","","","","","Cynictidae Cope, 1882; Herpestoidei Winge, 1895; Mongotidae Pocock, 1919; Rhinogalidae Gray, 1869; Suricatidae Cope, 1882; Suricatinae Thomas, 1882.","Wozencraft (1989<i>b</i>) placed <i>Crossarchus</i>,<i> Cynictis</i>,<i> Dologale</i>,<i> Helogale</i>, <i>Liberiictis</i>,<i> Mungos</i>,<i> Paracynictis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Suricata</i> in the Mungotinae but gave no supporting rationale. Fredga's (1972) analysis of chromosomes and the recent molecular work by Veron et al. (2004) would support Wozencraft's Mungotinae (with the inclusion of <i>Bdeogale</i> and <i>Ichneumia</i>). The phylogenetic analysis of allozyme data by Taylor et al. (1991) also supported <i>Cynictis</i>,<i> Suricata</i>, and <i>Helogale</i> as a monophyletic group.","40","40-00477","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477"
"14000478","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Atilax","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1826","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. G. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 3","5","54","""Vansire,"" 2 pp., 1 pl.","","<i>Herpestes paludinosus</i> G. [Baron] Cuvier (1829), by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Athylax</i>  de Blainville, 1837.","Fredga's (1972) comparative chromosome study of mongooses suggested that recognition of <i>Atilax</i> as distinct from <i>Herpestes</i> would make <i>Herpestes</i> paraphyletic. However, allozyme data support <i>Atilax</i> as the first early offshoot of the main herpestine branch (Taylor et al., 1991).","40","40-00478","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0478"
"14000479","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Atilax","","paludinosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G.[Baron] Cuvier","1829","","Regn. Anim., Nouv. ed.","1","","158","","","Marsh Mongoose","""une grand des marais du Cap"" [South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].","Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Ruwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>atilax</i> (Wagner, 1841); <i>paludosus </i>Gray, 1865; <i>urinatrix </i>(A. Smith, 1829); <i>vansire </i>(F. G. Cuvier, 1842); <b><i>macrodon</i></b><i> </i>J. A. Allen, 1924; <b><i>mitis</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1903); <b><i>mordax</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1912); <b><i>nigerianus</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1912); <b><i>pluto</i></b><i> </i>(Temminck, 1853); <b><i>robustus</i></b><i> </i>(Gray, 1865); <b><i>rubellus</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas and Wroughton, 1908); <b><i>rubescens</i></b><i> </i>(Hollister, 1912); <b><i>spadiceus</i></b><i> </i>Cabrera, 1921; <b><i>transvaalensis</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1933.","Reviewed by Baker (1992).","40","40-00479","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0478-0000-0479"
"14000480","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Atilax","","paludinosus","paludinosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G.[Baron] Cuvier","1829","","Regn. Anim., Nouv. ed.","1","","158","","","","""une grand des marais du Cap"" [South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].","","","","","40","40-00480","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0478-0000-0479-0480"
"14000481","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Atilax","","paludinosus","macrodon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00481","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0478-0000-0479-0481"
"14000482","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Atilax","","paludinosus","mitis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00482","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0478-0000-0479-0482"
"14000483","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Atilax","","paludinosus","mordax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00483","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0478-0000-0479-0483"
"14000484","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Atilax","","paludinosus","nigerianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00484","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0478-0000-0479-0484"
"14000485","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Atilax","","paludinosus","pluto","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00485","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0478-0000-0479-0485"
"14000486","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Atilax","","paludinosus","robustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00486","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0478-0000-0479-0486"
"14000487","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Atilax","","paludinosus","rubellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00487","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0478-0000-0479-0487"
"14000488","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Atilax","","paludinosus","rubescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00488","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0478-0000-0479-0488"
"14000489","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Atilax","","paludinosus","spadiceus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00489","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0478-0000-0479-0489"
"14000490","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Atilax","","paludinosus","transvaalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00490","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0478-0000-0479-0490"
"14000491","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Bdeogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1850","","Spenersche Z.","25 June, 1850","","(unpaginated)","","<i>Bdeogale crassicauda</i> Peters, 1852; by subsequent designation by Thomas (1882) (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Beleogale</i>  Marshall, 1873; <i>Galeriscus</i> Thomas, 1894.","Matschie (1895), Pocock (1916<i>a</i>), Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>), Kingdon (1977), and Meester et al. (1986) included <i>Galeriscus</i> Thomas (1894). Rosevear (1974) believed that no one had advanced any ""reasoned argument"" for combining <i>Galeriscus</i> with <i>Bdeogale</i>, and followed Schoutenden (1945) and Hill and Carter (1941) who considered them distinct; all have agreed that <i>jacksoni</i> and <i>nigripes</i> are sister taxa.","40","40-00491","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0491"
"14000492","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Bdeogale","","crassicauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1852","","81","","","Bushy-tailed Mongoose","""Africa orient., Tette, Boror, 17-18° Lat. austr"". (pg. 82). Restricted by Moreau et al. (1945:410) to ""Tette"" [Mozambique].","Kenya, Malawi, C Mozambique, Tanzania (incl. Zanzibar), S and E Zambia, NE Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Endangered as <i>B. c. omnivora</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>nigrescens</i> </b><i> </i>Sale and Taylor, 1970; <b><i>omnivora</i></b><i> </i>Heller, 1913; <b><i>puisa</i></b><i> </i>Peters, 1852; <b><i>tenuis</i></b><i> </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1908.","Reviewed by Sale and Taylor (1970) and Taylor (1987).","40","40-00492","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0491-0000-0492"
"14000493","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Bdeogale","","crassicauda","crassicauda","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1852","","81","","","","""Africa orient., Tette, Boror, 17-18° Lat. austr"". (pg. 82). Restricted by Moreau et al. (1945:410) to ""Tette"" [Mozambique].","","","","","40","40-00493","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0491-0000-0492-0493"
"14000494","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Bdeogale","","crassicauda","nigrescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sale and Taylor","1970","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00494","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0491-0000-0492-0494"
"14000495","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Bdeogale","","crassicauda","omnivora","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00495","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0491-0000-0492-0495"
"14000496","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Bdeogale","","crassicauda","puisa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00496","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0491-0000-0492-0496"
"14000497","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Bdeogale","","crassicauda","tenuis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00497","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0491-0000-0492-0497"
"14000498","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Bdeogale","","jacksoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","13","","522","","","Jackson's Mongoose","""Mianzini, Masailand, 8000 feet [2438 m]"" (pg. 523). Restricted by Moreau et al. (1945:410) to ""Mianzini. . . a few miles E.S.E. of Naivasha and on the southern end of the Kinangop Plateau. . . 9000 ft [2743 m]"" [Kenya].","C Kenya, SE Uganda.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Rosevear (1974) placed <i>jacksoni</i> in <i>Galeriscus</i>. Kingdon (1977) considered <i>jacksoni</i> conspecific with <i>nigripes</i>; however, Rosevear (1974) and Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>) noted skull and skin differences.","40","40-00498","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0491-0000-0498"
"14000499","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Bdeogale","","nigripes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pucheran","1855","","Rev. Mag. Zool Paris","7","2","111","","","Black-footed Mongoose","""Gubon"" [Gabon].","Nigeria to N Angola.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Rosevear (1974) placed <i>nigripes</i> in <i>Galeriscus</i>. Kingdon (1977) considered <i>jacksoni</i> conspecific with <i>nigripes</i>; however, Rosevear (1974) and Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>) noted skull and skin differences.","40","40-00499","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0491-0000-0499"
"14000500","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Crossarchus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1825","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. G. Cuvier, Nat. Mammifères, Hist., pt. 3","5","47","""Mangue,"" 3 pp., 1 pl.","","<i>Crossarchus obscurus</i> F. G. Cuvier, 1825, by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","","Revised by Goldman (1984) and Colyn and Van Rompaey (1994). Placed in <i>Mungos</i> by Hill and Carter (1941). Van Rompaey and Colyn (1992) presented a key to the species.","40","40-00500","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0500"
"14000501","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Crossarchus","","alexandri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","19","","373","","","Alexander’s Kusimanse","""from Banzyville, Ubanghi"" [= Mobayi, Zaire (=Dem. Rep. Congo), 4°N, 21°11'E (Goldman, 1984)].","Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Republic of Congo, Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alexandri</i> Thomas and Wroughton, 1907; <i>minor </i>Goldman, 1984.","Colyn and Van Rompaey’s (1994) study did not support the recognition of subspecies.","40","40-00501","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0500-0000-0501"
"14000502","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Crossarchus","","ansorgei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","195","","","Angolan Kusimanse","""Dalla Tando"" [= Angola, Ndala Tando, 9°18'S, 14°54'E (Goldman, 1984)].","N Angola, SE Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>C. a. ansorgei</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>nigricolor</i> </b><i> </i>Colyn and Van Rompaey, 1990.","","40","40-00502","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0500-0000-0502"
"14000503","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Crossarchus","","ansorgei","ansorgei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","195","","","","""Dalla Tando"" [= Angola, Ndala Tando, 9°18'S, 14°54'E (Goldman, 1984)].","","","","","40","40-00503","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0500-0000-0502-0503"
"14000504","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Crossarchus","","ansorgei","nigricolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Colyn and Van Rompaey","1990","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00504","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0500-0000-0502-0504"
"14000505","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Crossarchus","","obscurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1825","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. G. Cuvier, Nat. Mammifères, Hist., pt. 3","5","47","""Mangue,"" 3 pp., 1 pl.","","","Common Kusimanse","""côtes occidentales de l'Afrique, et vraisemblablement des parties qui sont au midi de la Gambie"" restricted by F. G. Cuvier (1829:158) to ""Sierra Leone"".","Côte d’Ivoire, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ghana (west of the Dahomey Gap).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>punctatissimus</i> (Temminck, 1853).","Goldman (1984) separated central (<i>C. platycephalus</i>) from western (<i>C. obscurus</i>) African populations based on phenetic differences in skull proportions. Wozencraft (1989<i>b</i>) argued that these populations are conspecific. Reviewed by Goldman (1987). The separation of <i>C. platycephalus</i> from <i>C. obscurus</i> has been generally supported by others (Colyn and Van Rompaey, 1994).","40","40-00505","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0500-0000-0505"
"14000506","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Crossarchus","","platycephalus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1984","","Can. J. Zool","62","8","1624","","","Flat-headed Kusimanse","""Eséka, Cameroon"".","Benin, Nigeria, and Cameroon (east of the Dahomey Gap).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","See comments under <i>C. obscurus.</i>","40","40-00506","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0500-0000-0506"
"14000507","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Cynictis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ogilby","1833","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1833","","48","","<i>Cynictis steedmanni</i> Ogilby, 1833 (= <i>Herpestes penicillatus</i> G. Cuvier, 1829).","","","","","","McKenna and Bell (1997) included <i>Paracynictis</i> Pocock, 1916, without discussion.","40","40-00507","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0507"
"14000508","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Cynictis","","penicillata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G.[Baron] Cuvier","1829","","Regn. Anim., Nouv. ed. 2","1","","158","","","Yellow Mongoose","""du Cap"", restricted by Roberts (1951:151) to ""Uitenhage, C.P."" [South Africa].","S Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, SW Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>levaillantii</i> (A. Smith, 1829); <i>typicus </i>A. Smith, 1834; <i>steedmanni </i>Ogilby, 1833; <b><i>bechuanae</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1932; <b><i>brachyura</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1924; <b><i>bradfieldi</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1924; <b><i>cinderella</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1927; <b><i>coombsi</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1929; <b><i>intensa</i></b><i> </i>Schwann, 1906; <b><i>kalaharica</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1932; <b><i>karasensis</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1938; <b><i>lepturus</i></b><i> </i>A. Smith, 1839; <b><i>ogilbyii</i></b><i> </i>A. Smith, 1834; <b><i>pallidior</i></b><i> </i>Thomas and Schwann, 1904.","Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1953) and Taylor and Meester (1993). Revised by Lundholm (1955<i>b</i>) and Taylor and Meester (1993).","40","40-00508","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0507-0000-0508"
"14000509","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Cynictis","","penicillata","penicillata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G.[Baron] Cuvier","1829","","Regn. Anim., Nouv. ed. 2","1","","158","","","","""du Cap"", restricted by Roberts (1951:151) to ""Uitenhage, C.P."" [South Africa].","","","","","40","40-00509","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0507-0000-0508-0509"
"14000510","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Cynictis","","penicillata","bechuanae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00510","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0507-0000-0508-0510"
"14000511","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Cynictis","","penicillata","brachyura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00511","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0507-0000-0508-0511"
"14000512","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Cynictis","","penicillata","bradfieldi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00512","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0507-0000-0508-0512"
"14000513","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Cynictis","","penicillata","cinderella","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00513","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0507-0000-0508-0513"
"14000514","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Cynictis","","penicillata","coombsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00514","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0507-0000-0508-0514"
"14000515","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Cynictis","","penicillata","intensa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwann","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00515","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0507-0000-0508-0515"
"14000516","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Cynictis","","penicillata","kalaharica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00516","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0507-0000-0508-0516"
"14000517","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Cynictis","","penicillata","karasensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00517","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0507-0000-0508-0517"
"14000518","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Cynictis","","penicillata","lepturus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00518","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0507-0000-0508-0518"
"14000519","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Cynictis","","penicillata","ogilbyii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00519","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0507-0000-0508-0519"
"14000520","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Cynictis","","penicillata","pallidior","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00520","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0507-0000-0508-0520"
"14000521","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Dologale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","17","","183","","<i>Crossarchus dybowskii</i> Pousargues, 1893, by original designation.","","","","","","Revised by Hayman (1936). Although originally placed in <i>Crossarchus</i>, most since Hayman (1936) believed this genus to be the sister group to <i>Helogale</i>; Allen (1924) identified some specimens of this taxon as <i>Helogale hirtula robusta.</i> McKenna and Bell (1997) included it in <i>Helogale</i> without discussion.","40","40-00521","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0521"
"14000522","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Dologale","","dybowskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pousargues","1893","","Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.","18","","51","","","Pousargues’ Mongoose","""Ubangi, Congo Belge"", restricted by Moreau et al. (1945:410) to ""on the Upper Kemo, a tributary to the north of the Ubangui, about 6°17'N, 19°12'E"" [Central African Republic].","Central African Republic, NE Dem. Rep. Congo, S Sudan, W Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nigripes</i> (Kershaw, 1924); <i>robusta </i>(J. A. Allen, 1924).","Pousargues (1894) later redescribed the species in detail.","40","40-00522","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0521-0000-0522"
"14000523","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1864","1865","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","","564","","<i>Herpestes ochraceus</i> Gray, 1849 by original designation.","","","","","","Revised by Lynch (1981), Watson and Dippenaar (1987), Watson (1990), and Taylor et al. (1991) who considered these taxa a monophyletic group. Crawford-Cabral (1989<i>a</i>:2) regarded this group as a ""superspecies with several allospecies."" These taxa are provisionally separated from <i>Herpestes</i> (<i>sensu latu</i>) following revisions and reviews by Rosevear (1974), Ansell (1978), Smithers (1983), and Meester et al. (1986) (see discussion under <i>Herpestes</i>). McKenna and Bell (1997) included in <i>Herpestes</i>.","40","40-00523","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523"
"14000524","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","flavescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1889","","J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, ser. 2","3","","179","","","Angolan Slender Mongoose","""Benguella"", [Angola].","S Angola, C and N Namibia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>annulatus </i> Lundholm, 1955; <i>nigratus </i>(Thomas, 1928); <i>shortridgei </i>(Roberts, 1932).","Synonyms allocated after Crawford-Cabral (1989<i>a</i>, 1996). Included in <i>sanguinea</i> by Taylor (1975). The form <i>flavescens</i> was not mentioned in Meester et al. (1986) or Watson and Dippenaar's (1987) revision; Crawford-Cabral (1989<i>a</i>, 1996) considered <i>nigratus</i> conspecific with <i>flavescens</i>, the senior synonym. Watson (1990) considered these taxa in <i>nigratus</i>. Meester et al. (1986) listed <i>nigratus</i> as a synonym of <i>G. pulverulenta</i>. <i>G</i>. <i>shortridgei and annulatus</i> provisionally included here (see comments under <i>G. pulverulenta</i>).","40","40-00524","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0524"
"14000525","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","ochracea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. E. Gray","1848","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1848","","138","","","Somalian Slender Mongoose","""Abyssinia"".","Somalia.","","<b><i>bocagei</i> </b><i> </i>(Thomas and Wroughton, 1905); <b><i>fulvidior</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1904); <b><i>perfulvidus</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1904).","Recognized as distinct by Azzaroli and Simonetta (1966) and Taylor and Goldman (1993).","40","40-00525","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0525"
"14000526","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","ochracea","ochracea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. E. Gray","1848","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1848","","138","","","","""Abyssinia"".","","","","","40","40-00526","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0525-0526"
"14000527","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","ochracea","bocagei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00527","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0525-0527"
"14000528","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","ochracea","fulvidior","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00528","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0525-0528"
"14000529","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","ochracea","perfulvidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00529","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0525-0529"
"14000530","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","pulverulenta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1839","","Gelehrte. Anz. I. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München","9","","426","","","Cape Gray Mongoose","""Kap"" [Cape of Good Hope, Western Cape Prov., South Africa].","South Africa, south of 27°S latitude (Bronner, 1990).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>apiculatus </i> (Gray, 1865); <i>caffra </i>(A. Smith, 1826) [preoccupied]; <i>maritimus </i>(Roberts, 1919); <b><i>basuticus</i></b><i> </i>(Roberts, 1936); <b><i>ruddi</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1903).","Reviewed by Cavallini (1992). Revised by Lynch (1981) and Watson and Dippenaar (1987), who removed <i>annulata</i> and <i>shortridgei</i> (provisionally listed here under <i>G. flavescens</i>; perhaps best considered <i>incertae</i> <i>sedis</i>) and <i>nigrata</i> (placed also in <i>flavescens</i>) from <i>pulverulenta</i>; although Meester et al. (1986) did not. Crawford-Cabral (1989<i>a</i>) included these taxa with <i>flavescens</i>. Lynch (1981) argued that subspecies recognition was not warranted. Synonyms allocated accoding to Cavallini (1992) and Watson and Dippenaar (1987).","40","40-00530","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0530"
"14000531","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","pulverulenta","pulverulenta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1839","","Gelehrte. Anz. I. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München","9","","426","","","","""Kap"" [Cape of Good Hope, Western Cape Prov., South Africa].","","","","","40","40-00531","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0530-0531"
"14000532","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","pulverulenta","basuticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00532","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0530-0532"
"14000533","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","pulverulenta","ruddi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00533","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0530-0533"
"14000534","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1835","","Neue Wirbelt. Fauna Abyssin. Gehörig. Säugeth.","1","","27","","","Slender Mongoose","""Kordofan"" [Sudan].","Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde Isls, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritana, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>canus</i> </b><i> </i>(Wroughton, 1907); <b><i>cauui</i></b><i> </i>(A. Smith, 1836); <i>auratus </i>(Thomas and Wroughton, 1908); <i>badius </i>(A. Smith, 1838); <i>bradfieldi </i>(Roberts, 1932); <i>caldatus </i>(Thomas, 1927); <i>erongensis </i>(Roberts, 1946); <i>ignitoides </i>(Roberts, 1932); <i>kalaharicus </i>(Roberts, 1932); <i>kaokoensis </i>(Roberts, 1932); <i>khanensis </i>(Roberts, 1932); <i>ngamiensis </i>(Roberts, 1932); <i>okavangensis </i>(Roberts, 1932); <i>ornatus </i>(Peters, 1852); <i>punctulatus </i>(Gray, 1849); <i>ratlamuchi </i>(A. Smith, 1836); <i>upingtoni </i>(Shortridge, 1934); <i>venatica </i>(Gray, 1865); <i>zombae </i>(Wroughton, 1907); <b><i>dasilvai</i></b><i> </i>(Roberts, 1938); <b><i>dentifer</i></b><i> </i>(Heller, 1913); <b><i>fulvidior</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1904; <b><i>galbus</i></b><i> </i>(Wroughton, 1909); <b><i>gracilis</i></b><i> </i>(Rüppell, 1835); <i>galinieri </i>(Gúerinr, 1847); <i>iodoprymnus </i>(Heuglin, 1861); <i>lefebvrii </i>(Prevost and Desmurs, 1850); <i>nigricaudatus </i>(I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1839); <i>ochromelas </i>(Pucheran, 1855); <i>ruficauda </i>(Heuglin, 1877); <b><i>grantii</i></b><i> </i>(Gray, 1865); <b><i>ibeae</i></b><i> </i>(Wroughton, 1907); <i>elegans </i>(Matschie, 1914); <i>marae </i>(Matschie, 1914); <b><i>ignitus</i></b><i> </i>(Roberts, 1913); <b><i>lancasteri</i></b><i> </i>(Roberts, 1932); <b><i>melanura</i></b><i> </i>(Martin, 1836); <b><i>mossambica</i></b><i> </i>(Matschie, 1914); <b><i>mustela</i></b><i> </i>Schwarz, 1935; <b><i>mutgigella</i></b><i> </i>(Rüppell, 1835); <i>fuscus </i>(Rüppell, 1835); <i>mutscheltschela </i>(Heuglin, 1877); <b><i>orestes</i></b><i> </i>(Heller, 1911); <b><i>parvipes</i></b><i> </i>(Hollister, 1916); <b><i>perfulvidus</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1904); <b><i>phoenicurus</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1912); <b><i>proteus</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1907); <b><i>rendilis</i></b><i> </i>(Lönnberg, 1912); <b><i>saharae</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1925); <b><i>swalius</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1926); <b><i>swinnyi</i></b><i> </i>(Roberts, 1913); <b><i>ugandae</i></b><i> </i>(Wroughton, 1909).","This engimatic group, reviewed by Taylor (1975) and Watson (1990), is represented by several allopatric populations (a situation similar to the <i>Genetta genetta</i> complex where they are recognized as conspecific). Watson and Dippenaar (1987), in their revision, argued for the separation of <i>nigratus</i> (placed here in <i>flavescens</i>), and <i>swalius</i> (considered here as conspecific), and considered <i>swinnyi</i> Roberts (1913), as <i>incertae sedis</i> (included here), although their study did not include representative samples from NE and W Africa. It is believed that <i>swinnyi</i> has been extirpated from the type locality (Watson, in litt.). Taylor (1989) suggested that the allopatric <i>ochraceus</i> from Somalia warrants full specific status (followed here). Certainly, these studies suggest that a thorough revision, inclusive of all of the African forms of <i>sanguinea</i> is badly needed. Taylor and Goldman (1993) present convincing evidence to suggest that <i>swal... [truncated]","40","40-00534","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534"
"14000535","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","sanguinea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1835","","Neue Wirbelt. Fauna Abyssin. Gehörig. Säugeth.","1","","27","","","","""Kordofan"" [Sudan].","","","","","40","40-00535","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0535"
"14000536","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","canus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00536","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0536"
"14000537","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","cauui","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00537","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0537"
"14000538","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","dasilvai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00538","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0538"
"14000539","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","dentifer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00539","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0539"
"14000540","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","fulvidior","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00540","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0540"
"14000541","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","galbus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00541","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0541"
"14000542","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","gracilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00542","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0542"
"14000543","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","grantii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00543","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0543"
"14000544","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","ibeae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00544","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0544"
"14000545","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","ignitus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00545","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0545"
"14000546","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","lancasteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00546","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0546"
"14000547","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","melanura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Martin","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00547","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0547"
"14000548","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","mossambica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00548","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0548"
"14000549","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","mustela","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00549","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0549"
"14000550","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","mutgigella","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00550","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0550"
"14000551","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","orestes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00551","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0551"
"14000552","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","parvipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00552","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0552"
"14000553","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","perfulvidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00553","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0553"
"14000554","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","phoenicurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00554","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0554"
"14000555","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","proteus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00555","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0555"
"14000556","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","rendilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00556","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0556"
"14000557","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","saharae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00557","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0557"
"14000558","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","swalius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00558","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0558"
"14000559","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","swinnyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00559","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0559"
"14000560","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Galerella","","sanguinea","ugandae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00560","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0523-0000-0534-0560"
"14000561","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1861","1862","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1861","","308","","<i>Herpestes parvulus</i> Sundevall, 1847 by subsequent designation by Thomas (1882) (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","","The number of taxa ascribed to this genus is provisional. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1953) recognized seven species, Allen (1939) listed eleven. The acceptance here of two follows Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>). The range of <i>H. hirtula</i> is included within that of <i>H. parvula</i>. McKenna and Bell (1997) included <i>Dologale</i> without discussion.","40","40-00561","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561"
"14000562","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","hirtula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","97","","","Ethiopian Dwarf Mongoose","""Gabridehari, 60 mi [96 km] West of Gerlogobi"", restricted by Moreau et al. (1946:410) to ""south-east Ethiopia (Ogaden) at about 7°0'N, 45°20'E"". Further restricted by Yalden et al. (1980) to ""Gabridehari (= Gabredarre, Kebridar) 6°45'N, 44°17'E"".","S Ethiopia, N and C Kenya; S and C Somalia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>ahlselli</i> </b><i> </i>Lönnberg, 1912; <b><i>annulata</i></b><i> </i>Drake-Brockman, 1912; <b><i>lutescens</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1911; <b><i>powelli</i></b><i> </i>Drake-Brockman, 1912.","Synonyms allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939).","40","40-00562","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561-0000-0562"
"14000563","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","hirtula","hirtula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","14","","97","","","","""Gabridehari, 60 mi [96 km] West of Gerlogobi"", restricted by Moreau et al. (1946:410) to ""south-east Ethiopia (Ogaden) at about 7°0'N, 45°20'E"". Further restricted by Yalden et al. (1980) to ""Gabridehari (= Gabredarre, Kebridar) 6°45'N, 44°17'E"".","","","","","40","40-00563","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561-0000-0562-0563"
"14000564","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","hirtula","ahlselli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00564","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561-0000-0562-0564"
"14000565","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","hirtula","annulata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Drake-Brockman","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00565","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561-0000-0562-0565"
"14000566","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","hirtula","lutescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00566","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561-0000-0562-0566"
"14000567","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","hirtula","powelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Drake-Brockman","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00567","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561-0000-0562-0567"
"14000568","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","parvula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1846","1847","Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl","3","4","121 [Stockholm, 1846]","","","Common Dwarf Mongoose","""Caffraria superiore, juxta tropicum"", restricted by Roberts (1951) to ""Zoutpansberg"" [South Africa].","Angola, Botswana, Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brunnula </i> Thomas and Schwann, 1906; <b><i>ivori</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1919; <b><i>mimetra</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1926, <i>brunetta </i>Thomas, 1926; <b><i>nero</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1928; <i>bradfieldi </i>Roberts, 1928; <b><i>ruficeps</i></b><i> </i>Kershaw, 1922; <b><i>undulatus</i></b><i> </i>(Peters, 1852); <b><i>varia</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1902.","Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman et al. (1953).","40","40-00568","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561-0000-0568"
"14000569","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","parvula","parvula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1846","1847","Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl","3","4","121 [Stockholm, 1846]","","","","""Caffraria superiore, juxta tropicum"", restricted by Roberts (1951) to ""Zoutpansberg"" [South Africa].","","","","","40","40-00569","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561-0000-0568-0569"
"14000570","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","parvula","ivori","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00570","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561-0000-0568-0570"
"14000571","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","parvula","mimetra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00571","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561-0000-0568-0571"
"14000572","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","parvula","nero","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00572","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561-0000-0568-0572"
"14000573","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","parvula","ruficeps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kershaw","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00573","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561-0000-0568-0573"
"14000574","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","parvula","undulatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00574","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561-0000-0568-0574"
"14000575","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Helogale","","parvula","varia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00575","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0561-0000-0568-0575"
"14000576","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium.","","","135","","<i>Viverra ichneumon</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by absolute tautonomy, through the replaced name <i>Ichneumon</i> Lacépède, 1799 (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Calogale</i>  Gray, 1865; <i>Calictis </i>Gray, 1865; <i>Herpertes </i>Illiger, 1811; <i>Ichneumon</i> Frisch, 1775; <i>Mangusta</i> Horsfield, 1822; <i>Mesobema</i> Hodgson, 1841; <i>Onychogale</i> Gray, 1865; <i>Taeniogale</i> Gray, 1865; <i>Urva</i> Hodgson, 1837; <i>Xenogale</i> Allen, 1919.","Revised by Pocock (1919, 1937, 1941<i>a</i>), Bechthold (1939), and Taylor and Matheson (1999). Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>) and Hayman (<i>in</i> Sanderson, 1940) included <i>Xenogale</i> (see discussion under <i>naso</i>). Allen (1924) included only <i>ichneumon</i> in this genus and separated <i>sanguinea</i> and <i>pulverulenta</i> into <i>Galerella</i>; for support, he contrasted the large <i>ichneumon</i> with the smaller <i>sanguine-pulverulenta</i> complex and reported proportion differences in measurements of skeleton and skull. His rationale has been repeated, in some cases verbatum, by Rosevear (1974), Ansell (1978), Smithers (1983), Meester et al. (1986), and Watson and Dippenaar (1987). Taylor et al. (1991) presented an allozyme analysis and argued for generic recognition, however, they did not include Asiatic <i>Herpestes</i>, and their consensus tree made the placement of the <i>sanguinea/pulverulenta</i> clade equivocal. Fredga's (1972) comparative chromosome analysis looked ... [truncated]","40","40-00576","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576"
"14000577","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","brachyurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","88","","","Short-tailed Mongoose","""Indian Islands"", restricted by Kloss (1917) to ""Borneo"", however, Thomas (1921<i>c</i>) believed it to be from ""Malacca"". Pocock (1941<i>a</i>) believed the type to represent a ""Malayan Race"".","Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippine Isls, Singapore, Vietnam.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>hosei</i> </b><i> </i>Jentink, 1903; <i>dyacorum </i>Thomas, 1921; <i>rajah </i>Thomas, 1921; <b><i>javanensis</i></b><i> </i>Bechthold, 1936; <b><i>palawanus</i></b> Allen, 1910; <b><i>parvus</i></b> Jentink, 1895; <b><i>sumatrius</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1921.","Bechthold (1939) included <i>hosei</i> (followed here) and <i>fuscus</i> (here considered separate), and listed characteristics suggesting that in some respects, <i>semitorquatus</i> was intermediate between <i>brachyurus</i> and <i>urva</i>; this was followed by Medway (1977). Bechthold (1939) believed that <i>fuscus</i> (<i>sensu stricto</i>) is most closely related to far-eastern <i>brachyurus</i> forms and considered them conspecific (both forms are short tailed mongooses); however, he gave features of the skull and pelage (used elsewhere at the specific level, i.e., <i>edwardsii</i> vs. <i>javanicus</i>) that distinguished the S India/Sri Lankan populations from those of SE Asia. Here they are provisionally treated as separate. Schwarz (1947) believed <i>semitorquatus</i> to be a red color morph of the dark <i>brachyurus</i>, although he did not address the most distinguishing feature of the collared mongoose – the collar – present in <i>semitorquatus</i> and absent in <i>brachyur... [truncated]","40","40-00577","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0577"
"14000578","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","brachyurus","brachyurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","88","","","","""Indian Islands"", restricted by Kloss (1917) to ""Borneo"", however, Thomas (1921<i>c</i>) believed it to be from ""Malacca"". Pocock (1941<i>a</i>) believed the type to represent a ""Malayan Race"".","","","","","40","40-00578","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0577-0578"
"14000579","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","brachyurus","hosei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00579","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0577-0579"
"14000580","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","brachyurus","javanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bechthold","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00580","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0577-0580"
"14000581","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","brachyurus","palawanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Allen","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00581","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0577-0581"
"14000582","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","brachyurus","parvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00582","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0577-0582"
"14000583","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","brachyurus","sumatrius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00583","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0577-0583"
"14000584","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","edwardsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","139","","","Indian Gray Mongoose","""Indes orientales"".","Afghanistan, Bahrain, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kuwait, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudia Arabia, Sri Lanka. Populations believed to be introductions in Malaysia, Ryukyu Isls, Mauritius (Corbet and Hill, 1980; Wells, 1989).","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>carnaticus</i> Wroughton, 1921; <i>ellioti </i>(Wroughton, 1915); <i>fimbriatus </i>Temminck, 1853; <i>frederici </i>Desmarest, 1823; <i>griseus </i>(I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818); <i>malaccensis </i>(J. B. Fischer, 1829); <i>moerens </i>(Wroughton, 1915); <i>pallidus </i>Wagner, 1841; <i>pondiceriana </i>Gervais, 1841; <b><i>ferrugineus</i></b><i> </i>Blanford, 1874; <i>andersoni </i>Murray, 1884; <i>pallens </i>(Ryley, 1914); <b><i>lanka</i></b><i> </i>(Wroughton, 1915); <i>mungo</i> (Blanford, 1888) [preoccupied]; <b><i>montanus</i></b><i> </i>Bechthold, 1936; <b><i>nyula</i></b><i> </i>(Hodgson, 1836).","","40","40-00584","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0584"
"14000585","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","edwardsi","edwardsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","139","","","","""Indes orientales"".","","","","","40","40-00585","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0584-0585"
"14000586","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","edwardsi","ferrugineus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00586","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0584-0586"
"14000587","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","edwardsi","lanka","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00587","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0584-0587"
"14000588","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","edwardsi","montanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bechthold","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00588","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0584-0588"
"14000589","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","edwardsi","nyula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00589","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0584-0589"
"14000590","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","fuscus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","55","","","Indian Brown Mongoose","""India"".","SW India, Sri Landa.","CITES – Appendix III (India) as <i>H. brachyurus fuscus</i>; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>H. f. fuscus.</i>","<b><i>flavidens</i> </b><i> </i>Kelaart, 1850; <i>ceylanicus </i>Nevill, 1887; <i>ceylonicus </i>Thomas, 1924; <i>fulvescens </i>Kelaart, 1851; <i>phillipsi </i>Thomas, 1924; <b><i>maccarthiae</i></b><i> </i>(Gray, 1851); <b><i>rubidior</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1937; <b><i>siccatus</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1924.","Some have placed <i>fuscus </i>in <i>brachyurus</i> (Bechthold, 1936; Wenzel and Haltenorth, 1972). Fredga (1972) and Corbet and Hill (1992) argued that it should remain separate. Corbet and Hill (1992) recognized only four subspecies (<i>fuscus</i>,<i> phillipsi</i>,<i> siccatus</i>,<i> rubidior</i>).","40","40-00590","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0590"
"14000591","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","fuscus","fuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","55","","","","""India"".","","","","","40","40-00591","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0590-0591"
"14000592","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","fuscus","flavidens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kelaart","1850","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00592","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0590-0592"
"14000593","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","fuscus","maccarthiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1851","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00593","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0590-0593"
"14000594","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","fuscus","rubidior","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00594","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0590-0594"
"14000595","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","fuscus","siccatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00595","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0590-0595"
"14000596","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","ichneumon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","43","","","Egyptian Mongoose","""in Ægypto ad ripas Nili, ...in India primario; mansuescit"", restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Egypt"".","Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Gibraltar, Guinea, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Liberia, Lybia, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Portugal, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Zambia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aegyptiae</i> (Tiedemann, 1808); <i>egypti </i>(Tiedemann, 1808); <i>major </i>(E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818); <i>pharaon </i>(Lacépède, 1799); <b><i>angolensis</i></b><i> </i>Bocage, 1890; <b><i>cafra</i></b><i> </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>bennettii </i>Gray, 1837; <i>dorsalis </i>Gray, 1865; <i>griseus </i>Smuts, 1832; <i>madagascarensis </i>A. Smith, 1834; <i>nems </i>(Kerr, 1792); <b><i>centralis</i></b><i> </i>(Lönnberg, 1917); <b><i>funestus</i></b><i> </i>(Osgood, 1910); <b><i>mababiensis</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1932; <b><i>numidicus</i></b><i> </i>(F. G. Cuvier, 1834); <i>numidianus </i>Gray, 1865; <b><i>parvidens</i></b><i> </i>(Lönnberg, 1908); <b><i>sabiensis</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1926; <b><i>sangronizi</i></b><i> </i>Cabrera, 1924; <b><i>widdringtonii</i></b><i> </i>Gray, 1842; <i>dorsalis </i>Seabra, 1909; <i>ferruginea </i>Seabra, 1909; <i>grisea </i>Seabra, 1909.","","40","40-00596","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0596"
"14000597","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","ichneumon","ichneumon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","43","","","","""in Ægypto ad ripas Nili, ...in India primario; mansuescit"", restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Egypt"".","","","","","40","40-00597","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0596-0597"
"14000598","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","ichneumon","angolensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00598","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0596-0598"
"14000599","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","ichneumon","cafra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00599","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0596-0599"
"14000600","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","ichneumon","centralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00600","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0596-0600"
"14000601","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","ichneumon","funestus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00601","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0596-0601"
"14000602","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","ichneumon","mababiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00602","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0596-0602"
"14000603","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","ichneumon","numidicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1834","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00603","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0596-0603"
"14000604","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","ichneumon","parvidens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00604","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0596-0604"
"14000605","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","ichneumon","sabiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00605","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0596-0605"
"14000606","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","ichneumon","sangronizi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00606","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0596-0606"
"14000607","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","ichneumon","widdringtonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00607","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0596-0607"
"14000608","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","javanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","138","","","Small Asian Mongoose","""Java"".","Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Introduced to: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Fiji Isls, Jamacia, Japan, Puerto Rico, Surinam, West Indies, USA (Hawaiian Isls), and many other tropical regions.","CITES – Appendix III (India) as <i>H. javanicus auropunctatus</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>H. palustris</i>,<i> </i>Lower Risk (lc) as <i>H. javanicus</i>.","<b><i>auropunctatus</i> </b><i> </i>(Hodgson, 1836); <i>birmanicus </i>Thomas, 1886; <i>nepalensis </i>Gray, 1837; <b><i>exilis</i></b><i> </i>Gervais, 1841; <i>rutilus </i>Gray, 1861; <b><i>orientalis</i></b><i> </i>(Sody, 1936); <b><i>pallipes</i></b><i> </i>(Blyth, 1845); <i>helvus </i>(Ryley, 1914); <i>persicus </i>Gray, 1865; <b><i>palustris</i></b><i> </i>Ghose, 1965; <b><i>peninsulae</i></b><i> </i>(Schwarz, 1910); <i>incertus </i>(Kloss, 1917); <b><i>perakensis</i></b><i> </i>(Kloss, 1917); <b><i>rafflesii</i></b> Anderson, 1875; <b><i>rubrifrons</i></b><i> </i>J. A. Allen, 1909; <b><i>siamensis</i></b><i> </i>(Kloss, 1917); <b><i>tjerapai </i></b>Sody, 1949.","Bechthold (1939), Pocock (1941<i>a</i>), and Lekagul and McNeeley (1977) included <i>auropunctatus</i>. Wells (1989) discussed the situation for the morphotypes in Indochina. Nellis (1989) considered <i>auropunctatus</i> as a separate species. Taylor and Matheson's (1999) skull morphometic study showed that the oriental subspecies can be distinguished from the northern and western subspecies based on a phenetic analysis of skull measurements. Ghose (1965) separated <i>palustris</i> from <i>javanicus</i>. Wenzel and Haltenorth (1972) and Corbet and Hill (1992) considered <i>palustris</i>, <i>auropunctatus</i>, and <i>javanicus </i>as conspecific, which is followed here.","40","40-00608","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0608"
"14000609","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","javanicus","javanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1818","","Descrip. de L'Egypte","2","","138","","","","""Java"".","","","","","40","40-00609","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0608-0609"
"14000610","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","javanicus","auropunctatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00610","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0608-0610"
"14000611","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","javanicus","exilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gervais","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00611","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0608-0611"
"14000612","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","javanicus","orientalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00612","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0608-0612"
"14000613","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","javanicus","pallipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00613","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0608-0613"
"14000614","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","javanicus","palustris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ghose","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00614","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0608-0614"
"14000615","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","javanicus","peninsulae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00615","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0608-0615"
"14000616","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","javanicus","perakensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00616","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0608-0616"
"14000617","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","javanicus","rafflesii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00617","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0608-0617"
"14000618","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","javanicus","rubrifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00618","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0608-0618"
"14000619","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","javanicus","siamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00619","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0608-0619"
"14000620","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","javanicus","tjerapai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00620","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0608-0620"
"14000621","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","naso","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1901","","Bull. Liverpool Mus.","3","","35","","","Long-nosed Mongoose","""Cameroon River, West Africa"" [Cameroon].","Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Niger, Republic of Congo, Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>almodovari</i> Cabrera, 1902; <i>microdon </i>(J. A. Allen, 1919); <i>nigerianus </i>Thomas, 1912.","Placed in <i>Xenogale</i> by Allen (1919<i>b</i>), and followed by Rosevear (1974), Ansell (1978) and Colyn and Van Rompaey (1994). This taxon, and <i>ichneumon</i>, which is generally recognized as its sister taxon (Allen, 1919<i>b</i>; Hayman, <i>in</i> Sanderson, 1940; Rosevear, 1974), can be distinguished principally by proportional differences of the interorbital region (Rosevear, 1974). Allen (1919<i>b</i>), Hayman (<i>in</i> Sanderson, 1940), Wenzel and Haltenorth (1972), Rosevear (1974), and Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>) did not feel these differences were sufficient to warrant generic distinction. Recognition of <i>Xenogale</i> would make <i>Herpestes</i> paraphyletic. Reviewed by Orts (1970) and Colyn and van Rompaey (1994) who provide an excellent summary of the taxonomic discussion and who could find no subspecies differentiation.","40","40-00621","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0621"
"14000622","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","semitorquatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","18","","211","","","Collared Mongoose","""Borneo"" [Mainland opposite Labuan = Brunei)].","Indonesia (Borneo and Sumatra).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>uniformis</i> </b><i> </i>Robinson and Kloss, 1919.","Schwarz (1947) concluded that <i>semitorquatus</i> was a red color morph of the dark <i>brachyurus</i>, however, see comments under <i>brachyurus</i>.","40","40-00622","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0622"
"14000623","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","semitorquatus","semitorquatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","18","","211","","","","""Borneo"" [Mainland opposite Labuan = Brunei)].","","","","","40","40-00623","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0622-0623"
"14000624","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","semitorquatus","uniformis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00624","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0622-0624"
"14000625","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","smithii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","578","","","Ruddy Mongoose","Not given. Thomas (1923) suggested that it was from the ""Bombay Region"" but this was questioned by Pocock (1937).","India, Sri Lanka.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ellioti </i> Blyth, 1851; <i>torquatus </i>Kelaart, 1852; <b><i>thysanurus</i></b><i> </i>Wagner, 1839; <i>canens </i>Thomas, 1921; <i>jerdonii </i>Gray, 1865; <i>monticolus </i>Jerdon, 1867; <i>rusanus </i>Thomas, 1921; <b><i>zeylanius</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1921.","","40","40-00625","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0625"
"14000626","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","smithii","smithii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","578","","","","Not given. Thomas (1923) suggested that it was from the ""Bombay Region"" but this was questioned by Pocock (1937).","","","","","40","40-00626","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0625-0626"
"14000627","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","smithii","thysanurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00627","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0625-0627"
"14000628","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","smithii","zeylanius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00628","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0625-0628"
"14000629","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","urva","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","5","","238","","","Crab-eating Mongoose","""Central and Northern Regions"" [Nepal].","Burma, China, India, Laos, Malaysia (Wells and Francis, 1988), Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cancrivora</i>  (Hodgson, 1837); <i>hanensis </i>(Matschie, 1907); <b><i>annamensis</i></b><i> </i>Bechthold, 1936; <b><i>formosanus</i></b><i> </i>Bechthold, 1936; <b><i>sinensis</i></b><i> </i>Bechthold, 1936.","Synonyms allocated after Bechthold (1939).","40","40-00629","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0629"
"14000630","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","urva","urva","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","5","","238","","","","""Central and Northern Regions"" [Nepal].","","","","","40","40-00630","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0629-0630"
"14000631","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","urva","annamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bechthold","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00631","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0629-0631"
"14000632","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","urva","formosanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bechthold","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00632","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0629-0632"
"14000633","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","urva","sinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bechthold","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00633","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0629-0633"
"14000634","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","vitticollis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1835","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1835","","67","","","Stripe-necked Mongoose","""in forests about twenty miles [32 km] inland from Kolun or Quilon, in the Travancore country"" [India].","S India, Sri Lanka.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>rubiginosus </i> (Wagner, 1841); <b><i>inornatus</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1941.","","40","40-00634","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0634"
"14000635","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","vitticollis","vitticollis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1835","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1835","","67","","","","""in forests about twenty miles [32 km] inland from Kolun or Quilon, in the Travancore country"" [India].","","","","","40","40-00635","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0634-0635"
"14000636","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Herpestes","","vitticollis","inornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00636","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0576-0000-0634-0636"
"14000637","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Ichneumia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1837","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris)","8","2","251","","<i>Herpestes albicaudus</i> G. [Baron] Cuvier, 1829, by designation of Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1839) (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Lasiopus</i>  I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835.","","40","40-00637","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0637"
"14000638","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Ichneumia","","albicauda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G.[Baron] Cuvier","1829","","Regn. Anim., Nouv., ed. 2","1","","158","","","White-tailed Mongoose","""l'Afrique australe et le Sénégal"".","Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abuwudan</i> Fitzinger and Heuglin, 1866; <i>albescens </i>I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1839; <i>leucurus </i>(Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832); <b><i>dialeucos</i></b><i> </i>(Hollister, 1916); <b><i>grandis</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1890); <b><i>haagneri</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1924; <b><i>ibeanus</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1904); <i>ferox </i>(Heller, 1913); <b><i>loandae</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1904); <b><i>loempo</i></b><i> </i>(Temminck, 1853); <i>nigricauda </i>Pucheran, 1855.","Reviewed by Taylor (1972).","40","40-00638","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0637-0000-0638"
"14000639","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Ichneumia","","albicauda","albicauda","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G.[Baron] Cuvier","1829","","Regn. Anim., Nouv., ed. 2","1","","158","","","","""l'Afrique australe et le Sénégal"".","","","","","40","40-00639","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0637-0000-0638-0639"
"14000640","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Ichneumia","","albicauda","dialeucos","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00640","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0637-0000-0638-0640"
"14000641","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Ichneumia","","albicauda","grandis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00641","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0637-0000-0638-0641"
"14000642","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Ichneumia","","albicauda","haagneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00642","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0637-0000-0638-0642"
"14000643","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Ichneumia","","albicauda","ibeanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00643","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0637-0000-0638-0643"
"14000644","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Ichneumia","","albicauda","loandae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00644","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0637-0000-0638-0644"
"14000645","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Ichneumia","","albicauda","loempo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00645","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0637-0000-0638-0645"
"14000646","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Liberiictis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hayman","1958","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 13","1","","449","","<i>Liberiictis kuhni</i> Hayman, 1958, by original designation.","","","","","","","40","40-00646","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0646"
"14000647","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Liberiictis","","kuhni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hayman","1958","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 13","1","","449","","","Liberian Mongoose","""Kpeaplay, north-east Liberia, about 6°36'N, 8°30'W"".","Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Reviewed by Goldman and Taylor (1990).","40","40-00647","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0646-0000-0647"
"14000648","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. G. Cuvier","1795","","Mag. Encyclop.","2","","184, 187","","Not given; <i>Viverra mungo</i> Gmelin, 1788, designated by Muirhead (1819) (Melville and Smith, 1987). McKenna and Bell (1997) argued that <i>Herpestes fasciatus</i> (Desmarest, 1823) should be considered as the type.","","","","","<i>Ariela</i>  Gray, 1864.","Allen (1919<i>b</i>) discussed the nomenclatural history of this name.","40","40-00648","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648"
"14000649","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","gambianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1835","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1835","","102","","","Gambian Mongoose","""Gambia"".","Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","","40","40-00649","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0649"
"14000650","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","84","","","Banded Mongoose","""Bengala, Persia, aliisque asiae"", restricted by Ogilby (1835:101) to ""Gambia"". However, Thomas (1882) believed it to be in the eastern part of South Africa, [former] Cape Prov., as did Roberts (1929).","Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>fasciatus</i> (Desmarest, 1823); <i>taenionotus </i>(A. Smith, 1834); <b><i>adailensis</i></b><i> </i>(Heuglin, 1861); <i>gothneh </i>(Heuglin and Fitzinger, 1866); <i>leucostethicus</i> (Heuglin and Fitzinger, 1866); <b><i>bororensis</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1929; <b><i>caurinus</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1926; <b><i>colonus</i></b><i> </i>(Heller, 1911); <b><i>grisonax</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1926; <b><i>mandjarum</i></b><i> </i>(Schwarz, 1915); <b><i>marcrurus</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1907); <i>macrosus </i>(Lydekker, 1908); <b><i>ngamiensis</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1932; <b><i>pallidipes</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1929; <b><i>rossi</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1929; <b><i>senescens</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas and Wroughton, 1907); <b><i>somalicus</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1895); <b><i>talboti</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas and Wroughton, 1907); <b><i>zebra</i></b><i> </i>(Rüppell, 1835); <b><i>zebroides</i></b><i> </i>(Lönnberg, 1908).","","40","40-00650","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650"
"14000651","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","mungo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","84","","","","""Bengala, Persia, aliisque asiae"", restricted by Ogilby (1835:101) to ""Gambia"". However, Thomas (1882) believed it to be in the eastern part of South Africa, [former] Cape Prov., as did Roberts (1929).","","","","","40","40-00651","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0651"
"14000652","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","adailensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00652","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0652"
"14000653","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","bororensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00653","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0653"
"14000654","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","caurinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00654","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0654"
"14000655","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","colonus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00655","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0655"
"14000656","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","grisonax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00656","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0656"
"14000657","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","mandjarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00657","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0657"
"14000658","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","marcrurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00658","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0658"
"14000659","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","ngamiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00659","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0659"
"14000660","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","pallidipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00660","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0660"
"14000661","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","rossi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00661","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0661"
"14000662","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","senescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00662","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0662"
"14000663","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","somalicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00663","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0663"
"14000664","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","talboti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00664","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0664"
"14000665","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","zebra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00665","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0665"
"14000666","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Mungos","","mungo","zebroides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00666","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0648-0000-0650-0666"
"14000667","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Paracynictis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Pocock","1916","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","17","","177","","<i>Cynictis selousi</i> de Winton, 1896, by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","","","40","40-00667","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0667"
"14000668","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Paracynictis","","selousi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","469","","","Selous’ Mongoose","""found on a grassy heap under a tree, EssexVale, Matabeleland. . . near Bulawayo"" [Zimbabwe].","Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>bechuanae</i> </b><i> </i>Roberts, 1932; <b><i>ngamiensis</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1932; <b><i>sengaani</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1931.","McKenna and Bell (1997) included in <i>Cynictis </i>without comment<i>.</i>","40","40-00668","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0667-0000-0668"
"14000669","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Paracynictis","","selousi","selousi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1896","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","18","","469","","","","""found on a grassy heap under a tree, EssexVale, Matabeleland. . . near Bulawayo"" [Zimbabwe].","","","","","40","40-00669","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0667-0000-0668-0669"
"14000670","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Paracynictis","","selousi","bechuanae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00670","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0667-0000-0668-0670"
"14000671","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Paracynictis","","selousi","ngamiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00671","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0667-0000-0668-0671"
"14000672","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Paracynictis","","selousi","sengaani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00672","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0667-0000-0668-0672"
"14000673","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Rhynchogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1894","","139","","<i>Rhinogale melleri</i> Gray, 1865, by monotypy through the replaced name <i>Rhinogale</i> Gray, 1865.","","","","","<i>Rhinogale</i>  Gray, 1865.","","40","40-00673","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0673"
"14000674","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Rhynchogale","","melleri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1864","1865","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","","575","","","Meller’s Mongoose","""from a ravine on the outskirts of the Otto Estate, near Mbweni, about 2½ miles [4 km] west of Kilosa, Tanganyika Territory""","Dem. Rep. Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caniceps </i> (Kershaw, 1924); <b><i>langi</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1938.","","40","40-00674","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0673-0000-0674"
"14000675","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Rhynchogale","","melleri","melleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1864","1865","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","","575","","","","""from a ravine on the outskirts of the Otto Estate, near Mbweni, about 2½ miles [4 km] west of Kilosa, Tanganyika Territory""","","","","","40","40-00675","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0673-0000-0674-0675"
"14000676","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Rhynchogale","","melleri","langi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00676","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0673-0000-0674-0676"
"14000677","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Suricata","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Desmarest","1804","","Tabl. Méth. Hist. Nat., <i>in</i>, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.","24","","15","","<i>Suricata capensis</i> Desmarest, 1804 (= <i>Viverra suricatta</i> Schreber, 1776), by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Rhyzaena</i>  Wagner, 1841; <i>Rysaena</i> Lesson, 1827; <i>Ryzaena</i> Illiger, 1811; <i>Surricata</i> Gray, 1821.","","40","40-00677","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0677"
"14000678","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Suricata","","suricatta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","","","pl. 117 [1776]","","","Meerkat","Listed as ""Cape of Good Hope"" by Meester et al. (1986), restricted by Thomas and Schwann (1905:133) to ""Deelfontein"" [South Africa].","Angola, S Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>capensis</i> Desmarest, 1804; <i>hahni </i>Thomas, 1927; <i>hamiltoni </i>Thomas and Schwann, 1905; <i>lophurus </i>Thomas and Schwann, 1905; <i>namaquensis </i>Thomas and Schwann, 1905; <i>suraktta </i>(A. Smith, 1826); <i>tetradactyla </i>(Pallas, 1777); <i>typicus </i>(A. Smith, 1834); <i>viverrina </i>Desmarest, 1819; <i>zenik </i>(Scopoli, 1786); <b><i>iona</i></b><i> </i>Cabral, 1971; <b><i>marjoriae</i></b><i> </i>Bradfield, 1936.","Reviewed by van Staaden (1994). Synonyms allocated according to Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>) and van Staaden (1994).","40","40-00678","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0677-0000-0678"
"14000679","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Suricata","","suricatta","suricatta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","","","pl. 117 [1776]","","","","Listed as ""Cape of Good Hope"" by Meester et al. (1986), restricted by Thomas and Schwann (1905:133) to ""Deelfontein"" [South Africa].","","","","","40","40-00679","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0677-0000-0678-0679"
"14000680","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Suricata","","suricatta","iona","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabral","1971","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00680","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0677-0000-0678-0680"
"14000681","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Herpestidae","","","Suricata","","suricatta","marjoriae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bradfield","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00681","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0477-0000-0000-0677-0000-0678-0681"
"14000682","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Hyaenidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","302","","","","","","","Protelidae Flower, 1869.","Reviewed by Ronnefeld (1969), Werdelin and Solounias (1991), and Jenks and Werdelin (1998), which is followed here.","40","40-00682","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0682"
"14000683","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Hyaenidae","","","Crocuta","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kaup","1828","","Oken's Isis. Encyclop. Zeit","21","11","column 1145","","<i>Canis crocuta</i> Erxleben, 1777, by original designation.","","","","","<i>Crocotta</i> Kaup, 1829.","Antedated by <i>Crocuta</i> Meigen, 1800 (an insect), but that name has been suppressed (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1962).","40","40-00683","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0682-0000-0000-0683"
"14000684","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Hyaenidae","","","Crocuta","","crocuta","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","578","","","Spotted Hyena","""Guinea, Aethiopia, ad caput bonae spei in terrae rupiumque caueis"", restricted by Cabrera (1911:95) to ""Senegambia"".","Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>capensis</i>  (Desmarest, 1817); <i>cuvieri</i> (Boitard, 1842); <i>fisi </i>Heller, 1914; <i>fortis </i>J. A. Allen, 1924; <i>gariepensis</i> (Matschie, 1900); <i>germinans </i>(Matschie, 1900); <i>habessynica </i>(de Blainville, 1844); <i>kibonotensis </i>(Lönnberg, 1908); <i>leontiewi </i>(Satunin, 1905); <i>maculata</i> (Thunberg, 1811); <i>noltei </i>(Matschie, 1900); <i>nyasae </i>Cabrera, 1911; <i>nzoyae </i>Cabrera, 1911; <i>panganensis </i>(Lönnberg, 1908); <i>rufa</i> (Desmarest, 1817); <i>rufopicta </i>Cabrera, 1911; <i>sivalensis</i> (Falconer and Cautley, <i>in</i> Falconer, 1868); <i>thierryi </i>(Matschie, 1900); <i>thomasi </i>Cabrera, 1911; <i>togoensis </i>(Matschie, 1900); <i>wissmanni</i> (Matschie, 1900).","Revised by Matthews (<i>1939a, b</i>). Synonyms according to Matthews (1939<i>a</i>) and Jenks and Werdelin (1998) who demonstrated that subspecies are not justified.","40","40-00684","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0682-0000-0000-0683-0000-0684"
"14000685","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Hyaenidae","","","Hyaena","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brisson","1762","","Regnum Animale, ed. 2.","","","168","","<i>Canis hyaena</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by original designation.","","","","","<i>Euhyaena</i>  Falconer, 1868; <i>Hyena</i> Gray, 1821.","Revised by Pocock (1934<i>c</i>). <i>Hyaena</i> Brisson, 1762, is available (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1955<i>b</i>, 1998), even though the work <i>Regnum Animale</i> has been rejected. The relationship of <i>H.</i> <i>hyaena</i> and <i>H.</i> <i>brunnea</i> has been problematic. McKenna and Bell (1997) followed Galiano and Frailey (1977) and placed <i>brunnea </i>in <i>Pachycrocuta</i>. Werdelin and Solounias (1991) argued that <i>brunnea</i> should be placed in <i>Parahyaena</i>. Jenks and Werdelin (1998) placed <i>brunnea</i> back in <i>Hyaena</i> and used subgenera to maintain Hendey’s (1978) original intention (which is followed here). Synonyms according to Jenks and Werdelin (1998).","40","40-00685","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0682-0000-0000-0685"
"14000686","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Hyaenidae","","","Hyaena","","brunnea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thunberg","1820","","K. Svenska Vet.-Acad. Handl. Stockholm","","","59","","","Brown Hyena","""Goda Hopps Udden; Södra Afrika"" [South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].","Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Parahyaena </i>(=<i>Hyaena</i>) <i>brunnea</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>fusca</i> E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1825; <i>melampus </i>Pocock, 1934; <i>striata </i>A. Smith, 1826; <i>villosa </i>A. Smith, 1827.","Reviewed by Mills (1982). See comments under genus for inclusion of <i>brunnea</i> under <i>Hyaena</i>. Pocock (1934<i>c</i>) and Jenks and Werdelin (1998) argued that neither morphological nor molecular studies have supported the recognition of subspecies at present. Synonyms according to Jenks and Werdelin (1998).","40","40-00686","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0682-0000-0000-0685-0000-0686"
"14000687","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Hyaenidae","","","Hyaena","","hyaena","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","40","","","Striped Hyena","""India"", restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:134) to ""Benna Mts., Laristan, S. Persia"".","Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudia Arabia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yemen.","U.S. ESA and IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>H. hyaena barbara</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (nt)<i>.</i>","<i>antiquorum</i> (Temminck, 1820); <i>barbara </i>de Blainville, 1844; <i>bergeri </i>Matschie, 1910; <i>bilkiewiczi </i>Satunin, 1905; <i>bokcharensis </i>Satunin, 1905; <i>dubbah</i> Meyer, 1793; <i>dubia </i>Schinz, 1821; <i>fasciata </i>Thunberg, 1820; <i>hienomelas </i>Matschie, 1900; <i>hyaenomelas </i>(Bruce, <i>In</i> Desmarest, 1820); <i>indica </i>de Blainville, 1844; <i>orientalis </i>Tiedemann, 1808; <i>rendilis </i>Lönnberg, 1912; <i>satunini </i>Matschie, 1910; <i>schillingsi </i>Matschie, 1900; <i>striata </i>Zimmermann, 1777; <i>suilla </i>Filippi, 1853; <i>sultana </i>Pocock, 1934; <i>syriaca </i>Matschie, 1900; <i>virgata </i>Ogilby, 1840; <i>vulgaris </i>Desmarest, 1820; <i>zarudnyi </i>Satunin, 1905.","Reviewed by Rieger (1981) and Jenks and Werdelin (1998). Pocock (1934<i>d</i>) and Jenks and Werdelin (1998) argued that at present neither morphological nor molecular studies have supported the recognition of subspecies. Synonyms according to Rieger (1981) and Jenks and Werdelin (1998).","40","40-00687","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0682-0000-0000-0685-0000-0687"
"14000688","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Hyaenidae","","","Proteles","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1824","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1824","","139","","<i>Proteles lalandii</i> I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824 (= <i>Viverra cristata</i> Sparrman, 1783), by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Geocyon</i>  Wagler, 1830.","","40","40-00688","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0682-0000-0000-0688"
"14000689","CARNIVORA","FELIFORMIA","","","Hyaenidae","","","Proteles","","cristata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sparrman","1783","","Resa Goda-Hopps-Udden., I","1","","581","","","Aardwolf","English translation (Sparrman, 1786) of original locality: ""Agter-Bruntjes hoogte...which takes in the upper part of Kleine Visch-rivier, and is separated from Camdebo by Bruntjes hoogtens...""; listed in G. M. Allen (1939) as ""Near Little Fish River, Somerset East, Cape Colony"" [South Africa].","Angola, Botswana, Central African Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","CITES – Appendix III (Botswana); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>canescens</i> Shortridge and Carter, 1938; <i>harrisoni </i>Rothschild, 1902; <i>hyenoides </i>(Desmarest, 1821); <i>lalandii </i>I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824; <i>pallidior </i>Cabrera, 1910; <i>septentrionalis </i>Rothschild, 1902; <i>termes </i>Heller, 1913; <i>transvaalensis </i>Roberts, 1932; <i>typicus </i>A. Smith, 1834.","Reviewed by Koehler and Richardson (1990) and Jenks and Werdelin (1998) who demonstrated that subspecies are not well defined and probably should not be recognized. Synonyms according to Jenks and Werdelin (1998).","40","40-00689","40-0001-0002-0000-0000-0682-0000-0000-0688-0000-0689"
"14000690","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Kretzoi","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00690","40-0001-0690"
"14000691","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer","1817","","Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow","5","","372","","","","","","","","Conservation status and distribution reviewed by Ginsberg and Macdonald (1990). Reviewed by Langguth (1975), Stains (1975), Tedford et al. (1995), and Wayne et al. (1997). Revisions by Langguth (1969), Clutton-Brock et al. (1976), Van Gelder (1978), Berta (1985, 1988), Wayne and O'Brien (1987), Wayne (1993), and Wayne et al. (1987<i>a, b</i>, 1989, 1997) gave little support to the subfamilies recognized by Simpson (1945); therefore, no subfamilies are recognized here. There are considerable questions regarding the validity of the South American genera (Wang et al., 1999; Wayne et al., 1997). Van Gelder's (1978) hybridization criteria for generic classification resulted in the recognition of only a few genera, including some paraphyletic groups.","40","40-00691","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691"
"14000692","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Atelocynus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Cabrera","1940","","Notas Mus. La Plata","5","","14","","<i>Canis microtis</i> Sclater, 1883, by original designation.","","","","","<i>Canis</i> Sclater, 1883 (preoccupied by <i>Canis </i>Linneaus, 1758); <i>Carcinocyon </i>J. A. Allen, 1905.","See comments under <i>Dusicyon</i>. Placed in <i>Atelocynus</i> by Cabrera (1931, 1957), Langguth (1975), Stains (1975), Berta (1985, 1986, 1988) and McKenna and Bell (1997). Van Gelder (1978) considered <i>Atelocynus</i> a subgenus of <i>Canis. </i>Tedford et al. (1995) placed it as the sister taxon to <i>Speothos.</i>","40","40-00692","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0692"
"14000693","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Atelocynus","","microtis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sclater","1882","1883","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1882","","631","","","Short-eared Dog","""Amazons,"" restricted by Hershkovitz (1957<i>a</i>) to ""south bank of the Rio Amazonas, Pará, Brazil.""","Amazonian basin: Bolivia (see Anderson, 1997), Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela (?).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<b><i>sclateri</i> </b> J. A. Allen, 1905.","Reviewed by Hershkovitz (1961<i>a</i>) and Berta (1986).","40","40-00693","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0692-0000-0693"
"14000694","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Atelocynus","","microtis","microtis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sclater","1882","1883","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1882","","631","","","","""Amazons,"" restricted by Hershkovitz (1957<i>a</i>) to ""south bank of the Rio Amazonas, Pará, Brazil.""","","","","","40","40-00694","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0692-0000-0693-0694"
"14000695","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Atelocynus","","microtis","sclateri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00695","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0692-0000-0693-0695"
"14000696","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","38","","<i>Canis</i> <i>familiaris</i> Linnaeus, 1758 (= <i>Canis</i> <i>lupus</i> Linnaeus, 1758), by Linnean tautonomy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Alopedon</i>  Hilzheimer, 1906; <i>Alopsis</i> Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Chaon</i> C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>Dasycyon</i> Krumbiegel, 1953; <i>Dieba</i> Bray, 1869; <i>Lupulella</i> Hilzheimer, 1906; <i>Lupulus</i> Gervais, 1855; <i>Lupus</i> Oken, 1816; <i>Lyciscus</i> C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>Mamcanisus</i> Herrera, 1899; <i>Neocyon</i> Gray, 1868; <i>Oreocyon</i> Krumbiegel, 1949; <i>Oxygous</i> Hodgson, 1841; <i>Sacalius</i> C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>Schaeffia</i> Hilzheimer, 1906; <i>Simenia</i> Gray, 1868; <i>Thos</i> Oken, 1816; <i>Vulpicanis</i> de Blainville, 1837.","Van Gelder (1978) included <i>Alopex</i>,<i> Atelocynus</i>,<i> Cerdocyon</i>,<i> Pseudalopex</i>,<i> Lycalopex</i>,<i> Dusicyon</i>, and <i>Vulpes</i> as subgenera, however, this arrangement is not currently employed by most mammalogists (Berta, 1987, 1988; Corbet, 1978; Corbet and Hill, 1980; Gromov and Baranova, 1981; Hall, 1981; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Wozencraft, 1989). Synonyms allocated according to McKenna and Bell (1997).","40","40-00696","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696"
"14000697","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","adustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1847","","Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. Stockholm","3","","121","","","Side-striped Jackal","""Caffraria Interiore""; listed as ""Magaliesberg"" [South Africa] by Sclater (1900).","Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe,","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>holubi</i>  Lorenz, 1895; <i>wunderlichi</i> Noack, 1897; <b><i>bweha</i></b> Heller, 1914; <i>centralis</i> Schwarz, 1915; <b><i>grayi</i></b><i> </i>Hilzheimer, 1906; <b><i>kaffensis</i></b> Neumann, 1902; <b><i>lateralis</i></b> P. L. Sclater, 1870; <b><i>notatus</i></b> Heller, 1914.","Synonyms allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939) and Ellerman et al. (1953).","40","40-00697","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0697"
"14000698","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","adustus","adustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1847","","Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. Stockholm","3","","121","","","","""Caffraria Interiore""; listed as ""Magaliesberg"" [South Africa] by Sclater (1900).","","","","","40","40-00698","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0697-0698"
"14000699","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","adustus","bweha","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00699","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0697-0699"
"14000700","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","adustus","grayi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hilzheimer","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00700","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0697-0700"
"14000701","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","adustus","kaffensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00701","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0697-0701"
"14000702","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","adustus","lateralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","P. L. Sclater","1870","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00702","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0697-0702"
"14000703","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","adustus","notatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00703","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0697-0703"
"14000704","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","aureus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","40","","","Golden Jackal","""oriente"", restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Benná Mts., Laristan, S. Persia"" [Iran].","Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Bangladesh, Burma, Chad, Coatia, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Saudia Arabia, Senegal, Slovenia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Western Sahara, Yemen.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>balcanicus</i>  Brusina, 1892; <i>caucasica</i> Kolenati, 1858; <i>dalmatinus</i> Wagner, 1841; <i>hadramauticus</i> Noack, 1896; <i>hungaricus</i> Ehik, 1938; <i>kola</i> Wroughton, 1916; <i>lanka </i>Wroughton, 1916; <i>maroccanus</i> (Cabrera, 1921); <i>typicus</i> Kolenati, 1858; <i>vulgaris</i> Wagner, 1841; <b><i>algirensis</i></b> Wagner, 1841; <i>barbarus</i> (C. E. H. Smith, 1839) [preoccupied]; <i>grayi</i> Hilzheimer, 1906; <i>tripolitanus</i> Wagner, 1841; <b><i>anthus</i></b> F. Cuvier, 1820; <i>senegalensis</i> (C. E. H. Smith, 1839); <b><i>bea</i></b> Heller, 1914; <b><i>cruesemanni</i></b> Matschie, 1900; <b><i>ecsedensis</i></b> (Kretzoi, 1947); <i>minor</i> Mojsisovico, 1897 [preoccupied]; <b><i>indicus</i></b> Hodgson, 1833; <b><i>lupaster</i></b> Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833; <i>sacer</i> Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833; <b><i>moreotica</i></b> I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835; <i>graecus</i> Wagner, 1841; <b><i>naria</i></b> Wroughton, 1916; <b><i>riparius</i></b> Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832; <i>hagenbecki</i> Noack, 1897; <i>mengesi</i> Noack, 1897; <i>somalicus</i> Lorenz, 1906; <b><i>soudanicus</i></b> Thomas, 1903; <i>doederleini</i> Hilzheimer, 1906; <i>nubianus</i> (Cabrera, 1921); <i>thooides</i> Hilzheimer, 1906; <i>variegatus</i> Cretzschmar, 1826 [preoccupied]; <b><i>syriacus</i></b> Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833.","Synonyms allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00704","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0704"
"14000705","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","aureus","aureus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","40","","","","""oriente"", restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Benná Mts., Laristan, S. Persia"" [Iran].","","","","","40","40-00705","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0704-0705"
"14000706","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","aureus","algirensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00706","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0704-0706"
"14000707","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","aureus","anthus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1820","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00707","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0704-0707"
"14000708","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","aureus","bea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00708","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0704-0708"
"14000709","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","aureus","cruesemanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00709","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0704-0709"
"14000710","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","aureus","ecsedensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kretzoi","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00710","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0704-0710"
"14000711","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","aureus","indicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00711","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0704-0711"
"14000712","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","aureus","lupaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00712","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0704-0712"
"14000713","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","aureus","moreotica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00713","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0704-0713"
"14000714","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","aureus","naria","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00714","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0704-0714"
"14000715","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","aureus","riparius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1832","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00715","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0704-0715"
"14000716","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","aureus","soudanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00716","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0704-0716"
"14000717","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","aureus","syriacus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00717","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0704-0717"
"14000718","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Say","1823","","<i>In</i>James, Account Exped. Pittsburgh to Rocky Mtns","1","","168","","","Coyote","""Engineer cantonment"" reported at ""latitude 41°25'N, and longitude...95°47'30'W"" (p. XVIII, vol. 2). Reported in Honacki et al. (1982) as ""U.S.A., Nebraska, Washington Co., Engineer Cantonment, about 12 mi. (19.2 km) S. E. Blair"".","Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, USA. Introduced to Florida and Georgia and currently widespread throughout Northern and Central America (Beckoff, 1977, 1999).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>nebracensis</i>  Merriam, 1898; <i>pallidus</i> Merriam, 1897; <b><i>cagottis</i></b> C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <b><i>clepticus</i></b> Elliot, 1903; <b><i>dickeyi</i></b> Nelson, 1932; <b><i>frustror</i></b> Woodhouse, 1851; <b><i>goldmani</i></b> Merriam, 1904; <b><i>hondurensis</i></b> Goldman, 1936; <b><i>impavidus</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1903; <b><i>incolatus</i></b> Hall, 1934; <b><i>jamesi</i></b> Townsend, 1912; <b><i>lestes</i></b> Merriam, 1897; <b><i>mearnsi</i></b> Merriam, 1897; <i>estor</i> Merriam, 1897; <b><i>microdon</i></b> Merriam, 1897; <b><i>ochropus</i></b> Eschscholtz, 1829; <b><i>peninsulae</i></b> Merriam, 1897; <b><i>texensis</i></b> Bailey, 1905; <b><i>thamnos</i></b> Jackson, 1949; <b><i>umpquensis</i></b> Jackson, 1949; <b><i>vigilis</i></b> Merriam, 1897.","Revised by Young (1951) and reviewed by Beckoff (1977). Synonyms allocated according to Beckoff (1977) and Hall (1981).","40","40-00718","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718"
"14000719","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","latrans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Say","1823","","<i>In</i>James, Account Exped. Pittsburgh to Rocky Mtns","1","","168","","","","""Engineer cantonment"" reported at ""latitude 41°25'N, and longitude...95°47'30'W"" (p. XVIII, vol. 2). Reported in Honacki et al. (1982) as ""U.S.A., Nebraska, Washington Co., Engineer Cantonment, about 12 mi. (19.2 km) S. E. Blair"".","","","","","40","40-00719","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0719"
"14000720","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","cagottis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","C. E. H. Smith","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00720","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0720"
"14000721","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","clepticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00721","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0721"
"14000722","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","dickeyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00722","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0722"
"14000723","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","frustror","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Woodhouse","1851","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00723","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0723"
"14000724","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","goldmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00724","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0724"
"14000725","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","hondurensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00725","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0725"
"14000726","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","impavidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00726","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0726"
"14000727","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","incolatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00727","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0727"
"14000728","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","jamesi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Townsend","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00728","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0728"
"14000729","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","lestes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00729","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0729"
"14000730","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","mearnsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00730","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0730"
"14000731","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","microdon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00731","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0731"
"14000732","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","ochropus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Eschscholtz","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00732","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0732"
"14000733","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","peninsulae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00733","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0733"
"14000734","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","texensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bailey","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00734","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0734"
"14000735","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","thamnos","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jackson","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00735","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0735"
"14000736","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","umpquensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jackson","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00736","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0736"
"14000737","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","latrans","vigilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00737","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0718-0737"
"14000738","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","39","","","Wolf","""Europæ sylvis, etjam frigidioribus"", restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Sweden"".","Throughout the N hemisphere: North America south to 20°N in Oaxaca (Mexico); Europe; Asia, including the Arabian Peninsula and Japan, excluding Indochina and S India. Extirpated from most of the continental USA, Europe, and SE China and Indochina (Ginsburg and Macdonald, 1990). Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Egypt (?), Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon (?), Lithuania, Macedonia, Mexico, Mongolia, Nepal, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudia Arabia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA (see status below), Uzbekistan.","CITES – Appendix I (Indian, Pakistan, Bhutan, and Nepal populations); otherwise Appendix II. U.S. ESA – as <i>C. lupus </i>varies by population: 1) Endangered in Southwestern Distinct Population Segment – Mexico and USA (AZ, NM, CO south of Interstate Highway 70, UT south of U.S. Highway 50, OK and TX, except those parts of OK and TX east of Interstate Highway 35; except where listed as an experimental population); 2) Threatened in Western Distinct Population Segment – USA (CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, WA, WY, UT north of U.S. Highway 50, and CO north of Interstate Highway 70, except where listed as an experimental population); 3) Threatened in Eastern Distinct Population Segment – USA (CT, IA, IL, IN, KS, MA, ME, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, SD, VT, and WI); 4) Experimental populations in portions of USA (WY and portions of ID and MT; portions of AZ, NM, and TX); otherwise, U.S. ESA – Delisted Taxa in USA (Delaware, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, parts of Oklahoma and Texas east of Interstate Highway 35; delisting of all other lower 48 states or portions of lower 48 states not otherwise included in the 3 distinct population segments). U.S. ESA – as <i>C. rufus </i>Endangered in entire range except in portions of NC and TN (USA), where listed as experimental populations. IUCN – Lower Risk (lc), except for Mexican subpopulation, which is Extinct in the Wild, Italian subpopulation, which is Vulnerable, Spanish-Portuguese subpopulation, which is Lower Risk (cd), and as <i>Canis rufus</i>,<i> </i>which is Critically Endangered.","<i>altaicus</i>  (Noack, 1911); <i>argunensis</i> Dybowski, 1922; <i>canus</i> de Sélys Longchamps, 1839; <i>communis</i> Dwigubski, 1804; <i>deitanus</i> Cabrera, 1907; <i>desertorum</i> Bogdanov, 1882; <i>flavus</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>fulvus</i> de Sélys Longchamps, 1839; <i>italicus</i> Altobello, 1921; <i>kurjak</i> Bolkay, 1925; <i>lycaon</i> Trouessart, 1910; <i>major</i> Ogérien, 1863; <i>minor</i> Ogerien, 1863, <i>niger</i> Hermann, 1804; <i>orientalis</i> (Wagner, 1841); <i>orientalis</i> Dybowski, 1922; <i>signatus </i>Cabrera, 1907; <b><i>albus</i></b> Kerr, 1792; <i>dybowskii</i> Domaniewski, 1926; <i>kamtschaticus</i> Dybowski, 1922; <i>turuchanensis</i> Ognev, 1923; <b><i>alces</i></b> Goldman, 1941; <b><i>arabs</i></b> Pocock, 1934; <b><i>arctos</i></b> Pocock, 1935; <b><i>baileyi</i></b> Nelson and Goldman, 1929; <b><i>beothucus</i></b> G. M. Allen and Barbour, 1937; <b><i>bernardi</i> </b>Anderson, 1943; <i>banksianus</i> Anderson, 1943; <b><i>campestris</i></b> Dwigubski, 1804; <i>bactrianus</i> Laptev, 1929; <i>cubanenesis</i> Ognev, 1923; <i>desertorum</i> Bogdanov, 1882; <b><i>chanco</i></b> Gray, 1863; <i>coreanus</i> Abe, 1923; <i>dorogostaiskii</i> Skalon, 1936; <i>ekloni</i> Przewalski, 1883; <i>filchneri</i> (Matschie, 1907); <i>karanorensis</i> (Matschie, 1907); <i>laniger</i> (Hodgson, 1847) [preoccupied]; <i>niger</i> Sclater, 1874; <i>tschiliensis</i> (Matschie, 1907); <b><i>columbianus</i></b> Goldman, 1941; <b><i>crassodon</i></b> Hall, 1932; <b><i>dingo</i></b> Meyer, 1793 [domestic dog]; <i>antarcticus </i>Kerr, 1792[suppressed, ICZN, O. 451]; <i>australasiae</i> Desmarest, 1820; <i>australiae</i> Gray, 1826; <i>dingoides</i>, Matschie, 1915; <i>macdonnellensis</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>novaehollandiae</i> Voigt, 1831; <i>papuensis</i> Ramsay, 1879; <i>tenggerana</i> Kohlbrugge, 1896; <i>harappensis</i> Prashad, 1936; <i>hallstromi</i> Troughton, 1957; <b><i>familiaris</i></b> Linnaeus, 1758 [domestic dog]; <i>aegyptius </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>alco </i>C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>americanus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>anglicus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>antarcticus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>aprinus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>aquaticus </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>aquatilis </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>avicularis </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>borealis</i> C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>brevipilis </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>cursorius </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>domesticus </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>extrarius </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>ferus</i> C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>fricator </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>fricatrix </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>fuillus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>gallicus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>glaucus </i>C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>graius </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>grajus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>hagenbecki</i> Krumbiegel, 1950; <i>haitensis </i>C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>hibernicus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>hirsutus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>hybridus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>islandicus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>italicus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>laniarius </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>leoninus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>leporarius</i> C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>major </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>major </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>mastinus </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>melitacus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>melitaeus </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>minor </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>molossus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>mustelinus </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>obesus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>orientalis </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>pacificus </i>C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>plancus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>pomeranus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>sagaces</i> C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>sanguinarius</i> C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>sagax </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>scoticus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>sibiricus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>suillus </i>C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>terraenovae </i>C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>terrarius</i> C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>turcicus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>urcani</i> C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>variegatus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>venaticus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <i>vertegus </i>Gmelin, 1792; <b><i>floridanus</i></b> Miller, 1912; <b><i>fuscus</i></b> Richardson, 1839; <i>gigas</i> (Townsend, 1850); <b><i>gregoryi</i></b> Goldman, 1937; <b><i>griseoalbus</i></b> Baird, 1858; <i>knightii</i> Anderson, 1945; <b><i>hattai</i></b> Kishida, 1931; <i>rex</i> Pocock, 1935; <b><i>hodophilax</i></b> Temminck, 1839; <i>hodopylax</i> Temminck, 1844; <i>japonicus</i> Nehring, 1885; <b><i>hudsonicus</i></b> Goldman, 1941; <b><i>irremotus</i></b> Goldman, 1937; <b><i>labradorius</i></b> Goldman, 1937; <b><i>ligoni Goldman, 1937; lycaon Schreber, 1775; canadensis de Blainville, 1843; ungavensis Comeau, 1940; mackenzii Anderson, 1943; manningi Anderson, 1943; mogollonensis Goldman, 1937; monstrabilis Goldman, 1937; niger Bartram, 1791; nubilus Say, 1823; variabilis Wied-Neuwied, 1841; occidentalis Richardson, 1829; sticte Richardson, 1829; ater Richardson, 1829; orion Pocock, 1935; pallipes Sykes, 1831; pambasileus Elliot, 1905; rufus Audubon and Bachman, 1851; tundrarum Miller, 1912; youngi Goldman, 1937. </i></b>","Reviewed by Mech, 1974. Opinion 2027 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (March, 2003<i>a</i>) ruled that <i>lupus</i> is not invalid by virtue of being pre-dated by a name based on a domestic form. Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate--artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding (Vilá et al., 1999; Wayne and Ostrander, 1999; Savolainen et al., 2002). Although this may stretch the subspecies concept, it retains the correct allocation of synonyms. Corbet and Hill (1992) suggested treating the domestic dog as a separate species in SE Asia. Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Mech (1974), and Hall (1981). Provisionally includes <i>rufus</i>, (recognized by Paradiso, 1968; Paradiso and Nowak, 1972; Atkins and Dillion, 1971; Paradiso and Nowak, 1972; Nowak, 1979, 1992, 2002) although this problematic group (<i>rufus</i>,<i> floridanus</i>,<i> gregoryi</i>) should probab... [truncated]","40","40-00738","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738"
"14000739","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","lupus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","39","","","","""Europæ sylvis, etjam frigidioribus"", restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Sweden"".","","","","","40","40-00739","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0739"
"14000740","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","albus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00740","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0740"
"14000741","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","alces","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00741","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0741"
"14000742","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","arabs","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00742","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0742"
"14000743","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","arctos","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00743","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0743"
"14000744","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","baileyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00744","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0744"
"14000745","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","beothucus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen and Barbour","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00745","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0745"
"14000746","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","bernardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00746","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0746"
"14000747","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","campestris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dwigubski","1804","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00747","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0747"
"14000748","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","chanco","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00748","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0748"
"14000749","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","columbianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00749","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0749"
"14000750","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","crassodon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00750","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0750"
"14000751","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","dingo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Meyer","1793","","","","","","","","","","","","","[domestic dog]","40","40-00751","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0751"
"14000752","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","familiaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","","","","","","","","","","","","[domestic dog]","40","40-00752","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0752"
"14000753","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","floridanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00753","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0753"
"14000754","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","fuscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00754","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0754"
"14000755","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","gregoryi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00755","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0755"
"14000756","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","griseoalbus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00756","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0756"
"14000757","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","hattai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kishida","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00757","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0757"
"14000758","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","hodophilax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00758","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0758"
"14000759","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","hudsonicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00759","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0759"
"14000760","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","irremotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00760","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0760"
"14000761","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","labradorius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00761","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0761"
"14000762","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","ligoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00762","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0762"
"14000763","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","lycaon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00763","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0763"
"14000764","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","mackenzii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00764","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0764"
"14000765","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","manningi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00765","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0765"
"14000766","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","mogollonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00766","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0766"
"14000767","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","monstrabilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00767","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0767"
"14000768","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","nubilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Say","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00768","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0768"
"14000769","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00769","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0769"
"14000770","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","orion","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00770","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0770"
"14000771","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","pallipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sykes","1831","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00771","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0771"
"14000772","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","pambasileus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00772","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0772"
"14000773","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","rufus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1851","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00773","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0773"
"14000774","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","tundrarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00774","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0774"
"14000775","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","lupus","youngi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00775","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0738-0775"
"14000776","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","mesomelas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","2","14","pl. 95[1775]; see also text, 3(21):370[1776], 586[1777]","","","Black-backed Jackal","""Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung"" [South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].","Allopatric south and east African populations: Angola, Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>achrotes</i>  (Thomas, 1925); <i>arenarum</i> (Thomas, 1926); <i>variegatoides</i> A. Smith, 1833; <b><i>schmidti</i></b> Noack, 1897; <i>elgonae</i> Heller, 1914; <i>mcmillani</i>,<i> </i>Heller, 1914.","Reviewed by Walton and Joly (2003).","40","40-00776","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0776"
"14000777","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","mesomelas","mesomelas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","2","14","pl. 95[1775]; see also text, 3(21):370[1776], 586[1777]","","","","""Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung"" [South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].","","","","","40","40-00777","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0776-0777"
"14000778","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","mesomelas","schmidti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Noack","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00778","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0776-0778"
"14000779","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","simensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1840","","Neue Wirbelt. Fauna Abyssin. Gehörig. Säugeth.","1","","p. 39, pl. 14","","","Ethiopian Wolf","""Wir beobachteten diesen wolfsartigen Hund in den Bergen von Simen..."" [Ethiopia, mountains of Simen].","C Ethiopia.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>crinensis</i> (Erlanger and Neumann, 1900); <i>semiensis</i> Heuglin, 1862; <i>simensis</i> (Gray, 1869); <i>walgi</i> Heuglin, 1862; <b><i>citernii</i></b> de Beaux, 1922.","Sometimes placed in subgenus <i>Simenia</i> Gray, 1868. Reviewed by Sillero-Zubiri and Gottelli (1994).","40","40-00779","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0779"
"14000780","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","simensis","simensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1840","","Neue Wirbelt. Fauna Abyssin. Gehörig. Säugeth.","1","","p. 39, pl. 14","","","","""Wir beobachteten diesen wolfsartigen Hund in den Bergen von Simen..."" [Ethiopia, mountains of Simen].","","","","","40","40-00780","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0779-0780"
"14000781","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Canis","","simensis","citernii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Beaux","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00781","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0696-0000-0779-0781"
"14000782","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Cerdocyon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","C. E. H. Smith","1839","","Jardine's Natur. Libr.","9","","259-267","","<i>Canis azarae</i> Wied, 1824 (= <i>Canis Thous</i> Linnaeus, 1766) by subsequent designation (Thomas, 1914<i>a</i>).","","","","","<i>Carcinocyon</i>  J. A. Allen, 1905; <i>Thous</i> J. E. Gray, 1868.","Tedford et al. (1995) considered <i>Cerdocyon</i> and <i>Nyctereutes</i> to be sister taxa.","40","40-00782","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0782"
"14000783","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Cerdocyon","","thous","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","60","","","Crab-eating Fox","""Surinamo"" [Surinam].","N Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (except Amazonia), Colombia, Guyanas, Suriname, Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brasiliensis</i>  (Wied-Neuwied, 1824); <i>cancrivorus</i> (Brongniart, 1792); <i>lunaris</i> (Thomas, 1914); <i>melampus</i> (Wagner, 1841); <i>rudis</i> (Günther, 1879); <i>savannarum</i> (Thomas, 1901); <i>vetulus</i> (Studer, 1905); <b><i>aquilus</i></b> (Bangs, 1898); <i>apollinaris</i> Thomas, 1914; <b><i>azarae</i></b> (Wied-Neuwied, 1824); <i>angulensis</i> (Thomas, 1903); <i>brachyteles</i> (de Blainville, 1843); <i>cancrivorus </i>(Winge, 1896); <i>guaraxa</i> C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>melanostomus</i> (Wagner, 1843); <i>robustior</i> (Lund, 1843); <b><i>entrerianus</i></b> (Burmeister, 1861); <i>affinis </i>Marcelli, 1931; <i>flavogriseus</i> (Zukowsky, 1950); <i>fronto</i> Lönnberg, 1919; <i>jucundus</i> Thomas, 1921; <i>mimax</i> Thomas, 1914; <i>riograndensis</i> (Ihering, 1911); <i>tucumanus</i> Thomas, 1921; <b><i>germanus</i></b> G. M. Allen, 1923; <b><i>soudanicus</i></b> (Thomas, 1903).","Reviewed by Berta (1982). Placed in <i>Cerdocyon</i> by Langguth (1975), Stains (1975), and Berta (1982); placed in subgenus <i>Canis (Cerdocyon</i>) by Van Gelder (1978). Synonyms allocated according to Berta, (1982) and Cabrera (1957).","40","40-00783","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0782-0000-0783"
"14000784","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Cerdocyon","","thous","thous","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","60","","","","""Surinamo"" [Surinam].","","","","","40","40-00784","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0782-0000-0783-0784"
"14000785","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Cerdocyon","","thous","aquilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00785","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0782-0000-0783-0785"
"14000786","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Cerdocyon","","thous","azarae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1824","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00786","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0782-0000-0783-0786"
"14000787","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Cerdocyon","","thous","entrerianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burmeister","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00787","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0782-0000-0783-0787"
"14000788","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Cerdocyon","","thous","germanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00788","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0782-0000-0783-0788"
"14000789","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Cerdocyon","","thous","soudanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00789","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0782-0000-0783-0789"
"14000790","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Chrysocyon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","C. E. H. Smith","1839","","Jardine's Natur. Libr.","9","","241-247","","<i>Canis jubatus</i> Desmarest, 1820 (= <i>Canis brachyurus</i> Illiger, 1815).","","","","","","Recognized by Langguth (1975), Stains (1975), Van Gelder (1978), Berta (1988), and McKenna and Bell (1997).","40","40-00790","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0790"
"14000791","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Chrysocyon","","brachyurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Illiger","1815","","Abh. Phys. Klasse K. Pruess. Akad. Wiss.","1804-1811","","121","","","Maned Wolf","Listed by Cabrera (1957) as ""los esteros del Paraguay.""","NE Argentina, Paraguay; Bolivia (lowlands), Brazil (from Rio Grande do Sul to Minas Gerais, Goiás and Mato Grosso), Paraguay.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>campestris</i>  (Wied-Neuwied, 1826); <i>cancrosa</i> (Oken, 1816); <i>isodactylus</i> (Ameghino, 1906); <i>jubatus</i> (Desmarest, 1820); <i>vulpes</i> (Larrañaga, 1923).","Reviewed by Dietz (1985). Synonyms allocated according to Dietz (1985).","40","40-00791","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0790-0000-0791"
"14000792","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Cuon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hodgson","1838","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","1","","152","","<i>Canis primaevus</i> Hodgson, 1838 (=<i>Canis alpinus</i> Pallas, 1811) by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987). Conserved by Opinion 384 (1956<i>a</i>).","","","","","<i>Anurocyon</i>  Heude, 1888; <i>Chrysaeus</i> C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>Cyon</i> Agassiz, 1842; <i>Primaevus</i> Gray, 1843; <i>Primoevus</i> Hodgson, 1842.","Placed in subfamily <i>Simocyoninae</i> Dawkins, 1868, by Simpson (1945) and Stains (1975). Tedford et al. (1995) considered <i>Cuon</i> and <i>Lycaon</i> to be sister taxa.","40","40-00792","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0792"
"14000793","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Cuon","","alpinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1811","","Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.","1","","34","","","Dhole","""Udskoi Ostrog""; reported in Honacki et al. (1982) as ""U.S.S.R., Amurskaya Obl., Udskii-Ostrog.""","China (Tibet and Xinjiang: Tian Shan and Altai-extinct); Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Malaysia, India (montane forest), N Pakistan, Indochina, North and South ?Korea, N Mongolia, Russia (Ussuri region and S Siberia).","CITES – Appendix II; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>adustus</i>  Pocock, 1941; <i>antiquus </i>(Matthew and Granger, 1923); <i>clamitans</i> (Heude, 1892); <i>dukhunensis</i> (Sykes, 1831); <i>fumosus</i> Pocock, 1936; <i>grayiformis</i> Hodgson, 1863; <i>infuscus</i> Pocock, 1936; <i>javanicus </i>(Desmarest, 1820); <i>laniger</i> Pocock, 1936; <i>lepturus</i> Heude, 1892; <i>primaevus</i> (Hodgson, 1833); <i>rutilans</i> Müller, 1839; <i>sumatrensis</i> Hodgson, 1863; <b><i>hesperius</i></b> (Afanasjev and Zolotarev, 1935); <i>jason</i> Pocock, 1936; <b><i>sumatrensis</i></b> (Hardwicke, 1821).","Reviewed by Cohen (1978). Synonyms allocated according to Cohen (1978).","40","40-00793","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0792-0000-0793"
"14000794","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Cuon","","alpinus","alpinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1811","","Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.","1","","34","","","","""Udskoi Ostrog""; reported in Honacki et al. (1982) as ""U.S.S.R., Amurskaya Obl., Udskii-Ostrog.""","","","","","40","40-00794","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0792-0000-0793-0794"
"14000795","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Cuon","","alpinus","hesperius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Afanasjev and Zolotarev","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00795","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0792-0000-0793-0795"
"14000796","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Cuon","","alpinus","sumatrensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hardwicke","1821","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00796","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0792-0000-0793-0796"
"14000797","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Dusicyon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","C. E. H. Smith","1839","","Jardine's Natur. Libr.","9","","248","","<i>Canis antarcticus</i> Bechstein, 1799 (= <i>C. australis </i>Kerr, 1792), by subsequent designation (Cabrera, 1931).","","","","","","There has been general disagreement as to generic classification of the South American canids, with most of the disagreement centered on the species <i>australis</i>,<i> culpaeus</i>,<i> griseus</i>,<i> gymnocercus</i>,<i> microtis</i>,<i> sechurae</i>,<i> thous</i>, and <i>vetulus</i>. Van Gelder (1978) proposed placing these taxa into <i>Canis</i> and giving only subgeneric recognition. The other extreme arrangement is best represented by Cabrera (1931) who recognized 5 genera for this group. Langguth (1969) first followed Cabrera's classification, but later (1975) decided to group most taxa into <i>Canis</i>, because he felt differences were not sufficient to warrant generic distinctions. The phenetic approaches of Clutton-Brock et al. (1976) and Wayne and O'Brien (1987) confirmed the close similarities of these taxa. Berta's (1987, 1988) phylogenetic hypothesis is followed here. Placed in <i>Dusicyon</i> by McKenna and Bell (1997) who consider it to include only the extinct Falklan... [truncated]","40","40-00797","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0797"
"14000798","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Dusicyon","","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i>Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","144","","","Falkland Islands Wolf","""America and Falkland islands.""","Falkland Isls.","IUCN – Extinct.","<i>antarcticus</i> (Bechstein, 1799).","Placed in <i>Dusicyon</i> by Cabrera (1931) and Berta (1987, 1988), and considered as a subgenus separate from other ""foxes"" (i.e., <i>culpaeus</i>,<i> griseus</i>,<i> gymnocercus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>sechurae</i>) by Langguth (1975) and Van Gelder (1978).","40","40-00798","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0797-0000-0798"
"14000799","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Burmeister","1854","","Systematische Uebersicht der Thiere Brasiliens","","","95-101","","<i>Canis magellanicus </i>Gray, 1847 (= <i>Canis culpaeus</i> Molina, 1782), by subsequent designation (Cabrera, 1931).","","","","","<i>Angusticeps</i>  Hilzheimer, 1906; <i>Eunothocyon</i> J. A. Allen, 1905; <i>Lupulus </i>Trouessart, 1897; <i>Microcyon</i> Trouessart, 1906; <i>Nothocyon</i> Wortman and Matthew, 1899; <i>Procyon</i> Fischer, 1814 (not Storr, 1780); <i>Pseudalopex</i> Burmeister, 1856; <i>Pseudolopex </i>Philippi, 1903; <i>Pseudolycos </i>Philippi, 1903; <i>Thous</i> Gray, 1869; <i>Viverriceps </i>Hilzheimer, 1906; <i>Vulpes</i> Martin, 1837.","Revised by Zunino et al. (1995). Also see comments under <i>Dusicyon</i>. Although combining taxa included here with <i>Dusicyon</i> would not be in conflict with Berta (1987, 1988), her analyses suggested that other genera, now extinct, are more closely related to <i>Dusicyon</i>. Berta (1987, 1988) presented derived features that would support a single origin for those taxa recognized here in<i> Lycalopex </i>(=<i>Pseudalopex</i>), which would also agree with Cabrera (1957) and Stains (1975). A detailed comparative morphological study by Langguth (1969) caused him to conclude (1975) that <i>Pseudalopex </i>(=<i>Lycalopex</i>) merited generic rank. Synonyms allocated according to Zunino et al. (1995). Tedford et al. (1995) considered <i>Lycalopex</i> as recognized here as paraphyletic and proposed a different arrangement of South American canids according to the following monophyletic groups: (1) <i>L. vetulus<b> + </b>Chrysocyon<b> + </b>Cerdocyon<b> + </b>Nyctereutes<b> + </b>Speoth... [truncated]","40","40-00799","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799"
"14000800","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","culpaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","293","","","Culpeo","""Chili"" restricted by Cabrera (1931) to ""the Santiago Province.""","Argentina (Tierra del Fuego), Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.","CITES – Appendix II as <i>Pseudalopex culpaeus</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P. culpaeus.</i>","<i>albigula</i>  (Philippi, 1903); <i>amblyodon</i> (Philippi, 1903); <i>chilensis</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>ferrugineus</i> (Huber, 1925); <i>magellanicus</i> (Gray, 1847, not Gray, 1836); <b><i>andinus</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1914); <i>azarae</i> (Tschudi, 1844) [preoccupied]; <i>culpaeolus</i> (Thomas, 1914); <i>inca</i> (Thomas, 1914); <i>magellanicus</i> (Waterhouse, 1838) [preoccupied]; <i>reissii</i> (Osgood, 1914); <i>smithersi</i> (Kraglievich, 1930); <b><i>lycoides</i></b> (Philippi, 1896); <b><i>magellanicus</i></b> (Gray, 1837); <i>montanus</i> (Prichard, 1902); <i>prichardi</i> (Trouessart, 1904); <i>typicus</i> (Trouessart, 1910); <b><i>reissii</i></b> (Hilzheimer, 1906); <i>riveti</i> (Trouessart, 1906); <b><i>smithersi</i></b> (Thomas, 1914).","Revised by Zunino et al. (1995). Placed in <i>Pseudalopex</i> by Berta (1987, 1988); and in <i>Dusicyon </i>by Cabrera (1957). Considered in<i> Canis</i> (<i>Pseudalopex</i>) by Langguth (1975), Clutton-Brock et al. (1976), and Van Gelder (1978). Includes <i>culpaeolus</i> (part) and <i>inca</i> (part) mismatched skin and skull (Langguth, 1967). Reviewed by Novaro (1997). Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957), Zunino et al. (1995), and Novaro (1997).","40","40-00800","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0800"
"14000801","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","culpaeus","culpaeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","293","","","","""Chili"" restricted by Cabrera (1931) to ""the Santiago Province.""","","","","","40","40-00801","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0800-0801"
"14000802","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","culpaeus","andinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00802","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0800-0802"
"14000803","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","culpaeus","lycoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00803","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0800-0803"
"14000804","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","culpaeus","magellanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00804","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0800-0804"
"14000805","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","culpaeus","reissii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hilzheimer","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00805","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0800-0805"
"14000806","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","culpaeus","smithersi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00806","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0800-0806"
"14000807","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","fulvipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Martin","1837","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","11","","","Darwin's Fox","""island of Chiloé"".","Chile (Chiloé Isl, and Nahuelbuta National Park)(Medel et al., 1990).","CITES Appendix II (as included in <i>Pseudalopex </i>(= <i>Lycalopex</i>) <i>griseus</i>).","<i>lagopus</i>  (Molina, 1782).","The distinctiveness of <i>fulvipes</i> is supported by mtDNA analyses (Yahnke et al., 1996).","40","40-00807","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0807"
"14000808","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","griseus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","578","","","South American Gray Fox","""Magellan"", listed in Cabrera (1957) as ""Costa del Estrecho de Magallanes"" [Chile].","Argentina (Santiago del Estero), Chile, Falkland Isls.","CITES – Appendix II as <i>Pseudalopex griseus</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P. griseus.</i>","<i>gracilis</i>  (Burmeister, 1861).","Placed in <i>Pseudalopex</i> by Berta (1988) and <i>Dusicyon</i> by Cabrera (1957). Considered in <i>Canis</i> (<i>Pseudalopex</i>) by Langguth (1975), and Van Gelder (1978). Placed in <i>Lycalopex gymnocercus</i> by Zunino et al. (1995).","40","40-00808","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0808"
"14000809","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","gymnocercus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia","3","","xi, p. 178","","","Pampas Fox","""Paraguay"", restricted by Cabrera (1957) to ""a los alrededores de Asunción.""","Argentina (north of Rio Negro), E Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay.","CITES – Appendix II as <i>Pseudalopex gymnocercus</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P. gymnocercus.</i>","<i>argenteus</i>  (Larrañaga, 1923); <i>attenuatus</i> (Kraglievich, 1930); <i>brasiliensis</i> (Schinz, 1821); <i>protalopex</i> (Lund, 1839); <b><i>antiquus</i></b> (Ameghino, 1889); <i>antiguus</i> (Ameghino, 1889); <i>azarai</i> (Lahille, 1898); <i>azarica</i> (Thomas, 1914); <i>fossilis</i> (Gervais and Ameghino, 1880) [preoccupied]; <b><i>domeykoanus</i></b> (Philippi, 1901); <i>azarae</i> (Gay, 1847) [preoccupied]; <i>domeycoanus</i> (Wolffsohn, 1918); <i>griseus</i> (Wolffsohn and Porter, 1908); <b><i>gracilis</i></b> (Burmeister, 1861); <i>patagonicus</i> (Philippi, 1866); <i>zorrula</i> (Thomas, 1921); <b><i>maullinicus</i></b> (Philippi, 1903); <i>torquatus</i> (Philippi, 1903); <i>trichodactylus</i> (Philippi, 1903).","Placed in <i>Pseudalopex</i> by Berta (1988) and in <i>Dusicyon</i> by Cabrera (1957). Considered in <i>Canis</i> (<i>Pseudalopex</i>) by Langguth (1975) and Van Gelder (1978). Synonyms allocated according to Zunino et al. (1995) and Cabrera (1957).","40","40-00809","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0809"
"14000810","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","gymnocercus","gymnocercus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. Fischer","1814","","Zoognosia","3","","xi, p. 178","","","","""Paraguay"", restricted by Cabrera (1957) to ""a los alrededores de Asunción.""","","","","","40","40-00810","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0809-0810"
"14000811","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","gymnocercus","antiquus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ameghino","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00811","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0809-0811"
"14000812","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","gymnocercus","domeykoanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00812","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0809-0812"
"14000813","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","gymnocercus","gracilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burmeister","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00813","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0809-0813"
"14000814","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","gymnocercus","maullinicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Philippi","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00814","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0809-0814"
"14000815","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","sechurae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","5","","148","","","Sechuran Fox","""Desert of Sechura, N.W. Peru. . . Sullana"". [=Piura, Perú by Sheffield and Thomas, (1997)].","SW Ecuador, NW Peru.","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Pseudalopex sechurae.</i>","","Placed in <i>Pseudalopex</i> by Berta (1988); in <i>Dusicyon</i> by Cabrera (1957). Considered in<i> Canis</i> (<i>Pseudalopex</i>) by Langguth (1975) and Van Gelder (1978).","40","40-00815","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0815"
"14000816","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycalopex","","vetulus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1842","","K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Naturv. Math. Afhandl.","9","","4","","","Hoary Fox","""Rio das Velhas's Floddal"" Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Zunino et al., 1995).","Brazil (highlands in the States of Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Bahia, and Sao Paulo).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Pseudalopex vetulus.</i>","<i>chilensis</i>  Gray, 1868; <i>fulvicaudus</i> (Lund, 1843); <i>parvidens</i> (Mivart, 1890); <i>sladeni</i> (Thomas, 1904); <i>urostictus</i> (Mivart, 1890); <i>vitulus</i> (Huber, 1925).","Placed in <i>Pseudalopex</i> by Berta (1987, 1988); in <i>Dusicyon</i> (<i>Lycalopex</i>) by Cabrera (1957) and implied by Stains (1975); in <i>Lycalopex</i> by Langguth (1975); and considered in <i>Canis</i> (<i>Lycalopex</i>) by Van Gelder (1978).","40","40-00816","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0799-0000-0816"
"14000817","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycaon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brookes","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Anim. Kingdom","5","","151","","<i>Lycaon tricolor</i> Brookes, 1827 (= <i>Hyaena picta</i> Temminck, 1820) by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Cynhyaena</i>  F. G. Cuvier, 1829; <i>Hyaenoides</i> Gervais, 1855; <i>Hyenoides </i>Boitard, 1842; <i>Kynos </i>Rüppell, 1842.","Placed in <i>Simocyoninae</i> Dawkins, 1868, by Simpson (1945) and Stains (1975). Reviewed by Girman et al. (2001).","40","40-00817","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0817"
"14000818","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycaon","","pictus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1820","","Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys.","3","","p. 54, pl. 35","","","African wild dog","""á la côte de Mosambique"" [Mozambique].","Angola, Botswana, Cameroun, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire (?), Ethiopia, Gambia (?), Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Moçambique, Namibia, Sénégal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Recently extinct: Algeria (?), Benin, Burkina Faso (?), Burundi, Dem. Rep. Congo (?), Eritrea, Gabon, Ghana, Niger, Mauritania, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Togo (Fanshawe et al, 1997).","U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>cacondae</i>  Matschie, 1915; <i>fuchsi</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>gobabis</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>krebsi</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>lalandei</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>tricolor</i> (Brookes, 1827); <i>typicus</i> A. Smith, 1833; <i>venatica</i> (Burchell, 1822); <i>windhorni</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>zuluensis</i> Thomas, 1904; <b><i>lupinus</i></b> Thomas, 1902; <i>dieseneri</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>gansseri</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>hennigi</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>huebneri</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>kondoae</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>lademanni</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>langheldi</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>prageri</i> Matschie, 1912; <i>richteri</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>ruwanae</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>ssongaeae</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>stierlingi</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>styxi</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>wintgensi</i> Matschie, 1915; <b><i>manguensis</i></b> Matschie, 1915; <i>mischlichi</i> Matschie, 1915; <b><i>sharicus</i></b> Thomas and Wroughton, 1907; <i>ebermaieri</i> Matschie, 1915; <b><i>somalicus</i></b> Thomas, 1904; <i>luchsingeri </i>Matschie, 1915; <i>rüppelli</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>takanus</i> Matschie, 1915; <i>zedlitzi</i> Matschie, 1915.","Allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939) and Ellerman et al. (1953). Girman et al. (1993) presented molecular evidence concerning subspecies.","40","40-00818","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0817-0000-0818"
"14000819","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycaon","","pictus","pictus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1820","","Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys.","3","","p. 54, pl. 35","","","","""á la côte de Mosambique"" [Mozambique].","","","","","40","40-00819","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0817-0000-0818-0819"
"14000820","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycaon","","pictus","lupinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00820","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0817-0000-0818-0820"
"14000821","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycaon","","pictus","manguensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00821","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0817-0000-0818-0821"
"14000822","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycaon","","pictus","sharicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00822","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0817-0000-0818-0822"
"14000823","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Lycaon","","pictus","somalicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00823","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0817-0000-0818-0823"
"14000824","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Nyctereutes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Temminck","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","285","","<i>Canis viverrinus</i> Temminck, 1838 (= <i>Canis procyonoides</i> Gray, 1834).","","","","","","","40","40-00824","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0824"
"14000825","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Nyctereutes","","procyonoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1834","","Illustr. Indian Zool","2","","pl. 1","","","Raccoon dog","Unknown; restricted to ""vicinity of Canton, China"" by G. M. Allen (1938).","China, Japan, Mongolia, North and South Korea, Russia. Introduced into Europe and now found in: Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kalininensis</i>  Sorokin, 1958; <i>sinensis</i> Brass, 1904; <i>stegmanni</i> Matschie, 1907; <b><i>koreensis</i></b> Mori, 1922; <b><i>orestes</i></b> Thomas, 1923; <b><i>ussuriensis</i></b> Matschie, 1907; <i>amurensis</i> Matschie, 1907; <b><i>viverrinus</i></b> Temminck, 1838; <i>albus</i> Hornaday, 1904.","Reviewed by Ward and Wurster-Hill (1990). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951). Introduced populations in Europe.","40","40-00825","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0824-0000-0825"
"14000826","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Nyctereutes","","procyonoides","procyonoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1834","","Illustr. Indian Zool","2","","pl. 1","","","","Unknown; restricted to ""vicinity of Canton, China"" by G. M. Allen (1938).","","","","","40","40-00826","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0824-0000-0825-0826"
"14000827","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Nyctereutes","","procyonoides","koreensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mori","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00827","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0824-0000-0825-0827"
"14000828","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Nyctereutes","","procyonoides","orestes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00828","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0824-0000-0825-0828"
"14000829","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Nyctereutes","","procyonoides","ussuriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00829","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0824-0000-0825-0829"
"14000830","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Nyctereutes","","procyonoides","viverrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1838","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00830","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0824-0000-0825-0830"
"14000831","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Otocyon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Müller","1835","1836","Arch. Anat. Physiol., Jahresber. Fortschr. Wiss.","1835","","1","","<i>Otocyon caffer</i> Müller, 1836 (= <i>Canis megalotis</i> Desmarest, 1822), by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Agrodius</i>  C. E. H. Smith, 1840.","","40","40-00831","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0831"
"14000832","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Otocyon","","megalotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie,<i> In</i> Encyclop. Meth.","2(Suppl.)","","538","","","Bat-eared Fox","""le Cap de Bonne-Espérance"" [South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].","Allopatric south and east African populations: Angola, Botswana, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>auritus</i>  (C. E. H. Smith, 1840); <i>caffer</i> Müller, 1836; <i>lalandi</i> (Desmoulins, 1823); <i>steinhardti</i> Zukowsky, 1924; <b><i>canescens</i></b> Cabrera, 1910.","Synonyms allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939) and Ellerman et al. (1953).","40","40-00832","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0831-0000-0832"
"14000833","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Otocyon","","megalotis","megalotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie,<i> In</i> Encyclop. Meth.","2(Suppl.)","","538","","","","""le Cap de Bonne-Espérance"" [South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].","","","","","40","40-00833","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0831-0000-0832-0833"
"14000834","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Otocyon","","megalotis","canescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00834","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0831-0000-0832-0834"
"14000835","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Speothos","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lund","1839","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris) (2)","11","","224","","<i>Speothos pacivorus</i> Lund, 1839 (extinct).","","","","","<i>Abathmodon</i> Lund, 1843; <i>Cynalicus</i> Gray, 1846; <i>Cynalius</i> Gray, 1847; <i>Cynalycus</i> Gray, 1869; <i>Cynogale</i> Lund, 1842; <i>Icticyon</i> Lund, 1843; <i>Melictis </i>Schinz, 1848.","Berta and Marshall (1978) included <i>Icticyon</i>. Placed in <i>Simocyoninae</i> Dawkins, 1868, by Simpson (1945) and Stains (1975). Synonyms allocated according to McKenna and Bell (1997).","40","40-00835","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0835"
"14000836","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Speothos","","venaticus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1842","","K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Naturv. Math. Afhandl","9","","67","","","Bush Dog","""Lagoa Santa"" [Minas Gerais, Brazil].","Forested areas of Bolivia, Brazil (except the semiarid NE), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, E Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>baskii</i>  (Schinz, 1849); <i>melanogaster </i>(Gray, 1846); <b><i>panamensis</i></b> Goldman, 1912; <b><i>wingei</i></b><i> </i>Ihering, 1911.","Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957) and Hall (1981).","40","40-00836","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0835-0000-0836"
"14000837","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Speothos","","venaticus","venaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lund","1842","","K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Naturv. Math. Afhandl","9","","67","","","","""Lagoa Santa"" [Minas Gerais, Brazil].","","","","","40","40-00837","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0835-0000-0836-0837"
"14000838","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Speothos","","venaticus","panamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00838","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0835-0000-0836-0838"
"14000839","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Speothos","","venaticus","wingei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ihering","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00839","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0835-0000-0836-0839"
"14000840","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Baird","1857","","Mammals, <i>In </i>Repts. Expl. Surv.","8","1","121, 138","","<i>Canis virginianus</i> Schreber, 1775 (= <i>Canis cinereo argenteus</i> Schreber, 1775) by subsequent designation (Elliot, 1901; Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","","Considered a subgenus of <i>Vulpes </i>by Clutton-Brock et al. (1976).","40","40-00840","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840"
"14000841","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","2","13","pl. 92[1775]; see also text: 21:361[1776]","","","Gray Fox","""Sein Vaterland ist Carolina und die Wärmeren Gegenden von Nordamerica, vielleicht auch Surinam.""","Belize, Canada (along USA border); Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, USA (most states except Idaho, Washington, Montana, Wyoming), Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pensylvanicus</i>  (Boddaert, 1784); <i>virginianus</i> (Schreber, 1775); <b><i>borealis</i></b> Merriam, 1903; <b><i>californicus</i></b> Mearns, 1897; <b><i>costaricensis</i></b> Goodwin, 1938; <b><i>floridanus</i></b> Rhoads, 1895; <b><i>fraterculus</i></b> Elliot, 1896; <b><i>furvus</i></b> G. M. Allen and Barbour, 1923; <b><i>guatemalae</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1899; <b><i>madrensis</i></b> Burt and Hooper, 1941; <b><i>nigrirostris</i></b> (Lichtenstein, 1850); <b><i>ocythous</i></b> Bangs, 1899; <b><i>orinomus</i></b> Goldman, 1938; <b><i>peninsularis</i></b> Huey, 1928; <b><i>scottii</i></b> Mearns, 1891; <i>texensis</i> Mearns, 1897; <i>inyoensis</i> Elliot, 1904; <b><i>townsendi</i></b> Merriam, 1899; <i>sequoiensis</i> Dixon, 1910; <b><i>venezuelae</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1911.","Reviewed by Fritzell and Haroldson (1982). Placed in <i>Canis</i> <i>(Vulpes)</i> by Van Gelder (1978). Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981) and Fritzell and Haroldson (1982).","40","40-00841","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841"
"14000842","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","cinereoargenteus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","2","13","pl. 92[1775]; see also text: 21:361[1776]","","","","""Sein Vaterland ist Carolina und die Wärmeren Gegenden von Nordamerica, vielleicht auch Surinam.""","","","","","40","40-00842","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0842"
"14000843","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","borealis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00843","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0843"
"14000844","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","californicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00844","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0844"
"14000845","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","costaricensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00845","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0845"
"14000846","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","floridanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00846","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0846"
"14000847","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","fraterculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00847","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0847"
"14000848","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","furvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen and Barbour","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00848","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0848"
"14000849","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","guatemalae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00849","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0849"
"14000850","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","madrensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burt and Hooper","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00850","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0850"
"14000851","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","nigrirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1850","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00851","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0851"
"14000852","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","ocythous","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00852","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0852"
"14000853","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","orinomus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00853","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0853"
"14000854","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","peninsularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00854","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0854"
"14000855","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","scottii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00855","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0855"
"14000856","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","townsendi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00856","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0856"
"14000857","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","cinereoargenteus","venezuelae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00857","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0841-0857"
"14000858","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","littoralis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1858","","Mammalia, <i>In </i>Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","143","","","Island Fox","""island of San Miguel, on the coast of California.""","USA (Islands off the Pacific coast of S California).","U.S. ESA – Proposed Endangered as <i>U. littoralis catalinae</i>,<i> U. l. littoralis</i>,<i> U. l. santacruzae</i>,<i> </i>and <i>U. l. santarosae</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<b><i>catalinae</i> </b> Merriam, 1903; <b><i>clementae</i></b> Merriam, 1903; <b><i>dickeyi</i></b> Grinnell and Linsdale, 1930; <b><i>santacruzae</i></b> Merriam, 1903; <b><i>santarosae</i></b> Grinnell and Linsdale, 1930.","Reviewed by Moore and Collins, (1995). Placed in <i>Canis (Vulpes</i>) by Van Gelder (1978). Gilbert et al. (1990), George and Wayne (1991), Wayne et al. (1991<i>a, b</i>), and Collins (1993) supported full species status. Synonyms allocated according to Moore and Collins (1995).","40","40-00858","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0858"
"14000859","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","littoralis","littoralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1858","","Mammalia, <i>In </i>Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","1","143","","","","""island of San Miguel, on the coast of California.""","","","","","40","40-00859","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0858-0859"
"14000860","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","littoralis","catalinae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00860","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0858-0860"
"14000861","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","littoralis","clementae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00861","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0858-0861"
"14000862","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","littoralis","dickeyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell and Linsdale","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00862","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0858-0862"
"14000863","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","littoralis","santacruzae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00863","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0858-0863"
"14000864","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Urocyon","","littoralis","santarosae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell and Linsdale","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00864","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0840-0000-0858-0864"
"14000865","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Frisch","1775","","Das Natur-System der Vierfüssigen Thiere","","","15","","<i>Canis vulpes</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by designation under the plenary powers (Melville and Smith, 1978).","","","","","<i>Alopex</i> Kaup, 1829; <i>Cynalopex</i> C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>Fennecus</i> Desmarest, 1804; <i>Leucocyon</i> Gray, 1869; <i>Mamvulpesus </i>Herrera, 1899; <i>Megalotis </i>Illiger, 1811; <i>Vulpis </i>Gray, 1821.","Although Frisch (1775) has been ruled a rejected work for nomenclatural purposes, <i>Vulpes</i> has been retained (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1979). Considered a subgenus of <i>Canis</i> by Van Gelder (1978); however, this arrangement is not currently employed by most mammalogists (Corbet, 1978; Corbet and Hill, 1980; Gromov and Baranova, 1981; Hall, 1981; Wozencraft, 1989). McKenna and Bell (1997) included <i>Fennecus</i> and <i>Alopex</i> as congeneric taxa (followed here). Bobrinskii et al. (1965), McKenna and Bell (1997) and Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) placed <i>Alopex</i> as a subgenus of <i>Vulpes</i>; Van Gelder (1978) considered it a subgenus of <i>Canis</i>. Wayne et al. (1987), Wayne and O’Brien (1987), and Mercure et al. (1993) argued for the inclusion of <i>Alopex</i> with other <i>Vulpes.</i> Synonyms allocated after McKenna and Bell (1997).","40","40-00865","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865"
"14000866","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","bengalensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1800","","Gen. Zool. Syst. Nat. Hist.","1","2","330","","","Bengal Fox","""Bengal.""","India, S Nepal, Pakistan.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>chrysurus</i> (Gray, 1837); <i>hodgsonii </i>Gray, 1837; <i>indicus </i>(Hodgson, 1833); <i>kokree </i>(Sykes, 1831); <i>rufescens </i>(Gray, 1834); <i>xanthura </i>Gray, 1837.","Synonyms allocated according to Pocock (1941<i>a</i>).","40","40-00866","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0866"
"14000867","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","cana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1877","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","2","","321","","","Blanford's Fox","""Gwadar, Baluchistan"", [Pakistan].","Afghanistan, Egypt (Sinai), NE Iran, Israel, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>nigricans</i> Shitkow, 1907.","Reviewed by Geffen (1994).","40","40-00867","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0867"
"14000868","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","chama","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1833","","S. Afr. J.","2","","89","","","Cape Fox","""Namaqualand and the country on both sides of the Orange river"" [Namibia]; fixed by Shortridge (1942) as ""Port Nolloth, Little Namaqualand.""","S Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caama</i> (C. E. H. Smith, 1839); <i>hodsoni </i>(Noack, 1910); <i>variegatoides </i>(Layard, 1861).","Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman et al. (1953).","40","40-00868","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0868"
"14000869","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","corsac","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1768","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","3","","appendix 223","","","Corsac Fox","""in campis magi deserti ab Jaco fluvio verus Irtim""; listed by Honacki et al. (1982) as ""U.S.S.R., N. Kazakhstan, steppes between Ural and Irtysh rivers, near Petropavlovsk.""","N Afghanistan, NE China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>corsak</i> Ognev, 1935; <i>nigra </i>Kastschenko, 1912; <i>skorodumovi </i>Dorogostaiski, 1935; <b><i>kalmykorum</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1935; <i>turcmenicus </i>Ognev, 1935.","Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00869","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0869"
"14000870","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","corsac","corsac","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1768","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","3","","appendix 223","","","","""in campis magi deserti ab Jaco fluvio verus Irtim""; listed by Honacki et al. (1982) as ""U.S.S.R., N. Kazakhstan, steppes between Ural and Irtysh rivers, near Petropavlovsk.""","","","","","40","40-00870","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0869-0870"
"14000871","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","corsac","kalmykorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00871","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0869-0871"
"14000872","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","ferrilata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1842","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","11","","278","","","Tibetan Sand Fox","""brought from Lassa"" [Tibet, China].","China (Tibet, Tsinghai, Kansu, and Yunnan), Nepal.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ekloni</i> (Przewalski, 1883).","Baryshnikov and Abramov (1992) discussed the taxonomic position of ""<i>ekloni</i>"".","40","40-00872","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0872"
"14000873","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","lagopus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","40","","","Arctic Fox","""alpibus Lapponicis, Sibiria,"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Sweden (Lapland).""","Circumpolar, entire tundra zone of the Holarctic, including most of the Arctic islands: Canada, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, USA (Alaska).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Alopex lagopus</i>.","<i>arctica</i>  Oken, 1816; <i>argenteus</i> (Billberg, 1827); <i>caerulea</i> (Nilsson, 1820); <i>hallensis</i> Merriam, 1900; <i>innuitus</i> Merriam, 1902; <i>kenaiensis</i> (Brass, 1911); <i>typicus</i> (Barrett-Hamilton and Bonhote, 1898); <i>ungava</i> Merriam, 1902; <b><i>beringensis</i></b> Merriam, 1902; <i>beringianus</i> (Cherski, 1920); <i>semenovi</i> (Ognev, 1931); <b><i>fuliginosus</i></b> (Bechstein, 1799); <i>groenlandicus</i> (Bechstein, 1799); <i>spitzbergenensis</i> (Barrett-Hamilton and Bonhote, 1898); <b><i>pribilofensis</i></b> Merriam, 1902; .","Viable hybrids have been recorded between <i>V. lagopus</i> and <i>V. vulpes</i> (Chiarelli, 1975). Synonyms allocated according to Audet, et al. (2002).","40","40-00873","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0873"
"14000874","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","lagopus","lagopus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","40","","","","""alpibus Lapponicis, Sibiria,"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Sweden (Lapland).""","","","","","40","40-00874","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0873-0874"
"14000875","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","lagopus","beringensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00875","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0873-0875"
"14000876","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","lagopus","fuliginosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bechstein","1799","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00876","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0873-0876"
"14000877","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","lagopus","pribilofensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00877","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0873-0877"
"14000878","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","macrotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1888","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","4","","136","","","Kit Fox","""Riverside, San Bernardino county, California""","USA (S and C California, Nevada, SE Oregon, SW Idaho, W Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and W Texas).","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>V. macrotis mutica.</i>","<i>arizonensis</i> Goldman, 1931; <i>arsipus </i>Elliot, 1904; <i>devius </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1909; <i>muticus </i>Merriam, 1902; <i>neomexicanus </i>Merriam, 1902; <i>nevadensis </i>Goldman, 1931; <i>tenuirostris </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <i>zinseri </i>Benson, 1938.","Reviewed by Egoscue (1979) and McGrew (1979). Revised by Waithman and Roest (1977) and Dragoo et al. (1990). Blair et al. (1968), Lechleitner (1969), Bueler (1973), and Dragoo et al. (1990) considered <i>macrotis</i> and <i>velox</i> conspecific. Packard and Bowers (1970), Rohwer and Kilgore (1973), Thornton and Creel (1975) (who found hybrids between <i>velox</i> and <i>macrotis</i> but concluded they were of reduced viability) and Mercure et al. (1993) retained both as separate species. Mercure et al. (1993) argued that the genetic differences between <i>macrotis</i> and <i>velox</i> were similar to that of <i>Vulpes vulpes</i> and <i>V. lagopus </i>and therefore argued that they should be recognized at the species level (followed here). Synonyms allocated according to Mercure et al. (1993).","40","40-00878","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0878"
"14000879","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","pallida","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1826","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","1","2","33, pl. 11","","","Pale Fox","""Kordofan"" [Sudan].","Semiarid sahelian region of Africa: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>sabbar</i> (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832); <b><i>cyrenaica</i></b><i> </i>Festa, 1921; <b><i>edwardsi</i></b><i> </i>Rochebrune, 1883; <b><i>harterti</i></b><i> </i>Thomas and Hinton, 1921; <b><i>oertzeni</i></b><i> </i>(Matschie, 1910).","Synonyms allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939).","40","40-00879","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0879"
"14000880","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","pallida","pallida","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1826","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","1","2","33, pl. 11","","","","""Kordofan"" [Sudan].","","","","","40","40-00880","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0879-0880"
"14000881","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","pallida","cyrenaica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Festa","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00881","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0879-0881"
"14000882","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","pallida","edwardsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rochebrune","1883","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00882","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0879-0882"
"14000883","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","pallida","harterti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00883","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0879-0883"
"14000884","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","pallida","oertzeni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00884","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0879-0884"
"14000885","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","rueppellii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1825","","<i>In</i> G. Cuvier, Das Thierreich","4","","508","","","Rüppell's Fox","""Vatherland Dongola, Sudan"".","Afghanistan, Egypt (Sinai), Iran, Morocco, Pakistan, Saudia Arabia, Somalia.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>famelicus</i> (Cretzschmar, 1826); <i>somalize </i>Thomas, 1918; <b><i>caesia</i></b><i> </i>Thomas and Hinton, 1921; <b><i>cyrenaica</i></b><i> </i>Festa, 1921; <b><i>sabaea</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1934; <b><i>zarudnyi</i></b><i> </i>Birula, 1913.","Synonyms allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), and Larivière and Seddon (2001).","40","40-00885","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0885"
"14000886","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","rueppellii","rueppellii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1825","","<i>In</i> G. Cuvier, Das Thierreich","4","","508","","","","""Vatherland Dongola, Sudan"".","","","","","40","40-00886","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0885-0886"
"14000887","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","rueppellii","caesia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00887","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0885-0887"
"14000888","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","rueppellii","cyrenaica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Festa","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00888","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0885-0888"
"14000889","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","rueppellii","sabaea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00889","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0885-0889"
"14000890","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","rueppellii","zarudnyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Birula","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00890","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0885-0890"
"14000891","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","velox","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Say","1823","","<i>In</i> James, Account of an Exped. from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mtns","1","","487","","","Swift Fox","""camp on the river Platte, at the fording place of the Pawnee Indians, twenty-seven miles [43 km] below the confluence of the North and South, or Paduca Forks."" [Camp on 20 June 1820 reported to be at 40.59'15'N (vol. 2)].","Canada (SE British Columbia, SC Alberta and SW Saskatchewan), USA (C North America to NW Texas panhandle and E New Mexico).","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>V. velox hebes</i> (Canada); IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>hebes</i> Merriam, 1902.","See comments under <i>V. macrotis</i> for the separation of <i>macrotis</i> and <i>velox</i> as followed here.","40","40-00891","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0891"
"14000892","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","40","","","Red Fox","""Europa, Asia, Africa, antrafodiens,"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Sweden (Upsala).""","Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Geogria, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, North and South Korea, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA (Alaska, throughout most of the contiguous 48 states except central plains and SW deserts), Uzbekistan, Vietnam. Introduced to Australia (Corbet and Hill, 1980)","CITES – Appendix III (India) as <i>V. vulpes griffithi</i>,<i> V. v. montana</i> and <i>V. v. pusilla</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alopex</i> (Linnaeus, 1758); <i>communis </i>Burnett, 1829; <i>lineatus </i>(Billberg, 1827); <i>nigro-argenteus </i>(Nilsson, 1820); <i>nigrocaudatus </i>(Billberg, 1827); <i>septentrionalis </i>Brass, 1911; <i>variegates </i>(Billberg, 1827); <i>vulgaris </i>Oken, 1816; <b><i>abietorum</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1900; <i>sitkaensis </i>Brass, 1911; <b><i>alascensis</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1900; <b><i>alpherakyi</i></b><i> </i>Satunin, 1906; <b><i>anatolica</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1920; <b><i>arabica</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1902; <b><i>atlantica</i></b><i> </i>(Wagner, 1841); <i>algeriensis </i>Loche, 1858; <b><i>bangsi</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1900; <b><i>barbara</i></b><i> </i>(Shaw, 1800); <i>acaab </i>Cabrera, 1916; <b><i>beringiana</i></b><i> </i>(Middendorff, 1875); <i>anadyrensis </i>J. A. Allen, 1903; <i>beringensis </i>Merriam, 1902; <i>kamtschadensis </i>Brass, 1911; <i>kamtschatica </i>Dybowski, 1922; <i>schantaricus</i> Yudin, 1986; <b><i>cascadensis</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1900; <b><i>caucasica</i></b><i> </i>Dinnik, 1914; <b><i>crucigera</i></b><i> </i>(Bechstein, 1789); <i>alba </i>(Borkhausen, 1797); <i>cinera </i>(Bechstein, 1801); <i>diluta </i>Ognev, 1924; <i>europaeus </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>hellenica</i> Douma-Petridou and Ondrias, 1980; <i>hypomelas </i>Wagner, 1841; <i>lutea </i>(Bechstein, 1801); <i>melanogaster </i>(Bonaparte, 1832); <i>meridionalis </i>Fitzinger, 1855; <i>nigra </i>(Borkhausen, 1797); <i>stepensis </i>Brauner, 1914; <b><i>daurica</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1931; <i>ussuriensis </i>Dybowski, 1922; <b><i>deletrix</i></b><i> </i>Bangs, 1898; <b><i>dolichocrania</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1926; <i>ognevi</i> Yudin, 1986; <b><i>dorsalis</i></b><i> </i>(J. E. Gray, 1838); <b><i>flavescens</i></b><i> </i>J. E. Gray, 1843; <i>cinerascens </i>Birula, 1913; <i>splendens </i>Thomas, 1902; <b><i>fulvus</i></b><i> </i>(Desmarest, 1820); <i>pennsylvanicus </i>[sic]<i> </i>Rhoads, 1894; <b><i>griffithi</i></b><i> </i>Blyth, 1854; <i>flavescens </i>Hutton, 1845 [preoccupied]; <b><i>harrimani</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1900; <b><i>hoole</i></b><i> </i>Swinhoe, 1870; <i>aurantioluteus </i>Matschie, 1907; <i>lineiventer </i>Swinhoe, 1871; <b><i>ichnusae</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1907; <b><i>indutus</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1907; <b><i>jakutensis</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1923; <i>sibiricus </i>Dybowski, 1922 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>japonica</i></b><i> </i>J. E. Gray, 1868; <b><i>karagan</i></b><i> </i>(Erxleben, 1777); <i>ferganensis </i>Ognev, 1926; <i>melanotus </i>(Pallas, 1811); <i>pamirensis </i>Ognev, 1926; <i>tarimensis </i>Matschie, 1907; <b><i>kenaiensis</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1900; <b><i>kurdistanica</i></b><i> </i>Satunin, 1906; <i>alticola </i>Ognev, 1926; <b><i>macroura</i></b><i> </i>Baird, 1852; <b><i>montana</i></b><i> </i>(Pearson, 1836); <i>alopex </i>Blanford, 1888; <i>himalaicus </i>(Ogilby, 1837); <i>ladacensis </i>Matschie, 1907; <i>nepalensis </i>J. E. Gray, 1837; <i>waddelli </i>Bonhote, 1906; <b><i>necator</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1900; <b><i>niloticus</i></b><i> </i>(E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803); <i>aegyptiacus </i>(Sonnini, 1816); <i>anubis </i>(Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833); <i>vulpecula </i>(Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833); <b><i>ochroxantha</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1926; <b><i>palaestina</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1920; <b><i>peculiosa</i></b><i> </i>Kishida, 1924; <i>kiyomassai </i>Kishida and Mori, 1929; <b><i>pusilla</i></b><i> </i>Blyth, 1854; <i>leucopus </i>Blyth, 1854; <i>persicus </i>Blanford, 1875; <b><i>regalis</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1900; <b><i>rubricosa </i></b>Bangs, 1898; <i>bangsi </i>Merriam, 1900; <i>deletrix </i>Bangs, 1898; <i>rubricos </i>Churcher, 1960; <i>vafra </i>Bangs, 1897 [preoccupied]; <b><i>schrenckii</i></b><i> </i>Kishida, 1924; <b><i>silacea</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1907; <b><i>splendidissima</i></b><i> </i>Kishida, 1924; <b><i>stepensis </i></b>Brauner, 1914; <i>krymeamontana </i>Brauner, 1914; <i>crymensis </i>Brauner, 1914; <b><i>tobolica</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1926; <b><i>tschiliensis</i></b><i> </i>Matschie, 1907; <i>huli </i>Sowerby, 1923.","Reviewed by Larivière and Pasitschniak (1996). Synonyms allocated according to Larivière and Pasitschniak (1996).","40","40-00892","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892"
"14000893","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","vulpes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","40","","","","""Europa, Asia, Africa, antrafodiens,"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Sweden (Upsala).""","","","","","40","40-00893","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0893"
"14000894","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","abietorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00894","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0894"
"14000895","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","alascensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00895","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0895"
"14000896","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","alpherakyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00896","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0896"
"14000897","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","anatolica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00897","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0897"
"14000898","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","arabica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00898","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0898"
"14000899","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","atlantica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00899","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0899"
"14000900","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","bangsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00900","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0900"
"14000901","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","barbara","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1800","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00901","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0901"
"14000902","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","beringiana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Middendorff","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00902","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0902"
"14000903","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","cascadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00903","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0903"
"14000904","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","caucasica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dinnik","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00904","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0904"
"14000905","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","crucigera","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bechstein","1789","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00905","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0905"
"14000906","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","daurica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00906","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0906"
"14000907","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","deletrix","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00907","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0907"
"14000908","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","dolichocrania","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00908","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0908"
"14000909","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","dorsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. E. Gray","1838","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00909","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0909"
"14000910","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","flavescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. E. Gray","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00910","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0910"
"14000911","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","fulvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1820","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00911","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0911"
"14000912","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","griffithi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1854","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00912","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0912"
"14000913","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","harrimani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00913","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0913"
"14000914","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","hoole","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1870","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00914","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0914"
"14000915","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","ichnusae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00915","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0915"
"14000916","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","indutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00916","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0916"
"14000917","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","jakutensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00917","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0917"
"14000918","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","japonica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. E. Gray","1868","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00918","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0918"
"14000919","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","karagan","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00919","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0919"
"14000920","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","kenaiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00920","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0920"
"14000921","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","kurdistanica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00921","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0921"
"14000922","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","macroura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1852","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00922","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0922"
"14000923","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","montana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pearson","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00923","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0923"
"14000924","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","necator","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00924","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0924"
"14000925","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","niloticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1803","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00925","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0925"
"14000926","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","ochroxantha","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00926","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0926"
"14000927","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","palaestina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00927","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0927"
"14000928","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","peculiosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kishida","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00928","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0928"
"14000929","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","pusilla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1854","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00929","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0929"
"14000930","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","regalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00930","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0930"
"14000931","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","rubricosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00931","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0931"
"14000932","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","schrenckii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kishida","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00932","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0932"
"14000933","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","silacea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00933","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0933"
"14000934","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","splendidissima","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kishida","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00934","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0934"
"14000935","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","stepensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brauner","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00935","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0935"
"14000936","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","tobolica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00936","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0936"
"14000937","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","vulpes","tschiliensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00937","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0892-0937"
"14000938","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Canidae","","","Vulpes","","zerda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","247","","","Fennec Fox","""Es bewohnt die Soara und andere Theile von Nordafrika hinter den Atlas, der Ritter Bruce behauptet, man fände es auch in tripolitanischen.""","Chad, Egypt, Kuwait, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Saudia Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>arabicus</i> (Desmarest, 1804); <i>aurita </i>(F. A. A. Meyer, 1793); <i>brucei </i>(Desmarest, 1820); <i>cerda </i>(Illiger, 1811); <i>cerdo </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>denhamii </i>Boitard, 1842; <i>fennecus </i>(Lesson, 1827); <i>saarensis </i>Skjoldebrand, 1777[suppressed, ICZN, O. 1129]; <i>zaarensis </i>Gray, 1843.","Reviewed by Larivière (2002<i>a</i>) who did not recognize subspecies. Placed in <i>Fennecus </i>by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Stains (1975).","40","40-00938","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0691-0000-0000-0865-0000-0938"
"14000939","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer de Waldheim","1817","","Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow","5","","372","","","","","","","<i>Ailuropodidae</i>  Pocock, 1916; <i>Ursinidae </i>Gray, 1821.","<i>Ailuropoda</i> has been placed in a separate family by some; however, morphological and molecular evidence strongly supports the placement of <i>Ailuropoda</i> in this family (Chorn and Hoffmann, 1978; Davis, 1964; Sarich, 1973, 1976; Mayr, 1986; Goldman et al., 1989; Hendey, 1980<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>; O'Brien et al., 1985; Wozencraft, 1989<i>a</i>). Thenius (1979) placed <i>Ailuropoda</i> in the monotypic family Ailuropodidae. Morphological studies have supported the monophyly of three subfamilies (Hendey, 1980; Kurtén, 1966; Thenius, 1979), although this has not been corroborated by a recent molecular approach (Goldman et al. 1989). Subfamilies are not recognized here. Synonyms allocated according to McKenna and Bell (1997).","40","40-00939","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939"
"14000940","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ailuropoda","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1870","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris), ser. 5","13","10","1","","<i>Ursus</i> <i>melanoleucus</i> David, 1869, by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Aeluropus</i>  Lydekker, 1891; <i>Ailuropus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1871; <i>Pandarctos</i> Gervais, 1870.","Revised by Davis (1964) and Hendey (1980<i>b</i>). Reviewed by Chorn and Hoffmann (1978).","40","40-00940","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0940"
"14000941","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ailuropoda","","melanoleuca","","SPECIES","False","","YES","David","1869","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","5","","13-Dec","","","Giant Panda","""Mou-pin"" [China, Sichuan Sheng, Baoxing (=Moupin) 30°23'N, 102°50'E].","China (Sichuan, Shensi, Gansu; perhaps Qinghai, on E edge of Tibetan plateau).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","","Regarded by Hendey (1980<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) as the only surviving species in the subfamily Agriotheriinae. Placed in the monotypic family Ailuropodidae by Thenius (1979). Reviewed by Chorn and Hoffmann (1978).","40","40-00941","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0940-0000-0941"
"14000942","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Helarctos","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Horsfield","1825","","Zool. J.","2","6","221","","<i>Helarctos euryspilus</i> Horsfield, 1825 (= <i>Ursus malayanus</i> by Raffles, 1821, by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Helarctus</i> Gloger, 1841.","Revised by Pocock (1932<i>b</i>). Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>) placed <i>Helarctos</i> in <i>Melursus</i>. Pocock (1941<i>a</i>) and Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) suggested a close relationship between <i>M. ursinus</i> and <i>H. malayanus</i>; however, this was not supported by Goldman et al. (1989).","40","40-00942","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0942"
"14000943","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Helarctos","","malayanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","254","","","Sun bear","""Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","Burma, China (Yunnan), India, Indonesia (Sumatra, Kalimantan), Kampuchea, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>annamiticus</i> Heude, 1901; <i>wardi </i>(Lydekker, 1906); <b><i>euryspilus</i></b><i> </i>Horsfield, 1825","Reviewed by Fitzgerald and Krausman (2002). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00943","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0942-0000-0943"
"14000944","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Helarctos","","malayanus","malayanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","254","","","","""Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","","","","","40","40-00944","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0942-0000-0943-0944"
"14000945","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Helarctos","","malayanus","euryspilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1825","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00945","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0942-0000-0943-0945"
"14000946","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Melursus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Meyer","1793","","Zool. Entdeck.","","","155-160","","<i>Melursus lybius</i> Meyer, 1793 (= <i>Bradypus ursinus</i> Shaw, 1791), by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Arceus </i> Goldfuss, 1809; <i>Chondrorhynchus </i>Fischer de Waldheim, 1814; <i>Prochilus </i>Illiger, 1811; <i>Prochylus </i>Gray, 1821.","Revised by Pocock (1932<i>b</i>). See comments under <i>Helarctos</i> concerning the relationship between these taxa. Synonyms allocated according to McKenna and Bell (1997).","40","40-00946","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0946"
"14000947","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Melursus","","ursinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1791","","Nat. Misc.","2","","(unpaginated) pl. 58","","","Sloth Bear","""Abinteriore Bengala""; restricted by Pocock (1941<i>a</i>) as ""Patna, north of the Ganges, Bengal"" [India].","India (north to the Indian desert and to the foothills of the Himalayas), Sri Lanka.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>labiatus </i> (de Blainville, 1817); <i>longirostris </i>(Tiedemann, 1820); <i>lybius </i>Meyer, 1793; <i>niger </i>(Goldfuss, 1809); <b><i>inornatus</i></b><i> </i>Pucheran, 1855.","Synonyms allocated according to Pocock (1941<i>a</i>).","40","40-00947","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0946-0000-0947"
"14000948","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Melursus","","ursinus","ursinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1791","","Nat. Misc.","2","","(unpaginated) pl. 58","","","","""Abinteriore Bengala""; restricted by Pocock (1941<i>a</i>) as ""Patna, north of the Ganges, Bengal"" [India].","","","","","40","40-00948","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0946-0000-0947-0948"
"14000949","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Melursus","","ursinus","inornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pucheran","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00949","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0946-0000-0947-0949"
"14000950","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Tremarctos","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gervais","1855","","Hist. Nat. Mammifères","2","","20","","<i>Ursus ornatus</i> F. G. Cuvier, 1825.","","","","","<i>Nearctos</i>  Gray, 1873.","","40","40-00950","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0950"
"14000951","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Tremarctos","","ornatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1825","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. G. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 3","5","50","""Ours des cordiliéres du Chili,"" 2 pp.","","","Spectacled Bear","""cordiliéres du Chili,"" restricted by Cabrera (1957) to ""los montañas al este de Trujillo, departamento de la Libertad, Perú.""","Mountainous regions of W Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama (?), Peru, W Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>frugilegus </i> (Tschudi, 1844); <i>lasallei </i>Maria, 1924; <i>majori </i>Thomas, 1902; <i>nasutus </i>(Sclater, 1868); <i>thomasi </i>(Hornaday, 1911).","Some authors have considered this genus as the only extent member of the subfamily Tremarctinae (Thenius, 1976).","40","40-00951","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0950-0000-0951"
"14000952","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","47","","<i>Ursus arctos</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by tautonymy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Arcticonus</i>  Pocock, 1917; <i>Danis </i>J. E. Gray, 1825; <i>Euarctos</i> Gray, 1864; <i>Mamursus </i>Herrera, 1899; <i>Melanarctos </i>Heude, 1898; <i>Mylarctos </i>Lönnberg, 1923; <i>Myrmarctos </i>J. E. Gray, 1864; <i>Selenarctos</i> Heude, 1901; <i>Thalassarctos </i>J. E. Gray, 1825; <i>Thalassarctus </i>Gloger, 1841; <i>Thalassiarchus </i>Kobelt, 1896; <i>Ursarctos </i>Heude, 1898; <i>Ursulus</i> Kretzoi, 1954; <i>Vetularctos</i> Merriam, 1918.","The close relationship of the four species included herein has been generally recognized by morphological and molecular studies (Goldman et al., 1989; Hendey, 1980<i>a</i>; Kurtén and Anderson, 1980; Shields and Kocher, 1991). Allen (1938) proposed a close relationship between <i>thibetanus</i> and <i>americanus</i>. Thenius (1953), Goldman et al. (1989), and Shields and Kocher (1991) gave support to the monophyly of <i>arctos</i> with <i>maritimus</i>. Synonyms allocated according to McKenna and Bell (1997).","40","40-00952","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952"
"14000953","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1780","","Spicil. Zool.","14","","5","","","American Black Bear","Not given. In Pallas' (1780) description, he refered to Brickell (1737) who implied North Carolina (USA) by stating they ""are very common in this province."" Palmer (1904) listed the locality as ""eastern North America"".","Canada, Mexico (N Nayarit and S Tamaulipas), USA.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Threatened as <i>U. americanus luteolus</i>; all other subspecies – Similarity of Appearance to a Threatened Species; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hunteri </i> Anderson, 1945; <i>randi </i>Anderson, 1945; <i>schwenki </i>Shoemaker, 1913; <i>sornborgeri </i>Bangs, 1898; <b><i>altifrontalis</i></b><i> </i>Elliot, 1903; <b><i>amblyceps</i></b><i> </i>Baird, 1859; <b><i>californiensis</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1900; <b><i>carlottae</i></b><i> </i>Osgood, 1901; <b><i>cinnamomum</i></b><i> </i>Audubon and Bachman, 1854; <b><i>emmonsii</i></b><i> </i>Dall, 1895; <i>glacilis </i>Kells, 1897; <b><i>eremicus</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1904; <b><i>floridanus</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1896; <b><i>hamiltoni</i></b><i> </i>Cameron, 1957; <b><i>kermodei</i></b><i> </i>Hornaday, 1905; <b><i>luteolus</i></b><i> </i>Griffith, 1821; <b><i>machetes</i></b><i> </i>Elliot, 1903; <b><i>perniger</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1910; <i>kenaiensis </i>J. A. Allen, 1910; <b><i>pugnax</i></b><i> </i>Swarth, 1911; <b><i>vancouveri</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1928.","Reviewed by Larivière (2001<i>b</i>). Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981) and Larivière (2001<i>b</i>).","40","40-00953","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953"
"14000954","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","americanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1780","","Spicil. Zool.","14","","5","","","","Not given. In Pallas' (1780) description, he refered to Brickell (1737) who implied North Carolina (USA) by stating they ""are very common in this province."" Palmer (1904) listed the locality as ""eastern North America"".","","","","","40","40-00954","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0954"
"14000955","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","altifrontalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00955","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0955"
"14000956","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","amblyceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1859","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00956","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0956"
"14000957","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","californiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00957","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0957"
"14000958","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","carlottae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00958","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0958"
"14000959","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","cinnamomum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1854","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00959","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0959"
"14000960","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","emmonsii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dall","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00960","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0960"
"14000961","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","eremicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00961","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0961"
"14000962","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","floridanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00962","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0962"
"14000963","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","hamiltoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cameron","1957","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00963","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0963"
"14000964","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","kermodei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hornaday","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00964","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0964"
"14000965","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","luteolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Griffith","1821","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00965","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0965"
"14000966","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","machetes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00966","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0966"
"14000967","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","perniger","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00967","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0967"
"14000968","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","pugnax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swarth","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00968","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0968"
"14000969","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","americanus","vancouveri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00969","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0953-0969"
"14000970","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","47","","","Brown Bear","""sylvis Europæ frigidæ"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Northern Sweden.""","Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, N and W China, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan (Hokkaido), Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Macdeonia, N Mexico, Mongolia, North Korea, Norway, N Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine, W USA.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>U</i>. <i>arctos</i> (Mexico, Bhutan, China, and Mongolia populations) and <i>U. a. isabellinus</i>; otherwise Appendix II. U. S. ESA – Endangered as <i>U. arctos pruinosus</i>,<i> </i>as <i>U. arctos </i>in Mexico, and as <i>U. a. arctos</i> in Italy. Threatened as <i>U. a. horribilis</i> in the USA (48 conterminous states) except where listed as Experimental Non Essential Populations in portions of Idaho and Montana; IUCN – Extinct as <i>U. a. nelsoni</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albus </i> Gmelin, 1788; <i>alpinus </i>G. Fischer, 1814; <i>annulatus </i>Billberg, 1827; <i>argenteus </i>Billberg, 1827; <i>aureus </i>Fitzinger, 1855; <i>badius </i>Schrank, 1798; <i>brunneus </i>Billberg, 1827; <i>cadaverinus </i>Eversmann, 1840; <i>euryrhinus </i>Nilsson, 1847; <i>eversmanni </i>(Gray, 1864); <i>falciger </i>Reichenbach, 1836; <i>formicarius </i>Billberg, 1828; <i>fuscus </i>Gmelin, 1788; <i>grandis </i>J. E. Gray, 1864; <i>griseus </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>gobiensis</i> Sokolov and Orlov, 1992; <i>longirostris </i>Eversmann, 1840; <i>major </i>Nilsson, 1820; <i>marsicanus </i>Altobello, 1921; <i>minor </i>Nilsson, 1820; <i>myrmephagus </i>Billberg, 1827; <i>niger </i>Gmelin, 1788; <i>normalis </i>Gray, 1864; <i>norvegicus </i>J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>polonicus </i>J. E. Gray, 1864; <i>pyrenaicus </i>J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>rossicus </i>J. E. Gray, 1864; <i>rufus </i>Borkhausen, 1797; <i>scandinavicus </i>Gray, 1864; <i>stenorostris </i>Gray, 1864; <i>ursus </i>Boddaert, 1772; <b><i>alascensis</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1896; <i>alexandrae </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>cressonus </i>Merriam, 1916; <i>eximius </i>Merriam, 1916; <i>holzworthi </i>Merriam, 1929; <i>innuitus </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>internationalis </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>kenaiensis </i>Merriam, 1904; <i>kidderi </i>Merriam, 1902; <i>nuchek </i>Merriam, 1916; <i>phaeonyx </i>Merriam, 1904; <i>sheldoni </i>Merriam, 1910; <i>toklat </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>tundrensis </i>Merriam, 1914; <b><i>beringianus</i></b><i> </i>Middendorff, 1851; <i>kolymensis </i>Ognev, 1924; <i>mandchuricus </i>Heude, 1898; <i>piscator </i>Pucheran, 1855; <b><i>californicus</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1896; <i>colusus </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>henshawi </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>klamathensis </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>magister </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>mendocinensis </i>Merriam, 1916; <i>tularensis </i>Merriam, 1914; <b><i>collaris</i></b><i> </i>F. G. Cuvier, 1824; <i>jeniseensis </i>Ognev, 1924; <i>sibiricus </i>J. E. Gray, 1864; <b><i>crowtheri</i></b><i> </i>Schinz, 1844; <b><i>dalli</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1896; <i>nortoni </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>orgiloides </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>townsendi </i>Merriam, 1916; <b><i>gyas</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1902; <i>merriami </i>J. A. Allen, 1902; <b><i>horribilis</i></b><i> </i>Ord, 1815; <i>absarokus </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>andersoni </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>apache </i>Merriam, 1916; <i>arizonae </i>Merriam, 1916; <i>bairdi </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>bisonophagus </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>canadensis </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>candescens </i>C. E. H. Smith, 1827; <i>cinereus </i>Desmarest, 1820; <i>crassus </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>dusorgus </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>ereunetes </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>griseus </i>Choris, 1822; <i>horriaeus </i>Baird, 1858; <i>hylodromus </i>Elliot, 1904; <i>idahoensis </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>imperator </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>impiger </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>inopinatus </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>kennerleyi </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>kluane </i>Merriam, 1916; <i>latifrons </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>macfarlani </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>macrodon </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>mirus </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>navaho </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>nelsoni </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>ophrus </i>Merriam, 1916; <i>oribasus </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>pallasi </i>Merriam, 1916; <i>pellyensis </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>perturbans </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>planiceps </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>pulchellus </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>richardsoni </i>Swainson, 1838; <i>rogersi </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>rungiusi </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>russelli </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>sagittalis </i>Merriam, 1918; <i>selkirki </i>Merriam, 1916; <i>shoshone </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>texensis </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>utahensis </i>Merriam, 1914; <i>washake </i>Merriam, 1916; <b><i>isabellinus </i></b>Horsfield, 1826; <i>leuconyx </i>Severtzov, 1873; <i>pamirensis </i>Ognev, 1924; <b><i>lasiotus</i></b><i> </i>Gray, 1867; <i>baikalensis </i>Ognev, 1924; <i>cavifrons </i>(Heude, 1901); <i>ferox </i>Temminck, 1844 [preoccupied]; <i>macneilli</i> Lydekker, 1909; <i>melanarctos </i>Heude, 1898; <i>yesoensis </i>Lydekker, 1897; <b><i>middendorffi</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1896; <i>kadiaki </i>Kleinschmidt, 1911; pruinosus Blyth, 1854; lagomyiarius Przewalski, 1883; sitkensis Merriam, 1896; caurinus Merriam, 1914; eltonclarki Merriam, 1914; eulophus Merriam, 1904; insularis Merriam, 1916; mirabilis Merriam, 1916; neglectus Merriam, 1916; orgilos Merriam, 1914; shirasi Merriam, 1914; stikeenensis Merriam, 1914; atnarko Merriam, 1918; chelan Merriam, 1916; chelidonias Merriam, 1918; crassodon Merriam, 1918; hoots Merriam, 1916; kwakiutl Merriam, 1916; pervagor Merriam, 1914; tahltanicus Merriam, 1914; warburtoni Merriam 1916; syriacus Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1828, caucasicus Smirnov, 1919; dinniki Smirnov, 1919; lasistanicus Satunin, 1913; meridionalis Middendorff, 1851; persicus Lönnberg, 1925; schmitzi Matschie, 1917; smirnovi Lönnberg, 1925.","Reviewed by Erdbrink (1953), Couturier (1954), Rausch (1963<i>a</i>), Kurtén (1973), Hall (1984) and Pasitschniak-Arts (1993). Ognev (1931) and Allen (1938) recognized <i>U. pruinosus</i> as distinct; not followed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Gao (1987), and Stroganov (1962). Lönnberg (1923<i>b</i>) believed that differences between <i>pruinosus</i> and <i>arctos</i> warranted subgeneric distinction as (<i>Mylarctos</i>) <i>pruinosus</i>; however, this was not supported by Pocock's (1932<i>b</i>) thorough revision. Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966) and Hall (1984).","40","40-00970","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970"
"14000971","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","arctos","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","47","","","","""sylvis Europæ frigidæ"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Northern Sweden.""","","","","","40","40-00971","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0971"
"14000972","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","alascensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00972","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0972"
"14000973","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","beringianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Middendorff","1851","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00973","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0973"
"14000974","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","californicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00974","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0974"
"14000975","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","collaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1824","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00975","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0975"
"14000976","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","crowtheri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00976","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0976"
"14000977","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","dalli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00977","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0977"
"14000978","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","gyas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00978","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0978"
"14000979","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","horribilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ord","1815","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00979","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0979"
"14000980","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","isabellinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1826","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00980","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0980"
"14000981","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","lasiotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00981","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0981"
"14000982","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","middendorffi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00982","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0982"
"14000983","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","pruinosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1854","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00983","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0983"
"14000984","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","sitkensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00984","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0984"
"14000985","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","stikeenensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00985","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0985"
"14000986","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","arctos","syriacus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1828","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00986","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0970-0986"
"14000987","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","maritimus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Phipps","1774","","Voyage Towards North Pole","","","185","","","Polar Bear","""on the main land of Spitsbergen"" [Norway].","Canada, Greenland, USA (Alaska), Russia. Circumpolar in the Arctic, S limits determined by ice pack.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>eogroenlandicus </i> (Knottnerus-Meyer, 1908); <i>groenlandicus </i>(Birula, 1932); <i>jenaensis </i>(Knottnerus-Mayer, 1908); <i>labradorensis </i>(Knottnerus-Meyer, 1908); <i>marinus </i>Pallas, 1776; <i>polaris </i>Shaw, 1792.","Revised by Wilson (1976). Reviewed by DeMaster and Stirling (1981). Placed in subgenus <i>Thalarctos</i> by Gromov and Baranova (1981). <i>U. maritimus</i> is considered the sister species to <i>arctos</i> (Goldman et al., 1989; Shields and Kocher, 1991). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Hall (1981).","40","40-00987","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0987"
"14000988","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","thibetanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G.[Baron] Cuvier","1823","","Rech. Oss. Foss., Nouv. ed.","4","","325","","","Asian Black Bear","""Cet ours a été trouvé d'abord par M. Wallich dans les montagnes du Napaul, et je l'ai rencontré également dans celles du Sylhet"" [India, Assam, Sylhet].","Afghanistan, China, India, Indochina, Japan, North and ? South Korea, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Russia (SE Primorski Krai), Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered as <i>U. t. gedrosianus</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>U. t. gedrosinus</i>, otherwise Vulnerable.","<i>labiatus </i> Blanford, 1876; <i>torquatus </i>Wagner, 1841; <b><i>formosanus</i></b><i> </i>Swinhoe, 1864; <i>melli </i>(Matschie, 1922); <b><i>gedrosianus</i></b><i> </i>Blanford, 1877; <b><i>japonicus</i></b><i> </i>Schlegel, 1857; <i>rexi </i>Matschie, 1897; <b><i>laniger</i></b><i> </i>(Pocock, 1932); <b><i>mupinensis</i></b><i> </i>(Heude, 1901); <i>clarki </i>Sowerby, 1920; <i>leuconyx </i>(Heude, 1901); <i>macneilli </i>Lydekker, 1909; <b><i>ussuricus</i></b><i> </i>(Heude, 1901); <i>wulsini </i>(Howell, 1928).","Placed in subgenus <i>Selenarctos</i> by Gromov and Baranova (1981); and in subgenus <i>Euarctos</i> by Thenius (1979). Allen (1938) suggested a close relationship to <i>U. americanus</i>; Pocock (1932<i>a</i>) retained in a separate genus, there is molecular support for both positions (Goldman et al., 1989). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-00988","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0988"
"14000989","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","thibetanus","thibetanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G.[Baron] Cuvier","1823","","Rech. Oss. Foss., Nouv. ed.","4","","325","","","","""Cet ours a été trouvé d'abord par M. Wallich dans les montagnes du Napaul, et je l'ai rencontré également dans celles du Sylhet"" [India, Assam, Sylhet].","","","","","40","40-00989","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0988-0989"
"14000990","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","thibetanus","formosanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00990","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0988-0990"
"14000991","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","thibetanus","gedrosianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1877","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00991","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0988-0991"
"14000992","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","thibetanus","japonicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schlegel","1857","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00992","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0988-0992"
"14000993","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","thibetanus","laniger","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00993","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0988-0993"
"14000994","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","thibetanus","mupinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00994","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0988-0994"
"14000995","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ursidae","","","Ursus","","thibetanus","ussuricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-00995","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0939-0000-0000-0952-0000-0988-0995"
"14000996","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","340","","","","","","","<i>Arctocephalina</i> Gray, 1837; <i>Callorhinae </i>Muizon, 1978; <i>Callorhinina </i>Gray, 1869; <i>Eumetopiina </i>Gray, 1869; <i>Gypsophocina </i>Gray, 1874; <i>Otariadae </i>Brookes, 1828; <i>Otariarina </i>J. E. Gray, 1843; <i>Otarioidea </i>Smirnov, 1908; <i>Ouliphocacae </i>J. A. Allen, 1880; <i>Ouliphocinae </i>J. A. Allen, 1870; <i>Trichiphocinae </i>J. A. Allen, 1870; <i>Trichophocacae </i>J. A. Allen, 1880; <i>Zalophina </i>Gray, 1869.","Reviewed by Allen (1880, 1892), Repenning et al. (1971), Mitchell and Tedford (1973), King (1983), Berta and Deméré (1986), Barnes (1989) and Wynen et al. (2001). Does not include <i>Odobenus</i>, which was included in a monotypic subfamily (Odobeninae within Otariidae) by Mitchell and Tedford (1973), Tedford (1976), Hall (1981), Barnes (1989), and Wozencraft (1989<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>); however, see Wyss (1987) and Berta (1991). Berta and Deméré (1986) separated <i>Arctocephalus</i> and <i>Callorhinus</i> into the Arctocephalinae. Repenning et al. (1971), Repenning and Tedford (1977), and Wynen et al. (2001) argued against the recognition of subfamilies. Distributional information for species based on Rice (1998).","40","40-00996","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996"
"14000997","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Arctocephalus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. Cuvier","1826","","<i>In</i>F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat.","39","","554","","""<i>Phoca ursina</i> "" (= <i>Phoca pusilla</i> Schreber, 1775; not <i>Phoca ursina</i> Linnaeus, 1758)(International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2000).","","","","","<i>Arctophoca</i> Peters, 1866; <i>Euotaria </i>Gray, 1866; <i>Gypsophoca </i>Gray, 1866; <i>Halarctus </i>Gill, 1866.","Reviewed by King (1954) and Repenning et al. (1971) who included <i>Arctophoca</i> Peters, 1866. Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>) considered <i>Zalophus</i> and <i>Arctocephalus</i> congeneric. Nearly all species of <i>Arctocephalus</i> are distributed allopatrically (Rice, 1998). Synonyms allocated according to Gardner and Robbins (1998). Allen (1905) discussed confusion in designation of type species.","40","40-00997","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-0997"
"14000998","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Arctocephalus","","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1783","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","3","","276","","","South American Fur Seal","Zimmermann (1783) based the name on the ""Falkland Isle Seal"" of Pennant (1781), and added that it ""Wohnt um Juan Fernandez, und über haupt in dortigen Meeren."" [Falkland Isls, UK].","South America coasts of Argentina, Brazil (from Recife dos Tôrres south), Chile, Falkland Isls, Peru (from Isla Lobos de Tierra south), Uruguay.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>argentata</i> (Philippi, 1871); <i>australis </i>(J. A. Allen, 1880); <i>brachydactyla </i>(Philippi, 1892); <i>falclandica </i>(J. B. Fischer, 1829); <i>falklandica </i>(Shaw, 1800); <i>gracilis</i> Nehring, 1887; <i>grayii </i>Scott, 1873; <i>hauvillii </i>(Lesson, 1827); <i>laitirostros </i>J. E. Gray, 1874; <i>latirostris </i>(J. E. Gray, 1872); <i>leucostoma </i>(Philippi, 1892); <i>lupina </i>(Molina, 1782); <i>nigrescens </i>(J. E. Gray, 1850); <i>shawii </i>(Lesson, 1828); <i>ursinus </i>J. E. Gray, 1843.","Scheffer (1958) included <i>galapagoensis</i> Heller, 1904, but this was not followed by Repenning et al. (1971) or King (1983). Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957) and Rice (1998).","40","40-00998","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-0997-0000-0998"
"14000999","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Arctocephalus","","forsteri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1828","","<i>In</i> Bory de Saint-Vincet, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. Paris.","13","","421","","","Australasian Fur Seal","Scheffer (1958) restricted the type locality to ""Dusky Sound, New Zealand.""","Coastal regions of Australia (Eclipse Isl in the west to S end of Tasmania), New Zealand and nearby subantarctic isls.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","40","40-00999","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-0997-0000-0999"
"14001000","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Arctocephalus","","galapagoensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1904","","Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (3)","3","7","245","","","Galapagos Fur Seal","""Wenman Island"" [Ecuador, Galapagos Isls].","Endemic to Ecuador (Galapagos Isls).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Repenning et al. (1971) supported recognition at the specific level, followed by King (1983); however, Scheffer (1958) considered <i>galapagoensis</i> conspecific with <i>australis</i>, which would be the most closely related taxon. Reviewed by Clark (1975).","40","40-01000","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-0997-0000-1000"
"14001001","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Arctocephalus","","gazella","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1875","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1875","","393, 396","","","Antarctic Fur Seal","""von Seehunden aus Kerguelenland"". Restriced by Scheffer (1958) to ""Anse Betsy (49°09'S, 70°11'E).""","Islands south of Antarctic convergence (Kerguelen, S Sandwich, S Orkney, Heard, Bouver, S Georgia, S Shetland Isls).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by King (1959<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>).","40","40-01001","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-0997-0000-1001"
"14001002","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Arctocephalus","","philippii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","276, pl. 2a, b, c","","","Juan Fernández Fur Seal","""Insel Juan Fernandez"". Listed by Scheffer (1958) as ""Isla Más a Tierra, Islas Juan Fernández, Chile"".","Specimens recorded from Chile (Juan Fernandez and San Felix Isls), Peru (vagrant populations).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","40","40-01002","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-0997-0000-1002"
"14001003","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Arctocephalus","","pusillus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","2","13","pl. 85[1775]; see also text, 3(17):314 [1776]","","","Brown Fur Seal","Unknown. ""Diese Gattung findet sich in den levantischen, und nach dem Herrn Grafen von Büffon, im indischen Meere""; see Allen (1880).","Two allopatric populations: (1) Southern African coastal regions of Angola (vagrant populations), Namibia (Cape Cross southward), South Africa (east to Algoa Bay) (2) Coastal regions of SE Australia, Tasmania.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>antarctica</i> (Thunberg, 1811); <i>compressa </i>(Gray, 1874); <i>delalandii </i>(Lesson, 1827); <i>nivosus </i>(Gray, 1868); <i>parva </i>(Boddaert, 1785); <i>peronii </i>(Desmarest, 1817); <i>schist-hyperves </i>(Turner, 1868); <b><i>doriferus</i></b><i> </i>Wood Jones, 1925; <i>tasmanicus </i>Scott and Lord, 1926.","Repenning et al. (1971) and King (1983) included <i>doriferus</i> Wood-Jones, 1925; however, Scheffer (1958) considered it a distinct species.","40","40-01003","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-0997-0000-1003"
"14001004","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Arctocephalus","","pusillus","pusillus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","2","13","pl. 85[1775]; see also text, 3(17):314 [1776]","","","","Unknown. ""Diese Gattung findet sich in den levantischen, und nach dem Herrn Grafen von Büffon, im indischen Meere""; see Allen (1880).","","","","","40","40-01004","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-0997-0000-1003-1004"
"14001005","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Arctocephalus","","pusillus","doriferus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wood Jones","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01005","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-0997-0000-1003-1005"
"14001006","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Arctocephalus","","townsendi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","175","","","Guadalupe Fur Seal","""Guadalupe Island, off Lower California. . . collected on the beach on west side of Guadalupe."" [Mexico]","Mexico (Guadalupe Isl), USA (Channel Isls).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by Belcher and Lee (2002). Formerly included in <i>Arctophoca</i>; see Repenning et al. (1971). Considered conspecific with <i>philippii</i> by Scheffer (1958).","40","40-01006","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-0997-0000-1006"
"14001007","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Arctocephalus","","tropicalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. E. Gray","1872","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1872","","653, 659","","","Subantarctic Fur Seal","""North coast of Australia."" This is in error, fixed by King (1959<i>a</i>) to ""’Australasian sea’...to include the islands of St. Paul and Amsterdam as these are the islands nearest to Australia..."".","Islands north of Antarctic Convergence (Tristan, Gough, Marion, Crozet, Amsterdam, Macquarie Isls).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>elegans</i>  Peters, 1876.","","40","40-01007","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-0997-0000-1007"
"14001008","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Callorhinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","J. E. Gray","1859","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1859","","359","","<i>Arctocephalus ursinus</i> Gray, 1859 (= <i>Phoca ursina</i> Linnaeus, 1758), by original designation (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2000).","","","","","<i>Callirhinus</i> J. E. Gray, 1859; <i>Callorhynchus </i>Greve, 1896; <i>Callotaria </i>Palmer, 1892; <i>Otaria </i>Péron, 1816; <i>Otoes </i>G. Fischer, 1817; <i>Phoca </i>Linnaeus, 1758.","Synonyms allocated according to McKenna and Bell (1997), and Gardner and Robbins (1998).","40","40-01008","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-1008"
"14001009","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Callorhinus","","ursinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","37","","","Northern Fur Seal","""in Camschatcæ maritimus inter Asiam and Americam proximam, primario in infula Beringri,"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Bering Island.""","North Pacific coastal regions in Canada, China (vagrant to Shandong), Japan, Mexico (costs of Baja California), Russia (Okhotsk and Bering Seas, Commander and Pribilof Isls), USA (Alaska, Washington, Oregon, S California).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>alascanus</i> (Jordan and Clark, 1898); <i>californianus </i>(Gray, 1866); <i>curilensis </i>(Jordan and Clark, 1899); <i>cynocephala </i>(Walbaum, 1792); <i>krachenninikowii </i>(Lesson, 1828); <i>mimica </i>(Tilesius, 1835); <i>nigra </i>(Pallas, 1811).","Subspecies not recognized, following Taylor et al. (1955) and Rice (1998).","40","40-01009","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-1008-0000-1009"
"14001010","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Eumetopias","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gill","1866","","Proc. Essex Inst. Salem","5","","7","","<i>Arctocephalus monterienis</i> Gray, 1859 (= <i>Phoca jubata</i> Schreber, 1776) by monotypy (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2000).","","","","","","For a discussion of the type, see Scheffer (1958).","40","40-01010","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-1010"
"14001011","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Eumetopias","","jubatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","3","17","300 (text) [1776]; see also 3(17):pl. 83.B[1776]","","","Steller Sea Lion","""...Aufenthalt in dem nördlichen Theil des stillen Meeres...westlichen Küste von Amerika... östlichen von Kamtschatka...Inseln...Küsten unter dem 56ten Grade der Breite liegen."" [N part of the Pacific. Russia, Commander and Bering Isls].","Northern Pacific coastal regions of Canada, China (vagrant populations to Jiangsu), Japan (from Hokkaido N), Russia, USA (Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California).","U.S. ESA – Threatened, except population segment west of 144° W. Long, which is Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>leonina</i> (Pallas, 1811); <i>monteriensis </i>(Gray, 1859); <i>stellerii </i>(Lesson, 1828).","The type of <i>O. californiana</i> Lesson, 1828, was shown by Allen (1880) to actually be <i>Zalophus. A. monteriensis</i> Gray, 1859, is based on <i>P. jubata</i> Schreber, 1776. Scheffer (1958) pointed out that <i>jubata</i> Forster, 1775, is invalid. Reviewed by Loughlin et al. (1987). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Hall (1981), and Loughlin et al. (1987).","40","40-01011","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-1010-0000-1011"
"14001012","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Neophoca","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","18","","231","","<i>Arctocephalus lobatus</i> Gray, 1828 (= <i>Otaria cinerea</i> Péron, 1816).","","","","","","Sivertsen (1954) and Scheffer (1958) considered <i>Neophoca</i> congeneric with <i>Phocarctos</i>. However, it was retained as separate by King (1960, 1983), Rice (1977), Barnes (1989), and Wynen et al. (2001).","40","40-01012","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-1012"
"14001013","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Neophoca","","cinerea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Péron","1816","","Voy. Decouv. Terres. Austral.","2","","54","","","Australian Sealion","""L'ile Decrès"" [Australia, South Australia, Kangaroo Isl].","Australia coastal regions (Houtmans Abrolhos in the west to Kangaroo Isl in the south).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albicollis</i> (Péron, 1816); <i>australis </i>(Quoy and Gaimard, 1830); <i>fosteri </i>(Wood Jones, 1922); <i>lobatus </i>(J. E. Gray, 1828); <i>stelleri </i>(Temminck, 1844); <i>williamsi </i>(McCoy, 1877).","Allen (1880) questioned the validity of the type description. Reviewed by Ling (1992). Synonyms allocated according to Ling (1992).","40","40-01013","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-1012-0000-1013"
"14001014","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Otaria","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Péron","1816","","Voy. Decouv. Terres. Austral.","2","","37 (footnote), pp. 40-52","","<i>Phoca leonina Molina</i>,<i> 1782 </i>(= <i>Phoca byronia </i>de Blainville, 1820) by designation (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2000).","","","","","<i>Otoes</i> Fischer de Waldheim, 1817; <i>Platyrhynchus </i>F. G. Cuvier, 1826; <i>Pontoleo </i>Gloger, 1841.","","40","40-01014","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-1014"
"14001015","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Otaria","","flavescens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1800","","Gener. Zool.","1","2a parte","260","","","South American Sealion","""Strait of Magellan"".","South American coasts of Argentina, Brazil (south from Recife dos Tôrres), Chile, Peru, Uruguay, Falkland Isls. Vagrant populations occasionally in Columbia, Ecuador (Galapagos Isls), Panama.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aurita</i> (Bechstein, 1800); <i>byronia </i>(de Blainville, 1820); <i>chilensis </i>Muller, 1841; <i>chonotica </i>Philippi, 1892; <i>fulva </i>Philippi, 1892; <i>godeffroyi </i>Peters, 1866; <i>hookeri </i>Schlater, 1866; <i>leoninus </i>(F. G. Cuvier, 1827); <i>minor </i>Gray, 1874; <i>molossina </i>Lesson and Garnot, 1826; <i>molossinus </i>(Lesson, 1827); <i>pernettyi </i>Lesson, 1828; <i>pygmaea </i>Gray, 1874; <i>rufa </i>Philippi, 1892; <i>ulloae </i>Tschudi, 1844; <i>uraniae </i>(Lesson, 1827); <i>velutina </i>Philippi, 1892.","There is some controversy regarding the validity of <i>O. byronia</i> (de Blainville, 1920) or <i>O. flavescens </i>(Shaw, 1800) (King, 1978). Rodriguez and Bastida (1993) reviewed the information and concluded that <i>flavescens</i> was a valid name with priority. Also see Oliva (1988) who argued for <i>O. byronia</i>. Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957).","40","40-01015","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-1014-0000-1015"
"14001016","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Phocarctos","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1866","","269","","<i>Otaria hookeri</i> (=<i>Arctocephalus</i> <i>hookeri</i> Gray, 1844).","","","","","","Sivertsen (1954) and Scheffer (1958) considered <i>Phocarctos</i> congeneric with <i>Neophoca</i>, however, it was retained as separate by Clark (1873<i>a</i>), King (1960, 1983), Rice (1977), Barnes (1989), and Wynen et al. (2001).","40","40-01016","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-1016"
"14001017","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Phocarctos","","hookeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1844","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror, ""","1","","4","","","New Zealand Sealion","""Falkland Islands and Cape Horn."" Locality in error; fixed by Clark (1873<i>b</i>) as ""Auckland Islands. . . between 800 and 900 miles [1287 and 1448 km] S. of Tasmania, in lat. 50°48'S., long. 166°42'E."" [New Zealand].","New Zealand subantarctic islands.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","40","40-01017","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-1016-0000-1017"
"14001018","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Zalophus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gill","1866","","Proc. Essex Inst. Salem","5","","7","","""<i>Otaria Gilliespii </i>Macbain"", 1858 (= <i>Otaria californiana</i> Lesson, 1828).","","","","","","Included in <i>Arctocephalus</i> by Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>). Mohr (1952) reported successful matings between <i>Arctocephalus pusillus</i> and <i>Z. californianus.</i> Rice (1998), followed here, argued for the retention of <i>japonicus</i>,<i> californianus</i>, and <i>wollenbaeki </i>as distinct species. Itoo (1985) concluded that <i>japonicus</i> was distinct, and behavioral differences separate <i>californianus</i> and <i>wollenbaeki</i> (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1984). But see Scheffer (1958) who recognized these populations at the subspecies level.","40","40-01018","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-1018"
"14001019","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Zalophus","","californianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1828","","<i>In</i>Bory de Saint-Vincent (ed.), Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. Paris.","13","","420","","","California Sealion","""les rochers dans le voisinage de la baie San-Francisco sont ordinairement couverts de lion marins."" [USA, California, San Francisco Bay].","Northern Pacific coastal regions of Canada (British Columbia), Mexico (Baja California, and throughout the Gulf of California), USA (Washington, Oregon, California).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gillespii</i> (MacBain, 1858).","","40","40-01019","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-1018-0000-1019"
"14001020","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Zalophus","","japonicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1866","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.","1866","","668","","","Japanese Sealion","‘Japan’.","Sea of Japan. Historical range included Japan, Russia (Kamchatka, Sakhalin), South Korea (E coast).","IUCN – Extinct<i>.</i>","<i>lobatus</i> Jentink, 1892.","Probably extinct (Rice, 1998).","40","40-01020","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-1018-0000-1020"
"14001021","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Otariidae","","","Zalophus","","wollebaeki","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sivertsen","1953","","K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Forh.","26","","2","","","Galapagos Sea Lion","""Floreana, (Sancta Maria), Galapagos Islands.""","Ecuador (Galapagos Isls), vagrant populations to coastal regions of Columbia and Ecuador.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","40","40-01021","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-0996-0000-0000-1018-0000-1021"
"14001022","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Odobenidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Allen","1880","","U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Territ.","12","","ix, 5.","","","","","","","Odobaeninae Orlov, 1931; Odontobænidae Elliot, 1905; Rosmaridae Gill, 1866; Thalattailurina Albrecht, 1879; Trichechoidea Giebel, 1855; Trichecidae J. E. Gray, 1821; Trichiphocinae J. A. Allen, 1870; Trichisina J. E. Gray, 1837; Trichophocacae J. A. Allen, 1880.","Trichecidae Gray (1821) and Rosmaridae Gill (1866) are invalid (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1959). The enigmatic walruses have been placed as: (1) the sister group to the otariids (Árnason, 1977; Árnason et al., 1995; Couturier and Dutrillaux, 1986; Dragoo and Honeycutt, 1997; Repenning and Tedford, 1977; Sarich, 1969<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>; Vrana et al., 1994); (2) in the family Otariidae (Barnes, 1989; Mitchell, 1975<i>b</i>); (3) the sister group to the phocids (Berta, 1994; Berta and Wyss, 1994; Wyss and Flynn, 1993); and finally (4) McKenna and Bell (1997) considered them a subfamily of Phocidae. Lento et al. (1995) believed the best answer was to leave the walrus as an independent family. Because of the uncertainty of the placement of this taxon, I have followed Rice (1998) who provided an excellent discussion of the various arrangements.","40","40-01022","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1022"
"14001023","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Odobenidae","","","Odobenus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brisson","1762","","Regne Anim., 2nd ed.","","","30","","<i>Odobenus odobenus</i> Brisson, 1762 (= <i>Phoca rosmarus</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Hodobaenus</i> Sundevall, 1860; <i>Odobaenus </i>Fee, 1830; <i>Odontobaenus </i>Steenstrup, 1860; <i>Rosmarus </i>Brünnich, 1772; <i>Trichechus </i>Linnaeus, 1766; <i>Trichecus </i>F. G. Cuvier, 1829.","Although the names in Brisson (1762) are invalid, <i>Odobenus</i> has been retained (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1955<i>a</i>, 1957<i>e</i>, 1998). Placed in Subfamily Odobeninae, Family Phocidae by McKenna and Bell (1997). Placed in separate family by Rice (1998).","40","40-01023","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1022-0000-0000-1023"
"14001024","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Odobenidae","","","Odobenus","","rosmarus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","38","","","Walrus","""intra Zonam arcticam Europae, Asiae, Americae"".","Arctic sea- coastal regions of Belgium (vagrant), Canada, Great Britain (vagrant), Greenland, Iceland (vagrant), Japan (Honshu), Netherlands (vagrant), Norway, Russia, USA (Alaska, New England-vagrant).","CITES – Appendix III (Canada); IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>O. r. laptevi</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc)<i>.</i>","<i>arcticus</i> (Pallas, 1811); <b><i>divergens</i></b><i> </i>(Illiger, 1815); <i>cookii </i>(Fremery, 1831); <i>orientalis </i>(Dybowski, 1922); <b><i>laptevi</i></b><i> </i>Chapskii, 1940.","Reviewed by Fay (1985). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Fay (1985). Distributional information from Rice (1998).","40","40-01024","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1022-0000-0000-1023-0000-1024"
"14001025","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Odobenidae","","","Odobenus","","rosmarus","rosmarus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","38","","","","""intra Zonam arcticam Europae, Asiae, Americae"".","","","","","40","40-01025","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1022-0000-0000-1023-0000-1024-1025"
"14001026","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Odobenidae","","","Odobenus","","rosmarus","divergens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Illiger","1815","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01026","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1022-0000-0000-1023-0000-1024-1026"
"14001027","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Odobenidae","","","Odobenus","","rosmarus","laptevi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chapskii","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01027","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1022-0000-0000-1023-0000-1024-1027"
"14001028","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","297","","","","","","","<i>Amphibia</i> Trouessart, 1879; <i>Amphibiae </i>Gray, 1821; <i>Cystophorina </i>Gray, 1837; <i>Erignathini </i>Chapskii, 1955; <i>Eumetopiina </i>Gray, 1869; <i>Halichoerina </i>Gray, 1869; <i>Histriophocina </i>Chapskii, 1955; <i>Hydrurginae </i>Trouessart, 1907; <i>Lobodoninae </i>Kellogg, 1922; <i>Lobodontina </i>Gray, 1869; <i>Miroungini </i>Muizon, 1982; <i>Monachina </i>Gray, 1869; <i>Ogmorhininae </i>Turner, 1888; <i>Phocadae </i>[sic] Gray, 1821; <i>Phocae </i>Trouessart, 1879; <i>Phocomorpha </i>Berta and Wyss, 1994; <i>Pinnigrada </i>Owen, 1857; <i>Pinnigrades </i>Owen, 1857; <i>Pinnipedia </i>Illiger, 1811; <i>Sibiricopusidae </i>Dybowski, 1929; <i>Stemmotopina </i>[sic]<i> </i>Gray, 1825; <i>Stenorhynchina </i>Gray, 1844; <i>Stenorhyncina </i>[sic]<i> </i>Gray, 1825; <i>Stenorynchina </i>[sic]<i> </i>Gray, 1843; <i>Thalattailurina </i>Albrecht, 1879.","Reviewed by Chapskii (1955), Scheffer (1958), J. E. King (1966, 1983), Hendey (1972), Muizon (1982<i>b</i>), and Wyss (1989). Muizon (1982<i>b</i>), and Wyss's (1988) phylogenetic analyses agreed on three points: 1) The monophyletic nature of two groups they refer to as the Lobodontini (<i>Hydrurga</i>, <i>Leptonychotes</i>, <i>Lobodon</i>, and <i>Ommatophoca</i>), and the Phocinae (<i>Erignathus</i>, <i>Cystophora</i>, <i>Halichoerus</i>, and <i>Phoca</i>), 2) The lobodonts, along with <i>Monachus</i> and <i>Mirounga</i> traditionally have been referred to as the Monachinae (kept by Muizon), however, they both suggested that this group may be paraphyletic, 3) Because of the ""unsettled"" nature of these taxa, no subfamilies are recognized at this time. Distributions for species after Rice (1998).","40","40-01028","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028"
"14001029","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Cystophora","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Nilsson","1820","","Skand. Faun. Dagg. Djur.","1","","382","","<i>Cystophora borealis</i> Nilsson, 1820 (= <i>Phoca cristata</i> Erxleben, 1777).","","","","","<i>Semmatopis</i> Gloger, 1841; <i>Stemmatops </i>Van der Hoeven, 1855; <i>Stemmatopus </i>F. G. Cuvier, 1826.","Revised by King (1966).","40","40-01029","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1029"
"14001030","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Cystophora","","cristata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","590","","","Hooded Seal","""Habitat in Groenlandia australiori et Newfoundland"". [S Greenland and Newfoundland].","N Atlantic and Arctic ocean coastal regions of Canada (Newfoundland), Denmark (vagrant), France (vagrant), Great Britain (vagrant), Greenland, Iceland, Portugal (vagrant), Puerto Rico (vagrant), Russia (Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya), Spain (vagrant), USA (vagrant: California and Florida), Virgin Isls (vagrant).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>borealis</i> Nilsson, 1820; <i>cristata </i>Nilsson, 1841; <i>cucullata </i>(Boddaert, 1785); <i>isidorei </i>(Lesson, 1843); <i>leucopla </i>(Thienemann, 1824); <i>mitrata </i>(G.[Baron] Cuvier, 1823).","Reviewed by Kovacs and Lavigne (1986) who placed it in subfamily Phocinae. Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Kovacs and Lavigne (1986). No subspecies are recognized.","40","40-01030","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1029-0000-1030"
"14001031","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Erignathus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gill","1866","","Proc. Essex Inst. Salem","5","","5","","<i>Phoca barbata</i> Fabricius, 1776 [<i>nomen nudum</i>] (= <i>Phoca barbata </i>Erxleben, 1777).","","","","","","","40","40-01031","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1031"
"14001032","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Erignathus","","barbatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","590","","","Bearded Seal","""ad Scotiam atque Groelandiam australiorem, vulgaris circa Islandiam"" [North Atlantic, S Greenland].","Circumpolar Arctic seas and coastal regions of Canada, China (Zhejiang-vagrant), France (vagrant), Great Britian (vagrant), Greenland, Iceland, Japan (south to Hokkaido), Norway, Portugal (vagrant), Russia, Spain (vagrant), USA (Alaska, Massachusetts -vagrant).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>lepechenii</i> (Lesson, 1828); <i>leporina </i>(Lepechin, 1778); <i>parsonsii </i>(Lesson, 1828); <b><i>nautica</i></b><i> </i>(Pallas, 1811); <i>albigena </i>(Pallas, 1811); <i>naurica</i> (J. E. Gray, 1871).","Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Hall (1981).","40","40-01032","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1031-0000-1032"
"14001033","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Erignathus","","barbatus","barbatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","590","","","","""ad Scotiam atque Groelandiam australiorem, vulgaris circa Islandiam"" [North Atlantic, S Greenland].","","","","","40","40-01033","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1031-0000-1032-1033"
"14001034","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Erignathus","","barbatus","nautica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1811","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01034","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1031-0000-1032-1034"
"14001035","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Halichoerus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Nilsson","1820","","Skand. Faun. Dagg. Djur.","1","","376","","<i>Halichoerus griseus</i> Nilsson, 1820 (= <i>Phoca grypus</i> Fabricius, 1791).","","","","","<i>Halychoerus</i> Boitard, 1842.","Mohr (1952) described successful mating in captivity between <i>Pusa hispida</i> and <i>Halichoerus grypus</i>.","40","40-01035","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1035"
"14001036","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Halichoerus","","grypus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fabricius","1791","","Skr. Nat. Selsk. Copenhagen","1","2","167","","","Gray Seal","Listed by Scheffer (1958) as ""Greenland"".","Temperate and subarctic waters around Canada (Newfoundland area), Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal (vagrant), Russia (Kola Peninsula), Sweden, USA (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New Jersey - vagrant).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc), except for Northeast Atlantic subpopulation, which is Endangered.","<i>atlantica</i> Nehring, 1886; <i>griseus</i> Nilsson, 1820; <b><i>macrorhynchus</i></b><i> </i>Hornschuch and Schilling, 1851; <i>baltica </i>Nehring, 1886.","Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-01036","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1035-0000-1036"
"14001037","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Halichoerus","","grypus","grypus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Fabricius","1791","","Skr. Nat. Selsk. Copenhagen","1","2","167","","","","Listed by Scheffer (1958) as ""Greenland"".","","","","","40","40-01037","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1035-0000-1036-1037"
"14001038","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Halichoerus","","grypus","macrorhynchus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hornschuch and Schilling","1851","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01038","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1035-0000-1036-1038"
"14001039","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Histriophoca","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gill","1873","","Am. Nat.","7","","179","","<i>Phoca</i> <i>fasciata </i>Zimmermann, 1783.","","","","","<i>Callocephalus</i> Heuglin, 1874.","Burns and Fay (1970), Rice (1977), McDermid and Bonner (1975), Gromov and Baranova (1981), King (1983), and Wyss (1988) considered <i>Phoca</i>, <i>Pusa</i>, <i>Histriophoca</i>, and <i>Pagophilus</i> a monophyletic group. Cladistic analysis based on morphology and mtDNA revealed two clades, <i>Pagophilus+Histriophoca</i> and <i>Phoca+Pusa+Halichoerus</i> (Carr and Perry, 1998; Mouchaty et al., 1995; Muizon, 1982<i>b</i>; Perry et al., 1995; Rice, 1998). Burns and Fay (1970) and McDermid and Bonner (1975) argued that these differences should be recognized only at the subgeneric level.","40","40-01039","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1039"
"14001040","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Histriophoca","","fasciata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1783","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","3","","277","","","Ribbon Seal","""Wohnt um die Kurilischen Inseln"" [Russia, Kurile Isls].","Japan (N Hokkaido), Russia (Okhotsk, W Bering, Chukchi and Japan Seas), USA (Alaska, California-vagrant).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>equestris</i> (Pallas, 1831).","Reviewed by Burns and Fay (1970). Placed in <i>Histriophoca</i> Gill, 1873, by Scheffer (1958), Muizon (1982<i>b</i>), and Rice (1998).","40","40-01040","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1039-0000-1040"
"14001041","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Hydrurga","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gistel","1848","","Naturgesch. des Thierreichs","","","xi","","<i>Phoca leptonyx</i> de Blainville, 1820.","","","","","<i>Ogmorhinus</i> Peters, 1875; <i>Stenorhynchotes </i>Turner, 1888.","Synonyms allocated according to McKenna and Bell (1997).","40","40-01041","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1041"
"14001042","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Hydrurga","","leptonyx","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Blainville","1820","","J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts Paris","91","","298","","","Leopard seal","""des environs des îles Falckland ou Malouines"" [Falkland Isls (UK)].","Circumpolar pack-ice zone south to the shores of Antarctica. Also coastal regions of Australia, Chile, Falkland Isls, Kerguelen Isls, New Zealand), South Sandwich Isls, South Africa.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>homei</i> (Lesson, 1828); <i>leptonyz </i>(de Blainville, 1820).","Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957).","40","40-01042","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1041-0000-1042"
"14001043","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Leptonychotes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gill","1872","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","11","","70","","<i>Otaria weddellii</i> Lesson, 1826, by monotypy.","","","","","<i>Poecilophoca</i>  Lydekker, 1891.","Replacement name for <i>Leptonyx</i> Gray (1837), which is preoccupied by <i>Leptonyx</i> Swainson (1821).","40","40-01043","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1043"
"14001044","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Leptonychotes","","weddellii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1826","","Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol.","7","","437","","","Weddell Seal","""sur les côtes des Orcades australes, situées sour 60 degrés 37 minutes de lat"" [South Orkney Isl (Br. Antarct. Trust Terr.)].","Coastal fast ice areas of Antarctic continent and adjacent islands. Vagrant populations: Argentina, Australia, Chile, Falkland Isls, Macquarie Isl, New Zealand, Uruguay.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>leopardina</i> (C. E. H. Smith, 1839); <i>leopardinus </i>Wagner, 1946; <i>leptonyx </i>(Moseley, 1879).","Reviewed by Stirling (1971) and Kooyman (1981).","40","40-01044","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1043-0000-1044"
"14001045","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Lobodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1844","","Zool. Voy. H. M. S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror,""","1","","2","","<i>Phoca carcinophaga</i> Hombron and Jacquinot, 1842.","","","","","","","40","40-01045","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1045"
"14001046","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Lobodon","","carcinophaga","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hombron and Jacquinot","1842","","<i>In</i>Dumont d'Uville, Voy. Pole Sud., Zool., Altas: Mammifères","","","pl. 10 [1842], see also vol. 3:Mammifères et Oiseaux, p. 27 [1853]","","","Crabeater Seal","""capturé sur les glaces du Pole Sud, entre les îles Sandwich et les îles Powels, à 150 lieues de distance de chacune de ces îles."" [Scotia Sea (midway between South Orkney and South Sandwich Isls) (Br. Antarct. Trust Terr.)].","Antarctic seas, frequently on pack ice around Antarctic Continent. Vagrant populations: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Falkland Isls, New Zealand, South Africa, Tasmania, Uruguay.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>serridens</i> (Owen, 1843).","This species has often been listed incorrectly as <i>L. carcinophagus</i> (Rice, 1998).","40","40-01046","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1045-0000-1046"
"14001047","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Mirounga","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1827","","<i>In</i>Griffith et al., Anim. Kingdom","5","","179","","<i>Phoca proboscidea</i> Péron, 1816 (= <i>Phoca leonina</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Macrorhinus</i> F. G. Cuvier, 1826 [preoccupied]; <i>Morunga </i>J. E. Gray, 1943; <i>Rhinophoca </i>Wagler, 1830.","Revised by King (1966). Reviewed by Davidson (1929), Briggs and Morejohn (1976), and Ling and Bryden (1992).","40","40-01047","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1047"
"14001048","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Mirounga","","angustirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gill","1866","","Proc. Essex Inst. Salem","5","","13","","","Northern Elephant Seal","""California"" restricted by Poole and Schantz (1942) to ""St. Bartholomews Bay, lower California, Mexico."" Clarified by Scheffer (1958) as ""Bahía Tórtola (= Bahía San Bartolomé) 27°39'N, 114°51'W, Baja California, Mexico"".","Mexico (Baja California), USA (SE Alaska to California).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Stewart and Huber (1993).","40","40-01048","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1047-0000-1048"
"14001049","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Mirounga","","leonina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","37","","","Southern Elephant Seal","""ad polum Antarcticum"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Juan Fernandez"", further restricted by Hamilton (1940) as ""Isla Mas a Tierra"" [Chile].","Circumpolar mainly in the subantarctic zone, including Antarctica, Macquarie, Kerguelen, S Georgia Isls, and Argentina (Peninsula Valdez). Vagrant populations recorded at Australia, Brazil, Chile, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, New Zealand, Oman, Uruguay.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>crosetensis</i> (Lydekker, 1909); <i>falclandica</i> (Peters, 1875); <i>kerguilensis </i>(Peters, 1875); <i>macquariensis </i>(Lydekker, 1909); <i>proboscidea</i> (Péron, 1816); <i>typicus </i>(Lydekker, 1909).","Reviewed by Ling and Bryden (1992). Synonyms allocated according to Bryden (1995). Subspecies not recognized, following Lönnberg (1910); however see Carrick et al. (1962).","40","40-01049","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1047-0000-1049"
"14001050","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Monachus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Fleming","1822","","Philos. Zool.","2","","187","","<i>Phoca monachus</i> Hermann, 1779.","","","","","<i>Heliophoca</i> Gray, 1854; <i>Mammonachus </i>Herrera, 1899; <i>Pelagias </i>J. E. Gray, 1837; <i>Pelagios </i>F. G. Cuvier, 1824; <i>Pelagius </i>F. G. Cuvier, 1826; <i>Pelagocyon </i>Gloger, 1841; <i>Pelagus </i>McMurtrie, 1834; <i>Rigoon </i>Gistel, 1854.","Revised by King (1956). Wyss (1988) suggested that this might be a paraphyletic group, however see Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) who supported monophyly (followed here).","40","40-01050","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1050"
"14001051","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Monachus","","monachus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hermann","1779","","Beschaft. Berlin Ges. Naturforsch. Fr.","4","","501, pls. 12, 13","","","Mediterranean Monk Seal","""Dalmation Sea at Ossero."" [Serbia and Montenegro] King (1956).","Coastal regions of Mediterranean and Black Seas and NW Africa to Cape Blanc: Algeria, Balearic Isls, Cape Verde, Crete, Cyprus, France, Gambia, Greece, Italy, Lebanon, Mauritania, Morocco, Portugal, Russia, Sardinia, Senegal, Sicily, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey. status: CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>albiventer</i>(Boddaert, 1785); <i>atlantica </i>(Gray, 1854); <i>bicolor </i>(Shaw, 1800); <i>crinita </i>(Menis, 1848); <i>hermannii </i>(Lesson, 1828); <i>isidorei </i>(Lesson, 1843); <i>leucogaster </i>(Péron and Lesueur, 1816); <i>mediterraneus </i>Nilsson, 1838.","Synonyms allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","","40","40-01051","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1050-0000-1051"
"14001052","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Monachus","","schauinslandi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1905","","Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","1905","","258","","","Hawaiian Monk Seal","""Laysan ist eine kleine Koralleinsel, nordwestlich der Sandwich-Inseln"" [USA, Laysan Isl, 25°50'N, 171°50'W].","USA (NW Hawaiian Isls, from Nihoa to Kure).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","","","40","40-01052","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1050-0000-1052"
"14001053","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Monachus","","tropicalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1850","","Cat. Spec. Mamm. Coll. Br. Mus.","Part 2(Seals)","","28","","","Caribbean Monk Seal","""Jamaica"" restricted by King (1956) to ""Pedro Cays, 80 km. south of Jamaica"".","Historical records include coastal regions of the Caribbean Sea and Yucatan: Mexico (Veracruz to Yucatan), Bahamas, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, USA (Florida).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct.","<i>antillarum</i> (J. E. Gray, 1849)<sup> </sup>[<i><sup>nomen nudum</sup></i>]<i><sup>.</sup></i>","Extinct since 1952 (Kenyon, 1977; Rice, 1998).","40","40-01053","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1050-0000-1053"
"14001054","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Ommatophoca","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1844","","Zool. Voy. H. M. S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror,""","1","","3","","<i>Ommatophoca Rossii</i> Gray, 1844, by monotypy.","","","","","","","40","40-01054","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1054"
"14001055","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Ommatophoca","","rossii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1844","","Zool. Voy. H. M. S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror,""","1","","3","","","Ross Seal","""Antarctic ocean"", restricted by Barrett-Hamilton (1902) to ""pack ice, north of Ross Sea 68°S, 176°E"".","Circumpolar, Antarctic pack ice, particularly King Haakon VII Sea. Vagrant populations on Heard Isl and S Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","40","40-01055","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1054-0000-1055"
"14001056","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Pagophilus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1844","","Zool. Voy. H. M. S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror,""","1","","3","","<i>Phoca</i> <i>groenlandica </i>Erxleben, 1777.","","","","","<i>Callocephalus</i> Heuglin, 1874; <i>Haliphilus </i>J. E.<i> </i>Gray, 1866; <i>Pagomys</i> Gray, 1864; <i>Pagophoca</i> Trouessart, 1904.","Burns and Fay (1970), Rice (1977), McDermid and Bonner (1975), Gromov and Baranova (1981), King (1983), and Wyss (1988) considered <i>Phoca</i>, <i>Pusa</i>, <i>Histriophoca</i>, and <i>Pagophilus</i> a monophyletic group. Cladistic analysis based on morphology and mtDNA reveal two clades, <i>Pagophilus+Histriophoca</i> and <i>Phoca+Pusa+Halichoerus</i> (Carr and Perry, 1998; Mouchaty et al., 1995; Muizon, 1982<i>b</i>; Perry et al., 1995; Rice, 1998). Burns and Fay (1970) and McDermid and Bonner (1975) argued that these differences should be recognized only at the subgeneric level.","40","40-01056","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1056"
"14001057","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Pagophilus","","groenlandicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","588","","","Harp Seal","""in Groenlandia et Newfoundland.""","N Atlantic and Arctic oceans and coastal regions of Canada (Newfoundland), France (vagrant), Germany (vagrant), Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Russia from E Canada to the White Sea (Russia), Scotland (vagrant), USA (Virginia - vagrant).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albicauda</i> (Desmarest, 1822); <i>albini </i>(Alessandrini, 1851); <i>dorsata </i>(Pallas, 1811); <i>leucopla </i>(Thienemann, 1824); <i>oceanica </i>(Lepechin, 1778); <i>semilunaris </i>(Boddaert, 1785).","","40","40-01057","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1056-0000-1057"
"14001058","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Phoca","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","37","","<i>Phoca vitulina</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by tautonomy.","","","","","<i>Ambysus</i>  Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Arctias</i> Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Calocephalus </i>F. G. Cuvier, 1826; <i>Caspiopusa</i> Dybowski, 1929.","Burns and Fay (1970), Rice (1977), McDermid and Bonner (1975), Gromov and Baranova (1981), King (1983), and Wyss (1988) considered <i>Phoca</i>, <i>Pusa</i>, <i>Histriophoca</i>, and <i>Pagophilus</i> a monophyletic group. Cladistic analysis based on morphology and mtDNA reveal two clades, <i>Pagophilus+Histriophoca</i> and <i>Phoca+Pusa+Halichoerus</i> (Carr and Perry, 1998; Mouchaty et al., 1995; Muizon, 1982<i>b</i>; Perry et al., 1995; Rice, 1998). This was also supported by Bininda-Emonds et al.’s (1999) ""complete data"" phylogeny. Burns and Fay (1970) and McDermid and Bonner (1975) argued that these differences should be recognized only at the subgeneric level.","40","40-01058","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1058"
"14001059","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Phoca","","largha","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1811","","Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.","1","","113","","","Spotted Seal","""quam quod observetur tantum ad orientale littus Camtschatcae"" [Eastern coast of Kamchatka, Russia (Shaughnessy and Fay, 1977)].","Associated with pack ice in coastal N Pacific of Canada, China (south to Fujian), Japan (south to Shikoku), Russia (Bering and Okhotsk Seas), USA (Alaska).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chorisii</i> Lesson, 1828; <i>macrodens </i>J. A. Allen, 1902; <i>nummularis </i>Temminck, 1844; <i>ochotensis </i>J. A. Allen, 1902; <i>pallasii </i>Naumov and Smirnov, 1936; <i>petersi </i>Mohr, 1941; <i>pribilofensis </i>Allen, 1902; <i>tigrina </i>Lesson 1827.","Scheffer (1958) considered <i>largha</i> as conspecific with <i>vitulina</i>; however, Shaughnessy and Fay (1977) and King (1983) separated the two.","40","40-01059","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1058-0000-1059"
"14001060","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Phoca","","vitulina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","38","","","Harbor Seal","""in mari Europæo"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Mari Bothnico et Baltico"", however, presently it does not occur in the Gulf of Bothnia (Bobrinski et al., 1944).","Coastal regions of Canada, China (south to Kiangsu), Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Japan (Hokkaido), Mexico (Baja California, Isla Guadalupe-vagrant), Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Russia (Kurile Isls and Kamchatka), Sweden, USA (Atlantic coast: Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, vagrants: New York, Florida, Vermont. Pacific Coast: Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>P. v. mellonae</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc)<i>.</i>","<i>canina</i> Pallas, 1811; <i>linnaei </i>Lesson, 1828; <i>littorea </i>Thienemann, 1824; <i>scopulicola </i>Thienemann, 1824; <i>thienemannii </i>Lesson, 1828; <i>variegata </i>Nilsson, 1820; <b><i>concolor</i></b><i> </i>De Kay, 1842; <i>vitulina </i>Trouessart, 1904; <b><i>mellonae</i></b><i> </i>Doutt, 1942; <b><i>richardii</i></b><i> </i>(Gray, 1864); <i>geronimensis </i>J. A. Allen, 1902; <i>pribilofensis </i>J. A. Allen, 1902; <b><i>stejnegeri</i></b><i> </i>J. A. Allen, 1902; <i>insularis</i> Belkin, 1964; <i>kurilensis</i> McLaren, 1966.","The position of <i>stegjnegeri</i> remains uncertain; Scheffer (1958) placed it in <i>largha</i>; King (1983) placed it in <i>vitulina</i>; and Shaughnessy and Fay (1977) suggested <i>incertae sedis.</i> Reviewed by Shaughnessy and Fay (1977), Burns et al. (1984), and Smith et al. (1994). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Rice (1998).","40","40-01060","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1058-0000-1060"
"14001061","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Phoca","","vitulina","vitulina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","38","","","","""in mari Europæo"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Mari Bothnico et Baltico"", however, presently it does not occur in the Gulf of Bothnia (Bobrinski et al., 1944).","","","","","40","40-01061","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1058-0000-1060-1061"
"14001062","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Phoca","","vitulina","concolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","De Kay","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01062","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1058-0000-1060-1062"
"14001063","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Phoca","","vitulina","mellonae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Doutt","1942","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01063","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1058-0000-1060-1063"
"14001064","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Phoca","","vitulina","richardii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01064","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1058-0000-1060-1064"
"14001065","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Phoca","","vitulina","stejnegeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","40","40-01065","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1058-0000-1060-1065"
"14001066","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Pusa","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Scopoli","1771","","Introductio ad historiam naturalem","","","490","","<i>Phoca foetica </i>Fabricius, 1776 (= <i>Phoca hispida</i> Schreber, 1775) by subsequent designation by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","","","","","<i>Caspiopusa</i>  Dybowski, 1929.","Burns and Fay (1970), Rice (1977), McDermid and Bonner (1975), Gromov and Baranova (1981), King (1983), and Wyss (1988) considered <i>Phoca</i>, <i>Pusa</i>, <i>Histriophoca</i>, and <i>Pagophilus</i> a monophyletic group. Cladistic analysis based on morphology and mtDNA reveal two clades, <i>Pagophilus+Histriophoca</i> and <i>Phoca+Pusa+Halichoerus</i> (Carr and Perry, 1998; Mouchaty et al., 1995; Muizon, 1982<i>b</i>; Perry et al., 1995; Rice, 1998). Burns and Fay (1970) and McDermid and Bonner (1975) argued that these differences should be recognized only at the subgeneric level.","40","40-01066","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1066"
"14001067","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Pusa","","caspica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","64","","","Caspian Seal","""in mari, praesertim septentrionali, etiam Pacifico et Caspico"" [Caspian Sea].","Coastal regions of the Caspian Sea: Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","40","40-01067","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1066-0000-1067"
"14001068","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Pusa","","hispida","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","2","13","pl. 86[1775]; see also text 3(17):312[1776]","","","Ringed Seal","""Man fängt ihn auf den Küsten von Grönland und Labrader"".","Arctic Ocean and coastal regions of Açôres (vagrant), Canada (Nettilling Lake, Baffin Isl), China (vagrant: Jiangsu), Estonia, Finland (Saimaa Lake), Germany (vagrant), Greenland, Japan (Hokkaido, vagrant: Shikoku, Kyushu), Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Portugal (vagrant), Russia (Okhotsk, Bering, and Baltic Seas), Sweden, USA (vagrant: New Jersey, California).","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Phoca hispida saimensis</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>P. h. saimensis</i>, Vulnerable as <i>P. h. botnica </i>and <i>P. h. ladogensis</i>, Lower Risk as <i>P. hispida</i> and as <i>P. h. ochotensis</i>.","<i>annellata</i> (Nilsson, 1820); <i>beaufortiana </i>(Anderson, 1943); <i>birulai </i>(Smirnov, 1929); <i>foetica </i>(Fabricius, 1776); <i>krascheninikovi </i>(Naumov and Smirnov, 1936); <i>pomororum </i>(Smirnov, 1929); <i>pygmaea </i>(Zukowsky, 1921); <i>rochmistrovi </i>(Smirnov, 1929); <i>soperi </i>(Anderson, 1943); <b><i>botnica</i></b><i> </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>annellata </i>(Nilsson, 1820); <i>octonata </i>(Kutorga, 1839); <i>undulata </i>(Kutorga, 1839); <b><i>ladogensis</i></b><i> </i>(Nordquiest, 1899); <b><i>ochotensis</i></b><i> </i>(Pallas, 1811); <i>gichigensis </i>(J. A. Allen, 1902); <b><i>saimensis</i></b><i> </i>(Nordquist, 1899).","Placed in <i>Pusa</i> Scopoli, 1771, by Scheffer (1958) and Rice (1998). Mohr (1952) described successful mating in captivity between <i>Pusa</i> <i>hispida</i> and <i>Halichoerus grypus.</i>","40","40-01068","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1066-0000-1068"
"14001069","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Pusa","","hispida","hispida","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1775","","Die Säugethiere","2","13","pl. 86[1775]; see also text 3(17):312[1776]","","","","""Man fängt ihn auf den Küsten von Grönland und Labrader"".","","","","","40","40-01069","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1066-0000-1068-1069"
"14001070","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Pusa","","hispida","botnica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01070","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1066-0000-1068-1070"
"14001071","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Pusa","","hispida","ladogensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nordquiest","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01071","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1066-0000-1068-1071"
"14001072","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Pusa","","hispida","ochotensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1811","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01072","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1066-0000-1068-1072"
"14001073","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Pusa","","hispida","saimensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nordquist","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01073","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1066-0000-1068-1073"
"14001074","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Phocidae","","","Pusa","","sibirica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","64","","","Baikal Seal","""Baikal et Orom"" [Lake Baikal and Lake Oron (=Ozero Oron), Russia].","Endemic to Lake Baikal (Russia).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>baicalensis</i> (Dybowski, 1873).","","40","40-01074","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1028-0000-0000-1066-0000-1074"
"14001075","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer","1817","","Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow","5","","372","","","","","","","Mustelladae Gray, 1821.","Reviewed by Pocock (1921<i>b</i>, <i>d</i>), Muizon (1982<i>a</i>), Van Zyll de Jong (1987), Bryant et al. (1993), Masuda and Yoshida (1994<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), Abramov and Baryshnikov (1995), Dragoo and Honeycutt (1997), Baryshnikov and Abramov (1997, 1998), Koepfli and Wayne (1998), Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999), Ginsburg and Morales (2000), and Kurose et al. (2000). Traditionally consisted of four subfamilies (Mephitinae, Melinae, Mustelinae, and Lutrinae), but McKenna and Bell (1997) also recognized Mellivorinae and Guloninae. The Mephitinae are separated here (see Mephitidae) following Dragoo and Honeycutt (1997). Few have questioned the distinctiveness of the Lutrinae, but the traditionally recognized Melinae and Mustelinae appear to be paraphyletic (Bininda-Emonds et al., 1999; Bryant et al., 1993). For these reasons, only two subfamilies are recognized here, the Lutrinae and the Mustelinae (provisionally including taxa traditionally placed in Melinae, Guloninae, Taxidiinae, and M... [truncated]","40","40-01075","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075"
"14001076","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1838","","Nuovi Ann Sci. Nat.","2","","111","","","","","","","","Revised by Pohle (1920<i>a</i>), Pocock (1940<i>b</i>), van Zyll de Jong (1972, 1987, 1991<i>a</i>), Koepfli and Wayne (1998), and Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999). Reviewed by Harris (1968) and Sokolov (1973). Foster-Turley et al. (1990) reviewed the conservation status and distribution of otters.","40","40-01076","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076"
"14001077","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Aonyx","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1827","","Manual de Mammalogie","","","157","","<i>Aonyx delalandi</i> Lesson, 1827 (= <i>Lutra capensis</i> Schinz, 1821) by subsequent designation (Palmer, 1904).","","","","","<i>Amblonyx</i> Rafinesque, 1832; <i>Anahyster </i>Murray 1861; <i>Leptonyx </i>Lesson, 1842; <i>Micraonyx </i>J. A. Allen, 1919; <i>Paraonyx</i> Hinton, 1921.","<i>Aonyx</i> is considered congeneric with <i>Amblonyx</i> (Coetzee, 1977<i>b</i>; Davis, 1978; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Koepfli and Wayne, 1998; Osgood, 1932). However see Harris (1968), Medway (1977), and van Zyll de Jong (1972, 1987) who considered them separate. There is little question that <i>capensis </i>and <i>congica</i> are sister species. Koepfli and Wayne (1998) and Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) supported monophyly of <i>Amblonyx</i> + <i>Aonyx</i>.","40","40-01077","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1077"
"14001078","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Aonyx","","capensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1821","","<i>In</i> G. Cuvier, Das Thierreich","1","","211","","","African Clawless Otter","""Capischer otter. . Afrika"" [South Africa, (former) Cape Province].","Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi (?), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","CITES – Appendix I (populations of Cameroon and Nigeria), otherwise Appendix II as <i>A. congicus</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>A. congicus microdon</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>A. capensis</i>, Data Deficient as <i>A. congicus.</i>","<i>angolae</i> Thomas, 1908; <i>calaboricus </i>(Murray, 1861); <i>coombsi </i>Roberts, 1926; <i>delalandi </i>Lesson, 1827; <i>inunguis </i>(F. G. Cuvier, 1823); <i>lenoiri </i>(Rochebrune, 1888); <b><i>congica</i></b><i> </i>Lönnberg, 1910; <b><i>hindei</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1905); <i>helios </i>(Heller, 1913); <b><i>meneleki</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1903); <b><i>microdon</i></b><i> </i>Pohle, 1920; <b><i>philippsi</i></b><i> </i>Hinton, 1921.","Reviewed by Larivière (2001<i>c</i>, <i>d</i>). Synonyms allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939), and Ellerman et al. (1953). <i>A. congica</i> was considered a distinct species by Pohle (1920<i>a</i>) and van Zyll de Jong (1987). Perret and Aellen (1956) and Davis (1978) included <i>Paraonyx philippsi</i> and <i>Aonyx microdon</i>.","40","40-01078","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1077-0000-1078"
"14001079","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Aonyx","","capensis","capensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1821","","<i>In</i> G. Cuvier, Das Thierreich","1","","211","","","","""Capischer otter. . Afrika"" [South Africa, (former) Cape Province].","","","","","40","40-01079","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1077-0000-1078-1079"
"14001080","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Aonyx","","capensis","congica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01080","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1077-0000-1078-1080"
"14001081","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Aonyx","","capensis","hindei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01081","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1077-0000-1078-1081"
"14001082","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Aonyx","","capensis","meneleki","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01082","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1077-0000-1078-1082"
"14001083","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Aonyx","","capensis","microdon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pohle","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01083","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1077-0000-1078-1083"
"14001084","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Aonyx","","capensis","philippsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01084","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1077-0000-1078-1084"
"14001085","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Aonyx","","cinerea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Illiger","1815","","Abh. Phys. Klasse K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.","1804-1811 [1815]","","99","","","Oriental Small-clawed Otter","""Batavia"" [Indonesia, Java, Jakarta].","Bangladesh, Burma, S China (incl.<sup> </sup>Hainan Isl), India, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan), Laos, Malaysia (West, Sarawak, Sabah), Philippines (Palawan Isl), Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Amblonyx cinereus</i>.","<i>barang</i>  Lesson, 1842; <i>horsfieldii</i> Gray, 1843; <i>leptonyx </i>(Horsfield, 1823); <i>sernaria</i> Nelson, 1983; <i>swinhoei </i>(Gray, 1867); <b><i>concolor</i></b><i> </i>Rafinesque, 1832; <i>indigitatus </i>(Hodgson, 1839); <i>sikimensis </i>(Horsfield, 1855); <i>fulvus </i>Pohle, 1920; <i>wurmbi</i> Sody, 1933; <b><i>nirnai</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1940.","Synonyms allocated according to Larivière (2003)","40","40-01085","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1077-0000-1085"
"14001086","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Aonyx","","cinerea","cinerea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Illiger","1815","","Abh. Phys. Klasse K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.","1804-1811 [1815]","","99","","","","""Batavia"" [Indonesia, Java, Jakarta].","","","","","40","40-01086","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1077-0000-1085-1086"
"14001087","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Aonyx","","cinerea","concolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1832","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01087","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1077-0000-1085-1087"
"14001088","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Aonyx","","cinerea","nirnai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01088","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1077-0000-1085-1088"
"14001089","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Enhydra","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Fleming","1822","","Philos. Zool.","2","","187","","<i>Mustela lutris</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Enhydria</i> Zittel, 1893; <i>Enhydris </i>Temminck, 1838; <i>Enhydrus </i>Dahl, 1823; <i>Enhydrus </i>MacLeay, 1925; <i>Enydris </i>J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>Enydris </i>Lichtenstein, 1827; <i>Euhydris </i>Jordan, 1888; <i>Latax </i>Gloger, 1827; <i>Pusa </i>Oken, 1816; <i>Sutra </i>Elliot, 1874<i>.</i>","","40","40-01089","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1089"
"14001090","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Enhydra","","lutris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","45","","","Sea Otter","""Asia et America septentrionali,"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>), to""Kamtchatka"", then by Heptner et al. (1967:884) to ""Commander Isls"" [Russia]. Roest (1973) listed the type locality as ""the east central coast of Kamchatka, opposite the Commander Islands"" [Russia].","Canada, Russia (Sakhalin Isl, Kurile Isls, Commander Isls, Kamchatka), USA (Aleutian Isls, and S Alaska to California). Formerly in Japan (coastal Hokkaido) and Mexico (Baja California).","CITES – Appendix I as <i>E. l. nereis</i>; otherwise Appedix II. U.S. ESA – Threatened as <i>E</i>. <i>lutris</i> <i>nereis </i>in all of its range except for areas subject to U.S. jurisdiction south of Pt. Conception, CA (34°26.9' N. Lat.), where it is listed as an Experimental Non Essential Population<i>; </i>U.S. ESA – Candidate taxon as <i>E. l. kenyoni</i>; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>gracilis</i> (Bechstein, 1800); <i>kamtschatica </i>Dybowski, 1922; <i>marina </i>(Erxleben, 1777); <i>orientalis </i>(Oken, 1816); <i>stelleri </i>(Lesson, 1827); <b><i>kenyoni</i></b> Wilson, 1991; <b><i>nereis</i></b><i> </i>(Merriam, 1904).","Reviewed by Roest (1973), Davis and Lidicker (1975), Estes (1980), and Wilson et al. (1991). Synonyms allocated according to Wilson et al. (1991).","40","40-01090","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1089-0000-1090"
"14001091","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Enhydra","","lutris","lutris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","45","","","","""Asia et America septentrionali,"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>), to""Kamtchatka"", then by Heptner et al. (1967:884) to ""Commander Isls"" [Russia]. Roest (1973) listed the type locality as ""the east central coast of Kamchatka, opposite the Commander Islands"" [Russia].","","","","","40","40-01091","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1089-0000-1090-1091"
"14001092","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Enhydra","","lutris","kenyoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wilson","1991","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01092","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1089-0000-1090-1092"
"14001093","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Enhydra","","lutris","nereis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01093","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1089-0000-1090-1093"
"14001094","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Hydrictis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Pocock","1921","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1921","","543","","<i>Lutra</i> <i>maculicollis </i>Lichtenstein, 1835.","","","","","<i>Hydrogale</i>  Gray, 1865.","Commonly included in <i>Lutra</i>, separated here. See discussion under <i>Lutra </i>and under <i>H. maculicollis</i>, below.","40","40-01094","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1094"
"14001095","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Hydrictis","","maculicollis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1835","","Arch. Naturgesch.","1","","89","","","Spotted-necked Otter","""Kafferlandes am östlichen Abhange der Bambusberge.""","Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Lutra maculicollis</i>.","<i>chobiensis</i> (Roberts, 1932); <i>concolor<b> </b></i>(Neumann, 1902); <i>grayii </i>(Gerrard, 1862); <i>kivuana </i>(Pohle, 1920); <i>malculicollis </i>(Roberts, 1932); <i>matschiei </i>(Cabrera, 1903); <i>mutandae </i>(Hinton, 1921); <i>nilotica </i>Thomas, 1911; <i>poensis </i>(Waterhouse, 1838); <i>tenuis </i>(Pohle, 1919).","Reviewed by Larivière (2002<i>c</i>). Pocock (1921<i>c</i>) and Cabrera (1929) placed <i>maculicollis</i> in the monotypic <i>Hydrictis</i>; however, Ansell (1978) and Harris (1968) considered <i>Hydrictis</i> a subgenus of <i>Lutra </i>(see comments under <i>Lutra</i>). Two recent studies (Koepfli and Wayne, 1998, and Bininda-Emonds et al., 1999) concluded that inclusion in <i>Lutra</i> would make <i>Lutra</i> paraphyletic. Van Zyll de Jong (1987) and Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) suggested that <i>Hydrictis</i> and <i>Lutrogale </i>may be sister taxa. Subspecies not recognized (Kingdon, 1997; Larivière, 2002<i>c</i>).","40","40-01095","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1094-0000-1095"
"14001096","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [ser. 1]","11","","118","","<i>Lutra canadensis</i> Gray, 1843 ( = <i>Lutra canadensis</i> Shreber, 1777).","","","","","","Van Zyll de Jong (1972, 1987, 1991), Koepfli and Wayne (1998), and Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) supported the separation of New World otters (except <i>Pteronura</i>) into <i>Lontra</i>.","40","40-01096","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096"
"14001097","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","canadensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1777","","Die Säugethiere","3","18","pl. 126.B[1776], see also text:3(26):457, 588(index)[1777]). (First occurance of name on pg. 588)","","","North American River Otter","""Der Fischotter ...Europa überall gemein... Einwohner des nordlichen Theils von Asien, bis nach Kamatschatka hinaus, und ...Persian hinunter, und von Nordamerika."" Miller (1912b:113) listed the type locality as ""Eastern Canada"".","Canada, USA (except for arid SW desert regions), USA (historical distributions of Alaska and most of contiguous 48 states exclusive of the Central Plains).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>americana</i> (Wyman, 1847); <i>chimo </i>(Anderson, 1945); <i>degener </i>(Bangs, 1898); <i>destructor </i>(Barnston, 1863); <i>hudsonica </i>(Desmarest, 1803); <b><i>kodiacensis</i></b><i> </i>(Goldman, 1935); <b><i>lataxina</i></b><i> </i>(Cuvier, 1823); <i>interior </i>(Swenk, 1920); <i>mollis </i>(Gray, 1843); <i>parviceps </i>(Gidley and Gazin, 1933); <i>rhoadsi </i>(Cope, 1897); <i>vaga </i>(Bangs, 1898); <b><i>mira</i></b><i> </i>(Goldman, 1935); <i>vancouverensis </i>(Goldman, 1935); <b><i>pacifica</i></b><i> </i>(J. A. Allen, 1898); <i>atterima </i>(Elliot, 1901); <i>brevipilosus </i>(Grinnell, 1914); <i>californica </i>(Baird, 1857); <i>evexa </i>(Goldman, 1935); <i>extera </i>(Goldman, 1935); <i>nexa </i>(Goldman, 1935); <i>optiva </i>(Goldman, 1935); <i>paranensis </i>(Elliot, 1901); <i>preblei </i>(Goldman, 1935), <i>yukonensis </i>(Goldman, 1935); <b><i>periclyzomae</i></b><i> </i>(Elliot, 1905); <b><i>sonora</i></b><i> </i>(Rhoads, 1898).","Reviewed by Larivière and Walton (1998). Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981), and Larivière and Walton (1998).","40","40-01097","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096-0000-1097"
"14001098","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","canadensis","canadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1777","","Die Säugethiere","3","18","pl. 126.B[1776], see also text:3(26):457, 588(index)[1777]). (First occurance of name on pg. 588)","","","","""Der Fischotter ...Europa überall gemein... Einwohner des nordlichen Theils von Asien, bis nach Kamatschatka hinaus, und ...Persian hinunter, und von Nordamerika."" Miller (1912b:113) listed the type locality as ""Eastern Canada"".","","","","","40","40-01098","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096-0000-1097-1098"
"14001099","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","canadensis","kodiacensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01099","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096-0000-1097-1099"
"14001100","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","canadensis","lataxina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cuvier","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01100","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096-0000-1097-1100"
"14001101","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","canadensis","mira","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01101","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096-0000-1097-1101"
"14001102","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","canadensis","pacifica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01102","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096-0000-1097-1102"
"14001103","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","canadensis","periclyzomae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01103","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096-0000-1097-1103"
"14001104","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","canadensis","sonora","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01104","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096-0000-1097-1104"
"14001105","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","felina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","284","","","Marine Otter","""Chili"" [Chile].","Argentina (extreme S), Chile, Peru.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>brachydactyla</i> (Wagner, 1841); <i>californica </i>(Gray, 1837); <i>chilensis </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>cinerea </i>(Thomas, 1908); <i>lutris </i>(Larrañaga, 1923); <i>montana </i>(Tschudi, 1844); <i>paranensis </i>(Burmeister, 1861); <i>peruensis </i>(Pohle, 1920); <i>peruviensis </i>(Gervais, 1841).","Placed in <i>Lontra</i> by van Zyll de Jong (1972, 1987) and Larivière (1998). Reviewed by Larivière (1998). Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957).","40","40-01105","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096-0000-1105"
"14001106","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","longicaudis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Olfers","1818","","<i>In</i> Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek Reisenb.","15","2","233","","","Neotropical Otter","""Brasilien.""","Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>L. longicaudis </i>(incl. <i>platensis</i>); IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>latifrons</i> (Nehring, 1887); <i>platensis </i>(Waterhouse, 1838); <i>solitaria </i>(Wagner, 1842); <b><i>annectens</i></b><i> </i>(Major, 1897); <i>colombiana </i>(J. A. Allen, 1904); <i>emerita </i>(Thomas, 1908); <i>latidens </i>(J. A. Allen, 1908); <i>mesopetes </i>(Cabrera, 1924); <i>parilina </i>(Thomas, 1914); <i>repanda </i>(Goldman, 1914); <b><i>enudris</i></b><i> </i>(F. G. Cuvier, 1823); <i>incarum </i>(Thomas, 1908); <i>insularis</i> (F. G. Cuvier, 1823); <i>mitis</i> (Thomas, 1908).","Van Zyll de Jong (1972) included <i>annectens</i>,<i> enudris</i>,<i> incarum</i>,<i> mesopetes</i>, and <i>platensis</i>; however, Pohle (1920<i>a</i>), Cabrera (1957), and Harris (1968) recognized these as distinct species. These taxa (often referred to as the <i>annectens</i> group) were distinguished primarily by variation in the shape of the rhinarium; van Zyll de Jong's (1972) analysis suggested that these should be considered conspecific. Reviewed by Larivière (1999<i>b</i>). Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981) and Larivière (1999<i>b</i>).","40","40-01106","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096-0000-1106"
"14001107","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","longicaudis","longicaudis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Olfers","1818","","<i>In</i> Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek Reisenb.","15","2","233","","","","""Brasilien.""","","","","","40","40-01107","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096-0000-1106-1107"
"14001108","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","longicaudis","annectens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Major","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01108","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096-0000-1106-1108"
"14001109","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","longicaudis","enudris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01109","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096-0000-1106-1109"
"14001110","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lontra","","provocax","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","391","","","Southern River Otter","""south of Lake Nahuel Huapi, Patagonia"" [Argentina].","Patagonia (C and S Chile, W Argentina), between 36°S and 52°S.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>huidobria</i> (Gay, 1847) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>paranensis </i>(Thomas, 1908).","Placed in <i>Lontra</i> by van Zyll de Jong (1987). Reviewed by Larivière (1999<i>a</i>).","40","40-01110","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1096-0000-1110"
"14001111","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brisson","1762","","Regnum Animale, Ed. 2","13","","201-203","","<i>Mustela lutra</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Lutris</i> Duméril, 1806; <i>Lutrix </i>Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Lutronectes </i>Gray, 1867; <i>Mamlutraus </i>Herrera, 1899.","Brisson (1762) was ruled unavailable (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1955<i>a</i>); however, <i>Lutra</i> was ruled as still available (ICZN, 1998). Pocock (1921<i>c</i>, 1941<i>a</i>) recognized <i>Lutrogale</i> Gray, 1865, and <i>Hydrictis</i> Pocock, 1921. Harris (1968) and van Zyll de Jong (1987, 1991<i>a</i>) considered <i>lutra</i>,<i> maculicollis</i>, and <i>sumatrana</i> to represent a single monophyletic group; furthermore, van Zyll de Jong's analysis supported separation of <i>perspicillata</i> from other <i>Lutra</i>, which is followed here. Van Zyll de Jong (1972) referred New World otters to <i>Lontra</i> (see comment therein). McKenna and Bell (1997) included <i>Lontra</i> in <i>Lutra</i>; otherwise allocated according to McKenna and Bell (1997).","40","40-01111","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111"
"14001112","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","lutra","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","45","","","European Otter","""Europæ aquis dulcibus, fluviis, flagnis, piscinis,"" subsequently restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Upsala"" [Sweden].","Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malaysia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, North and South Korea, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Tajikistan, Taiwan, Tunisia, Turkey, Urkaine, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>amurensis</i> Dybowski, 1922; <i>baicalensis </i>Dybowski, 1922; <i>fluviatilis </i>Leach, 1816; <i>kamtschatica </i>Dybowski, 1922; <i>marinus </i>Billberg, 1827; <i>nudipes </i>Melchior, 1834; <i>piscatoria </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>roensis </i>Ogilby, 1834; <i>stejnegeri </i>Goldman, 1936; <i>vulgaris </i>Erxleben, 1777; <i>whiteleyi </i>(Gray, 1867); <b><i>angustifrons</i></b> Lataste, 1885; <i>splendida </i>Cabrera, 1906; <b><i>aurobrunneus</i></b><i> </i>Hodgson, 1839; <i>nepalensis </i>(Gray, 1865); <b><i>barang</i></b><i> </i>F. G. Cuvier, 1823; <b><i>chinensis</i></b><i> </i>Gray, 1837; <i>sinensis </i>Trouessart, 1897; <i>hanensis </i>Matschie, 1907; <b><i>hainana</i></b> Xu and Lu, 1983; <b><i>kutab</i></b><i> </i>Schinz, 1844; <b><i>meridionalis</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1931; <b><i>monticolus</i></b><i> </i>Hodgson, 1839; <b><i>nair</i></b><i> </i>F. G. Cuvier, 1823; <i>ceylonica </i>Phole, 1920; <i>indica </i>Gray, 1837; <b><i>seistanica</i></b><i> </i>Birula, 1913; <i>oxiana </i>Birula, 1915.","Imaizumi and Yoshiyuki (1989) considered Japanese otters a distinct species (<i>L. nippon</i>). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-01112","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111-0000-1112"
"14001113","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","lutra","lutra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","45","","","","""Europæ aquis dulcibus, fluviis, flagnis, piscinis,"" subsequently restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Upsala"" [Sweden].","","","","","40","40-01113","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111-0000-1112-1113"
"14001114","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","lutra","angustifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lataste","1885","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01114","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111-0000-1112-1114"
"14001115","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","lutra","aurobrunneus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01115","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111-0000-1112-1115"
"14001116","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","lutra","barang","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01116","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111-0000-1112-1116"
"14001117","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","lutra","chinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01117","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111-0000-1112-1117"
"14001118","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","lutra","hainana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Xu and Lu","1983","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01118","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111-0000-1112-1118"
"14001119","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","lutra","kutab","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01119","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111-0000-1112-1119"
"14001120","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","lutra","meridionalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01120","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111-0000-1112-1120"
"14001121","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","lutra","monticolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01121","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111-0000-1112-1121"
"14001122","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","lutra","nair","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01122","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111-0000-1112-1122"
"14001123","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","lutra","seistanica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Birula","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01123","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111-0000-1112-1123"
"14001124","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","nippon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Imaizumi and Yoshiyuki","1989","","Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus., Tokyo. Ser. A","15","3","178","","","Japanese Otter","""Nenokubi Seaside, Shimoda, Nakamura City, Kôchi Prefecture.""","Formerly widely distributed in Japan, now probably extinct. May now only exist on Shikoku Isl (Abe et al., 1997).","CITES – Appendix II.","","Distinctiveness of the Japanese otter was supported by Suzuki et al. (1996<i>b</i>).","40","40-01124","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111-0000-1124"
"14001125","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutra","","sumatrana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","123","","","Hairy-nosed Otter","""Sumatra (Raffles); Malacca (B.M.),"" restricted by Pocock (1941<i>a</i>) to ""Sumatra.""","Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo), Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>brunnea</i>  Pohle, 1920; <i>lovii </i>Gunther, 1877.","","40","40-01125","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1111-0000-1125"
"14001126","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutrogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","127","","<i>Lutra perspicillata</i> I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826.","","","","","","See comments under <i>Lutra</i>. Consideration here as a separate genus is consistent with Pohle (1920<i>a</i>), Pocock (1941<i>a</i>), and van Zyll de Jong (1987).","40","40-01126","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1126"
"14001127","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutrogale","","perspicillata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1826","","<i>In</i> Bory de Saint-Vincent, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. Paris.","9","","519","","","Smooth-coated Otter","""Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan), Iraq, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>ellioti</i> (Anderson, 1879); <i>macrodus </i>(Gray, 1865); <i>simung </i>(Lesson, 1827); <i>tarayensis </i>(Hodgson, 1839); <b><i>sindica</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1940; <i>maxwelli</i> Hayman, 1957.","Pocock (1941<i>a</i>), van Zyll de Jong (1972), and Davis (1978) placed <i>perspicillata</i> in the monotypic <i>Lutrogale</i>, considered a subgenus by Pohle (1920<i>a</i>); see comments under <i>Lutra</i>. Van Zyll de Jong's (1987) analysis placed as sister groups <i>L. maculicollis</i> and <i>L. lutra</i>+<i>L. sumatrana</i>. Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-01127","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1126-0000-1127"
"14001128","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutrogale","","perspicillata","perspicillata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1826","","<i>In</i> Bory de Saint-Vincent, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. Paris.","9","","519","","","","""Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","","","","","40","40-01128","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1126-0000-1127-1128"
"14001129","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Lutrogale","","perspicillata","sindica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01129","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1126-0000-1127-1129"
"14001130","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Pteronura","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","580","","<i>Pteronura sambachii</i> Gray, 1837 (= <i>Mustela brasilinesis</i> Gmelin, 1788), by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Pterura</i> Wiegmann, 1839; <i>Saricovia </i>Lesson, 1842.","","40","40-01130","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1130"
"14001131","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Pteronura","","brasiliensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","93","","","Giant Otter","""in fluviis americae meridionalis""; Cabrera (1957:274) restricted to ""rió São Francisco, en la orilla correspondiente al estado de Alagoas"", Brazil.","Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>brasiliana</i> (Shaw, 1800); <i>lupina </i>(Schinz, 1821); <i>lupina </i>Thomas, 1889; <i>sambachii </i>Gray, 1837; <i>sanbachii </i>(Wiegmann, 1838); <i>sandbachii </i>Gray, 1865; <b><i>paraguensis</i></b><i> </i>(Schinz, 1821); <i>brasiliensis </i>(Boitard, 1845); <i>paranensis </i>(Rengger, 1830).","See lengthy comments by Harris (1968) concerning the correct identity of the type, the confusion in published synonomies, and the type locality. Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957).","40","40-01131","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1130-0000-1131"
"14001132","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Pteronura","","brasiliensis","brasiliensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","93","","","","""in fluviis americae meridionalis""; Cabrera (1957:274) restricted to ""rió São Francisco, en la orilla correspondiente al estado de Alagoas"", Brazil.","","","","","40","40-01132","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1130-0000-1131-1132"
"14001133","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Lutrinae","","Pteronura","","brasiliensis","paraguensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1821","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01133","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1076-0000-1130-0000-1131-1133"
"14001134","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Fischer","1817","","Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow","5","","372","","","","","","","","Includes taxa traditionally included elsewhere (Melinae, Guloninae, Taxidiinae, and Mellivorinae); see comments under family heading.","40","40-01134","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134"
"14001135","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Arctonyx","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1825","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. G. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 3","5","51","""Bali-saur"", 2 pp., 1 pl.","","<i>Arctonyx collaris</i> F. G. Cuvier, 1825.","","","","","<i>Syarchus</i>  Gloger, 1841; <i>Synarchus</i> Gray, 1865; <i>Trichomanis </i>Hubrecht, 1891.","Revised by Lönnberg (1923<i>a</i>) and<b> </b>Pocock (1940<i>a</i>).","40","40-01135","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1135"
"14001136","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Arctonyx","","collaris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1825","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. G. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 3","5","51","""Bali-saur"", 2 pp., 1 pl.","","","Hog Badger","""dans les montagnes qui séparent le Boutan de l'Indoustan.""","Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos, W Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>isonyx</i> Horsfield, 1856; <i>taraiyensis </i>(Gray, 1863); <i>taxoides </i>(Blyth, 1853); <b><i>albogularis</i></b><i> </i>(Blyth, 1853); <i>incultus </i>Thomas, 1922; <i>obscurus </i>(Milne-Edwards, 1871); <i>orestes </i>Thomas, 1911; <b><i>consul</i></b><i> </i>Pocock 1940; <b><i>dictator</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1910; <i>annaeus </i>Thomas, 1921; <b><i>hoevenii</i></b><i> </i>(Hubrecht, 1891); <b><i>leucolaemus</i></b><i> </i>(Milne-Edwards, 1867); <i>milne-edwardsii </i>Lönnberg, 1923.","Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-01136","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1135-0000-1136"
"14001137","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Arctonyx","","collaris","collaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1825","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. G. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 3","5","51","""Bali-saur"", 2 pp., 1 pl.","","","","""dans les montagnes qui séparent le Boutan de l'Indoustan.""","","","","","40","40-01137","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1135-0000-1136-1137"
"14001138","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Arctonyx","","collaris","albogularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01138","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1135-0000-1136-1138"
"14001139","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Arctonyx","","collaris","consul","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01139","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1135-0000-1136-1139"
"14001140","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Arctonyx","","collaris","dictator","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01140","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1135-0000-1136-1140"
"14001141","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Arctonyx","","collaris","hoevenii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hubrecht","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01141","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1135-0000-1136-1141"
"14001142","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Arctonyx","","collaris","leucolaemus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01142","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1135-0000-1136-1142"
"14001143","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Eira","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","C. E. H. Smith","1842","","Jardine's Natur. Libr.","35","","201","","<i>Mustela barbara</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Eirara</i>  Lund, 1839; <i>Eraria</i> Gray, 1843; <i>Galera</i> Gray, 1843; <i>Tayra</i> Palmer, 1904.","","40","40-01143","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1143"
"14001144","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Eira","","barbara","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","46","","","Tayra","""Brasilia,"" restricted by Lönnberg (1913) to ""Pernambuco.""","Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico (Sinaloa and Tamaulipas), Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad, Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix III (Honduras); IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>E. b. senex</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>barbatus</i> (Desmarest, 1820); <i>canescens </i>(Lichtenstein, 1825); <i>gulina </i>(Schinz, 1821); <i>kriegi </i>(Krumbiegal, 1942); <i>tucumana </i>(Lönnberg, 1913); <b><i>biologiae</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1900); <b><i>inserta</i></b><i> </i>(J. A. Allen, 1908); <b><i>madeirensis</i></b> (Lönnberg, 1913); <i>peruana </i>(Osgood, 1914); <b><i>peruana</i></b><i> </i>(Tschudi, 1844); <i>brunnea </i>(Thomas, 1907); <b><i>poliocephala</i></b><i> </i>(Traill, 1821); <i>ilya </i>Smith, 1842; <i>leira </i>(Cuvier, 1849); <b><i>senex</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1900); <b><i>senilis</i></b><i> </i>(J. A. Allen, 1913); <b><i>sinuensis</i></b><i> </i>(Humboldt, 1812); <i>bimaculata </i>(Martinez, 1873); <i>irara </i>(J. A. Allen, 1901).","Reviewed by Thomas (1900<i>a</i>), Lönnberg (1913), and Presley (2000). Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957), Hall (1981), and Presley (2000).","40","40-01144","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1143-0000-1144"
"14001145","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Eira","","barbara","barbara","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","46","","","","""Brasilia,"" restricted by Lönnberg (1913) to ""Pernambuco.""","","","","","40","40-01145","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1143-0000-1144-1145"
"14001146","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Eira","","barbara","biologiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01146","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1143-0000-1144-1146"
"14001147","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Eira","","barbara","inserta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01147","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1143-0000-1144-1147"
"14001148","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Eira","","barbara","madeirensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01148","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1143-0000-1144-1148"
"14001149","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Eira","","barbara","peruana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01149","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1143-0000-1144-1149"
"14001150","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Eira","","barbara","poliocephala","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Traill","1821","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01150","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1143-0000-1144-1150"
"14001151","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Eira","","barbara","senex","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01151","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1143-0000-1144-1151"
"14001152","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Eira","","barbara","senilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01152","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1143-0000-1144-1152"
"14001153","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Eira","","barbara","sinuensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Humboldt","1812","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01153","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1143-0000-1144-1153"
"14001154","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Galictis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Bell","1826","","Zool. J.","2","","552","","<i>Viverra vittata</i> Schreber, 1776, by original designation.","","","","","<i>Galictes</i>  Bell, 1837; <i>Gallictis</i> Waterhouse, 1839; <i>Grison</i> Oken, 1816; <i>Grisonella</i> Thomas, 1912; <i>Grisonia</i> Gray, 1865; <i>Gulo</i> Desmarest, 1820; <i>Huro</i> I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835; <i>Mustela</i> Bechstein, 1800.","","40","40-01154","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1154"
"14001155","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Galictis","","cuja","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","291","","","Lesser Grison","""Chili"" restricted by Thomas (1912<i>e</i>) to ""S. Chili (Temuco)""; Cabrera (1957) restricted the locality to ""alrededores de Santiago"" [Chile]. Honacki et al. (1982) listed the type locality for <i>G. c. furax</i>.","Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chilensis</i> Ihering, 1886; <i>melina </i>(Thomas, 1912); <i>quiqui </i>(Molina, 1782); <i>ratellina </i>(Thomas, 1921); <i>shiptoni </i>(Thomas, 1926); <i>vittata </i>Gay, 1847; <b><i>furax</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1907); <i>albifrons </i>(Larrañaga, 1923); <i>brasiliensis </i>(d'Orbigny, 1838) [preoccupied]; <i>vittata </i>(Schreber, 1776) [preoccupied]; <b><i>huronax</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1921); <i>barbara </i>Hudson, 1903; <i>furax </i>(Thomas, 1907); <i>vittata </i>Burmeister, 1897 [preoccupied]; <b><i>luteola</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1907).","Reviewed by Yensen and Tarifa (2003<i>b</i>).","40","40-01155","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1154-0000-1155"
"14001156","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Galictis","","cuja","cuja","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","291","","","","""Chili"" restricted by Thomas (1912<i>e</i>) to ""S. Chili (Temuco)""; Cabrera (1957) restricted the locality to ""alrededores de Santiago"" [Chile]. Honacki et al. (1982) listed the type locality for <i>G. c. furax</i>.","","","","","40","40-01156","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1154-0000-1155-1156"
"14001157","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Galictis","","cuja","furax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01157","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1154-0000-1155-1157"
"14001158","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Galictis","","cuja","huronax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01158","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1154-0000-1155-1158"
"14001159","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Galictis","","cuja","luteola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01159","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1154-0000-1155-1159"
"14001160","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Galictis","","vittata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Säugethiere","3","18","pl. 124[1776], see also text, 3(26):418, 447[1777]","","","Greater Grison","""Surinam"".","Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico (San Luis Potosi and Veracruz), Panama, Peru, Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix III (Costa Rica).","<i>allamandi</i> (Göldi and Hagmann, 1904); <i>gujanensis </i>(Bechstein, 1800); <b><i>andina</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1903); <b><i>brasiliensis</i></b><i> </i>(Thunberg, 1820); <i>aliamandi </i>(Ihering, 1911); <i>allamandi </i>Bell, 1841; <i>crassidens </i>Nehring, 1885; <i>intermedia </i>Lund, 1845; <b><i>canaster</i></b><i> </i>(Nelson, 1901).","Krumbiegel (1942) included <i>allamandi</i>. Reviewed by Yensen and Tarifa (2003<i>a</i>).","40","40-01160","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1154-0000-1160"
"14001161","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Galictis","","vittata","vittata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Säugethiere","3","18","pl. 124[1776], see also text, 3(26):418, 447[1777]","","","","""Surinam"".","","","","","40","40-01161","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1154-0000-1160-1161"
"14001162","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Galictis","","vittata","andina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01162","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1154-0000-1160-1162"
"14001163","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Galictis","","vittata","brasiliensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thunberg","1820","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01163","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1154-0000-1160-1163"
"14001164","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Galictis","","vittata","canaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01164","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1154-0000-1160-1164"
"14001165","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Gulo","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Pallas","1780","","Spicil. Zool.","14","","25","","<i>Gulo sibiricus</i> Pallas, 1780 (= [<i>Mustela</i>]<i> gulo</i> Linnaeus, 1758), by absolute tautonymy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","","Corbet (1978) attributed <i>Gulo</i> to Storr (1780). <i>Gulo</i> Frisch, 1775, is invalid (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1954<i>b</i>). Placed in subfamily Guloninae according to McKenna and Bell (1997).","40","40-01165","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1165"
"14001166","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Gulo","","gulo","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","45","","","Wolverine","""alpibus Lapponiæ, Ruffiae, Sibiriae, sylvis vastissimis"", restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Lapland"".","Canada, China (Heilongiang, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia), Finland, Mongolia, Norway, Russia, Sweden, USA (Alaska, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana)","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>arcticus</i> Desmarest, 1820; <i>arctos </i>Kaup, 1829; <i>biedermanni </i>Matschie, 1918; <i>borealis </i>Nilsson, 1820; <i>kamtschaticus </i>Dybowsky, 1922; <i>luscus </i>Trouessart, 1910; <i>sibirica </i>Pallas, 1780; <i>vulgaris </i>Oken, 1816; <i>wachei </i>Matschie, 1918; <b><i>albus</i></b><i> </i>(Kerr, 1702); <b><i>katschemakensis</i></b><i> </i>Matschie, 1918; <b><i>luscus</i></b><i> </i>(Linnaeus, 1758); <i>auduboni </i>Matschie, 1918; <i>bairdi </i>Matschie, 1918; <i>hylaeus </i>Elliot, 1905; <i>luscus </i>Sabine, 1823; <i>niediecki </i>Matschie, 1918; <b><i>luteus</i></b><i> </i>Elliot, 1904; <b><i>vancouverensis</i></b> Goldman, 1935.","Degerbøl (1935) and Kurtén and Rausch (1959) demonstrated that <i>gulo</i> and <i>luscus</i> are conspecific. Reviewed by Pasitschniak-Arts and Larivière (1995). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Pasitschniak-Arts and Larivière (1995).","40","40-01166","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1165-0000-1166"
"14001167","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Gulo","","gulo","gulo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","45","","","","""alpibus Lapponiæ, Ruffiae, Sibiriae, sylvis vastissimis"", restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Lapland"".","","","","","40","40-01167","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1165-0000-1166-1167"
"14001168","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Gulo","","gulo","albus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1702","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01168","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1165-0000-1166-1168"
"14001169","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Gulo","","gulo","katschemakensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01169","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1165-0000-1166-1169"
"14001170","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Gulo","","gulo","luscus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01170","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1165-0000-1166-1170"
"14001171","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Gulo","","gulo","luteus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01171","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1165-0000-1166-1171"
"14001172","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Gulo","","gulo","vancouverensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01172","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1165-0000-1166-1172"
"14001173","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kaup","1835","","Das Thierreich in Seinen Hauptformen","1","","352","","<i>Ictonyx capensis</i> Kaup, 1835 (= <i>Bradypus striatus</i> Perry, 1810) (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Ictidonyx</i>  Agassiz, 1846; <i>Ictomys</i> Roberts, 1936; <i>Ozolictis</i> Gloger, 1841; <i>Poecilictis</i> Thomas and Hinton, 1920; <i>Rhabdogale</i> Wiegmann, 1838; <i>Zorilla</i> I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826.","There is considerable controversy over the correct name for this genus (Hershkovitz, 1955<i>b</i>; Van Gelder, 1966). <i>Zorilla</i> Oken (1816) is invalid (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1956<i>b</i>). <i>Zorilla</i> I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1826), was suppressed under the plenary powers for the purposes of the Principle of Priority (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1967). Rosevear (1974) strongly suggested, and Dekeyser (1955) and Niethammer (1987<i>a</i>) argued that <i>Poecilictis</i> and <i>Ictonyx</i> are congeneric. The principal skull features used to erect the new genus by Thomas and Hinton (1920) could not be supported when a more extensive series of specimens was measured (Rosevear, 1974).","40","40-01173","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173"
"14001174","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","libyca","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1833","","Symb. Phys. Mamm.","vol. 1","pt. 2, sig. K","verso","","","Saharan Striped Polecat","""Libyae"" [Libya].","Burkina Faso, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Tunisia, Western Sahara.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>multivittata</i> </b><i> </i>(Wagner, 1841); <i>frenata </i>Sundevall, 1842; <i>vaillantii </i>(Loche, 1856); <b><i>oralis</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas and Hinton, 1920); <b><i>rothschildi</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas and Hinton, 1920).","Thomas and Hinton (1920), and Baryshnikov and Abramov (1997, 1998) placed it in <i>Poecilictis</i>. Synonyms allocated according to G. M. Allen (1939) and Ellerman et al. (1953).","40","40-01174","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1174"
"14001175","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","libyca","libyca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1833","","Symb. Phys. Mamm.","vol. 1","pt. 2, sig. K","verso","","","","""Libyae"" [Libya].","","","","","40","40-01175","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1174-1175"
"14001176","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","libyca","multivittata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01176","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1174-1176"
"14001177","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","libyca","oralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01177","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1174-1177"
"14001178","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","libyca","rothschildi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Hinton","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01178","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1174-1178"
"14001179","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Perry","1810","","Arcana, Mus. Nat. Hist. Signature Y","","","Fig. [41][1810]","","","Striped Polecat","""South America"". This is clearly in error and Hollister (1918) fixed the type locality as ""Cape of Good Hope"". [South Africa].","Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Cote d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>capensis</i> (A. Smith, 1826); <i>mustelina </i>(Wagner, 1841); <i>pondoensis </i>Roberts, 1924; <i>variegata </i>(Lesson, 1842); <b><i>albescens</i></b><i> </i>Heller, 1913; <b><i>arenarius</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1924; <b><i>elgonis</i></b><i> </i>Granvik, 1924; <b><i>erythreae</i></b><i> </i>de Winton, 1898; <b><i>ghansiensis</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1932; <i>nigricaudus </i>Roberts, 1932; <b><i>giganteus</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1932; <b><i>intermedius</i></b><i> </i>Anderson and de Winton, 1902; <b><i>kalaharicus</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1932; <b><i>lancasteri</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1932; <b><i>limpopoensis</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1917; <b><i>maximus</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1924; <b><i>obscuratus </i></b>de Beaux, 1924; <b><i>orangiae</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1924; <b><i>ovamboensis</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1951; <b><i>pretoriae</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1924; <b><i>senegalensis</i></b><i> </i>(J. B. Fischer, 1829); <b><i>shoae</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1906; <b><i>shortridgei</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1932.","Reviewed by Larivière (2002<i>b</i>). See Hollister (1918) on the use of this name. Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman et al. (1953).","40","40-01179","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179"
"14001180","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","striatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Perry","1810","","Arcana, Mus. Nat. Hist. Signature Y","","","Fig. [41][1810]","","","","""South America"". This is clearly in error and Hollister (1918) fixed the type locality as ""Cape of Good Hope"". [South Africa].","","","","","40","40-01180","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1180"
"14001181","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","albescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01181","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1181"
"14001182","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","arenarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01182","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1182"
"14001183","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","elgonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Granvik","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01183","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1183"
"14001184","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","erythreae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01184","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1184"
"14001185","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","ghansiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01185","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1185"
"14001186","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","giganteus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01186","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1186"
"14001187","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","intermedius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson and de Winton","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01187","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1187"
"14001188","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","kalaharicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01188","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1188"
"14001189","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","lancasteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01189","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1189"
"14001190","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","limpopoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01190","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1190"
"14001191","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","maximus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01191","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1191"
"14001192","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","obscuratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Beaux","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01192","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1192"
"14001193","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","orangiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01193","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1193"
"14001194","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","ovamboensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01194","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1194"
"14001195","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","pretoriae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01195","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1195"
"14001196","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","senegalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. B. Fischer","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01196","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1196"
"14001197","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","shoae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01197","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1197"
"14001198","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Ictonyx","","striatus","shortridgei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01198","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1173-0000-1179-1198"
"14001199","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Lyncodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gervais","1845","","<i>In</i> d'Orbigny, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat.","4","","685","","<i>Mustela patagonica</i> de Blainville, 1842.","","","","","","","40","40-01199","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1199"
"14001200","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Lyncodon","","patagonicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Blainville","1842","","Osteogr. Mamm","pt. 10 (Viverra)","","1","","","Patagonian Weasel","Listed in Cabrera (1957) as ""cercanías del río Negro."" [Argentina].","Argentina and S Chile.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anticola</i> (Burmeister, 1869); <i>quiqui </i>(Burmeister, 1861); <i>lujanensis </i>Ameghino, 1889; <b><i>thomasi</i></b><i> </i>Cabrera, 1928.","Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957).","40","40-01200","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1199-0000-1200"
"14001201","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Lyncodon","","patagonicus","patagonicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Blainville","1842","","Osteogr. Mamm","pt. 10 (Viverra)","","1","","","","Listed in Cabrera (1957) as ""cercanías del río Negro."" [Argentina].","","","","","40","40-01201","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1199-0000-1200-1201"
"14001202","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Lyncodon","","patagonicus","thomasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01202","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1199-0000-1200-1202"
"14001203","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Pinel","1792","","Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris","1","","55","","<i>Martes domestica</i> Pinel, 1792 (= <i>Mustela foina</i> Erxleben, 1777).","","","","","<i>Charronia</i>  Gray, 1865; <i>Foiana</i> Gray, 1865; <i>Lamprogale</i> Ognev, 1928; <i>Mustela</i> Blasius, 1857; <i>Pekania</i> Gray, 1865; <i>Zibellina</i> Kaup, 1829.","Stone and Cook’s (2002) cytochrome <i>b</i> data suggested that the recognition of <i>Martes</i> as here understood (to the exclusion of <i>Gulo</i>) would make the genus paraphyletic.","40","40-01203","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203"
"14001204","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","americana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Turton","1806","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Gen. Syst. Nat.","1","","60","","","American Marten","""North America"".","Canada, USA (Alaska to N California, south in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mtns to 35°N, Maine, Minnesota, New York).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>huro</i> (F. Cuvier, 1823); <i>leucopus </i>(Kuhl, 1820); <i>martinus </i>(Ames, 1874); <b><i>abieticola</i></b><i> </i>(Preble, 1902); <b><i>abietinoides</i></b><i> </i>Gray, 1865; <b><i>actuosa</i></b><i> </i>(Osgood, 1900); <i>boria </i>(Elliot, 1905); <b><i>atrata</i></b><i> </i>(Bangs, 1897); <i>brumalis </i>(Bangs, 1898); <b><i>caurina</i></b><i> </i>(Merriam, 1890); <b><i>humboldtensis</i></b><i> </i>Grinnell and Dixon, 1926; <b><i>kenaiensis</i></b><i> </i>(Elliot, 1903); <b><i>nesophila</i></b><i> </i>(Osgood, 1901); <b><i>origensis</i></b><i> </i>(Rhoads, 1902); <b><i>sierrae</i></b><i> </i>Grinnell and Storer, 1916; <b><i>vancourverensis</i></b><i> </i>Grinnell and Dixon, 1926; <b><i>vulpina</i></b><i> </i>(Rafinesque, 1819).","May be conspecific with <i>martes</i>,<i> melampus</i>,<i> </i>and <i>zibellina</i> (Anderson, 1970; Hagmeier, 1961). Reviewed by Clark et al. (1987) who considered New World forms as a distinct species agreeing with Youngman (1975). Carr and Hicks (1997) recognized two distinct species based on genetic data (<i>M. americana </i>– Eastern North America; <i>M. caurina – </i>Pacific Northwest and the Great Plains). However, most have recognized that there are two distinct subspecies groups – ""<i>caurina</i>"" and ""<i>americana</i>"" (Anderson, 1970; Clark et al., 1987; Graham and Graham, 1994; Hagmeier, 1961; Stone and Cook, 2002). Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981) and Clark et al. (1987). Stone and Cook (2002) placed in the subgenus <i>Martes</i>.","40","40-01204","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1204"
"14001205","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","americana","americana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Turton","1806","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Gen. Syst. Nat.","1","","60","","","","""North America"".","","","","","40","40-01205","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1204-1205"
"14001206","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","americana","abieticola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Preble","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01206","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1204-1206"
"14001207","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","americana","abietinoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01207","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1204-1207"
"14001208","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","americana","actuosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01208","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1204-1208"
"14001209","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","americana","atrata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01209","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1204-1209"
"14001210","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","americana","caurina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01210","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1204-1210"
"14001211","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","americana","humboldtensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell and Dixon","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01211","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1204-1211"
"14001212","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","americana","kenaiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01212","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1204-1212"
"14001213","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","americana","nesophila","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01213","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1204-1213"
"14001214","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","americana","origensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01214","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1204-1214"
"14001215","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","americana","sierrae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell and Storer","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01215","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1204-1215"
"14001216","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","americana","vancourverensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grinnell and Dixon","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01216","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1204-1216"
"14001217","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","americana","vulpina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1819","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01217","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1204-1217"
"14001218","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","flavigula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Boddaert","1785","","Elench. Anim.","1","","88","","","Yellow-throated Marten","Not given; fixed by Pocock (1941<i>a</i>) as ""Nepal"".","China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, and Borneo), North and South Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Taiwan, Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix III (India); U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>M</i>. <i>f</i>. <i>chrysospila</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>M. f. robinsoni</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chrysogaster</i> (C. E. H. Smith, 1842); <i>hardwickei </i>(Horsfield, 1828); <i>kuatunensis </i>(Bonhote, 1901); <i>leucotis </i>(Bechstein, 1800); <i>melina </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>melli </i>(Matschie, 1922); <i>quadricolor </i>(Shaw, 1800); <i>szetchuensis </i>(Hilzheimer, 1910); <i>typica </i>(Bonhote, 1901); <i>yuenshanensis </i>(Shih, 1930); <b><i>borealis</i></b><i> </i>(Radde, 1862); <i>koreana </i>(Mori, 1922); <b><i>chrysospila</i></b><i> </i>Swinhoe, 1866; <i>xanthospila </i>Swinhoe, 1870; <b><i>hainana</i></b><i> </i>Hsu and Wu, 1981; <b><i>henrici</i></b><i> </i>(Schinz, 1845); <i>lasiotis </i>(Temminck, 1892); <b><i>indochinensis</i></b><i> </i>Kloss, 1916; <b><i>peninsularis</i></b><i> </i>(Bonhote, 1901); <b><i>robinsoni</i></b><i> </i>(Pocock, 1936); <b><i>saba</i></b><i> </i>Chasen and Kloss, 1931.","Pocock (1936<i>a</i>) and Baryshnikov and Abramov (1997, 1998) separated <i>flavigula </i>from other <i>Martes</i> and placed in the genus <i>Lamprogale</i> based on bacular morphology. Rozhnov (1995) separated the subspecies <i>henrici</i>,<i> hainana</i>,<i> </i>and <i>peninsularis</i> into <i>M. lasiotis</i>. Allocated according to Pocock (1936<i>a</i>), Chasen (1940), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), and Rozhnov (1995). Stone and Cook (2002) supported placing in the subgenus <i>Charronia</i> Gray, 1865.","40","40-01218","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1218"
"14001219","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","flavigula","flavigula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Boddaert","1785","","Elench. Anim.","1","","88","","","","Not given; fixed by Pocock (1941<i>a</i>) as ""Nepal"".","","","","","40","40-01219","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1218-1219"
"14001220","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","flavigula","borealis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Radde","1862","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01220","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1218-1220"
"14001221","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","flavigula","chrysospila","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01221","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1218-1221"
"14001222","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","flavigula","hainana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hsu and Wu","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01222","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1218-1222"
"14001223","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","flavigula","henrici","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01223","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1218-1223"
"14001224","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","flavigula","indochinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01224","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1218-1224"
"14001225","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","flavigula","peninsularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01225","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1218-1225"
"14001226","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","flavigula","robinsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01226","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1218-1226"
"14001227","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","flavigula","saba","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen and Kloss","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01227","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1218-1227"
"14001228","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","foina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","458","","","Beech Marten","""Europa inque Persia"", listed by Miller (1912<i>a</i>) as ""Germany.""","Afghanistan, Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (incl. Ibiza Isl), Switzerland, Ukraine.","CITES – Appendix III (India) as <i>M. f. intermedia</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc)<i>.</i>","<i>alba</i> (Bechstein, 1801); <i>domestica </i>Pinel, 1792; <i>fagorum </i>(Fatio, 1869); <b><i>bosniaca</i></b><i> </i>Brass, 1911; <b><i>bunites</i></b><i> </i>(Bate, 1906); <b><i>kozlovi</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1931; <b><i>intermedia</i></b><i> </i>(Severtzov, 1873); <i>altaica </i>Satunin, 1914; <i>leucolachnaea </i>Blanford, 1879; <b><i>mediterranea</i></b><i> </i>(Barrett-Hamilton, 1898); <b><i>milleri</i></b><i> </i>Festa, 1914; <b><i>nehringi</i></b><i> </i>(Satunin, 1906); <b><i>rosanowi</i></b><i> </i>Martino and<i> </i>Martino, 1917; <b><i>syriaca</i></b><i> </i>(Nehring, 1902); <b><i>toufoeus</i></b><i> </i>(Hodgson, 1842).","Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951). Stone and Cook (2002) placed it in the subgenus <i>Martes</i>.","40","40-01228","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1228"
"14001229","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","foina","foina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","458","","","","""Europa inque Persia"", listed by Miller (1912<i>a</i>) as ""Germany.""","","","","","40","40-01229","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1228-1229"
"14001230","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","foina","bosniaca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brass","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01230","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1228-1230"
"14001231","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","foina","bunites","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bate","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01231","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1228-1231"
"14001232","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","foina","kozlovi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01232","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1228-1232"
"14001233","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","foina","intermedia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Severtzov","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01233","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1228-1233"
"14001234","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","foina","mediterranea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01234","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1228-1234"
"14001235","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","foina","milleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Festa","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01235","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1228-1235"
"14001236","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","foina","nehringi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01236","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1228-1236"
"14001237","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","foina","rosanowi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Martino and Martino","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01237","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1228-1237"
"14001238","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","foina","syriaca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nehring","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01238","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1228-1238"
"14001239","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","foina","toufoeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01239","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1228-1239"
"14001240","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","gwatkinsii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1851","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. India Co.","","","90","","","Nilgiri Marten","""Madras"" [India].","S India.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Included in <i>Martes flavigula</i> by Corbet (1978), Honacki et al. (1982), and Corbet and Hill (1992); however, separated by Bonhote (1901<i>b</i>), Pocock (1936<i>a</i>, 1941<i>a</i>), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Anderson (1970) and Rozhnov (1995). Pocock (1936<i>a</i>) placed <i>gwatkinsii</i> and <i>flavigula</i> in the genus <i>Lamprogale</i>.","40","40-01240","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1240"
"14001241","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","martes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","46","","","European Pine Marten","""sylvis antiquis"", restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Upsala"" [Sweden].","Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sardinia, Sicily, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (incl. Mallorca and Minorca Isls), Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abietum</i> Gray, 1865; <i>sylvatica </i>(Nilsson, 1820); <i>sylvestris </i>(Oken, 1816); <i>vulgaris </i>Griffith, 1827; <b><i>borealis</i></b><i> </i>Kuznetsov, 1944; <i>kuznetsovi</i> Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987; <i>sabaneevi</i> Jurgenson, 1947; <b><i>latinorum</i></b><i> </i>(Barrett-Hamilton, 1904); <b><i>lorenzi</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1926; <b><i>minoricensis </i></b>Alcover, Delibes, Gosálbez, and Nadal, 1987; <b><i>notialis</i></b><i> </i>(Cavazza, 1912); <b><i>ruthena</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1926; <b><i>uralensis</i></b><i> </i>Kuznetsov, 1941.","May be conspecific with <i>americana</i>, <i>melampus</i>, and <i>zibellina</i> (Anderson, 1970; Hagmeier, 1961). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951). Stone and Cook (2002) suggested a close relationship with <i>zibellina</i>,<i> </i>and placed in the subgenus<i> Martes</i>.","40","40-01241","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1241"
"14001242","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","martes","martes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","46","","","","""sylvis antiquis"", restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Upsala"" [Sweden].","","","","","40","40-01242","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1241-1242"
"14001243","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","martes","borealis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuznetsov","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01243","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1241-1243"
"14001244","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","martes","latinorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01244","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1241-1244"
"14001245","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","martes","lorenzi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01245","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1241-1245"
"14001246","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","martes","minoricensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Alcover, Delibes, Gosálbez, and Nadal","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01246","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1241-1246"
"14001247","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","martes","notialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cavazza","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01247","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1241-1247"
"14001248","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","martes","ruthena","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01248","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1241-1248"
"14001249","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","martes","uralensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuznetsov","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01249","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1241-1249"
"14001250","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","melampus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1840","","<i>In</i> Schreber, Die Säugethiere. Suppl.","2","","229","","","Japanese Marten","""Japan.""","Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Tsushima, introduced on Sado and Hokkaido Isls); <sup>North and South Korea.</sup>","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>M. m. tsuensis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc)<i>.</i>","<i>bedfordi</i> (Thomas, 1905); <i>japonica </i>Gray, 1865; <i>melanopus </i>Gray, 1865; <b><i>coreensis</i></b><i> </i>Kuroda and Mori, 1923; <b><i>tsuensis</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1897).","May be conspecific with <i>americana</i>,<i> martes</i>,<i> </i>and <i>zibellina</i> (Anderson, 1970; Hagmeier, 1961). Heptner et al. (1967) included Japanese and Korean <i>melampus</i> in <i>zibellina</i>. Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951). Stone and Cook (2002) placed it in the subgenus <i>Martes</i>.","40","40-01250","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1250"
"14001251","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","melampus","melampus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1840","","<i>In</i> Schreber, Die Säugethiere. Suppl.","2","","229","","","","""Japan.""","","","","","40","40-01251","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1250-1251"
"14001252","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","melampus","coreensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda and Mori","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01252","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1250-1252"
"14001253","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","melampus","tsuensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01253","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1250-1253"
"14001254","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","pennanti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","470","","","Fisher","""in America boreali, vulgaris victitans quadrupedibus minoribus."" Listed by Miller and Rehm (1901) as ""Eastern Canada.""","Canada (Yukon to E Quebec), USA (Sierra Nevadas, N Rocky Mtns; Minnesota, N Wisconsin, Michigan upper peninsula, New York, Maine).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alba</i> (Richardson, 1829); <i>canadensis </i>(Schreber, 1777); <i>godmani</i> (Fischer, 1829); <i>melanorhyncha </i>(Boddaert, 1784); <i>nigra </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>piscatoria </i>(Lesson, 1827); <b><i>columbiana</i></b><i> </i>Goldman, 1935; <b><i>pacifica</i></b><i> </i>Rhoads, 1898.","Reviewed by Powell (1981); Goldman (1935) recognized three subspecies; Hagmeier (1961) concluded that subspecies could not be recognized. Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981) and Powell (1981). Stone and Cook (2002) placed it in the subgenus <i>Pekania</i> Gray, 1865, and suggested that <i>pennanti</i> and <i>Gulo gulo</i> may form a monophyletic group, which would make <i>Martes</i> paraphyletic.","40","40-01254","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1254"
"14001255","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","pennanti","pennanti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","470","","","","""in America boreali, vulgaris victitans quadrupedibus minoribus."" Listed by Miller and Rehm (1901) as ""Eastern Canada.""","","","","","40","40-01255","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1254-1255"
"14001256","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","pennanti","columbiana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01256","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1254-1256"
"14001257","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","pennanti","pacifica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01257","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1254-1257"
"14001258","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","46","","","Sable","""asia septentrionali,"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""N. Asia."" Restricted by Ognev (1931:562) to ""Tobol'skaya gub. v ee severnoi chasti"" [""northern part of Tobol'sk Province"" (1962 translation)] [Russia].","China (Xinjiang to NE), Japan (Hokkaido); Mongolia, North Korea, Russia (Ural Mtns to Siberia, Kamchatka, Sakhalin).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>M. z. brachyura</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alba</i> (Brandt, 1855); <i>asiatica </i>(Brandt, 1855); <i>fusco-flavescens </i>(Brandt, 1855); <i>maculata </i>(Brandt, 1855); <i>ochracea </i>(Brandt, 1855); <i>rupestris </i>(Brandt, 1855); <i>sylvestris </i>(Brandt, 1855); <b><i>angarensis</i></b> Timofeev and Nadeev, 1955; <b><i>arsenjevi</i></b><i> </i>Kuznetsov, 1944; <b><i>averini</i></b> Bashanov, 1943; <i>altaica</i> Jurgenson, 1947; <i>jurgensoni</i> Rossolimo and Pavlinov, 1987; <b><i>brachyura</i></b><i> </i>(Temminck, 1844); <b><i>ilimpiensis</i></b> Timofeev and Nadeev, 1955; <b><i>jakutensis</i></b> Novikov, 1956; <b><i>kamtschadalica</i></b><i> </i>(Birula, 1919); <i>coreensis </i>Kishida, 1927; <i>hamgyenensis </i>Kishida, 1927; <i>kamtschatica </i>(Dybowski, 1922); <b><i>obscura</i></b> Timofeev and Nadeev, 1955; <b><i>princeps</i></b><i> </i>(Birula, 1922); <i>baicalensis </i>(Dybowski, 1922); <i>vitimensis</i> Timofeev and Nadeev, 1955; <b><i>sahalinensis</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1925; <b><i>sajanensis</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1925; <b><i>schantaricus</i></b><i> </i>Kuznetsov, 1941; <b><i>tomensis</i></b> Timofeev and Nadeev, 1955; <b><i>tungussensis</i></b><i> </i>Kuznetsov, 1944; <b><i>yeniseensis</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1925.","Reviewed by Pavlinin (1966). May be conspecific with <i>americana</i>,<i> martes</i>, and <i>melampus</i> (Anderson, 1970; Hagmeier, 1961). Heptner et al. (1967) included Japanese and Korean <i>melampus</i> in <i>zibellina</i>. Synonyms allocated according to Heptner et al. (1967). Stone and Cook (2002) placed it in the subgenus <i>Martes</i>.","40","40-01258","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258"
"14001259","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","zibellina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","46","","","","""asia septentrionali,"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""N. Asia."" Restricted by Ognev (1931:562) to ""Tobol'skaya gub. v ee severnoi chasti"" [""northern part of Tobol'sk Province"" (1962 translation)] [Russia].","","","","","40","40-01259","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1259"
"14001260","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","angarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Timofeev and Nadeev","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01260","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1260"
"14001261","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","arsenjevi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuznetsov","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01261","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1261"
"14001262","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","averini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bashanov","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01262","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1262"
"14001263","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","brachyura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01263","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1263"
"14001264","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","ilimpiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Timofeev and Nadeev","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01264","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1264"
"14001265","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","jakutensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Novikov","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01265","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1265"
"14001266","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","kamtschadalica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Birula","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01266","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1266"
"14001267","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","obscura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Timofeev and Nadeev","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01267","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1267"
"14001268","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","princeps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Birula","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01268","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1268"
"14001269","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","sahalinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01269","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1269"
"14001270","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","sajanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01270","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1270"
"14001271","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","schantaricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuznetsov","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01271","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1271"
"14001272","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","tomensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Timofeev and Nadeev","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01272","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1272"
"14001273","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","tungussensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuznetsov","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01273","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1273"
"14001274","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Martes","","zibellina","yeniseensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01274","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1203-0000-1258-1274"
"14001275","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brisson","1762","","Regnum Animale","","","13","","<i>[Ursus] meles</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Eumeles</i>  Gray, 1865; <i>Meledes</i> Kastschenko, 1925; <i>Melesium</i> Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Taxus</i> E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and G. Cuvier, 1795.","Many authors considered <i>Meles</i> monotypic (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Heptner et al., 1967; Long and Killingley, 1983; Novikov, 1956; Stroganov, 1962). However, others supported the position that European and Asian badgers are not conspecific (Aristov and Baryshnikov, 2001; Baryshnikov and Potapova, 1990; Kastschenko, 1902; Neal, 1948; Ognev, 1931; Satunin, 1914). Kurose et al. (2001) argued that <i>Meles</i> is heterogeneous. Recent morphological studies (Abramov, 2001, 2002) support the separation of <i>Meles</i> into several species. Species and subspecies allocated following Abramov (2001, 2002).","40","40-01275","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275"
"14001276","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","anakuma","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1844","","Fauna Japon., Mamm.","30","","pl. 6","","","Japanese Badger","""Environs of Nagasaki et d’Awa,"" [Japan].","Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku).","","","Heptner et al. (1967) and Baryshnikov and Potapova (1990) considered <i>anakuma</i> a subspecies of Asian badger. However, Abramov (2001, 2002) supported the recognition of these forms as distinct.","40","40-01276","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1276"
"14001277","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","leucurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1847","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal.","16","","763","","","Asian Badger","""Lhasa, Tibet,"" [China].","China, Kazakhstan, North and South Korea, Russia (From Volga River through Siberia).","","<i>blanfordi</i> Matschie, 1907; <i>chinensis </i>Gray, 1868; <i>hanensis </i>Matschie, 1907; <i>leptorhynchus </i>Milne-Edwards, 1867; <i>siningensis </i>Matschie, 1907; <i>tsingtauensis </i>Matschie, 1907; <b><i>amurensis </i></b>Schrenck, 1859; <i>melanogenys </i>J. A. Allen, 1913; <i>schrenkii </i>Nehring, 1891; <b><i>arenarius</i></b><i> </i>Satunin, 1895; <b><i>sibiricus</i></b><i> </i>Kastschenko, 1900; <i>aberrans</i> Stroganov, 1962; <i>altaicus </i>Kastschenko, 1902; <i>enisseyensis</i> Petrov, 1953; <i>eversmanni</i> Petrov, 1953; <i>raddei </i>Kastschenko, 1902; <b><i>tianschanensis</i></b><i> </i>Hoyningen-Huene, 1910; <i>talassicus </i>Ognev, 1931.","Reviewed by Petrov (1953), Heptner et al. (1967), and Abramov (2001). Synonyms allocated according to Heptner et al. (1967) and Abramov (2001).","40","40-01277","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1277"
"14001278","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","leucurus","leucurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1847","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal.","16","","763","","","","""Lhasa, Tibet,"" [China].","","","","","40","40-01278","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1277-1278"
"14001279","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","leucurus","amurensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schrenck","1859","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01279","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1277-1279"
"14001280","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","leucurus","arenarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01280","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1277-1280"
"14001281","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","leucurus","sibiricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kastschenko","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01281","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1277-1281"
"14001282","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","leucurus","tianschanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hoyningen-Huene","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01282","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1277-1282"
"14001283","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","meles","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","48","","","European Badger","""Europa inter rimas rupium et lapidum,"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Upsala"" [Sweden].","Afghanistan, Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China (Xinjiang), Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (eastward up to Volga River), Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alba</i> (Gmelin, 1788); <i>britannicus </i>Satunin, 1905; <i>caninus </i>Billberg, 1827; <i>caucasicus </i>Ognev, 1926; <i>communis </i>Billberg, 1827; <i>danicus </i>Degerbøl, 1933; <i>europaeus </i>Desmarest, 1816; <i>maculata </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>tauricus</i> Ognev, 1926; <i>taxus </i>Boddaert, 1785; <i>typicus </i>Barrett-Hamilton, 1899; <i>vulgaris </i>(Tiedemann, 1808); <b><i>arcalus</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1907; <b><i>canescens</i></b><i> </i>Blanford, 1875; <i>minor </i>Satunin, 1905; <i>ponticus </i>Blackler, 1916; <b><i>heptneri</i></b> Ognev, 1931; <b><i>marianensis</i></b><i> </i>Graells, 1897; <i>mediterraneus </i>Barrett-Hamilton, 1899; <b><i>milleri</i></b> Baryshnikov, Puzachenko and Abramov, 2003; <b><i>rhodius</i></b><i> </i>Festa, 1914; <b><i>severzovi</i></b><i> </i>Heptner, 1940; <i>bokharensis</i> Petrov, 1953.","Reviewed by Petrov (1953) and Heptner et al. (1967). Synonyms allocated according to Heptner et al. (1967) and Abramov (2001).","40","40-01283","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1283"
"14001284","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","meles","meles","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","48","","","","""Europa inter rimas rupium et lapidum,"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Upsala"" [Sweden].","","","","","40","40-01284","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1283-1284"
"14001285","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","meles","arcalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01285","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1283-1285"
"14001286","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","meles","canescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01286","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1283-1286"
"14001287","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","meles","heptneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01287","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1283-1287"
"14001288","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","meles","marianensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Graells","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01288","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1283-1288"
"14001289","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","meles","milleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baryshnikov, Puzachenko and Abramov","2003","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01289","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1283-1289"
"14001290","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","meles","rhodius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Festa","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01290","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1283-1290"
"14001291","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Meles","","meles","severzovi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heptner","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01291","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1275-0000-1283-1291"
"14001292","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mellivora","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Storr","1780","","Prodr. Meth. Mamm.","","","p. 34, Tabl. A","","<i>Viverra ratel </i>Sparrman, 1777 (= <i>Viverra capensis</i> Schreber, 1776), by designation (Sclater, 1900); (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Lipotus</i>  Sundevall, 1843; <i>Melitoryx</i> Gloger, 1841; <i>Melivora</i> Gray, 1847; <i>Ratellus</i> Gray, 1827; <i>Rattelus</i> Swainson, 1835; <i>Ratelus</i> Gray, 1825; <i>Ursitaxus</i> Hodgson, 1835; <i>Ursotaxus</i> Blyth, 1840.","Placed in Mellivorinae by McKenna and Bell (1997).","40","40-01292","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1292"
"14001293","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mellivora","","capensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","3","18","pl. 125[1776]; see also text, 3(26):450[1777]","","","Honey Badger","""Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung"" [South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].","Nepal (Savanna and steppe), India, Turkmenistan, Lebanon, South Africa.","CITES – Appendix III (Ghana and Botswana); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>mellivorus</i> (G. [Baron] Cuvier, 1798); <i>ratel </i>(Sparrman, 1777); <i>typicus </i>(A. Smith, 1833); <i>vernayi</i> Roberts, 1932; <b><i>abyssinica</i></b><i> </i>Hollister, 1910; <b><i>buechneri</i></b><i> </i>Baryshnikov, 2000; <b><i>concisa</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, and Wroughton, 1907; <i>brockmani </i>Wroughton and Cheesman, 1920; <i>buchanani </i>Thomas, 1925; <b><i>cottoni</i></b><i> </i>Lydekker, 1906; <i>sagulata </i>Hollister, 1910; <b><i>inaurita</i></b><i> </i>(Hodgson, 1836); <b><i>indica</i></b><i> </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>mellivorus </i>(Bennett, 1830); <i>ratel </i>Horsfield, 1851; <i>ratelus </i>Fraser, 1862; <b><i>leuconota</i></b><i> </i>Sclater, 1867; <b><i>maxwelli</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1923; <b><i>pumilio</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1946; <b><i>signata</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1909; <b><i>wilsoni</i></b><i> </i>Cheesman, 1920.","Synonyms allocated according to Baryshnikov (2000) and Vanderhaar and Hwang (2003).","40","40-01293","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1292-0000-1293"
"14001294","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mellivora","","capensis","capensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","3","18","pl. 125[1776]; see also text, 3(26):450[1777]","","","","""Vorgebirge der guten Hofnung"" [South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope].","","","","","40","40-01294","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1292-0000-1293-1294"
"14001295","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mellivora","","capensis","abyssinica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01295","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1292-0000-1293-1295"
"14001296","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mellivora","","capensis","buechneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baryshnikov","2000","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01296","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1292-0000-1293-1296"
"14001297","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mellivora","","capensis","concisa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01297","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1292-0000-1293-1297"
"14001298","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mellivora","","capensis","cottoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01298","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1292-0000-1293-1298"
"14001299","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mellivora","","capensis","inaurita","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01299","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1292-0000-1293-1299"
"14001300","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mellivora","","capensis","indica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01300","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1292-0000-1293-1300"
"14001301","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mellivora","","capensis","leuconota","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sclater","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01301","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1292-0000-1293-1301"
"14001302","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mellivora","","capensis","maxwelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01302","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1292-0000-1293-1302"
"14001303","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mellivora","","capensis","pumilio","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01303","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1292-0000-1293-1303"
"14001304","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mellivora","","capensis","signata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01304","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1292-0000-1293-1304"
"14001305","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mellivora","","capensis","wilsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cheesman","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01305","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1292-0000-1293-1305"
"14001306","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1831","","<i>In</i> Bélanger (ed.), Voy. Indes Orient.","3(Zoologie)","129","pl. 5 [issued 13 March 1831]","","<i>Melogale personata</i> I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831.","","","","","<i>Helictis</i>  Gray, 1831; <i>Nesictis</i> Thomas, 1922; <i>Rhinogale</i> Gloger, 1841.","There is uncertainty as to the total number of species in this genus. Most recent authors tend to consider <i>everetii</i> and/or <i>orientalis</i> as conspecific with <i>personata</i>; however, Pocock (1941<i>a</i>), Everts (1968), Long (1978, 1981), and Long and Killingley (1983) supported the recognition of these populations as distinct. Long and Killingley pointed out that there is no published information to refute Pocock's (1941<i>a</i>) revision.","40","40-01306","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306"
"14001307","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","everetti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6","15","","331-332","","","Bornean Ferret-badger","""Mount Kina Balu, N. Borneo, about 4000 ft. [1219 m]""","Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Medway (1977) included <i>everetti</i> in <i>orientalis</i>; however, see comments under genus.","40","40-01307","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1307"
"14001308","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","moschata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1831","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1831","","94","","","Chinese Ferret-badger","""China,"" restricted by Allen (1929) to ""Canton, Kwangtung Province, South China.""","China (C and SE, Hainan), India (Naga Hills near Manipur, Assam), N Laos, Taiwan, N Vietnam.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>ferreogrisea</i> </b><i> </i>(Hilzheimer, 1905); <b>hainanensis</b> Zheng and Xu, 1983; <b><i>millsi</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1922); <b><i>sorella</i></b><i> </i>(G. M. Allen, 1929); <b><i>subaurantiaca</i></b><i> </i>(Swinhoe, 1862); <i>modesta </i>(Thomas, 1922); <b><i>taxilla</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1925).","Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Storz and Wozencraft (1999).","40","40-01308","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1308"
"14001309","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","moschata","moschata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1831","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1831","","94","","","","""China,"" restricted by Allen (1929) to ""Canton, Kwangtung Province, South China.""","","","","","40","40-01309","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1308-1309"
"14001310","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","moschata","ferreogrisea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hilzheimer","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01310","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1308-1310"
"14001311","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","moschata","hainanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zheng and Xu","1983","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01311","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1308-1311"
"14001312","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","moschata","millsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01312","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1308-1312"
"14001313","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","moschata","sorella","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01313","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1308-1313"
"14001314","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","moschata","subaurantiaca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1862","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01314","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1308-1314"
"14001315","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","moschata","taxilla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01315","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1308-1315"
"14001316","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","orientalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1821","","Zool. Res. Java.","","","plate and 4 pages of text","","","Javan Ferret-badger","""limited...to...south of Mountain Prahu, between the two prinicpal cones of the central part of Java, the Mountain Sumbing, and...Teggal, ...Baggulen and Banyumas...to Gowong in the east."" [Indonesia, Java].","Indonesia (Java).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>maccourus</i> (Temminck, 1824); <b><i>sundaicus</i></b><i> </i>(Sody, 1937).","","40","40-01316","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1316"
"14001317","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","orientalis","orientalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Horsfield","1821","","Zool. Res. Java.","","","plate and 4 pages of text","","","","""limited...to...south of Mountain Prahu, between the two prinicpal cones of the central part of Java, the Mountain Sumbing, and...Teggal, ...Baggulen and Banyumas...to Gowong in the east."" [Indonesia, Java].","","","","","40","40-01317","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1316-1317"
"14001318","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","orientalis","sundaicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01318","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1316-1318"
"14001319","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","personata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1831","","<i>In</i> Bélanger (ed.) Voy. Indes Orient.","3(Zoologie)","","137, pl. 5.[issued 13 March 1831]","","","Burmese Ferret-badger","""environs de Rangoun"" [Burma].","Burma, China, Nepal, India (Assam), Malaysia (West), Thailand, Vietnam","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>laotum</i> </b><i> </i>Thomas, 1922; <b><i>nipalensis</i></b><i> </i>(Hodgson, 1836); <i>orientalis </i>(Blanford, 1888); <b><i>pierrei</i></b><i> </i>(Bonhote, 1903); <b><i>tonquinia</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1922.","Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-01319","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1319"
"14001320","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","personata","personata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1831","","<i>In</i> Bélanger (ed.) Voy. Indes Orient.","3(Zoologie)","","137, pl. 5.[issued 13 March 1831]","","","","""environs de Rangoun"" [Burma].","","","","","40","40-01320","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1319-1320"
"14001321","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","personata","laotum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01321","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1319-1321"
"14001322","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","personata","nipalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01322","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1319-1322"
"14001323","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","personata","pierrei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01323","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1319-1323"
"14001324","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Melogale","","personata","tonquinia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01324","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1306-0000-1319-1324"
"14001325","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10<sup>th</sup> ed.","1","","45","","[<i>Mustela</i>]<i> erminea</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by tautonomy (Miller, 1912).","","","","","<i>Arctogale</i> Kaup, 1829; <i>Cabreragale</i> Baryshnikov and Abramov, 1997; <i>Cryptomustela</i> Abramov, 2000; <i>Cynomyonax</i> Coues, 1877; <i>Eumustela </i>Acloque, 1899; <i>Foetorius</i> Keyserling and Blasius, 1840; <i>Gale </i>Wagner, 1841; <i>Grammogale</i> Cabrera, 1940; <i>Gymnopus</i> Gray, 1865; <i>Hydromustela</i> Bogdanov, 1871; <i>Ictis </i>Kaup, 1829; <i>Kolonocus</i> Satunin, 1914; <i>Kolonokus</i> Satunin, 1911; <i>Lutreola</i> Wagner, 1841; <i>Mustelina </i>Bogdanov, 1871; <i>Mustella</i> Scopoli, 1777; <i>Neogale </i>Gray, 1865; <i>Neovison</i> Baryshnikov and Abramov, 1997; <i>Plesiogale</i> Pocock, 1921; <i>Pocockictis</i> Kretzoi, 1947; <i>Putorius</i> Cuvier, 1817; <i>Vison</i> Gray, 1843.","Revised by Hall (1951), Youngman (1982), Abramov (1999), and Kurose et al. (2000). Youngman (1982) recognized five and Abramov (1999) recognized nine subgenera. Some have chosen to elevate these groupings to generic status; because of the lack of any comprehensive phylogenetic approach to this problem, they are provisionally recognized here as valid subgenera. Synonyms for species and subspecies principally follow Abramov (1999, pers. comm.).","40","40-01325","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325"
"14001326","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","africana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1818","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv., ed. 9","","","376","","","Amazon Weasel","""Africa"", type locality is in error, fixed by Cabrera (1957) as ""arrabales de Belem, la antigua Pará."" [Brazil]","Amazon Basin in Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>paraensis</i> (Goeldi, 1897); <b><i>stolzmanni</i></b><i> </i>Taczanowski, 1881.","Youngman (1982) and Abramov (1999) placed <i>africana</i> in subgenus <i>Grammogale</i>. Izor and de la Torre (1978) suggested that <i>africana</i> and <i>felipei</i> form a monophyletic group. Cabrera (1957) considered <i>Grammogale</i> a valid genus.","40","40-01326","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1326"
"14001327","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","africana","africana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1818","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv., ed. 9","","","376","","","","""Africa"", type locality is in error, fixed by Cabrera (1957) as ""arrabales de Belem, la antigua Pará."" [Brazil]","","","","","40","40-01327","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1326-1327"
"14001328","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","africana","stolzmanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Taczanowski","1881","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01328","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1326-1328"
"14001329","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","altaica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1811","","Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.","I","","98","","","Mountain Weasel","""qui alpes altaicas adibunt"" [Altai Mtns].","W and N China, Kashmir, E Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, North Korea (?), Russia (S and SE Siberia, Primorski Krai), Sikkim, Tajikistan.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alpina</i> (Gebler, 1823); <i>sacana </i>Thomas, 1914; <b><i>birulai</i></b><i> </i>(Ognev, 1928); <b><i>raddei</i></b><i> </i>(Ognev, 1928); <b><i>temon</i></b><i> </i>Hodgson, 1857; <i>astutus </i>(Milne-Edwards, 1870); <i>longstaffi </i>Wroughton, 1911.","Youngman (1982) placed <i>altaica</i> in the subgenus <i>Mustela</i>; however, Ognev (1935) considered <i>sibirica</i> and <i>altaica</i> closely related. Abramov (1999) placed it in the subgenus <i>Gale</i>. Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-01329","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1329"
"14001330","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","altaica","altaica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1811","","Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.","I","","98","","","","""qui alpes altaicas adibunt"" [Altai Mtns].","","","","","40","40-01330","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1329-1330"
"14001331","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","altaica","birulai","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01331","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1329-1331"
"14001332","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","altaica","raddei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01332","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1329-1332"
"14001333","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","altaica","temon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1857","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01333","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1329-1333"
"14001334","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","46","","","Ermine","""Europa and Asia frigidiore; hyeme praefertim in alpinis regionibus nivea"".","Circumboreal, tundra and forested regions of Palearctic. Afghanistan, Algeria, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan (C Honshu), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand (introduced), Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, USA (C California, N New Mexico, N Iowa and Maryland).","CITES – Appendix III (India) as <i>M. erminea ferghanae</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hyberna</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>maculata </i>Billberg, 1827; <b><i>aestiva</i></b><i> </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>algiricus </i>Thomas, 1895; <i>alpestris </i>Burg, 1920; <i>giganteus </i>Burg, 1920; <i>major </i>Nilsson, 1820; <b><i>alascensis</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1896; <b><i>anguinae </i></b>Hall, 1932; <b><i>arctica</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1896; <i>audax </i>Barrett-Hamilton, 1904; <i>kadiacensis </i>Merriam, 1896; <i>kadiacensis </i>Osgood, 1901; <i>richardsonii </i>Bonaparte, 1838; <b><i>augustidens</i></b><i> </i>Brown, 1908; <b><i>bangsi </i></b>Hall, 1945; <i>cicognani </i>Mearns, 1891; <i>pusillus </i>Aughey, 1880 [preoccupied]; <b><i>celenda</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1944; <b><i>cigognanii</i></b><i> </i>Bonaparte, 1838; <i>pusilla </i>DeKay, 1842; <i>vulgaris </i>Griffith, 1827 [preoccupied]; <b><i>fallenda</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1945; <b><i>ferghanae</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1895); <i>shnitnikovi </i>Ognev, 1935; <i>whiteheadi </i>Wroughton, 1908; <b><i>gulosa</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1945; <b><i>haidarum</i></b><i> </i>Preble, 1898; <b><i>hibernica</i></b><i> </i>Thomas and Barrett-Hamilton, 1895; <b><i>initis</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1945; <b><i>invicta</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1945; <b><i>kadiacensis</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1896; <b><i>kaneii</i></b> (Baird, 1857); <i>baturini </i>Ognev, 1929; <i>digna </i>Hall, 1944; <i>kamtschatica </i>(Dybowski, 1922); <i>kanei</i> G. Allen, 1914; <i>naumovi </i>Jurgenson, 1938; <i>orientalis </i>Ognev, 1928; <i>transbaikalica </i>Ognev, 1928; <b><i>karaginensis</i></b><i> </i>Jurgenson, 1936; <b><i>lymani</i></b><i> </i>Hollister, 1912; <b><i>martinoi</i></b> Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; <i>birulai</i> Martino and Martino, 1930 [preoccupied]; <b><i>minima </i></b>Cavazza, 1912; <b><i>mongolica</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1928; <b><i>muricus</i></b><i> </i>Bangs, 1899; <i>leptus </i>Merriam, 1903; <b><i>nippon</i></b><i> </i>Cabrera, 1913; <b><i>ognevi</i></b><i> </i>Jurgenson, 1932; <b><i>olympica</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1945; <b><i>polaris</i></b><i> </i>Barrett-Hamilton, 1904; <b><i>richardsonii</i></b><i> </i>Bonaparte, 1838; <i>imperii </i>Barrett-Hamilton, 1904; <i>microtis </i>J. A. Allen, 1903; <i>mortigena </i>Bangs, 1913; <b><i>ricinae</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1907; <b><i>salva</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1944; <b><i>seclusa</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1944; <b><i>semplei</i></b><i> </i>Sutton and Hamilton, 1932; <i>labiata </i>Degerbøl, 1935; <b><i>stabilis</i></b><i> </i>Barrett-Hamilton, 1904; <b><i>streatori</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1896; <b><i>teberdina</i></b> Korneev, 1941; <i>balkarica</i> Basiev, 1962; <b><i>tobolica</i></b><i> </i>Ognev, 1923.","Revised by Eger (1990). Reviewed by C. M. King (1983). Youngman (1982) and Abramov (1999) placed <i>erminea</i> in the subgenus <i>Mustela</i>. Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Hall (1951, 1981), and C. M. King (1983).","40","40-01334","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334"
"14001335","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","erminea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","46","","","","""Europa and Asia frigidiore; hyeme praefertim in alpinis regionibus nivea"".","","","","","40","40-01335","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1335"
"14001336","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","aestiva","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01336","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1336"
"14001337","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","alascensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01337","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1337"
"14001338","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","anguinae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01338","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1338"
"14001339","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","arctica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01339","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1339"
"14001340","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","augustidens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brown","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01340","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1340"
"14001341","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","bangsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01341","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1341"
"14001342","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","celenda","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01342","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1342"
"14001343","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","cigognanii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1838","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01343","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1343"
"14001344","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","fallenda","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01344","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1344"
"14001345","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","ferghanae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01345","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1345"
"14001346","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","gulosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01346","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1346"
"14001347","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","haidarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Preble","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01347","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1347"
"14001348","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","hibernica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Barrett-Hamilton","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01348","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1348"
"14001349","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","initis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01349","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1349"
"14001350","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","invicta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01350","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1350"
"14001351","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","kadiacensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01351","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1351"
"14001352","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","kaneii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1857","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01352","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1352"
"14001353","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","karaginensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jurgenson","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01353","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1353"
"14001354","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","lymani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01354","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1354"
"14001355","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","martinoi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ellerman and Morrison-Scott","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01355","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1355"
"14001356","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","minima","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cavazza","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01356","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1356"
"14001357","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","mongolica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01357","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1357"
"14001358","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","muricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01358","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1358"
"14001359","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","nippon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01359","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1359"
"14001360","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","ognevi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jurgenson","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01360","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1360"
"14001361","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","olympica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01361","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1361"
"14001362","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","polaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01362","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1362"
"14001363","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","richardsonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1838","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01363","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1363"
"14001364","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","ricinae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01364","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1364"
"14001365","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","salva","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01365","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1365"
"14001366","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","seclusa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1944","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01366","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1366"
"14001367","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","semplei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sutton and Hamilton","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01367","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1367"
"14001368","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","stabilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01368","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1368"
"14001369","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","streatori","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01369","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1369"
"14001370","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","teberdina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Korneev","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01370","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1370"
"14001371","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","erminea","tobolica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01371","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1334-1371"
"14001372","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","eversmanii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1827","","Manuel de Mammalogie","","","144","","","Steppe Polecat","""trouvé...entre Orembourg et Bukkara,"" restricted by Stroganov (1962:338) to ""bassein srednego techeniya r. Ileka, v raione vpadenya ...r. Bol'shoi Khobdy"" [Russia, Orenburg Obl., south of Orenburg, mouth of Bol'shaya Khobda River, a tributary of Ilek River].","Austria, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>M. e. amurensis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aureus</i>  (Pocock, 1936); <i>heptapotamicus</i> (Stroganov, 1960); <i>nobilis</i> (Stroganov, 1958); <i>pallidus</i> (Stroganov, 1958); <b><i>admirata</i></b> (Pocock, 1936); <b><i>amurensis</i></b> (Ognev, 1930); <b><i>hungarica</i></b> Éhik, 1928; <i>moravica</i> Kostro&#328;, 1948; <i>occidentalis</i> (Brauner, 1929); <i>satunini</i> (Migulin, 1928); <b><i>larvatus</i></b><i> </i>(Hodgson, 1849); <i>tibetanus</i> Horsfield, 1851; <b><i>michnoi</i></b> (Kastschenko, 1910); <i>dauricus</i> (Stroganov, 1958); <i>lineiventer </i>Hollister, 1913; <i>sibiricus</i> (Kastschenko, 1912); <i>triarata</i> Hollister, 1913; <i>tuvinicus</i> (Stroganov, 1958); <b><i>talassicus</i></b> Ognev, 1928.","The correct spelling of this name is <i>eversmanii</i> (Mazák, 1971). Reviewed by Kostro&#328; (1948), Stroganov (1958, 1962), Heptner et al. (1967), and Anderson (1977). Youngman (1982) and Abramov (1999) placed <i>eversmanii</i> in the subgenus <i>Putorius</i>. Anderson (1977) and Kurtén and Anderson (1980) suggested that <i>nigripes</i> and <i>eversmanii</i> may be conspecific. Pocock (1936<i>b</i>) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966) considered <i>eversmanii</i> and <i>putorius</i> conspecific; however, Ognev (1931), Stroganov (1962), and Heptner et al. (1967) recognized them as distinct species.","40","40-01372","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1372"
"14001373","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","eversmanii","eversmanii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1827","","Manuel de Mammalogie","","","144","","","","""trouvé...entre Orembourg et Bukkara,"" restricted by Stroganov (1962:338) to ""bassein srednego techeniya r. Ileka, v raione vpadenya ...r. Bol'shoi Khobdy"" [Russia, Orenburg Obl., south of Orenburg, mouth of Bol'shaya Khobda River, a tributary of Ilek River].","","","","","40","40-01373","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1372-1373"
"14001374","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","eversmanii","admirata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01374","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1372-1374"
"14001375","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","eversmanii","amurensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01375","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1372-1375"
"14001376","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","eversmanii","hungarica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Éhik","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01376","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1372-1376"
"14001377","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","eversmanii","larvatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1849","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01377","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1372-1377"
"14001378","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","eversmanii","michnoi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kastschenko","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01378","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1372-1378"
"14001379","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","eversmanii","talassicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ognev","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01379","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1372-1379"
"14001380","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","felipei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Izor and de la Torre","1978","","J. Mammal.","59","","92","","","Colombian Weasel","""Santa Marta, elevation 2,700 m, near San Agustin, Huila, Colombia"".","Colombia, Ecuador.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Izor and de la Torre (1978) suggested that <i>africana</i> and <i>felipei</i> form a monophyletic group. Youngman (1982) placed <i>felipei</i> in subgenus <i>Grammogale</i>; Abramov (1999) placed it in subgenus <i>Cabreragale</i>.","40","40-01380","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1380"
"14001381","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1831","","Darst. Säugeth.","","","text: ""Das gezäumte Wiesel"" [not paginated], and plate 42","","","Long-tailed Weasel","""der Nähe von Mexico""[placed in Ciudad Mexico, Mexico].","Belize, Bolivia, S Canada, Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, USA (most states excluding SW deserts), Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aequatorialis</i> (Coues, 1877); <i>brasiliensis </i>Sevastianoff, 1813 [preoccupied]; <i>mexicanus </i>(Coues, 1877); <b><i>affinis</i></b><i> </i>Gray, 1874; <i>costaricensis </i>J. A. Allen, 1916; <i>macrurus </i>(J. A. Allen, 1912); <i>meridana </i>Hollister, 1914; <b><i>agilis</i></b><i> </i>Tschudi, 1844; <i>macrura </i>J. A. Allen, 1916; <b><i>alleni</i></b><i> </i>(Merriam, 1896); <b><i>altifrontalis</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1936; <i>saturata </i>Miller, 1912 [preoccupied]; <b><i>arizonensis</i></b><i> </i>(Mearns, 1891); <b><i>arthuri</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1927; <b><i>aureoventris</i></b><i> </i>Gray, 1864; <i>affinis </i>Lönnberg, 1913; <i>jelskii </i>Taczanowski, 1881; <i>macrura </i>Taczanowski, 1874; <b><i>boliviensis</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1938; <b><i>costaricensis</i></b><i> </i>Goldman, 1912; <i>brasiliensis </i>Gray, 1874 [preoccupied]; <b><i>effera</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1936; <b><i>goldmani</i></b><i> </i>(Merriam, 1896); <b><i>gracilis</i></b><i> </i>(Brown, 1908); <b><i>helleri</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1935; <b><i>inyoensis</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1936; <b><i>latirostra</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1936; <i>arizonensis </i>Grinnell and Swarth, 1913 [preoccupied]; <b><i>leucoparia</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1896; <b><i>longicauda</i></b><i> </i>Bonaparte, 1838; <b><i>macrophonius</i></b><i> </i>(Elliot, 1905); <b><i>munda</i></b><i> </i>(Bangs, 1899); <b><i>neomexicanus</i></b><i> </i>(Barber and Cockerell, 1898); <b><i>nevadensis</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1936; <i>longicauda </i>(Coues, 1891) [preoccupied]; <b><i>nicaraguae</i></b><i> </i>J. A. Allen, 1916; <b><i>nigriauris</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1936; <i>xanthogenys </i>Gray, 1874 [preoccupied]; <b><i>notius</i></b><i> </i>(Bangs, 1899); <b><i>noveboracensis</i></b><i> </i>(Emmons, 1840); <i>fusca </i>DeKay, 1842; <i>richardsonii </i>(Baird, 1858); <b><i>occisor</i></b><i> </i>Bangs, 1899; <b><i>olivacea</i></b><i> </i>Howell, 1913; <b><i>oregonensis</i></b><i> </i>(Merriam, 1896); <b><i>oribasus</i></b><i> </i>(Bangs, 1899); <b><i>panamensis</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1932; <b><i>peninsulae</i></b><i> </i>(Rhoads, 1894); <b><i>perda</i></b><i> </i>(Merriam, 1902); <b><i>perotae</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1936; <b><i>primulina</i></b><i> </i>Jackson, 1913; <b><i>pulchra</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1936; <b><i>saturata</i></b><i> </i>(Merriam, 1896); <b><i>spadix</i></b><i> </i>(Bangs, 1896); <b><i>texensis</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1936; <b><i>tropicalis</i></b><i> </i>(Merriam, 1896); <i>frenatus </i>Coues, 1877; <i>noveboracensis </i>DeKay, 1840; <i>perdus </i>Merriam, 1902; <i>richardsoni </i>Bonaparte, 1838; <b><i>washingtoni</i></b><i> </i>(Merriam, 1896); <b><i>xanthogenys</i></b><i> </i>Gray, 1843.","Youngman (1982) and Abramov (1999) placed <i>frenata</i> in the subgenus <i>Mustela</i>. Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1951) and Sheffield and Thomas (1997).","40","40-01381","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381"
"14001382","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","frenata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1831","","Darst. Säugeth.","","","text: ""Das gezäumte Wiesel"" [not paginated], and plate 42","","","","""der Nähe von Mexico""[placed in Ciudad Mexico, Mexico].","","","","","40","40-01382","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1382"
"14001383","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","affinis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01383","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1383"
"14001384","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","agilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01384","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1384"
"14001385","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","alleni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01385","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1385"
"14001386","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","altifrontalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01386","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1386"
"14001387","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","arizonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01387","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1387"
"14001388","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","arthuri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01388","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1388"
"14001389","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","aureoventris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01389","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1389"
"14001390","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","boliviensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01390","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1390"
"14001391","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","costaricensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01391","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1391"
"14001392","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","effera","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01392","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1392"
"14001393","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","goldmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01393","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1393"
"14001394","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","gracilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brown","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01394","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1394"
"14001395","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","helleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01395","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1395"
"14001396","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","inyoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01396","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1396"
"14001397","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","latirostra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01397","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1397"
"14001398","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","leucoparia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01398","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1398"
"14001399","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","longicauda","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1838","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01399","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1399"
"14001400","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","macrophonius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01400","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1400"
"14001401","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","munda","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01401","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1401"
"14001402","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","neomexicanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barber and Cockerell","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01402","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1402"
"14001403","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","nevadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01403","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1403"
"14001404","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","nicaraguae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01404","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1404"
"14001405","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","nigriauris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01405","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1405"
"14001406","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","notius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01406","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1406"
"14001407","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","noveboracensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Emmons","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01407","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1407"
"14001408","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","occisor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01408","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1408"
"14001409","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","olivacea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Howell","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01409","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1409"
"14001410","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","oregonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01410","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1410"
"14001411","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","oribasus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01411","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1411"
"14001412","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","panamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01412","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1412"
"14001413","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","peninsulae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01413","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1413"
"14001414","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","perda","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01414","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1414"
"14001415","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","perotae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01415","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1415"
"14001416","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","primulina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jackson","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01416","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1416"
"14001417","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","pulchra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01417","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1417"
"14001418","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","saturata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01418","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1418"
"14001419","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","spadix","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01419","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1419"
"14001420","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","texensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01420","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1420"
"14001421","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","tropicalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01421","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1421"
"14001422","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","washingtoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01422","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1422"
"14001423","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","frenata","xanthogenys","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01423","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1381-1423"
"14001424","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","itatsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1844","","Fauna Japonica, Mamm.","34","","pl. vii, fig. 2","","","Japanese Weasel","""Japan.""","Japan. Introduced to Russia (Sakhalin).","","<i>asaii</i>  Kuroda, 1943; <i>katsurai</i> Kishida, 1931; <i>natsi </i>Temminck, 1844; <i>sho</i> Kuroda, 1924.","Abramov (2000), Kurose et al. (2000), and Graphodatsky et al. (1976) supported separation of <i>itatsi</i> from <i>sibirica</i>. Abramov (1999) placed it in the subgenus <i>Kolonokus</i>.","40","40-01424","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1424"
"14001425","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","kathiah","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1835","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","4","","702","","","Yellow-bellied Weasel","""Kachar region"" [Nepal].","Burma, S and E China, Indochinese peninsula, Nepal, N Pakistan.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>auriventer</i> Hodgson, 1837; <i>dorsalis </i>(Trouessart, 1895); <i>tsaidamensis </i>(Hilzheimer, 1910); <i>melli </i>(Matschie, 1922); <b><i>caporiaccoi</i></b><i> </i>de Beaux, 1935.","Abramov (1999) placed <i>kathiah</i> in the subgenus <i>Gale</i>. Synonmys allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-01425","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1425"
"14001426","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","kathiah","kathiah","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1835","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","4","","702","","","","""Kachar region"" [Nepal].","","","","","40","40-01426","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1425-1426"
"14001427","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","kathiah","caporiaccoi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Beaux","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01427","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1425-1427"
"14001428","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","lutreola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1761","","Fauna Suecica, 2nd ed.","","","5","","","European Mink","""Finlandiae aquolis"", restricted by Matschie (1912) to ""Südwest-Finnland.""","Belarus, Estonia, France, Latvia, Romania, Russia (Europe to the Urals), NE Spain. Formerly Germany, Poland, Austria, Czech Republic, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>alba</i> de Sélys Longchamps, 1839; <i>alpinus </i>(Ogérien, 1863); <i>europeae </i>(Homeyer, 1879); <i>fulva </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>minor </i>(Erxleben, 1777); <i>wyborgensis </i>Matschie, 1912; <b><i>biedermanni</i></b><i> </i>Matschie, 1912; <i>armorica </i>Matschie, 1912; <b><i>binominata</i></b> Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; <i>caucasica </i>(Novikov, 1939) [preoccupied]; <b><i>cylipena </i></b>Matschie, 1912; <i>albica </i>Matschie, 1912; <i>budina </i>Matschie, 1912; <i>glogeri </i>Matschie, 1912; <i>varina </i>Matschie, 1912; <b><i>novikovi</i></b> Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; <i>borealis </i>(Novikov, 1939) [preoccupied]; <b><i>transsylvanica</i></b><i> </i>Éhik, 1932; <i>ehiki</i> Kretzoi, 1942; <i>hungarica </i>Éhik, 1932; <b><i>turovi</i></b><i> </i>Kuznetsov in Novikov, 1939.","Youngman (1982, 1990) and Abramov (1999) placed <i>lutreola</i> in subgenus <i>Lutreola</i>. Revised by Matschie (1912), Novikov (1939), and Youngman (1982, 1990). Occasional hybrids occur between <i>lutreola</i> and <i>putorius</i> (Ognev, 1931; Tumanov and Abramov, 2002; Youngman, 1982). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-01428","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1428"
"14001429","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","lutreola","lutreola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1761","","Fauna Suecica, 2nd ed.","","","5","","","","""Finlandiae aquolis"", restricted by Matschie (1912) to ""Südwest-Finnland.""","","","","","40","40-01429","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1428-1429"
"14001430","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","lutreola","biedermanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01430","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1428-1430"
"14001431","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","lutreola","binominata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ellerman and Morrison-Scott","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01431","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1428-1431"
"14001432","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","lutreola","cylipena","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01432","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1428-1432"
"14001433","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","lutreola","novikovi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ellerman and Morrison-Scott","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01433","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1428-1433"
"14001434","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","lutreola","transsylvanica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Éhik","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01434","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1428-1434"
"14001435","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","lutreola","turovi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuznetsov in Novikov","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01435","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1428-1435"
"14001436","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","lutreolina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Thomas","1917","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","20","","261-262","","","Indonesian Mountain Weasel","""Tjibodas, West Java, 5500' [1676 m]""; identified by Van Bree and Boeadi (1978) as ""6°44'S 107°00'E"".","Indonesia (Java, Sumatra).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Revised by Van Bree and Boeadi (1978). Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) implied, and Heptner et al. (1967), Corbet (1978), and Lekagul and McNeely (1988) believed <i>lutreolina</i> and <i>sibirica</i> to be conspecific; however this has not been supported by primary studies (Brongersma, 1940; Van Bree and Boeadi, 1978). Youngman (1982) placed <i>lutreolina</i> in the subgenus <i>Lutreola</i>,<i> </i>Abramov (1999) placed it in the subgenus<i> Kolonokus.</i>","40","40-01436","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1436"
"14001437","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nigripes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Audubon and Bachman","1851","","Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America","2","297","","","","Black-footed Ferret","""lower waters of the Platte River"", restricted by Hayden (1863:138) to ""Fort Laramie"" [Wyoming, USA].","Formerly, Canada (S Alberta and Saskatchewan), USA (south to Arizona, Oklahoma, and NW Texas). Viable populations now only in captivity (see status).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered, except where listed as an Experimental Non Essential Population in portions of Arizona, Colorado, Montana, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming (USA); IUCN – Extinct in the Wild.","","Reviewed by Hillman and Clark (1980) and Anderson (1977). Youngman (1982) and Abramov (1999) placed <i>nigripes</i> in the subgenus <i>Putorius</i>. Anderson (1977) and Kurtén and Anderson (1980) suggested that <i>nigripes</i> and <i>eversmanii</i> may be conspecific.","40","40-01437","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1437"
"14001438","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","69","","","Least Weasel","""Westrobothnia"" [Sweden].","Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand (introduced – Corbet and Hill, 1980), Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sardinia, Serbia and Montenegro, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, USA, (Alaska and most of the USA except SW), Ukraine.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caraftensis</i> Kishida, 1936; <i>kerulenica </i>Bannikov, 1952; <i>punctata </i>Domaniewski, 1926; <i>yesoidsuna </i>Kishida, 1936; <b><i>allegheniensis</i></b><i> </i>(Rhoads, 1901); <b><i>boccamela</i></b><i> </i>Bechstein, 1800; <i>italicus </i>(Barrett-Hamilton, 1900); <b><i>campestris</i></b><i> </i>Jackson, 1913; <b><i>caucasica</i></b><i> </i>Barrett-Hamilton, 1900; <i>dinniki </i>(Satunin, 1907); <b><i>eskimo</i></b><i> </i>(Stone, 1900); <b><i>heptneri</i></b> Morozova-Turova, 1953; <b><i>mosanensis</i></b><i> </i>Mori, 1927; <b><i>namiyei</i></b><i> </i>Kuroda, 1921; <b><i>numidica</i></b><i> </i>Pucheran, 1855; <i>albipes </i>Mina Palumbo, 1868; <i>algiricus</i> Thomas, 1895; <i>atlas </i>(Barrett-Hamilton, 1904); <i>corsicanus </i>(Cavazza, 1908); <i>fulva </i>Mina Palumbo, 1868; <i>galinthias </i>(Bate, 1905); <i>ibericus </i>(Barrett-Hamilton, 1900); <i>meridionalis </i>(Costa, 1869); <i>siculus </i>(Barrett-Hamilton, 1900); <b><i>pallida</i></b><i> </i>Barrett-Hamilton, 1900; <b><i>pygmaea</i></b><i> </i>(J. A. Allen, 1903); <i>kamtschatica </i>(Dybowski, 1922); <b><i>rixosa </i></b>(Bangs, 1896); <b><i>rossica</i></b><i> </i>Abramov and Baryshnikov, 2000; <b><i>russelliana</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1911; <b><i>stoliczkana</i></b><i> </i>Blanford, 1877; <b><i>tonkinensis</i></b><i> </i>Björkegren, 1941; <b><i>vulgaris</i></b><i> </i>Erxleben, 1777; <i>dombrowskii </i>Matschie, 1901; <i>hungarica </i>Vásárhelyi, 1942; <i>minutus </i>(Pomel, 1853); <i>monticola </i>(Cavazza, 1908); <i>nikolskii </i>Semenov, 1899; <i>occidentalis</i> Kratochvil, 1977; <i>trettaui </i>Kleinschmidt, 1937; <i>vasarhelyi </i>Kretzoi, 1942.","Reviewed by Reichstein (1957), van Zyll de Jong (1992), Reig (1997), and Abramov and Baryshinikov (2000). Reig divided this problematic taxon into four species based on a skull morphometric analysis (<i>subpalmata</i>,<i> rixosa</i>,<i> eskimo</i>,<i> </i>and<i> vulgaris</i>). Abramov and Baryshinikov separated only <i>subpalmata</i>. Youngman (1982) placed <i>nivalis</i> in the subgenus <i>Mustela</i>; Abramov (1999) placed it in the subgenus <i>Gale</i>. Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Hall (1981), Sheffield and King (1994), and Abramov and Baryshnikov (1999).","40","40-01438","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438"
"14001439","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","nivalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","69","","","","""Westrobothnia"" [Sweden].","","","","","40","40-01439","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1439"
"14001440","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","allegheniensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01440","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1440"
"14001441","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","boccamela","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bechstein","1800","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01441","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1441"
"14001442","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","campestris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jackson","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01442","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1442"
"14001443","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","caucasica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01443","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1443"
"14001444","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","eskimo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Stone","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01444","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1444"
"14001445","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","heptneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Morozova-Turova","1953","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01445","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1445"
"14001446","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","mosanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mori","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01446","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1446"
"14001447","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","namiyei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01447","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1447"
"14001448","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","numidica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pucheran","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01448","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1448"
"14001449","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","pallida","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01449","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1449"
"14001450","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","pygmaea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01450","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1450"
"14001451","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","rixosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01451","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1451"
"14001452","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","rossica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Abramov and Baryshnikov","2000","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01452","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1452"
"14001453","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","russelliana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01453","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1453"
"14001454","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","stoliczkana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1877","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01454","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1454"
"14001455","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","tonkinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Björkegren","1941","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01455","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1455"
"14001456","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nivalis","vulgaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01456","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1438-1456"
"14001457","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nudipes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, in Encycl. Meth.","2(Suppl.)","","537","","","Malayan Weasel","""L'île de Java"". Locality is in error, fixed by Robinson and Kloss (1919<i>b</i>) as ""West Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Borneo).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>hamakeri</i>  Dammerman, 1940; <b><i>leucocephalus</i></b><i> </i>(Gray, 1865).","Pocock (1941<i>a</i>) believed <i>strigidorsa</i> and <i>nudipes</i> to be closely related. Youngman (1982) placed nudipes in the subgenus <i>Lutreola</i>,<i> </i>Abramov (1999) placed it in subgenus<i> Pocockictis.</i>","40","40-01457","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1457"
"14001458","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nudipes","nudipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, in Encycl. Meth.","2(Suppl.)","","537","","","","""L'île de Java"". Locality is in error, fixed by Robinson and Kloss (1919<i>b</i>) as ""West Sumatra"" [Indonesia].","","","","","40","40-01458","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1457-1458"
"14001459","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","nudipes","leucocephalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01459","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1457-1459"
"14001460","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","putorius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","46","","","European Polecat","""inter Europae rupes et lapidum acervos"", restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Scania, S. Sweden.""","Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britian, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>flavicans</i> de Sélys Longchamps, 1839; <i>foetens </i>(Thunberg, 1798); <i>foetidus </i>(Gray, 1843); <i>iltis </i>Boddaert, 1785; <i>infectus </i>(Ogérien, 1863); <i>manium </i>(Barrett-Hamilton, 1904); <i>putorius </i>Blyth, 1842; <i>verus </i>(Brandt in Simashko, 1851); <i>vison </i>de Sélys Longchamps, 1839; <i>vulgaris </i>(Griffith, 1827); <b><i>anglia</i></b><i> </i>(Pocock, 1936); <b><i>aureola</i></b><i> </i>(Barrett-Hamilton, 1904); <b><i>caledoniae</i></b><i> </i>(Tetley, 1939); <b><i>furo</i></b><i> </i>Linnaeus, 1758 [domestic ferret]; <i>albus </i>(Bechstein, 1801); <i>furoputorius </i>Link, 1795; <i>subrufo </i>(Gray, 1865); <b><i>mosquensis</i></b> Heptner, 1966; <i>orientalis </i>Brauner, 1929 [preoccupied]; <i>orientalis </i>(Polushina, 1955) [preoccupied]; <i>ognevi</i> Kratochvil, 1952 [preoccupied]; <b><i>rothschildi</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1932.","Reviewed by Heptner et al. (1967). Probable ancestor of the domestic ferret, <i>M. p.</i> <i>furo</i> (Rempe, 1970; Volobuev et al., 1974). Youngman (1982) and Abramov (1999) placed it in the subgenus <i>Putorius</i>. Pocock (1936<i>b</i>) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966) considered <i>eversmanii </i>and <i>putorius</i> conspecific; however, Ognev (1931), Stroganov (1962), and Heptner et al. (1967), recognized them as distinct species. Synonyms allocated according to Heptner et al. (1967).","40","40-01460","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1460"
"14001461","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","putorius","putorius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","46","","","","""inter Europae rupes et lapidum acervos"", restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Scania, S. Sweden.""","","","","","40","40-01461","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1460-1461"
"14001462","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","putorius","anglia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01462","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1460-1462"
"14001463","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","putorius","aureola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barrett-Hamilton","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01463","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1460-1463"
"14001464","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","putorius","caledoniae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tetley","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01464","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1460-1464"
"14001465","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","putorius","furo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","","","","","","","","","","","","[domestic ferret]","40","40-01465","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1460-1465"
"14001466","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","putorius","mosquensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heptner","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01466","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1460-1466"
"14001467","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","putorius","rothschildi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01467","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1460-1467"
"14001468","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","sibirica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1773","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","2","","701","","","Siberian Weasel","""Sibiriae montanis, sylvis densissimis"", restricted by Pocock (1941<i>a</i>) to ""Vorposten Tigerazkoi, near Usstkomengorsk, W. Altai,"" based on Pallas (1773:570) [U.S.S.R., E. Kazakhstan, vic. of Ust-Kamenogorsk, Tigeretskoie (Honacki et al., 1982)].","N Burma, China, Japan (Hokkaido, introduced to Honshu), North Korea, South Korea, Pakistan, Russia (From Kirov Prov., Tataria and W Ural Mtns throughout Siberia to Far East), Taiwan, N Thailand.","CITES – Appendix III (India); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>australis</i> (Satunin, 1911); <i>miles </i>Barrett-Hamilton, 1904; <b><i>canigula</i></b><i> </i>Hodgson, 1842; <b><i>charbinensis</i></b><i> </i>Lowkashkin, 1934; <b><i>coreanus</i></b><i> </i>(Domaniewski, 1926); <i>peninsulae </i>(Kishida, 1931); <b><i>davidiana</i></b><i> </i>(Milne-Edwards, 1871); <i>melli </i>(Matschie, 1922); <i>noctis </i>(Barrett-Hamilton, 1904); <i>taivana </i>Thomas, 1913; <b><i>fontanierii</i></b><i> </i>(Milne-Edwards, 1871); <i>stegmanni </i>(Matschie, 1907); <b><i>hodgsoni</i></b><i> </i>Gray, 1843; <b><i>manchurica</i></b><i> </i>Brass, 1911; <b><i>moupinensis</i></b><i> </i>(Milne-Edwards, 1874); <i>hamptoni </i>Thomas, 1921; <i>major </i>(Hilzheimer, 1910); <i>tafeli </i>(Hilzheimer, 1910); <b><i>quelpartis</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1908); <b><i>subhemachalana</i></b><i> </i>Hodgson, 1837; <i>horsfieldii </i>Gray, 1843; <i>humeralis </i>Blyth, 1842.","Youngman (1982) placed <i>sibirica</i> in the subgenus <i>Lutreola</i>, Abramov (1999) placed it in the subgenus <i>Kolonokus</i>. Ognev (1935) considered <i>altaica</i> and <i>sibirica</i> closely related. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) implied, and Heptner et al. (1967), Corbet (1978), and Lekagul and McNeely (1988) believed <i>lutreolina</i> and <i>sibirica</i> conspecific; however, this has not been supported by primary studies (Brongersma, 1940; Van Bree and Boeadi, 1978). Abramov (1999) and Kurose et al. (2000) considered <i>itatsi</i> and <i>sibirica</i> separate. Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-01468","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1468"
"14001469","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","sibirica","sibirica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1773","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs.","2","","701","","","","""Sibiriae montanis, sylvis densissimis"", restricted by Pocock (1941<i>a</i>) to ""Vorposten Tigerazkoi, near Usstkomengorsk, W. Altai,"" based on Pallas (1773:570) [U.S.S.R., E. Kazakhstan, vic. of Ust-Kamenogorsk, Tigeretskoie (Honacki et al., 1982)].","","","","","40","40-01469","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1468-1469"
"14001470","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","sibirica","canigula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01470","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1468-1470"
"14001471","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","sibirica","charbinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lowkashkin","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01471","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1468-1471"
"14001472","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","sibirica","coreanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Domaniewski","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01472","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1468-1472"
"14001473","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","sibirica","davidiana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01473","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1468-1473"
"14001474","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","sibirica","fontanierii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01474","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1468-1474"
"14001475","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","sibirica","hodgsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01475","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1468-1475"
"14001476","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","sibirica","manchurica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brass","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01476","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1468-1476"
"14001477","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","sibirica","moupinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01477","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1468-1477"
"14001478","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","sibirica","quelpartis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01478","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1468-1478"
"14001479","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","sibirica","subhemachalana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1837","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01479","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1468-1479"
"14001480","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","strigidorsa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1853","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1853","","191","","","Back-striped Weasel","Not given. Gray (1853) based the type description on a manuscript given to him by Hodgson. Horsfield (1855) later fixed the type locality as ""the Sikim Hills of Tarai."" [India, Sikkim].","Burma, China (Yunnan, Guizhou), India, Laos, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Youngman (1982) suggested that <i>strigidorsa</i> belonged in subgenus <i>Lutreola</i>. Abramov (1999) placed it in subgenus <i>Cryptomustela.</i>","40","40-01480","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1480"
"14001481","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Mustela","","subpalmata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hemprich and Ehrenberg","1833","","Symb. Phys. Icon.","Mamm. 3","2","<i>In</i> ""<i>Herpestes leucurus</i>""; k verso","","","Egyptian Weasel","""In domibus aegyptiacis Cahirae et Alexandriae murium vulgaris socius""","Egypt.","Recognized as a separate species by van Zyll de Jong (1992), Reig (1997), and Abramov and Baryshnikov (1999).","","","40","40-01481","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1325-0000-1481"
"14001482","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Baryshnikov and Abramov","1997","","Zool. Zhurnal","76","12","1408","","<i>Mustela vison</i> Schreber, 1777.","","","","","","Commonly included in <i>Mustela</i>, separated accordingly to Abramov (1999). There are significant differences between the American mink and <i>Mustela</i> (and other Mustelidae) according to cytogenetic and biochemical data. The level of these differences is higher then differences among <i>Mustela</i> species (Belyaev et al., 1980; Brinck et al., 1983; Graphodatsky et al., 1976; Kurose et al., 2000; Lushnikova et al., 1989; Taranin et al., 1991). The analyses by Graphodatsky et al. (1976), Youngman (1982), and Kurose et al. (2000) support significant divergence of <i>vison</i> from the <i>Mustela</i> lineage. Masuda and Yoshida (1994<i>a</i>) argued that inclusion of <i>vison</i> in <i>Mustela</i> would make <i>Mustela</i> paraphyletic.","40","40-01482","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482"
"14001483","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","macrodon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Prentis","1903","","Pro. U.S. Natl. Mus.","26","","887","","","Sea mink","""Brooklin, Handcock County, Maine."" [Brooklin archaeological site on Black Isl, Maine].","Formerly found along the coasts of Canada (New Brunswick) and USA (Maine).","IUCN – Extinct as <i>Mustela macrodon</i>.","<i>antiquus</i> (Loomis, 1911)","Last collected in 1894. Manville (1966) argued that recently extinct form <i>macrodon</i> is conspecific with <i>vison</i>, although Kurtén and Anderson (1980) and Mead et al. (2000) recognized it as a distinct species.","40","40-01483","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1483"
"14001484","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1777","","Die Säugethiere","3","19","pl. 127.B [1777]; see aksi text, 3(26):463 [1777]","","","American Mink","""Man findet das Vison in Canada un Pensilvanien"". Larivière (1999<i>c</i>) listed type locality as ""Eastern Canada"".","Canada, USA (Alaska and through all of USA except SW deserts). Introduced to Belarus, Belgium, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britian, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan (Hokkaido), Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Mustela vision </i>(sic).","<i>altaica</i>  (Ternovskii, 1958); <i>borealis </i>(Brass, 1911); <i>nigrescens </i>(Audubon and Bachman, 1854); <i>tatarica</i> (Popov, 1949); <i>winingus </i>(Baird, 1858); <b><i>aestuarina</i></b><i> </i>(Ginnell, 1916); <b><i>aniakensis</i></b><i> </i>(Burns, 1964); <b><i>energumenos</i></b><i> </i>(Bangs, 1896); <b><i>evagor</i></b><i> </i>(Hall, 1932); <b><i>evergladensis</i></b><i> </i>(Hamilton, 1948); <b><i>ingens</i></b><i> </i>(Osgood, 1900); <b><i>lacustris</i></b><i> </i>(Preble, 1902); <b><i>letifera</i></b><i> </i>(Hollister, 1913); <b><i>lowii</i></b><i> </i>(Anderson, 1945); <b><i>lutensis</i></b><i> </i>(Bangs, 1898); <b><i>melampeplus</i></b><i> </i>(Elliot, 1904); <b><i>mink</i></b><i> </i>(Peale and Palisot de Beauvois, 1796); <i>lutreocephala </i>(Harlan, 1825); <i>rufa </i>(Hamilton-Smith, 1858); <b><i>nesolestes</i></b><i> </i>(Heller, 1909); <b><i>vulgivaga</i></b><i> </i>(Bangs, 1895).","Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981) and Larivière (1999).","40","40-01484","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484"
"14001485","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","vison","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1777","","Die Säugethiere","3","19","pl. 127.B [1777]; see aksi text, 3(26):463 [1777]","","","","""Man findet das Vison in Canada un Pensilvanien"". Larivière (1999<i>c</i>) listed type locality as ""Eastern Canada"".","","","","","40","40-01485","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1485"
"14001486","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","aestuarina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ginnell","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01486","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1486"
"14001487","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","aniakensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burns","1964","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01487","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1487"
"14001488","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","energumenos","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01488","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1488"
"14001489","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","evagor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01489","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1489"
"14001490","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","evergladensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hamilton","1948","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01490","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1490"
"14001491","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","ingens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01491","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1491"
"14001492","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","lacustris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Preble","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01492","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1492"
"14001493","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","letifera","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01493","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1493"
"14001494","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","lowii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01494","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1494"
"14001495","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","lutensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01495","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1495"
"14001496","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","melampeplus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01496","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1496"
"14001497","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","mink","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peale and Palisot de Beauvois","1796","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01497","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1497"
"14001498","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","nesolestes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01498","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1498"
"14001499","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Neovison","","vison","vulgivaga","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01499","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1482-0000-1484-1499"
"14001500","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Poecilogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1883","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","11","","370","","<i>Zorilla albinucha</i> Gray, 1864, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Zorilla</i>  Gray, 1864.","","40","40-01500","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1500"
"14001501","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Poecilogale","","albinucha","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1864","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","","69, plate X","","","African Striped Weasel","""it was without any habitat"". Fixed by Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>) as ""Cape Colony"".","Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>africana</i> (Peters, 1865); <i>flavistriata </i>(Bocage, 1865); <b><i>bechuanae</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1931; <b><i>doggetti</i></b><i> </i>Thomas and Schwann, 1904; <b><i>lebombo</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1931; <b><i>transvaalensis</i></b><i> </i>Roberts, 1926.","Reviewed by Larivière (2001). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman et al. (1953).","40","40-01501","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1500-0000-1501"
"14001502","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Poecilogale","","albinucha","albinucha","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1864","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","","69, plate X","","","","""it was without any habitat"". Fixed by Coetzee (1977<i>b</i>) as ""Cape Colony"".","","","","","40","40-01502","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1500-0000-1501-1502"
"14001503","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Poecilogale","","albinucha","bechuanae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01503","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1500-0000-1501-1503"
"14001504","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Poecilogale","","albinucha","doggetti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01504","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1500-0000-1501-1504"
"14001505","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Poecilogale","","albinucha","lebombo","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01505","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1500-0000-1501-1505"
"14001506","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Poecilogale","","albinucha","transvaalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01506","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1500-0000-1501-1506"
"14001507","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Taxidea","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1838","1839","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","154","","<i>Ursus meles labradorius</i> Gmelin, 1788 (= <i>Ursus taxus</i> Schreber, 1777), by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","","","40","40-01507","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1507"
"14001508","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Taxidea","","taxus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1777","","Säugethiere","3","26","pl. 142[1778], see also text, 3(26):520[1777]","","","American Badger","""Er wohnt in Labrador und um die Hudsonsbay,"" restricted by Long (1972<i>a</i>), to ""Carman, Manitoba."" [Canada].","Canada (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatschewan, Manitoba, Ontario), Mexico (Baja California N and C Mexico), USA (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and most states west of the Mississippi River, except Louisiana, Arkansas).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>americanus</i> (Boddaert, 1784); <i>dacotensis </i>Schantz, 1946; <i>iowae </i>Schantz, 1947; <i>kansensis </i>Schantz, 1950; <i>labradorius </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>merriami </i>Schantz, 1950; <b><i>berlandieri</i></b><i> </i>Baird, 1858; <i>apache </i>Schantz, 1948; <i>californica </i>Gray, 1865; <i>halli </i>Schantz, 1951; <i>hallorani </i>Schantz, 1949; <i>infusca </i>Thomas, 1898; <i>littoralis </i>Schantz, 1949; <i>nevadensis </i>Schantz, 1949; <i>papagoensis </i>Skinner, 1943; <i>phippsi </i>Figgins, 1918; <i>robusta </i>Hay, 1921; <i>sonoriensis </i>Goldman, 1939; <b><i>jacksoni</i></b><i> </i>Schantz, 1946; <b><i>jeffersonii </i></b>(Harlan, 1825); <i>montana </i>Schantz, 1950; <i>neglecta </i>Mearns, 1891; <i>sulcata </i>Cope, 1878; <b><i>marylandica</i></b><i> </i>Gidley and Gaxin, 1933.","Reviewed by Long (1972<i>a</i>, 1973). Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981) and Long (1973).","40","40-01508","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1507-0000-1508"
"14001509","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Taxidea","","taxus","taxus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1777","","Säugethiere","3","26","pl. 142[1778], see also text, 3(26):520[1777]","","","","""Er wohnt in Labrador und um die Hudsonsbay,"" restricted by Long (1972<i>a</i>), to ""Carman, Manitoba."" [Canada].","","","","","40","40-01509","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1507-0000-1508-1509"
"14001510","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Taxidea","","taxus","berlandieri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01510","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1507-0000-1508-1510"
"14001511","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Taxidea","","taxus","jacksoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schantz","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01511","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1507-0000-1508-1511"
"14001512","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Taxidea","","taxus","jeffersonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harlan","1825","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01512","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1507-0000-1508-1512"
"14001513","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Taxidea","","taxus","marylandica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gidley and Gaxin","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01513","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1507-0000-1508-1513"
"14001514","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Vormela","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blasius","1884","","Ber. Naturforsch Ges. Bemberg","13","","9","","<i>Mustela sarmatica</i> Pallas, 1771 (= <i>Mustela peregusna</i> Güldenstädt, 1770), by original designation (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","","","40","40-01514","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1514"
"14001515","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Vormela","","peregusna","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Güldenstädt","1770","","Nova Comm. Imp. Acad. Sci. Petropoli","14","1","441","","","Marbled Polecat","""habitat in campis apricis desertis Tanaicensibus"" [U.S.S.R., Rostov Obl., steppes at lower Don River (Honacki et al., 1982)].","Afghanistan, Bulgaria, NC and W China, Greece, Iran, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, S Mongolia, Pakistan, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>V. p. peregusna</i>,<i> </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>euxina</i> Pocock, 1936; <i>intermedia </i>Ognev, 1935; <i>sarmatica </i>(Pallas, 1771); <b><i>koshewnikowi</i></b><i> </i>Satunin, 1910; <i>alpherakii </i>Birula, 1910; <i>obscura</i> Stroganov, 1948; <i>tedshenika </i>Satunin, 1910; <b><i>negans</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1910; <i>chinensis </i>Stroganov, 1962; <b><i>pallidior</i></b> Stroganov, 1948; <i>ornata </i>Pocock, 1936 [<i>nomen dubium</i>]; <b><i>syriaca</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1936.","Synonyms allocated according to Heptner et al. (1967).","40","40-01515","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1514-0000-1515"
"14001516","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Vormela","","peregusna","peregusna","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Güldenstädt","1770","","Nova Comm. Imp. Acad. Sci. Petropoli","14","1","441","","","","""habitat in campis apricis desertis Tanaicensibus"" [U.S.S.R., Rostov Obl., steppes at lower Don River (Honacki et al., 1982)].","","","","","40","40-01516","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1514-0000-1515-1516"
"14001517","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Vormela","","peregusna","koshewnikowi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Satunin","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01517","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1514-0000-1515-1517"
"14001518","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Vormela","","peregusna","negans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01518","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1514-0000-1515-1518"
"14001519","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Vormela","","peregusna","pallidior","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Stroganov","1948","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01519","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1514-0000-1515-1519"
"14001520","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mustelidae","Mustelinae","","Vormela","","peregusna","syriaca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01520","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1075-1134-0000-1514-0000-1515-1520"
"14001521","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1845","","Cat. Meth. Mamm. Europe","","","1","","","","","","","Myadina Gray, 1825; Mydaina Gray, 1864.","The traditional Mustelidae (including skunks) has always been a problematic group. Radinsky (1973) first proposed a relationship between the Mephitinae (<i>sensu</i> Simpson, 1945) and <i>Mydaus</i>. Morphological studies seem to provide some support for a monophyletic Mustelidae (Hunt, 1974; Wolsan, 1999; Wozencraft, 1989; Wyss and Flynn, 1993). However, Bryant et al. (1993), Ledje and Arnason (1996), and Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) showed support for Radinsky's Mephitinae<i>Mydaus</i> group. Dragoo and Honeycutt (1997) and Flynn et al. (2000) provided a thorough review of the relationships of these groups and followed others (Árnason and Widegren, 1986; Ledje and Árnason, 1996; Wayne et al., 1989) in the recognition of a paraphyletic traditional Mustelidae. I have chosen to follow Dragoo and Honeycutt (1997) and Flynn et al. (2000) in the separation of <i>Mephitis</i>, <i>Conepatus</i>, <i>Spilogale</i> and <i>Mydaus</i> from the remaining mustelids. But see Wolsan (1999) for suppor... [truncated]","40","40-01521","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521"
"14001522","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","581","","<i>Conepatus humboldtii</i> Gray, 1837, by monotypy<sup> </sup>(Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Lycodon</i>  d’Orbigny (<i>in</i> Gray 1865); <i>Mamconepatus</i> Herrera, 1899; <i>Marputius</i> Gray, 1837; <i>Oryctogale</i> Merriam, 1902; <i>Ozolictus</i> Gloger, 1842 (<i>in</i> Gray, 1865); <i>Thiosmus</i> Lichtenstein 1838.","Revised by Kipp (1965), who studied an extensive series of southern South American specimens and could not recognize distinctive groups among them based on skull morphology, and found only two groups based on pelage coloration. Dragoo et al. (2003) reviewed the North American species and is followed here.","40","40-01522","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522"
"14001523","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","chinga","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","288","","","Molina's Hog-nosed Skunk","""Chili,"" restricted by Cabrera (1957) to ""alrededores de Valparaíso."" [Chile].","N Argentina, Bolivia, S Brazil, Chile, Peru, Uruguay.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>americana</i>  (Desmarest, 1818); <i>chilensis </i>(E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803); <i>chinensis</i> (Gerrard, 1862); <i>chingha </i>(Molina, 1786); <i>chinghe </i>(Bechstein, 1800); <i>dimidiata </i>(G. Fischer, 1814); <i>furcata </i>(Wagner, 1841); <i>molinae</i> (Lichtenstein, 1838); <b><i>budini</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1919; <i>calurus </i>Thomas, 1919; <i>mendosus </i>Yepes, 1937; <b><i>gibsoni</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1910; <i>pampanus </i>Thomas, 1921; <i>suffocans </i>(Burmeister, 1879) [preoccupied]; <b><i>inca </i></b>Thomas, 1900; <i>mapurito </i>(Tschundi, 1844) [preoccupied]; <b><i>mendosus</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1921; <i>enuchus </i>Thomas, 1927; <b><i>rex</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1898; <i>ajax </i>Thomas, 1913; <i>arequipae </i>Thomas, 1900; <i>chorensis </i>Thomas, 1902; <i>hunti </i>Thomas, 1903; <i>porcinus </i>Thomas, 1902; <b><i>suffocans</i></b><i> </i>(Illiger, 1811); <i>americana</i> (Desmarest, 1820); <i>feuillei </i>(Gervais, 1841); <i>feuillei </i>Trouessart, 1897; <i>monzoni </i>Aplin, 1894; <i>vittata </i>(Larranaga, 1923).","Kipp (1965) considered <i>rex </i>as conspecific with <i>chinga</i>; however, it was listed as separate by Osgood (1943) and Cabrera (1957). Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1958).","40","40-01523","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1523"
"14001524","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","chinga","chinga","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","288","","","","""Chili,"" restricted by Cabrera (1957) to ""alrededores de Valparaíso."" [Chile].","","","","","40","40-01524","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1523-1524"
"14001525","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","chinga","budini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01525","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1523-1525"
"14001526","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","chinga","gibsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01526","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1523-1526"
"14001527","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","chinga","inca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01527","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1523-1527"
"14001528","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","chinga","mendosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01528","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1523-1528"
"14001529","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","chinga","rex","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01529","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1523-1529"
"14001530","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","chinga","suffocans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Illiger","1811","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01530","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1523-1530"
"14001531","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","humboldtii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","581","","","Humboldt's Hog-nosed Skunk","""Magellan Straits."" [Chile].","Argentina, Paraguay.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>chinga</i>  Wolffsohn and Porter, 1908 [preoccupied]; <i>conepatl</i> Gmelin (<i>in</i> Gray, 1837) [preoccupied]; <i>mapurito</i> (Humbolt, <i>in</i> Coues, 1877) [preoccupied]; <i>patachonica</i> (Burmeister, 1869); <i>patagonica</i> (Lichtenstein, 1838); <i>suffocans</i> J. A. Allen, 1916 [preoccupied]; <i>westermannii</i> (Reinhardt, 1865) [preoccupied]; <b><i>castaneus</i></b> (d'Orbigny and Gervais, 1847); <i>gaucho</i> Thomas, 1927; <i>humboldtii</i> (d'Orbigny, 1838) [preoccupied]; <b><i>proteus</i></b> Thomas, 1902.","Kipp (1965) considered <i>castaneus</i> as conspecific; Cabrera (1958) considered it separate. Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1958).","40","40-01531","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1531"
"14001532","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","humboldtii","humboldtii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's]","1","","581","","","","""Magellan Straits."" [Chile].","","","","","40","40-01532","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1531-1532"
"14001533","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","humboldtii","castaneus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","d'Orbigny and Gervais","1847","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01533","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1531-1533"
"14001534","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","humboldtii","proteus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01534","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1531-1534"
"14001535","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","leuconotus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1832","","Darst. Säugeth., text: ""<i>Mephitis leuconota</i>"" [not paginated]","","","pl. 44. fig 1","","","American Hog-nosed Skunk","""oberen Lauf des Rio Alvarado"" [Mexico, Veracruz, Rio Alvarado]","Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (from USA south along coast to Veracruz), Nicaragua, USA (S Gulf coast of Texas).","IUCN – Extinct as <i>C. mesoleucus telmalestes</i>,<i> </i>Lower Risk (lc) as <i>C. mesoleucus </i>and<i> C. leuconotus</i>.","<i>chinga</i>  (Molina, 1865); <i>filipensis </i>Merriam, 1902; <i>intermedia</i> (Saussure, 1861); <i>longicaudata</i> (Tomes, 1861); <i>marputio</i> (Gray, 1865); <i>mearnsi </i>Merriam, 1902; <i>mesoleucus</i> (Lesson, 1865); <i>molinae</i> (Lichenstein, 1865); <i>nasuta</i> (Bennett, 1833); <i>nelsoni </i>Goldman, 1922; <i>nicaraguae </i>J. A. Allen, 1910; <i>nicaraguus </i>Goodwin, 1946; <i>pediculus </i>Merriam, 1902; <i>putorius </i>(Mutis, 1865); <i>sonoriensis </i>Merriam, 1902; <i>texensis </i>Merriam, 1902; <i>venaticus </i>Goldman, 1922; <b><i>figginsi</i></b><i> </i>F. W. Miller, 1925; <i>fremonti </i>F. W. Miller, 1933; <b><i>telmalestes</i></b><i> </i>Bailey, 1905.","Includes <i>mesoleucus</i> (Dragoo et al., 2003; Hall, 1981).","40","40-01535","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1535"
"14001536","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","leuconotus","leuconotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1832","","Darst. Säugeth., text: ""<i>Mephitis leuconota</i>"" [not paginated]","","","pl. 44. fig 1","","","","""oberen Lauf des Rio Alvarado"" [Mexico, Veracruz, Rio Alvarado]","","","","","40","40-01536","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1535-1536"
"14001537","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","leuconotus","figginsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. W. Miller","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01537","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1535-1537"
"14001538","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","leuconotus","telmalestes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bailey","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01538","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1535-1538"
"14001539","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","semistriatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Boddaert","1785","","Elench. Anim.","1","","84","","","Striped Hog-nosed Skunk","""Mexico""; Cabrera (1958) listed the type locality as ""Minas de Montuosa, cerca de Pamplona, departamento del norte de Santander, Colombia"".","Belize, Brazil, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico (Veracruz, Tabasco, and Yucatan), Peru.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gumillae</i>  (Lichtenstein, 1838); <i>gumillaei</i> (Boitard, 1842); <i>mapurito</i> (Gmelin, 1788); <i>putorius</i> (Mutis, 1770) [preoccupied]; <i>semistriata</i> (Boddaert, 1785); <i>zorilla</i> (J. B. Fischer, 1829); <b><i>amazonicus</i></b> (Lichtenstein, 1838); <i>bahiensis</i> Ihering, 1911; <i>childensis</i> (Hensel, 1872); <i>chilensis</i> Gray, 1865; <i>lichtensteinii</i> Gray, 1865; <i>suffocans</i> (Winge, 1876); <i>westermanni</i> (Reinhardt, 1856); <i>conepatl</i> (Gmelin, 1788); <i>tropicalis</i> Merriam, 1902; <i>quitensis</i> (Humboldt, 1812); <b><i>taxinus</i></b> Thomas, 1924; <i>amazonica</i> (Tschundi, 1844) [preoccupied]; <b><i>trichurus</i></b> Thomas, 1905; <i>mapurito</i> Bangs, 1902 [preoccupied]; <b><i>yucatanicus</i></b> Goldman, 1943; <b><i>zorrino</i></b> Thomas, 1901; <i>zorilla</i> Thomas, 1900 [preoccupied].","Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957).","40","40-01539","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1539"
"14001540","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","semistriatus","semistriatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Boddaert","1785","","Elench. Anim.","1","","84","","","","""Mexico""; Cabrera (1958) listed the type locality as ""Minas de Montuosa, cerca de Pamplona, departamento del norte de Santander, Colombia"".","","","","","40","40-01540","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1539-1540"
"14001541","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","semistriatus","amazonicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1838","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01541","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1539-1541"
"14001542","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","semistriatus","taxinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01542","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1539-1542"
"14001543","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","semistriatus","trichurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01543","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1539-1543"
"14001544","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","semistriatus","yucatanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01544","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1539-1544"
"14001545","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Conepatus","","semistriatus","zorrino","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01545","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1522-0000-1539-1545"
"14001546","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. G. Cuvier","1795","","Mag. Encyclop.","2","","187","","<i>Viverra mephitis</i> Schreber, 1776.","","","","","<i>Chincha</i>  Lesson, 1842; <i>Leucomitra</i> Howell, 1901; <i>Mammephitisus</i> Herrera, 1899; <i>Mephites</i> Gray, 1847; <i>Mephritis</i> Gray, 1821; <i>Spilogale</i> Gray, 1865; <i>Viverra </i>Schreber, 1776.","","40","40-01546","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546"
"14001547","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","macroura","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1832","","Darst. Säugeth.","","","text: ""Mephitis macroura,"" [not paginated], pl. 46","","","Hooded Skunk","""Gebirgs-Gegenden nordwestlich von der Stadt Mexico."" [Mexico, mountains NW of Mexico City].","Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, USA (S Arizona, S New Mexico, and W Texas).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>concolor </i> Gray, 1865; <i>edulis </i>Coues, 1877; <i>intermedia </i>Gray, 1869; <i>longicaudata </i>Tomes, 1862; <i>mexicana </i>Gray, 1837; <i>vittata </i>Lichtenstein, 1832; <b><i>eximius</i></b><i> </i>Hall and Dalquest, 1950; <b><i>milleri</i></b><i> </i>Mearns, 1897; <b><i>richardsoni</i></b><i> </i>Goodwin, 1957.","Reviewed by Hwang and Larivière (2001). Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981) and Hwang and Larivière (2001).","40","40-01547","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1547"
"14001548","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","macroura","macroura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1832","","Darst. Säugeth.","","","text: ""Mephitis macroura,"" [not paginated], pl. 46","","","","""Gebirgs-Gegenden nordwestlich von der Stadt Mexico."" [Mexico, mountains NW of Mexico City].","","","","","40","40-01548","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1547-1548"
"14001549","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","macroura","eximius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall and Dalquest","1950","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01549","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1547-1549"
"14001550","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","macroura","milleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01550","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1547-1550"
"14001551","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","macroura","richardsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1957","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01551","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1547-1551"
"14001552","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","mephitis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","3","17","pl. 121[1776], see also text, 3(26):444, 588 (index)[1777]","","","Striped Skunk","""Amerika"".","Canada (SW Northwest Territories to Hudson Bay and S Quebec), Mexico (N Tamaulipas, N Durango, and N Baja California), USA.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>americana </i> Desmarest, 1818; <i>chinche</i> Fischer, 1829; <i>mephitica </i>Saw, 1792; <i>vulgaris</i> F. Cuvier, 1842; <b><i>avia</i></b><i> </i>Bangs, 1898; <i>newtonensis </i>Brown, 1908; <b><i>elongata</i></b><i> </i>Bangs, 1895; <b><i>estor</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1890; <b><i>holzneri</i></b><i> </i>Mearns, 1898; <b><i>hudsonica</i></b><i> </i>Richardson, 1829; <i>americana</i> (Lesson, 1865); <i>chinga</i> Tiedemann, 1808 [preoccupied]; <i>minnesotoe </i>Brass, 1911; <b><i>major</i></b><i> </i>Howell, 1901; <b><i>mesomelas</i></b><i> </i>Lichtenstein, 1832; <i>mesomeles</i> Gerrard, 1862; <i>scrutator </i>Bangs, 1896; <b><i>nigra</i></b><i> </i>(Peale and Palisot de Beauvois, 1796); <i>bivirgata </i>C. E. H. Smith, 1839; <i>dentata </i>Brass, 1911; <i>fetidissima </i>Boitard, 1842; <i>frontata </i>Coues, 1875; <i>olida </i>Boitard, 1842; <i>putida </i>Boitard, 1842; <b><i>notata</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1936; <b><i>occidentalis</i></b><i> </i>Baird, 1858; <i>notata</i> Howell, 1901; <i>platyrhina </i>(Howell, 1901); <b><i>spissigrada</i></b><i> </i>Bangs, 1898; <i>foetulenta </i>Elliot, 1899; <b><i>varians</i></b><i> </i>Gray, 1837; <i>texana</i> Low, 1879.","Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981) and Wade-Smith and Verts (1982).","40","40-01552","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1552"
"14001553","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","mephitis","mephitis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1776","","Die Säugethiere","3","17","pl. 121[1776], see also text, 3(26):444, 588 (index)[1777]","","","","""Amerika"".","","","","","40","40-01553","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1552-1553"
"14001554","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","mephitis","avia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01554","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1552-1554"
"14001555","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","mephitis","elongata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01555","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1552-1555"
"14001556","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","mephitis","estor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01556","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1552-1556"
"14001557","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","mephitis","holzneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01557","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1552-1557"
"14001558","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","mephitis","hudsonica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01558","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1552-1558"
"14001559","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","mephitis","major","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Howell","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01559","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1552-1559"
"14001560","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","mephitis","mesomelas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1832","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01560","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1552-1560"
"14001561","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","mephitis","nigra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peale and Palisot de Beauvois","1796","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01561","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1552-1561"
"14001562","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","mephitis","notata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1936","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01562","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1552-1562"
"14001563","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","mephitis","occidentalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01563","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1552-1563"
"14001564","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","mephitis","spissigrada","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01564","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1552-1564"
"14001565","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mephitis","","mephitis","varians","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01565","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1546-0000-1552-1565"
"14001566","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mydaus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1821","","<i>In</i> E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. G. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 2","3","27","""Telagon"", 2 pp., 1 pl.","","<i>Mydaus meliceps</i> F. G. Cuvier, 1821 (= <i>Mephitis javanensis</i> Desmarest, 1820).","","","","","<i>Mephitis</i>  Desmarest, 1820; <i>Mydaon</i> Gloger, 1865; <i>Suillotaxus </i>Lawrence, 1939.","Lawrence (1939) believed that differences in dentition and pelage warranted separation of these taxa into separate, monotypic genera (i.e., <i>Suillotaxus marchei</i>,<i> Mydaus javanensis</i>). These differences parallel those found within the genus <i>Melogale</i> (Long and Killingley, 1983). This genus is provisionally placed in this family (see comments therein), its position may be better considered as <i>incertae sedis.</i>","40","40-01566","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1566"
"14001567","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mydaus","","javanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1820","","Mammalogie, in Encycl. Meth.","I","","187","","","Sunda Stink Badger","""l'île de Java."" [Indonesia, Java].","Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra and the Natuna Isls) and Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>foetidus</i>  (Gray, 1865); <i>meliceps</i> (Cuvier, 1821); <b><i>lucifer</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1902; <i>luciferoides </i>Lönnberg and Mjöberg, 1925; <i>montanus</i> Moulton, 1921; <b><i>ollula</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1902.","Synonyms allocated according to Chasen (1940) and Hwang and Lariviere (2003).","40","40-01567","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1566-0000-1567"
"14001568","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mydaus","","javanensis","javanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1820","","Mammalogie, in Encycl. Meth.","I","","187","","","","""l'île de Java."" [Indonesia, Java].","","","","","40","40-01568","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1566-0000-1567-1568"
"14001569","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mydaus","","javanensis","lucifer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01569","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1566-0000-1567-1569"
"14001570","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mydaus","","javanensis","ollula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01570","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1566-0000-1567-1570"
"14001571","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Mydaus","","marchei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Huet","1887","","Le Naturaliste, ser. 2","9","13","149-151","","","Palawan Stink Badger","""l'ile Palaouan"" [Philippine Isls, Palawan].","Philippine Isls (Palawan and Calamian Isls).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>schadenbergii</i>  (Jentink, 1895).","Referred to the genus <i>Suillotaxus</i> by Lawrence (1939). <i>Suillotaxus</i> was considered a subgenus of <i>Mydaus</i> by Long (1978, 1981).","40","40-01571","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1566-0000-1571"
"14001572","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","150","","<i>Mephitis interrupta </i>Rafinesque, 1820 (= [<i>Viverra</i>]<i> putorius</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","","Mead (1968) argued that <i>S. p</i>. <i>gracilis</i> and ""possibly"" <i>leucoparia</i> are reproductively isolated from eastern populations and therefore should be considered distinct species. Preliminary genetic data (Dragoo et al., 1993) support Mead (1968). However, both taxa were included by Van Gelder (1959). Kinlaw (1995) restricted <i>putorius</i> to the eastern spotted skunk. Owen et al. (1996) provided karyotypic data to support recognition of the southern spotted skunk, <i>angustifrons</i>,<i> </i>as a distinct species. Verts et al. (2001) reported information on subspecies of <i>gracilis</i> which included western populations of spotted skunks. They did not include taxa regarded by Hall and Kelson (1959) as <i>pygmaea</i> or <i>angustifrons</i>. Synonyms allocated according to Hall and Kelson (1959), Kinlaw (1995), and Verts et al. (2001).","40","40-01572","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572"
"14001573","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","angustifrons","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Howell","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","242","","","Southern Spotted Skunk","""Tlalpam, Valley of Mexico"".","Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, C Mexico, Nicaragua.","","<b><i>celeris</i> </b><i> </i>Hall, 1938; <b><i>elata</i></b><i> </i>Howell, 1906; <b><i>tropicalis</i></b><i> </i>Howell, 1902; <b><i>yucatanensis</i></b><i> </i>Burt, 1938.","","40","40-01573","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1573"
"14001574","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","angustifrons","angustifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Howell","1902","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","15","","242","","","","""Tlalpam, Valley of Mexico"".","","","","","40","40-01574","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1573-1574"
"14001575","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","angustifrons","celeris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01575","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1573-1575"
"14001576","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","angustifrons","elata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Howell","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01576","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1573-1576"
"14001577","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","angustifrons","tropicalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Howell","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01577","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1573-1577"
"14001578","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","angustifrons","yucatanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burt","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01578","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1573-1578"
"14001579","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","gracilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","N. Amer. Fauna","3","","83","","","Western Spotted Skunk","""Grand Canon of the Colorado (altitude 3,500 feet), [Coconino County, 1067 m] Arizona, north of San Francisco Mountain.""","Mexico (central plateau); USA (from the Puget Sound region in the west to an eastern boundary in Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, W Oklahoma and W Texas).","","<i>saxatilis</i> Merriam, 1890; <i>tenuis </i>Howell, 1902; <b><i>amphialus</i></b><i> </i>Dickey, 1929; <b><i>latifrons</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1890; <i>olympica </i>Elliot, 1899; <b><i>leucoparia</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1890; <i>ambigua </i>Mearns, 1897; <i>arizonae </i>Mearns, 1891; <i>texensis </i>Merriam, 1890; <b><i>lucasana</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1890; <b><i>martirensis</i></b><i> </i>Elliot, 1903; <i>microdon </i>Howell, 1906; <b><i>phenax</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1890; <i>microrhina </i>Hall, 1926; <i>zorrilla </i>(Lichtenstein, 1838).","Reviewed by Verts et al. (2001).","40","40-01579","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1579"
"14001580","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","gracilis","gracilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","N. Amer. Fauna","3","","83","","","","""Grand Canon of the Colorado (altitude 3,500 feet), [Coconino County, 1067 m] Arizona, north of San Francisco Mountain.""","","","","","40","40-01580","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1579-1580"
"14001581","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","gracilis","amphialus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dickey","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01581","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1579-1581"
"14001582","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","gracilis","latifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01582","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1579-1582"
"14001583","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","gracilis","leucoparia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01583","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1579-1583"
"14001584","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","gracilis","lucasana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01584","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1579-1584"
"14001585","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","gracilis","martirensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01585","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1579-1585"
"14001586","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","gracilis","phenax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1890","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01586","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1579-1586"
"14001587","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","putorius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","44","","","Eastern Spotted Skunk","""America septentrionali"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>), to ""South Carolina."" [USA].","USA (Florida N to Kentucky and W Virginia, W through the Great Plains, from Texas to North Dakota and Minnesota).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bicolor</i> (J. E. Gray, 1837); <i>mapurita </i>(P. L. S. Müller, 1776); <i>putida </i>(F. G. Cuvier, 1798); <i>ringens </i>Merriam, 1890; <i>striata</i> (Shaw, 1800); <i>zorilla </i>(Schreber, 1776); <b><i>ambarvalis</i></b><i> </i>Bangs, 1898; <b><i>interrupta</i></b><i> </i>(Rafinesque, 1820); <i>indianola </i>Merriam, 1890; <i>quaterlinearis </i>(Winans, 1859).","Reviewed by Kinlaw (1995).","40","40-01587","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1587"
"14001588","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","putorius","putorius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","44","","","","""America septentrionali"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>), to ""South Carolina."" [USA].","","","","","40","40-01588","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1587-1588"
"14001589","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","putorius","ambarvalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01589","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1587-1589"
"14001590","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","putorius","interrupta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1820","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01590","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1587-1590"
"14001591","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","pygmaea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","1898","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1897","","898","","","Pygmy Spotted Skunk","""Rosario, Sinaloa, W. Mexico.""","Mexico (West coastal regions from Sinaloa to Oaxaca).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>australis</i> </b><i> </i>Hall, 1938; <i>albipes </i>Goodwin, 1956; <b><i>intermedia</i></b><i> </i>López-Forment and Urbano, 1979.","Reviewed by Medellín et al. (1998<i>a</i>), from which synonyms are allocated. Ewer (1973) argued that <i>pygmaea</i> is conspecific with <i>putorius</i>.","40","40-01591","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1591"
"14001592","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","pygmaea","pygmaea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","1898","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1897","","898","","","","""Rosario, Sinaloa, W. Mexico.""","","","","","40","40-01592","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1591-1592"
"14001593","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","pygmaea","australis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01593","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1591-1593"
"14001594","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Mephitidae","","","Spilogale","","pygmaea","intermedia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","López-Forment and Urbano","1979","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01594","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1521-0000-0000-1572-0000-1591-1594"
"14001595","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","339","","","","","","","Bassaricyonidae Coues, 1887; Bassaridae Gray, 1869; Bassariscidae Gray, 1869; Cercoleptidae Bonaparte, 1838; Nasuidae Gray, 1869; Potidae Degland, 1854; Potosinae Trouessart, 1904.","Revised by Hollister (1915<i>a</i>), Pocock (1921<i>a</i>), Baskin (1982, 1989), and Decker and Wozencraft (1991). Does not include <i>Ailurus</i> or <i>Ailuropoda</i>, following Davis (1964), Todd and Pressman (1968), Sarich (1976), Ginsburg (1982), Wozencraft (1989), Decker and Wozencraft (1991), Bininda-Emonds et al., (1999), and Flynn et al. (2000). However, Hollister (1915<i>a</i>), Gregory (1936), and Thenius (1979) considered <i>Ailurus</i> in the Procyonidae.","40","40-01595","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595"
"14001596","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassaricyon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1876","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","28","","20, pl. 1","","<i>Bassaricyon</i> <i>gabbi</i> J. A. Allen, 1876, by designation.","","","","","","Reviewed by Poglayen-Neuwall (1965). Several workers have suggested that the several named forms of <i>Bassaricyon</i> are conspecific (Decker and Wozencraft, 1991; Ewer, 1973; Hall and Kelson, 1959; Stains, 1967; Wozencraft, 1989), but supporting systematic work is lacking.","40","40-01596","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1596"
"14001597","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassaricyon","","alleni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1880","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1880","","397","","","Allen's Olingo","""Sarayacu, on the Bobonasa river, Upper Pastasa river"" [Ecuador].","Bolivia, Ecuador (east of the Andes), Peru (to Cuzco Prov.), Venezuela (?).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","40","40-01597","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1596-0000-1597"
"14001598","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassaricyon","","beddardi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1921","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","7","","231","","","Beddard's Olingo","""Bastrica woods, Essequibo River, British Guiana"".","Guyana, and possibly adjacent Venezuela and Brasil.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>alleni</i> Sclater, 1895 [preoccupied].","Cabrera (1957) erroneously listed <i>Bassaricyon beddardi</i> as <i>Bassariscus beddardi</i>.","40","40-01598","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1596-0000-1598"
"14001599","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassaricyon","","gabbii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1876","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.","28","","21","","","Olingo","""Costa Rica"" restricted by Allen (1908) to ""Talamanca"".","W Colombia, Costa Rica, W Ecuador, C Nicaragua, Panama.","CITES – Appendix III (Costa Rica).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957) and Hall (1981).","40","40-01599","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1596-0000-1599"
"14001600","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassaricyon","","lasius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Harris","1932","","Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan","248","","3","","","Harris's Olingo","""Estrella de Cartago, Costa Rica. This locality is six to eight miles [10 to 13 km] south of Cartago near the source of the Rio Estrella, at an altitude of about 4, 500 feet [1372 m].""","Costa Rica (known only from the type locality).","IUCN – Endangered.","","","40","40-01600","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1596-0000-1600"
"14001601","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassaricyon","","pauli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Enders","1936","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","88","","365","","","Chiriqui Olingo","""Between Rio Chiriqui Viejo and Rio Colorado, on a hill known locally as Cerro Pando, elevation 4800 feet [1463 m], about ten miles [16 km] from El Volcan, Province de Chiriqui, R. de Panama.""","Panama (known only from the type locality).","IUCN – Endangered.","","","40","40-01601","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1596-0000-1601"
"14001602","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Coues","1887","","Science","9","","516","","<i>Bassariscus astutus</i>, by monotypy through the replaced name <i>Bassaris astuta </i>Lichtenstein, 1830 (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Bassaris</i>  Lichtenstein, 1830; <i>Jentinkia</i> Trouessart, 1904; <i>Mambassariscus</i> Herrera, 1899; <i>Wagneria</i> Jentink, 1886.","Hollister (1915<i>a</i>) placed in monotypic Bassariscidae.","40","40-01602","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602"
"14001603","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1827","1830","Abh. König. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","1827","","119","","","Ringtail","""Mexico"" [near city of Mexico].","Mexico (from USA to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Tiburon Isl and several other islands in the Gulf of California), USA (SW Oregon, N Nevada, Utah, SW Wyoming and W Colorado, south through California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albipes</i> Elliot, 1904; <b><i>arizonensis</i></b><i> </i>Goldman, 1932; <b><i>bolei</i></b><i> </i>Goldman, 1945; <b><i>consitus</i></b><i> </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1932; <b><i>flavus</i></b><i> </i>Rhoads, 1893; <b><i>insulicola</i></b><i> </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1909; <b><i>macdougalli</i></b><i> </i>Goodwin, 1956; <b><i>nevadensis</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1913; <b><i>octavus</i></b><i> </i>Hall, 1926; <b><i>palmarius</i></b><i> </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1909; <b><i>raptor</i></b><i> </i>(Baird, 1859); <i>oregonus </i>Rhoads, 1894; <b><i>saxicola</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1897; <b><i>willetti</i></b><i> </i>Stager, 1950; <b><i>yumanensis</i></b><i> </i>Huey, 1937.","Revised by Rhoads (1893). Reviewed by Poglayen-Neuwall and Toweill (1988). Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981) and Poglayen-Neuwall and Toweill (1988).","40","40-01603","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603"
"14001604","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","astutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1827","1830","Abh. König. Akad. Wiss., Berlin","1827","","119","","","","""Mexico"" [near city of Mexico].","","","","","40","40-01604","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603-1604"
"14001605","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","arizonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01605","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603-1605"
"14001606","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","bolei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01606","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603-1606"
"14001607","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","consitus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01607","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603-1607"
"14001608","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","flavus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rhoads","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01608","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603-1608"
"14001609","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","insulicola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01609","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603-1609"
"14001610","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","macdougalli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01610","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603-1610"
"14001611","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","nevadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01611","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603-1611"
"14001612","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","octavus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hall","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01612","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603-1612"
"14001613","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","palmarius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01613","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603-1613"
"14001614","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","raptor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baird","1859","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01614","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603-1614"
"14001615","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","saxicola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01615","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603-1615"
"14001616","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","willetti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Stager","1950","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01616","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603-1616"
"14001617","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","astutus","yumanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Huey","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01617","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1603-1617"
"14001618","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","sumichrasti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","12","","7","","","Cacomistle","""Cet animal habite les greniers dans la région chaude du Mexique."" Hall and Kelson (1959) listed ""Mexico, Veracruz, Mirador.""","Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico (Guerrero and S), Nicaragua, W Panama.","CITES – Appendix III (Costa Rica); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>campechensis</i> (Nelson and Goldman, 1932); <i>monticola </i>(Cordero, 1875); <b><i>latrans</i></b><i> </i>(Davis and Lukens, 1958); <b><i>notinus</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1903; <b><i>oaxacensis</i></b><i> </i>(Goodwin, 1956); <b><i>variabilis</i></b><i> </i>(Peters, 1874).","Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981).","40","40-01618","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1618"
"14001619","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","sumichrasti","sumichrasti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 2","12","","7","","","","""Cet animal habite les greniers dans la région chaude du Mexique."" Hall and Kelson (1959) listed ""Mexico, Veracruz, Mirador.""","","","","","40","40-01619","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1618-1619"
"14001620","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","sumichrasti","latrans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Davis and Lukens","1958","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01620","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1618-1620"
"14001621","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","sumichrasti","notinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01621","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1618-1621"
"14001622","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","sumichrasti","oaxacensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goodwin","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01622","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1618-1622"
"14001623","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Bassariscus","","sumichrasti","variabilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01623","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1602-0000-1618-1623"
"14001624","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Storr","1780","","Prodr. Meth. Mamm.","","","p. 35, tabl. A","","<i>Viverra nasua</i> Linnaeus, 1766, by absolute tautomy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Coati</i>  Lacépède, 1799; <i>Mamnasuaus</i> Herrera, 1899; <i>Nasica</i> South, 1845.","Revised by Allen (1879) and Decker (1991). Reviewed by Cabrera (1957).","40","40-01624","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624"
"14001625","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","narica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","64","","","White-nosed Coati","""America"", restricted by Allen (1879) to ""Veracruz, Mexico""; Hershkovitz (1951) further restricted it to ""Achotal, Isthmus of Techuantpec, Vera Cruz.""","Belize, Colombia (Gulf of Uraba), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (except Baja California), Nicaragua, Panama, USA (S Arizona and SW New Mexico).","CITES – Appendix III (Honduras) as <i>Nasua narica</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>N. nelsoni</i>,<i> </i>Lower Risk (lc) as <i>N. narica</i>.","<i>bullata</i> J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>isthmica </i>Goldman, 1942; <i>mexicana </i>Weinland, 1860; <i>nasica </i>Winge, 1895; <i>panamensis </i>J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>richmondi </i>Goldman, 1932; <i>subfusca </i>Tiedemann, 1808; <i>vulpecula </i>(Erxleben, 1777); <b><i>molaris</i></b> Merriam, 1902; <i>pallida </i>J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>tamaulipensis </i>Goldman, 1942; <b><i>nelsoni</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1901; <i>thersites </i>Thomas, 1901; <b><i>yucatanica</i></b><i> </i>J. A. Allen, 1904.","Includes <i>nelsoni</i> (Decker, 1991). Reviewed by Gompper (1995), from which synonyms are allocated.","40","40-01625","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1625"
"14001626","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","narica","narica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","64","","","","""America"", restricted by Allen (1879) to ""Veracruz, Mexico""; Hershkovitz (1951) further restricted it to ""Achotal, Isthmus of Techuantpec, Vera Cruz.""","","","","","40","40-01626","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1625-1626"
"14001627","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","narica","molaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01627","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1625-1627"
"14001628","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","narica","nelsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01628","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1625-1628"
"14001629","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","narica","yucatanica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01629","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1625-1629"
"14001630","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","nasua","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","64","","","South American Coati","""America""; listed by Cabrera (1957) as ""Pernambuco"" [Brazil].","Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay, Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix III as <i>N. n. solitaria</i> (Uruguay); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>annulata</i> (Desmarest, 1920); <i>fusca </i>Desmarest, 1820; <i>mexiana </i>Hagmann, 1908; <i>mexianae </i>Vieira, 1945; <i>nasua </i>(Cuvier, 1798); <i>quasje </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>rufa </i>Desmarest, 1820; s<i>ocialis </i>J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>striata </i>(Shaw, 1800); <i>vulgaris </i>F. G. Cuvier, 1842; <i>vulpecula </i>(Erxleben, 1777); <b><i>aricana</i></b><i> </i>Vieira, 1945; <b><i>boliviensis</i></b><i> </i>Cabrera, 1956; <b><i>candace</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1912; <i>judex </i>Thomas, 1914; <b><i>cinerascens</i></b><i> </i>Lönnberg, 1921; <b><i>dorsalis</i></b><i> </i>Gray, 1866; <i>jivaro </i>Thomas, 1914; <i>juruana </i>Ihering, 1911; <i>masua </i>Lönnberg, 1921; <i>mephisto </i>Thomas, 1927; <i>soederstroemmi </i>Lönnberg, 1921; <b><i>manium</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1912; <i>gualeae </i>Lönnberg, 1921; <b><i>molaris</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1902; <i>pallida </i>J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>tamaulipensis </i>Goldman, 1942; <b><i>montana</i></b><i> </i>Tschundi, 1844; <i>monticola </i>Schinz, 1844; <b><i>quichua</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1901; <b><i>solitaria</i></b><i> </i>Schinz, 1823; <i>fulva </i>Wagner, 1841; <i>fusca </i>Desmarest, 1820 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>henseli </i>Lönnberg, 1921; <i>rufa </i>J. A. Allen, 1875; <i>sociabilis </i>Schinz, 1823; <i>socialis </i>Wied-Neuwied, 1826; <b><i>spadicea </i></b>Olfers, 1818; <b><i>vittata</i></b><i> </i>Tschudi, 1844; <i>dichromatica </i>Tate, 1939; <i>phaeocephala </i>J. A. Allen, 1904.","Reviewed by Gompper and Decker (1998). Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957) and Hall (1981).","40","40-01630","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1630"
"14001631","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","nasua","nasua","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","64","","","","""America""; listed by Cabrera (1957) as ""Pernambuco"" [Brazil].","","","","","40","40-01631","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1630-1631"
"14001632","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","nasua","aricana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Vieira","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01632","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1630-1632"
"14001633","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","nasua","boliviensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1956","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01633","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1630-1633"
"14001634","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","nasua","candace","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01634","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1630-1634"
"14001635","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","nasua","cinerascens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01635","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1630-1635"
"14001636","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","nasua","dorsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01636","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1630-1636"
"14001637","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","nasua","manium","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01637","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1630-1637"
"14001638","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","nasua","molaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01638","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1630-1638"
"14001639","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","nasua","montana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tschundi","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01639","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1630-1639"
"14001640","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","nasua","quichua","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01640","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1630-1640"
"14001641","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","nasua","solitaria","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01641","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1630-1641"
"14001642","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","nasua","spadicea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Olfers","1818","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01642","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1630-1642"
"14001643","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasua","","nasua","vittata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Tschudi","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01643","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1624-0000-1630-1643"
"14001644","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasuella","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hollister","1915","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","49","","148","","<i>Nasua olivacea meridensis</i> Thomas, 1901, by designation.","","","","","","","40","40-01644","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1644"
"14001645","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasuella","","olivacea","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","703","","","Mountain Coati","""Santa Fé de Bogota"" [Colombia], subsequently restricted by Cabrera (1957:249) to ""Bogotá, lo que debe interpretarse como las montañas próximas a esta capital""","Colombia, Ecuador, W Venezuela.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>lagunetae </i> (J. A. Allen, 1913); <b><i>meridensis</i></b><i> </i>(Thomas, 1901); <b><i>quitensis</i></b><i> </i>(Lönnberg, 1913).","Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957).","40","40-01645","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1644-0000-1645"
"14001646","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasuella","","olivacea","olivacea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","703","","","","""Santa Fé de Bogota"" [Colombia], subsequently restricted by Cabrera (1957:249) to ""Bogotá, lo que debe interpretarse como las montañas próximas a esta capital""","","","","","40","40-01646","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1644-0000-1645-1646"
"14001647","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasuella","","olivacea","meridensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01647","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1644-0000-1645-1647"
"14001648","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Nasuella","","olivacea","quitensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01648","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1644-0000-1645-1648"
"14001649","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Potos","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. G. Cuvier","1795","","Mag. Encyclop.","2","","187","","<i>Viverra</i> <i>caudivolvula</i> Schreber, 1777 (= <i>Lemur flavus</i> Schreber, 1774), by original designation.","","","","","<i>Cercoleptes</i>  Illiger, 1811; <i>Kinkajou</i> Lacépède, 1799; <i>Kinkaschu</i> G. Fischer de Waldheim, 1813; <i>Mamcercolepteus</i> Herrera, 1899.","Hernández-Camacho (1977) placed <i>Potos</i> in Cercoleptidae Bonaparte, 1838.","40","40-01649","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1649"
"14001650","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Potos","","flavus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","9","pl. 42[1774]; see also text, p. 187[189](index)[1774]","","","Kinkajou","""Er ist, der Sage nach, auf den Gebirgen in Jamaica einheimisch""; restricted by Thomas (1902<i>b</i>) to ""Surinam"". Ford and Hoffmann (1988) and Husson (1978) discussed the confusion over the name and type locality.","Belize, Bolivia, Brazil (Mato Grosso), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico (S Tamaulipas and Guerrero and possibly Michoacan), Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix III (Hondurus); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>brachyotos</i> (Schinz, 1844); <i>brachyotus </i>(Martin, 1836); <i>caudivolvula </i>(Schreber, 1777); <i>caudivolvulus </i>(Cuvier, 1798); <i>caudivolvulus </i>(Lacépède, 1799); <i>potto </i>(Müller, 1776); <i>simiasciurus </i>(Schreber, 1774); <b><i>chapadensis</i></b> J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>brasiliensis </i>Ihering, 1911; <i>caudivolvulus </i>(Pelzeln, 1883) [preoccupied]; <i>dugesii </i>Villa, 1944; <b><i>chiriquensis</i></b><i> </i>J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>arborensis </i>Goodwin, 1938; <i>boothi </i>Goodwin, 1957; <i>campechensis </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <b><i>megalotus</i></b><i> </i>(Martin, 1836); <i>brachyotus </i>Trouessart, 1910; <i>caucensis </i>J. A. Allen, 1904; <i>isthmicus </i>Goldman, 1913; <i>mansuetus </i>Thomas, 1914; <i>modestus </i>Lönnberg, 1921; <i>tolimensis </i>J. A. Allen, 1913; <b><i>meridensis</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1902; <b><i>modestus</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1902; <i>caudivolvulus </i>(Thomas, 1880) [preoccupied]; <b><i>nocturnus</i></b><i> </i>Wied-Neuwied, 1826; <i>aztecus </i>Thomas, 1902; <i>guerrerensis </i>Goldman, 1915; <i>prehensilis </i>(Kerr, 1792) [preoccupied].","Reviewed by Cabrera (1957), Husson (1978), and Ford and Hoffmann (1988). Revised by Kortlucke (1973) and Hernández-Camacho (1977). Synonyms allocated according to Ford and Hoffmann (1988).","40","40-01650","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1649-0000-1650"
"14001651","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Potos","","flavus","flavus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schreber","1774","","Die Säugethiere","1","9","pl. 42[1774]; see also text, p. 187[189](index)[1774]","","","","""Er ist, der Sage nach, auf den Gebirgen in Jamaica einheimisch""; restricted by Thomas (1902<i>b</i>) to ""Surinam"". Ford and Hoffmann (1988) and Husson (1978) discussed the confusion over the name and type locality.","","","","","40","40-01651","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1649-0000-1650-1651"
"14001652","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Potos","","flavus","chapadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01652","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1649-0000-1650-1652"
"14001653","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Potos","","flavus","chiriquensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01653","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1649-0000-1650-1653"
"14001654","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Potos","","flavus","megalotus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Martin","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01654","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1649-0000-1650-1654"
"14001655","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Potos","","flavus","meridensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01655","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1649-0000-1650-1655"
"14001656","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Potos","","flavus","modestus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01656","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1649-0000-1650-1656"
"14001657","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Potos","","flavus","nocturnus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wied-Neuwied","1826","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01657","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1649-0000-1650-1657"
"14001658","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Storr","1780","","Prodr. Meth. Mamm.","","","35","","<i>Ursus lotor</i> Linnaeus, 1758, by designation by Elliot (1901).","","","","","","Reviewed by Goldman (1950) and Lotze and Anderson (1979). Hall (1981) listed <i>minor</i>,<i> gloveralleni</i>, <i>insularis</i>,<i> maynardi</i>,<i> </i>and <i>pygmaeus</i> as distinct, but gave no supporting rationale. Koopman et al. (1957) examined the type series of <i>maynardi</i> and showed them to be conspecific with <i>lotor</i>. Lotze and Anderson (1979) and Corbet and Hill (1986) have suggested that only <i>cancrivorus</i> and <i>lotor</i> are distinct, and other species are conspecific with <i>lotor</i>. Pons et al. (1999) showed that <i>minor</i> is conspecific with <i>lotor</i>, and Helgen and Wilson (2003) showed that <i>gloveralleni</i>,<i> maynardi</i>, and <i>minor</i> are introductions to the Caribbean from eastern United States.","40","40-01658","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658"
"14001659","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","cancrivorus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G.[Baron] Cuvier","1798","","Tabl. Elem. Hist. Nat. Anim.","","","113","","","Crab-eating Raccoon","""se trouve à Cayenne"" [French Guiana, Cayenne].","Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>aequatorialis</i> </b><i> </i>J. A. Allen, 1915; <b><i>nigripes</i></b><i> </i>Mivart, 1886; <i>brasiliensis </i>Ihering, 1911; <b><i>panamensis</i></b><i> </i>(Goldman, 1913); <i>proteus </i>J. A. Allen, 1904 [preoccupied].","Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957).","40","40-01659","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1659"
"14001660","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","cancrivorus","cancrivorus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G.[Baron] Cuvier","1798","","Tabl. Elem. Hist. Nat. Anim.","","","113","","","","""se trouve à Cayenne"" [French Guiana, Cayenne].","","","","","40","40-01660","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1659-1660"
"14001661","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","cancrivorus","aequatorialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01661","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1659-1661"
"14001662","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","cancrivorus","nigripes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mivart","1886","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01662","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1659-1662"
"14001663","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","cancrivorus","panamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01663","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1659-1663"
"14001664","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","48","","","Raccoon","""Americæ maritimis,"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Pennsylvania"" [USA].","S Canada, Mexico, Panama, USA (except parts of the Rocky Mtns). Introductions into: Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Russia, Switzerland, Uzbekistan.","IUCN – Extinct as <i>P. gloveralleni</i>, Endangered as <i>P. insularis</i>,<i> P. maynardi</i>, and <i>P. minor</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>P. lotor</i>.","<i>annulatus</i> G. Fischer, 1814; <i>brachyurus </i>Wiegmann, 1837; <i>fusca </i>Burmeister, 1850; <i>gularis </i>C. E. H. Smith, 1848; <i>melanus </i>J. E. Gray, 1864; <i>obscurus </i>Wiegmann, 1837; <i>rufescens </i>de Beaux, 1910; <i>vulgaris </i>(Tiedemann, 1808); <b><i>auspicatus</i></b><i> </i>Nelson, 1930; <b><i>elucus</i></b><i> </i>Bangs, 1898; <b><i>excelsus</i></b><i> </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1930; <b><i>fuscipes</i></b><i> </i>Mearns, 1914; <b><i>gloveralleni</i></b><i> </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1930; <i>solutus </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <b><i>grinnelli</i></b><i> </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1930; <b><i>hernandezii</i></b><i> </i>Wagler, 1831; <i>crassidens </i>Hollister, 1914; <i>dickeyi </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <i>mexicana </i>Baird, 1858; <i>shufeldti </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <b><i>hirtus</i></b><i> </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1930; <b><i>incautus</i></b><i> </i>Nelson, 1930; <b><i>inesperatus</i></b><i> </i>Nelson, 1930; <b><i>insularis</i></b> Merriam, 1898; <i>vicinus</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1931; <b><i>litoreus</i></b><i> </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1930; <b><i>marinus</i></b><i> </i>Nelson, 1930; <i>maritimus </i>Dozier, 1948; <b><i>maynardi</i></b><i> </i>Bangs, 1898; <i>flavidus </i>de Beaux, 1910; <i>minor </i>Miller, 1911; <i>varius </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1930; <b><i>megalodous</i></b><i> </i>Lowery, 1943; <b><i>pacificus</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1899; <i>proteus </i>Brass, 1911; <b><i>pallidus</i></b><i> </i>Merriam, 1900; <i>ochraceus </i>Mearns, 1914; <b><i>psora</i></b><i> </i>Gray, 1842; <i>californicus </i>Means, 1914; <b><i>pumilus</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1911; <b><i>simus</i></b><i> </i>Gidley, 1906; <b><i>vancouverensis</i></b><i> </i>Nelson and Goldman, 1930<i>.</i>","Reviewed by Lotze and Anderson (1979). Includes the Caribbean introduced populations of <i>gloveralleni</i>, <i>minor</i>, and <i>maynardi</i> after Helgen and Wilson (2003); includes <i>insularis</i> after Helgen and Wilson (In Press). Synonyms allocated according to Cabrera (1957), Lotze and Anderson (1979), and Helgen and Wilson (2003; In Press).","40","40-01664","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664"
"14001665","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","lotor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","48","","","","""Americæ maritimis,"" restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) to ""Pennsylvania"" [USA].","","","","","40","40-01665","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1665"
"14001666","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","auspicatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01666","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1666"
"14001667","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","elucus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01667","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1667"
"14001668","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","excelsus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01668","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1668"
"14001669","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","fuscipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01669","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1669"
"14001670","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","gloveralleni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01670","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1670"
"14001671","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","grinnelli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01671","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1671"
"14001672","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","hernandezii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagler","1831","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01672","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1672"
"14001673","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","hirtus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01673","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1673"
"14001674","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","incautus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01674","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1674"
"14001675","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","inesperatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01675","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1675"
"14001676","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01676","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1676"
"14001677","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","litoreus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01677","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1677"
"14001678","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","marinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01678","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1678"
"14001679","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","maynardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01679","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1679"
"14001680","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","megalodous","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lowery","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01680","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1680"
"14001681","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","pacificus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01681","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1681"
"14001682","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01682","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1682"
"14001683","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","psora","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01683","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1683"
"14001684","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","pumilus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01684","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1684"
"14001685","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","simus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gidley","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01685","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1685"
"14001686","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","lotor","vancouverensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson and Goldman","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01686","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1664-1686"
"14001687","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Procyonidae","","","Procyon","","pygmaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","101","","","Cozumel Raccoon","""Cozumel Island, Yucatan"" [Mexico].","Known only from the type locality.","IUCN – Endangered.","","Placed in <i>Procyon pygmaeus</i> according to Hall (1981), Lazell (1981), and Helgen and Wilson (In Press); although similar differences between Cozumel and mainland forms of <i>Nasua</i> were recognized at the subspecies level (Decker, 1991).","40","40-01687","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1595-0000-0000-1658-0000-1687"
"14001688","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ailuridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","List Spec. Mamm. Coll. B.M.","","","xxi.","","","","","","","Ailuridae Flower, 1869; Ailuridae Gray, 1869; Ailurina Gray, 1843; Ailurinae Trouessart, 1885.","Biochemical and molecular evidence has suggested that the enigmatic <i>Ailurus</i> is either (1) intermediate between procyonids and ursids (O'Brien et al., 1985; Sarich, 1973; Tagle et al., 1986; Wayne et al., 1989; Wurster and Benirschke, 1968); (2) more closely related to ursids than to procyonids (Todd and Pressmann, 1968; Zhang and Shi, 1991); (3) more closely related to procyonids than to ursids (Goldman et al., 1989; Pecon Slattery and O'Brien, 1995), or, finally; (4) more closely related to mephitids+procyonids (Bininda-Emonds et al., 1999; Flynn et al., 2000). Morphological studies have pointed out the lack of any shared derived features with the procyonids (Bugge, 1978; Decker and Wozencraft, 1991; Ginsburg, 1982; Hunt, 1974; Mayr, 1986; Schmidt-Kittler, 1981; Wozencraft, 1989<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>). Flynn et al. (1988) could not find any unambiguous features to place <i>Ailurus</i> with the procyonids, and only two characters to unite <i>Ailurus</i> with some procyonids, the los... [truncated]","40","40-01688","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1688"
"14001689","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ailuridae","","","Ailurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1825","","<i>In</i>E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. G. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 3","5","50","""Panda"" 3 pp., 1 pl.","","<i>Ailurus</i> <i>fulgens</i> F. G. Cuvier, 1825, by monotypy (Melville and Smith, 1987).","","","","","<i>Aelurus</i>  Agassiz, 1846; <i>Aelurus</i> Flower, 1870; <i>Arctaelurus</i> Gloger, 1841.","See comments under Family.","40","40-01689","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1688-0000-0000-1689"
"14001690","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ailuridae","","","Ailurus","","fulgens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1825","","<i>In</i>E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. G. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 4","5","50","""Panda"" 3 pp., 1 pl.","","","Red Panda","""Indes orientales"".","N Burma, China (Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan. Recently extinct, or absent in Guizhou, Gansu, Shaanxi, and Qinghai; see Wei, et al., 1999), Nepal, Sikkim (India).","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>ochraceus </i> Hodgson, 1847; <b><i>refulgens</i></b><i> </i>Milne-Edwards, 1874; <i>styani </i>Thomas, 1902.","Reviewed by Roberts and Gittleman (1984). Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951).","40","40-01690","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1688-0000-0000-1689-0000-1690"
"14001691","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ailuridae","","","Ailurus","","fulgens","fulgens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. G. Cuvier","1825","","<i>In</i>E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. G. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 5","5","50","""Panda"" 3 pp., 1 pl.","","","","""Indes orientales"".","","","","","40","40-01691","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1688-0000-0000-1689-0000-1690-1691"
"14001692","CARNIVORA","CANIFORMIA","","","Ailuridae","","","Ailurus","","fulgens","refulgens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","40","40-01692","40-0001-0690-0000-0000-1688-0000-0000-1689-0000-1690-1692"
"14100001","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","yes","Owen","1848","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00001","41-0001"
"14100002","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","307","","","","","","","","","41","41-00002","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"14100003","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","73","","<i>Equus caballus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Asinohippus</i> Trumler, 1961;<i> Asinus </i>Brisson, 1762 [unavailable];<i> Asinus </i>Gray, 1824; <i>Caballus </i>Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Dolichohippus </i>Heller, 1912; <i>Grevya </i>Hilzheimer, 1912;<i> Hemionus </i>F. Cuvier, 1823 [unavailable]; <i>Hemionus </i>Stehlin and Graziosi, 1935; <i>Hemippus </i>Dietrich, 1959; <i>Hippotigris </i>C. H. Smith, 1841; <i>Ludolphozecora </i>Griffin, 1913;<i> Megacephalon </i>Hilzheimer, 1912; <i>Megacephalonella </i>Strand, 1943; <i>Microhippus </i>Matschie, 1924; <i>Onager </i>Brisson, 1762 [unavailable]; <i>Pseudoquagga </i>Hoffstetter, 1951;<i> Quagga </i>Shortridge, 1934; <i>Quaggoides </i>Willoughby, 1974; <i>Zebra</i> J. A. Allen, 1909.","Species-groups with potential subgeneric names, based on Groves and Willoughby (1981), are as follows: <i>E. asinus </i>or <i>Asinus </i>group; <i>E. caballus</i> or nominate <i>Equus </i>group (synonym:<i> Caballus</i>); <i>E. grevyi </i>or <i>Dolichohippus</i> group<i> </i>(synonyms: <i>Grevya</i>,<i> Ludolphozecora</i>,<i> Megacephalon</i>, and <i>Megacephalonella</i>);<i> E. hemionus</i> or <i>Hemionus </i>group (synonyms: <i>Asinohippus, Hemippus, Microhippus</i> and <i>Onager</i>), including also <i>E. kiang</i>; <i>E. quagga</i> or<i> Quagga </i>group (synonyms: <i>Pseudoquagga,</i> <i>Quaggoides,</i> and <i>Zebra</i>), including also<i> E. burchellii</i>; and<i> E. zebra</i> or <i>Hippotigris </i>group. Earliest generic name for the <i>E. quagga </i>group (<i>Zebra </i>J. A. Allen, 1909) is preoccupied and next available name (†<i>Kraterohippus</i> van Hoepen, 1930) would have priority over <i>Quagga</i> Shortridge, 1934 if these nominal genera were treated as valid taxa.","41","41-00003","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"14100004","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","asinus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","73","","","Ass","""Habitat in oriente"" (= Middle East?).","NE Sudan (now extinct), NE Ethiopia, and N Somalia; domesticated worldwide; feral or possibly wild in Oman, Hoggar (S Algeria), and Tibesti (N Chad); feral in Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Socotra Isl (Yemen), Sri Lanka, Australia, USA (including Hawaiian Isls), Galapagos Isls, Chagos Isls, and probably other oceanic islands.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>E. africanus</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>E. asinus</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>E</i>. <i>africanus africanus</i> and <i>E. a. somalicus.</i>","<i>arabicus</i> (Fitzinger, 1860); <i>domesticus </i>Erxleben, 1777; <i>europaeus </i>Sanson, 1871; <i>germanicus </i>(Fitzinger, 1860); <i>grajus </i>(Fitzinger, 1860); <i>palaestinae </i>Ducos, 1968; <i>sardous </i>(Fitzinger, 1860); <i>vulgaris </i>(Gray, 1824); <b><i>africanus </i></b>Heuglin and Fitzinger, 1866; <i>africanus</i> (Fitzinger, 1858) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>dianae </i>(Dollman, 1935); <i>hippagrus </i>Schomber, 1963 [unavailable]; <i>nubianus </i>Peel, 1900;<i> <b>somalicus </b></i>P. L. Sclater, 1885; <i>aethiopicus </i>Denman, 1957; <i>somaliensis </i>Noack, 1884 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> taeniopus </i>(Heuglin, 1861) [<i>nomen dubium</i>].","Revised by Groves et al. (1966) who with Ansell (1974<i>a</i>:6) recommended use of <i>africanus</i> as specific name, not wishing to use the name <i>asinus</i> because it was based upon domestic populations. Revised also by Schlawe (1980<i>b</i>) who indicated that <i>Asinus africanus </i>Fitzinger<i> </i>was named in 1858, not 1857, and by Groves (1986), who noted that <i>Asinus africanus </i>Fitzinger is a <i>nomen nudum</i>. The apparent senior name for wild asses is then <i>taeniopus </i>(Heuglin, 1861) but Groves (1986) regarded this as a <i>nomen dubium</i>. Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of the first available specific name based on a wild population for the wild taxon, in this case deemed to be <i>Equus africanus</i> Heuglin and Fitzinger, 1866, though it has not been demonstrated that most authors have termed the wild ass <i>E. africanus </i>rather than <i>E. asinus</i>. They asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomencla... [truncated]","41","41-00004","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004"
"14100005","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","asinus","asinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","73","","","","""Habitat in oriente"" (= Middle East?).","","","","","41","41-00005","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0005"
"14100006","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","asinus","africanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Heuglin and Fitzinger","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00006","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0006"
"14100007","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","asinus","somalicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","P. L. Sclater","1885","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00007","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0004-0007"
"14100008","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","burchellii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1824","","Zool. J.","1","","247","","","Burchell's Zebra","""The flat parts near the Cape"", now identified as South Africa, Northern Cape Prov., Kuruman Dist., Little Klibbolikhonni Fontein (Grubb, 1999:16).","S and E Angola, N and E Botswana, SE Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya, N Namibia, SE Sudan, SW Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, S Somalia, South Africa (N KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and Mpumalanga Provs.; formerly more widespread, S to Orange River), Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Extinct as <i>E. b. burchellii</i>, Data Deficient as <i>E. b. chapmani, E. b. crawshayi, </i>and <i>E. b. zambeziensis</i>, Least Concern as <i>E. b. antiquorum </i>and <i>E. b. boehmi.</i>","<i>burschelii</i> Schinz, 1845; <i>campestris </i>( C. H. Smith, 1841);<i> festivus </i>Wagner, 1835;<i> paucistriatus </i>Hilzheimer, 1912; <i>typicus </i>Selous, 1899;<i> zebroides</i> Lesson, 1827; <b><i>antiquorum </i></b>C. H. Smith, 1841; <i>chapmani </i>Trouessart, 1898; <i>chapmanni </i>Layard, 1865; <i>isabellinus </i>( C. H. Smith, 1841); <i>kaufmanni </i>Matschie, 1912;<b><i> </i></b><i>markhami </i>Tichomirow, 1878;<b><i> </i></b><i>pococki </i>Brasil and Pennetier, 1909;<i> selousii </i>Pocock, 1897;<i> transvaalensis </i>Ewart, 1897;<i> wahlbergi </i>Pocock, 1897;<b> <i>boehmi </i></b>Matschie, 1892;<i> borensis </i>Lönnberg, 1921;<i> cuninghamei </i>Heller, 1914;<i> goldfinchi </i>Ridgeway, 1911;<i> granti </i>De Winton, 1896;<i> isabella</i> Ziccardi, 1959;<i> jallae </i>(Camerano, 1902);<i> mariae </i>Trouessart, 1898; <i>muansae </i>(Matschie, 1906); <b><i>crawshaii </i></b>De Winton, 1896; <i>annectans</i> Lydekker, 1908; <i>annectens </i>W. Rothschild, 1906;<i> crawshayi </i>Pocock, 1897; <i>foai </i>Prazak and Trouessart, 1899;<i> tigrinus </i>Johnston, 1897;<i> <b>kaokensis </b></i>(Zukowsky, 1924); <b><i>zambeziensis </i></b>Trouessart, 1898.","Reviewed by Grubb (1981, Mammalian Species, 157). Species status controversial. A species separate from <i>E. quagga</i>; see Gentry (1975), Eisenmann and Turlot (1978), Bennett (1980), Klein and Cruz-Uribe (1999), and Eisenmann and Brink (2000). Many previous workers regarded <i>quagga</i> and <i>burchellii</i> as conspecific; see Rau (1978) – and they were recently regarded as conspecific by Groves (1985<i>b</i>). Subspecies based on Ansell (1974<i>a</i>) and L. Schlawe and W. Wozniak (in litt., 1991). <i>Equus wardi </i>Ridgeway, 1910 is a hybrid between <i>E. burchellii </i>and <i>E. zebra</i> (Barnaby, 2001; Pocock, 1909<i>b</i>; Rzasnicki, 1938).","41","41-00008","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0008"
"14100009","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","burchellii","burchellii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1824","","Zool. J.","1","","247","","","","""The flat parts near the Cape"", now identified as South Africa, Northern Cape Prov., Kuruman Dist., Little Klibbolikhonni Fontein (Grubb, 1999:16).","","","","","41","41-00009","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0008-0009"
"14100010","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","burchellii","antiquorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","C. H. Smith","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00010","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0008-0010"
"14100011","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","burchellii","boehmi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00011","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0008-0011"
"14100012","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","burchellii","crawshaii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","De Winton","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00012","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0008-0012"
"14100013","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","burchellii","kaokensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Zukowsky","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00013","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0008-0013"
"14100014","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","burchellii","zambeziensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Trouessart","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00014","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0008-0014"
"14100015","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","caballus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","73","","","Horse","""Habitat in Europa"" (= Sweden?); based on domestic horses.","In the late 18th Century, from Poland and Russian Steppes east to Turkestan and Mongolia; wild population survived (at least until recently) in SW Mongolia and adjacent Gansu, Sinkiang, and Inner Mongolia (China); reintroduced into Mongolia. Domesticated worldwide; feral in Portugal, Spain, France, Greece, Iran, Sri Lanka, Lesser Sundas (Flores and Rintja), Australia, New Zealand, Colombia, Hispaniola, Canada, USA (incl. Hawaiian Isls), Galapagos and probably other oceanic islands.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>E. przewalskii</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>E.</i> <i>przewalskii</i>; IUCN – Extinct in the Wild as <i>E. ferus </i>and <i>E.</i> <i>f. przewalskii.</i>","<i>africanus</i> Sanson, 1878; <i>agilis </i>Ewart, 1910; <i>anglicus</i> Desmarest, 1822; <i>arabicus </i>Desmarest, 1822; <i>aryanus </i>Piétrement, 1875; <i>asiaticus </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>belgius </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>bohemicus </i>Marchlewlski, 1924; <i>brittanicus </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>celticus </i>Ewart, 1903; <i>cracoviensis </i>Storkowski, 1946; <i>domesticus </i>Gmelin, 1788;<b> </b><i>equuleus </i>C. H. Smith, 1841; <i>europaeus </i>Stegmann von Pritzwald, 1924; <i>ewarti </i>Storkowski, 1946; <i>frisius </i>Desmarest, 1822; <i>gallicus </i>Fitzinger, 1858; <i>germanicus </i>Fitzinger, 1859; <i>gracilis </i>Ewart, 1909; <i>gutsenensis </i>Skorkowski, 1946; <i>helveticus</i> Desmarest, 1822; <i>hibernicus </i>Fitzinger, 1859; <i>hippagrus </i>C. H. Smith, 1841;<i> italicus</i> Desmarest, 1822; <i>lalisio </i>C. H. Smith, 1841; <i>libycus </i>Ridgeway, 1905; <i>midlandensis </i>Quinn, 1957; <i>moldavicus</i> Desmarest, 1822; <i>mongolicus </i>Piétrement, 1875; <i>muninensis </i>Storkowski, 1946; <i>nehringi </i>Duerst, 1904; <i>nipponicus </i>Shikama and Onuki, 1962; <i>nordicus </i>Skorkowski, 1933; <i>pallas </i>Skorkowski, 1933; <i>parvus </i>Franck, 1875; <i>persicus</i> Desmarest, 1822; <i>pumpelli </i>Duerst, 1908; <i>robustus </i>Fitzinger, 1859; <i>sequanicus</i> Desmarest, 1822; <i>sequanius </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>silvaticus </i>Vetulani, 1927 [unavailable]; <i>sinensis</i> Fitzinger, 1858; <i>sylvestris </i>von den Brincken, 1828 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>tanghan </i>Gray, 1846 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>tataricus </i>Desmarest, 1822; <i>transylvanicus </i>Desmarest, 1822; <i>typicus </i>Ewart, 1904;<i> varius </i>S. D. W., 1836; <b><i>ferus</i> </b>Boddaert, 1785; <i>equiferus </i>Pallas, 1811;<i> gmelini </i>Antonius, 1912;<i> tarpan </i>Pidoplichko, 1951 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>przewalskii </i></b>Poliakov, 1881;<b> </b><i>hagenbecki </i>Matschie, 1903; <i>prjevalskii </i>Ewart, 1903.","Reviewed by Bennett and Hoffman (1999, Mammalian Species, 628). Recent caballine horses have been assigned to two different species, <i>E. caballus</i> (or <i>ferus</i>) and <i>E. przewalskii</i>, but many authors now include <i>przewalskii</i> in <i>caballus</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:194), Groves (1974<i>a</i>), Bennett (1980), and Bennett and Hoffman (1999). Gromov and Baranova (1981:333-334) continued to recognize two species, <i>gmelini</i> (= <i>ferus</i>) and <i>przewalskii</i>. Groves (1971<i>b</i>) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:194) proposed that <i>ferus</i> (the Tarpan) replace <i>caballus</i>, objecting to the use of specific names based on domestic animals. Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of the first available specific name based on a wild population for the wild taxon, in this case deemed to be <i>E. ferus</i>. It has not been demonstrated that most authors have termed wild horses <i>E. ferus </i>rather than <i>E. caballus </i>or ... [truncated]","41","41-00015","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0015"
"14100016","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","caballus","caballus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","73","","","","""Habitat in Europa"" (= Sweden?); based on domestic horses.","","","","","41","41-00016","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0015-0016"
"14100017","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","caballus","ferus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Boddaert","1785","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00017","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0015-0017"
"14100018","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","caballus","przewalskii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Poliakov","1881","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00018","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0015-0018"
"14100019","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","grevyi","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Oustalet","1882","","La Nature (Paris)","10","2","12","","","Grévy's Zebra","Described as ""region de l'Afrique orientale qu'on appelle le pays des Gallas"", i.e. Ethiopia, Gallaland, Shoa Prov. (Rzasnicki, 1951), restricted to Awash Valley (Yalden et al., 1986).","Dry desert regions of S and E Ethiopia, N Kenya, and S Somalia (extinct).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>berberensis</i> Pocock, 1902; <i>faurei </i>Matschie, 1898.","Reviewed by Churcher (1993, Mammalian Species, 453). Restriction of type locality to Lake Zwai (Roosevelt and Heller, 1914) is erroneous, as there are no records of the species from this lake region (Yalden et al, 1986).","41","41-00019","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0019"
"14100020","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","hemionus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Pallas","1775","","Nova Comm. Imp. Acad. Sci. Petrop.","19","","394","","","Onager","""ad Lacum Tarei Dauuriae"", i.e. Russia, Transbaikalia, S Chitinsk. Obl., Tarei-Nor, 50°N, 115°E.","Formerly much of Mongolia, north to Transbaikalia (Russia); east to NE Inner Mongolia (China) and possibly W Manchuria (China); and west to Dzhungarian Gate. Survives in SW and SC Mongolia and adjacent China; see Sokolov and Orlov (1980:248). Also formerly Kazakhstan north to upper Irtysh and Ural Rivers (Russia); westward north of the Caucasus and Black Sea at least to Dniestr River (Ukraine); Anatolia, Syria, and SE of Caspian Sea in N Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan to Thar Desert of NW India; survives as isolated populations in Rann of Kutch (India), Badkhys Preserve, Turkmenistan, and C Iran; also reestablished on Barsa-Khelmes Isl (Aral Sea, Uzbekistan); until 17th-18th centuries in Armenia and Azerbaidjan.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>E. h. hemionus</i>,<i> E. onager </i>and <i>E</i>. <i>onager</i> <i>khur</i>; otherwise Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct <i>E. h. hemippus, </i>Critically Endangered as <i>E. h. onager</i> and <i>E. h. kulan</i>, Endangered as <i>E. h. khur</i>, Vulnerable as <i>E. hemionus</i>, <i>E. h. hemionus </i>and <i>E. h. luteus</i>.","<i>castaneus</i> Lydekker, 1904; <i>finschi </i>Matschie, 1911; <i>hemionos </i>Boddaert, 1785; <i>typicus </i>Sclater, 1891; <b><i>blanfordi</i></b><i> </i>(Pocock, 1947);<i> </i><b><i>hemippus </i></b>I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1855;<i> syriacus<b> </b></i>Milne-Edwards, 1869; <b><i>khur </i></b>Lesson, 1827;<i> indicus </i>(Sclater, 1862) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>indicus </i>George, 1869; <b><i>kulan </i></b>(Groves and Mazák, 1967); <b><i>luteus</i> </b>Matschie, 1911; <i>bedfordi </i>Matschie, 1911; <b><i>onager</i> </b>Boddaert, 1785; <i>bahram </i>(Pocock, 1947);<i> dzigguetai </i>(Wood, 1879);<i> ferus </i>Erxleben, 1777 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>];<i> hamar </i>C. H. Smith, 1841; <i>onager </i>Pallas, 1777 [unavailable];<i> typicus </i>Sclater, 1891.","Revised by Groves and Mazák (1967), Groves (1986), and Schlawe (1986), who included <i>onager</i> in <i>hemionus</i>. Bennett (1980) considered <i>onager</i> (including <i>hemippus, khur, </i>and <i>kulan</i>) to be a distinct species. Nominate subspecies is also known by common name Kulan or Dzigetai; <i>luteus </i>doubtfully separable from it. Groves (2003) considered <i>khur</i> as a species separate from <i>E. hemionus</i>.","41","41-00020","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0020"
"14100021","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","hemionus","hemionus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pallas","1775","","Nova Comm. Imp. Acad. Sci. Petrop.","19","","394","","","see comments under species","""ad Lacum Tarei Dauuriae"", i.e. Russia, Transbaikalia, S Chitinsk. Obl., Tarei-Nor, 50°N, 115°E.","","","","","41","41-00021","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0020-0021"
"14100022","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","hemionus","blanfordi","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Pocock","1947","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00022","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0020-0022"
"14100023","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","hemionus","hemippus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00023","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0020-0023"
"14100024","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","hemionus","khur","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lesson","1827","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00024","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0020-0024"
"14100025","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","hemionus","kulan","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Groves and Mazák","1967","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00025","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0020-0025"
"14100026","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","hemionus","luteus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00026","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0020-0026"
"14100027","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","hemionus","onager","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Boddaert","1785","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00027","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0020-0027"
"14100028","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","kiang","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Moorcroft","1841","","Travels in the Himalayan Provinces","1","","312","","","Kiang","""Ladak"" (India, Kashmir).","Ladak (India), Tibet, Tsinghai and Szechwan (China), adjacent Nepal and Sikkim (India).","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Data deficient as <i>E. k. kiang </i>and <i>E. k. polyodon</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>E. k. holdereri.</i>","<i>equioides</i> (Hodgson, 1842) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>kyang </i>(Kinloch, 1869);<i> <b>holdereri</b> </i>Matschie, 1911;<i> tafeli </i>(Matschie, 1924); <b><i>polyodon</i></b><i> </i>(Hodgson, 1847);<i> nepalensis </i>(Trumler, 1959).","Revised by Groves and Mazák (1967) and Groves (1986), who with Bennett (1980) separated <i>kiang</i> from <i>hemionus</i>; Schlawe (1986) regarded <i>kiang</i> as a subspecies of <i>hemionus</i>.","41","41-00028","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0028"
"14100029","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","kiang","kiang","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Moorcroft","1841","","Travels in the Himalayan Provinces","1","","312","","","","""Ladak"" (India, Kashmir).","","","","","41","41-00029","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0028-0029"
"14100030","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","kiang","holdereri","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00030","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0028-0030"
"14100031","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","kiang","polyodon","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hodgson","1847","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00031","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0028-0031"
"14100032","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","quagga","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Boddaert","1785","","Elench. Anim.","","","160","","","Quagga","""Caffrorum regione""; locality of paralectotype now identified as South Africa, Northern Cape Prov., Colesburg Dist., Seekoei River (Grubb, 1999).","Formerly South Africa, south of the Orange-Vaal Rivers.","IUCN – Extinct.","<i>couagga</i> Desmarest, 1822; <i>danielli </i>Pocock, 1904;<i> greyi </i>Lydekker, 1902;<i> lorenzi </i>Lydekker, 1902;<i> qouagga </i>Lesson, 1827; <i>quaccha </i>Gray, 1827; <i>trouessarti </i>Camerano, 1908.","See comments under <i>burchellii</i>. Last specimen, a captive, died in 1872.","41","41-00032","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0032"
"14100033","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","zebra","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","74","","","Mountain Zebra","""Habitat in India, Africa"", since restricted to South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Ceres Dist., Perdekop.","S Angola, Namibia, South Africa (Eastern and Western Cape Provs.; formerly in W Northern Cape Prov.). Now much reduced in numbers and, in South Africa, confined to a few nature reserves.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>E. z. zebra</i>, Appendix II as <i>E. z. hartmannae</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>E</i>. <i>z</i>. <i>zebra</i>, Threatened as <i>E. z. hartmannae</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>E. z. zebra </i>and <i>E. z. hartmannae</i>.","<i>campestris</i> (Gray, 1852); <i>frederici </i>Trouessart, 1826; <i>indica </i>Trouessart, 1898;<i> montanus</i> Burchell, 1822; <b><i>hartmannae </i></b>Matschie, 1898;<i> matschiei </i>(Zukowsky, 1924);<i> penricei </i>Thomas, 1900.","Reviewed by Penzhorn (1988, Mammalian Species, 314).","41","41-00033","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0033"
"14100034","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","zebra","zebra","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","74","","","","""Habitat in India, Africa"", since restricted to South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Ceres Dist., Perdekop.","","","","","41","41-00034","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0033-0034"
"14100035","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Equidae","","","Equus","","zebra","hartmannae","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Matschie","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00035","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0033-0035"
"14100036","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Tapiridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","306","","","","","","","Elasmognathinae Gray, 1867.","","41","41-00036","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0036"
"14100037","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Tapiridae","","","Tapirus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Brisson","1762","","Regnum Animale, 2nd ed.","","","12, 81","","<i>Hippopotamus terrestris</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Acrocodia</i> Goldman, 1913; <i>Chinchecus </i>Trouessart, 1898; <i>Cinchacus </i>Gray, 1873;<i> Elasmognathus </i>Gill, 1865; <i>Hydrochoerus </i>Gray, 1821 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> Pinchacus </i>Hershkovitz, 1954; <i>Rhinochoerus </i>Wagler, 1830;<i> Syspotamus </i>Billburg, 1827;<i> Tapir </i>Blumenbach, 1779; <i>Tapyra </i>Liais, 1872;<i> Tapirella </i>Palmer, 1903; <i>Tapirussa </i>Frisch, 1775 [unavailable].","The genus is available from Brisson, 1762 (Opinion 1894, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1998). Nominate <i>T. terrestris </i>group also includes <i>T. pinchaque</i>; analysis of mtDNA indicates that <i>T. terrestris </i>and<i> T. pinchaque </i>are sister species (Ashley et al., 1996); <i>T. bairdii </i>or <i>Tapirella </i>group is monotypic; <i>T. indicus </i>or <i>Acrocodia </i>group is monotypic among living forms; <i>Acrocodia</i> separated as a genus by Eisenberg et al. (1987).","41","41-00037","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037"
"14100038","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Tapiridae","","","Tapirus","","bairdii","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Gill","1865","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","17","","183","","","Baird's Tapir","""Isthmus of Panama"", restricted to Panama, Canal Zone by Hershkovitz (1954).","East from Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, through all other Central American states to Colombia west of the Rio Cauca and Ecuador west of the Andes to the Gulf of Guayaquil.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>bairdi</i> (Gray, 1868); <i>dowi </i>Alston, 1880; <i>dowii </i>Gill, 1870.","Revised by Hershkovitz (1954).","41","41-00038","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037-0000-0038"
"14100039","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Tapiridae","","","Tapirus","","indicus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Desmarest","1819","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","32","","458","","","Malayan Tapir","""la presqu'ile de Malacca"", i.e. Malaysia, Malay Peninsula.","Burma and Thailand south of 18°N, south through peninsular Malaya and Sumatra; listed as occurring in S Cambodia and possibly S Vietnam (Brooks et al., 1997); reliably recorded from Hongquan district, eastern Cochin China, Vietnam, in 1944 (Harper, 1945); authentic record from Laos in 1902 (Duckworth et al., 1999).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>bicolor</i> Wagner, 1835;<i> malayanus </i>Raffles, 1821;<i> me </i>(Gray, 1869) [<i>nomen dubium</i>]; <i>sumatrensis </i>(Gray, 1821) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>sumatranus </i>Gray, 1843; <b><i>brevetianus </i></b>Kuiper, 1926.","The all-black form <i>brevetianus </i>known by two specimens from Palembang, S Sumatra is provisionally treated as a subspecies (Kuiper, 1926).","41","41-00039","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037-0000-0039"
"14100040","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Tapiridae","","","Tapirus","","indicus","indicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Desmarest","1819","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","32","","458","","","","""la presqu'ile de Malacca"", i.e. Malaysia, Malay Peninsula.","","","","","41","41-00040","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037-0000-0039-0040"
"14100041","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Tapiridae","","","Tapirus","","indicus","brevetianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Kuiper","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","The all-black form <i>brevetianus </i>known by two specimens from Palembang, S Sumatra is provisionally treated as a subspecies (Kuiper, 1926).","41","41-00041","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037-0000-0039-0041"
"14100042","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Tapiridae","","","Tapirus","","pinchaque","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Roulin","1829","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.","18","","46","","","Mountain Tapir","""une journée de cette ville [Bogota], dans le <i>Paramo</i> de <i>Suma-Paz</i>,"" i.e., Colombia, Cundinamarca, Páramo de Sumapaz.","Andes of Colombia and Ecuador; perhaps W Venezuela and N Peru.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUNC – Endangered.","<i>andicola</i> Gloger, 1842;<i> leucogenys </i>Gray, 1872;<i> pinchacus </i>de Blainville, 1846; <i>roulini </i>de Blainville, 1846; <i>roulinii </i>Fischer, 1830;<i> villosus </i>(Wagler, 1830).","Revised by Hershkovitz (1954).","41","41-00042","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037-0000-0042"
"14100043","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Tapiridae","","","Tapirus","","terrestris","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","74","","","South American Tapir","""Habitat in Brasilia"", i.e., Brazil, Pernambuco.","East of the western cordillera of the Andes in N Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, E Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, and Venezuela.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>americanus</i> (Gmelin, 1788); <i>anta </i>(Zimmermann, 1780);<i> brasiliensis </i>Liais, 1872;<i> guianae </i>J. A. Allen, 1916; <i>laurillardi </i>Gray, 1868; <i>maypuri</i> (Roulin, 1829); <i>mexianae </i>Hagmann, 1908; <i>rufus</i> G. Fischer [von Waldheim], 1814; <i>sabatyra </i>(Liais, 1872);<i> suillus </i>(Blumenbach, 1779); <i>tapir </i>(Erxleben, 1777); <i>tapirus</i> Merriam, 1895; <b><i>aenigmaticus </i></b>Gray, 1872;<i> ecuadorensis </i>Gray, 1872;<i> peruvianus </i>Gray, 1872;<b><i> colombianus </i></b>Hershkovitz, 1954;<b><i> spegazzinii </i></b>Amhegino, 1916;<i> anulipes </i>Hermann, 1924; <i>obscura </i>Dennler, 1939.","Revised by Hershkovitz (1954), who provisionally recognized only nominate <i>terrestris </i>and <i>colombianus</i> as subspecies but indicated that <i>tapir</i> was probably a valid Guiana subspecies, and by Cabrera (1961), whose classification is followed here. Reviewed by Padilla and Dowler (1994, Mammalian Species, 481).","41","41-00043","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037-0000-0043"
"14100044","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Tapiridae","","","Tapirus","","terrestris","terrestris","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","74","","","","""Habitat in Brasilia"", i.e., Brazil, Pernambuco.","","","","","41","41-00044","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037-0000-0043-0044"
"14100045","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Tapiridae","","","Tapirus","","terrestris","aenigmaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Gray","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00045","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037-0000-0043-0045"
"14100046","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Tapiridae","","","Tapirus","","terrestris","colombianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Hershkovitz","1954","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00046","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037-0000-0043-0046"
"14100047","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Tapiridae","","","Tapirus","","terrestris","spegazzinii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Amhegino","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00047","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0036-0000-0000-0037-0000-0043-0047"
"14100048","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","yes","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","306","","","","","","","Ceratorhinae Osborn, 1896; Dicerorhinae Ringström, 1924; Dicerinae Ringström, 1924.","Living species all allocated to nominate subfamily.<b> </b>Taxonomy and nomenclature revised by Rookmaaker (1983). The holotype of <i>Zygomaturus diahotensis </i>(Guerin et al., 1981), described as a zygomaturine diprotodontid from New Caledonia, seems to be a rhinoceros tooth, perhaps <i>Rhinoceros sondaicus </i>or <i>Dicerorhinus sumatrensis</i>; see Rich et al. (1987), Guerin and Faure (1987)<i>.</i>","41","41-00048","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048"
"14100049","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Ceratotherium","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Gray","1867","1868","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1867","","1027","","<i>Rhinoceros simus</i> Burchell, 1817.","","","","","","","41","41-00049","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0049"
"14100050","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Ceratotherium","","simum","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Burchell","1817","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","","","97","","","White Rhinoceros","""L'interior de l'Afrique Méridionale vers le vingt-sixième degré de latitude""; since identified as South Africa, North West Prov., Chue Spring (= Heuningvlei), about 26°15'S, 23°10'E. See Grubb (1999).","Formerly north of Equator in S Chad, Central African Republic, S Sudan, NE Dem. Rep. Congo, and Uganda. Southern Africa in SE Angola, Botswana, NE Namibia, S Mozambique, South Africa (north of Orange-Vaal Rivers and in KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland, Zimbabwe, and possibly also SW Zambia. Now much restricted in distribution; in south of range, extinct except in E KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), but reintroduced into other parts of South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo Prov., Mpumalanga, Free State), Namibia, Swaziland, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Botswana; introduced into Zambia and Kenya. In north of range, now confined to NE Dem. Rep. Congo.","CITES – Appendix II as <i>C. s. simum</i>; otherwise Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>C</i>. <i>s</i>. <i>cottoni</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>C</i>. <i>s</i>. <i>cottoni</i>, Near Threatened as <i>C. s. simum</i>.","<i>burchellii</i> (Lesson, 1827);<i> camperis </i>(Gray, 1827); <i>camptoceros</i> (Brandt, 1878); <i>camus </i>(Gray, 1827);<i> kiaboaba </i>(Murray, 1866);<i> kulumane </i>(Player, 1972); <i>oswelli </i>(Elliot, 1847); <i>prostheceros </i>(Brandt, 1878); <b><i>cottoni</i></b><i> </i>Lydekker, 1908.","Reviewed by Groves (1972<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species, 8). Revised by Groves (1975<i>b</i>).","41","41-00050","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0049-0000-0050"
"14100051","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Ceratotherium","","simum","simum","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Burchell","1817","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","","","97","","","","""L'interior de l'Afrique Méridionale vers le vingt-sixième degré de latitude""; since identified as South Africa, North West Prov., Chue Spring (= Heuningvlei), about 26°15'S, 23°10'E. See Grubb (1999).","","","","","41","41-00051","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0049-0000-0050-0051"
"14100052","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Ceratotherium","","simum","cottoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lydekker","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00052","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0049-0000-0050-0052"
"14100053","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Dicerorhinus","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Gloger","1841","","Gemein Hand.-Hilfsbuch. Nat.","","","125","","<i>Rhinoceros sumatrensis</i> Fischer, 1814.","","","","","<i>Ceratorhinus</i> Gray, 1867; <i>Didermocerus</i> Brookes, 1828 [suppressed].","<i>Didermocerus</i> Brookes, 1828, has been rejected, and <i>Dicerorhinus</i> validated (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1977<i>b</i>).","41","41-00053","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0053"
"14100054","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Dicerorhinus","","sumatrensis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","G. Fischer [von Waldheim]","1814","","Zoognosia","3","","301","","","Sumatran Rhinoceros","""Sumatra"", now known to be Indonesia, Sumatra, Bencoolen (= Bintuhan) Dist., Fort Marlborough (Groves, 1967c).","Formerly Bangladesh (Chittagong Hills), Borneo, Burma, India (Assam), Laos, Malaysia (peninsular Malaya), Mergui Isl, Sumatra, Thailand, and Vietnam; probably also S China, and Cambodia. Survives in Tenasserim Range (Thailand-Burma), Petchabun Range (Thailand), and other scattered localities in Burma, peninsular Malaya, Sumatra, and Borneo.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Extinct as <i>D. s. lasiotis</i>,<i> </i>Critically Endangered as <i>D. s. harrisoni</i> and<i> D. s. sumatrensis</i>.","<i>blythii</i> (Gray, 1873) [unavailable]; <i>crossii </i>(Gray, 1854); <i>malayanus</i> (Newman, 1874) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>niger</i> (Gray, 1873); <i>sumatranus </i>(Raffles, 1822); <b><i>harrissoni</i></b><i> </i>Groves, 1965; <i>borniensis </i>Hose and McDougall, 1912 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>lasiotis</i></b><i> </i>(Buckland, 1872).","Reviewed by Groves and Kurt (1972, Mammalian Species, 21). Revised by Groves (1967<i>c</i>).","41","41-00054","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0053-0000-0054"
"14100055","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Dicerorhinus","","sumatrensis","sumatrensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","G. Fischer [von Waldheim]","1814","","Zoognosia","3","","301","","","","""Sumatra"", now known to be Indonesia, Sumatra, Bencoolen (= Bintuhan) Dist., Fort Marlborough (Groves, 1967c).","","","","","41","41-00055","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0053-0000-0054-0055"
"14100056","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Dicerorhinus","","sumatrensis","harrissoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Groves","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00056","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0053-0000-0054-0056"
"14100057","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Dicerorhinus","","sumatrensis","lasiotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Buckland","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00057","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0053-0000-0054-0057"
"14100058","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Diceros","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","306","","<i>Rhinoceros bicornis</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Colobognathus</i> Brandt, 1878; <i>Keitloa </i>Gray, 1868; <i>Opsiceros </i>Gloger, 1841; <i>Rhinaster </i>Gray, 1862.","","41","41-00058","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0058"
"14100059","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Diceros","","bicornis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","56","","","Black Rhinoceros","""Habitat in India"", now identified as South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope.","Formerly in S Angola, Botswana, Burundi, N Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Dem. Rep. Congo, S Chad, N Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, SE Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe; possibly more widespread in Niger, extending to Benin and Côte d’Ivoire, within historic times (Blancou, 1960; Sayer and Green, 1984). Very much reduced in numbers, particularly in recent decades of 20th century, and probably now extinct in many countries which it formerly occupied. Survives in reserves in Kenya, Tanzania, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), and possibly still in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Sudan, Rwanda, Malawi, Mozambique, Angola, and Botswana; widely reintroduced into parts of South Africa (Cumming et al., 1990).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>D. b. bicornis</i>, Critically Endangered as <i>D. bicornis </i>and subspecifically as <i>D. b. longipes</i>, <i>D. b. michaeli</i>, and <i>D. b. minor</i>.","<i>africanus</i> (Blumenbach, 1797);<i> camperi </i>(Schinz, 1845); <i>capensis</i> (Gray, 1868) [unavailable];<i> capensis </i>(Trouessart, 1898); <i>gordoni </i>(Lesson, 1842);<i> keitloa </i>(A. Smith, 1836);<i> ketloa </i>(A. Smith, 1837);<i> niger </i>(Schinz, 1845);<i> platyceros </i>(Brandt, 1878);<i> plesioceros </i>(Brandt, 1878); <b><i>brucii </i></b>(Lesson, 1842); <i>atbarensis </i>Zukowsky, 1965;<i> palustris </i>Benzon, 1947; <i>porrhoceros </i>(Brandt, 1878);<i> somaliensis </i>(Potocki, 1897); <b><i>chobiensis </i></b>Zukowsky, 1965;<i> somaliensis </i>J. Allen, 1914 [preoccupied];<i> <b>longipes </b></i>Zukowsky, 1949;<i> <b>michaeli </b></i>Zukowsky, 1965;<i> rendilis </i>Zukowsky, 1965; <b><i>minor </i></b>(Drummond, 1876); <i>angolensis </i>Zukowsky, 1965;<i> holmwoodi </i>(Sclater, 1893); <i>ladoensis<b> </b></i>Zukowsky, 1965 [unavailable]; <i>ladoensis</i> Groves, 1967;<i> major </i>(Drummond, 1876);<i> nyasae</i> Zukowsky, 1965 [unavailable];<i> occidentalis </i>(Zukowsky, 1922);<i> punyana </i>Potter, 1947;<i> rowumae</i> Zukowsky, 1965 [unavailable].","Revised by Groves (1967<i>b</i>) and Prins (1990). Zukowsky's names are dated 1965 not 1964 (Rookmaaker, 1983). Reviewed by Hillman-Smith and Groves (1994, Mammalian Species, 455).<i> Rhinoceros kulumane </i>Player, 1972 is referable to <i>Ceratotherium</i>, not <i>Diceros </i>(Ansell, 1989). The type of <i>Rhinoceros cucullatus </i>Wagner, 1835 has been referred to this species but was regarded as an artefact by Zukowsky (1965).","41","41-00059","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0058-0000-0059"
"14100060","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Diceros","","bicornis","bicornis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","56","","","","""Habitat in India"", now identified as South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope.","","","","","41","41-00060","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0058-0000-0059-0060"
"14100061","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Diceros","","bicornis","brucii","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lesson","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00061","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0058-0000-0059-0061"
"14100062","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Diceros","","bicornis","chobiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Zukowsky","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00062","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0058-0000-0059-0062"
"14100063","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Diceros","","bicornis","longipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Zukowsky","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00063","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0058-0000-0059-0063"
"14100064","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Diceros","","bicornis","michaeli","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Zukowsky","1965","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00064","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0058-0000-0059-0064"
"14100065","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Diceros","","bicornis","minor","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Drummond","1876","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00065","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0058-0000-0059-0065"
"14100066","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Rhinoceros","","","","GENUS","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","56","","<i>Rhinoceros unicornis</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Eurhinoceros</i> Gray, 1867;<i> Monocerorhinus </i>Wüst, 1922; <i>Monoceros </i>Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Naricornis </i>Frisch, 1775 [unavailable]; <i>Unicornus </i>Rafinesque, 1815.","","41","41-00066","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0066"
"14100067","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Rhinoceros","","sondaicus","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encycl. Meth.","2","","399","","","Javan Rhinoceros","""Sumatra"" (Indonesia), later corrected to ""Java"" (Indonesia).","Formerly Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and probably S China through peninsular Malaya to Sumatra and Java. Survives in Ujung Kulon (W Java) and in Vietnam; perhaps in small areas of Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>camperii</i>  Jardine, 1836; <i>camperis</i> Gray, 1827; <i>floweri </i>Gray, 1868; <i>frontalis </i>Von Martens, 1876; <i>javanicus </i>Geoffroy and Cuvier, 1824; <i>javanus </i>G. Cuvier, 1829; <i>nasalis</i> Gray, 1868; <b><i>annamiticus</i></b><i> </i>Heude, 1892;<i> <b>inermis</b> </i>Lesson, 1838.","Revised by Groves (1967<i>c</i>). The type was said to have been obtained by Diard and Duvaucel who were thought to have collected together only on Sumatra, not Java (Sody, 1946) but Rookmaaker (1983) showed that Java is correctly the type locality.","41","41-00067","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0066-0000-0067"
"14100068","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Rhinoceros","","sondaicus","sondaicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encycl. Meth.","2","","399","","","","""Sumatra"" (Indonesia), later corrected to ""Java"" (Indonesia).","","","","","41","41-00068","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0066-0000-0067-0068"
"14100069","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Rhinoceros","","sondaicus","annamiticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Heude","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00069","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0066-0000-0067-0069"
"14100070","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Rhinoceros","","sondaicus","inermis","SUBSPECIES","False","","yes","Lesson","1838","","","","","","","","","","","","","","41","41-00070","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0066-0000-0067-0070"
"14100071","PERISSODACTYLA","","","","Rhinocerotidae","","","Rhinoceros","","unicornis","","SPECIES","False","","yes","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","56","","","Indian Rhinoceros","""Habitat in Africa, India"", now identified as India, Assam, Terai.","Within the present millennium, Indus Valley (Pakistan) east in N India to Assam and N Burma. Survives in India (Assam, West Bengal), Nepal, and possibly N Burma.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>asiaticus</i> Blumenbach, 1797; <i>bengalensis</i> Kourist, 1970 [unavailable];<i> indicus </i>G. Cuvier, 1816;<i> jamrachi </i>Jamrach, 1875; <i>stenocephalus </i>Gray, 1868.","Reviewed by Laurie et al. (1983, Mammalian Species, 211).","41","41-00071","41-0001-0000-0000-0000-0048-0000-0000-0066-0000-0071"
"14200001","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Owen","1848","","","","","Sequence of non-ruminant families follows Simpson (1945) and McKenna and Bell (1997); sequence of ruminant families based on Janis and Scott (1987).","","","","","","","","","42","42-00001","42-0001"
"14200002","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","306","","","","","","","Babyrousini<b> </b>Thenius, 1970; Babirussina Gray, 1868 [unavailable]; Eurodontina Gray, 1873 [unavailable]; Hylochoerini Mekayev, 2002; Phacochoerini Gray, 1868; Potamochoerini<b> </b>Gray, 1873.","McKenna and Bell (1997) assigned all extant suids to the subfamily Suinae. Babirussina Gray, 1868 is based on <i>Babirussa</i> Frisch, 1775 which is unavailable. Includes as Tribes Babyrousini (including <i>Babyrousa</i>), Phacochoerini (including <i>Phacochoerus</i>), Potamochoerini (including <i>Hylochoerus </i>and <i>Potamochoerus</i>), and Suini (including <i>Sus</i>).","42","42-00002","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002"
"14200003","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","306","","","","","","","","","42","42-00003","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003"
"14200004","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","306","","","","","","","","","42","42-00004","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004"
"14200005","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Babyrousini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Thenius","1970","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00005","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0005"
"14200006","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Phacochoerini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Gray","1868","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00006","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0006"
"14200007","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","","","","","TRIBE","False","","YES","Gray","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00007","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007"
"14200008","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Babyrousini","Babyrousa","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Perry","1811","","Arcana, Mus. Nat. Hist.","","","(plate and 2 pages, unno.)","","<i>Babyrousa quadricornua</i> Perry, 1811 (= <i>Sus babyrussa</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Babiroussa</i> F. Cuvier, 1825; <i>Babiroussous </i>Thomas, 1895; <i>Babiroussus </i>Gray, 1821; <i>Babirusa </i>Lesson, 1842; <i>Babirussa </i>Frisch, 1775 [unavailable]; <i>Babirussa </i>Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Babyrussa </i>Burnett, 1830; <i>Choerelaphus </i>Gloger, 1841; <i>Elaphochoerus </i>Gistel, 1848; <i>Porcus </i>Wagler, 1830; <i>Sukotyrus </i>Kerr, 1792 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>]; <i>Suckoteirus </i>Gray, 1843.","Revised by Groves (1980<i>b</i>).","42","42-00008","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0005-0008"
"14200009","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Babyrousini","Babyrousa","","babyrussa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","50","","","Buru Babirusa","""Habitat in Borneo Indiae orientalis""; identified as ""Island of Boero"" by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>) (Indonesia, Buru Isl).","Indonesia, Buru (N Molucca Isls) and Sula Isls.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>alfurus</i> (Lesson, 1827);<i> babirousa </i>(Jardine, 1836); <i>babirusa </i>Guillemard, 1889; <i>babirussa </i>(Quoy and Gaimard, 1830); <i>frosti </i>(Thomas, 1920);<i> indicus </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>orientalis </i>(Brisson, 1762) [unavailable]; <i>quadricornua </i>Perry, 1811.","Former subspecies raised to species rank<i> </i>(Groves, 2001<i>a</i>, Meijaard and Groves, 2002). Probably introduced to Buru and the Sulu Isls; original distribution unknown (Groves, 1980<i>b</i>).","42","42-00009","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0005-0008-0000-0009"
"14200010","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Babyrousini","Babyrousa","","bolabatuensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hoojer","1950","","Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch Amsterdam (Afd. Natuurk.)","46","2","121","","","Bola Batu Babirusa","Indonesia, ""Bola Batoe cave, near Badjo (Barebo district), ca. 20 km S.W. of Watampone in Central Bone, S. Celebes [Sulawesi]"".","Known by jaws and teeth of Holocene age from the type locality and one Recent skull from Gunung Malema, Moa, near Kulawi in C Sulawesi.","","","","42","42-00010","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0005-0008-0000-0010"
"14200011","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Babyrousini","Babyrousa","","celebensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Deninger","1909","","Ber. Naturf. Ges. Freiburg","18","","7","","","North Sulawesi Babirusa","Indonesia, ""Lembeh b. Celebes"" (N Sulawesi, Lembeh Isl).","Northern peninsula of Sulawesi, at least as far west as Bumbulan and including Lembeh Isl.","","<i>merkusi</i> De Beaufort, 1964 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","","42","42-00011","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0005-0008-0000-0011"
"14200012","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Babyrousini","Babyrousa","","togeanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1949","","Treubia","20","","187","","","Malenge Babirusa","""Malengi island, Togean group, Res. Manado, N. Celebes"" (Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Togean Isls, Malenge Isl).","Known only from Malenge Isl.","","","","42","42-00012","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0005-0008-0000-0012"
"14200013","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","Hylochoerus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Nature","70","","577","","<i>Hylochoerus meinertzhageni</i> Thomas, 1904.","","","","","","","42","42-00013","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007-0013"
"14200014","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","Hylochoerus","","meinertzhageni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Nature","70","","577","","","Giant Forest Hog","Kenya, ""Nandi Forest, near the Victoria Nyanza, at an altitude of 7000 feet""; Nandi Forest, near Kaimosi [2134 m] (Allen and Lawrence, 1936).","W Africa in Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire, and Ghana; not confirmed from Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone, and Togo (Grubb et al., 1998). C Africa in W and SE Cameroon, Central African Republic, N and E Dem. Rep. Congo, SW Ethiopia, N Gabon, Kenya, E Nigeria, N Republic of Congo, Rwanda, S Sudan, and Uganda; not reliably recorded from Tanzania (Grimshaw, 1998; Kock and Howell, 2000).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>H. m. ivoriensis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gigliolii</i> Balducci, 1909;<i> <b>rimator</b> </i>Thomas, 1906; <i>ituriensis </i>Matschie, 1906; <b><i>ivoriensis</i></b><i> </i>Bouet and Neuville, 1930.","See Thomas (1904<i>a</i>) for designation of the type specimen. <i>Hylochoerus schulzi </i>Zukowsky, 1921 is a synonym of<i> Potamochoerus larvatus hassama </i>(Grimshaw, 1998; Kock and Howell, 2000). Synonymy otherwise follows Grubb (1993).","42","42-00014","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007-0013-0000-0014"
"14200015","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","Hylochoerus","","meinertzhageni","meinertzhageni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","Nature","70","","577","","","","Kenya, ""Nandi Forest, near the Victoria Nyanza, at an altitude of 7000 feet""; Nandi Forest, near Kaimosi [2134 m] (Allen and Lawrence, 1936).","","","","","42","42-00015","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007-0013-0000-0014-0015"
"14200016","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","Hylochoerus","","meinertzhageni","rimator","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00016","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007-0013-0000-0014-0016"
"14200017","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","Hylochoerus","","meinertzhageni","ivoriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bouet and Neuville","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00017","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007-0013-0000-0014-0017"
"14200018","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Phacochoerini","Phacochoerus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1826","","Dict. Sci. Nat.","39","","383","","<i>Aper aethiopicus</i> Pallas, 1766.","","","","","<i>Aper</i>  Pallas, 1766 [suppressed];<i> Dinochoerus</i> Gloger, 1841 [suppressed];<i> Eureodon</i> G. Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 [suppressed];<i> Macrocephalus</i> Frisch, 1775 (unavailable);<i> Macrocephalus</i> Palmer, 1904 [suppressed]; <i>Phacellochaerus </i>Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832; <i>Phacellochoerus </i>Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832; <i>Phacochaeres </i>Gray, 1821 [suppressed]; <i>Phacocherus </i>Fleming, 1822 [suppressed]; <i>Phacochoerus </i>G. Cuvier, 1816 (unavailable); <i>Phascochaeres </i>Cretzschmar, 1828 [suppressed];<b> </b><i>Phascochaerus </i>Desmarest, 1822 [suppressed]; <i>Phascochoeres </i>Ranzani, 1821 [suppressed]; <i>Phascochoerus </i>Ranzani, 1821 [suppressed].","Senior synonyms of <i>Phacochoerus </i>F. Cuvier, 1826 and most junior synonyms have been supressed by Opinion 466 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1957<i>g</i>), which, together with Morrison-Scott (1955) should be consulted for dates and authors cited here. Parapatric distribution of species of <i>Phacochoerus </i>in the Horn of Africa reviewed by d'Huart and Grubb (2001); genetic divergence in these species described by Randi et al. (2002).","42","42-00018","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0006-0018"
"14200019","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Phacochoerini","Phacochoerus","","aethiopicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","16","","","Desert Warthog","""Promontoria Bona Spei advectus""; between Kaffraria and Great Namaqualand (South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov.), two hundred leagues from the Cape of Good Hope according to Vosmaer (1766).","Formerly in Cape Provinces, South Africa (extinct since ca. 1870 - 1890); NE Africa in E Ethiopia, N Kenya, and Somalia (Grubb, 1993; d'Huart and Grubb, 2001).","IUCN – Extinct as <i>P. a. aethiopicus</i>, Vulnerable as <i>P. a. delamerei</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>angalla</i> (Boddaert, 1785);<b> </b><i>edentatus</i> I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828; <i>pallasii</i> Van der Hoeven, 1839;<i> typicus </i>(A. Smith, 1834); <b><i>delamerei</i></b><i> </i>Lönnberg, 1909.","For distinctions from <i>P. africanus</i>, see Ewer (1957)<b> </b>and Grubb (1993).","42","42-00019","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0006-0018-0000-0019"
"14200020","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Phacochoerini","Phacochoerus","","aethiopicus","aethiopicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","16","","","","""Promontoria Bona Spei advectus""; between Kaffraria and Great Namaqualand (South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov.), two hundred leagues from the Cape of Good Hope according to Vosmaer (1766).","","","","","42","42-00020","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0006-0018-0000-0019-0020"
"14200021","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Phacochoerini","Phacochoerus","","aethiopicus","delamerei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00021","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0006-0018-0000-0019-0021"
"14200022","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Phacochoerini","Phacochoerus","","africanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","220","","","Common Wart-hog","""Habitat in Africa a capite viridi ad caput bonae spei""; restricted to Senegal, ""Cape Verd [Verde]"" (Lydekker, 1915:373).","Outside rainforest zone of Africa in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nambia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, N Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Endangered as<i> P. a. aeliani</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc)<i>.</i>","<i>barbatus</i> Gloger, 1841; <i>incisivus </i>I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828;<i> <b>aeliani</b> </i>(Cretzschmar, 1828);<i> barkeri </i>W. Rothschild, 1920;<i> haroia </i>(Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832); <i>sclateri </i>Gray, 1870;<i> <b>massaicus</b> </i>Lönnberg, 1908;<i> bufo </i>Heller, 1914;<i> centralis </i>Lönnberg, 1917;<i> fossor </i>Schwarz, 1913; <b><i>sundevallii</i></b><i> </i>Lönnberg, 1908; <i>shortridgei</i> St Leger, 1932.","Specifically distinct from <i>P. aethiopicus </i>(Cooke and Wilkinson, 1978; Ewer, 1957; Grubb, 1993). Synonymy tentative, based on Grubb (1993).","42","42-00022","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0006-0018-0000-0022"
"14200023","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Phacochoerini","Phacochoerus","","africanus","africanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 13th ed.","1","","220","","","","""Habitat in Africa a capite viridi ad caput bonae spei""; restricted to Senegal, ""Cape Verd [Verde]"" (Lydekker, 1915:373).","","","","","42","42-00023","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0006-0018-0000-0022-0023"
"14200024","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Phacochoerini","Phacochoerus","","africanus","aeliani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1828","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00024","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0006-0018-0000-0022-0024"
"14200025","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Phacochoerini","Phacochoerus","","africanus","massaicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00025","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0006-0018-0000-0022-0025"
"14200026","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Phacochoerini","Phacochoerus","","africanus","sundevallii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00026","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0006-0018-0000-0022-0026"
"14200027","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","Potamochoerus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1852","1854","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1852","","129","","<i>Choiropotamus pictus</i> Gray, 1852 (= <i>Sus porcus</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Choiropotamus</i> Gray, 1843 (<i>nomen oblitum</i>);<i> Koiropotamus</i> Gray, 1843 (<i>nomen nudum</i>);<i> Nyctochoerus</i> Heuglin, 1863.","Revised by de Beaux (1924).","42","42-00027","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007-0027"
"14200028","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","Potamochoerus","","larvatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1822","","Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","8","","447","","","Bush-pig","""Madagascar"" (no precise locality) here selected.","Angola, N Botswana, Burundi, N Eritrea, Ethiopia, E and S Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, S Somalia, NE and S South Africa, S Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe; Madagascar and Comoro Isls (introduced?).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>edwardsi</i> </b>A. Grandidier, 1867;<i> hova </i>Lönnberg, 1910;<i> madagascariensis </i>(A. Grandidier, 1867); <b><i>hassama</i></b><i> </i>(Heuglin, 1863);<i> arrhenii </i>Lönnberg, 1917;<i> daemonis </i>Forsyth Major, 1897;<i> intermedius </i>Lönnberg, 1910;<i> keniae </i>Lönnberg, 1912; <i>schulzi </i>(Zukowsky, 1921);<i> <b>koiropotamus</b></i><b> </b>(Desmoulins, 1831);<i> africanus </i>(von Schreber, 1791) [preoccupied];<i> capensis </i>(Gray, 1847) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>choeropotamus </i>Forsyth Major, 1897;<i> <b>nyasae</b></i> Forsyth Major, 1897;<i> congicus </i>Lönnberg, 1910;<i> cottoni</i> Pinfold, 1928;<i> johnstoni</i> Forsyth Major, 1897;<i> maschona</i> Lönnberg, 1910;<i> <b>somaliensis</b> </i>De Beaux, 1924.","Specifically distinct from <i>P. porcus</i> (de Beaux 1924; Grubb 1993). Syntypes from ""Madagascar"" and ""Sitsikamma"" (South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Humansdorp dist., Tsitsikamma); lectotype here designated as the skull from Madagascar illustrated in the original description. Synonymy modified from Grubb (1993). Evidence of domestication of species of <i>Potamochoerus </i>and transportation of <i>P. porcus </i>to Brazil (Simoons, 1953) suggest that <i>P. larvatus </i>could have been transported to Madagascar by humans.","42","42-00028","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007-0027-0000-0028"
"14200029","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","Potamochoerus","","larvatus","larvatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1822","","Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","8","","447","","","","""Madagascar"" (no precise locality) here selected.","","","","","42","42-00029","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007-0027-0000-0028-0029"
"14200030","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","Potamochoerus","","larvatus","edwardsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Grandidier","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00030","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007-0027-0000-0028-0030"
"14200031","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","Potamochoerus","","larvatus","hassama","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00031","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007-0027-0000-0028-0031"
"14200032","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","Potamochoerus","","larvatus","koiropotamus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmoulins","1831","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00032","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007-0027-0000-0028-0032"
"14200033","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","Potamochoerus","","larvatus","nyasae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Forsyth Major","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00033","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007-0027-0000-0028-0033"
"14200034","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","Potamochoerus","","larvatus","somaliensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","De Beaux","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00034","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007-0027-0000-0028-0034"
"14200035","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Potamochoerini","Potamochoerus","","porcus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","50","","","Red River Hog","""Habitat in Africa"" (West Africa); based on animals exported to Brazil (Simoons, 1953).","Rainforest zone of Africa from Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo; no reliable record from Gambia (Grubb et al., 1998) or Sudan (Grubb, 1993).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albifrons</i> Du Chaillu, 1860;<i> albinuchalis </i>Lönnberg, 1919;<i> guineensis </i>(Pallas, 1766); <i>mawambicus </i>Lorenz, 1923; <i>penicillatus </i>(Schinz, 1848); <i>pictus </i>(Gray, 1852);<i> ubangensis</i> Lönnberg, 1910.","A monotypic species (Grubb, 1993).","42","42-00035","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0007-0027-0000-0035"
"14200036","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","49","","<i>Sus scrofa</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Annamisus</i>  Heude, 1892 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> Aulacochoerus </i>Gray, 1873;<i> Capriscus </i>Gloger, 1841;<b> </b><i>Caprisculus </i>Strand, 1928; <i>Centuriosus </i>Gray, 1862;<i> Dasychoerus </i>Gray, 1873;<i> Euhys </i>Gray, 1869; <i>Eusus </i>Gray, 1868; <i>Gyrosus </i>Gray, 1862; <i>Indisus </i>Heude, 1899;<i> Microsus </i>Heude, 1899;<i> Nesosus </i>Heude, 1892;<i> Porcula </i>Hodgson, 1847;<i> Porculia </i>Jerdon, 1874; <i>Porcus </i>S.D.W., 1836; <i>Ptychochoerus </i>Fitzinger, 1864; <i>Rhinosus </i>Heude, 1894; <i>Scrofa </i>Gray, 1868;<i> Sinisus </i>Heude, 1892;<b> </b><i>Taenisus </i>Heude, 1899; <i>Verrusus </i>Heude, 1894; <i>Vittatus </i>Heude, 1899 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Revised by Groves (1981<i>a</i>). Can be partitioned into <i>S. barbatus </i>or <i>Euhys </i>group (possibly parapatric; including also<i> S. bucculentus, S. cebifrons, S. celebensis, S. philippensis, </i>and<i> S. verrucosus</i>), and <i>S. scrofa </i>or nominate<i> Sus </i>group (including also<i> S. salvanius</i>).","42","42-00036","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036"
"14200037","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","ahoenobarbus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Huet","1888","","Naturaliste, ser. 2","2","","5","","","Palawan Pig","Philippines, ""Palauan"" (Palawan Isl).","Philippines (Palawan Isl, Balabac Isl, and Calamian Isls).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>S. barbatus ahoenobarbis</i>.","<i>balabacensis</i> Forsyth Major, 1897;<i> calamianensis </i>Heude, 1892; <i>palavensis </i>Nehring, 1889.","A separate species from <i>S. barbatus</i> according to Groves (2001<i>b</i>).","42","42-00037","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0037"
"14200038","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","barbatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","149","","","Bearded Pig","Indonesia, ""Borneo"", Kalimantan; ""Bornéo, [near] Banjermassing [Banjarmasin]"" (Jentink, 1892:192); ""the neighborhood of the village Poeloe-Lampej [Pululampei], not off [i.e. not far from?] the bank of the Moloekko-river [Molukko River], South-eastern Borneo"" (Jentink, 1905:161).","Brunei, Indonesia (Banka Isl, Kalimantan, Rhio Arch., Sumatra), Malaysia (Malay Peninsula, Sarawak).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>S. b. oi</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gargantua</i> Miller, 1906;<i> longirostris</i> Nehring, 1885; <b><i>oi</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1902; <i>branti </i>Kloss, 1921 [unavailable]; <i>edmondi, </i>1902;<i> sumatranus </i>Kelm, 1939.","","42","42-00038","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0038"
"14200039","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","barbatus","barbatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1838","","Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.","5","","149","","","","Indonesia, ""Borneo"", Kalimantan; ""Bornéo, [near] Banjermassing [Banjarmasin]"" (Jentink, 1892:192); ""the neighborhood of the village Poeloe-Lampej [Pululampei], not off [i.e. not far from?] the bank of the Moloekko-river [Molukko River], South-eastern Borneo"" (Jentink, 1905:161).","","","","","42","42-00039","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0038-0039"
"14200040","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","barbatus","oi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00040","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0038-0040"
"14200041","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","bucculentus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1892","","Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin.","2","","pl. 20b, fig. 7","","","Heude's Pig","Viet Nam, Cochin China, ""sur les bords du Donnaï"" (= Dong Nai River); the type is labelled ""Bienhoa"" (Viet Nam).","Vietnam, Laos.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","The species is more extensively described by Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin., 2:219, pl. 40 [1894]. Known from the lectotype and paralectotype skulls, now in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing, and a third skull recently obtained from the Annamite Range, Laos (Braun et al., 2001; Groves and Schaller, 2000; Groves et al., 1997).","42","42-00041","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0041"
"14200042","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","cebifrons","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1888","","Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin.","2","","pl. 17, fig. 5","","","Visayan Warty Pig","Philippines, ""l'ile de Cebu"".","Philippines (Cebu, Negros, Panay and probably Masbate Isls).","IUCN – Extinct as <i>S. c. cebifrons</i>, otherwise Critically Endangered.","<b><i>negrinus</i> </b><b> </b>Sanborn, 1952.","The species is more extensively described by Heude,<i> </i>Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin., 2,pl. 28 [1892], 2:218 [1894]. Specifically distinct from <i>S. barbatus</i> and <i>S. philippensis</i> (Groves and Grubb, 1993; Sanborn, 1952<i>a</i>). Revised by Groves (1997<i>a</i>).","42","42-00042","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0042"
"14200043","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","cebifrons","cebifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1888","","Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin.","2","","pl. 17, fig. 5","","","","Philippines, ""l'ile de Cebu"".","","","","","42","42-00043","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0042-0043"
"14200044","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","cebifrons","negrinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sanborn","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00044","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0042-0044"
"14200045","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","celebensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller and Schlegel","1843","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool.","","","pp. 172, 177 [1845]; pl. 28 bis [1843]","","","Celebes Warty Pig","Indonesia, ""Celebes""; the type is from ""Célèbes, Ménado"" (Sulawesi, Manado) according to Jentink (1892:193).","Indonesia (Sulawesi and neighboring small islands; feral on Halmahera and Simaleue Isls; possibly feral on Flores Isl as <i>floresianus </i>(= <i>heureni</i>) and on Timor Isl as<i> timoriensis</i>).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>amboinensis</i> Forsyth Major, 1897;<i> macassaricus </i>(Heude, 1898);<i> maritanus </i>Raven, 1935 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>maritimus </i>(Heude, 1898);<i> mimus </i>Miller, 1906;<i> nehringii </i>Jentink, 1905;<i> niadensis </i>Miller, 1906 [<i>nomen dubium</i>];<i> weberi </i>Jentink, 1905; <b><i>floresianus</i> </b>(Heude, 1899); <i>heureni</i> Hardjasasmita, 1987; <i>heurni </i>Corbet and Hill, 1992; <b><i>timoriensis</i> </b>Müller, 1840.","comments: Although this species is sometimes cited from ""Müller, 1840. <i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel., p. 42"", it is not found on that page. A species distinct from <i>S. verrucosus</i> (Groves, 1981<i>a</i>). <i>Sus timoriensis</i> is a feral population of <i>S. celebensis</i> according to Groves (1981<i>a</i>), but a valid species according to Hardjasasmita (1987) and a synonym of <i>S. scrofa </i>according to Corbet and Hill (1992).<i> </i>Groves (1981<i>a</i>) regarded warty pigs from Flores as a feral population of <i>S. celebensis</i> but Hardjasasmita (1987) assigned them to a separate species, <i>Sus heureni</i> which was included with a query in the synonymy of <i>S. celebensis </i>by Corbet and Hill (1992). A prior name for <i>S. heureni</i> is <i>Microsus floresianus</i> Heude, 1899. Both <i>floresianus</i> and <i>timoriensis</i> are provisionally ranked here as subspecies.","42","42-00045","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0045"
"14200046","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","celebensis","celebensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller and Schlegel","1843","","<i>In</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool.","","","pp. 172, 177 [1845]; pl. 28 bis [1843]","","","","Indonesia, ""Celebes""; the type is from ""Célèbes, Ménado"" (Sulawesi, Manado) according to Jentink (1892:193).","","","","","42","42-00046","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0045-0046"
"14200047","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","celebensis","floresianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00047","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0045-0047"
"14200048","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","celebensis","timoriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1840","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00048","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0045-0048"
"14200049","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","oliveri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Groves","1997","","Zool. J. Linn. Soc.","170","","186","","","Oliver's Warty Pig","""Mayapang, Rizal, Mindoro Occidental, Philippines"".","Philippines, Mindoro.","","","A separate species from <i>S. philippensis </i>according to Groves (2001<i>b</i>), known from four skulls and a head skin.","42","42-00049","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0049"
"14200050","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","philippensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nehring","1886","","Sber. Ges. Naturf. Fr., Berlin","1886","","83","","","Philippine Warty Pig","Philippines, Luzon Isl.","Philippines (Luzon, Mainit, Mindanao, Jolo, Catanduanis and Samar Isls and probably Balabac and Leyte Isls).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>arietinus</i> Heude, 1892;<i> conchyvorus </i>Heude, 1888; <i>crassidens </i>Heude, 1892;<i> effrenus </i>Heude, 1888;<i> frenatus </i>Heude, 1888; <i>jalaensis </i>Heude, 1888;<i> joloensis </i>Groves, 1981; <i>mainitensis </i>Heude, 1892;<i> marchei </i>Huet, 1888;<i> megalodontus </i>Heude, 1892;<i> microtis </i>Heude, 1888;<i> minutus</i> Heude, 1888; <b><i>mindanensis </i></b>Forsyth Major, 1897;<i> inconstans </i>Heude 1892.","Regarded as a species distinct from <i>S. barbatus</i> (Groves and Grubb, 1993); revised by Groves (1997<i>a</i>); an undescribed subspecies or related species recorded from Tawitawi Isls, Sulu Archipelago (Karen Rose, pers. comm.).","42","42-00050","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0050"
"14200051","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","philippensis","philippensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nehring","1886","","Sber. Ges. Naturf. Fr., Berlin","1886","","83","","","","Philippines, Luzon Isl.","","","","","42","42-00051","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0050-0051"
"14200052","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","philippensis","mindanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Forsyth Major","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00052","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0050-0052"
"14200053","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","salvanius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1847","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","16","","423","","","Pygmy Hog","""Habitat, Saul forest"" but no locality given; N India, ""Sikhim Tarai [Sikkim Terai] … The moist forest-tract at the base of the eastern Himalaya"" (Lydekker, 1915:343).","Bhutan, S Nepal, N India (incl. Sikkim).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","","42","42-00053","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0053"
"14200054","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","49","","","Wild Boar","""Habitat in Europa australiore""; shown to be Germany, from where wild boar had been introduced to Sweden, Oeland (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>:140).","N Africa in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia; anciently introduced into Egypt and N Sudan where now absent. All states of mainland Europe east to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, W Russia (European Russia and Caucasus Mtns), and Ukraine; extinct in Ireland, Scandinavia, and United Kingdom but reintroduced into England, S Finland, and S Sweden; anciently introduced into Corsica and Sardinia. In Asia present in Burma, Cambodia, China (but absent from Tibetan Plateau, Singkiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, and Ordos Plateau), India, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java east to Bali and Sumbawa Isls), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan (including Riukiu Isls), W Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Laos, Malaysia (peninsular Malaya only), Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia (S Siberia and Soviet Far East), Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. Widespread as feral populations in South Africa, Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Isls), Australia, USA, West Indies, Central and South America and numerous oceanic islands, including Andaman Isls and Mauritius (Indian Ocean) and Hawaiian, Galapagos and Fiji Isls (Pacific Ocean). Feral and domestic populations of Molucca Isls, New Guinea and Solomon Isls thought to originate from hybrids between <i>scrofa</i> and <i>celebensis</i>.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>S. s. riukiuanus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anglicus</i> Reichenbach, 1846;<i> aper </i>Erxleben, 1777;<i> asiaticus</i> Sanson, 1878; <i>bavaricus </i>Reichenbach, 1846;<i> campanogallicus </i>Reichenbach, 1846;<i> capensis </i>Reichenbach, 1846;<i> castilianus </i>Thomas, 1911;<i> celticus </i>Sanson, 1878;<i> chinensis </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>crispus </i>Fitzinger, 1858; <i>deliciosus </i>Reichenbach, 1846;<i> domesticus</i> Erxleben, 1777;<i> europaeus </i>Pallas, 1811;<i> fasciatus </i>von Schreber, 1790;<i> ferox </i>Moore, 1870; <i>ferus </i>Gmelin, 1788; <i>gambianus </i>Gray, 1847 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>hispidus </i>von Schreber, 1790; <i>hungaricus </i>Reichenbach, 1846;<i> ibericus </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>italicus </i>Reichenbach, 1846;<i> juticus </i>Fitzinger, 1858; <i>lusitanicus </i>Reichenbach, 1846;<i> macrotis </i>Fitzinger, 1858; <i>monungulus </i>G. Fischer [von Waldheim], 1814; <i>moravicus </i>Reichenbach, 1846;<b> </b><i>nanus </i>Nehring, 1884; <i>palustris </i>Rütimeyer, 1862; <i>pliciceps </i>Gray, 1862; <i>polonicus </i>Reichenbach, 1846; <i>sardous </i>Reichenbach, 1846;<i> scropha </i>Gray, 1827; <i>sennaarensis</i> Fitzinger, 1858 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>sennaarensis </i>Gray, 1868; <i>sennaariensis </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>setosus </i>Boddaert, 1785;<i> siamensis </i>von Schreber, 1790;<i> sinensis </i>Erxleben, 1777; <i>suevicus </i>Reichenbach, 1846;<i> syrmiensis </i>Reichenbach, 1846;<i> turcicus </i>Reichenbach, 1846;<i> variegatus </i>Reichenbach, 1846;<i> vulgaris </i>(S. D. W., 1836); <i>wittei </i>Reichenbach, 1846; <b><i>algira </i></b>Loche, 1867;<i> barbarus </i>Sclater, 1860 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>sahariensis </i>Heim de Balzac, 1937; <b><i>attila </i></b>Thomas, 1912;<i> falzfeini </i>Matschie, 1918; <b><i>cristatus </i></b>Wagner, 1839; <i>affinis </i>Gray, 1847 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>aipomus </i>Gray, 1868; <i>aipomus </i>Hodgson, 1842 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>bengalensis </i>Blyth, 1860;<i> indicus </i>Gray, 1843 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>isonotus</i> Gray, 1868;<i> isonotus </i>Hodgson, 1842 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>jubatus </i>Miller, 1906;<i> typicus </i>Lydekker, 1900; <i>zeylonensis<b> </b></i>Blyth, 1851;<i> <b>davidi </b></i>Groves, 1981; <b><i>leucomystax </i></b>Temminck, 1842; <i>japonica </i>Nehring, 1885;<i> nipponicus </i>Heude, 1899; <b><i>libycus</i></b> Gray, 1868; <i>lybicus<b> </b></i>Groves, 1981;<i> mediterraneus </i>Ulmansky, 1911;<i> reiseri </i>Bolkay, 1925; <b><i>majori</i></b><i> </i>De Beaux and Festa, 1927;<i> <b>meridionalis </b></i>Forsyth Major, 1882;<i> baeticus </i>Thomas, 1912;<i> sardous </i>Ströbel, 1882; <b><i>moupinensis </i></b>Milne-Edwards, 1871;<i> acrocranius</i> Heude, 1892;<i> chirodontus </i>Heude, 1888; <i>chirodonticus</i> Heude, 1899;<i> collinus</i> Heude, 1892;<i> curtidens </i>Heude, 1892;<i> dicrurus </i>Heude, 1888;<i> flavescens </i>Heude, 1899;<i> frontosus </i>Heude, 1892;<i> laticeps</i> Heude, 1892;<i> leucorhinus </i>Heude, 1888;<i> melas</i> Heude, 1892;<i> microdontus </i>Heude, 1892;<i> oxyodontus </i>Heude, 1888;<i> paludosus</i> Heude, 1892;<i> palustris </i>Heude, 1888;<i> planiceps</i> Heude, 1892;<i> scrofoides </i>Heude, 1892;<i> spatharius </i>Heude, 1892;<i> taininensis </i>Heude, 1888; <b><i>nigripes</i></b> Blanford, 1875;<i> <b>riukiuanus</b></i> Kuroda, 1924;<i> <b>sibiricus </b></i>Staffe, 1922;<i> raddeanus </i>Adlerberg, 1930;<i> <b>taivanus </b></i>(Swinhoe, 1863); <b><i>ussuricus </i></b>Heude, 1888;<i> canescens </i>Heude, 1888;<i> continentalis </i>Nehring, 1889;<i> coreanus </i>Heude, 1897;<i> gigas </i>Heude, 1892;<i> mandchuricus </i>Heude, 1897;<i> songaricus </i>Heude, 1897; <b><i>vittatus </i></b>Boie, 1828;<i> andersoni </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1909;<i> jubatulus </i>Miller, 1906;<i> milleri </i>Jentink, 1905; <i>pallidiloris </i>Mees, 1957;<i> peninsularis </i>Miller, 1906;<i> rhionis </i>Miller, 1906; <i>typicus </i>Heude, 1899; <u>names based on domestic or feral populations possibly to be assigned to <i>S. s. vittatus</i></u>: <i>andamanensis </i>Blyth, 1858;<i> babi </i>Miller, 1906;<i> enganus</i> Lyon, 1916; floresianus Jentink, 1905; natunensis Miller, 1901; nicobaricus Miller, 1902; tuancus Lyon, 1916; names based on populations possibly originating from scrofa/celebensis hybrids (Groves, 1981a): aruensis Rosenberg, 1878; ceramensis Rosenberg, 1878; goramensis De Beaux, 1924; niger Finsch, 1886; papuensis Lesson and Garnot, 1826; ternatensis Rolleston, 1877.","Revised by Genov (1999) and Groves (1981<i>a, </i>2003). Treatment of <i>majori </i>as a subspecies follows Randi et al. (1996). The species can be partitioned into the following divisions (Genov, 1999; Groves and Grubb 1993): <i>cristatus </i>division (including also <i>davidi</i>), <i>leucomystax </i>division (including also <i>moupinensis, riukiuanus, sibiricus, taivanus, </i>and <i>ussuricus</i>), nominate <i>scrofa</i> division (including also <i>algira, attila</i>, <i>libycus, majori, meridionalis, </i>and <i>nigripes</i>), and <i>vittatus </i>division.<i> </i>For systematics, origin, and distribution of feral populations see Groves (1981<i>a</i>), Lever (1985), Uerpmann (1987), and Vigne (1988). Hardjasasmita (1987) recognised <i>floresianus</i>, <i>milleri </i>and <i>papuensis</i> as subspecies, but <i>Sus scrofa floresianus</i> Jentink, 1905 is a junior secondary homonym of <i>Microsus floresianus</i> Heude, 1899, a subspecies of <i>Sus celebensis</i>. Corbet and Hill (1992) l... [truncated]","42","42-00054","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054"
"14200055","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","scrofa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","49","","","","""Habitat in Europa australiore""; shown to be Germany, from where wild boar had been introduced to Sweden, Oeland (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>:140).","","","","","42","42-00055","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0055"
"14200056","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","algira","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Loche","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00056","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0056"
"14200057","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","attila","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00057","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0057"
"14200058","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","cristatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00058","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0058"
"14200059","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","davidi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00059","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0059"
"14200060","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","leucomystax","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00060","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0060"
"14200061","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","libycus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1868","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00061","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0061"
"14200062","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","majori","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","De Beaux and Festa","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00062","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0062"
"14200063","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","meridionalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Forsyth Major","1882","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00063","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0063"
"14200064","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","moupinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00064","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0064"
"14200065","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","nigripes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00065","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0065"
"14200066","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","riukiuanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00066","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0066"
"14200067","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","sibiricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Staffe","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00067","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0067"
"14200068","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","taivanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00068","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0068"
"14200069","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","ussuricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1888","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00069","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0069"
"14200070","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","scrofa","vittatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Boie","1828","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00070","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0054-0070"
"14200071","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","verrucosus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Boie","1832","","Neues Statsb. Mag. Schleswig","1","","466","","","Java Warty Pig","Indonesia, ""Java""; ""Java, Palang"" (Jentink, 1892:191).","Indonesia (Java, Madoera Isl, Bawean Isl).","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>borneensis</i> Forsyth Major, 1897;<i> ceramica </i>Gray, 1868;<i> mystaceus </i>Gray, 1873;<i> olivieri</i> Sody, 1941; <b><i>blouchi </i></b>Groves, 1981.","This species is usually credited to Müller, 1840 <i>in</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel., p. 42, but an earlier citation is Temminck, 1836 <i>in </i>von Siebold, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Coup d'Oeil Faune Iles Sonde Emp. Japan, pp. viii, and Corbet and Hill (1992) noted the still earlier designation cited above. It was further described by Müller and Schlegel, <i>in</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, p. 172 (and also on p. 175, but not p. 107 as widely cited)[1845], pl. 28[1843]. Synonyms apparently from Borneo and Seram were based on wrongly located specimens (Groves, 1981<i>a</i>).","42","42-00071","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0071"
"14200072","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","verrucosus","verrucosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Boie","1832","","Neues Statsb. Mag. Schleswig","1","","466","","","","Indonesia, ""Java""; ""Java, Palang"" (Jentink, 1892:191).","","","","","42","42-00072","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0071-0072"
"14200073","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Suidae","Suinae","Suini","Sus","","verrucosus","blouchi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves","1981","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00073","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0002-0003-0004-0036-0000-0071-0073"
"14200074","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Palmer","1897","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","11","","174","","","","","","","Dicotylidae Turner, 1849.","Dicotylidae does not have priority over Tayassuidae (Article 40.2,<b> </b>International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). G. M. Roosmalen (in litt.) is preparing to name a fourth species of peccary from the Amazon basin.","42","42-00074","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074"
"14200075","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Catagonus","","","","GENUS","True","","YES","Ameghino","1904","","An. Mus. Soc. Cient. Argent.","58","","188","","†<i>Catagonus metropolitanus</i> Ameghino, 1904 (extinct).","","","","","","","42","42-00075","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0075"
"14200076","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Catagonus","","wagneri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rusconi","1930","","An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Bernardino Rivadavia","36","","231","","","Chacoan Peccary","Argentina, ""Llajta-Maiica, tres leguas al noreste de Melero provincia de Santiago del Estero. Época moderna (precolombiana)""..","Gran Chaco of Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Endangered.","","Originally described from pre-Hispanic and subfossil remains; subsequently discovered alive (Wetzel et al., 1975; Wetzel, 1977, 1981). Reviewed by Mayer and Wetzel (1986, Mammalian Species, 259).","42","42-00076","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0075-0000-0076"
"14200077","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Reichenbach","1835","","Bildergalerie der Thierwelt","part 6","","1","","<i>Dicotyles torquatus</i> Cuvier, 1816 (= <i>Sus tajacu</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Adenonotus</i> Brookes, 1827 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>]; <i>Notophorus </i>G. Fischer [von Waldheim], 1817 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>];<i> Notophorous </i>Wooodburne, 1968; <i>Tagassu </i>von Frisch, 1775 [unavailable].","The Collared Peccary should be assigned to a separate genus from the White-lipped species according to Woodburne (1968), Husson (1978:347-348), and Wright (1989). Use of appropriate generic names for these taxa is controversial. Genotypes of <i>Tayassu</i> and <i>Dicotyles</i> by subsequent designation are White-lipped Peccaries (Miller and Rehn, 1901:12; Miller, 1912<i>b</i>:384). <i>Notophorus </i>and <i>Adenonotus </i>are obscure names now categorized as <i>nomina oblita </i>(Article 23.9, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999), so the valid generic name for Collared Peccaries is <i>Pecari</i>, with type by monotypy <i>Dicotyles torquatus</i>.","42","42-00077","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077"
"14200078","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","50","","","Collared Peccary","""Habitat in Mexici, Panamae, Brasiliae montibus, sylvis"". Mexico selected by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:140); however, Linnaeus's name <i>Sus tajacu</i> is based on the tajacu of Marcgraf, from Brazil, Pernambuco (Cabrera, 1961:319; Hershkovitz, 1963, 1987<i>b</i>) and this restriction of the type locality is adopted here.","USA (mainly in Arizona and Texas), Mexico (outside the Sierra Madre), and all other Central American states; South America in N Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad, and Venezuela. Introduced to Cuba.","CITES – Appendix II (populations in the USA and Mexico not covered by CITES); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>caitetu</i> Liais, 1872; <i>tajassu </i>(Erxleben, 1777); <b><i>angulatus </i></b>(Cope, 1889);<i> <b>bangsi </b></i>Goldman, 1917;<i> modestus </i>Cabrera, 1917; <b><i>crassus</i></b><i> </i>(Merriam, 1901); <b><i>crusnigrum</i></b><i> </i>(Bangs, 1902);<i> <b>humeralis</b> </i>(Merriam, 1901);<i> <b>nanus</b> </i>(Merriam, 1901);<i> <b>nelsoni</b> </i>Goldman, 1926;<i> <b>niger </b></i>(J. A. Allen, 1913);<i> <b>nigrescens</b> </i>Goldman, 1926;<i> <b>patira</b> </i>(Kerr, 1792);<i> macrocephalus </i>Anthony, 1921;<i> minor </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>torquatus </i>(G. Cuvier, 1816); <b><i>sonoriensis</i></b><i> </i>(Mearns, 1897);<i> <b>torvus</b> </i>(Bangs, 1898);<i> <b>yucatanensis</b> </i>(Merriam, 1901).","","42","42-00078","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078"
"14200079","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","tajacu","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","50","","","","""Habitat in Mexici, Panamae, Brasiliae montibus, sylvis"". Mexico selected by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:140); however, Linnaeus's name <i>Sus tajacu</i> is based on the tajacu of Marcgraf, from Brazil, Pernambuco (Cabrera, 1961:319; Hershkovitz, 1963, 1987<i>b</i>) and this restriction of the type locality is adopted here.","","","","","42","42-00079","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078-0079"
"14200080","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","angulatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cope","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00080","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078-0080"
"14200081","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","bangsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00081","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078-0081"
"14200082","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","crassus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00082","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078-0082"
"14200083","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","crusnigrum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00083","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078-0083"
"14200084","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","humeralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00084","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078-0084"
"14200085","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","nanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00085","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078-0085"
"14200086","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","nelsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00086","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078-0086"
"14200087","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","niger","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00087","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078-0087"
"14200088","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","nigrescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00088","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078-0088"
"14200089","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","patira","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00089","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078-0089"
"14200090","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","sonoriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00090","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078-0090"
"14200091","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","torvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00091","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078-0091"
"14200092","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Pecari","","tajacu","yucatanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00092","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078-0092"
"14200093","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Tayassu","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","G. Fischer [von Waldheim]","1814","","Zoognosia","3","","284","","<i>Tayassu pecari</i> G. Fischer [von Waldheim], 1814 (= <i>Sus pecari</i> Link, 1795).","","","","","<i>Dicotyles</i> G. Cuvier, 1817;<i> Olidosus</i> Merriam, 1901.","By subsequent designation of Miller and Rehn (1901:12), the type of <i>Tayassu</i> is <i>T. pecari</i> G. Fischer [von Waldheim], 1814 (= <i>Sus pecari</i> Link, 1795). By subsequent designation of Miller (1912<i>b</i>:384), the type of <i>Dicotyles</i> is <i>D. labiatus</i> G. Cuvier. <i>Sus pecari</i> and <i>Dicotyles labiatus</i> are synonyms of <i>Tayassu pecari</i> (Hershkovitz, 1963). Therefore, <i>Dicotyles</i> is a synonym of <i>Tayassu</i>. Husson (1978:347-348) and Woodburne (1968) held contrary views.","42","42-00093","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0093"
"14200094","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Tayassu","","pecari","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Link","1795","","Beitr. Naturgesch.","2","","104","","","White-lipped Peccary","No locality cited; identified as French Guiana, Cayenne (Hershkovitz, 1963).","Mexico (E from Oaxaca and Veracruz) and all other Central American states; South America in N Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, W Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, and Venezuela. Introduced to Cuba.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>beebei</i> Anthony, 1921;<i> <b>aequatoris</b> </i>(Lönnberg, 1921); <i>equatorius </i>Rusconi, 1929;<i> <b>albirostris </b></i>(Illiger, 1815); <i>labiatus </i>(Cuvier, 1817);<i> <b>ringens</b> </i>Merriam, 1901;<i> <b>spiradens</b></i> Goldman, 1912.","Includes <i>albirostris</i>; see Husson (1978:353). Reviewed by Mayer and Wetzel (1987, Mammalian Species, 293).","42","42-00094","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0093-0000-0094"
"14200095","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Tayassu","","pecari","pecari","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Link","1795","","Beitr. Naturgesch.","2","","104","","","","No locality cited; identified as French Guiana, Cayenne (Hershkovitz, 1963).","","","","","42","42-00095","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0093-0000-0094-0095"
"14200096","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Tayassu","","pecari","aequatoris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00096","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0093-0000-0094-0096"
"14200097","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Tayassu","","pecari","albirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Illiger","1815","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00097","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0093-0000-0094-0097"
"14200098","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Tayassu","","pecari","ringens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00098","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0093-0000-0094-0098"
"14200099","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tayassuidae","","","Tayassu","","pecari","spiradens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00099","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0074-0000-0000-0093-0000-0094-0099"
"14200100","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Hippopotamidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","306","","","","","","","Choeropsinae Gill, 1872.","<i>Hexaprotodon</i>†<i>madagascariensis</i> (Guldberg, 1883), <i>Hippopotamus </i>†<i>lemerlei</i> Grandidier, 1868, and <i>H.</i> †<i>laloumena</i> Faure and Guerin, 1990 were present in the Holocene on Madagascar (Stuenes, 1989), but have not been shown to have survived into the last 500 years.","42","42-00100","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0100"
"14200101","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Hippopotamidae","","","Hexaprotodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Falconer and Cautley","1836","","Asia. Res. Calcutta","19","","51","","†<i>Hippopotamus sivalensis</i> Falconer and Cautley, 1836 (extinct fossil Asiatic species).","","","","","<i>Choerodes</i>  Leidy, 1852;<i> Choeropsis </i>Leidy, 1853;<i> Diprotodon</i> Duvernoy, 1849.","Includes <i>Choeropsis</i> Leidy, 1853, following Coryndon (1977).","42","42-00101","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0100-0000-0000-0101"
"14200102","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Hippopotamidae","","","Hexaprotodon","","liberiensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Morton","1849","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2","1","","232","","","Pygmy Hippopotamus","Liberia, ""the river St. Pauls, a stream that rises in the mountains of Guinea, and passing through the Dey country and Liberia, empties into the Atlantic to the north of Cape Messurado"".","Sierra Leone to Côte d’Ivoire; SC Nigeria (extinct?).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered D1 as <i>H. l. heslopi</i>, otherwise Vulnerable.","<i>minor</i> (Morton, 1844) [preoccupied]; <b><i>heslopi </i></b>(Corbet, 1969).","First described as <i>Hippopotamus minor</i> Morton, 1844 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2:14).","42","42-00102","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0100-0000-0000-0101-0000-0102"
"14200103","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Hippopotamidae","","","Hexaprotodon","","liberiensis","liberiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Morton","1849","","J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2","1","","232","","","","Liberia, ""the river St. Pauls, a stream that rises in the mountains of Guinea, and passing through the Dey country and Liberia, empties into the Atlantic to the north of Cape Messurado"".","","","","","42","42-00103","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0100-0000-0000-0101-0000-0102-0103"
"14200104","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Hippopotamidae","","","Hexaprotodon","","liberiensis","heslopi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Corbet","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00104","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0100-0000-0000-0101-0000-0102-0104"
"14200105","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Hippopotamidae","","","Hippopotamus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","74","","<i>Hippopotamus amphibius</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Hippopothamus</i> Boddaert, 1785; <i>Tetraprotodon </i>Falconer and Cautley, 1836.","","42","42-00105","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0100-0000-0000-0105"
"14200106","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Hippopotamidae","","","Hippopotamus","","amphibius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","74","","","Common Hippopotamus","""Habitat in Nilo &amp; Bambolo Africae et ad ostia fluviorum Asiae""; restricted to River Nile (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>:155) in Egypt (G. M. Allen, 1939:457).","Rivers of savanna zone of Africa, and main rivers of forest zone in C Africa, in Angola, Benin, N Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Egypt (extinct; formerly along Nile to its Delta), N Eritrea, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Liberia (only 2 records), Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia (Caprivi Strip, Okavango River), Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, South Africa (now only in N and E Limpopo Prov. and E Mpumalanga Prov., and N KwaZulu-Natal), Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>H. a. tschadensis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abyssinicus</i>  Lesson, 1842;<i> africanus </i>Lacépède, 1799; <i>senegalensis </i>Desmoulins, 1826; <i>tschadensis</i> Schwarz, 1914; <i>typus </i>Duvernoy, 1846; <b><i>capensis</i> </b>Desmoulins, 1825; <i>australis </i>Duvernoy, 1846;<i> constrictor </i>Zukowsky, 1924;<i> constrictus </i>Miller, 1910; <b><i>kiboko</i></b> Heller, 1914.","","42","42-00106","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0100-0000-0000-0105-0000-0106"
"14200107","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Hippopotamidae","","","Hippopotamus","","amphibius","amphibius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","74","","","","""Habitat in Nilo &amp; Bambolo Africae et ad ostia fluviorum Asiae""; restricted to River Nile (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>:155) in Egypt (G. M. Allen, 1939:457).","","","","","42","42-00107","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0100-0000-0000-0105-0000-0106-0107"
"14200108","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Hippopotamidae","","","Hippopotamus","","amphibius","capensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmoulins","1825","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00108","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0100-0000-0000-0105-0000-0106-0108"
"14200109","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Hippopotamidae","","","Hippopotamus","","amphibius","kiboko","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00109","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0100-0000-0000-0105-0000-0106-0109"
"14200110","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Camelidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","307","","","","","","","Aucheniini Bonaparte, 1845; Lamini Webb, 1965.","Extant camelids all belong to the Camelinae (McKenna and Bell, 1997). Includes as Tribes Camelini (including <i>Camelus</i>) and Aucheniini (including <i>Lama</i>). Lamini does not have priority over Aucheniini (Aucheniinae Bonaparte) (Article 40.2, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).","42","42-00110","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0110"
"14200111","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Camelidae","","","Camelus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","65","","<i>Camelus dromedarius</i> Linnaeus, 1758, designated by Hay (1902). Has been widely cited as <i>C. bactrianus </i>(see Gentry et al., 1996) and hence a change in desigation was proposed by Erridge (1988), but has not been supported.","","","","","<i>Camellus</i> Molina, 1782; <i>Dromedarius </i>Gloger, 1841.","Essentially allopatric distribution of the domesticated populations of the two species may reflect adaptations to different habitats of ancestral wild populations.","42","42-00111","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0110-0000-0000-0111"
"14200112","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Camelidae","","","Camelus","","bactrianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","65","","","Bactrian Camel","""Habitat in Africa""; identified as ""Bactria"" (Uzbekistan, Bokhara) by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:150); based on domesticated stock.","Exists in the wild in SW Mongolia and China (Gansu, Tsinghai, and Sinkiang); domesticated in Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, north to Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>bocharicus</i> Kolenati, 1847; <i>caucasicus </i>Kolenati, 1847; <i>orientalis </i>J. Fischer, 1829 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> tauricus </i>J. Fischer, 1829 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> <b>ferus </b></i>Przewalski, 1878; <i>genuinus </i>Kolenati, 1847 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>].","Includes <i>ferus</i> Przewalski, based on wild specimen; <i>bactrianus</i> Linnaeus, 1758, has priority. Abramov (1996) showed that <i>ferus </i>dates from Przewalski, 1878, not 1883, and is preoccupied by <i>Camelus dromedarius ferus </i>Falk, 1786, which is probably a <i>nomen oblitum</i>. A. Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage should be confirmed by adoption of <i>C. ferus </i>as the name for the wild taxon of Bactrian camels. Though it has not been demonstrated that most authors term the wild Bactrian camel <i>C. ferus </i>rather than <i>C. bactrianus </i>(or <i>C. b. ferus</i>), they asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for the wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003<i>a</i>), but it might still be valid for those who consider <i>C. bactr... [truncated]","42","42-00112","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0110-0000-0000-0111-0000-0112"
"14200113","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Camelidae","","","Camelus","","bactrianus","bactrianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","65","","","","""Habitat in Africa""; identified as ""Bactria"" (Uzbekistan, Bokhara) by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:150); based on domesticated stock.","","","","","42","42-00113","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0110-0000-0000-0111-0000-0112-0113"
"14200114","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Camelidae","","","Camelus","","bactrianus","ferus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Przewalski","1878","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","42","42-00114","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0110-0000-0000-0111-0000-0112-0114"
"14200115","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Camelidae","","","Camelus","","dromedarius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","65","","","One-humped Camel","""Habitat in Africae desertis arenosis siticulosis"", identified as ""deserts of Libya and Arabia"" by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:150); based on domesticated stock.","Extinct in the wild; domesticated from wild populations which presumably had become restricted to the S Arabian Peninsula; domesticated in Senegal and Mauritania to Somalia and Kenya, throughout N Africa, the Middle East, Arabia, and Iran to NW India; feral populations in Australia.","","<i>aegyptiacus</i>  Kolenati, 1847;<i> africanus </i>(Gloger, 1841); <i>arabicus </i>Desmoulins, 1823; <i>dromas </i>Pallas, 1811; <i>dromos </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>ferus </i>Falk, 1786 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>];<i> lukius</i> Kolenati, 1847;<i> polytrichus</i> Kolenati, 1847; <i>turcomanicus </i>J. Fischer, 1829 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> vulgaris</i> Kolenati, 1847.","Produces viable hybrids with <i>bactrianus</i> (see comments therein). Bohlken (1961) considered <i>dromedarius</i> a synonym of <i>bactrianus</i>. Reviewed by Köhler-Rollefson (1991, Mammalian Species, 375). Biology reviewed by Gauthier-Pilters and Innis Dagg (1981). For history of domestication, see R. T. Wilson (1984).","42","42-00115","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0110-0000-0000-0111-0000-0115"
"14200116","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Camelidae","","","Lama","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1800","","Leçons Anat. Comp.","I","","tab. 1","","<i>Camelus glama</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Aucheria</i> F. Cuvier, 1830; <i>Auchenia </i>Illiger, 1811;<i> Auchenias </i>Wagner, 1843; <i>Dromedarius </i>Wagler, 1830;<i> Guanaco </i>Perry, 1811; <i>Lacma </i>Tiedemann, 1804; <i>Lama </i>Frisch, 1775 [unavailable]; <i>Llacma </i>Illiger, 1815; <i>Llama </i>Gray, 1852; <i>Neoauchenia </i>Ameghino, 1891;<i> Pacos</i> Gray, 1872; <i>Vicunia </i>Rafinesque, 1815.","Evolution of domesticated llama and alpaca from wild ancestors reviewed by Wheeler (1995) and Kadwell et al. (2001).","42","42-00116","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0110-0000-0000-0116"
"14200117","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Camelidae","","","Lama","","glama","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","65","","","Guanaco","""Habitat in America meridionali"", identified as ""Peru"", Andes, by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:150); based on domesticated stock.","Cordilleras of the Andes, Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile (including Navarino Isl), NW Paraguay, and S Peru. Domesticated as the Llama in S Peru, W Bolivia, and NW Argentina.","CITES – Appendix II as <i>Lama guanicoe</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>L. guanicoe huanacus</i>, Vulnerable as <i>L. g. voglii</i> and <i>L. g. cacsilensis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc)<i>.</i>","<i>ameghiniana</i> López Aranguren, 1930;<i> araucana </i>(Molina, 1782);<i> arcucana </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>arrucana </i>(Link, 1795); <i>castelnaudi </i>(Gervais, 1855);<i> chilihueque </i>Boitard, 1845;<i> cordubensis </i>(Ameghino, 1889);<i> domestica </i>Fischer, 1829; <i>ensenadensis </i>(Ameghino, 1889);<i> intermedia </i>(Gervais, 1855);<i> lama </i>(Illiger, 1811);<i> llama </i>(Link, 1795); <i>llacma </i>(F. Cuvier, 1821); <i>lujanensis</i> (Ameghino, 1889);<i> moromoro </i>(Schinz, 1845);<i> paco </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>pacos</i> (Linnaeus, 1758); <i>peruana </i>(Tiedemann, 1804); <i>peruviana </i>Lesson, 1827; <i>vulgaris </i>Wagner, 1837; <b><i>guanicoe</i> </b>(Müller, 1776); <i>fera </i>Gray, 1843; <i>guanaco </i>(Perry, 1811); <i>guanacos </i>(Schinz, 1845); <i>guanacus </i>Gray, 1852; <i>huanaca </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827); <i>huanacha </i>Elliot, 1907; <i>huanachus </i>Thomas, 1891; <i>huanacos </i>Sclater, 1891; <i>huanacus </i>(Molina, 1782); <i>llama </i>(Waterhouse, 1839); <i>molinaei </i>Boitard, 1845; <i>voglii</i> Krumbiegel, 1944; <b><i>cacsilensis</i></b><i> </i>Lönnberg, 1913.","Haltenorth (1963) recognised four subspecies (<i>cacsilensis, guanicoe, huanacus, voglii</i>) but Wheeler (1995) regarded them as poorly defined and did not diagnose them; subspecies are those recognised by Cabrera (1961). The Guanaco has previously been included with the Llama, <i>L. glama</i>, of which it is understood to be the wild ancestor (Hemmer, 1990; Kadwell et al., 2001; Lydekker, 1915). Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of <i>Lama guanicoe </i>as the name for the wild Guanaco and asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003<i>a</i>). It might still be valid for those who consider <i>L. glama </i>and <i>L. guanicoe</i> to be conspecific to employ the senior name for t... [truncated]","42","42-00117","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0110-0000-0000-0116-0000-0117"
"14200118","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Camelidae","","","Lama","","glama","glama","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","65","","","","""Habitat in America meridionali"", identified as ""Peru"", Andes, by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:150); based on domesticated stock.","","","","","42","42-00118","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0110-0000-0000-0116-0000-0117-0118"
"14200119","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Camelidae","","","Lama","","glama","cacsilensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00119","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0110-0000-0000-0116-0000-0117-0119"
"14200120","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Camelidae","","","Lama","","glama","guanicoe","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1776","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00120","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0110-0000-0000-0116-0000-0117-0120"
"14200121","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Camelidae","","","Vicugna","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1842","","Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim. Mammifères","","","167","","<i>Camelus vicugna</i> Molina, 1782.","","","","","","","42","42-00121","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0110-0000-0000-0121"
"14200122","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Camelidae","","","Vicugna","","vicugna","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","313","","","Vicugna","Chile, ""abondano nella parte della Cordigliera spettante alle Provincie de Coquimbo, e di Copiapò"" (cordilleras of Coquimbo and Copiapo).","NW Argentina, W Bolivia, N Chile, and S Peru.","CITES – Appendix I [except for populations of Bolivia and Peru, and parts of the population in Argentina and Chile, which are included in Appendix II]; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>elfridae</i>  (Krumbiegel, 1949); <i>frontosa </i>(H. Gervais and Ameghino, 1880);<i> gracilis </i>(H. Gervais and Ameghino, 1880);<i> mensalis </i>(Thomas, 1917); <i>minuta </i>(Burmeister, 1891);<i> pristina </i>(Amhegino, 1891);<i> provicugna </i>(Boule, 1920);<i> vicunia </i>(Tschudi, 1844); <i>vicunna </i>(Tiedemann, 1804).","Systematics reviewed by Wheeler (1995). Regarded as polytypic (<i>mensalis </i>a distinct subspecies) by some authors (Haltenorth, 1963) but systematics here follows Cabrera (1961). Kadwell et al. (2001) suggested that the Alpaca should be assigned to <i>Vicugna</i>. Gentry et al. (1996) had already proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of <i>Vicugna vicugna </i>as the name for the wild taxon of Vicugna on the assumption that the Alpaca is the domesticated descendent and asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by <i>pacos, </i>the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003<i>a</i>).","42","42-00122","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0110-0000-0000-0121-0000-0122"
"14200123","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1864","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. Paris, ser. 5","2","","157","","","","","","","","From the description, <i>Moschus leverianus</i> Kerr, 1792 may be a tragulid, but its synonymy has not been determined.","42","42-00123","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123"
"14200124","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Hyemoschus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1845","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","16","","350","","<i>Moschus aquaticus</i> Ogilby, 1841.","","","","","<i>Hyaemoschus</i> Zittel, 1893; <i>Hyeomoschus </i>Turner, 1850; <i>Hyomoschus</i> Blyth, 1865.","","42","42-00124","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0124"
"14200125","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Hyemoschus","","aquaticus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1841","1841","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1840","","35","","","Water Chevrotain","""Sierra Leone"".","W Africa in Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone; C Africa in Angola (Cabinda), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, and Bwamba Forest of Semliki Valley, Uganda, where not known to survive according to East et al. (1999) but seems likely to be present according to Kingdon's (1979) account. Supposed occurrence in Benin, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Senegal, and Togo unsupported by evidence.","CITES – Appendix III (Ghana); IUCN – Data Deficient (DSG recommended).","<i>batesi</i> (Lydekker, 1906);<i> cottoni</i> (Lydekker, 1906); <i>typicus </i>(Lydekker, 1906).","","42","42-00125","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0124-0000-0125"
"14200126","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Moschiola","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1852","","Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus., part 3, Ungulata Furcipeda","","","247","","<i>Moschus meminna</i> Erxleben, 1777.","","","","","<i>Meminna</i> Gray, 1836 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>?]; <i>Moschiola </i>Hodgson, 1843 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Treated as a full genus by Groves and Grubb (1987), following Flerov (1931). It has yet to be shown that <i>Meminna </i>Gray, 1836 fully qualifies as a <i>nomen oblitum </i>(Article 23.9.1.2, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).","42","42-00126","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0126"
"14200127","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Moschiola","","meminna","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regn. Anim.","1","","322","","","Indian Spotted Chevrotain","""in Ceylona"" (Sri Lanka).","Sri Lanka and peninsular India. Supposed occurrence in Himalayan foothills of India and Nepal not confirmed (Champion, 1929).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ceylonensis</i> (Pallas, 1779) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>indica </i>(Gray, 1843);<i> malaccensis </i>(Gray, 1843);<i> memennoides </i>(Hodgson, 1841) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>mimenoides</i> (Hodgson, 1842) [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","","42","42-00127","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0126-0000-0127"
"14200128","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brisson","1762","","Regn. Anim., 2nd ed.","","","12, 65","","<i>Cervus javanicus</i> Osbeck, 1765.","","","","","<i>Lagonebrax</i>  Gloger, 1841.","<i>Tragulus</i> was attributed to Brisson (1762) by many authors (A. Gentry, 1994) though some (e.g. Chasen, 1940; Lydekker, 1915) assigned it to Pallas (1779). Recent rejection of Brisson (1762) was on the assumption that it was unavailable. Brisson (1762:65-68) listed the species <i>T. indicus, T. guineensis</i> (= <i>Neotragus pygmaeus</i>),<i> T. surinamensis </i>(= <i>Mazama americana</i>)<i>, T. africanus </i>(= <i>Sylvicapra grimmia</i>), and [<i>T.</i>]<i> moschus</i> (= <i>Moschus moschiferus</i>). Of these, only <i>T. indicus </i>is referred to <i>Tragulus</i> as currently used, according to A. Gentry (1994:141). Brisson's <i>Tragulus</i> was defined by lacking horns (or antlers). However, three species were included on the strength of females or immatures which lack horns or antlers, while adult males possess them, so the character can not help to confirm that <i>T.</i> <i>indicus</i> is a mouse-deer. This nominal species is also based on descriptions of specimens of <i>N. p... [truncated]","42","42-00128","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128"
"14200129","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","javanicus","","SPECIES","False","<i>Cervus javanicus</i>","YES","Osbeck","1765","","Reise nach Ostindien und China","","","357","","","Java Mouse-deer","Indonesia, W Java, Udjung Kulon Peninsula, ""Nieu Bay"" (Meeuwenbaai or Muara Tjikuja), Jankolan (Djungkulan) kampong; identified by Van Bemmel (1949<i>b</i>) and Hoogerwerf (1970:353).","Indonesia (Java).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>focalinus<b> </b></i> Miller, 1903; <i>indicus</i> Brisson, 1765 [not available]; <i>indicus </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>jasanicus </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827); <i>javanicus </i>Gmelin, 1788; <i>javensis </i>Pallas, 1779 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>].","Meijaard and Groves (2004) were not convinced that <i>Cervus javanicus</i> Osbeck, 1765 is a mouse-deer and preferred to date the name from <i>Tragulus javanicus</i> (Gmelin, 1788). Until their evidence is published, the older name is retained here. <i>Tragulus javensis</i> Pallas, 1779 is available and predates <i>Moschus javanicus</i> Gmelin, 1788. The two names are objective synonyms because they are both based on the description of a specimen by Pallas (1777, fasc. 12, p. 18), but <i>javensis</i> has not been noticed and is a <i>nomen oblitum</i>.","42","42-00129","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0129"
"14200130","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","239","","","Lesser Mouse-deer","""Sumatra""; identified as Indonesia, Sumatra, Bengkulu (Meijaard and Groves, 2004).","Indochina, Burma (isthmus of Kra), Brunei, Cambodia, China (S Yunnan), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra, and many small islands), Laos, Malaysia (peninsular Malaya, Sarawak, and many small islands), Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.","","<i>pelandoc</i> <b> </b>C.<b> </b>H. Smith, 1827; <b><i>abruptus</i></b><i> </i>Chasen, 1935; <b><i>affinis</i></b> Gray, 1861; <i>pierrei </i>Bonhote, 1903;<i> <b>anambensis </b></i>Chasen and Kloss, 1928;<i> <b>angustiae </b></i>Kloss, 1918;<i> <b>brevipes </b></i>Miller, 1903;<i> <b>carimatae </b></i>Miller, 1906;<i> <b>everetti</b> </i>Bonhote, 1903;<b><i> </i></b><i>natunae<b> </b></i>Miller, 1903;<i> <b>fulvicollis </b></i>Lyon, 1908;<i> <b>fulviventer </b></i>Gray, 1836;<i> fuscatus </i>Blyth, 1858;<i> pumilus<b> </b></i>Chasen, 1940;<i> <b>hosei </b></i>Bonhote, 1903; <i>virgicollis </i>Miller, 1903;<b><i> insularis </i></b>Chasen, 1940;<i> <b>klossi </b></i>Chasen, 1935;<i> <b>lampensis </b></i>Miller, 1903;<i> <b>lancavensis </b></i>Miller, 1903;<i> <b>longipes </b></i>Lyon, 1908;<i> <b>luteicollis </b></i>Lyon, 1906;<i> <b>masae </b></i>Lyon, 1916;<i> <b>mergatus </b></i>Thomas, 1923;<i> <b>pallidus </b></i>Miller, 1901;<i> <b>penangensis </b></i>Kloss, 1918;<i> <b>pidonis </b></i>Chasen, 1940;<i> <b>pinius </b></i>Lyon, 1916;<i> <b>ravulus </b></i>Miller, 1903; <b><i>ravus</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1902; <b><i>rubeus</i></b><i> </i>Miller, 1903; <b><i>russeus </i></b>Miller, 1903;<i> <b>russulus </b></i>Miller, 1903;<i> <b>siantanicus </b></i>Chasen and Kloss, 1928; <b><i>subrufus </i></b>Miller, 1903.","","42","42-00130","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130"
"14200131","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","kanchil","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Raffles","1821","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","13","","239","","","","""Sumatra""; identified as Indonesia, Sumatra, Bengkulu (Meijaard and Groves, 2004).","","","","","42","42-00131","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0131"
"14200132","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","abruptus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00132","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0132"
"14200133","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","affinis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00133","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0133"
"14200134","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","anambensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen and Kloss","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00134","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0134"
"14200135","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","angustiae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00135","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0135"
"14200136","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","brevipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00136","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0136"
"14200137","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","carimatae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00137","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0137"
"14200138","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","everetti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00138","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0138"
"14200139","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","fulvicollis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00139","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0139"
"14200140","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","fulviventer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00140","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0140"
"14200141","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","hosei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonhote","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00141","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0141"
"14200142","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","insularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00142","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0142"
"14200143","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","klossi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00143","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0143"
"14200144","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","lampensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00144","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0144"
"14200145","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","lancavensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00145","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0145"
"14200146","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","longipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00146","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0146"
"14200147","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","luteicollis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00147","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0147"
"14200148","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","masae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00148","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0148"
"14200149","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","mergatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1923","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00149","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0149"
"14200150","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00150","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0150"
"14200151","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","penangensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00151","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0151"
"14200152","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","pidonis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00152","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0152"
"14200153","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","pinius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00153","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0153"
"14200154","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","ravulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00154","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0154"
"14200155","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","ravus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00155","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0155"
"14200156","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","rubeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00156","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0156"
"14200157","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","russeus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00157","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0157"
"14200158","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","russulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00158","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0158"
"14200159","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","siantanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen and Kloss","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00159","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0159"
"14200160","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","kanchil","subrufus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00160","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0130-0160"
"14200161","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1822","","<i>In</i> É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères","4","part 37","""Le chevrotain napu"", p. 2, pl. 329","","","Greater Mouse-deer","Indonesia, ""Sumatra""; restricted to the southern part of Sumatra by Sody (1931:355).","Indochina, Burma (isthmus of Kra), Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra, and many small islands), Laos, Malaysia (peninsular Malaya, Sarawak, and many small islands), Singapore, and Thailand.","IUCN – Endangered as <i>T. n. nigricans</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>abjectus<b> </b></i> Chasen, 1935;<i> annae </i>Matschie, 1897; <i>borneanus<b> </b></i>Miller, 1902; <i>canescens </i>Miller, 1900; <i>umbrinus<b> </b></i>Miller, 1900; <b><i>amoenus </i></b>Miller, 1903; <i>jugularis </i>Miller, 1903;<i> <b>bancanus </b></i>Lyon, 1906;<b> <i>banguei </i></b>Chasen and Kloss, 1931;<i> <b>batuanus </b></i>Miller, 1903;<i> <b>billitonus </b></i>Lyon, 1906;<i> <b>bunguranensis </b></i>Miller, 1901;<i> <b>flavicollis </b></i>Miller, 1903;<i> <b>hendersoni</b> </i>Chasen, 1940;<i> <b>lutescens </b></i>Miller, 1903;<b><i> neubronneri</i></b><i> </i>Sody, 1931; <b><i>niasis </i></b>Lyon, 1916;<i> <b>nigricollis </b></i>Miller, 1902;<i> <b>nigrocinctus </b></i>Miller, 1906;<i> <b>parallelus </b></i>Miller, 1911;<b><i> pretiellus </i></b>Miller, 1906;<i> <b>rufulus </b></i>Miller, 1900;<b><i> </i></b><i>formosus<b> </b></i>Miller, 1903;<i> perflavus </i>Miller, 1906;<b><i> </i></b><i>pretiosus<b> </b></i>Miller, 1902;<i> <b>sebucus </b></i>Lyon, 1911;<i> <b>stanleyanus </b></i>Gray, 1836; <b><i>terutus </i></b>Thomas and Wroughton, 1909.","","42","42-00161","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161"
"14200162","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","napu","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1822","","<i>In</i> É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères","4","part 37","""Le chevrotain napu"", p. 2, pl. 329","","","","Indonesia, ""Sumatra""; restricted to the southern part of Sumatra by Sody (1931:355).","","","","","42","42-00162","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0162"
"14200163","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","amoenus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00163","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0163"
"14200164","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","bancanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00164","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0164"
"14200165","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","banguei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen and Kloss","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00165","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0165"
"14200166","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","batuanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00166","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0166"
"14200167","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","billitonus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00167","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0167"
"14200168","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","bunguranensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00168","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0168"
"14200169","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","flavicollis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00169","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0169"
"14200170","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","hendersoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chasen","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00170","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0170"
"14200171","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","lutescens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00171","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0171"
"14200172","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","neubronneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00172","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0172"
"14200173","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","niasis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00173","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0173"
"14200174","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","nigricollis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00174","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0174"
"14200175","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","nigrocinctus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00175","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0175"
"14200176","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","parallelus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00176","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0176"
"14200177","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","pretiellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00177","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0177"
"14200178","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","rufulus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00178","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0178"
"14200179","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","sebucus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lyon","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00179","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0179"
"14200180","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","stanleyanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00180","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0180"
"14200181","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","napu","terutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Wroughton","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00181","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0161-0181"
"14200182","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","nigricans","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6","9","","254","","","Philippine Mouse-deer","""Balabac, Philippine Islands"".","Philippines (Balabac, Bugsuc, and Ramos Isls).","","","","42","42-00182","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0182"
"14200183","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","versicolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","5","","535","","","Vietnam Mouse-deer","Vietnam, ""Nhatrang, Annam"".","Vietnam.","","","","42","42-00183","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0183"
"14200184","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Tragulidae","","","Tragulus","","williamsoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1961","","J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam","2","","88","","","Williamson's Mouse-deer","""Me Song forest, Pre, North Siam"" (N Thailand, Song forest, Muang Pre, Meh Lem, 18°25'N, 100°23'E, according to Meijaard and Groves, 2004).","N Thailand.","Known only from the holotype.","","","42","42-00184","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0123-0000-0000-0128-0000-0184"
"14200185","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","307","","","","","","","","A family separate from the Cervidae; see Flerov (1960), Webb and Taylor (1980), Groves and Grubb (1987), and Janis and Scott (1987).","42","42-00185","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185"
"14200186","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","66","","<i>Moschus moschiferus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Odontodorcus</i> Gistel, 1848; <i>Tragulus</i> Boddaert, 1785 (preoccupied).","Species limits in Himalayas are still uncertain; see Cai and Feng (1981), Groves (1976, 1980<i>a</i>), Groves et al. (1995), Groves and Grubb (1987), and Grubb (1982<i>a</i>). Su et al. (1999) recognised the following phylogeny from study of cytochrome <i>b</i> genes: (<i>moschiferus</i>) ((<i>berezovskii</i>) (<i>chrysogaster, fuscus, leucogaster</i>)), confirming affinity of at least some alpine taxa. Sokolov and Prikhod'ko (1996, 1997) recognised only one species in the genus.","42","42-00186","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186"
"14200187","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","anhuiensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wang, Hu, and Yan","1982","","Acta Ther. Sin.","2","","133","","","Anhui Musk Deer","China, ""Changling region (31°10'42''N, 115°53'48''E, altitude 500 m), Jinzhai county, Anhui province"".","Known only from Anhui Prov., China.","CITES – Appendix II.","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>M. moschiferus</i>; included in <i>M. berezovskii </i>by Groves and Feng (1986); a valid species according to Su et al. (2001), inferred from mtDNA sequences to be the sister taxon of a group including <i>M. chrysogaster, M. fuscus, M. leucogaster,</i> and <i>M. berezovskii</i>.","42","42-00187","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0187"
"14200188","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","berezovskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flerov","1928","1929","C. R. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R.","1928A","","519","","","Forest Musk Deer","""Mountain défilé [sic] Ho-tzi-how, environs of town Lun-ngan-fu, Sze-chuan, China"" (China, Sichuan, near Lungan, Ho-tsi-how Pass).","S and C China (Shaanxi to Yunnan, and S Tibet) and N Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered in Tibet and Yunnan (China); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>bijiangensis</i> </b><i> </i>Wang and Li, 1993; <b><i>caobangis</i></b><i> </i>Dao, 1969; <b><i>yanguiensis</i></b><i> </i>Wang and Ma, 1993.","Revised by Wang et al (1993). A well-defined species sharply distinct from the parapatric or marginally sympatric <i>M. chrysogaster</i>; see Kao (1963), Groves (1976), and Grubb (1982<i>a</i>), yet treated as a synonym of <i>M. moschiferus sifanicus</i> (= <i>M. chrysogaster sifanicus</i>) by Sokolov and Prikhod'ko (1997).","42","42-00188","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0188"
"14200189","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","berezovskii","berezovskii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flerov","1928","1929","C. R. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R.","1928A","","519","","","","""Mountain défilé [sic] Ho-tzi-how, environs of town Lun-ngan-fu, Sze-chuan, China"" (China, Sichuan, near Lungan, Ho-tsi-how Pass).","","","","","42","42-00189","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0188-0189"
"14200190","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","berezovskii","bijiangensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wang and Li","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00190","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0188-0190"
"14200191","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","berezovskii","caobangis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dao","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00191","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0188-0191"
"14200192","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","berezovskii","yanguiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wang and Ma","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00192","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0188-0192"
"14200193","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","chrysogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1839","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","8","","203","","","Alpine Musk Deer","""Cis and Trans Hemelayan regions""; ""lofty mountains of the interior of Tibet, especially towards the Chinese frontier, where the first and loveliest, or Chrysogaster, is almost exclusively found … I have specimens of all three species [<i>chrysogaster, leucogaster, saturatus</i>] from Lassa and Digurchee"" (Hodgson, 1842, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 6:285). (China, Tibetan Plateau).","Bhutan, S and C China (S Gansu, S Ningxia, Qinghai, W Sichuan, S Tibet, and N Yunnan), N India (Sikkim), and Nepal.","CITES – Appendix I in Bhutan, India and Nepal; otherwise Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered in Bhutan, China (Yunnan and Tibet), India and Nepal; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>sifanicus</i> </b> Büchner, 1891.","A well defined species; see Groves (1976) and Gao (1963), under the name <i>sifanicus</i>, which should be included in <i>M. chrysogaster</i> (see Grubb, 1982<i>a</i>). However, ""<i>chrysogaster</i>"" of Cai and Feng (1981) is subspecifically or specifically distinct and available name for this taxon may be <i>leucogaster</i> Hodgson, 1839; see Grubb (1982<i>a</i>).","42","42-00193","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0193"
"14200194","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","chrysogaster","chrysogaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1839","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","8","","203","","","","""Cis and Trans Hemelayan regions""; ""lofty mountains of the interior of Tibet, especially towards the Chinese frontier, where the first and loveliest, or Chrysogaster, is almost exclusively found … I have specimens of all three species [<i>chrysogaster, leucogaster, saturatus</i>] from Lassa and Digurchee"" (Hodgson, 1842, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 6:285). (China, Tibetan Plateau).","","","","","42","42-00194","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0193-0194"
"14200195","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","chrysogaster","sifanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Büchner","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00195","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0193-0195"
"14200196","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","cupreus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Grubb","1982","","Säugetier. Mitt.","30","","133","","","Kashmir Musk Deer","India or Pakistan, ""Kashmir (no precise locality)"".","Himalayas of India and Pakistan in Kashmir, and N Afghanistan.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered.","","Originally described as a subspecies of <i>chrysogaster</i>; very similar to <i>leucogaster</i>; Groves et al. (1995) suggested that <i>cupreus </i>might be a separate species.","42","42-00196","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0196"
"14200197","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","fuscus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Li","1981","","Zool. Res. Kunming","2","","159","","","Black Musk Deer","China, ""Bapo, Gongshan-Xian, Yunnan. Altitude 3,500 m"".","N Burma, China (NW Yunnan and SE Tibet), India (Assam), and Nepal.","CITES – Appendix I in Bhutan, Burma, India, and Nepal; otherwise Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","<i>Moschus saturatus </i>Hodgson, 1839 may be a prior name for this species. Gao (1985) treated <i>fuscus</i> as a subspecies of <i>chrysogaster</i>.","42","42-00197","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0197"
"14200198","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","leucogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1839","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","8","","203","","","Himalayan Musk Deer","""Cis and Trans Hemelayan regions""; ""lofty mountains of the interior of Tibet ... On the Tibetan slopes of the Himanchal, Saturatus chiefly resides ...I have specimens of all three species [<i>chrysogaster, leucogaster, saturatus</i>] from Lassa and Digurchee, whilst my garden is seldom deprived of the ornament of several live families of the Saturatus of the Kachar [Alpine life-zone]"" (Hodgson, 1842, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 6:285) (Nepal, Himalayas).","Himalayas of Bhutan, N India (incl. Sikkim), and Nepal.","CITES – Appendix I;<i> </i>ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>M. chrysogaster leucogaster</i>.","<i>cacharensis</i> Lydekker, 1915 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>saturatus </i>Hodgson, 1839; <i>zhangmu </i>Groves, Wang and Grubb, 1995 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]<i>.</i>","Groves and Grubb (1987) and Groves et al. (1995) treated <i>leucogaster</i> as a separate species from <i>M. chrysogaster</i>, from which it differs in skull proportions; Grubb (1990) listed it as a Himalayan subspecies-group of <i>M. chrysogaster</i>.","42","42-00198","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0198"
"14200199","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","moschiferus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","66","","","Siberian Musk Deer","""Habitat in Tataria versus Chinam""; restricted to Russia, SW Siberia, Altai Mtns by Heptner et al. (1961).","Forests of Russia (Sakhalin Isl and E Siberia), N China (N Sinkiang; Inner Mongolia to Shanxi), Korea, and N Mongolia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>altaicus</i> Eschscholtz, 1830; <i>fasciatus </i>Gray, 1872;<i> maculatus</i> Gray, 1872;<i> moschus </i>(Boddaert, 1785); <i>sibiricus </i>Pallas, 1779;<i> <b>arcticus</b> </i>Flerov, 1929; <b><i>parvipes</i></b><i> </i>Hollister, 1911; <b><i>sachalinensis</i></b><i> </i>Flerov, 1929;<i> <b>turowi</b> </i>Zalkin, 1945.","Includes <i>sibiricus</i>; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:198). Revised by Sokolov and Prikhod'ko (1996, 1997).","42","42-00199","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0199"
"14200200","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","moschiferus","moschiferus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","66","","","","""Habitat in Tataria versus Chinam""; restricted to Russia, SW Siberia, Altai Mtns by Heptner et al. (1961).","","","","","42","42-00200","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0199-0200"
"14200201","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","moschiferus","arcticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flerov","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00201","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0199-0201"
"14200202","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","moschiferus","parvipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00202","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0199-0202"
"14200203","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","moschiferus","sachalinensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flerov","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00203","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0199-0203"
"14200204","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Moschidae","","","Moschus","","moschiferus","turowi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zalkin","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00204","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0185-0000-0000-0186-0000-0199-0204"
"14200205","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Goldfuss","1820","","Handb. Zool.","2","","xx, 374","","","","","","","","Reviewed by Whitehead (1972) and Groves and Grubb (1987). For introduced populations, see Lever (1985). For revision of the whole family, see Geist (1998). The following names have not been identified: <i>Cervus anomalus</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>C. minutus</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>C. paludosus</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>C. squinaton</i> Kerr, 1792.","42","42-00205","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205"
"14200206","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Brookes","1828","","Cat. Anat. Zool. Mus. J. Brookes","","","62","","","","","","","Alceini Brookes, 1828; Elaphalcedae Brookes, 1828 [<i>nomen oblitum</i> ]; Mazamadae Brookes, 1828 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>]; Mazaminae Kraglievitch, 1932; Odocoileini<b> </b>Pocock, 1923; Pudinae Pocock, 1923; Rangiferini Brookes, 1828; Subulidae Brookes, 1828 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>].","For use of Capreolinae, see Lister et al. (1998). The widely used term Neocervinae Carette, 1922 includes Odocoileini and Rangiferini and as it is not based on any genus is an unavailable name. Tribe Alcini is now to be spelt Alceini, approved by Opinion 1081 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1977<i>c</i>). Allocation of genera to tribes is as follows: Alceini (<i>Alces</i>), Capreolini (<i>Capreolus</i>), Odocoileini (<i>Blastocerus, Mazama, Odocoileus, Ozotoceros</i>), Odocoileini or Rangiferini (<i>Hippocamelus, Pudu</i>), Rangiferini (<i>Rangifer</i>). Webb (2000) transferred <i>Hippocamelus </i>and <i>Pudu </i>to Rangiferini.","42","42-00206","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206"
"14200207","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Alces","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","307","","<i>Cervus alces</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Alce</i> Frisch, 1775 [unavailable]; <i>Alcelaphus </i>Gloger, 1841;<i> Paralces</i> J. Allen, 1902.","Has been regarded as a monotypic genus by most recent workers but Boyeskorov (1999) treated the <i>alces </i>and <i>americanus </i>subspecies groups as species. They are said to be separated by the Yenisei River in Siberia. More information is required on the location and nature of the contact zone, particular in the upper Yenisei, Mongolia, and China. It has yet to be confirmed that both species occur or occurred in Mongolia and China. Genus revised by Peterson (1952); reviewed by Franzmann (1981, Mammalian Species, 154) and Geist (1998).","42","42-00207","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0207"
"14200208","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Alces","","alces","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","66","","","Eurasian Elk","""Habitat in boroealibus Europae, Asiaeque Populetis""; identified as Sweden by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:151).","N Eurasia from Scandinavia, Poland, N Austria, and S Czech Republic (vagrant in Croatia, Hungary, and Romania), east to the Yenisei River (Siberia) and south to Ukraine, N Kazakhstan, N China (N Sinkiang), and possibly adjacent parts of Mongolia; extinct in Caucasus region since 19<sup>th</sup> century.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aces</i> (Shaw, 1801); <i>albes </i>(Bowdich, 1821); <i>alce</i> (Boddaert, 1785);<b> </b><i>angusticephalus </i>Zukowsky, 1915;<i> antiquorum </i>Rüppell, 1842; <i>europaeus </i>Burnett, 1830 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>jubatus </i>Fitzinger, 1860;<i> machlis </i>Ogilby, 1837; <i>malchis </i>Gray, 1850; <i>palmatus </i>Gray, 1843;<i> platycephalus</i> Pusch, 1840; <i>resupinatus</i> Rouillier, 1842;<i> tymensis </i>Zukowsky, 1915; <i>typicus </i>Ward, 1910;<i> uralensis </i>Matschie, 1913; <i>vulgaris </i>de Serres, 1835;<i> <b>caucasicus</b></i><b> </b>Vereshchagin, 1955.","Differs from <i>A. americanus </i>in karyotype, body dimensions and proportions, form of premaxilla, colouration, and structure and dimensions of antlers (Boyeskorov, 1999; Geist, 1998).","42","42-00208","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0207-0000-0208"
"14200209","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Alces","","alces","alces","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","66","","","","""Habitat in boroealibus Europae, Asiaeque Populetis""; identified as Sweden by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:151).","","","","","42","42-00209","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0207-0000-0208-0209"
"14200210","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Alces","","alces","caucasicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Vereshchagin","1955","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00210","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0207-0000-0208-0210"
"14200211","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Alces","","americanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Clinton","1822","","Letters on the natural history … of New York","","","193","","","Moose","""Country north of Whitestown"". USA, New York, probably in the western Adirondack region.","Russia (E Siberia), east of the Yenisei River east to Anadyr region (E Siberia) and south to N Mongolia and N China (N of Inner Mongolia and Manchuria). N America in Canada and N USA (including Alaska); introduced to New Zealand where now extinct.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>A. alces cameloides.</i>","<i>andersoni</i> Peterson, 1950;<i> buturlini </i>Chernyavsky and Zhelesnov, 1982;<i> columbae </i>Lydekker, 1915;<i> gigas </i>Miller, 1899;<i> lobatus </i>(Agassiz, 1846); <i>meridionalis</i> Matschie, 1913;<i> muswa </i>Richardson, 1852; <i>pfizenmayeri </i>Zukowsky, 1910;<i> shirasi </i>Nelson, 1914;<i> yakutskensis </i>Millais, 1911; <b><i>cameloides </i></b>(Milne-Edwards, 1867);<b><i> </i></b><i>bedfordiae </i>Lydekker, 1902.","Subspecies limits follow Geist (1998). Characters diagnosing species not fully confirmed for <i>cameloides</i>. <i>Cervus americanus </i>Clinton, 1822 is preoccupied by <i>Cervus americanus </i>Erxleben, 1777 (= <i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>), a name used in the literature that has not been declared to be unavailable. It is probably a <i>nomen oblitum</i> and the familiar name <i>Alces americanus </i>(Clinton, 1822) continues to be used here.<i> Cervus coronatus </i>Lesson, 1827 (= <i>C. coronatus </i>É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803), based on a single rack, is usually cited as a synonym of <i>Alces alces </i>but is reputedly from America. It is much too small to be a Moose (C. H. Smith, 1827), and is possibly an aberrant <i>Rangifer tarandus</i>,<i> </i>according to Blyth (1860).","42","42-00211","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0207-0000-0211"
"14200212","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Alces","","americanus","americanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Clinton","1822","","Letters on the natural history … of New York","","","193","","","","""Country north of Whitestown"". USA, New York, probably in the western Adirondack region.","","","","","42","42-00212","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0207-0000-0211-0212"
"14200213","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Alces","","americanus","cameloides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00213","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0207-0000-0211-0213"
"14200214","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Blastocerus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wagner","1844","","<i>In</i>von Schreber, Die Säugetiere","4","","366","","<i>Cervus paludosus</i> Desmarest, 1822 (= <i>Cervus dichotomus</i> Illiger, 1815).","","","","","<i>Bezoarticus</i> Marelli, 1932; <i>Blastoceros </i>Fitzinger, 1873;<i> Blastoros </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907; <i>Edoceros </i>Avila-Pires, 1957.","Included in <i>Odocoileus</i> by Haltenorth (1963:44-45), but generically distinct (Groves and Grubb, 1987). Hershkovitz (1958) argued that first valid use of generic name was Gray, 1850 but Grubb (2000<i>a</i>) provided evidence to support wide acceptance of Wagner, 1844 as author.","42","42-00214","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0214"
"14200215","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Blastocerus","","dichotomus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Illiger","1804-1811","1815","Abh. Phys. Klasse K.-Preuss. Akad. Wiss.","1804-1811","","117","","","Marsh Deer","No locality given; based on the gouazoupoukou of Azara; restricted to Paraguay, Lake Ypoá, south of Asuncion (Cabrera, 1961:329).","N Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (S of Amazon River), Paraguay, E Peru, and Uruguay.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered (Paraná Brazilian Basin subpopulation), Endangered (Delta del Paraná subpopulation),  otherwise Vulnerable.","<i>ensenadensis</i> (Ameghino, 1888); <i>furcata </i>(Gray, 1843); <i>paludosus </i>(Desmarest, 1822);<i> palustris </i>(Desmoulins, 1823).","Reviewed by Pinder and Grosse (1991, Mammalian Species, 380).","42","42-00215","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0214-0000-0215"
"14200216","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Capreolus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","307","","<i>Cervus capreolus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Caprea</i> Ogilby, 1837; <i>Capreolus </i>Frisch, 1775 [unavailable].","Reviewed by Sokolov et al (1986<i>c</i>).","42","42-00216","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0216"
"14200217","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Capreolus","","capreolus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","68","","","European Roe","""Habitat in Europa, Asia""; identified as Sweden by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:151).","Europe (excluding Corsica, Ireland, Sardinia, and Sicily) to W Russia and Ukraine, Turkey, Caucasus region, NW Syria, N Iraq, N Iran; extinct in Lebanon and Israel; Protoneolithic record from Jordan (Jericho).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albicus</i> Matschie, 1910; <i>albus </i>(Kerr, 1792);<i> armenius </i>Blackler, 1916;<i> baleni </i>Martino, 1933;<i> balticus </i>Matschie, 1910;<i> capraea </i>Gray, 1843;<i> cistaunicus </i>(Matschie, 1913);<i> coxi </i>Cheesman and Hinton, 1923;<i> dorcas </i>Burnett, 1830 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>europaeus </i>Sundevall, 1846; <i>grandis </i>Bolkay, 1925; <i>illyricus </i>von Lehmann and Sägesser, 1986 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>joffrei </i>Blackler, 1916;<i> niger </i>Fitzinger, 1874; <i>plumbeus </i>(Reichenbach, 1845); <i>rhenanus </i>Matschie, 1910;<i> thotti </i>Lönnberg, 1910;<i> transsylvanicus </i>Matschie, 1907;<i> transvosagicus </i>(Matschie, 1913);<i> varius </i>Fitzinger, 1874;<i> vulgaris </i>Fitzinger, 1832;<i> warthae </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> whittalli </i>Barclay, 1936;<i> zedlitzi</i> Matschie, 1916; <b><i>canus </i></b>Miller, 1910;<i> decorus </i>Cabrera, 1916; <i>garganta </i>Meunier, 1983; <b><i>caucasicus </i></b>Dinnik, 1910; <b><i>italicus</i></b><i> </i>Festa, 1925.","Reviewed by Sempéré et al. (1996, Mammalian Species, 538) and by Lister et al. (1998) whose identification of <i>caucasicus </i>as correct name for large-sized subspecies north of Caucasus Mtns is provisional. Treatment of <i>italicus </i>as a valid subspecies follows Lorenzini et al. (2002).","42","42-00217","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0216-0000-0217"
"14200218","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Capreolus","","capreolus","capreolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","68","","","","""Habitat in Europa, Asia""; identified as Sweden by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:151).","","","","","42","42-00218","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0216-0000-0217-0218"
"14200219","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Capreolus","","capreolus","canus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00219","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0216-0000-0217-0219"
"14200220","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Capreolus","","capreolus","caucasicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dinnik","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00220","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0216-0000-0217-0220"
"14200221","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Capreolus","","capreolus","italicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Festa","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00221","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0216-0000-0217-0221"
"14200222","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Capreolus","","pygargus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1771","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs","1","","453","","","Siberian Roe","""In campestribus et montanis fruticosis ultra Volgam""; identified as Russia, former Samar district or province (Orenburgskaia Obl.), source of River Sok (a left tributary of the Volga), Bugulma-Belebei uplands (Heptner et al. 1961; Rossolimo in litt.).","S Ural Mtns (Russia), N and E Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and S Siberia (Russia) eastward to Pacific coast, south into N and C China (N Sinkiang and Inner Mongolia south to Sichuan), N Mongolia, and Korea; apparently formerly in E Ukraine and N Caucasus Mtns (Russia) but original natural distribution not well documented.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ahu</i> (Gmelin, 1780) [unavailable]; <i>ahu </i>(Lydekker, 1915); <b><i>bedfordi</i></b> Thomas, 1908;<i> melanotis </i>Miller, 1911;<i> <b>mantschuricus </b></i>(Noack, 1889);<i> ferghanicus </i>Rasewig, 1909;<i> tianschanicus</i> Satunin, 1906;<i> <b>ochraceus</b> </i>Barclay, 1935.","Year of publication stated to be 1773 by Heptner et al. (1961) but no evidence provided and bibliographies cite 1771. Now regarded by most Russian authors as a species distinct from <i>C. capreolus </i>(Hewison and Danilkin, 2001; Sokolov et al., 1985; Sokolov and Gromov, 1990). Reviewed by Danilkin (1995, Mammalian Species, 512); revised by Sokolov et al. (1986<i>c</i>). <i>Cervus pygargus mantschuricus </i>Noack, 1889 is not preoccupied by <i>Cervus mantchuricus </i>Swinhoe, 1864 (= <i>Cervus nippon</i>) as there is a one letter difference (Article 57.6, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). Treatment of <i>ochraceus </i>as a valid subspecies follows Koh and Randi (2001).","42","42-00222","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0216-0000-0222"
"14200223","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Capreolus","","pygargus","pygargus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1771","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs","1","","453","","","","""In campestribus et montanis fruticosis ultra Volgam""; identified as Russia, former Samar district or province (Orenburgskaia Obl.), source of River Sok (a left tributary of the Volga), Bugulma-Belebei uplands (Heptner et al. 1961; Rossolimo in litt.).","","","","","42","42-00223","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0216-0000-0222-0223"
"14200224","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Capreolus","","pygargus","bedfordi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00224","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0216-0000-0222-0224"
"14200225","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Capreolus","","pygargus","mantschuricus","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Cervus pygargus mantschuricus </i>","YES","Noack","1889","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00225","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0216-0000-0222-0225"
"14200226","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Capreolus","","pygargus","ochraceus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barclay","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00226","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0216-0000-0222-0226"
"14200227","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Hippocamelus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Leuckart","1816","","Diss. Inaug. de <i>Equo bisulco</i> Molinae","","","24","","<i>Hippocamelus dubius</i> Leuckart, 1816 (= <i>Equus bisulcus</i> Molina, 1792).","","","","","<i>Anomalocera</i> Gray, 1869;<i> Cervequus </i>Lesson, 1842;<i> Creagroceros </i>Fitzinger, 1873; <i>Furcifer</i> Wagner, 1844;<i> Huamela </i>Gray, 1873;<i> Xenelaphus </i>Gray, 1869.","Included in <i>Odocoileus</i> by Haltenorth (1963:44, 46). Sister genus of <i>Rangifer</i> according to Webb (1992).","42","42-00227","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0227"
"14200228","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Hippocamelus","","antisensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","d'Orbigny","1834","","Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","3","","91","","","Taruca","""du versant oriental des Cordillieres""; Bolivian Andes, near La Paz, at about 3,500 m (Cabrera, 1961:333).","Andes of NW Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>anomalocera</i> (Gray, 1872); <i>antisiensis </i>(Wagner, 1844).","","42","42-00228","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0227-0000-0228"
"14200229","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Hippocamelus","","bisulcus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","320","","","Guemal","Chile, ""delle Andi [Andes]""; restricted to Colchagua Prov. (Cabrera, 1961:334).","Andes of S Chile and S Argentina.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>andicus</i> (Lesson, 1842);<i> chilensis </i>(Gay and Gervais, 1846);<i> dubius </i>Leuckart, 1816;<i> equinus </i>(Treviranus, 1803);<i> huamel </i>(Gray, 1850); <i>huemel </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> leucotis</i> (Gray, 1849).","","42","42-00229","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0227-0000-0229"
"14200230","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","Am. Mon. Mag.","1","5","363","","<i>Mazama pita</i> Rafinesque, 1817 (= <i>Moschus americanus</i> Erxleben, 1777).","","","","","<i>Azarina</i> Larrañaga, 1923; <i>Coassus </i>Gray, 1843;<i> Doryceros </i>Fitzinger, 1873; <i>Doratoceros </i>Lydekker, 1915;<i> Homelaphus </i>Gray, 1872;<i> Nanelaphus </i>Fitzinger, 1873;<i> Passalites </i>Gloger, 1841;<i> Subulo</i> C. H. Smith, 1827.","Revised by Czernay (1987). The genus includes brown brockets (<i>gouazoubira, pandora</i>), red brockets (<i>americana, temama</i>), and small brockets (<i>bororo, bricenii, chunyi, nana, rufina</i>); it has not been established that brown or small brockets are monophyletic groups.","42","42-00230","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230"
"14200231","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","americana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","324","","","South American Red Brocket","""Habitat in Guiania et Brazilia"" and also cited from Surinam; restricted to French Guiana, Cayenne (Cabrera, 1961:335).","N Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad, Tobago, and Venezuela.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>baralou</i> (Kerr, 1792) [<i>nomen dubium</i>];<i> delicatulus </i>(Shaw, 1800); <i>inornata </i>(Gray, 1872);<i> juruana</i> J. A. Allen, 1915;<i> nemorosus </i>(Kerr, 1792) [<i>nomen dubium</i>];<i> <b>carrikeri </b></i>Hershkovitz, 1959;<i> <b>gualea </b></i>J. A. Allen, 1915;<i> fuscata </i>J. A. Allen, 1915;<i> <b>jucunda </b></i>Thomas, 1913;<i> <b>rosii </b></i>Lönnberg,<b> </b>1919;<i> <b>rufa </b></i>(Illiger, 1815); <i>dolichurus </i>(Wagner, 1844);<i> pita </i>Rafinesque, 1817;<i> toba </i>Lönnberg, 1919;<i> <b>sarae </b></i>Thomas, 1925;<i> <b>sheila </b></i>Thomas, 1913;<i> <b>trinitatis </b></i>J.A. Allen, 1915;<i> <b>whitelyi </b></i>(Gray, 1873);<i> <b>zamora </b></i>J. A. Allen, 1915;<i> <b>zetta </b></i>Thomas, 1913.","<i>Mazama americana tumatumari</i> J. A. Allen, 1915 is a composite based on a skull of <i>Odocoileus virginianus</i> (the lectotype) and a skin of <i>Mazama americana</i>; see Tate (1939).","42","42-00231","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0231"
"14200232","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","americana","americana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","324","","","","""Habitat in Guiania et Brazilia"" and also cited from Surinam; restricted to French Guiana, Cayenne (Cabrera, 1961:335).","","","","","42","42-00232","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0231-0232"
"14200233","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","americana","carrikeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1959","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00233","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0231-0233"
"14200234","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","americana","gualea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00234","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0231-0234"
"14200235","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","americana","jucunda","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00235","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0231-0235"
"14200236","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","americana","rosii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00236","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0231-0236"
"14200237","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","americana","rufa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Illiger","1815","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00237","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0231-0237"
"14200238","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","americana","sarae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00238","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0231-0238"
"14200239","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","americana","sheila","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00239","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0231-0239"
"14200240","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","americana","trinitatis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00240","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0231-0240"
"14200241","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","americana","whitelyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00241","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0231-0241"
"14200242","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","americana","zamora","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00242","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0231-0242"
"14200243","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","americana","zetta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00243","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0231-0243"
"14200244","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","bororo","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Duarte","1996","","Guia de identificação de cervídeos Brasileiros","","","7","","","São Paulo Bororó","""Esta espécie, aparentemente, se distribui nos poucos fragmentos de Mata Atlântica existentes no sudeste do Estado de São Paulo e nordeste do Estado do Paraná""; type from Brazil, São Paulo, Capão Benito (J. M. Barbanti Duarte, in litt.).","Brazil (Atlantic Forest from SE São Paulo State to NE Paraná State).","IUCN – Data Deficient (DSG recommended).","<i>bororo</i> Mirando Ribeiro, 1919 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Stated to have not yet been formally described (Wemmer, 1998) but Duarte's (1996) description made the name available. Revised by Duarte and Jorge (2003). The name<i> bororo </i>Mirando Ribeiro, 1919, which is a <i>nomen nudum</i>, may refer to this species.","42","42-00244","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0244"
"14200245","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","bricenii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1908","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8","1","","349","","","Mérida Brocket","""Paramo de la Culata, Merida, Venezuela"".","W Venezuela.","","","A species distinct from <i>M. rufina</i> according to Czernay (1987).","42","42-00245","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0245"
"14200246","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","chunyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hershkovitz","1959","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","72","","45","","","Dwarf Brocket","""Cocopunco, a site on the eastern slope of the Cordillera Real on the road to Mapiri, La Paz, Bolivia; altitude, about 3200 meters"".","Bolivian Andes, S Peru.","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Prior to 1959 this species was confused with <i>Pudu</i> <i>mephistophiles</i>; see Hershkovitz (1959<i>c</i>). Regarded as a subspecies of <i>M. bricenii </i>by Anderson (1997).","42","42-00246","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0246"
"14200247","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","gouazoubira","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Fischer [von Waldheim]","1814","","Zoognosia","3","","465","","","South American Brown Brocket","""Paraqu."" (Paraguay); restricted to Asuncion region (Cabrera, 1961:339).","N Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama (San Jose Isl), Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay, and Venezuela.","IUCN – Data Deficient (DSG recommended).","<i>argentina</i> Lönnberg, 1919;<i> bira </i>Rafinesque, 1817;<i> fusca </i>(Larrañaga, 1923);<i> gouazoupira </i>(G. Fischer [von Waldheim], 1814) [incorrect original spelling]; <i>kozeritzi </i>Mirando Ribeiro, 1919;<i> namby </i>(Fitzinger, 1879);<i> simplicicornis </i>(Illiger, 1815);<i> <b>cita</b> </i>Osgood, 1912; <i>humboldtii<b> </b></i>(Wiegmann, 1833) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>medemi </i></b>Barriga-Bonilla, 1966; <b><i>mexianae </i></b>(Hagmann, 1908);<i> <b>murelia </b></i>J. A. Allen, 1915;<i> <b>nemorivaga </b></i>(F. Cuvier, 1817);<i> <b>permira</b> </i>Kellogg, 1946;<i> <b>sanctaemartae </b></i>J. A. Allen, 1915;<i> <b>rondoni</b> </i>Miranda Ribeiro, 1915; <b><i>superciliaris </i></b>(Gray, 1852);<i> <b>tschudii</b></i> (Wagner, 1855).","Although the specific name is based on the gouazoubira of Azara, the original spelling was ""<i>gouazoupira</i>"" not ""<i>gouazoubira</i>"". The latter has been conserved as the correct original spelling (Opinion 1985; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2001<i>b</i>). Cabrera (1961) and Czernay (1987) included <i>rondoni </i>in <i>superciliaris</i>; Duarte (1996) and Duarte and Merino (1997) listed it as a separate species, based on an anomalous karyotype; Pinder and Leeuwenberg (1997) listed it as a subspecies, and provisionally also listed <i>namby</i> as valid.","42","42-00247","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0247"
"14200248","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","gouazoubira","gouazoubira","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. Fischer [von Waldheim]","1814","","Zoognosia","3","","465","","","","""Paraqu."" (Paraguay); restricted to Asuncion region (Cabrera, 1961:339).","","","","","42","42-00248","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0247-0248"
"14200249","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","gouazoubira","cita","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00249","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0247-0249"
"14200250","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","gouazoubira","medemi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barriga-Bonilla","1966","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00250","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0247-0250"
"14200251","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","gouazoubira","mexianae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hagmann","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00251","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0247-0251"
"14200252","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","gouazoubira","murelia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00252","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0247-0252"
"14200253","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","gouazoubira","nemorivaga","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1817","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00253","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0247-0253"
"14200254","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","gouazoubira","permira","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kellogg","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00254","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0247-0254"
"14200255","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","gouazoubira","sanctaemartae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00255","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0247-0255"
"14200256","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","gouazoubira","rondoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miranda Ribeiro","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00256","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0247-0256"
"14200257","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","gouazoubira","superciliaris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1852","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00257","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0247-0257"
"14200258","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","gouazoubira","tschudii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00258","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0247-0258"
"14200259","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","nana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hensel","1872","","Abhandl. Preuss. Akad. Will.","1872","","99","","","Southern Bororó","Brazil, ""Río Grande do Sul"".","N Argentina, SE Brazil, and E Paraguay.","IUCN – Data Deficient (DSG recommended).","<i>nana</i> (Lund, 1841) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]<i>.</i>","Hensel misidentified this species as <i>Cervus rufinus</i> Pucheran, but regarded <i>Cervus nanus</i> Lund as a synonym. The latter name becomes valid from Hensel's description, as <i>Mazama nana</i> (Hensel, 1872). The name is preooccupied by <i>Cervus </i>†<i>nanus</i> Kaup, 1839, possibly a junior synonym of †<i>Euprox dicranocerus </i>(Kaup, 1833), and probably a <i>nomen oblitum</i>. A species distinct from <i>M. rufina</i> according to Czernay (1987). ""Bororo"" has been used as a vernacular name for <i>M. nana </i>by Czernay (1987) but needs to be qualified in view of the recently described <i>M. bororo</i>.","42","42-00259","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0259"
"14200260","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","pandora","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","14","","105","","","Yucatan Brown Brocket","Mexico, ""Tunkas, Yucatan"".","Campeche and Yucatán, Mexico.","IUCN – Data Deficient (DSG recommended).","","Restored to species status by Medellin et al. (1998<i>b</i>).","42","42-00260","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0260"
"14200261","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","rufina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pucheran","1851","","Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris","3","","561","","","Ecuador Red Brocket","Ecuador, ""la vallée de Lloa, sur le versant occidental de la Cordillière du Pichincha"" (Pichincha, Pichincha Mtns, Lloa valley).","Ecuador and S Columbia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Bourcier and Pucheran were cited as the authors in the original publication, but Pucheran provided the description and is the sole author; Bourcier collected the syntypes.","42","42-00261","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0261"
"14200262","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","temama","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","The Animal Kingdom","","","303","","","Central American Red Brocket","No locality cited but reference made to ""Hernand. hist. nat. mexic. p. 325"". Restricted by Hershkovitz (1951) to Mexico, Veracruz, Mirador.","Belize, W Colombia,<i> </i>Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (SE from S Tamaulipas), Nicaragua, and Panama.","CITES – Appendix III (Guatemala) as <i>M</i>. <i>americana</i> <i>cerasina.</i>","<i>sartorii</i> (Saussure, 1860); <i>tema</i> Rafinesque, 1817;<i> <b>cerasina </b></i>Hollister, 1914;<b><i> reperticia</i></b><i> </i>Goldman, 1913.","Raised to species status by Geist (1998), following suggestions by Groves and Grubb (1987).","42","42-00262","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0262"
"14200263","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","temama","temama","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","The Animal Kingdom","","","303","","","","No locality cited but reference made to ""Hernand. hist. nat. mexic. p. 325"". Restricted by Hershkovitz (1951) to Mexico, Veracruz, Mirador.","","","","","42","42-00263","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0262-0263"
"14200264","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","temama","cerasina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00264","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0262-0264"
"14200265","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Mazama","","temama","reperticia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00265","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0230-0000-0262-0265"
"14200266","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1832","","Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge","1","","109","","<i>Odocoileus</i>†<i>speleus</i> Rafinesque, 1832 (= <i>Dama virginianus</i> Zimmermann, 1780).","","","","","<i>Aplacerus</i> Hall and Kelson, 1959; <i>Cariacus, </i>Lesson, 1842; <i>Dama </i>Zimmermann, 1780 [preoccupied]; <i>Dorcelaphus </i>Gloger, 1841;<i> Elaphalces </i>Brookes, 1828 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>]; <i>Eucervus </i>Gray, 1866;<i> Gymnotis </i>Fitzinger, 1879;<i> Macrotis </i>Wagner, 1855;<i> Mazama </i>C. H. Smith, 1827 [preoccupied]; <i>Odocoelus </i>G. M. Allen, 1901; <i>Odontocoelus </i>Sclater, 1902; <i>Oplacerus </i>Haldleman, 1842;<i> Otelaphus </i>Fitzinger, 1874;<i> Palaeodocoileus </i>Spillman, 1931;<i> Protomazama</i> Spillman, 1931;<i> Reduncina </i>Wagner, 1844; <i>Subulus </i>Brookes, 1828 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>].","Hall (1981:1087) employed <i>Dama</i> Zimmermann, 1780, of which <i>Dama virginiana</i> (= <i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>) is the type, for this genus, but <i>Dama</i> Frisch, 1775, with <i>Cervus dama</i> (= <i>Dama dama</i>) as type has priority and thus preoccupies <i>Dama</i> Zimmermann, 1780 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1960).","42","42-00266","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266"
"14200267","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","hemionus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","Am. Mon. Mag.","1","","436","","","Mule Deer","USA, South Dakota, mouth of Big Sioux River (Bailey, 1926:41).","W Canada, Mexico (Baja California and Sonora to N Tamaulipas), W USA east to Minnesota, and Alaskan Panhandle. Introduced to Kauai (Hawaiian Isls) and Argentina.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>O</i>. <i>h</i>. <i>cedrocensis </i>[sic; = <i>cerrosensis</i>]; IUCN – Endangered as <i>O</i>. <i>h</i>. <i>cerrosensis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc)<i>.</i>","<i>auritus</i> (Warden, 1820);<i> macrotis</i> (Say, 1823);<i> montanus </i>(Caton, 1881);<i> virgultus</i> (Hallock, 1899); <b><i>californicus </i></b>(Caton, 1876);<i> <b>cerrosensis</b> </i>Merriam, 1898;<i> <b>columbianus </b></i>(Richardson, 1829);<i> lewisii </i>(Peale, 1848);<i> punctulatus </i>(Gray, 1852); <i>pusillus </i>(Gray, 1873); <i>richardsoni </i>(Audubon and Bachman, 1853);<i> scaphiotus </i>(Merriam, 1898);<i> <b>eremicus</b> </i>(Mearns, 1897);<b><i> </i></b><i>canus</i> Merriam, 1901;<i> <b>fuliginatus </b></i>(Cowan, 1933); <b><i>inyoensis</i></b><i> </i>(Cowan, 1933);<i> <b>peninsulae</b> </i>(Lydekker, 1898);<i> <b>sheldoni </b></i>Goldman, 1939; <b><i>sitkensis </i></b>Merriam, 1898.","Revised by Cowan (1936); reviewed by Anderson and Wallmo (1984, Mammalian Species, 219) and Geist (1998). The species can be partitioned into the <i>columbianus </i>division or Black-tailed Deer (including also <i>sitkensis</i>) and the nominate <i>hemionus </i>division or Mule Deer <i>sensu stricto</i> (including also <i>californicus, cerrosensis, eremicus, fuliginatus, inyoensis, peninsulae, </i>and <i>sheldoni</i>). <i>Dorcelaphus crooki </i>Mearns, 1897 is based on a hybrid between <i>O. virginianus </i>and <i>O. hemionus</i> (Heffelfinger, 2000).","42","42-00267","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0267"
"14200268","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","hemionus","hemionus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","Am. Mon. Mag.","1","","436","","","","USA, South Dakota, mouth of Big Sioux River (Bailey, 1926:41).","","","","","42","42-00268","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0267-0268"
"14200269","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","hemionus","californicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Caton","1876","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00269","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0267-0269"
"14200270","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","hemionus","cerrosensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00270","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0267-0270"
"14200271","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","hemionus","columbianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Richardson","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00271","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0267-0271"
"14200272","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","hemionus","eremicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00272","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0267-0272"
"14200273","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","hemionus","fuliginatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cowan","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00273","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0267-0273"
"14200274","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","hemionus","inyoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cowan","1933","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00274","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0267-0274"
"14200275","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","hemionus","peninsulae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00275","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0267-0275"
"14200276","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","hemionus","sheldoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1939","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00276","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0267-0276"
"14200277","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","hemionus","sitkensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00277","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0267-0277"
"14200278","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","129","","","White-tailed Deer","""Bewohnt in grossen Heerden Carolina v), Virginien, Louisiana w), und geht vielleicht bis Panama x) hinunter""; restricted by Hershkovitz (1948<i>c</i>:43) to USA, Virginia.","S Canada extending N of 60°N in the North West Territory and in the Yukon, USA (absent from California to W Colorado), and all nations of Central America; South America in Bolivia, N Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam, and Venezuela. Introduced to Czech Republic, Finland, New Zealand, and West Indies, possibly surviving on Cuba, Curacao, St. Croix, and St. Thomas Isls.","CITES – Appendix III (Guatemala) as <i>O</i>. <i>v</i>. <i>mayensis</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>O</i>. <i>v</i>. <i>clavium, </i>Endangered (but proposed delisting) as <i>O</i>. <i>v</i>. <i>leucurus</i>; IUCN – Endangered as<i> O. v. clavium</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>O. v. leucurus, </i>otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>americanus</i> (Erxleben, 1777) [<i>nomen oblitum</i>];<i> clavatus </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827) [<i>nomen dubium</i>];<i> ramosus </i>(de Blainville, 1822);<i> typicus </i>(Lydekker, 1898); <i>ramosus </i>(de Blainville, 1822); <i>virginianus</i> (Zimmermann, 1777) [unavailable]; <i>wisconsinensis </i>(Belitz, 1919);<i> <b>acapulcensis </b></i>(Caton, 1877);<i> <b>borealis</b> </i>Miller, 1900;<i> <b>cariacou</b> </i>(Boddaert, 1784);<i> campestris </i>(F. Cuvier, 1817);<i> mangivorus </i>(Schrank, 1819) [<i>nomen dubium</i>]; <i>mazame </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>pratensis </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>spinosus </i>(Gay and Gervais, 1846); <i>suacuapara </i>Mirando Ribeiro, 1919; <i>sylvaticus </i>(Kerr, 1792);<i> <b>carminis</b> </i>Goldman and Kellog, 1940; <b><i>chiriquensis</i></b><i> </i>J. A. Allen, 1910;<i> <b>clavium</b> </i>Barbour and G. M. Allen, 1922; <b><i>couesi</i></b><i> </i>(Coues and Yarrow, 1875); <i>baileyi </i>Lydekker, 1915; <i>battyi </i>J. A. Allen, 1903; <b><i>curassavicus</i></b><i> </i>(Hummelinck, 1940);<b><i> dacotensis </i></b>Goldman and Kellog, 1940; <b><i>goudotii</i></b><i> </i>(Gay and Gervais, 1846);<i> columbicus </i>(Fitzinger, 1879); <i>lasiotis </i>Osgood, 1914; <b><i>gymnotis </i></b>(Wiegmann, 1833); <i>savannarum </i>(Cabanis, 1848); <i>tumatumari </i>(J. A. Allen, 1915); <i>wiegmanni </i>(Fitzinger, 1879); <b><i>hiltonensis</i></b><i> </i>Goldman and Kellog, 1940; <b><i>leucurus</i></b><i> </i>(Douglas, 1829); <b><i>macrourus</i></b><i> </i>(Rafinesque, 1817);<i> louisianae </i>G. M. Allen, 1901;<i> <b>mcilhennyi</b> </i>F. W. Miller, 1928;<i> <b>margaritae </b></i>Osgood, 1910; <b><i>mexicanus</i></b><i> </i>(Gmelin, 1788);<i> indicus </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>lichtensteini </i>(J. A. Allen, 1902);<i> <b>miquihuanensis </b></i>Goldman and Kellogg, 1940;<i> <b>nelsoni </b></i>Merriam, 1898; <i>mayensis </i>CITES, 1992 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> <b>nemoralis</b> </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> clavatus </i>(True, 1889); <i>costaricensis </i>Miller, 1901;<b><i> </i></b><i>truei </i>Merriam, 1898; <b><i>nigribarbis </i></b>Goldman and Kellogg, 1940;<i> <b>oaxacensis</b></i><b> </b>Goldman and Kellogg, 1940;<i> <b>ochrourus</b> </i>V. Bailey, 1932;<i> <b>osceola</b> </i>(Bangs, 1896),<i> fraterculus </i>(Coues, 1896);<i> <b>peruvianus </b></i><b>(</b>Gray, 1874);<i> brachyceros </i>(Philippi, 1894); <i>peruanus </i>Sanborn, 1953; <i>philippii </i>Trouesssart, 1904; <b><i>rothschildi</i></b> (Thomas, 1902);<i> <b>seminolus</b></i><b> </b>Goldman and Kellogg, 1940; <b><i>sinaloae</i></b><i> </i>J. A. Allen, 1903;<i> <b>taurinsulae</b> </i>Goldman and Kellogg, 1940;<i> <b>texanus</b> </i>(Mearns, 1898); <i>texensis </i>(Miller and Rehn, 1901);<i> <b>thomasi</b> </i>Merriam, 1898;<i> <b>toltecus </b></i>(Saussure, 1860);<i> <b>tropicalis </b></i>Cabrera, 1918; <i>punensis </i>Spillmann, 1948 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>ustus</i></b> Trouessart, 1910; <i>abeli </i>(Spillmann, 1931);<i> aequatorialis </i>(Spillmann, 1931);<i> antonii </i>(Spillmann, 1931);<i> consul </i>Lönnberg, 1922; <i>gracilis </i>(Spillmann, 1931);<i> <b>venatorius</b></i><b> </b>Goldman and Kellogg, 1940;<i> <b>veraecrucis</b></i><b> </b>Goldman and Kellogg, 1940;<i> <b>yucatanensis</b> </i>(Hays, 1872).","Reviewed by Smith (1991, Mammalian Species, 388) and Geist (1998). The species includes two divisions (Groves and Grubb, 1987; Grubb, 1990), the <i>cariacou </i>division or Cariacu (including also <i>acapulcensis, chiriquensis, curassavicus, goudotii, margaritae, mexicanus, miquihuanensis, nelsoni, nemoralis, oaxacensis, peruvianus, rothschildi, sinaloae, thomasi, toltecus, tropicalils, truei, ustus, veraecrucis, </i>and <i>yucatanensis</i>) and<i> </i>the nominate <i>virginianus </i>division, the White-tailed Deer <i>sensu stricto</i> (including also <i>borealis, carminus, clavium, couesi, dacotensis, hiltonensis, leucurus, macrourus, mcilhennyi, nigribarbis, ochrourus, osceola, seminolus, taurinsulae, texanus, </i>and <i>venatorius</i>). Three taxa in Venezuela (<i>goudotii, gymnotis, margaritae</i>) regarded as species by Molina and Molinari (1999) but not by Moscarella et al. (2003).","42","42-00278","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278"
"14200279","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","virginianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","129","","","","""Bewohnt in grossen Heerden Carolina v), Virginien, Louisiana w), und geht vielleicht bis Panama x) hinunter""; restricted by Hershkovitz (1948<i>c</i>:43) to USA, Virginia.","","","","","42","42-00279","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0279"
"14200280","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","acapulcensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Caton","1877","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00280","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0280"
"14200281","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","borealis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00281","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0281"
"14200282","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","cariacou","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Boddaert","1784","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00282","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0282"
"14200283","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","carminis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman and Kellog","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00283","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0283"
"14200284","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","chiriquensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00284","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0284"
"14200285","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","clavium","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barbour and G. M. Allen","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00285","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0285"
"14200286","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","couesi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Coues and Yarrow","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00286","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0286"
"14200287","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","curassavicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hummelinck","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00287","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0287"
"14200288","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","dacotensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman and Kellog","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00288","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0288"
"14200289","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","goudotii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gay and Gervais","1846","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00289","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0289"
"14200290","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","gymnotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wiegmann","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00290","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0290"
"14200291","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","hiltonensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman and Kellog","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00291","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0291"
"14200292","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","leucurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Douglas","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00292","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0292"
"14200293","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","macrourus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00293","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0293"
"14200294","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","mcilhennyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. W. Miller","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00294","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0294"
"14200295","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","margaritae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00295","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0295"
"14200296","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","mexicanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00296","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0296"
"14200297","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","miquihuanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman and Kellogg","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00297","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0297"
"14200298","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","nelsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00298","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0298"
"14200299","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","nemoralis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00299","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0299"
"14200300","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","nigribarbis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman and Kellogg","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00300","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0300"
"14200301","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","oaxacensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman and Kellogg","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00301","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0301"
"14200302","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","ochrourus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","V. Bailey","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00302","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0302"
"14200303","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","osceola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00303","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0303"
"14200304","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","peruvianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00304","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0304"
"14200305","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","rothschildi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00305","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0305"
"14200306","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","seminolus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman and Kellogg","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00306","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0306"
"14200307","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","sinaloae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00307","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0307"
"14200308","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","taurinsulae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman and Kellogg","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00308","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0308"
"14200309","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","texanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mearns","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00309","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0309"
"14200310","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","thomasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00310","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0310"
"14200311","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","toltecus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Saussure","1860","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00311","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0311"
"14200312","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","tropicalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00312","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0312"
"14200313","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","ustus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Trouessart","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00313","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0313"
"14200314","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","venatorius","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman and Kellogg","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00314","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0314"
"14200315","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","veraecrucis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman and Kellogg","1940","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00315","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0315"
"14200316","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Odocoileus","","virginianus","yucatanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hays","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00316","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0266-0000-0278-0316"
"14200317","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Ozotoceros","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ameghino","1891","","Rev. Argent. Hist. Nat.","1","","243","","<i>Cervus bezoarticus</i> Linnaeus, 1758 misidentified as <i>Cervus campestris</i> F. Cuvier, 1817.","","","","","<i>Ozelaphus</i>  Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907; <i>Ozotoceras </i>Palmer, 1904.","<i>Ozotoceros</i> is the name to be used for <i>Blastoceros</i> Fitzinger, 1860, if <i>Blastoceros</i> is regarded as an invalid emendation of <i>Blastocerus</i>; see Hershkovitz (1958) and Grubb (2000). Included in <i>Odocoileus</i> by Haltenorth (1963:46), Bianchini and Delupi (1979), and Ximenez et al. (1972), but a distinct genus (Groves and Grubb, 1987).","42","42-00317","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0317"
"14200318","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Ozotoceros","","bezoarticus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","67","","","Pampas Deer","""Habitat in America australis""; identified as Brazil, Pernambuco (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>:151).","N Argentina, SE Bolivia, Brazil (S of Amazon), Paraguay, and Uruguay.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>O. b. uruguayensis </i>and <i>O. b. arerunguaenis</i>, Endangered as<i> O. b. celer</i>, Data Deficient as <i>O. b. bezoarticus</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>O. b. leucogaster</i>.","<i>caenosus</i> (Wagner, 1844);<i> comosus </i>(Wagner, 1844);<i> cuguapara </i>(Kerr, 1792);<i> cuguete </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>sylvestris </i>(Gray, 1873); <b><i>arerunguaensis</i></b> González, Álvares-Valin and Maldonado, 2002; <b><i>celer </i></b>Cabrera, 1943; <b><i>leucogaster</i></b><i> </i>(Goldfuss, 1817); <i>albus </i>(Fitzinger, 1879); <i>azarae </i>(Wiegmann, 1833) [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> dickii </i>(Goeldi, 1912); <b><i>uruguayensis</i></b> González, Álvares-Valin and Maldonado, 2002.","Reviewed by Jackson (1987, Mammalian Species, 295). Widely known in the older literature as <i>Blastocerus </i>or <i>Cariacus campestris </i>(= <i>Cervus campestris </i>F. Cuvier, 1817), a name which is properly a junior synonym of <i>Odocoilelus virginianus cariacou.</i>","42","42-00318","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0317-0000-0318"
"14200319","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Ozotoceros","","bezoarticus","bezoarticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","67","","","","""Habitat in America australis""; identified as Brazil, Pernambuco (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>:151).","","","","","42","42-00319","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0317-0000-0318-0319"
"14200320","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Ozotoceros","","bezoarticus","arerunguaensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","González, Álvares-Valin and Maldonado","2002","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00320","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0317-0000-0318-0320"
"14200321","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Ozotoceros","","bezoarticus","celer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00321","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0317-0000-0318-0321"
"14200322","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Ozotoceros","","bezoarticus","leucogaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldfuss","1817","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00322","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0317-0000-0318-0322"
"14200323","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Ozotoceros","","bezoarticus","uruguayensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","González, Álvares-Valin and Maldonado","2002","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00323","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0317-0000-0318-0323"
"14200324","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Pudu","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1850","1852","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1850","","242","","<i>Capra puda</i> Molina, 1782.","","","","","<i>Pudella</i>  Thomas, 1913; <i>Pudua </i>Garrod, 1877.","Included in <i>Mazama</i> by Haltenorth (1963:48); includes <i>Pudella</i>; revised by Hershkovitz (1982).","42","42-00324","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0324"
"14200325","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Pudu","","mephistophiles","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Winton","1896","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1896","","508","","","Northern Pudu","Ecuador, Napo-Pastaza Prov., ""Paramo of Papallacta … east of Quito, only just south of the Equator … about 11,000 feet [3353 m] above the sea"".","Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>fusca</i> (Spillmann, 1931); <i>mephistopheles </i>Thomas, 1908; <i>mephistophelis </i>Cabrera and Yepes, 1940; <i>wetmorei </i>Lehmann, 1945.","","42","42-00325","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0324-0000-0325"
"14200326","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Pudu","","puda","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Molina","1782","","Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile","","","308","","","Southern Pudu","Chile, ""Cordigliera … delle Province Australi""; restricted to ""los bosques del lago Todos los Santos, en la provincia de Chiloé"" (Cabrera, 1961:343).","S Chile and SW Argentina.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>P. pudu</i>; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>chilensis</i> Gray, 1852;<i> dubia </i>(Afzelius, 1815); <i>humilis </i>(Bennett, 1831); <i>pudu </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>pudua </i>Carette, 1922.","For original spelling of specific name, see Hershkovitz (1982).","42","42-00326","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0324-0000-0326"
"14200327","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Anim. Kingdom","5","","304","","<i>Cervus tarandus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Achlis</i> Reichenbach, 1845; <i>Rangifer </i>Frisch, 1775 [unavailable]; <i>Tarandus</i> Billberg, 1827.","Revised by Banfield (1961), Geist (1998), and Markov et al. (1994).","42","42-00327","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327"
"14200328","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","67","","","Reindeer","""Habitat in Alpibus Europae et Asiae maxime septentrionalibus""; identified as Sweden, Alpine Lapland by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:151); based on domesticated stock.","Circumboreal in tundra and taiga from Svalbard, Norway, Finland, Russia, Alaska (USA) and Canada including most arctic islands, and Greenland, south to N Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia; now only domesticated or feral?), Sakhalin Isl, and USA (N Idaho and Great Lakes region). Introduced to, and feral in, Iceland, Kerguelen Isls, South Georgia Isl, Pribilof Isls, St. Matthew Isl. Extinct in Sweden.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>R. t. caribou</i> in Canada (SE British Columbia at the Canadian-USA border, Columbia River, Kootenay River, Kootenay Lake, and Kootenai River) and USA (Idaho, Washington); IUCN – Endangered as <i>R. t. pearyi</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc)<i>.</i> The woodland <i>caribou </i>is highly endangered throughout its distribution right into Ontario (V. Geist, in litt.).","<i>borealis</i> (Rüppell, 1842); <i>cilindricornis </i>Camerano, 1902 [unavailable];<i> furcifer </i>(Baird, 1852); <i>lapponum </i>(Billberg, 1827); <i>rangifer </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>typicus </i>Lydekker, 1898; <b><i>buskensis</i></b><i> </i>(Millais, 1915);<i> angustirostris </i>Flerov, 1932; <i>dichotomus </i>Hilzheimer, 1936;<i> silvicola </i>Hilzheimer, 1936;<i> transuralensis </i>Hilzheimer, 1936;<i> valentinae </i>Flerov, 1933; <b><i>caboti</i></b><i> </i>G. M. Allen, 1914;<i> labradorensis </i>(Millais, 1915);<i> <b>caribou</b> </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>coronatus </i>(É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803) [<i>nomen dubium</i>]; <i>fortidens </i>Hollister, 1912; <i>hastalis </i>(Agassiz, 1847);<i> keewatinensis </i>(Millais, 1915);<i> montanus </i>Thompson-Seton, 1899;<i> sylvestris </i>(Richardson, 1829);<i> <b>dawsoni</b> </i>Thompson-Seton, 1900;<i> <b>fennicus</b> </i>Lönnberg, 1909;<i> <b>groenlandicus </b></i>(Borowski, 1780);<i> arcticus </i>(Richardson, 1829);<i> excelsifrons </i>Hollister, 1912; <i>granti </i>J. A. Allen, 1902; <i>grewensis </i>(de Blainville, 1822);<i> ramosus </i>(de Blainville, 1822); <b><i>osborni</i></b><i> </i>J. A. Allen, 1902;<i> mcguirei </i>Figgins, 1919;<i> ogilvyensis </i>(Millais, 1915); <i>selousi </i>Barclay, 1935; <i>stonei </i>J. A. Allen, 1901; <b><i>pearsoni </i></b>Lydekker, 1903;<i> <b>pearyi</b> </i>J. A. Allen, 1902;<i> eogroenlandicus </i>Degerbøl, 1957; <b><i>phylarchus</i></b><i> </i>Hollister, 1912; <i>setoni </i>Flerov, 1933;<i> <b>platyrhynchus</b> </i>(Vrolik, 1829);<i> spetsbergensis </i>(Andersen, 1862);<i> spitzbergensis </i>Murray, 1866; <b><i>sibiricus</i></b><i> </i>Murray, 1866;<i> asiaticus </i>Jacobi, 1931;<i> chukchensis </i>(Millais, 1915); <i>lenensis </i>(Millais, 1915);<i> sibiricus </i>(von Schreber, 1784) [unavailable]; <i>taimyrensis </i>Michurin, 1965; <i>yakutskensis </i>(Millais, 1915);<i> <b>terraenovae </b></i>Bangs, 1896.","Subspecies have been placed in two divisions, compressicornis or Woodland Reindeer, and cylindricornis or Tundra Reindeer (Jacobi, 1931). These names of divisions are non-Linnean; <i>cilindricornis </i>Camerano, 1902 is a lapsus for cylindricornis and is not a Linnean name. An additional category has since been recognised for the Peary Caribou, due to marginal or seasonal sympatry between caribou in Arctic America, following Banfield (1963). Subspecies here considered valid are based on Banfield (1961), considerably modified by Geist (1998): <i>caribou </i>division or Woodland Caribou (includes also <i>buskensis,</i> <i>valentinae, dawsoni, fennicus, </i>and <i>phylarchus</i>); populations transitional between <i>caribou </i>and <i>tarandus </i>divisions (includes <i>osborni</i>); <i>tarandus </i>division, Barren-ground Caribou or Reindeer (includes also <i>caboti, groenlandicus, pearsoni, sibiricus, </i>and <i>terraenovae</i>); and <i>platyrhynchus </i>division (including <i>pearyi </... [truncated]","42","42-00328","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328"
"14200329","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","tarandus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","67","","","","""Habitat in Alpibus Europae et Asiae maxime septentrionalibus""; identified as Sweden, Alpine Lapland by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:151); based on domesticated stock.","","","","","42","42-00329","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328-0329"
"14200330","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","buskensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Millais","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00330","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328-0330"
"14200331","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","caboti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00331","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328-0331"
"14200332","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","caribou","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1788","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00332","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328-0332"
"14200333","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","dawsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thompson-Seton","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00333","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328-0333"
"14200334","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","fennicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00334","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328-0334"
"14200335","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","groenlandicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Borowski","1780","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00335","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328-0335"
"14200336","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","osborni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00336","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328-0336"
"14200337","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","pearsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00337","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328-0337"
"14200338","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","pearyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00338","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328-0338"
"14200339","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","phylarchus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00339","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328-0339"
"14200340","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","platyrhynchus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Vrolik","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00340","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328-0340"
"14200341","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","sibiricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Murray","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00341","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328-0341"
"14200342","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Capreolinae","","Rangifer","","tarandus","terraenovae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bangs","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00342","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0206-0000-0327-0000-0328-0342"
"14200343","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Goldfuss","1820","","Handb. Zool.","2","","xx, 374","","","","","","","Axidae Brookes, 1828; Cervulinae Sclater, 1870 [suppressed]; Elaphidae Brookes, 1828; Elaphodinae Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907; Eucervidae Bubenik, 1990 [unavailable]; Muntiacini Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907; Platycerinidae Brookes, 1828 [unavailable]; Rusidae Brookes, 1828; Stylocerinidae Brookes, 1828 [unavailable].","Cervini includes <i>Axis, Cervus, Elaphurus, Przewalskium, Rucervus, </i>and <i>Rusa. </i>Muntiacini includes <i>Elaphodus </i>and <i>Muntiacus. </i>Muntiacini generally has been regarded as a subfamily (Haltenorth, 1963) and has usually been attributed to Pocock, 1923, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1923:207; treated as a full family by Groves and Grubb (1990); relegated to tribal status in Cervinae, by Groves and Grubb (1987) and Grubb (2000<i>b</i>) supported by evidence in Kraus and Miyamoto (1991).","42","42-00343","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343"
"14200344","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Axis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Anim. Kingdom","5","","312","","<i>Cervus axis</i> Erxleben, 1777.","","","","","<i>Hyelaphus</i>  Sundevall, 1846.","Treated as a full genus, not a subgenus of <i>Cervus</i>, by Groves and Grubb (1987). Subgenus <i>Axis </i>contains <i>axis </i>only; subgenus <i>Hyelaphus </i>contains <i>calamianensis, kuhlii </i>and<i> porcinus.</i>","42","42-00344","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0344"
"14200345","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Axis","","axis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regn. Anim.","1","","312","","","Chital","""Habitat ad ripas Gangis; in Iana, Ceylona""; restricted to India, Bihar, banks of the Ganges River (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:360).","India (incl. Sikkim), Nepal, and Sri Lanka; introduced to Andaman Isls, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Brazil, Croatia, Moldavia, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Ukraine, Uruguay, and USA (Florida, Hawaiian Isls, and Texas).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>ceylonensis</i> (J. B. Fischer, 1829);<i> indicus</i> (J. B. Fischer, 1829);<i> maculatus</i> (Kerr, 1792);<i> major </i>Hodgson, 1842;<i> minor </i>Hodgson, 1842;<i> nudipalpebra </i>(Ogilby, 1831); <i>zeylanicus </i>(Lydekker, 1905).","","42","42-00345","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0344-0000-0345"
"14200346","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Axis","","calamianensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1888","","Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin.","2","","49","","","Calamian Deer","Philippines, ""l'ile Calamian et l'isle de la Paragua [= Palawan Isl.]""; restricted to Calamian Isls, Culion Isl (Lydekker, 1915:59).","Philippines, Calamian Isls (Busuanga, Calauit, Culion and some smaller Isls). Not recorded from Palawan and Heude did not have material from Palawan.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>A. porcinus calamianensis</i>; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>culionensis</i>  (Elliot, 1897).","Included in <i>A. porcinus</i> by Haltenorth (1963), but treated as a full species by Groves and Grubb (1987).","42","42-00346","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0344-0000-0346"
"14200347","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Axis","","kuhlii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1836","","<i>In</i>von Siebold, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Coup. d'Oeil Faune Iles Sonde Emp. Japan","","","viii, ix","","","Bawean Deer","Indonesia, ""les îles Bavian"" (= Bawean Isl).","Indonesia, Bawean Isl. Specimen in Institute of Zoology, Beijing, labelled from Bangka Isl, off Sumatra, Indonesia.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>A. porcinus kuhli </i>[sic]; IUCN – Endangered.","","The name of this deer is widely attributed to Müller, 1840 <i>in</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel., p. 45, but Corbet and Hill (1992) indicated the earlier publication. This species was further described by Müller and Schlegel, <i>in</i> Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, p. 223[1845], pl. 44[1842]. Included in <i>A. porcinus</i> by Haltenorth (1963), but treated as a full species by Groves and Grubb (1987) and Geist (1998).","42","42-00347","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0344-0000-0347"
"14200348","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Axis","","porcinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","131","","","Hog Deer","No locality given, based on captive in Bengal; ""Indo-Gangetic Plain of India"" (Lydekker, 1915:56); here restricted to India, West Bengal.","Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China (Yunnan), N India, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka (introduced?), and S Vietnam; introduced to S Australia.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>Cervus</i> <i>porcinus</i> <i>annamiticus</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Axis</i> <i>porcinus annamiticus</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>A. p. porcinus</i>, Data Deficient as<i> A. p. annamiticus.</i>","<i>dodur</i> (Royle, 1834) [<i>nomen dubium</i>]; <i>maculatus </i>(Kerr, 1792); <i>oryzus</i> Kelaart, 1852; <i>porcinus</i> (Zimmermann, 1777) [unavailable]; <i>pumilio </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<b><i> annamiticus </i></b>(Heude, 1888);<i> hecki </i>(Lydekker, 1908).","<i>Cervus porcinus</i> Zimmermann, 1777, is not an available name as it was published in an unavailable work (Spec. Zool. Geogr., p. 532): see Hemming (1950:547).","42","42-00348","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0344-0000-0348"
"14200349","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Axis","","porcinus","porcinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","131","","","","No locality given, based on captive in Bengal; ""Indo-Gangetic Plain of India"" (Lydekker, 1915:56); here restricted to India, West Bengal.","","","","","42","42-00349","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0344-0000-0348-0349"
"14200350","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Axis","","porcinus","annamiticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1888","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00350","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0344-0000-0348-0350"
"14200351","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","66","","<i>Cervus elaphus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Elaphoceros</i>  Fitzinger, 1874;<i> Elaphus </i>C. H. Smith, 1827;<i> Eucervus </i>Acloque, 1899; <i>Harana </i>Hodgson, 1838;<i> Pseudaxis </i>Gray, 1872;<i> Pseudocervus </i>Hodgson, 1841;<i> Sica </i>Trouessart, 1898; <i>Sika </i>Sclater, 1870;<i> Sikelaphus</i> Heude, 1894;<i> Sikaillus </i>Heude, 1898.","Formerly included <i>Rusa</i>, <i>Rucervus</i>, and <i>Przewalskium</i> as subgenera, see Groves and Grubb (1987). Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>) also included <i>Elaphurus, Axis, Dama</i> and <i>Hyelaphus</i>. Information from various sources suggests that <i>Cervus sensu lato</i> is polyphyletic or paraphyletic. Dendrograms derived from mitochondrial-DNA restriction-site maps suggest that <i>Axis axis </i>and <i>Rucervus duvauceli </i>form a sister-clade to <i>Elaphurus davidianus, Rusa unicolor </i>and <i>Cervus elaphus </i>(Cronin, 1991), whereas genetic distances obtained from protein analysis suggested that <i>Axis axis, Dama </i>species and <i>Rusa </i>species<i> </i>formed a sister clade to <i>Elaphurus davidianus, C. elaphus</i>, and <i>C. nippon</i> (Emerson and Tate, 1993). Phylogram of Randi et al. (2001) suggests <i>Rucervus eldi </i>and<i> Elaphurus davidianus</i> form a clade whose sister-group includes <i>Rusa </i>and <i>Cervus </i>species.","42","42-00351","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351"
"14200352","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","67","","","Red Deer (see comments)","""Habitat in Europa, Asia""; identified as S Sweden by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:151).","N Africa in NE Algeria and Tunisia. All states of continental Europe east to S Norway, S Sweden, Ukraine and Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Russia); extinct in Albania, Moldavia, and Sicily; introduced but now extinct on Lampedusa Isl and islands off Sicily; in Corsica and Sardinia only since Neolithic; not in Finland; reintroduced into Belorussia, Estonia, Kaliningrad, Latvia, and Lithuania. Near and Middle East in Turkey, N Iran, and Iraq; extinct in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. C Asia in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan (extinct), Uzbekistan, N Afghanistan, N India (Kashmir Valley), N Pakistan (vagrant), east to Siberia, Mongolia, W and N China (Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Manchuria, Ninxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, and E Tibet including Qinghai), Korea, and Ussuri region (Russia). Canada and USA, where now restricted to western areas and reserves. Red Deer (<i>elaphus</i> division) introduced to Morocco, USA, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and New Zealand; Elk or Wapiti (<i>canadensis</i> division) introduced to Ural Mtns and Volga Steppe (Russia), and New Zealand.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>C. e. hanglu</i>; Appendix II as <i>C. e. bactrianus</i>; Appendix III (Tunisia) as <i>C. e. barbarus</i>. U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>C. e. bactrianus, C. e. barbarus, C. e. corsicanus, C. e. hanglu, C. e. macneilli, C. e. wallichi</i>, and <i>C. e. yarkandensis</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. e. yarkandensis</i>, <i>C. e.</i> <i>corsicanus </i>and<i> C. e. hanglu</i>, Vulnerable as <i>C. e. bactrianus</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>C. e. barbarus</i>, Data Deficient as <i>C. e. affinis, C. e. alashanicus, C. e. macneilli,</i> and<i> C. e. wallichi</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albicus</i> Matschie, 1907; <i>albifrons </i>Reichenbach, 1845; <i>albus </i>Desmarest, 1822; <i>bajovaricus </i>Matschie, 1907;<i> balticus </i>Matschie, 1907; <i>debilis </i>Matschie, 1912; <i>germanicus </i>Desmarest, 1822;<i> hippelaphus </i>Erxleben, 1777;<i> montanus </i>Botezat, 1903 [preoccupied]; <i> neglectus </i>Matschie, 1912; <i>rhenanus </i>Matschie, 1907;<i> saxonicus </i>Matschie, 1912; <i>typicus </i>Lydekker, 1898; <i>varius </i>Fitzinger, 1874; <i>visurgensis </i>Matschie, 1912; <i>vulgaris </i>Botezat, 1903; <b><i>alashanicus </i></b>Bobrinskii and Flerov, 1935; <b><i>atlanticus</i></b><i> </i>Lönnberg, 1906;<b><i> </i></b><i>scoticus<b> </b></i>Lönnberg, 1906; <b><i>barbarus </i></b>Bennett, 1833; <b><i>brauneri</i></b><i> </i>Charlemagne, 1920; <i> tauricus </i>Fortunatov, 1925; <i> <b>canadensis </b></i>Erxleben, 1777;<b><i> </i></b><i>asiaticus </i>Lydekker, 1898;<i> baicalensis </i>Lydekker, 1915;<i> biedermanni </i>Matschie, 1907;<i> major </i>Ord, 1815; <i>manitobensis </i>Millais, 1915; <i>merriami </i>Nelson, 1902; <i>nelsoni </i>Bailey, 1935;<i> occidentalis </i>C. H. Smith, 1827;<i> roosevelti </i>Merriam, 1897;<i> sibiricus<b> </b></i>Severtzov, 1873;<b><i> </i></b><i>strongyloceros </i>von Schreber, 1784; <i>wachei </i>Noack, 1902; <i>wapiti </i>Barton, 1808; <b><i>corsicanus </i></b>Erxleben, 1777; <i>corsiniacus </i>Gervais, 1848; <i>mediterraneus </i>de Blainville, 1822;<i> minor </i>Wagner, 1855; <b><i>hanglu</i></b> Wagner, 1844; <i>cashmeerianus </i>Falconer, 1868; <i>cashmeriensis </i>Adams, 1859; <i>cashmirianus </i>Fitzinger, 1874; <i>casperianus </i>Gray, 1847; <b><i>hispanicus </i></b>Hilzheimer, 1909; <i>bolivari </i>Cabrera, 1911; <b><i>kansuensis </i></b>Pocock, 1912;<i> wardi </i>Lydekker, 1910;<i> <b>macneilli </b></i>Lydekker, 1909; <b><i>maral </i></b>Gray, 1850; <i>caspius </i>Radde, 1886; <i>caucasicus </i>Winans, 1914 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>maral </i>Ogilby, 1840 [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> <b>nannodes </b></i>Merriam, 1905;<b> <i>pannoniensis</i></b><i> </i>Banwell, 1997; <i>campestris </i>Botezat, 1903 [<i>nomen nudum</i>, preoccupied];<i> carpathicus </i>Tatarinov, 1956 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>songaricus </i></b>Severtzov, 1873;<i> eustephanus </i>Blanford, 1876; <b><i>wallichii </i></b>G. Cuvier, 1823; <i>affinis </i>Hodgson, 1841;<i> nariyanus </i>Hodgson, 1851;<i> tibetanus</i> Hodgson, 1850; <b><i>xanthopygus </i></b>Milne-Edwards, 1867; <i>bedfordianus </i>Lydekker, 1897;<i> isubra </i>Noack, 1889;<i> luehdorfi </i>Bolau, 1880;<i> typicus </i>de Pousargues, 1898;<i> ussuricus </i>(Heude, 1892);<i> <b>yarkandensis </b></i>Blanford, 1892; <i>bactrianus </i>Lydekker, 1900; <i>hagenbeckii </i>Shitkov, 1904.","European and North American populations are known as Red Deer and Elk (Wapiti) respectively; neither is suited as the name for the whole species; ""maral"", a Mongolian name widely used for Asiatic members of the species could be selected but is unlikely to be acceptable; for history and meaning of ""maral"", see Oswald (2002). Reviewed by Dolan (1988) and Geist (1998). Following Geist (1998) in part, subspecies modified from Groves and Grubb (1987) who recognised divisions of the species including nominate <i>elaphus </i>division or Red Deer <i>sensu stricto</i> (including also <i>atlanticus, barbarus, brauneri, corsicanus, hispanicus, maral, pannoniensis, </i>and <i>scoticus</i>), possibly paraphyletic <i>wallichii </i>division (primitive Wapiti<i> alashanicus </i>and <i>kansuensis</i>,<i> </i>Hangul <i>hanglu</i>, McNeill's Deer <i>macneilli</i>, Shou <i>wallichii</i>, and Bactrian or Yarkand Deer <i>yarkandensis</i>), and <i>canadensis </i>division or Elk (including... [truncated]","42","42-00352","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352"
"14200353","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","elaphus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","67","","","","""Habitat in Europa, Asia""; identified as S Sweden by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:151).","","","","","42","42-00353","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0353"
"14200354","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","alashanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bobrinskii and Flerov","1935","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00354","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0354"
"14200355","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","atlanticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00355","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0355"
"14200356","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","barbarus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00356","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0356"
"14200357","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","brauneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Charlemagne","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00357","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0357"
"14200358","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","canadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00358","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0358"
"14200359","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","corsicanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00359","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0359"
"14200360","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","hanglu","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1844","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00360","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0360"
"14200361","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","hispanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hilzheimer","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00361","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0361"
"14200362","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","kansuensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00362","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0362"
"14200363","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","macneilli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00363","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0363"
"14200364","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","maral","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1850","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00364","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0364"
"14200365","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","nannodes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00365","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0365"
"14200366","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","pannoniensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Banwell","1997","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00366","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0366"
"14200367","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","songaricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Severtzov","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00367","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0367"
"14200368","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","wallichii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00368","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0368"
"14200369","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","xanthopygus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00369","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0369"
"14200370","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","elaphus","yarkandensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00370","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0352-0370"
"14200371","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1838","","<i>In</i>von Siebold, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Coup d'Oeil Faune Iles Sonde Emp. Japan","","","xxii","","","Sika","""Les îles du domaine du Japon""; restricted to Japan, Kyushu, Nagasaki (Groves and Smeenk, 1978).","China (Manchuria south to Guangxi, and Sichuan to Anhui), Korea (incl. Cheju Isl), Japan (incl. Tsushima Isls), Russia (Soviet Far East), Taiwan (extinct but reintroduced), and Vietnam. Apparently wild populations now very localised in China. Presumably anciently introduced to Philippines (Solo Isl; still extant?). Introduced in 17th century to Kerama Isls (Ryukyu Isls). Introduced in 19th-20th centuries to British Isles, mainland Europe (Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Kaliningrad, Lithuania, Poland, W Russia, and Ukraine), New Zealand, USA, and small islands off Japan.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>C. n. grassianus, C. n. keramae, C. n. kopschi, C. n. mandarinus</i>, and <i>C. n. taiouanus</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as<i> C. n. grassianus, C. n. keramae, C. n. mandarinus, C. n. taiouanus, </i>and <i>C. n. pseudaxis, </i>Endangered as<i> C. n. sichuanicus </i>and<i> C. n. kopschi</i>, Data Deficient as <i>C. n. aplodontus, C. n. mantchuricus, C. n. pulchellus,</i> and<i> C. n. yesoensis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>aceros</i> (Heude, 1888);<i> brachypus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> consobrinus </i>(Heude, 1898);<i> daimius </i>(Heude, 1898);<i> dejardinus </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> euopis </i>Sclater, 1874;<i> fuscus </i>(Heude, 1884); <i>granulosus </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> hollandianus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> infelix </i>(Heude, 1884); <i>japonicus </i>Sundevall, 1846;<i> kematoceros </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> latidens </i>(Heude, 1898);<i> mageshimae </i>Kuroda and Okada, 1950;<i> marmandianus </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> minor </i>Brooke, 1878; <i>minutus </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> modestus </i>(Heude, 1888); <i>orthopodicus </i>(Heude, 1897);<i> orthopus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> paschalis </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> regulus </i>(Heude, 1898);<i> rex </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> schlegeli </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> sica </i>Lydekker, 1893;<i> sicarius </i>(Heude, 1898);<i> sika </i>Temminck, 1844; <i>sika </i>(Heude, 1898); <i>surdescens </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> typicus </i>Lydekker, 1897;<i> <b>aplodontus</b> </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> aplodonticus </i>(Heude, 1897);<i> centralis</i> Kishida, 1936;<i> elegans </i>(Heude, 1897);<i> ellipticus </i>(Heude, 1897);<i> minoensis </i>(Heude, 1897);<i> mitratus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> schizodonticus </i>(Heude, 1897);<i> sendaiensis </i>(Heude, 1897);<i> xendaiensis </i>(Heude, 1884); <b><i>grassianus</i></b><i> </i>(Heude, 1884); <b><i>hortulorum </i></b>Swinhoe, 1864; <b><i>keramae </i></b>(Kuroda, 1924);<i> <b>kopschi</b> </i>Swinhoe, 1873;<i> andreanus </i>Heude, 1882;<i> arietinus </i>(Heude, 1894);<i> brachyrhinus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> cycloceros </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> cyclorhinus </i>Heude, 1882;<i> dugennianus </i>(Heude, 1894); <i>frinianus </i>Heude, 1882;<i> gracilis </i>Heude, 1882; <i>grilloanus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> hyemalis </i>Heude, 1882); <i>ignotus </i>Heude, 1882;<i> joretianus </i>Heude, 1882;<i> lacrymosus </i>Heude, 1882;<i> microdontus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> oxycephalus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> pouvrelianus </i>(Heude, 1884); <i>riverianus </i>(Heude, 1894);<i> yuanus </i>(Heude, 1884); <b><i>mageshimae</i></b><i> </i>Kuroda and Okada, 1950;<i> <b>mandarinus</b> </i>Milne-Edwards, 1871;<i> <b>mantchuricus </b></i>Swinhoe, 1864;<i> dybovskii </i>(Heude, 1894); <i>dybowskii</i> Taczanowski, 1876; <i>imperialis</i> (Heude, 1894);<i> major </i>Noack, 1889;<i> microspilus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> typicus </i>Ward, 1910; <b><i>pseudaxis</i> </b>Gervais, 1841;<i> <b>pulchellus </b></i>Imaizumi, 1970;<i> <b>sichuanicus </b></i>Guo, Chen and Wang, 1978;<i> swinhoei</i> Glover, 1956 [preoccupied]; <b><i>soloensis </i></b>(Heude, 1888); <b><i>taiouanus </i></b>Blyth, 1860;<b> </b><i>devilleanus </i>Heude, 1882;<i> dominicanus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> morrisianus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> novioninus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> schulzianus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> taevanus<b> </b></i>Sclater, 1862;<b><i> </i></b><i>taioranus </i>Heude, 1882;<i> taivanus </i>Gray, 1872; <b><i>yakushimae</i> </b>Kuroda and Okada, 1950; <b><i>yesoensis </i></b>(Heude, 1884);<i> blakistoninus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> dolichorhinus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> legrandianus </i>(Heude, 1884);<i> matsumotei </i>Kishida, 1924;<i> rutilus </i>(Heude, 1897);<i> sylvanus </i>(Heude, 1884).","Further described by Temminck <i>in </i>von Siebold, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aperçu Gén. Spéc. Mamm. Japon, p. 54, pl. 17 [1844] as <i>Cervus sika</i>. Includes <i>hortulorum</i>, <i>taiouanus</i> and <i>pulchellus</i>, which were considered species by Imaizumi (1970<i>a</i>). Includes <i>soloensis</i>, see Grubb and Groves (1983). Revised in part by Groves and Smeenk (1978) who included <i>mageshimae </i>and <i>yakushimae </i>in nominate <i>nippon</i>, and noted that <i>aplodontus </i>has priority over <i>centralis</i>. Reviewed by Feldhamer (1980, Mammalian Species, 128) and Banwell (1999). Native and introduced populations seriously threatened by genetic pollution; numerous populations are of uncertain provenance or have mixed ancestry; status of <i>hortulorum </i>is particularly uncertain.","42","42-00371","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371"
"14200372","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","nippon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1838","","<i>In</i>von Siebold, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Coup d'Oeil Faune Iles Sonde Emp. Japan","","","xxii","","","","""Les îles du domaine du Japon""; restricted to Japan, Kyushu, Nagasaki (Groves and Smeenk, 1978).","","","","","42","42-00372","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0372"
"14200373","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","aplodontus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1884","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00373","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0373"
"14200374","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","grassianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1884","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00374","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0374"
"14200375","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","hortulorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00375","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0375"
"14200376","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","keramae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00376","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0376"
"14200377","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","kopschi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00377","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0377"
"14200378","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","mageshimae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda and Okada","1950","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00378","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0378"
"14200379","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","mandarinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1871","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00379","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0379"
"14200380","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","mantchuricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00380","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0380"
"14200381","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","pseudaxis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gervais","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00381","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0381"
"14200382","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","pulchellus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Imaizumi","1970","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00382","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0382"
"14200383","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","sichuanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Guo, Chen and Wang","1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00383","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0383"
"14200384","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","soloensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1888","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00384","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0384"
"14200385","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","taiouanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1860","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00385","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0385"
"14200386","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","yakushimae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kuroda and Okada","1950","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00386","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0386"
"14200387","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Cervus","","nippon","yesoensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1884","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00387","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0351-0000-0371-0387"
"14200388","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Dama","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Frisch","1775","","Das Natur-System der Vierfüssigen Thiere","","","3","","<i>Cervus dama</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Dactyloceros</i> Wagner, 1844; <i>Machlis </i>Zittel, 1894; <i>Palmatus </i>Lydekker, 1896; <i>Platyceros </i>Zimmermann, 1780.","<i>Dama</i> as generic name for the Fallow Deer was conserved by Opinion 581, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1960).","42","42-00388","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0388"
"14200389","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Dama","","dama","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","67","","","Fallow Deer","""Habitat in Europa""; identified as ""Habitat in vivariis Regis &amp; Magnatum"" by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:151), in Sweden to which it had been introduced.","Naturally wild populations of nominate form still present in S Turkey; introduced into nearly all countries of Europe (incl. Lithuania and Ukraine), South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, USA, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay, as well as islands in Fijian group, Lesser Antilles, and off W Canadian Coast. For present distribution, see Chapman and Chapman (1980); for natural recent distribution see Uerpmann (1987). Subspecies<i> mesopotamica </i>formerly in Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, E Turkey, and possibly Syria; survives in W Iran.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>D. mesopotamica</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>D. mesopotamica </i>(=<i>D. d. mesopotamica</i>); IUCN – Endangered as <i>D. dama mesopotamica</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albus</i>  Fitzinger, 1874;<i> leucaethiops </i>(J. B. Fischer, 1829);<i> maura </i>(J. B. Fischer, 1829);<i> mauricus </i>(Cuvier, 1816);<i> niger </i>Fitzinger, 1874;<i> platyceros </i>(Cuvier, 1798);<i> plinii </i>(Zimmermann, 1780);<i> schaeferi </i>Hilzheimer, 1926; <i>varius</i> Fitzinger, 1874;<i> vulgaris</i> (J. B. Fischer, 1829);<i> <b>mesopotamica </b></i>(Brooke, 1875); <i>mesopotamiae </i>(Trouessart, 1905).","Reviewed by Feldhamer et al. (1988, Mammalian Species, 317), who included <i>mesopotamica </i>in this species. <i>Dama schaeferi </i>Hilzheimer, 1926 was supposedly from Africa, but the name is now known to have been based on a specimen from Italy (Kock, 2000<i>b</i>). The form <i>mesopotamica </i>has recently been regarded as a subspecies of <i>D. </i>†<i>clactoniana </i>(Falconer, 1868), treated as a separate species from <i>D. dama </i>by di Stefano (1996), based on the resemblance of its antlers to a fossil antler of †<i>clactoniana </i>from Edelsheim, Germany. Since characters of fossil antlers are open to varying interpretations, the evidence supporting this conclusion seems insufficient at present (A. Lister, in litt.); <i>mesopotamica </i>has also been regarded as a separate species from <i>D. dama</i> by Haltenorth (1959), Ferguson et al. (1985), Uerpmann (1987), and Harrison and Bates (1991) but in Geist's (1998) revision has been restored to subspecies status.","42","42-00389","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0388-0000-0389"
"14200390","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Dama","","dama","dama","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","67","","","","""Habitat in Europa""; identified as ""Habitat in vivariis Regis &amp; Magnatum"" by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:151), in Sweden to which it had been introduced.","","","","","42","42-00390","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0388-0000-0389-0390"
"14200391","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Dama","","dama","mesopotamica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brooke","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00391","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0388-0000-0389-0391"
"14200392","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Elaphodus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1872","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","7","","93","","<i>Elaphodus cephalophus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1872.","","","","","<i>Lophotragus</i>  Swinhoe, 1874.","For year of publication, see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1953).","42","42-00392","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0392"
"14200393","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Elaphodus","","cephalophus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1872","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","7","","93","","","Tufted Deer","China, Sichuan, ""la principauté de Moupin"" (= Baoxing).","N Burma and S and C China (S Gansu to Yunnan).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","<b><i>fociensis</i> </b>Lydekker, 1904;<i> <b>ichangensis</b> </i>Lydekker, 1904; <b><i>michianus</i></b> (Swinhoe, 1874).","Fully described by Milne-Edwards, Rech. Hist. Nat. Mamm., Faune Tibet-Oriental, p. 356, pl.65-67 [1874].","42","42-00393","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0392-0000-0393"
"14200394","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Elaphodus","","cephalophus","cephalophus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1872","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","7","","93","","","","China, Sichuan, ""la principauté de Moupin"" (= Baoxing).","","","","","42","42-00394","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0392-0000-0393-0394"
"14200395","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Elaphodus","","cephalophus","fociensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00395","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0392-0000-0393-0395"
"14200396","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Elaphodus","","cephalophus","ichangensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00396","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0392-0000-0393-0396"
"14200397","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Elaphodus","","cephalophus","michianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00397","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0392-0000-0393-0397"
"14200398","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Elaphurus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1866","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris)","5","","382","","<i>Elaphurus davidianus</i> Milne-Edwards, 1866.","","","","","","","42","42-00398","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0398"
"14200399","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Elaphurus","","davidianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1866","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., ser. 5","5","","382","","","Père David's Deer","China, ""dans le parc impérial situé à quelque distance de Pékin [Beijing]"".","Formerly NE China; extinct in wild since 3rd or 4th Century; now reintroduced to its former range, near Beijing and near Shanghai.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>menziesianus</i> (Sowerby, 1933);<i> tarandoides </i>(David, 1867).","Included in <i>Elaphurus</i> by Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:201); but see Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>).","42","42-00399","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0398-0000-0399"
"14200400","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1815","","Analyse de la Nature","","","56","","<i>Cervus muntjak</i> Zimmermann, 1780.","","","","","<i>Caninmuntiacus</i> Giao, Tuoc, Eric, Dung et al. [sic], 1997;<i> Cervulus </i>de Blainville, 1816;<i> Diopplon </i>Brookes, 1828; <i>Megamuntiacus </i>Tuoc, Dung, Dawson, Arctander and Mackinnon, 1994;<i> Muntjacus </i>Gray, 1825 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Procops </i>Pocock, 1923;<i> Prox </i>Ogilby, 1836;<i> Stylocerus</i> C. H. Smith, 1827.","<i>Muntiacus</i> Rafinesque is a <i>nomen</i> <i>nudum</i>, but was conserved by Opinion 460 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1957<i>b</i>). Revised by Groves and Grubb (1990). Six new species named from 1982 through 1999. <i>Megamuntiacus</i> treated as a synonym of <i>Muntiacus </i>by Amato et al. (2000), Giao et al. (1998), and Schaller and Vrba (1996). Studies of mtDNA sequences by Wang and Lan (2000) suggested the following phylogeny: (<i>reevesi</i>, <i>vuquangensis</i>) (((<i>feae</i>) (<i>gongshanensis</i>, <i>crinifrons</i>)) (<i>muntjac</i>)), indicating <i>Muntiacus</i> would be paraphyletic if <i>Megamuntiacus</i> were regarded as valid.","42","42-00400","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400"
"14200401","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","atherodes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Groves and Grubb","1982","","Zool. Meded. Leiden","56","","210","","","Bornean Yellow Muntjac","Malaysia, Borneo, ""near forest camp 1, Cocoa Research Station, Tawau, Saba [= Sabah], 800 ft. [244 m]""","Borneo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Formerly included in <i>M</i>. <i>muntjak</i>, or in a separate species, <i>M. pleiharicus</i>; see Chasen (1940:203); however <i>pleiharicus</i> is a synonym of <i>muntjak</i>; see Groves and Grubb (1982).","42","42-00401","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0401"
"14200402","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","crinifrons","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sclater","1885","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1885","","p. 1, pl. 1","","","Black Muntjac","""Vicinity of Ningpo, China"" (= China, Zhejiang, near Ningpo).","E China (S Anhui, N Fujian, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang; not reliably recorded from Yunnan).","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Included in <i>muntjak</i> by Haltenorth (1963:42). Former presumed occurrence from Yunnan and Guangdong to Jaingsu (China) (Shou, 1962:454) may involve confusion with <i>M. truongsongensis</i>. Records from N Burma (Rabinowitz and Saw Tun Khaing, 1998; Rabinowitz et al., 1998) are probably based on <i>M. gongshanensis</i>. Differs radically from that species in karyotype (Yang et al., 1995, 1997).","42","42-00402","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0402"
"14200403","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","feae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Doria","1889","","Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova","27","","92","","","Fea's Muntjac","Burma, ""Thagatà Juva, a S. E. del Monte Mooleyit [= Mt. Mulaiyit], Tenasserim"".","Peninsular Burma and Thailand; records from China are doubtful (SE Yunnan) or refer to <i>M. gonghanensis</i> (SE Tibet and W Yunnan).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>feai</i> Grubb, 1977.","Included in <i>muntjak</i> by Haltenorth (1963:42). For spelling of the species name <i>feai</i>, see Grubb (1977); but see Article 31.1.1. (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999) for retention of original spelling <i>feae</i>.","42","42-00403","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0403"
"14200404","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","gongshanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ma","1990","","<i>In</i> Ma et al., Zool. Res. Kunming","11","","47","","","Gongshan Muntjac","China, ""Mijiao (27°35' N., 98°47' E.), Puladi, Gongshan county, East slope of the northern sector of Gaoligong Mountain, north-western Yunnan"".","N Burma and China (SE Tibet and W Yunnan).","IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Identified in the literature as <i>M. reevesi </i>(Bailey, 1914, 1915; Dollman, 1932), <i>M. feae </i>(Groves and Grubb, 1990; Zhang et al, 1984), or <i>M. crinifirons </i>(Amato et al., 1999; Rabinowitz and Saw Tun Khaing, 1998; Rabinowitz et al., 1998), from which it differs in the structure of the chromosomes (Yang et al., 1995).","42","42-00404","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0404"
"14200405","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","muntjak","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","131","","","Red Muntjac","Indonesia, ""Java"".","Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, S China (S Tibet and Yunnan to Guangdong), India, Laos, peninsular Malaya, Nepal, NE Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Sunda Isls (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, Lombok, and many smaller Indonesian islands).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bancanus</i> Lyon, 1907;<i> hamatus </i>(de Blainville, 1816); <i>moschatus </i>(de Blainville, 1816);<i> moschus </i>(Desmarest, 1822); <i>muntjac </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>muntjuc</i> (Link, 1795); <i>nainggolani </i>Sody, 1932;<i> peninsulae</i> Lydekker, 1915;<i> pleiharicus </i>(Kohlbrugge, 1896);<i> robinsoni </i>Lydekker, 1915;<i> rubidus </i>Lyon, 1911;<i> subcornutus </i>(de Blainville, 1816);<i> typicus</i> (Ward, 1910);<i> <b>annamensis</b> </i>Kloss, 1928;<i> <b>aureus</b> </i>(C. H. Smith, 1826);<i> albipes </i>(Wagner, 1844);<i> tamulicus </i>(Gray, 1872);<i> <b>curvostylis </b></i>(Gray, 1872);<i> grandicornis </i>(Lydekker, 1904);<i> <b>guangdongensis </b></i>Li and Xu, 1996; <b><i>malabaricus</i></b><i> </i>Lydekker, 1915; <b><i>menglalis</i> </b>Wang and Groves, 1988; <b><i>montanus </i></b>Robinson and Kloss, 1918;<i> <b>nigripes</b> </i>G.M. Allen, 1930;<i> <b>vaginalis</b> </i>(Boddaert, 1785); <i>melas </i>(Ogilby, 1840);<i> muntjacus </i>(Kelaart, 1852); <i>ratva </i>(Sundevall, 1846);<i> ratwa </i>(Hodgson, 1833);<i> styloceros </i>(Schinz, 1845); <b><i>yunnanensis </i></b>Ma and Wang, 1988.","Includes <i>pleiharicus</i>, listed as a distinct species by Chasen (1940:203), and <i>vaginalis</i>. Haltenorth (1963:40) included <i>reevesi</i>, <i>feae</i>, <i>rooseveltorum</i> and <i>crinifrons.</i> Distinctive differences in karyotype between single peninsular Malayan specimen (2N = 8) and other mainland populations (2n = 6 or 7) suggest possible division between Malesian and Continental semispecies (Groves and Grubb, 1987). Groves (2003) treated the Continental <i>vaginalis</i> (including subspecies <i>aureus</i>, <i>malabaricus</i> and others) as a species separate from <i>muntjak</i>.","42","42-00405","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0405"
"14200406","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","muntjak","muntjak","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","131","","","","Indonesia, ""Java"".","","","","","42","42-00406","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0405-0406"
"14200407","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","muntjak","annamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kloss","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00407","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0405-0407"
"14200408","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","muntjak","aureus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1826","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00408","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0405-0408"
"14200409","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","muntjak","curvostylis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00409","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0405-0409"
"14200410","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","muntjak","guangdongensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Li and Xu","1996","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00410","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0405-0410"
"14200411","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","muntjak","malabaricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00411","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0405-0411"
"14200412","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","muntjak","menglalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wang and Groves","1988","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00412","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0405-0412"
"14200413","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","muntjak","montanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Robinson and Kloss","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00413","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0405-0413"
"14200414","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","muntjak","nigripes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. M. Allen","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00414","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0405-0414"
"14200415","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","muntjak","vaginalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Boddaert","1785","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00415","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0405-0415"
"14200416","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","muntjak","yunnanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ma and Wang","1988","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00416","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0405-0416"
"14200417","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","puhoatensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Trai","1997","","<i>In</i>Chau, Vietnam Economic News","47","","46","","","Puhoat Muntjac","Vietnam, ""Puhoat area in Que Phong District, Nghe An Province"".","Known only from the type locality.","","","Systematic status uncertain.","42","42-00417","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0417"
"14200418","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","putaoensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Amato, Egan and Rabinowitz","1999","","Anim. Conserv.","2","","4","","","Leaf Deer","""purchased … at Atanga village, 30 km east of Putao (27°21'N, 97°24'E), northern Myanmar [N Burma]"".","N Burma.","","","Names <i>putaoensis </i>and <i>puhoatensis</i> refer to localities in Burma and Vietnam respectively.","42","42-00418","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0418"
"14200419","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","reevesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1838","1839","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","105","","","Reeves' Muntjac","""China""; ""Near Canton, Kwantung [Guangdong], Southern China"" (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:357).","SE China (S Gansu to Yunnan) and Taiwan; introduced to England (successfully) and France (no longer present).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bridgemani</i> (Lydekker, 1910);<i> lachrymans </i>(Milne-Edwards 1871);<i> pingshiangicus </i>(Hilzheimer, 1906);<i> sclateri </i>(Swinhoe, 1873);<i> sinensis </i>(Hilzheimer, 1903);<i> teesdalei </i>Lydekker, 1915; <b><i>jiangkouensis </i></b>Gu and Zu, 1998; <b><i>micrurus</i></b><i> </i>(Sclater, 1875).","Included in <i>muntjak</i> by Haltenorth (1963:42); but see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:199).","42","42-00419","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0419"
"14200420","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","reevesi","reevesi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1838","1839","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","105","","","","""China""; ""Near Canton, Kwantung [Guangdong], Southern China"" (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:357).","","","","","42","42-00420","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0419-0420"
"14200421","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","reevesi","jiangkouensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gu and Zu","1998","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00421","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0419-0421"
"14200422","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","reevesi","micrurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sclater","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00422","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0419-0422"
"14200423","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","rooseveltorum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osgood","1932","","Field. Mus. Publ. Zool.","18","","232","","","Roosevelt Muntjac","""Muong Yo, Laos. Altitude 2,300 feet [701 m].""","Known from the type locality, ca. 31°30'N, 102°00'E. Recently recorded from the Annamite Mtns in N Laos at 19°49'N, 103°45'E and observed in captivity at Lak Sao, N Laos, 18°20'N, 106°00'E (Amato et al., 1999).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>M. feae rooseveltorum.</i>","","Included in <i>M. feae </i>by Groves and Grubb (1990) but now known to differ.","42","42-00423","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0423"
"14200424","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","truongsonensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Giao, Tuoc, Eric, Dung et al. [sic; apparently Giao, Tuoc, Dung, Wikramanayake, Amato, Arctander and Mackinnon]","1997","","<i>In</i>Ha, Vietnam Economic News","38","","46","","","Annamite Muntjac","Vietnam, ""in the west of Quang Nam province""; ""collected from four houses in three locations in Hien District, West Quang Nam Province, Vietnam … The three locations are: Hien, the District capital, A Tin village, and A Plo village (15°56'59''N, 107°34'18''E)"" (Giao et al., 1998). The type locality is one of these three places.","Upland forest in S Laos and C Vietnam; possibly S China (including SE Yunnan).","IUCN – Not Evaluated, Data Deficient DSG recommended, as Truong Son muntjac.","<i>napensis</i> Tobias, 1997 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","First described as <i>Caninmuntiacus truongsonensis </i>Giao, Tuoc, Eric [Wikramanayake], Dung et al., in Ha (1997). Later named as <i>Muntiacus truongsonensis </i>Giao, Tuoc, Dung, Wikramanayake, Amato, Arctander and Mackinnon, 1998. These authors named a holotype, though technically it is probably a lectotype. The earlier publication satisfies the requirements for availability and the authorship appears to be correctly attributable to Giao et al. (Articles 9 and 10 and Article 50.1.1, respectively, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). Known distribution discussed by Groves and Schaller (2000). A skin attributed to <i>M. feae </i>from SE Yunnan (Sokolov, 1957) may represent this species; presumed occurrence of <i>M. crinifrons </i>in Yunnan and Guangdong to Jaingsu (Shou, 1962:454) may also refer to <i>M. truongsonensis</i>.","42","42-00424","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0424"
"14200425","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Muntiacus","","vuquangensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Tuoc, Dung, Dawson, Arctander and Mackinnon","1994","","Science and Technology news. Forest Inventory and Planning Institue (Hanoi)","","","5","","","Large-antlered Muntjac","""Vu Quang Nature Reserve in Ha tinh province of Vietnam"".","Upland forest in Laos and Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>Megamuntiacus vuquanghensis </i>[sic]. Locally relatively abundant but its restriction to upland forests suggests it should be classified as Potentially At Risk (Duckworth et al. 1993).","","Distribution and status in Laos reviewed by Timmins et al (1998). Placed in genus <i>Muntiacus </i>by Amato et al. (2000), Giao et al (1998), and Schaller and Vrba (1996).","42","42-00425","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0400-0000-0425"
"14200426","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Przewalskium","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Flerov","1930","","C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS","","","115","","<i>Cervus albirostris</i> Przewalski, 1883.","","","","","","","42","42-00426","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0426"
"14200427","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Przewalskium","","albirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Przewalski","1883","","Third Journey in Central Asia","","","124","","","White-lipped Deer","China, Gansu, 3 km above mouth of Kokusu River, Humboldt Mtns, Nan Shan (Flerov, 1960).","China (Gansu, Sichuan, E Tibet including Qinghai, and N Yunnan).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>C. albirostris</i>.","<i>dybowskii</i>  (Sclater, 1889); <i>sellatus </i>(Przewalski, 1883);<i> thoroldi</i> (Blanford, 1893).","","42","42-00427","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0426-0000-0427"
"14200428","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rucervus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hodgson","1838","","Ann. Nat. Hist.","1","","154","","<i>Cervus elaphoides</i> Hodgson, 1835 (= <i>Cervus duvaucelii </i>G. Cuvier, 1823).","","","","","<i>Panolia</i> Gray, 1843;<i> Procervus </i>Hodgson, 1847; <i>Thaocervus </i>Pocock, 1943.","","42","42-00428","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0428"
"14200429","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rucervus","","duvaucelii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1823","","Rech. Oss. Foss., Nouv. ed.","4","","505","","","Barasingha","""des Indes""; restricted to N India, Uttar Pradesh, Kumaun by Groves (1982<i>b</i>:624).","N and C India, SW Nepal; extinct in Pakistan.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>Cervus duvaucelii</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>C. duvauceli </i>[sic]; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>Cervus duvauceli ranjitsinhi</i>, Endangered as <i>C. d. branderi</i>, Vulnerable as <i>C. d. duvauceli</i>.","<i>bahrainja</i> (Hodgson, 1834) [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> dimorphe </i>(Hodgson, 1843);<i> duvaucelli </i>(Sundevall, 1846); <i>elaphoides </i>(Hodgson, 1835);<i> euceros </i>(Gray, 1850);<i> eucladoceros </i>(Falconer, 1868);<i> euryceros </i>(Gray, 1850); <i>smithii</i> (Gray, 1837); <b><i>branderi</i></b><i> </i>Pocock, 1943;<b><i> ranjitsinhi</i></b><i> </i>(Groves, 1982).","Revised by Groves (1982<i>b</i>).","42","42-00429","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0428-0000-0429"
"14200430","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rucervus","","duvaucelii","duvaucelii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1823","","Rech. Oss. Foss., Nouv. ed.","4","","505","","","","""des Indes""; restricted to N India, Uttar Pradesh, Kumaun by Groves (1982<i>b</i>:624).","","","","","42","42-00430","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0428-0000-0429-0430"
"14200431","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rucervus","","duvaucelii","branderi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1943","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00431","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0428-0000-0429-0431"
"14200432","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rucervus","","duvaucelii","ranjitsinhi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00432","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0428-0000-0429-0432"
"14200433","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rucervus","","eldii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","M'Clelland","1842","","Calcutta J. Nat. Hist.","2","","417, pl. 12","","","Eld's Deer","India, Assam, ""the valley of Munipore"" (Manipur).","Burma, Cambodia, China (Hainan Isl), N India (Manipur), Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam; now much reduced in numbers in several of these countries.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>Cervus eldii</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>C. eldi </i>[sic]; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>Cervus eldii eldii, </i>Lower Risk (nt) as<i> C. e. thamin</i>, Data Deficient as<i> C. e. siamensis</i>.","<i>acuticauda</i> (Blyth, 1864);<i> acuticornis </i>(Gray, 1843);<i> cornipes </i>(Lydekker, 1901);<i> frontalis </i>(M'Clelland, 1843);<i> lyratus </i>(Schinz, 1845); <i>typicus </i>(Lydekker, 1898);<i> <b>siamensis </b></i>(Lydekker, 1915);<i> hainanus </i>Thomas, 1918; <i>platyceros</i> (Gray, 1843) [preoccupied];<i> <b>thamin</b></i> Thomas, 1918; <i>brucei </i>Thomas, 1918.","Phylogeography studies support the recognition of three subspecies (Balakrishnan et al., 2003).","42","42-00433","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0428-0000-0433"
"14200434","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rucervus","","eldii","eldii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","M'Clelland","1842","","Calcutta J. Nat. Hist.","2","","417, pl. 12","","","","India, Assam, ""the valley of Munipore"" (Manipur).","","","","","42","42-00434","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0428-0000-0433-0434"
"14200435","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rucervus","","eldii","siamensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1915","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00435","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0428-0000-0433-0435"
"14200436","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rucervus","","eldii","thamin","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00436","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0428-0000-0433-0436"
"14200437","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rucervus","","schomburgki","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1863","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1863","","155","","","Schomburgk's Deer","""probably inhabiting Siam [Thailand]""; occurrence in central plains of Thailand since confirmed.","Thailand (extinct), China (Yunnan), and possibly in N Laos.","IUCN – Extinct (but see below).","","Included in <i>duvaucelii</i> by Haltenorth (1963:58) and Groves (1982<i>b</i>); but treated as a full species by Lekagul and McNeely (1977). Last Thailand specimen killed in 1932 (Harper, 1945); one record from Sanda Valley, Yunnan (Bentham, 1908; Sclater, 1891); present status in Yunnan unknown; recently observed antlers suggest another population may survive in N Laos (Schroering, 1995, and in litt.).","42","42-00437","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0428-0000-0437"
"14200438","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Anim. Kingdom","4","","105","","<i>Cervus unicolor </i>Kerr, 1792.","","","","","<i>Hippelaphus</i> Sundevall, 1846;<i> Melanaxis </i>Heude, 1888; <i>Sambur </i>Heude, 1888;<i> Ussa </i>Heude, 1888.","Assumption that this is a monophyletic group has been challenged by Randi et al. (2001).","42","42-00438","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438"
"14200439","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","alfredi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sclater","1870","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1870","","381","","","Visayan Spotted Deer","""transmitted … from Singapore … Hab. Malayan peninsula, or adjoining islands (?)""; ""Philippines, the type specimen having been received from Manila"" (Lydekker, 1915:63).","Philippines (Panay and Negros Isls; formerly also Guimaras and possibly Siquijor but almost certainly not Bohol, Cebu or any other Isls according to W. Oliver, in litt.).","U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered as <i>Cervus alfredi</i>.","<i>breviceps</i> (Heude, 1888);<i> cinerea </i>(Heude, 1899); <i>masbatensis </i>(Heude, 1888).","Included in <i>R. marianna</i> by Haltenorth (1963). Revised by Grubb and Groves (1983), where treated as a full species.","42","42-00439","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0439"
"14200440","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","marianna","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encycl. Meth.","2","","436","","","Philippine Deer","""Les îles Mariannes"" (Mariana Isls, Guam); introduced.","Philippines (Basilan, Catanduanes, Leyte, Luzon, Polillo, and Samar Isls, and possibly Bohol and other small Isls); introduced to Mariana, Caroline and Ogasawara (= Bonin) Isls (W Pacific Ocean).","IUCN – Data Deficient as <i>Cervus mariannus</i>.","<i>ambrosiana</i> (Heude, 1888);<i> atheneensis </i>(Heude, 1899);<i> baryceros </i>(Heude, 1899);<i> boninensis </i>(Lydekker, 1905);<i> brachyceros </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> chrysotrichos </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> corteana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> crassicornis </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> dailliardiana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> elegans </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> elorzana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> garciana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> gonzalina </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> gorrichana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> guevarana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> guidoteana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> hippolitiana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> longicuspis </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> macariana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> maraisiana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> marzanina </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> michaelina </i>(Heude, 1899);<i> microdontus </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> nublana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> philippina </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> ramosiana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> rosariana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> roxasiana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> rubiginosa </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> spatharia </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> telesforiana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> tuasonina </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> verzosana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> vidalina </i>(Heude, 1899);<i> villemeriana </i>(Heude, 1899); <b><i>barandana </i></b>(Heude, 1888);<b><i> nigella </i></b>Hollister, 1913;<i> apoensis </i>Sanborn, 1952;<i> <b>nigricans</b> </i>(Brooke, 1876);<b> </b><i>basilanensis </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> franciana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> steerii </i>(Elliot, 1896).","Treated as a separate species from <i>C. unicolor</i> by Haltenorth (1963), and by Grubb and Groves (1983), who revised this taxon. Brought to Ogasawara Isls in late 18th to early 19th centuries by Spanish ships; extinct there by about 1925; reintroduced from Guam after World War II but do not now survive (Miura and Yoshihara, 2002).","42","42-00440","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0440"
"14200441","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","marianna","marianna","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Desmarest","1822","","Mammalogie, <i>in</i> Encycl. Meth.","2","","436","","","","""Les îles Mariannes"" (Mariana Isls, Guam); introduced.","","","","","42","42-00441","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0440-0441"
"14200442","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","marianna","barandana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1888","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00442","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0440-0442"
"14200443","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","marianna","nigella","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00443","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0440-0443"
"14200444","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","marianna","nigricans","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brooke","1876","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00444","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0440-0444"
"14200445","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","timorensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Blainville","1822","","J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts Paris","94","","267","","","Javan Rusa","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, ""Timor"" Isl.","Indonesia, Sunda Isls; autochthonous on Bali, and Java; probably introduced in antiquity to Lesser Sunda Isls, Molucca Isls (including Buru and Seram), Sulawesi, and Timor; since 17th century, introduced to Borneo (Kalimantan; now extinct?), New Guinea, New Britain, Aru Isls, Mauritius, Comoro Isls, Madagascar (extinct?), Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia and small islands in Indonesia and off the coast of Australia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>paradoxa</i> Brehm, 1865; <i>peronii </i>(G. Cuvier, 1825);<i> tavistocki </i>(Lydekker, 1900);<i> timoriensis </i>(Müller and Schlegel, 1845);<i> <b>djonga </b></i>Van Bemmel, 1949;<b><i> floresiensis </i></b>(Heude, 1896); <i>sumbavana </i>(Heude, 1896); <b><i>macassaricus </i></b>(Heude, 1896);<i> celebensis </i>(Rörig, 1896); <i>menadensis </i>(Heude, 1896);<i> <b>moluccensis </b></i>(Quoy and Gaimard, 1830); <i>buruensis </i>(Heude, 1896);<i> hoevelliana </i>(Heude, 1896);<i> <b>renschi </b></i>(Sody, 1932);<i> <b>russa </b></i>(Müller and Schlegel, 1845);<i> hippelaphus </i>(G. Cuvier, 1825) [preoccupied];<i> hippolaphus </i>(Schinz, 1845); <i>javanica </i>(Müller and Schlegel, 1845);<i> laronesiotes </i>Van Bemmel, 1949;<i> lepida </i>(Sundevall, 1846); <i>tunjuc </i>(Horsfield, 1830) [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","Revised by Van Bemmel (1949<i>a</i>). Includes <i>tavistocki</i>; see Grubb and Groves (1983).","42","42-00445","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0445"
"14200446","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","timorensis","timorensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Blainville","1822","","J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts Paris","94","","267","","","","Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, ""Timor"" Isl.","","","","","42","42-00446","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0445-0446"
"14200447","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","timorensis","djonga","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Van Bemmel","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00447","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0445-0447"
"14200448","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","timorensis","floresiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00448","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0445-0448"
"14200449","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","timorensis","macassaricus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00449","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0445-0449"
"14200450","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","timorensis","moluccensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Quoy and Gaimard","1830","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00450","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0445-0450"
"14200451","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","timorensis","renschi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sody","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00451","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0445-0451"
"14200452","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","timorensis","russa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Müller and Schlegel","1845","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00452","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0445-0452"
"14200453","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","unicolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","300","","","Sambar","""Inhabits the dry hilly forests of Ceylon, Borneo, Celebes and Java""; restricted to Ceylon (Sri Lanka; Lydekker, 1915:73).","India and Sri Lanka east to S China (E Tibet and Sichuan to Yunnan; Hainan Isl) and Taiwan; south to Peninsular Malaysia, Sunda Isles (Sumatra, Borneo, Siberut, Sipora, and Pagi and Nias Isls); introduced to Australia and New Zealand.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albicornis</i> (Bechstein, 1799);<i> aristotelis </i>(G. Cuvier, 1823);<i> bengalensis </i>(Schinz, 1845); <i>heterocerus </i>(Hodgson, 1831); <i>hippelaphus </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> jarai </i>(Hodgson, 1831);<i> leschenauldii </i>(G. Cuvier, 1823); <i>leschenaulti </i>(Sundevall, 1846); <i>major</i> (Kerr, 1792);<i> maxima </i>(de Blainville, 1822); <i>nepalensis </i>(Hodgson, 1841); <i>nigra </i>(de Blainville, 1816);<i> pennantii </i>(Gray, 1843);<i> tarai </i>Hodgson, 1863 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>typica </i>(Lydekker, 1898); <b><i>brookei </i></b>(Hose, 1893);<i> hamiltoniana </i>(Heude, 1896);<i> <b>cambojensis</b> </i>(Gray, 1861); <i>brachyrhina </i>(Heude, 1888); <i>colombertina </i>(Heude, 1888); <i>combalbertina </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> curvicornis </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> errardiana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> joubertiana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> latidens </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> lemeana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> lignaria </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> longicornis </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> officialis </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> outreyana </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> planiceps </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> planidens </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> simonina </i>(Heude, 1888);<i> veruta</i> (Heude, 1888);<i> <b>dejeani</b> </i>de Pousargues, 1896;<i> <b>equina </b></i>(G. Cuvier, 1823);<i> malaccensis </i>(F. Cuvier, 1824);<i> oceana </i>(Chasen and Kloss, 1928);<i> <b>hainana </b></i>(Xu, 1983);<i> <b>swinhoii</b></i><b> </b>(Sclater, 1862).","Subspecies from Groves and Grubb (1987).","42","42-00453","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0453"
"14200454","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","unicolor","unicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","<i>In</i> Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom","","","300","","","","""Inhabits the dry hilly forests of Ceylon, Borneo, Celebes and Java""; restricted to Ceylon (Sri Lanka; Lydekker, 1915:73).","","","","","42","42-00454","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0453-0454"
"14200455","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","unicolor","brookei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hose","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00455","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0453-0455"
"14200456","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","unicolor","cambojensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1861","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00456","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0453-0456"
"14200457","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","unicolor","dejeani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Pousargues","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00457","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0453-0457"
"14200458","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","unicolor","equina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1823","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00458","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0453-0458"
"14200459","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","unicolor","hainana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Xu","1983","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00459","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0453-0459"
"14200460","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Cervinae","","Rusa","","unicolor","swinhoii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sclater","1862","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00460","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0343-0000-0438-0000-0453-0460"
"14200461","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Hydropotinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Trouessart","1898","","Cat. Mamm. Viv. Foss., new ed.","fasc. 4","","865","","","","","","","","Affinities controversial; from cladistic analysis of skeletal characters, distanced from all other Cervidae by Gentry and Hooker (1988), making Cervidae paraphyletic if included; so perhaps to be placed in a different family; alternatively nested within Odocoileinae (= Capreolinae), close to <i>Capreolus</i>, by Randi et al. (1998), using mtDNA studies, and inferred to have lost antlers secondarily.","42","42-00461","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0461"
"14200462","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Hydropotinae","","Hydropotes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1870","","Athenaeum","2208","","264","","<i>Hydropotes inermis</i> Swinhoe, 1870.","","","","","<i>Hydrelaphus</i> Lydekker, 1898.","Original description usually given as Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870:90 [publ. June, 1870], but McAllan and Bruce (1989) showed that publication in The Athenaeum was earlier (19 Feb. 1870).","42","42-00462","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0461-0000-0462"
"14200463","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Hydropotinae","","Hydropotes","","inermis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1870","","Athenaeum","2208","","264","","","Chinese Water Deer","Syntypes purchased in Shanghai market, but based on the place where Swinhoe saw the species in the wild, type locality restricted to China, Kiangsu, Chingkiang, Yangtze River, Deer Isl (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:354).","China (formerly from Liaoning to Guangxi including the lower Yangtze Basin) and Korea; introduced in England and France.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>H. i. inermis</i>, Data Deficient<i> </i>as <i>H. i. argyropus</i>.","<i>affinis</i> Brooke, 1872;<i> kreyenbergi</i> Hilzheimer, 1905; <b><i>argyropus</i></b><i> </i>Heude, 1884.","Original description usually given as Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870:89 [publ. June, 1870], but McAllan and Bruce (1989) showed that publication in the Athenaeum was earlier (19 Feb. 1870).","42","42-00463","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0461-0000-0462-0000-0463"
"14200464","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Hydropotinae","","Hydropotes","","inermis","inermis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Swinhoe","1870","","Athenaeum","2208","","264","","","","Syntypes purchased in Shanghai market, but based on the place where Swinhoe saw the species in the wild, type locality restricted to China, Kiangsu, Chingkiang, Yangtze River, Deer Isl (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:354).","","","","","42","42-00464","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0461-0000-0462-0000-0463-0464"
"14200465","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Cervidae","Hydropotinae","","Hydropotes","","inermis","argyropus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1884","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00465","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0205-0461-0000-0462-0000-0463-0465"
"14200466","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Antilocapridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser 3","18","","325-326, 468","","","","","","","","","42","42-00466","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0466"
"14200467","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Antilocapridae","","","Antilocapra","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ord","1818","","J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts Paris","87","","149","","<i>Antilope americana</i> Ord, 1815.","","","","","<i>Dicranocerus</i> C. H. Smith, 1827.","Included in Bovidae by O'Gara and Matson (1975); but restored to separate family status by Janis and Scott (1987) and Soulounias (1988).","42","42-00467","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0466-0000-0000-0467"
"14200468","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Antilocapridae","","","Antilocapra","","americana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ord","1815","","<i>In</i> Guthrie, New Geogr., Hist. Coml. Grammar., Philadelphia, 2nd ed.","2","","292, 308","","","Pronghorn","USA, ""On the plains and the highlands of the Missouri [River]"".","S Alberta and S Saskatchewan (Canada) south through W USA to Hidalgo, Baja California, W Sonora (Mexico). Introduced to Lanai Isl (Hawaiian Isls).","CITES – Appendix I (Mexican populations); U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>A. a. peninsularis</i> and <i>A. a. sonoriensis</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>A. a. peninsularis</i>, Endangered as <i>A. a. sonoriensis</i>, Lower Risk (cd) as <i>A. a. mexicana</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>anteflexa</i> Gray, 1855;<i> furcifer </i>(C. H. Smith, 1821); <i>palmata </i>(C. H. Smith, 1821); <b><i>mexicana </i></b>Merriam, 1901;<i> <b>oregona </b></i>V. Bailey, 1932;<i> <b>peninsularis </b></i>Nelson, 1912;<b> <i>sonoriensis</i> </b>Goldman, 1945.","Reviewed by O'Gara (1978, Mammalian Species, 90).","42","42-00468","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0466-0000-0000-0467-0000-0468"
"14200469","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Antilocapridae","","","Antilocapra","","americana","americana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ord","1815","","<i>In</i> Guthrie, New Geogr., Hist. Coml. Grammar., Philadelphia, 2nd ed.","2","","292, 308","","","","USA, ""On the plains and the highlands of the Missouri [River]"".","","","","","42","42-00469","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0466-0000-0000-0467-0000-0468-0469"
"14200470","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Antilocapridae","","","Antilocapra","","americana","mexicana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00470","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0466-0000-0000-0467-0000-0468-0470"
"14200471","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Antilocapridae","","","Antilocapra","","americana","oregona","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","V. Bailey","1932","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00471","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0466-0000-0000-0467-0000-0468-0471"
"14200472","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Antilocapridae","","","Antilocapra","","americana","peninsularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00472","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0466-0000-0000-0467-0000-0468-0472"
"14200473","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Antilocapridae","","","Antilocapra","","americana","sonoriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00473","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0466-0000-0000-0467-0000-0468-0473"
"14200474","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Giraffidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","307","","","","","","","Camelopardalina Bonaparte, 1837; Camelopardina Gray, 1825; Okapinae Bohlin, 1926; Palaeotragini<b> </b>Pilgrim, 1911.","Placement of this family follows Janis and Scott (1987). According to McKenna and Bell (1997) there are two subfamilies, Giraffinae and the wholly extinct Sivatheriinae. Giraffini includes <i>Giraffa</i>; Palaeotragini includes<i> Okapia.</i>","42","42-00474","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0474"
"14200475","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Giraffidae","","","Giraffa","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Brisson","1762","","Regn. Anim., 2nd ed.","","","12, 37","","<i>Cervus camelopardalis</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Camelopardalis</i> von Schreber, 1784;<i> Orasius </i>Oken, 1816;<i> Trachelotherium</i> Gistel, 1848.","Brisson (1762) is rejected for nomenclatural purposes (and see Hopwood, 1947) but <i>Giraffa </i>Brisson, 1762 has been conserved (Opinion 1894, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1998).","42","42-00475","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0474-0000-0000-0475"
"14200476","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Giraffidae","","","Giraffa","","camelopardalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","66","","","Giraffe","""Habitat in Æthiopia et Sennar""; identified as Egypt, in captivity at Cairo (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>:150); restricted to Sudan, Sennar, by Harper (1940:322).","Disjunct; W and C Africa in Burkina Faso (vagrant), N Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, NE Dem. Rep. Congo, Eritrea (extinct), W and S Ethiopia, Gambia (extinct), Kenya, Mali (extinct), SE Mauritania (extinct), Niger, Nigeria (extinct, now a vagrant), Senegal (extinct), S Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda; no reliable records from Ghana, Guinea, and Togo; may have occurred in Benin; introduced into Rwanda; S Africa in S Angola (extinct?), Botswana, Mozambique (extinct), Namibia, South Africa (originally mostly N of Orange River), Swaziland (extinct, reintroduced), Zambia (SW and Luangwa Valley), and Zimbabwe. Distribution now much restricted; in W Africa still present in Niger, and N Cameroon but extinct in Mali according to Ciofolo and Le Pendu (2002), apparently very recently; in southern Africa, now naturally distributed no farther south than N Namibia, Botswana and NE South Africa (E Limpopo and E Mpumalanga Provs.). Introduced beyond its former range in South Africa, including KwaZulu-Natal.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>aethiopica</i>  (Ogilby, 1837) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>aethiopica </i>Sundevall, 1846; <i>africana </i>(Lacépède, 1799), <i>antiquorum </i>(Jardine, 1835);<i> biturigum</i> (Duvernoy, 1844);<i> congoensis</i> Lydekker, 1903;<i> peralta </i>Thomas, 1898;<i> renatae </i>Krumbiegel, 1971;<i> reticulata </i>Weinland, 1863 [suppressed]; <i>senaariensis </i>Trouessart, 1898;<i> typica </i>Bryden, 1899; <b><i>reticulata</i> </b>De Winton, 1899;<i> hagenbecki </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1910; <i>nigrescens </i>Lydekker, 1911;<i> <b>rothschildi </b></i>Lydekker, 1903; <i>cottoni</i> Lydekker, 1904;<i> <b>thornicrofti</b> </i>Lydekker, 1911;<i> <b>tippelskirchi </b></i>Matschie, 1898; <i>schillingsi </i>Matschie, 1898; <b><i>giraffa</i> </b>(von Schreber, 1784);<i> angolensis</i> Lydekker, 1903;<i> australis</i> (Swainson, 1835) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>australis </i>Rhoads, 1896 [suppressed]; <i>capensis</i> (Lesson, 1842);<i> infumata </i>Noack, 1908;<i> maculata </i>(Weinland, 1863);<i> wardi </i>Lydekker, 1904.","Subspecific synonymy modified from Ansell (1972:13). Reviewed by Dagg (1971, Mammalian Species, 5). Cotterill (2003<i>a</i>) listed <i>thornicrofti</i> as a species. The names <i>reticulata </i>Weinland, 1863 and <i>australis </i>Rhoads, 1896 have been suppressed, while <i>reticulata</i> De Winton, 1899 has been conserved (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1971<i>a</i>, 1979<i>b</i>), even though <i>australis </i>is probably a junior synonym of <i>giraffa</i>,<i> </i>not a senior synonym of <i>reticulata </i>De Winton.","42","42-00476","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0474-0000-0000-0475-0000-0476"
"14200477","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Giraffidae","","","Giraffa","","camelopardalis","camelopardalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","66","","","","""Habitat in Æthiopia et Sennar""; identified as Egypt, in captivity at Cairo (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>:150); restricted to Sudan, Sennar, by Harper (1940:322).","","","","","42","42-00477","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0474-0000-0000-0475-0000-0476-0477"
"14200478","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Giraffidae","","","Giraffa","","camelopardalis","reticulata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","De Winton","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","42","42-00478","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0474-0000-0000-0475-0000-0476-0478"
"14200479","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Giraffidae","","","Giraffa","","camelopardalis","rothschildi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00479","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0474-0000-0000-0475-0000-0476-0479"
"14200480","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Giraffidae","","","Giraffa","","camelopardalis","thornicrofti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00480","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0474-0000-0000-0475-0000-0476-0480"
"14200481","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Giraffidae","","","Giraffa","","camelopardalis","tippelskirchi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00481","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0474-0000-0000-0475-0000-0476-0481"
"14200482","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Giraffidae","","","Giraffa","","camelopardalis","giraffa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","von Schreber","1784","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00482","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0474-0000-0000-0475-0000-0476-0482"
"14200483","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Giraffidae","","","Okapia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lankester","1901","","Nature","64","","24","","<i>Equus johnstoni</i> P. L. Sclater, 1901.","","","","","","","42","42-00483","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0474-0000-0000-0483"
"14200484","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Giraffidae","","","Okapia","","johnstoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","P. L. Sclater","1901","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1901","1","50","","","Okapi","Dem. Rep. Congo, ""in sylvis fluvio Semliki adjacentibus"" (= Semliki Forest, Mundala).","N and E Dem. Rep. Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>erikssoni</i> Lankester, 1902;<i> kibalensis </i>Gatti, 1936;<i> liebrechtsi </i>Forsyth Major, 1902;<i> tigrinum</i> (Johnston, 1901).","","42","42-00484","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0474-0000-0000-0483-0000-0484"
"14200485","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","308","","","","","","","","Distribution and status of introduced populations reviewed by Lever (1985). Distribution and status of African species reviewed by East (1988, 1989, 1990) and East et al. (1999). Systematics of African species reviewed by Ansell (1972) and Gentry (1972). Family-group names reviewed by Grubb (2001<i>b</i>). Evidence is accumulating that all Bovidae other than Bovinae constitute a monophyletic clade (Hassanin and Douzery, 1999<i>a</i>; Kingdon, 1982; Vrba and Schaller, 2000). Within this section of Bovidae some conventional subfamilies are probably paraphyletic if not polyphyletic and until monophyletic clades are defined and downgraded into tribes, Aepycerotinae, Alcelaphinae, Antilopinae, Caprinae, Cephalophinae, Hippotraginae, and Reduncinae are retained here as subfamilies. The synonymy of the following names remains undecided: <i>Ixalus </i>Ogilby, 1836, <i>Adenota mengesi </i>Neumann, 1900, <i>Antilope mazama</i> C. H. Smith, 1821, <i>Antilope koba </i>Erxleben, 1777,<i> Antilope t... [truncated]","42","42-00485","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485"
"14200486","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Aepycerotinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1872","","Cat. Ruminant Mamm. Brit. Mus.","","","4, 42","","","","","","","","","42","42-00486","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0486"
"14200487","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Aepycerotinae","","Aepyceros","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Sundevall","1845","1847","Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockholm","1845","","271","","<i>Antilope melampus</i> Lichtenstein, 1812.","","","","","","","42","42-00487","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0486-0000-0487"
"14200488","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Aepycerotinae","","Aepyceros","","melampus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1812","","Reisen Sudl. Africa","2","","pl. 4 opp. p. 544","","","Impala","""Koossi-Thale"", now identified as South Africa, Northern Cape Prov., Kuruman Dist., Khosis (Grubb, 1999).","S Angola, N and E Botswana, Burundi (extinct?), Dem. Rep. Congo (SE Shaba Prov.), Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, N Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa (North-West, Limpopo, and Mpumalanga Provs. and KwaZulu-Natal; formerly in N Northern Cape Prov.), Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda (marginally in NE and SW), Zambia, Zimbabwe.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>A. m. petersi</i>; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>A. m. petersi</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (cd).","<i>pallah</i> (Gervais, 1841);<i> typicus </i>Thomas, 1893; <b><i>johnstoni</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1893;<i> holubi </i>Lorenz, 1894;<i> <b>katangae</b> </i>Lönnberg, 1914;<i> <b>petersi</b> </i>Bocage, 1879;<i> <b>rendilis</b> </i>Lönnberg, 1912; <b><i>suara</i></b><i> </i>Matschie, 1892.","Synonymy and inclusion of <i>petersi</i> follows Ansell (1972:57). Nersting and Arctander (2001) found <i>petersi</i> haplotypes to be strongly isolated from haplotypyes of populations in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe and N Botswana. Cotterill (2003<i>a</i>) considered <i>petersi </i>to be an evolutionary species.","42","42-00488","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0486-0000-0487-0000-0488"
"14200489","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Aepycerotinae","","Aepyceros","","melampus","melampus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1812","","Reisen Sudl. Africa","2","","pl. 4 opp. p. 544","","","","""Koossi-Thale"", now identified as South Africa, Northern Cape Prov., Kuruman Dist., Khosis (Grubb, 1999).","","","","","42","42-00489","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0486-0000-0487-0000-0488-0489"
"14200490","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Aepycerotinae","","Aepyceros","","melampus","johnstoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00490","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0486-0000-0487-0000-0488-0490"
"14200491","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Aepycerotinae","","Aepyceros","","melampus","katangae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00491","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0486-0000-0487-0000-0488-0491"
"14200492","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Aepycerotinae","","Aepyceros","","melampus","petersi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1879","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00492","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0486-0000-0487-0000-0488-0492"
"14200493","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Aepycerotinae","","Aepyceros","","melampus","rendilis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00493","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0486-0000-0487-0000-0488-0493"
"14200494","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Aepycerotinae","","Aepyceros","","melampus","suara","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00494","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0486-0000-0487-0000-0488-0494"
"14200495","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Brooke","1876","","<i>In</i>Wallace. Geog. Distr. Anim.","","","224","","","","","","","Bubalidinae Sclater and Thomas, 1894 [unavailable]; Bubalinae Trouessart, 1898 [unavailable]; Bubalinae Trouessart, 1905 [unavailable]; Damalidae Brookes, 1828 [<i>nomen oblitum</i> ]; Damalidae Gray, 1872 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>]; Connochetidae Gray, 1872; Damaliscina Vrba, 1997.","Living genera assigned to two subtribes by Vrba (1997), Alcelaphini (including <i>Alcelaphus, Beatragus, </i>and <i>Connochaetes</i>) and Damaliscini (includes only <i>Damaliscus</i>), but retention of flehmen behavior, lost in <i>Alcelaphus </i>and <i>Damaliscus </i>(Estes, 1999), and karyology suggests <i>Beatragus </i>is sister group of <i>Alcelaphus </i>plus <i>Damaliscus </i>(Kumamoto et al., 1996; Robinson et al., 1991).","42","42-00495","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495"
"14200496","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Alcelaphus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","de Blainville","1816","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1816","","75","","<i>Antilope bubalis</i> Pallas, 1767 (= <i>Antilope buselaphus</i> Pallas, 1766).","","","","","<i>Acronotus</i>  C. H. Smith, 1827;<i> Alcephalus </i>Brooke, 1876; <i>Bubalis </i>Goldfuss, 1820;<i> Bubalus </i>Ogilby, 1837; <i>Damalis </i>C. H. Smith, 1827;<i> Sigmoceros</i> Heller, 1912.","Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>) included <i>Damaliscus</i> in this genus, but has not been followed by recent authors; see Swanepoel et al. (1980:187). Phylogeographic studies (Arctander et al., 1999; Flagstad et al., 2001) suggest a tree of the following form: (<i>A. lichtensteinii, A. caama</i>)((<i>A. buselaphus buselaphus, A. b. major</i>)(<i>A. b. tora, A. b. swaynei, A. b. cokii, A. b. lelwel</i>)).","42","42-00496","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0496"
"14200497","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Alcelaphus","","buselaphus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","7","","","Hartebeest","No locality cited but the name is based on ""Le bubale"" of Buffon, ""en Barbarie &amp; dans toutes les parties septentrionales de l'Afrique"", and on other sources. Restricted to Barbary by designation of the ""Vache de Barbarie"" of Perrault as the lectotype (Ruxton and Schwarz, 1929:575). Further restricted to Morocco (Lydekker, 1914<i>a</i>:5).","In N Africa, now extinct but within historic times occurred in N Algeria, Libya (marginally), N Morocco, and Tunisia. In West and Equatorial Africa in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, N Dem. Rep. Congo, N Eritrea, Ethiopia (outside highlands), Gambia (extinct or vagrant), Ghana, E Guinea Bissau, Guinea, S Kenya, S Mali, Niger (marginal in SW), Nigeria, Senegal, NW Somalia (extinct), S Sudan, N Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda. No authentic records from Sierra Leone (Grubb et al., 1998).","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>A</i>. <i>b</i>. <i>swaynei</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>b</i>. <i>tora</i>; IUCN – Extinct as <i>A. b. buselaphus</i>, Endangered as <i>A. b. swaynei </i>and <i>A. b. tora</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (cd)<i>.</i>","<i>ambiguus</i> (Pomel, 1894); <i>boselaphus </i>(Trouessart, 1898); <i>bubalinus </i>Flower and Lydekker, 1891; <i>bubalis </i>(Pallas, 1766); <i>mauretanicus </i>(Ogilby, 1837); <i>montanus </i>(Perry, 1811); <b><i>cokii</i></b><i> </i>Günther, 1884; <i>cokei </i>Johnston, 1886; <i>cookei </i>(Noack, 1905); <i>deckeni </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916);<i> oscari </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916);<i> sabakiensis </i>(Zukowsky, 1913);<i> schillingsi </i>(Zukowsky, 1913);<i> schulzi </i>(Zukowsky, 1914);<i> tanae </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1913);<i> wembaerensis </i>(Zukowsky, 1913); <b><i>lelwel</i> </b>(Heuglin, 1877);<i> heuglini </i>(Millais, 1924);<i> insignis </i>(Thomas, 1904);<i> jacksoni </i>(Thomas, 1892);<i> modestus </i>(Schwarz, 1914); <i>niediecki </i>(Neumann, 1905);<i> roosevelti </i>(Heller, 1912);<i> tschadensis </i>(Schwarz, 1913); <b><i>major </i></b>(Blyth, 1869); <i>invadens </i>(Schwarz, 1914);<i> luzarchei </i>(G. Grandidier, 1914); <i>matschiei </i>(Schwarz, 1914); <i>tunisianus </i>(Gray, 1852); <b><i>swaynei </i></b>(P. L. Sclater, 1892); <i>noacki </i>(Neumann, 1905);<b><i> tora </i></b>Gray, 1873; <u>names based on hybrids between <i>lelwel </i>and <i>cokii, swaynei </i>or <i>tora</i></u>: <i>digglei </i>(Rothschild, 1913); <i>keniae </i>(Heller, 1913);<i> kongoni </i>(Heller, 1912);<i> nakurae </i>(Heller, 1912);<i> neumanni </i>(Rothschild, 1897);<i> rahatensis </i>(Neumann, 1906);<i> ritchiei </i>(Ruxton, 1926);<i> rothschildi </i>(Neumann, 1905).","More than one taxon is included among the syntypes of <i>Antilope buselaphus</i> Pallas, 1766, hence the designation of a lectotype was necessary. Six species recognised by earlier authors (<i>buselaphus, cokii, lelwel, major, swaynei, tora</i>) were all assigned to <i>A. buselaphus </i>once hybridization between some of them was recognised (Ruxton and Schwarz, 1929); <i>caama </i>later included (Ellerman et al., 1953:202); <i>lichtensteinii</i> has also been included (Haltenorth, 1963:102; Kingdon, 1997:429) but not by most workers. The species can be partitioned into nominate <i>buselaphus </i>division (including also <i>major</i>), <i>lelwel</i> division,<i> </i>and <i>tora </i>division (including also <i>cokii </i>and <i>swaynei</i>) on the basis of skull morphology, but cytochrome <i>b</i> and D-loop sequence data (Flagstad et al., 2000) suggest a close affinity between <i>lelwel</i> and <i>tora </i>divisions. Synonymy modified from Ansell (1972:53).","42","42-00497","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0496-0000-0497"
"14200498","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Alcelaphus","","buselaphus","buselaphus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","7","","","","No locality cited but the name is based on ""Le bubale"" of Buffon, ""en Barbarie &amp; dans toutes les parties septentrionales de l'Afrique"", and on other sources. Restricted to Barbary by designation of the ""Vache de Barbarie"" of Perrault as the lectotype (Ruxton and Schwarz, 1929:575). Further restricted to Morocco (Lydekker, 1914<i>a</i>:5).","","","","","42","42-00498","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0496-0000-0497-0498"
"14200499","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Alcelaphus","","buselaphus","cokii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1884","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00499","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0496-0000-0497-0499"
"14200500","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Alcelaphus","","buselaphus","lelwel","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1877","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00500","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0496-0000-0497-0500"
"14200501","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Alcelaphus","","buselaphus","major","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1869","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00501","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0496-0000-0497-0501"
"14200502","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Alcelaphus","","buselaphus","swaynei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","P. L. Sclater","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00502","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0496-0000-0497-0502"
"14200503","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Alcelaphus","","buselaphus","tora","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00503","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0496-0000-0497-0503"
"14200504","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Alcelaphus","","caama","","SPECIES","False","","YES","É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nation. Hist. Nat.","","","269","","","Red Hartebeest","""Le cap de Bonne Esperance""; since restricted to syntype locality South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Steynsburg (Grubb, 1999).","S Angola, Botswana, Lesotho (extinct), Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland (introduced), and W Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as <i>A. buselaphus caama</i>.","<i>cama</i> (Bryden, 1899); <i>dorcas </i>(Sparrman, 1783) [unavailable]; <i>evalensis </i>(Monard, 1933);<i> obscurus </i>(Frechkop, 1937); <i>selbornei </i>(Lydekker, 1913); <i>senegalensis </i>(G. Cuvier, 1816).","Authorship and date of publication validated by Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002<i>b</i>). <i>Alcelaphus buselaphus </i>would be paraphyletic if <i>A. caama </i>were included, as the latter is the sister-species of <i>A. lichtensteinii</i> (Arctander et al., 1999; Flagstad et al., 2000).","42","42-00504","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0496-0000-0504"
"14200505","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Alcelaphus","","lichtensteinii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1849","","Spenerschen Zeitung","18 December, 1849","","p. unknown; reprinted in 1912 in Gesellschaft Natuurforschender Freunde zu Berlin for 1839-59","","","Lichtenstein's Hartebeest","No type locality indicated; since identified as Mozambique, Tette.","E Angola, SE Dem. Rep. Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal and doubtfully Limpopo Prov.; extinct but reintroduced), Swaziland (extinct), Tanzania, Zambia, SE Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>bangae</i> (Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916);<i> basengae </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1910); <i>basengae </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916) [preoccupied];<i> dieseneri </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925);<i> frommi </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1918); <i>gendagendae </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925); <i>godonga </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916); <i>godowiusi </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925); <i>gombensis </i>(Matschie<b> </b>and Zukowsky, 1910); <i>gorongozae </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916);<i> grotei </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925);<i> hennigi </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925); <i>heuferi </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916);<i> inkulanondo </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916);<i> janenschi </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925); <i>kangosa </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1918);<i> konzi </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916);<i> lacrymalis </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925);<i> lademanni </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916);<i> leucoprymnus </i>(Matschie, 1892);<i> leupolti </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916);<i> lindicus </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925); <i>munzneri </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1918);<i> niediecki </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916);<i> niedieckianus </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916);<i> petersi </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1918);<i> prittwitzi </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925);<i> rendalli </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925); <i>rowumae </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925);<i> rukwae </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1910);<i> saadanicus </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925);<i> schmitti </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925); <i>schusteri </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925);<i> senganus </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916);<i> shirensis </i>(Matschie<b> </b>and<b> </b>Zukowsky, 1910); <i>stierlingi </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916);<i> tendagurucus </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925);<i> ufipae </i>(Matschie<b> </b>and<b> </b>Zukowsky, 1910); <i>ugalae </i>(Matschie<b> </b>and Zukowsky, 1910); <i>ulangae </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925); <i>ungonicus </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925); <i>ungoniensis </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925);<i> uwendensis </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1918);<i> wiesei </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1916);<i> wintgensi </i>(Matschie and Zukowsky, 1925).","Included in <i>Alcelaphus</i> <i>buselaphus</i> by Haltenorth (1963:102) and Kingdon (1997:429), but regarded as a distinct species by other authors and placed in a separate genus, <i>Sigmoceros</i> by Vrba (1979). Included in <i>Alcelaphus</i> by Gentry (1990).","42","42-00505","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0496-0000-0505"
"14200506","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Beatragus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Heller","1912","","Smithsonian Misc. Coll.","60","8","8","","<i>Cobus hunteri </i>P. L. Sclater, 1889.","","","","","","Placed in <i>Alcelaphus</i> by Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>:18); but see also Vrba (1979) and Gentry (1990).","42","42-00506","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0506"
"14200507","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Beatragus","","hunteri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","P. L. Sclater","1889","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1889","","58","","","Hunter's Hartebeest","Kenya, ""Africam orientalem, in ripis fl. Tana"" (E bank of Tana River).","N Kenya, S Somalia. Introduced into Tsavo National Park, Kenya.","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>Damaliscus hunteri</i>.","","Included in <i>Damaliscus lunatus</i> by Haltenorth (1963:100). Formerly in <i>Beatragus</i>; see Ansell (1972:54); retained in <i>Beatragus</i> by Gentry and Gentry (1978) and Gentry (1990). Differs from <i>Damaliscus </i>(and <i>Alcelaphus</i>) in independent fusions of formerly acrocentric chromosomes (Kumamoto et al., 1996).","42","42-00507","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0506-0000-0507"
"14200508","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Connochaetes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lichtenstein","1812","","Mag. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin","6","","152","","<i>Antilope gnu</i> Gmelin, 1788 (= <i>Antilope gnou </i>Zimmermann, 1780).","","","","","<i>Butragus</i>  Gray, 1872;<i> Catablepas</i> Gray, 1821;<i> Cemas </i>Oken, 1816 [unavailble];<i> Gorgon</i> Gray, 1850.","","42","42-00508","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0508"
"14200509","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Connochaetes","","gnou","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","102","","","Black Wildebeest","South Africa, ""Die lander der Caffern, ziemlich tief ins land vom Cap gerechnet in grossen Waldern ohnmeit der Uchtermanns Brenjes hogde und Camdebo""; since selected as Eastern Cape Prov., Somerset East Dist., Agterbruintjieshoogte (Grubb, 1999).","Formally W Lesotho, South Africa (E of 22<sup>o</sup>E in Karoo and grassveld vegetation types), and W Swaziland; now only in captivity, or as reintroduced populations in Lesotho, South Africa (including introductions beyond its former range), and Swaziland.","IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>capensis</i>  (Gatterer, 1780);<i> connochaetes</i> (Forster, 1844);<i> gnou </i>(Zimmermann, 1777) [unavailable]; <i>gnu </i>(Gmelin, 1788); <i>operculatus</i> (Brookes, 1828).","Reviewed by Von Richter (1974, Mammalian Species, 50). <i>Catoblepas brookii </i>C. H. Smith, 1827 is not a synonym but is based on a horn probably of the domestic cattle of Bornu (Lydekker, 1912).","42","42-00509","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0508-0000-0509"
"14200510","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Connochaetes","","taurinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burchell","1824","","Travels in Interior of Southern Africa","2","","278(footnote) [1824]","","","Blue Wildebeest","Apparently ""Kosi Fountain"", but lectotype came from South Africa, North West Prov., Vryburg Dist., ""Chue Spring, Maadji Mtn [Klein Heuningvlei]""; see Grubb (1999).","Angola, Botswana, S Kenya, Malawi (extinct), Mozambique, Namibia, NE South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>borlei</i> Monard, 1933;<i> corniculatus</i> (Gray, 1872);<i> fasciatus </i>(Gray, 1872);<i> gorgon</i> (C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> mattosi </i>Blaine, 1925;<i> reichei </i>(Noack, 1893); <b><i>albojubatus </i></b>Thomas, 1892;<i> hecki </i>Neumann, 1905; <b><i>cooksoni</i></b><i> </i>Blaine, 1914;<b><i> johnstoni</i></b><i> </i>P.L. Sclater, 1896; <i>rufijianus </i>De Beaux, 1911;<i> <b>mearnsi </b></i>(Heller, 1913);<i> babaulti </i>Kollman, 1919; <i>henrici </i>Zukowsky, 1913;<i> lorenzi </i>Zukowsky, 1913;<i> schulzi </i>Zukowsky, 1913.","For year of publication see Ellerman et al. (1953:205). Synonymy follows Ansell (1972:51). Status of <i>babaulti </i>discussed by Scoazec (1996). Cotterill (2003<i>a</i>) listed <i>johnstoni</i> and <i>cooksoni </i>as species.","42","42-00510","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0508-0000-0510"
"14200511","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Connochaetes","","taurinus","taurinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burchell","1824","","Travels in Interior of Southern Africa","2","","278(footnote) [1824]","","","","Apparently ""Kosi Fountain"", but lectotype came from South Africa, North West Prov., Vryburg Dist., ""Chue Spring, Maadji Mtn [Klein Heuningvlei]""; see Grubb (1999).","","","","","42","42-00511","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0508-0000-0510-0511"
"14200512","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Connochaetes","","taurinus","albojubatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00512","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0508-0000-0510-0512"
"14200513","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Connochaetes","","taurinus","cooksoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blaine","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00513","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0508-0000-0510-0513"
"14200514","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Connochaetes","","taurinus","johnstoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","P. L. Sclater","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00514","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0508-0000-0510-0514"
"14200515","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Connochaetes","","taurinus","mearnsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00515","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0508-0000-0510-0515"
"14200516","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Damaliscus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Sclater and Thomas","1894","","Book of Antelopes","1","part 1","3, 51","","<i>Antilope pygargus</i> Pallas, 1767.","","","","","<i>Damalis</i> Gray, 1872 [preoccupied].","Placed in <i>Alcelaphus</i> by Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>:18); but see also Vrba (1979) and Gentry (1990).","42","42-00516","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0516"
"14200517","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Damaliscus","","korrigum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","103","","","Topi","N Nigeria, ""Bornou"" (Borno Prov.).","West and Equatorial Africa in N Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, N Cameroon, N Central African Republic, Chad, Dem. Rep. Congo (Rwindi-Rutshuru plain only), W Ethiopia, Gambia, N Ghana, Guinea-Bisau, Kenya, Mali, S Mauritania, S Niger, N Nigeria, Ruanda, Senegal, S Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda. Former occurrence in Guinea unconfirmed. Now extinct in Burundi, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal.","CITES – Appendix III (Ghana); IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>D. lunatus korrigum</i>, Lower Risk (cd) as <i>D. l. jimela </i>and <i>D. l. topi</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as<i> D. l. tiang</i>,","<i>corrigum</i> H.C.V. Hunter, 1899; <i>floweri </i>Matschie, 1913;<i> jonesi </i>Lydekker, 1907;<i> lyra </i>Schwarz, 1914;<i> purpurescens </i>Blaine, 1914;<i> senegalensis </i>(Children, 1826) [preoccupied]; <i>tiang</i><b> </b>(Heuglin, 1863); <i>tiangriel </i>(Heuglin, 1863);<i> <b>jimela</b> </i>(Matschie, 1892);<i> eurus </i>Blaine, 1914;<i> phalius </i>Cabrera, 1911;<i> selousi </i>Lydekker, 1907;<i> ugandae</i> Blaine, 1914; <b><i>topi</i></b><i> </i>Blaine, 1914.","The vernacular name ""Topi"" applies to both <i>jimela </i>and <i>topi</i>, while the Korrigum or Tiang is <i>korrigum</i>. Synonymy modified from Ansell (1972:56).","42","42-00517","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0516-0000-0517"
"14200518","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Damaliscus","","korrigum","korrigum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","103","","","See comments under species.","N Nigeria, ""Bornou"" (Borno Prov.).","","","","","42","42-00518","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0516-0000-0517-0518"
"14200519","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Damaliscus","","korrigum","jimela","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1892","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","","","","","","42","42-00519","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0516-0000-0517-0519"
"14200520","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Damaliscus","","korrigum","topi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blaine","1914","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","","","","","","42","42-00520","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0516-0000-0517-0520"
"14200521","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Damaliscus","","lunatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burchell","1824","","Travels in Interior of Southern Africa","2","","334","","","Common Tsessebe","South Africa, Northern Cape Prov., Kuruman Dist., ""Makkwarin"" (Matlhwareng) River.","Southern Africa in E Angola, N Botswana, Mozambique (extinct), NE Namibia, South Africa (extinct in Northern Cape, North-West, and Mpumalanga Provs., and N KwaZulu-Natal; survives in E Limpopo Prov.; reintroduced within former range), Swaziland (extinct; reintroduced), E and C Zambia, and Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd)<i>.</i>","<i>reclinis</i> Matschie, 1912.","For date of publication see Ellerman et al. (1953:201), who included <i>korrigum</i> in this species. Cotterill (2003<i>c</i>) separated a Zambian population as a separate species and also regarded <i>korrigum</i> as a separate species.","42","42-00521","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0516-0000-0521"
"14200522","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Damaliscus","","pygargus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1767","","Spicil. Zool.","1","","10","","","Bontebok (see comments).","No locality. Since restricted to South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Caledon, Swart River (Bigalke, 1948).","Bontebok <i>sensu stricto</i> (<i>D. p. pygargus</i>) only in South Africa (Western Cape Prov.); Blesbok (<i>D. p. phillipsi</i>) formerly in SW Lesotho, South Africa (Northern Cape Prov. E of 23<sup>o</sup>E, Eastern Cape Prov., Free State, North-West Prov., Gautung, Mpumalanga, and NW and W KwaZulu-Natal), and Swaziland; now only in captivity, or as reintroduced populations in Lesotho, South Africa, and Swaziland. Introduced on private land in Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe (East, 1999).","CITES – Appendix II as <i>D. pygargus pygargus</i>; and U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>D</i>. <i>pygarus </i>[sic] (= <i>dorcas</i>)<i> dorcas</i>; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>D. p. pygargus</i>, Least Concern as <i>D. p. phillipsi</i>.","<i>albifrons</i> (Burchell, 1823);<i> dorcas </i>(Pallas, 1766) [preoccupied];<i> <b>phillipsi </b></i>Harper, 1939.","The name Bontebok usually applies to <i>D. p. pygargus</i>, while <i>D. d. phillipsi </i>is the Blesbok. Includes <i>phillipsi</i> and <i>albifrons</i>; see Ansell (1972:55). Includes <i>dorcas</i>, a junior secondary homonym; <i>pygargus</i> is the valid name; see Rookmaaker (1991).","42","42-00522","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0516-0000-0522"
"14200523","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Damaliscus","","pygargus","pygargus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1767","","Spicil. Zool.","1","","10","","","Bontebok","No locality. Since restricted to South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Caledon, Swart River (Bigalke, 1948).","","","","","42","42-00523","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0516-0000-0522-0523"
"14200524","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Damaliscus","","pygargus","phillipsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harper","1939","","","","","","","","Blesbok","","","","","","42","42-00524","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0516-0000-0522-0524"
"14200525","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Alcelaphinae","","Damaliscus","","superstes","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cotterill","2003","","Durban Mus. Novit.","28","","20","","","Bangweulu Tsessebe","""Muku Muku Flats, Luapala Province, north east Zambia 12°21'S; 30°00'E"".","Southern Bangweulu Flats in NE Zambia and extinct in Katanga Pedicle of Dem. Rep. Congo.","","","","42","42-00525","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0495-0000-0516-0000-0525"
"14200526","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","307","","","","","","","Ammodorcini Haltenorth, 1962; Antidorcatinae Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907; Dorcatragini Haltenorth, 1963; Eudorcatinae Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907; Gacellidae Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907 [unavailable]; Gazellae Haeckel, 1866; Litocraniidae Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907; Madoquinae Pocock, 1910; Neotragini<b> </b>Sclater and Thomas, 1894; Nesotragidae Gray, 1872 [<i>nomen oblitum</i> ]; Oreotraginae Pocock, 1910; Procaprinae Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907; Raphicerinae Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907; Rhynchotraginae Roosevelt and Heller, 1914","Antilopini includes <i>Ammodorcas, Antidorcas, Antilope, Eudorcas, Gazella, Litocranius, Nanger, Procapra, </i>and <i>Saiga</i>; Neotragini includes <i>Dorcatragus, Madoqua, Neotragus, Oreotragus, Ourebia, </i>and<i> Raphicerus</i>. Neotragini probably paraphyletic if not polyphyletic; <i>Oreotragus</i> and <i>Neotragus</i> distant from other genera, associated with <i>Cephalophus</i> or <i>Aepyceros</i>, respectively, in molecular phylogenies, according to Hassanin and Douzery (1999<i>b</i>) and Matthee and Davis (2001). The latter regarded <i>Antidorcas, Gazella, Litocranius, Madoqua, Ourebia </i>and <i>Raphicerus</i> as members of a clade. Possibly <i>Oreotragus</i> and <i>Neotragus</i> to be excluded from Neotragini and remaining neotragine genera placed in Gazellini. <i>Antilope, Eudorcas, Gazella, </i>and <i>Nanger </i>may form a clade within Antilopini, sharing translocation of autosome to X chromosome, while within this clade, relationships suggest <i>Gazella </i>sensu stricto ... [truncated]","42","42-00526","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526"
"14200527","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Ammodorcas","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1891","","207, pl. 21, 22","","<i>Cervicapra clarkei</i> Thomas, 1891.","","","","","","Sister taxon of <i>Litocranius</i>; see Groves (1997<i>c</i>) but not Groves (2000<i>b</i>).","42","42-00527","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0527"
"14200528","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Ammodorcas","","clarkei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1891","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","7","","304","","","Dibatag","""Northern Somali-land""; according to the collector Clarke (<i>in</i> Sclater and Thomas, 1898:220), ""about three hours from 'Bairwell' or about one day from 'Buroa Well, Habergerhagi's country'"" (N Somalia, vicinity of Burao and Ber).","E Ethiopia and N Somalia.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by Schomber (1964). Sometimes placed in a separate tribe, Ammodorcadini (e.g. Eastet al., 1999), the correct form of ""Ammodorcini"".","42","42-00528","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0527-0000-0528"
"14200529","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Antidorcas","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Sundevall","1845","1847","Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockholm","1845","","271","","<i>Antilope euchore</i> J. R. Forster, 1790 (= <i>Antilope marsupialis</i> Zimmermann, 1780).","","","","","","","42","42-00529","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0529"
"14200530","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Antidorcas","","marsupialis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","427","","","Springbok","South Africa, ""die Lander am Cap der guten Hoffnung"", since restricted to "" Cape Colony [Cape Prov.]"" (Lydekker, 1914<i>b</i>:111).","SW Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa (range here now much reduced).","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>centralis</i> Lydekker and Blaine, 1914;<i> dorsata </i>(Daudin in Buffon, 1802);<i> euchore </i>(J. R. Forster, 1790); <i>pygargus </i>(Thunberg, 1788);<i> saccata </i>(Boddaert, 1785);<i> saliens </i>(Daudin in Buffon, 1802);<i> saltans</i> (Kerr, 1792); <b><i>angolensis </i></b>Blaine, 1922;<b><i> hofmeyri </i></b>Thomas, 1926.","Revised by Groves (1981<i>b</i>). Assigned to a separate tribe, Antidorcini by Kingdon (1997), correctly Antidorcadini.","42","42-00530","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0529-0000-0530"
"14200531","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Antidorcas","","marsupialis","marsupialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","427","","","","South Africa, ""die Lander am Cap der guten Hoffnung"", since restricted to "" Cape Colony [Cape Prov.]"" (Lydekker, 1914<i>b</i>:111).","","","","","42","42-00531","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0529-0000-0530-0531"
"14200532","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Antidorcas","","marsupialis","angolensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blaine","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00532","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0529-0000-0530-0532"
"14200533","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Antidorcas","","marsupialis","hofmeyri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00533","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0529-0000-0530-0533"
"14200534","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Antilope","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","1","","<i>Capra cervicapra</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Antelopa</i> Perry, 1811; <i>Antelope </i>Forster, 1790; <i>Cervicapra </i>Sparrman, 1780.","","42","42-00534","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0534"
"14200535","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Antilope","","cervicapra","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","69","","","Blackbuck","""Habitat in India, Asia""; restricted by Zukowsky (1927:125) to ""Trivandrum im südlichsten Vorderindien nahe Kap Comorin"" (India, Travancore, inland of Trivandrum).","Bangladesh (extinct), India (Punjab south to Madras and east to Bihar; formerly up to Assam; now localized), Nepal (Terai; now very localized), and E Pakistan (extinct but vagrants occur); introduced to Texas (USA), and Argentina.","CITES – Appendix III (Nepal); IUCN – Near Threatened.","<i>bezoartica</i> (Gray, 1843);<i> bilineata </i>(Gray, 1830);<i> hagenbecki </i>Zukowsky, 1927;<i> rupicapra </i>Müller, 1776;<i> strepsiceros </i>(Oken, 1816); <b><i>rajputanae </i></b>Zukowsky, 1927;<i> centralis </i>Zukowsky, 1928.","Revised by Groves (1982<i>c</i>).","42","42-00535","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0534-0000-0535"
"14200536","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Antilope","","cervicapra","cervicapra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","69","","","","""Habitat in India, Asia""; restricted by Zukowsky (1927:125) to ""Trivandrum im südlichsten Vorderindien nahe Kap Comorin"" (India, Travancore, inland of Trivandrum).","","","","","42","42-00536","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0534-0000-0535-0536"
"14200537","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Antilope","","cervicapra","rajputanae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zukowsky","1927","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00537","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0534-0000-0535-0537"
"14200538","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Dorcatragus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Noack","1894","","Zool. Anz.","17","","202","","<i>Oreotragus megalotis</i> Menges, 1894.","","","","","<i>Dorcotragus</i> P. L. Sclater and Thomas, 1898.","","42","42-00538","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0538"
"14200539","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Dorcatragus","","megalotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Menges","1894","","Zool. Anz.","17","","130","","","Beira","Somalia, ""in den Schluchten des Hekebo"" (ravine in the Hekebo region); 35 mi (56 km) SW of Berbera (Moreau et al., 1946:437).","Djibouti, NE Ethiopia (Marmar Mtns only), and N Somalia.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Present occurrence in Djibouti established by Künzel and Künzel (1998).","42","42-00539","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0538-0000-0539"
"14200540","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Eudorcas","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1869","","Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss., Wien, math.-nat. Cl.","59","sect. 1","159","","<i>Gazella laevipes </i>Sundevall, 1847 (= <i>Gazella rufifrons</i> Gray, 1846).","","","","","<i>Korin</i> Sclater and Thomas, 1898.","<i>Eudorcas</i>has been treated as a full genus as a result of cladistic analysis by Groves (2000<i>b</i>); may be sister taxon of <i>Nanger</i>, as shares translocation of an autosome to the Y chromosome (Vassart et al., 1995); genetically distinct according to Rebholz and Harley (1999).","42","42-00540","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0540"
"14200541","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Eudorcas","","rufifrons","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","18","","214","","","Red-fronted Gazelle","""Senegal"".","Burkino Faso, N Cameroon, N Central African Republic, Chad, N Eritrea, Ethiopia (NW and Omo valley in SW), N Ghana (probably extinct), S Mali, S Mauritania, S Niger, N Nigeria, N Senegal, Sudan, and N Togo. Possibly occurred in Benin; possibly formerly a rare vagrant in The Gambia.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>G. rufifrons </i>and <i>G. rufifrons tilonura</i>,<i> </i>Lower Risk (nt) as <i>G. thomsonii albonotatus</i>.","<i>senegalensis</i> Fitzinger, 1869;<i> typica </i>(Ward, 1910); <b><i>albonotata</i></b><i> </i>(W. Rothschild, 1903); <i>albonota </i>Roosevelt and Heller, 1915;<i> <b>kanuri</b> </i>(Schwarz, 1914);<i> centralis </i>(Schwarz, 1914);<i> <b>laevipes</b> </i>(Sundevall, 1847);<i> hasleri </i>(Pocock, 1912);<i> salmi </i>(Lorenz, 1906);<i> <b>tilonura</b> </i>(Heuglin, 1869); <i>melanura </i>(Heuglin, 1863) [preoccupied].","Haltenorth (1963:112) excluded <i>tilonura</i> but Gentry (1972:90) provided evidence to include it. Revised as subspecies of <i>Gazella cuvieri </i>(Groves, 1969<i>a</i>)<i>, </i>though later separated from <i>cuvieri </i>(Groves 1975<i>a</i>). Skull and horn proportions associate <i>albonotata </i>with <i>rufifrons </i>rather than <i>thomsonii</i>.","42","42-00541","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0540-0000-0541"
"14200542","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Eudorcas","","rufifrons","rufifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","18","","214","","","","""Senegal"".","","","","","42","42-00542","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0540-0000-0541-0542"
"14200543","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Eudorcas","","rufifrons","albonotata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","W. Rothschild","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00543","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0540-0000-0541-0543"
"14200544","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Eudorcas","","rufifrons","kanuri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00544","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0540-0000-0541-0544"
"14200545","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Eudorcas","","rufifrons","laevipes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sundevall","1847","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00545","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0540-0000-0541-0545"
"14200546","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Eudorcas","","rufifrons","tilonura","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1869","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00546","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0540-0000-0541-0546"
"14200547","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Eudorcas","","rufina","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1894","","467","","","Red Gazelle","""Hab. Doubtful. Type bought at Algiers""; ""probably the interior of Algeria"" (Lydekker, 1914<i>b</i>:66).","N Algeria.","Thought to have become extinct in 20th Century; see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:210); IUCN – Extinct.","<i>pallaryi</i> (Pomel, 1895).","","42","42-00547","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0540-0000-0547"
"14200548","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Eudorcas","","thomsonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1884","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","14","","427","","","Thomson's Gazelle","""the range of country from Kilimanjaro to Baringo and at various heights above 6000' [1829 m]""; restricted to ""Kilimanjaro district"" (Lydekker, 1914<i>b</i>:84) in Kenya (G. M. Allen, 1939:526).","S and C Kenya, N Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>arushae</i> Zukowsky, 1914;<i> bergeri </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1910;<i> bergerinae </i>Zukowsky, 1914; <i>macrocephala </i>Zukowsky, 1914;<i> manyarae </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1910;<i> marwitzi </i>Zukowsky, 1914;<i> ndjiriensis </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1910;<i> sabakiensis </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1910;<i> schillingsi </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1910; <i>wembaerensis </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1910;<i> <b>nasalis</b> </i>(Lönnberg, 1908); <i>baringoensis </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1910;<i> behni </i>Zukowsky, 1914; <i>biedermanni </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1910;<i> dieseneri </i>Zukowsky, 1914;<i> dongilanensis </i>Zukowsky, 1914;<i> langheldi </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1910; <i>mundorosica </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1910;<i> nakuroensis </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1910; <i>ruwanae </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1910;<i> seringetica </i>Zukowsky, 1914.","Revised by Brooks (1961). Groves (1969<i>a</i>) included <i>thomsonii</i> in <i>Gazella cuvieri</i>; but Gentry (1972:88, 90-91) gave reasons for rejecting this classification. Groves (1985<i>a</i>, 1988) and Rebholz and Harley (1999)<i> </i>included <i>thomsonii</i> in <i>E. rufifrons</i> but Gentry (1964) presented evidence to show they are distinct.","42","42-00548","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0540-0000-0548"
"14200549","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Eudorcas","","thomsonii","thomsonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1884","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5","14","","427","","","","""the range of country from Kilimanjaro to Baringo and at various heights above 6000' [1829 m]""; restricted to ""Kilimanjaro district"" (Lydekker, 1914<i>b</i>:84) in Kenya (G. M. Allen, 1939:526).","","","","","42","42-00549","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0540-0000-0548-0549"
"14200550","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Eudorcas","","thomsonii","nasalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00550","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0540-0000-0548-0550"
"14200551","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","de Blainville","1816","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1816","","75","","<i>Capra dorcas</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Dorcas</i> Gray, 1821;<i> Leptoceros </i>Wagner, 1844; <i>Trachelocele </i>Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951;<i> Tragops </i>Hodgson, 1847; <i>Tragopsis </i>Fitzinger, 1869.","Revised by Groves (1969<i>a</i>), who recognised <i>Trachelocele</i> as a subgenus for <i>G. subgutturosa </i>only. Since then, <i>Eudorcas </i>has been revived (Groves, 2000<i>b</i>) and <i>G. cuvieri, G. leptoceros, </i>and <i>G. subgutturosa </i>have been recognised as a clade (<i>G. subgutturosa </i>group) distinct from <i>G. dorcas </i>and <i>G. erlangeri</i> in sharing 11 unique centric fusions of the autosomes (Vassart et al. 1995) and having similar mitochondrial genes (Rebholz and Harley, 1999). <i>Trachelocele </i>may seem redundant but <i>Gazella </i>may be paraphyletic, as the <i>subgutturosa </i>group could be a sister taxon of <i>Antilope</i>,<i> </i>sharing two unique centric fusions (Vassart et al. 1995), suggesting the possible need to revive <i>Trachelocele</i>. The other species of <i>Gazella </i>may be divided into two groups. In the <i>dorcas </i>group, <i>G. dorcas </i>and<i> G. erlangeri </i>share 9 unique homologous centric fusions<i>, G. spekei </i>is similar t... [truncated]","42","42-00551","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551"
"14200552","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","arabica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lichenstein","1827","","Darst. Säugeth.","","","pl. 6 and associated unpaginated text","","","Arabian Gazelle","Saudi Arabia, ""Insel Farsan"" (Farasan Isls).","Saudi Arabia (Farasan Isls; extinct) and Yemen (mountains near Ta'izz; possibly extinct).","IUCN – Extinct as <i>G. arabica </i>and <i>G. bilkis.</i>","<b><i>bilkis</i> </b><b> </b>Groves and Lay, 1985.","Treated as a separate species from <i>G. gazella</i> by Groves (1985<i>a</i>). Nominate subspecies known from only two specimens; see Groves (1983); even if formerly present on Farasan Isls, now replaced there by <i>G. gazella farasani</i>; see Thouless and Al Bassri (1991). Status of <i>bilkis </i>(known from five specimens collected in 1951) reviewed by Greth et al (1993); treated as a subspecies of <i>arabica </i>by Groves (1997<i>c</i>); type locality is Yemen, Wadi Maleh 5 mi (8 km) east of Ta'izz, El Hauban.","42","42-00552","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0552"
"14200553","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","arabica","arabica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichenstein","1827","","Darst. Säugeth.","","","pl. 6 and associated unpaginated text","","","","Saudi Arabia, ""Insel Farsan"" (Farasan Isls).","","","","Known from only two specimens; see Groves (1983); even if formerly present on Farasan Isls, now replaced there by <i>G. gazella farasani</i>; see Thouless and Al Bassri (1991).","42","42-00553","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0552-0553"
"14200554","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","arabica","bilkis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves and Lay","1985","","","","","","","","","Yemen, Wadi Maleh 5 mi (8 km) east of Ta'izz, El Hauban.","","","","Status of <i>bilkis </i>(known from five specimens collected in 1951) reviewed by Greth et al (1993).","42","42-00554","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0552-0554"
"14200555","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","bennettii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sykes","1830-1831","1831","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1830-1831","","104","","","Indian Gazelle","India, ""found on the rocky hills of Dukhun [the Deccan]"".","S Afghanistan, Iran, India, and Pakistan.","IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>hazenna</i> (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1843);<i> <b>christii </b></i>Blyth, 1842; <i>christyi</i> Lydekker, 1914;<b><i> fuscifrons </i></b>Blanford, 1873;<i> hayi</i> Lydekker, 1911;<i> kennioni</i> Lydekker, 1908; <b><i>karamii </i></b>Groves, 1993; <b><i>salinarum </i></b>Groves, 2003; <b><i>shikarii </i></b>Groves, 1993.","A species distinct from <i>G. gazella</i> according to Furley et al. (1988) and Groves (1985<i>a</i>, 1988). Revised by Groves (2003).","42","42-00555","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0555"
"14200556","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","bennettii","bennettii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sykes","1830-1831","1831","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1830-1831","","104","","","","India, ""found on the rocky hills of Dukhun [the Deccan]"".","","","","","42","42-00556","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0555-0556"
"14200557","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","bennettii","christii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00557","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0555-0557"
"14200558","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","bennettii","fuscifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00558","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0555-0558"
"14200559","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","bennettii","karamii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00559","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0555-0559"
"14200560","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","bennettii","salinarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves","2003","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00560","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0555-0560"
"14200561","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","bennettii","shikarii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00561","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0555-0561"
"14200562","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","cuvieri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1840","1841","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1840","","35","","","Cuvier's Gazelle","Morocco, ""Mogadore"" (Mogador).","Morocco, N Algeria, Tunisia. No reliable record from Libya.","CITES – Appendix III (Tunisia); U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>cineraceus</i> Temminck, 1853;<i> corinna </i>Lacépède and Cuvier, 1804 [preoccupied];<i> kevella </i>Tristram, 1860; <i>vera </i>Gray, 1850.","Assigned to <i>G. gazella</i> by Haltenorth (1963:111); but a distinct species according to Groves (1969<i>a</i>).","42","42-00562","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0562"
"14200563","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","dorcas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","69","","","Dorcas Gazelle","""Habitat in Africa""; restricted to Lower Egypt by Blaine (1913:292), west of the Nile River (Osborn and Helmy, 1980:508).","Algeria, N Burkina Faso, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, N Ethiopia, S Israel, W Jordan, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, N Nigeria (vagrant), Senegal (seasonal; reintroduced), N Somalia, N Sudan, and Tunisia.","CITES – Appendix III (Tunisia); U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>G</i>. <i>d</i>. <i>massaesyla</i> and <i>G</i>. <i>d</i>. <i>pelzelni</i> (sic); IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>G. dorcas, </i>not evaluated as <i>G</i>. <i>d</i>. <i>pelzelnii</i>.","<i>corinna</i> (Pallas, 1766);<i> kevella </i>(Pallas, 1766);<i> sundevalli </i>Fitzinger, 1869;<i> <b>beccarii </b></i>De Beaux, 1931; <b><i>isabella </i></b>Gray, 1846;<i> isidis</i> (Sundevall, 1847);<i> littoralis </i>Blaine, 1913; <i>rueppelli </i>Neumann, 1906; <b><i>massaesyla </i></b>Cabrera, 1928;<i> cabrerai </i>Joleaud, 1929;<i> maculata </i>(Oken, 1816) [unavailable];<i> <b>osiris</b></i> Blaine, 1913;<i> neglecta </i>Lavauden, 1926; <b><i>pelzelnii </i></b>Kohl, 1886.","Revised by Groves (1981<i>c</i>), reviewed by Ferguson (1981) and Yom-Tov et al. (1995, Mammalian Species, 491). Includes <i>pelzelnii</i>; see Gentry (1972:89); Haltenorth (1963:112) regarded it as a separate species. Due to differences in spelling<i> Gazella dorcas massaesyla </i>Cabrera, 1928 is not preoccupied by †<i>Antilope (Dorcas) massoessilia </i>Pomel, 1895 = †<i>Gazella </i>(or †<i>Nanger</i>) <i>atlantica </i>Bourguignat, 1870.","42","42-00563","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0563"
"14200564","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","dorcas","dorcas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","69","","","","""Habitat in Africa""; restricted to Lower Egypt by Blaine (1913:292), west of the Nile River (Osborn and Helmy, 1980:508).","","","","","42","42-00564","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0563-0564"
"14200565","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","dorcas","beccarii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","De Beaux","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00565","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0563-0565"
"14200566","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","dorcas","isabella","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00566","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0563-0566"
"14200567","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","dorcas","massaesyla","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cabrera","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00567","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0563-0567"
"14200568","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","dorcas","osiris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blaine","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00568","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0563-0568"
"14200569","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","dorcas","pelzelnii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kohl","1886","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00569","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0563-0569"
"14200570","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","erlangeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1906","","Sitzber. Ges. Nat. Freunde","1906","","244","","","Neumann's Gazelle","Yemen, Lahej.","W Saudi Arabia and W Yemen.","In need of evaluation.","","Morphologically distinct from <i>G. gazella</i>; distribution records intervene between those of <i>G. g. cora </i>suggesting sympatry or parapatry, at least in the past (Groves, 1996<i>a</i>); treated as a separate species by Groves (1997<i>c</i>).","42","42-00570","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0570"
"14200571","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","gazella","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","7","","","Mountain Gazelle","No locality cited; based on ""La Gazelle"" of Buffon, from ""Syrié"" (Syria).","Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, W Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen; introduced to Farur Isl (Iran, Persian Gulf) and Farasan Isls (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). Marginal occurrence in Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) based on old sightings only; not known to occur there now.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>G. g. acaciae </i>and <i>G. g. muscatensis</i>, Endangered as <i>G. g. gazella</i>, otherwise Vulnerable as <i>G. gazella, G. g. cora </i>and <i>G. g. farasini</i>.","<i>merilli</i> Thomas, 1904;<i> <b>acaciae</b></i> Mendelssohn, Groves and Shalmon, 1997; <b><i>cora </i></b>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> hanishi </i>Dollman, 1927;<i> typica </i>Ward, 1910; <b><i>darehshourii </i></b>Karami and Groves, 1993; <b><i>farasani </i></b>Thoulless and Al Basari, 1991;<i> <b>muscatensis</b></i><b> </b>Brooke, 1874.","Reviewed by Mendelssohn et al. (1995, Mammalian Species, 490), revised by Groves (1996<i>a</i>). Subspecies <i>darehshourii</i> and <i>farasani</i> apparently based on introduced populations. Captive population in King Khalid Wildlife Research Center, Thumamah, Saudi Arabia may represent an undescribed subspecies (Groves, 1996<i>a</i>, 1997<i>c</i>).","42","42-00571","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0571"
"14200572","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","gazella","gazella","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","7","","","","No locality cited; based on ""La Gazelle"" of Buffon, from ""Syrié"" (Syria).","","","","","42","42-00572","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0571-0572"
"14200573","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","gazella","acaciae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Mendelssohn, Groves and Shalmon","1997","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00573","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0571-0573"
"14200574","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","gazella","cora","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00574","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0571-0574"
"14200575","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","gazella","darehshourii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Karami and Groves","1993","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","42","42-00575","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0571-0575"
"14200576","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","gazella","farasani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thoulless and Al Basari","1991","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species.","42","42-00576","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0571-0576"
"14200577","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","gazella","muscatensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brooke","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00577","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0571-0577"
"14200578","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","leptoceros","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1842","","<i>In</i> É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères","7","part 72","""Antilope aux longues cornes"", p. 2, pls. 373, 374","","","Slender-horned Gazelle","""rapportés du Sennaar [Sudan, Sennar] par M. Burton""; corrected to ""desert between Giza and Wadi Natron, lower Egypt, as the type-specimen was brought to Paris by James Burton, circa 1833"" (Flower, 1932:438).","Algeria, S Tunisia, Libya, NW Egypt, Niger (Air Massif), and N Chad; apparently Mali and Sudan, though material evidence is lacking; not recorded from Mauritania.","CITES – Appendix III (Tunisia); U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>abuharab</i>  (Fitzinger, 1869);<i> cuvieri </i>(Fitzinger, 1869); <i>typica </i>P. L. Sclater and Thomas, 1898;<i> <b>loderi </b></i>Thomas, 1894.","Status reviewed by East (1988) and Mallon and Kingswood (2001).","42","42-00578","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0578"
"14200579","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","leptoceros","leptoceros","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1842","","<i>In</i> É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères","7","part 72","""Antilope aux longues cornes"", p. 2, pls. 373, 374","","","","""rapportés du Sennaar [Sudan, Sennar] par M. Burton""; corrected to ""desert between Giza and Wadi Natron, lower Egypt, as the type-specimen was brought to Paris by James Burton, circa 1833"" (Flower, 1932:438).","","","","","42","42-00579","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0578-0579"
"14200580","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","leptoceros","loderi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00580","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0578-0580"
"14200581","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","saudiya","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Carruthers and Schwarz","1935","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1935","","155","","","Saudi Gazelle","Saudi Arabia, ""Dhalm, about 150 miles [241 km] north-east of Mecca, central Arabia, 3500 feet [1067 m]"".","Formerly Saudi Arabia and Yemen; one record dubiously from Kuwait; single reported specimen from S Iraq is <i>G. subgutturosa marica </i>(Mallon and Kingswood, 2001); extinct in the wild.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>G. dorcas saudiya</i>; IUCN – Extinct in the Wild.","","A species distinct from <i>G. dorcas</i> according to Groves (1988). Status reviewed by Mallon and Kingswood (2001).","42","42-00581","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0581"
"14200582","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","spekei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1863","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta","","","172","","","Speke's Gazelle","""Somâli-land"" (= Somalia).","Somalia, E Ethiopia.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","","42","42-00582","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0582"
"14200583","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","subgutturosa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Guldenstaedt","1778","1780","Acta Acad. Sci. Petropoli for 1778","1","","251","","","Goitered Gazelle","""Patria Antilopes subgutturosai Persia est. Inter mare caspicum &amp; nigrum septentrionem versus usque ad pedem australem promontorii iugi alpini caucasici, vix ultra gradum latitudinis 42 procedit … per Georgiam … per Cardueliam et Cachetiam regis … Teflisi"" (Georgia, steppes of E Transcaucasia, near Tbilisi).","Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China (Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Sinkiang, N Tibet), SE Georgia (extinct), Iran, Iraq, E Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait (extinct), Kyrgyztan (extinct?), Mongolia, Oman, WC Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, SE Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, and Yemen (possibly extinct).","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>G</i>. <i>s</i>. <i>marica</i>; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>G. s. marica</i>, otherwise Near Threatened.","<i>gracilicornis</i> Stroganov, 1956;<i> persica </i>(Gray, 1843);<i> seistanica </i>Lydekker, 1910; <i>typica </i>Lydekker, 1900; <b><i>hillieriana</i></b><i> </i>Heude, 1894;<i> mongolica </i>Heude, 1894; <i>reginae </i>Adlerberg,<i> </i>1931;<i> sairensis </i>Lydekker, 1900;<i> <b>marica</b> </i>Thomas, 1897;<i> <b>yarkandensis</b> </i>Blanford, 1875.","The type locality may once have been within the boundaries of Persia (Iran) (Heptner et al., 1961) but does not lie within its modern limits. Revised by Groves (1969<i>a</i>). Reviewed by Kingswood and Blank (1996, Mammalian Species, 518).","42","42-00583","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0583"
"14200584","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","subgutturosa","subgutturosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Guldenstaedt","1778","1780","Acta Acad. Sci. Petropoli for 1778","1","","251","","","","""Patria Antilopes subgutturosai Persia est. Inter mare caspicum &amp; nigrum septentrionem versus usque ad pedem australem promontorii iugi alpini caucasici, vix ultra gradum latitudinis 42 procedit … per Georgiam … per Cardueliam et Cachetiam regis … Teflisi"" (Georgia, steppes of E Transcaucasia, near Tbilisi).","","","","","42","42-00584","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0583-0584"
"14200585","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","subgutturosa","hillieriana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00585","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0583-0585"
"14200586","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","subgutturosa","marica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00586","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0583-0586"
"14200587","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Gazella","","subgutturosa","yarkandensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1875","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00587","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0551-0000-0583-0587"
"14200588","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Litocranius","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Kohl","1886","","Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien","1","","79","","<i>Gazella walleri</i> Brooke, 1879.","","","","","<i>Lithocranius</i> Thomas, 1891.","Revised by Schomber (1963) and Grubb (2002). Sister taxon of <i>Ammodorcas </i>according to Groves (1997<i>c</i>) but not Groves (2000<i>b</i>).","42","42-00588","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0588"
"14200589","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Litocranius","","walleri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brooke","1878","1879","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1878","","929, pl. 56","","","Gerenuk","""Mainland of Africa, north of the island of Zanzibar, about lat. 30°S and long. 38°E"" and therefore apparently in Kenya, but shown to be correctly ""Somalia, coast near Juba River"" by Sclater and Thomas (1898) and Moreau et al. (1946) and more specifically, the vicinity of Chisimayo (Grubb, 2002).","E Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, NE Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<b><i>sclateri</i> </b>Neumann, 1988.","","42","42-00589","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0588-0000-0589"
"14200590","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Litocranius","","walleri","walleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brooke","1878","1879","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1878","","929, pl. 56","","","","""Mainland of Africa, north of the island of Zanzibar, about lat. 30°S and long. 38°E"" and therefore apparently in Kenya, but shown to be correctly ""Somalia, coast near Juba River"" by Sclater and Thomas (1898) and Moreau et al. (1946) and more specifically, the vicinity of Chisimayo (Grubb, 2002).","","","","","42","42-00590","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0588-0000-0589-0590"
"14200591","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Litocranius","","walleri","sclateri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1988","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00591","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0588-0000-0589-0591"
"14200592","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ogilby","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","137","","<i>Antilope saltiana</i> Desmarest, 1816.","","","","","<i>Rhynchotragus</i> Neumann, 1905.","Includes <i>Rhynchotragus</i>; see Ansell (1972:61). Comprises two species-groups, <i>saltiana </i>or nominate <i>Madoqua </i>group, including also<i> piacentinii </i>(revised by Yalden 1978); and <i>kirkii </i>or <i>Rhynchotragus </i>group, including also<i> guentheri</i>.","42","42-00592","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592"
"14200593","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","guentheri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1894","","324","","","Günther's Dikdik","Ethiopia, ""Central Ogaden, 3000 feet [914 m]""; identified as ""District immediately north of Imi and Karanle on the Webi Shebeli, Ogaden, Ethiopia, about 6°30'N, 42°30'E"" by Moreau et al. (1946:437).","S Ethiopia, N Kenya, S and C Somalia, SE Sudan, NE Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<b><i>smithii</i> </b><i> </i>Thomas, 1901;<i> hodsoni </i>(Pocock, 1926);<i> nasoguttatus </i>Lönnberg, 1907;<i> wroughtoni </i>(Drake-Brockman, 1909).","Synonymy modified from Ansell (1972:63-64) and review by Kingswood and Kumamato (1996, Mammalian Species, 539).","42","42-00593","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0593"
"14200594","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","guentheri","guentheri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1894","","324","","","","Ethiopia, ""Central Ogaden, 3000 feet [914 m]""; identified as ""District immediately north of Imi and Karanle on the Webi Shebeli, Ogaden, Ethiopia, about 6°30'N, 42°30'E"" by Moreau et al. (1946:437).","","","","","42","42-00594","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0593-0594"
"14200595","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","guentheri","smithii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00595","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0593-0595"
"14200596","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","kirkii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1880","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1880","","17","","","Kirk's Dikdik","Somalia,""near Brava, in the South Somali country"".","Kenya, N and C Tanzania, and S Somalia in East Africa; SW Angola and Namibia in Southern Africa.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>minor</i> Lönnberg, 1912; <b><i>cavendishi </i></b>Thomas, 1898;<i> langi </i>J.A. Allen, 1909; <i>thomasi </i>(Neumann, 1905);<i> <b>damarensis</b> </i>(Günther, 1880);<i> hemprichianus </i>(Jentink, 1887); <i>variani</i> (Drake-Brockman, 1913); <b><i>hindei </i></b>Thomas, 1902;<i> nyikae </i>(Heller, 1913).","Synonymy modified from Ansell (1972:64) who included <i>cavendishi, damarensis</i>, and <i>thomasi</i>; and from review by Kingswood and Kumamoto (1997, Mammalian Species, 569). Specimens whose karyology was studied by Ryder et al. (1989) and Kumamoto et al. (1994) may really represent three or more species, <i>M. kirkii</i> <i>sensu stricto</i> or <i>M. hindei</i>, <i>M. cavendishi</i> and <i>M. damarensis</i>. Regarded as four evolutionary species (<i>M. kirkii, M. cavendishi, M. thomasi, </i>and <i>M. damarensis</i>) by Cotterill (2003<i>b</i>), but <i>thomasi</i> grades into <i>cavendishi</i> and is not a separate taxon.","42","42-00596","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0596"
"14200597","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","kirkii","kirkii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1880","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1880","","17","","","","Somalia,""near Brava, in the South Somali country"".","","","","","42","42-00597","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0596-0597"
"14200598","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","kirkii","cavendishi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00598","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0596-0598"
"14200599","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","kirkii","damarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1880","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00599","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0596-0599"
"14200600","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","kirkii","hindei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00600","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0596-0600"
"14200601","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","piacentinii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Drake-Brockman","1911","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1911","","981","","","Piacentini's Dikdik","E Somalia, ""Gharabwein, within a day's march of Obbia [5°25'N, 48°25'E], in the Mijertain country, Italian Somaliland"".","E Somalia.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Included in <i>swaynei</i> by Ansell (1972:62) but a distinct species according to Yalden (1978:262).","42","42-00601","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0601"
"14200602","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","saltiana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Blainville","1816","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1816","","79","","","Salt's Dikdik","""Abyssinie"" (Ethiopia).","Djibouti, Eritrea, N Ethiopia, NE Sudan, Somalia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>cordeauxi</i> Drake-Brockman, 1909;<i> hemprichiana </i>(Ehrenberg, 1832);<i> hemprichii </i>(Rüppell, 1835); <i>madoka </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> madoqua </i>(Waterhouse, 1838); <b><i>hararensis</i></b><i> </i>Neumann, 1905;<i> <b>lawrancei</b> </i>Drake-Brockman, 1926;<i> <b>phillipsi</b> </i>Thomas, 1894;<i> gubanensis </i>Drake-Brockman, 1909;<i> <b>swaynei</b> </i>(Thomas, 1894);<i> citernii </i>(De Beaux, 1922);<i> erlangeri </i>Neumann, 1905.","The author of the name is usually cited as Desmarest, 1816 (Nouv. Dict. Nat., Nouv. ed., 2:192), who however acknowledged de Blainville's paper and cited the page number where <i>saltiana </i>was named, confirming de Blainville is the author. Smaller species of dikdik were revised by Ansell (1972:62-63) who recognised <i>M. saltiana </i>(including <i>cordeauxi</i>), <i>M. swaynei</i> (including <i>hararensis</i> and <i>piacentinii</i>)<i>, </i>and <i>M. phillipsi </i>(including <i>erlangeri, gubanensis</i>, and <i>lawrancei</i>). Revised by Yalden (1978) who synonymised several subspecies and included all these taxa in <i>M. saltiana</i> except for <i>piacentinii</i>, which was treated as a distinct species. Regarded as five evolutionary species (<i>M. saltiana, M. hararensis, M. lawrancei, M. phillipsi</i> and <i>M. swaynei</i>) by Cotterill (2003<i>b</i>).","42","42-00602","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0602"
"14200603","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","saltiana","saltiana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Blainville","1816","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1816","","79","","","","""Abyssinie"" (Ethiopia).","","","","","42","42-00603","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0602-0603"
"14200604","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","saltiana","hararensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00604","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0602-0604"
"14200605","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","saltiana","lawrancei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Drake-Brockman","1926","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00605","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0602-0605"
"14200606","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","saltiana","phillipsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00606","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0602-0606"
"14200607","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Madoqua","","saltiana","swaynei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00607","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0592-0000-0602-0607"
"14200608","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lataste","1885","","Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux","39","","183","","<i>Antilope mhorr </i>Bennett, 1833 (= <i>Antilope dama </i>Pallas, 1766).","","","","","<i>Matschiea</i> Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907.","Status as a full genus restored by Groves (2000<i>b</i>). May be sister taxon of <i>Eudorcas</i>, as shares translocation of autosome to Y chromosome; <i>Nanger </i>species share 9 unique centric fusions (Vassart et al., 1995) and are genetically distinct (Rebholz and Harley, 1999).","42","42-00608","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608"
"14200609","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","dama","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","5","","","Dama Gazelle","No locality cited; based on ""Le Nanguer"" of Buffon from ""Sénégal""; see discussion in Harper (1940).","S and W Algeria, N Burkina Faso, Chad, Egypt (one Recent record from Western Desert), S Mali, S Mauritania (extinct), Morocco, S Niger, N Nigeria (extinct?), N Senegal (extinct but reintroduced), N Sudan (W of Nile), Tunisia.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>Gazella dama</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>G</i>. <i>d</i>. <i>lozanoi</i> and <i>G</i>. <i>d</i>. <i>mhorr</i>, otherwise Proposed Endangered as <i>G. dama</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>G. dama</i>.","<i>damergouensis</i> (W. Rothschild, 1921);<i> nanguer </i>(Bennett, 1833);<i> occidentalis </i>(Sundevall, 1847); <i>permista </i>(Neumann, 1906);<i> reducta </i>(K. Heller, 1907);<i> weidholzi </i>(Zimara, 1935); <b><i>mhorr </i></b>(Bennett, 1833); <i>lazoni </i>(Gentry, 1972); <i>lozanoi </i>(Morales Agacino, 1934); <i>mhoks </i>(Lesson, 1836); <i>mohr </i>Gray, 1846; <b><i>ruficollis </i></b>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> addra </i>(Bennett, 1833);<i> orientalis </i>(Sundevall, 1847).","Revised by Andreae and Krumbiegel (1976), who retained <i>lozanoi </i>and <i>permista</i> (includes <i>reducta</i>) as separate subspecies, and Cano Perez (1984), who reduced them to synonymy. Wirth (1984) defended the status of these two subspecies. Status reviewed by Mallon and Kingswood (2001).","42","42-00609","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608-0000-0609"
"14200610","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","dama","dama","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","5","","","","No locality cited; based on ""Le Nanguer"" of Buffon from ""Sénégal""; see discussion in Harper (1940).","","","","","42","42-00610","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608-0000-0609-0610"
"14200611","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","dama","mhorr","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bennett","1833","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00611","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608-0000-0609-0611"
"14200612","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","dama","ruficollis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00612","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608-0000-0609-0612"
"14200613","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","granti","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Brooke","1872","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1872","","602","","","Grant's Gazelle","Tanzania, ""Western Kinyenye, in Ugogo"".","S Ethiopia, Kenya, S Somalia, SE Sudan, NE Uganda, and N Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as <i>Gazella granti</i>.","<i>roosevelti</i> (Heller, 1913);<i> <b>brighti</b> </i>(Thomas, 1901);<i> lacuum</i> (Neumann, 1906);<i> raineyi </i>(Heller, 1913);<i> <b>notata</b> </i>(Thomas, 1897);<i> <b>petersii</b> </i>(Günther, 1884); <i>gelidjiensis </i>(Noack, 1887); <i>serengetae </i>(Heller, 1913); <b><i>robertsi</i> </b>(Thomas, 1903).","Subspecies recognised follow Arctander et al (1995), and Grubb (1994, 2000<i>b</i>).","42","42-00613","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608-0000-0613"
"14200614","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","granti","granti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Brooke","1872","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1872","","602","","","","Tanzania, ""Western Kinyenye, in Ugogo"".","","","","","42","42-00614","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608-0000-0613-0614"
"14200615","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","granti","brighti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00615","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608-0000-0613-0615"
"14200616","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","granti","notata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00616","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608-0000-0613-0616"
"14200617","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","granti","petersii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Günther","1884","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00617","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608-0000-0613-0617"
"14200618","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","granti","robertsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00618","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608-0000-0613-0618"
"14200619","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","soemmerringii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1828","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","","","p. 49, pl. 19","","","Soemmerring's Gazelle","""an dem östlichen Abhange Abyssiniens"" (E Ethiopia); restricted by Lydekker (1914<i>b</i>:97) to ""Tal E'Sabb, Abyssinia"" (Ethiopia, El Shab Valley).","N Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, EC Sudan.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>Gazella soemmerringii</i>.","<i>casanovae</i> (Matschie, 1912); <i>erlangeri </i>(Matschie, 1912);<i> sibyllae </i>(Matschie, 1912);<i> typica </i>(P. L. Sclater and Thomas, 1898); <b><i>berberana</i></b><i> </i>(Matschie, 1893);<i> <b>butteri</b> </i>(Thomas, 1904).","Synonymy modified from G. M. Allen (1939) and Gentry (1972). Year of publication is usually cited as 1826, but 1828 according to J. E. Hill (ms notes based on Anon., 1829:1291-1292)","42","42-00619","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608-0000-0619"
"14200620","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","soemmerringii","soemmerringii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1828","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","","","p. 49, pl. 19","","","","""an dem östlichen Abhange Abyssiniens"" (E Ethiopia); restricted by Lydekker (1914<i>b</i>:97) to ""Tal E'Sabb, Abyssinia"" (Ethiopia, El Shab Valley).","","","","","42","42-00620","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608-0000-0619-0620"
"14200621","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","soemmerringii","berberana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00621","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608-0000-0619-0621"
"14200622","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Nanger","","soemmerringii","butteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00622","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0608-0000-0619-0622"
"14200623","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Neotragus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Anim. Kingdom","5","","349","","<i>Capra pygmea</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Hylarnus</i> Thomas, 1916;<i> Memina </i>Gray 1821 [preoccupied]; <i>Meminna </i>Agassiz, 1842; <i>Minytragus </i>Gloger, 1841 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>Nanotragus </i>Sundevall, 1846; <i>Nesotragus </i>Von Dueben, 1846; <i>Spinigera </i>Lesson, 1842; <i>Tragulus </i>Boddaert, 1785 [preoccupied]; <i>Tragulus </i>Ogilby, 1837.","Includes <i>Nesotragus</i>; see Ansell (1972:68). <i>Neotragus</i> distant from other Neotragine genera, according to Hassanin and Douzery (1999<i>b</i>) and Matthee and Davis (2001), and should perhaps be only member of Neotragini.","42","42-00623","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0623"
"14200624","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Neotragus","","batesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","De Winton","1903","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1903","1","192","","","Bates's Dwarf Antelope","""Efulen, Bulu Country, Kamarun [Cameroon], 1500 ft. [457 m] above sea"".","Forest zone of SE Cameroon, E Dem. Rep. Congo, NE Gabon, SE Nigeria, N Republic of Congo, and W Uganda. Occurrence south of the Ogôoué River in Gabon not confirmed by material evidence.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>harrisoni</i> (Thomas, 1906).","Synonymy modified from Ansell (1972:68). Regarded as three evolutionary species (<i>N. batesi</i>, <i>N. harrisoni</i>, and <i>N.</i> ""ogouensis"" [<i>nomen nudum</i>]) by Cotterill (2003<i>b</i>).","42","42-00624","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0623-0000-0624"
"14200625","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Neotragus","","moschatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Von Dueben","1846","","<i>In</i> Sundevall, Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., Stockholm","3","7","221","","","Suni","""in Chapani (Anglis French island) occisa insula prope Zanzibar in Lat. Austr. 6°9', Long. Orient. 39°14' a Greenwich sita, fructibus dense tecta et fonte irrigata"" (Tanzania, Chapani Isl, 3 km from Zanzibar).","SE Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, E Limpopo and E Mpumalanga Provs.), E Tanzania (including Zanzibar and Mafia Isls), NE Zimbabwe.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>N.</i> <i>m</i>. <i>moschatus</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>zanzibaricus</i> (Layard, 1861);<i> deserticola </i>(Heller, 1913);<i> <b>kirchenpaueri </b></i>(Pagenstecher, 1885);<i> akeleyi </i>(Heller, 1913);<i> <b>livingstonianus </b></i>(Kirk, 1865); <i>livingstonei </i>(Bryden, 1899);<i> <b>zuluensis </b></i>(Thomas, 1898).","Includes <i>livingstonianus</i> (Ellerman et al., 1953). Revised by Grubb (1989) who recognised nominate <i>moschatus </i>division (including <i>kirchenpaueri</i>) and <i>livingstonianus </i>division (including <i>zuluensis</i>), differing in dimensions and separated by Zambezi River; representatives of these divisions (cf. <i>akeleyi </i>and <i>zuluensis</i>)<i> </i>differ in chromosome complement (2n = 52 and 56 respectively) (Kingswood et al., 1998<i>a</i>). Regarded as three evolutionary species (<i>N. moschatus, N. livingsonianus</i>, and <i>N. zanzibaricus</i>) by Cotterill (2003<i>b</i>), but <i>zanzibaricus </i>appears to be an objective synonym of <i>moschatus</i>.","42","42-00625","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0623-0000-0625"
"14200626","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Neotragus","","moschatus","moschatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Von Dueben","1846","","<i>In</i> Sundevall, Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., Stockholm","3","7","221","","","","""in Chapani (Anglis French island) occisa insula prope Zanzibar in Lat. Austr. 6°9', Long. Orient. 39°14' a Greenwich sita, fructibus dense tecta et fonte irrigata"" (Tanzania, Chapani Isl, 3 km from Zanzibar).","","","","","42","42-00626","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0623-0000-0625-0626"
"14200627","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Neotragus","","moschatus","kirchenpaueri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pagenstecher","1885","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00627","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0623-0000-0625-0627"
"14200628","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Neotragus","","moschatus","livingstonianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kirk","1865","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00628","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0623-0000-0625-0628"
"14200629","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Neotragus","","moschatus","zuluensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00629","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0623-0000-0625-0629"
"14200630","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Neotragus","","pygmaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","69","","","Royal Antelope","""Habitat in Guinea, India""; restricted to ""Guinea"" (West Africa) by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:152).","Forest zone of Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>perpusillus</i> (Gray, 1851);<i> pygmaeus </i>(Pallas, 1777);<i> pygmeus </i>(Linnaeus, 1758) [incorrect original spelling]; <i>regius </i>(Erxleben, 1777);<i> spinigera</i> (Lesson, 1842).","Pallas (1767:6, 1777:18) recognised two different species, <i>Tragulus pygmaeus</i> = <i>Neotragus pygmaeus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758), misidentified as a tragulid, and <i>Antilope pygmaea</i> Pallas, 1777. Both have types that are royal antelopes and therefore are both homonyms and synonyms. Gmelin in Linnaeus (1788:173, 191) recognised the same two species as <i>Moschus pygmaeus</i> and <i>Antilope pygmaea</i> and Erxleben (1777:278) called them <i>M. pygmaeus</i> and <i>A. regia</i>, speculating that they may be female and male respectively of the same species.","42","42-00630","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0623-0000-0630"
"14200631","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Oreotragus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","212","","<i>Antilope oreotragus</i> Zimmermann, 1783.","","","","","<i>Oritragus</i> Gloger, 1841.","<i>Oreotragus</i> distant from other Neotragine genera and associated with <i>Cephalophus</i> in molecular phylogenies, according to Hassanin and Douzery (1999<i>b</i>) and Matthee and Davis (2001). Not shown to share any synapomorphies with <i>Cephalophus</i> and perhaps should be restored to tribe Oreotragini.","42","42-00631","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0631"
"14200632","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Oreotragus","","oreotragus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1783","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","3","","269","","","Klipspringer","""Die Caffern""; now known to be South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape Dist., False Bay (Grubb, 1999).","SW Angola, E Botswana, Burundi (extinct?), Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, C Nigeria, Central African Republic (NE and NW only), Dem. Rep. Congo (SE Shaba Prov. and formerly in western Rift Valley), Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, N Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, NE and SE Sudan, Tanzania, NE and SW Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Former or present occurrence in Lesotho unconfirmed (Lynch, 1994).","IUCN –Endangered as <i>O. o. porteousi</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (cd),","<i>klippspringer</i> (Daudin, 1802);<i> saltator </i>(Boddaert, 1785);<i> typicus </i>A. Smith, 1834; <b><i>aceratos </i></b>Noack, 1899;<i> centralis<b> </b></i>Hinton, 1921; <i>transvaalensis<b> </b></i>Roberts, 1917;<i> <b>saltatrixoides</b> </i>(Wagner, 1855); <i>aureus </i>Heller, 1913;<i> hyatti </i>Hinton, 1921;<i> porteousi </i>Lydekker, 1911; <i>saltatricoides</i> Neumann, 1902; <i>saltatrixoides </i>(Temminck, 1853) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>schillingsi </i>Neuman, 1902;<b><i> </i></b><i>somalicus </i>Neumann, 1902;<i> <b>stevensoni</b> </i>Roberts, 1946;<i> <b>tyleri</b> </i>Hinton, 1921; <i>cunenensis </i>Zukowsky, 1924; <i>steinhardti </i>Zukowsky, 1924.","Systematics considerably modified from Ansell (1972:61). Kingdon (1982) synonymised <i>aureus</i> with <i>schillngsi</i> (here followed) and implied that <i>stevensoni</i>, <i>transvaalensis</i> and <i>tyleri</i> are synonymous with nominate <i>oreotragus</i>. Cotterill (2003<i>b</i>) recognised <i>porteousi</i> and <i>schillingsi</i> as evolutionary species.","42","42-00632","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0631-0000-0632"
"14200633","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Oreotragus","","oreotragus","oreotragus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1783","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","3","","269","","","","""Die Caffern""; now known to be South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape Dist., False Bay (Grubb, 1999).","","","","","42","42-00633","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0631-0000-0632-0633"
"14200634","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Oreotragus","","oreotragus","aceratos","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Noack","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00634","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0631-0000-0632-0634"
"14200635","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Oreotragus","","oreotragus","saltatrixoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1855","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00635","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0631-0000-0632-0635"
"14200636","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Oreotragus","","oreotragus","stevensoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Roberts","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00636","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0631-0000-0632-0636"
"14200637","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Oreotragus","","oreotragus","tyleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00637","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0631-0000-0632-0637"
"14200638","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Ourebia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Laurillard","1842","","<i>In</i> d'Orbigny, Dict. Univ. D'Hist. Nat.","1","","622","","<i>Antilope scoparia</i> von Schreber, 1799 (= <i>Antilope ourebi</i> Zimmermann, 1783).","","","","","<i>Oribia</i> Kirby, 1899; <i>Quadriscopa </i>Fitzinger, 1869;<i> Qurebia </i>Moore, 1947; <i>Scopophorus</i> Gray, 1846.","","42","42-00638","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0638"
"14200639","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Ourebia","","ourebi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1783","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","3","","268","","","Oribi","""Bewohnt die Cafferen"" (South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Kaffraria); since restricted to one of the syntypical localities: South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Somerset East Dist., Bruintjieshoogte (Grubb, 1999).","Angola, Benin, N Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi (extinct?), Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, N Côte d’Ivoire, N and SE Dem. Rep. Congo, N Eritrea, W Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, S Mali, Mozambique, SW Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, S Senegal, N Sierra Leone, S Somalia, E South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Extinct as <i>O. o. keniae</i>, Vulnerable as <i>O. o. haggardi</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (cd)<i>.</i>","<i>grayi</i> (Fitzinger, 1869);<i> melanura </i>(Bechstein, 1799);<i> scoparia </i>(von Schreber, 1836); <b><i>dorcas </i></b>Schwarz, 1914;<i> splendida </i>Schwarz, 1914;<i> <b>gallarum</b> </i>Blaine, 1913;<i> <b>haggardi</b> </i>(Thomas, 1895);<i> <b>hastata</b> </i>(Peters, 1852); <i>kenyae </i>Meinertzhagen 1905; <i>masakensis<b> </b></i>Lönnberg and Gyldenstolpe, 1925;<i> pitmani </i>Ruxton, 1926;<i> <b>montana</b> </i>(Cretzschmar, 1826);<i> aequatoria </i>Heller, 1912;<i> brevicaudata </i>(Rüppell, 1835); <i>cottoni </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1908;<b><i> </i></b><i>goslingi </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1907;<i> microdon </i>Hollister, 1910;<i> ugandae </i>De Beaux, 1921;<i> <b>quadriscopa</b> </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827); <i>nigricaudata </i>(Brookes, 1873);<i> smithii </i>(Fitzinger, 1869); <b><i>rutila</i></b><i> </i>Blaine, 1922;<i> leucopus </i>Monard, 1930.","Synonymy modified from Ansell (1972:66). Cotterill (2003<i>b</i>) regarded <i>haggardi</i> and perhaps <i>hastata</i> as evolutionary species.","42","42-00639","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0638-0000-0639"
"14200640","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Ourebia","","ourebi","ourebi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1783","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","3","","268","","","","""Bewohnt die Cafferen"" (South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Kaffraria); since restricted to one of the syntypical localities: South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Somerset East Dist., Bruintjieshoogte (Grubb, 1999).","","","","","42","42-00640","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0638-0000-0639-0640"
"14200641","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Ourebia","","ourebi","dorcas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00641","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0638-0000-0639-0641"
"14200642","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Ourebia","","ourebi","gallarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blaine","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00642","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0638-0000-0639-0642"
"14200643","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Ourebia","","ourebi","haggardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00643","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0638-0000-0639-0643"
"14200644","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Ourebia","","ourebi","hastata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00644","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0638-0000-0639-0644"
"14200645","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Ourebia","","ourebi","montana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1826","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00645","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0638-0000-0639-0645"
"14200646","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Ourebia","","ourebi","quadriscopa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00646","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0638-0000-0639-0646"
"14200647","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Ourebia","","ourebi","rutila","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blaine","1922","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00647","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0638-0000-0639-0647"
"14200648","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Procapra","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hodgson","1846","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","15","","334","","<i>Procapra picticaudata</i> Hodgson, 1846.","","","","","<i>Prodorcas</i>  Pocock, 1918.","Revised by Groves (1967<i>a</i>). Gromov and Baranova (1981:393) considered <i>Procapra</i> a subgenus of <i>Gazella</i>; but Groves (1985<i>a</i>) maintained its status as a genus. Genus comprises <i>P. picticaudata </i>or <i>Procapra </i>group (includes also <i>przewalskii</i>) and <i>P. gutturosa </i>or <i>Prodorcas </i>group.","42","42-00648","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0648"
"14200649","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Procapra","","gutturosa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1777","","Spicil. Zool.","12","","46","","","Mongolian Gazelle","""Intra Siberiae limites maxime Dauuriam transmontanum, campos dico circa Ononem and Argunum, frequentat"" (Russia, SE Transbaikalia, Chitinsk. Obl., upper Onon River).","Formerly China (Gansu, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Ningxia, Shanxi, Shaanxi), NE Kazakhstan, Mongolia (except mountains and SW desert), and Russia (Chuya Steppe, Transbaikalia and Tuva on Mongolian border). Now extinct in Kazakhstan and survives only in Inner Mongolia (China), Khomin Tal Steppe in W Mongolia, E Mongolia, and Transbaikalia (Russia).","IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>altaica</i> Hollister, 1913; <i>orientalis </i>(Erxleben, 1777).","Reviewed by Sokolov and Lushchekina (1997, Mammalian Species, 571). Distribution reviewed by Mallon and Kingswood (2001). Monotypic status follows Groves (1986).","42","42-00649","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0648-0000-0649"
"14200650","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Procapra","","picticaudata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1846","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","15","","334, pl. 2","","","Tibetan Gazelle","""Habitat: the plains of Tibet, amid ravines and low bare hills"", restricted to China, ""Hundes district of Tibet"" (Lydekker, 1914<i>b</i>:31) ""but more likely the district north of Sikkim, where most of Hodgson's specimens were obtained after 1844"" (Groves, 1967<i>a</i>:148).","China (Gansu, Sichuan, Tibetan Plateau including Qinghai) and India (Ladak and seasonally in Sikkim).","IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>picticauda</i> Gray, 1867.","","42","42-00650","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0648-0000-0650"
"14200651","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Procapra","","przewalskii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Büchner","1891","","Melanges Biol. Soc. St. Petersb.","13","","161","","","Przewalski's Gazelle","China, ""im südlichen Ordos"" (S Ordos desert); Groves (1967:149) stated that the type locality is the Chagrin Gol (or Steppe).","China (Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Sinkiang, Qinghai); may only survive in Qinghai.","IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>cuvieri</i> (Przewalski, 1888) [preoccupied]; <b><i>diversicornis</i></b> (Stroganov, 1949).","Considered a subspecies of <i>picticaudata</i> by G. M. Allen (1940).","42","42-00651","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0648-0000-0651"
"14200652","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Procapra","","przewalskii","przewalskii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Büchner","1891","","Melanges Biol. Soc. St. Petersb.","13","","161","","","","China, ""im südlichen Ordos"" (S Ordos desert); Groves (1967:149) stated that the type locality is the Chagrin Gol (or Steppe).","","","","","42","42-00652","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0648-0000-0651-0652"
"14200653","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Procapra","","przewalskii","diversicornis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Stroganov","1949","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00653","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0648-0000-0651-0653"
"14200654","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Raphicerus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Animal Kingdom","5","","342","","<i>Cerophorus acuticornis</i> de Blainville, 1816 (= <i>Antilope campestris</i> Thunberg, 1811).","","","","","<i>Calotragus</i> Sundevall, 1846;<i> Grysbock </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907;<i> Nototragus </i>Thomas and Schwann, 1906; <i>Pediotragus </i>Fitzinger, 1861; <i>Raphiceros </i>Thomas, 1897; <i>Rhaphiceros </i>Lydekker, 1897; <i>Rhaphicerus </i>Lönnberg, 1908; <i>Rhaphocerus </i>Agassiz, 1846.","Genus comprises <i>R. melanotis </i>or <i>Nototragus </i>group (a superspecies according to Ansell, 1972:68), including also <i>R. sharpei</i>; and <i>R. campestris </i>or nominate <i>Raphicerus </i>group.","42","42-00654","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0654"
"14200655","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Raphicerus","","campestris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thunberg","1811","","Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg","3","","313","","","Steenbok","No locality cited; South Africa by implication; since restricted to Cape Colony (Lydekker, 1914<i>a</i>:148) or Cape of Good Hope (G. M. Allen, 1939:502); since selected as Western Cape Prov., Malmesbury Div., Swartland (Grubb, 1999:23).","E Africa in S Kenya and N and C Tanzania; S Africa in S Angola, Botswana, S Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, W Zambia, and Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>acuticornis</i> (de Blainville, 1816);<i> capensis </i>(Afzelius, 1815); <i>fulvorubescens </i>(Desmoulins, 1822); <i>grayi </i>(Fitzinger, 1869) [<i>nomen nudum</i>];<i> horstockii </i>(Jentink, 1900);<i> ibex </i>(Afzelius, 1815);<i> natalensis </i>W. Rothschild, 1907; <i>pallida </i>(Lichtenstein, 1812); <i>pediotragus </i>(Afzelius, 1815);<i> rufescens </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827); <i>rupestris </i>(Lichtenstein, 1812);<i> stenbock </i>(de Blainville, 1816) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>subulata </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> tragulus </i>(Lichtenstein, 1812);<i> <b>capricornis </b></i>Thomas and Schwann, 1906; <i>zuluensis </i>Roberts, 1946; <b><i>kelleni </i></b>(Jentink, 1900); <i>bourquii </i>Monard, 1930; <i>cunenensis </i>(Zukowsky, 1924);<i> hoamibensis </i>(Zukowsky, 1924);<b><i> </i></b><i>steinhardti </i>(Zukowsky, 1924);<i> ugabensis </i>(Zukowsky, 1924);<i> zukowskyi </i>(Zukowsky, 1924); <b><i>neumanni </i></b>(Matschie, 1894); <i>stigmatus </i>Lönnberg, 1908.","Synonymy modified from Ansell (1972:67).","42","42-00655","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0654-0000-0655"
"14200656","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Raphicerus","","campestris","campestris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thunberg","1811","","Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg","3","","313","","","","No locality cited; South Africa by implication; since restricted to Cape Colony (Lydekker, 1914<i>a</i>:148) or Cape of Good Hope (G. M. Allen, 1939:502); since selected as Western Cape Prov., Malmesbury Div., Swartland (Grubb, 1999:23).","","","","","42","42-00656","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0654-0000-0655-0656"
"14200657","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Raphicerus","","campestris","capricornis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas and Schwann","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00657","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0654-0000-0655-0657"
"14200658","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Raphicerus","","campestris","kelleni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Jentink","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00658","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0654-0000-0655-0658"
"14200659","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Raphicerus","","campestris","neumanni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00659","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0654-0000-0655-0659"
"14200660","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Raphicerus","","melanotis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thunberg","1811","","Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg","3","","312","","","Cape Grysbok","No locality cited; South Africa by implication; Cape Colony (Lydekker, 1914<i>a</i>:157) or Cape of Good Hope (G. M. Allen, 1939:504); since selected as Western Cape Prov., Cape Peninsula (Grubb,1999:23).","South Africa (Western Cape, Eastern Cape).","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>grisea</i> (Cuvier, 1816);<i> rubroalbescens </i>(Desmoulins, 1822);<i> rufescens</i> (C. H. Smith, 1827).","","42","42-00660","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0654-0000-0660"
"14200661","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Raphicerus","","sharpei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1896","1897","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896","","","796, pl. 34","","","Sharpe's Grysbok","Malawi, ""Southern Angoniland"".","N Botswana, SE Dem. Rep. Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa (Limpopo  Prov.), Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>colonicus</i> Thomas and Schwann, 1906.","Included in <i>melanotis</i> by Haltenorth (1963:78) but was too distinct for this according to Ansell (1972:67). Examination of museum material indicates the species is monotypic.","42","42-00661","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0654-0000-0661"
"14200662","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Saiga","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","List Specimens Mamm. Coll. Brit. Mus.","","","xxvi","","<i>Capra tatarica</i> Linnaeus, 1766.","","","","","<i>Colus</i>  Wagner, 1844.","This generic name is spelt ""<i>Saiga</i>"" on p. xxvi and ""<i>Siaga</i>"" on p. 160 of the original citation. Synonymy suggested in part by Baryshnikov and Tikhonov (1994) and Kahlke (1999).","42","42-00662","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0662"
"14200663","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Saiga","","borealis","","SPECIES","True","","YES","Tschersky","1876","","Izvest. Sibir. Otdel. Russ. Geog. Obshchest.","7","5-Apr","14","","","Mongolian Saiga","Russia, Siberia, Yakutsia, River Wiljui or Vilyuy.","W Mongolia (<i>S. b. mongolica</i>).","U.S. ESA – Endangered and IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>S</i>. <i>tatarica</i> <i>mongolica.; see comments.</i>","<b><i>mongolica</i> </b>Bannikov, 1946.","The Pleistocene mammoth-steppe Saiga is a distinct species including the living subspecies <i>mongolica </i>according to Baryshnikov and Tikhonov (1994). Reviewed in part as <i>S. tatarica mongolica </i>by Sokolov (1974, Mammalian Species, 38).","42","42-00663","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0662-0000-0663"
"14200664","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Saiga","","borealis","borealis","SUBSPECIES","True","","YES","Tschersky","1876","","Izvest. Sibir. Otdel. Russ. Geog. Obshchest.","7","5-Apr","14","","","","Russia, Siberia, Yakutsia, River Wiljui or Vilyuy.","","Extinct.","","See comments under species account.","42","42-00664","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0662-0000-0663-0664"
"14200665","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Saiga","","borealis","mongolica","SUBSPECIES","True","","YES","Bannikov","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","See comments under species account.","42","42-00665","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0662-0000-0663-0665"
"14200666","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Antilopinae","","Saiga","","tatarica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","97","","","Steppe Saiga","""Habitat in summa Asia""; identified as W Kazakhstan, steppes along the Ural River.","China (extinct; formerly in Dzungarian Basin of Sinkiang), Kazakhstan, Moldavia (extinct), E Poland (extinct), S Russia (now restricted to Kalmykia, occasionally entering Dagestan), Ukraine (Crimea, extinct), NW Uzbekistan (seasonal).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>colus</i> (Oken, 1816) [unavailable];<i> imberbis </i>(Gmelin, 1760) [unavailable]; <i>saiga </i>(Pallas, 1766);<i> sayga </i>(Forster, 1768); <i>scythica</i> (Pallas, 1767).","Reviewed by Sokolov (1974, Mammalian Species, 38).","42","42-00666","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0526-0000-0662-0000-0666"
"14200667","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","308","","","","","","","Bibovina Rütimeyer, 1865 [unavailable]; Bibovina Mekayev, 2002; Bisontina Rütimeyer, 1865; Boselaphini<b> </b>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907; Bubalina Rütimeyer, 1865; Buffelinae Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907; Poephagina Mekayev, 2002; Pseudonovibovina Kuznetsov, Kalikov, Petrov, Ivanova, Lomov, Kholodova and Poltaraus, 2002; Pseudoryina Hassanin and Douzery, 1999; Strepsiceriae Gray, 1846; Syncerina Pilgrim, 1939; Taurina Rütimeyer, 1865 [unavailable]; Taurotragini Leakey, 1965; Tetracerotidae Brookes, 1828; Tragelaphini<b> </b>Blyth, 1863; Taurotragidae Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907 [unavailable].","Boselaphini includes <i>Boselaphus </i>and <i>Tetraceros</i>; Bovini includes <i>Bison, Bos, Bubalus, Pseudoryx</i> and <i>Syncerus</i>; and Tragelaphini includes <i>Taurotragus </i>and <i>Tragelaphus. </i>Tetracerotidae, as Tetracerotini, has priority over Boselaphini but has only been used since 1899 as junior to Boselaphini so should not replace it (Article 35.5, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). Strepsiceriae as Strepsicerotini has priority over Tragelaphini, but the junior synonym is in general use and should continue to be used, until an appropriate submission is made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Subtribe Pseudoryina is wrongly constructed and should be Pseudorygina; inadvertantly redescribed as tribe Pseudorygini by Grubb (2001<i>b</i>). Eubovini Geraads, 1992, is unavailable (not based on a recognised genus). Tribe Bovini revised by Groves (1981<i>d</i>) and Geraads (1992).","42","42-00667","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667"
"14200668","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bison","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Animal Kingdom","5","","373","","<i>Bos bison</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Bonasus</i> Fitzinger, 1860; <i>Urus</i> Bojanus, 1827.","Revised by Bohlken (1967), and McDonald (1981). A synonym of <i>Bos</i> according to Groves (1981<i>d</i>).","42","42-00668","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0668"
"14200669","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bison","","bison","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","72","","","American Bison","""Habitat in Mexico, Florida""; identified as ""Mexico"" by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:154); restricted to USA, C Kansas, ""Quivera"" by Hershkovitz (1957<i>b</i>); redesignated as USA, E New Mexico, Canadian River valley by McDonald (1981:62).","Formerly NW and C Canada, south through USA, to Chihuahua, Coahuila (Mexico). Exterminated in the wild except in Yellowstone Park, Wyoming (USA) and Wood Buffalo Park, Northwest Territory (Canada). Reintroduced widely within native range and in C Alaska.","CITES – Appendix II as <i>B. b. athabascae</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered in Canada as <i>B</i>. <i>b</i>. <i>athabascae</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>americanus</i>  (Linnaeus, 1766);<i> athabascae</i> Rhoads, 1898;<i> haningtoni </i>Figgins, 1933;<i> montanae </i>Krumbiegel, 1980; <i>oregonus </i>V. Bailey, 1932;<i> pennsylvanicus </i>Schoemaker, 1915 [unavailable];<i> septemtrionalis </i>[sic] Figgins, 1933; <i>sylvestris </i>Hay, 1915.","Reviewed by Meagher (1986, Mammalian Species, 266). <i>Bison</i> <i>bison</i> <i>athabascae</i> treated as a distinct taxon by Geist and Karsten (1977) and Van Zyll de Jong (1986), and assigned to †<i>B. priscus </i>by Flerov (1979), but regarded as an ecotype by Geist (1991).","42","42-00669","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0668-0000-0669"
"14200670","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bison","","bonasus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","71","","","European Bison","""Habitat in Africa, Asia""; restricted to ""Bielowitza, Lithuania"" (Poland, Bialowieza Forest) by Lydekker (1913:35).","Europe, surviving in Germany, Romania and W Russia into 18th Century, in Hungary until about 1790, and in W Caucasus Mtns (Armenia, Georgia, Russia) and Poland until early part of 20th Century (but extinct in East Prussia, now N Poland, in 1755); extinct in the wild but now reintroduced to E Poland, W Russia, and Caucasus Mtns.","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>ferus</i> (Gmelin, 1785); <i>nostras </i>(Bojanus, 1827);<i> urus </i>(Erxleben, 1777); <i>armeniacus </i>Mejlumjan, 1972; <i>europaeus </i>Owen, 1849;<i> <b>caucasicus</b> </i>(Turkin and Satunin, 1904);<i> caucasia </i>Grevé, 1906; <i>caucasicus </i>(Satunin, 1903) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>kaukasikus </i>Hilzheimer, 1909;<b><i> hungarorum </i></b>Kretzoi, 1946.","Considered conspecific with <i>bison</i> by Bohlken (1967) and Van Zyll de Jong (1986); but not included in <i>B. bison</i> by MacDonald (1981) or Meagher (1986). Reviewed by Flerov (1979).","42","42-00670","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0668-0000-0670"
"14200671","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bison","","bonasus","bonasus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","71","","","","""Habitat in Africa, Asia""; restricted to ""Bielowitza, Lithuania"" (Poland, Bialowieza Forest) by Lydekker (1913:35).","","","","","42","42-00671","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0668-0000-0670-0671"
"14200672","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bison","","bonasus","caucasicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Turkin and Satunin","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00672","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0668-0000-0670-0672"
"14200673","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bison","","bonasus","hungarorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kretzoi","1946","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00673","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0668-0000-0670-0673"
"14200674","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","71","","<i>Bos taurus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Bibos</i> Hodgson, 1837;<i> Bubalibos </i>Heude, 1901;<i> Gauribos </i>Heude, 1901;<i> Gaveus </i>Hodgson, 1847;<i> Microbos </i>Heude, 1901; <i>Novibos </i>Coolidge, 1940;<i> Poephagus </i>Gray, 1843;<i> Pseudonovibos </i>Peter and Feiler, 1994 [<i>nomen dubium</i>]; <i>Taurus </i>Rafinesque, 1814;<i> Uribos </i>Heude, 1901;<i> Urus </i>C. H. Smith, 1827.","Includes <i>Bibos</i>, <i>Novibos</i>, and <i>Poephagus</i>; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:380). Genus traditionally comprises <i>B. frontalis </i>or <i>Bibos </i>group (includes also <i>B. javanicus </i>and <i>B. sauveli</i>), <i>B. taurus </i>or nominate <i>Bos </i>group, and <i>B. grunniens </i>or <i>Poephagus </i>group.<i> </i>From cranial morphometrics Groves (1981<i>d</i>) suggested that <i>Bibos </i>group is paraphyletic, <i>B. sauveli</i> is related to <i>B. taurus</i>, and <i>Bison</i> should be included in <i>Bos</i>. From mtDNA sequences, the most parsimonious cladogram suggested that <i>Poephagus</i> plus <i>Bison</i> formed the sister-group of domestic cattle, but <i>Bibos</i> was not studied (Miyamoto et al., 1989). From cranial morphometrics, Geraads (1992) suggested <i>Bison </i>plus <i>Poephagus </i>is the sister-group of <i>Bibos </i>plus nominate <i>Bos</i>, with <i>Bibos </i>paraphyletic<i>.</i>Using restriction-site mapping of nuclear-ribosomal DNA regions,... [truncated]","42","42-00674","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674"
"14200675","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","frontalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lambert","1804","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","7","","57","","","Gaur","Native ""of the hills to the north-east and east of the Company's province of Chittagong in Bengal, inhabiting that range of hills which separate it from the country of Arracan"" (Bangladesh, NE Chittagong).","Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China (S Tibet and Yunnan), India, Laos, Malaysia (peninsular Malaya), Nepal, Sri Lanka (extinct), Thailand, and S Vietnam.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>B. gaurus </i>(excluding domesticated form); U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>B. gaurus</i>; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>domesticus</i> Fitzinger, 1860; <i>gavaeus </i>Colebrook, 1805; <i>sylhetanus </i>F. Cuvier, 1824; <b><i>laosiensis</i></b><i> </i>(Heude, 1901);<i> annamiticus</i> (Heude, 1901);<i> brachyrhinus </i>(Heude, 1901); <i>diardii </i>Temminck, 1838 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>fuscicornis </i>(Heude, 1901) [<i>nomen dubium</i>]; <i>hubbacki </i>Lydekker, 1907;<i> leptoceros </i>Heude, 1901 [<i>nomen dubium</i>]; <i>mekongensis </i>(Heude, 1901); <i>platyceros </i>(Heude, 1901);<i> readei </i>Lydekker, 1903;<i> sylvanus </i>(Heude, 1901); <b><i>gaurus </i></b>C.<b> </b>H. Smith, 1827;<i> asseel </i>Horsfield, 1851; <i>cavifrons </i>Hodgson, 1837;<i> frontatus </i>Temminck, 1838 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>gaur </i>Sundevall, 1846; <i>gour</i> Traill, 1824 [unavailable]; <i>gour </i>Hardwicke, 1827; <i>guavera </i>Kerr, 1792 [suppressed]; <i>subhemachalus </i>(Hodgson, 1837); †<b><i>sinhaleyus </i></b>(Deraniyagala, 1951); †<i>sinhaleyus </i>Deraniyagala, 1939 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","The name <i>frontalis </i>was based on a Gyall or Gayal (also known as Mithan). These are wild animals recurrently taken into captivity and hence categorised as feral or domestic. Gayal derive from wild Gaur and differ in proportions but are uniform and tend to breed true; interbreeding with domestic cattle appears to be relatively recent (Simoons, 1984). Includes <i>gaurus</i>; but see Corbet and Hill (1991:130). Formerly placed in <i>Bibos</i>. Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of <i>Bos gaurus </i>as the name for the wild taxon of Gaur and asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003<i>a</i>). It may still be valid for those who consider <i>B. gaurus </i>and <i>B. frontalis<... [truncated]","42","42-00675","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0675"
"14200676","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","frontalis","frontalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lambert","1804","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","7","","57","","","","Native ""of the hills to the north-east and east of the Company's province of Chittagong in Bengal, inhabiting that range of hills which separate it from the country of Arracan"" (Bangladesh, NE Chittagong).","","","","","42","42-00676","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0675-0676"
"14200677","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","frontalis","laosiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00677","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0675-0677"
"14200678","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","frontalis","gaurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","C.<b> </b>H. Smith","1827","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00678","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0675-0678"
"14200679","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","frontalis","sinhaleyus","SUBSPECIES","True","","YES","Deraniyagala","1951","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00679","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0675-0679"
"14200680","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","grunniens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","99","","","Yak","""Habitat in Asia boreali""; ""in regno Tibetano"" according to Gmelin, in Linnaeus, 1788 (China, Tibetan Plateau); based on domesticated stock.","China (Gansu, Sichuan, Sinkiang, Tibet including Qinghai), N India (Ladak), and Nepal; apparently in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and S Russia (Siberia) until 13th to 18th centuries; domesticated in C Asia; feral in China, Inner Mongolia, Helan Mtns (Wiener et al, 2003).","CITES – Appendix I as <i>B</i>. <i>mutus </i>(excluding domesticated form); U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>B</i>. <i>mutus </i>(= <i>grunniens m</i>.); IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>corriculus</i> von Schreber, 1789; <i>domesticus </i>(Fitzinger, 1860); <i>ecornis </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>ghainouk </i>Kerr, 1792 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>gruniens </i>(Gray, 1833); <i>poephagus </i>Pallas, 1811; <i>sarlyk </i>Kerr, 1792 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>mutus</i></b><i> </i>(Przewalski, 1883).","Includes <i>mutus</i>; but see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:206). Formerly placed in <i>Poephagus</i>. Reviewed by Olsen (1990). Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of <i>Bos mutus </i>as the name for the wild taxon of yak, though it has not been demonstrated that most authors have termed the wild yak <i>B. mutus </i>rather than <i>B. grunniens </i>(or <i>B. g. mutus</i>). Gentry et al. (1996) asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003<i>a</i>). It may still be valid for those who consider <i>B. grunniens </i>and <i>B. mutus</i> to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see Bock, 1997); here <i>mutus </i>is provisionally treated as a subspecies of <i>grun... [truncated]","42","42-00680","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0680"
"14200681","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","grunniens","grunniens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1766","","Syst. Nat., 12th ed.","1","","99","","","","""Habitat in Asia boreali""; ""in regno Tibetano"" according to Gmelin, in Linnaeus, 1788 (China, Tibetan Plateau); based on domesticated stock.","","","","","42","42-00681","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0680-0681"
"14200682","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","grunniens","mutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Przewalski","1883","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00682","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0680-0682"
"14200683","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","javanicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","d'Alton","1823","","Die Skelete der Wiederkauer, abgebildt und verglichen","","","7","","","Banteng","Indonesia, Java.","Borneo, Burma, Cambodia, China (S Yunnan), Java, Laos, Malaysia (N peninsular Malaya), Thailand, and Vietnam; introduced to Australia, Bali Isl, Sangihe, and Enggano Isls; domesticated in SE Asia.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>banteng</i> Wagner, 1844; <i>bantiger </i>Schlegel and Müller, 1845;<i> banting </i>Sundevall, 1846;<i> birmanicus </i>Lydekker, 1898;<i> butleri </i>Lydekker, 1905;<i> discolor </i>(Heude, 1901);<i> domesticus </i>Wilckens, 1905; <i>leucoprymnus </i>Quoy and Gaimard, 1830;<i> longicornis </i>(Heude, 1901);<i> porteri </i>Lydekker, 1909; <i>seleniceros </i>Heller, 1890; <i>seligniceros </i>Meyer, 1878 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>sondaicus </i>Blyth, 1842;<i> <b>lowi </b></i>Lydekker, 1912.","For use of <i>javanicus</i> instead of <i>banteng</i>, see Hooijer (1956). Synonymy from C. P. Groves (in litt.). Formerly placed in <i>Bibos</i>.","42","42-00683","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0683"
"14200684","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","javanicus","javanicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","d'Alton","1823","","Die Skelete der Wiederkauer, abgebildt und verglichen","","","7","","","","Indonesia, Java.","","","","","42","42-00684","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0683-0684"
"14200685","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","javanicus","lowi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00685","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0683-0685"
"14200686","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","sauveli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Urbain","1937","","Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.","62","","307","","","Kouprey","""Nord Cambodge"" (Cambodia, near Tchep Village).","Cambodia, S Laos, SE Thailand, and W Vietnam; possibly extinct.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Included in <i>Novibos</i> by Coolidge (1940); but see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:380). Reviewed by MacKinnon and Stuart (1989).","42","42-00686","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0686"
"14200687","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","taurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","71","","","Aurochs","Linnaeus (1758) stated ""<i>Habitat in </i>Poloniae <i>depressis graminosis ferus Urus</i>"". ""Urus"" applies to the aurochs because Linnaeus' only source was Caesar in his ""Gallic Wars"" where the aurochs is described (Lydekker, 1912). Other authors have used the name ""urus"" for the European Bison <i>Bison bonasus</i>, in the 18th Century thought to be the wild form of domestic cattle. Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:154) proposed to restrict the type locality to Sweden, Upsala, applying <i>taurus </i>to domestic cattle.","Extinct in the wild, except in Jaktorowka Forest, Masovia, Poland, by commencement of 15th century; last wild individual reputed to have died in 1627. Distributed worldwide under domestication; feral populations in Spain, France, Australia, New Guinea, USA, Colombia, Argentina and many islands, including Hawaiian, Galapagos, Dominican Republic/Haiti, Tristan da Cunha, New Amsterdam and Juan Fernandez Isls.","IUCN – Endangered as <i>Pseudonovibos spiralis </i>(but see comments)<i>.</i>","<i>aceratos</i> Hilzheimer, 1926; <i>adelensis </i>Boddaert, 1785; <i>aegyptiacus </i>Lydekker, 1904; <i>akeratos </i>Arenander, 1898; <i>albus </i>Sundevall, 1846; <i>alpestris </i>Wagner, 1836; <i>alpinus </i>Sanson, 1878;<i> alpium </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>aquitanicus </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>arnei </i>Amschler, 1939; <i>arvernensis </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>asiaticus </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>balticus </i>Stegmann von Pritzwald, 1924; <i>batavicus </i>Sanson, 1878;<i> brachiceros </i>Brehm, 1864; <i>brachycephalus </i>Wilckens, 1878; <i>brachyceroides </i>Pohlig, 1912; <i>brachyceros </i>Owen, 1846;<i> britannicus </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>bunelli </i>Frick, 1937;<i> caledoniensis </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>collicerus </i>Rostafinski, 1933; <i>communis </i>S. D. W., 1836; <i>curvidens </i>Pomel, 1894; <i>desertorum </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>domesticus </i>Erxleben, 1777; <i>dunelmensis </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>ecornis </i>Wagner, 1836; <i>europaeus </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>friburgensis </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>frisius </i>Wagner, 1836;<i> frontosus </i>Nilsson, 1849;<b> </b><i>hibernicus</i> Sanson, 1878; <i>hollandicus</i> Fitzinger, 1860; <i>hypselurus </i>Wagner, 1836; <i>ibericus </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>inermis </i>Boddaert, 1785; <i>jurassicus </i>Sanson, 1878;<i> ligeriensis </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>longifrons </i>Owen, 1844;<b> </b><i>macroceros </i>Duerst, 1899; <i>minor </i>(Owen, 1846); <i>minutus </i>von der Malsburg, 1911;<i> mastodontis </i>Pohlig, 1912; <i>orthoceros </i>Stegmann von Pritzwald<i>, </i>1912; <i>palustris </i>Cardas 1936 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>podolicus </i>Wagner, 1836; <i>polonicus </i>Cardas, 1936 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>scoticus </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827); <i>spiralis </i>(Peter and Feiler, 1994) [<i>nomen dubium</i>]; <i>tinianus </i>Boddaert, 1785; <i>tinianensis </i>J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>vulgaris </i>Wagner, 1836; <b><i>indicus</i></b><i> </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>abessinicus </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>abessynicus </i>J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>aegyptiorum </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>aethiopicus </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>africanus </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>brookii </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827); <i>chinensis </i>Swinhoe, 1870;<b> </b><i>dante </i>Link, 1794; <i>galla </i>Salt, 1814; <i>gibbosus </i>(Blyth, 1860);<i> harveyi</i> de Rochebrune, 1882; <i>hottentottus </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>hybridus </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>madagascariensis </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>major </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>medius </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>pusio </i>Swainson, 1835; <i>sanga </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>triceros </i>de Rochebrune, 1882; <i>zebu </i>Boddaert, 1785; †<b><i>primigenius</i></b><i> </i>Bojanus, 1827;<i> </i>†<i>priscus </i>von Schlotheim, 1820; <i>sylvestris </i>Bonaparte, 1845; <i>urus </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>urus </i>C. H. Smith, 1827.","Includes †<i>primigenius</i> (extinct wild ancestor surviving into 17th Century) and <i>indicus</i>; but see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:206). Studies of mtDNA suggest two independent domestications of cattle (Loftus et al. 1994), <i>taurus </i>and <i>indicus</i>, originating presumably from Eurasiatic and Indian populations. Formal synonymy disputed. Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of <i>Bos primigenius </i>as the name for the wild taxon of Aurochsen. They asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003<i>a</i>). It may still be valid for those who consider <i>B. taurus </i>and <i>B. primigenius</i> to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see Bock, 199... [truncated]","42","42-00687","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0687"
"14200688","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","taurus","taurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","71","","","","Linnaeus (1758) stated ""<i>Habitat in </i>Poloniae <i>depressis graminosis ferus Urus</i>"". ""Urus"" applies to the aurochs because Linnaeus' only source was Caesar in his ""Gallic Wars"" where the aurochs is described (Lydekker, 1912). Other authors have used the name ""urus"" for the European Bison <i>Bison bonasus</i>, in the 18th Century thought to be the wild form of domestic cattle. Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:154) proposed to restrict the type locality to Sweden, Upsala, applying <i>taurus </i>to domestic cattle.","","","","","42","42-00688","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0687-0688"
"14200689","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","taurus","indicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00689","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0687-0689"
"14200690","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bos","","taurus","primigenius","SUBSPECIES","True","","YES","Bojanus","1827","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00690","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0674-0000-0687-0690"
"14200691","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Boselaphus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","de Blainville","1816","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1816","","75","","<i>Antilope tragocamelus</i> Pallas, 1766.","","","","","<i>Bosephalus</i> Horsfield, 1851; <i>Oreades </i>Schinz, 1845; <i>Portax</i> C. H. Smith, 1827.","","42","42-00691","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0691"
"14200692","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Boselaphus","","tragocamelus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","5","","","Nilgai","No locality cited; restricted to ""plains of Peninsular India"" (Lydekker, 1914<i>b</i>:227).","India, Nepal (Terai), and E Pakistan; introduced into Texas (USA).","IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>albipes</i> (Erxleben, 1777);<i> hippelaphus </i>(Ogilby, 1837);<i> picta </i>(Pallas, 1777);<i> risia </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827); <i>tragelaphus </i>(Sundevall, 1846).","<i>Antilope tragocamelus</i> Pallas, 1766, was based on accounts of the ""tragelaphus"" by Caius, Gesner and Ray and on Parsons' (1745) description of a male nilgai in London (here designated the lectotype), which had first been ""brought to Bengal, from a very remote part of the Mogul's Dominions"".","42","42-00692","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0691-0000-0692"
"14200693","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bubalus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Animal Kingdom","5","","371","","<i>Bos bubalis</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Anoa</i> C. H. Smith, 1827; <i>Bubalus </i>Frisch, 1775 [unavailable]; <i>Buffelus</i> Rütimeyer, 1865; <i>Probubalus </i>Rütimeyer, 1865.","<i>Bubalus</i>includes the <i>B. depressicornis</i> or <i>Anoa </i>group (includes also <i>quarlesi</i>), revised by Groves (1969<i>b</i>); and the <i>B. bubalis </i>or nominate <i>Bubalus </i>group, (includes also<i> B. mephistopheles</i> and<i> B. mindorensis</i>).","42","42-00693","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0693"
"14200694","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bubalus","","bubalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","72","","","Water Buffalo","""Habitat in Asia, cultus in Italia"". Restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:154) to Italy, Rome, but Linnaeus' (1758) comment indicates Asia (India?).","Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, India (survives in Assam and Orissa), Nepal, N Thailand, Vietnam, and possibly at least formerly in Laos; domesticated in N Africa, S Europe, and even England, east to Indonesia and in E South America; supposedly feral populations in Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines and other parts of SE Asia; feral populations resulting from introductions in New Britain and New Ireland (Bismarck Arch., Papua New Guinea), and Australia.","CITES – Appendix III (Nepal) as <i>B. arnee</i> (excludes domesticated forms - but see comments below; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>bubalus</i> (Gmelin, 1788); <i>buffelus </i>(Blumenbach, 1821); <i>domesticus </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>indicus </i>(von Schreber, 1789); <i>italicus </i>(Rütimeyer, 1865); <i>minor </i>J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>moellendorffi </i>Nehring, 1894; <i>seminudus </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>vulgaris </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <b><i>arnee </i></b>(Kerr, 1792);<i> arna </i>Hodgson, 1841; <i>arni </i>(Blumenbach, 1807); <i>macroceros </i>Hodgson, 1842 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>macrocerus </i>Hodgson, 1847; <i>septentrionalis </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> spirocerus </i>Gray, 1852 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>speirocerus </i>Hodgson, 1842 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>typicus </i>Lydekker, 1898;<b><i> fulvus</i></b><i> </i>(Blanford, 1891); <b><i>kerabau </i></b>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>carabanensis </i>Castillo, 1971; <i>ferus </i>Nehring, 1894 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>hosei </i>Lydekker, 1898; <i>kerabau </i>(Sundevall, 1846) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>mainitensis </i>Heude, 1894;<i> sondaicus </i>(Schlegel and Müller, 1845) [preoccupied]; <i>sunda </i>(Schlegel and Müller, 1843) [<i>nomen oblitum</i>];<i> <b>migona</b> </i>Deraniyagala, 1952; <b><i>theerapati</i> </b>Groves, 1996.","Includes <i>arnee</i>, the name used for the species by those workers who do not employ specific names based on domestic mammals; <i>bubalis</i> is the senior synonym; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:383); but see also Corbet and Hill (1991:130). Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of <i>Bubalus arnee </i>as the name for the wild taxon of water buffaloes, though it has not been demonstrated that most authors term the wild buffalo <i>B. arnee </i>rather than <i>B. bubalis </i>(or <i>B. b. arnee</i>). They asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003<i>a</i>). It may still be valid for those who consider <i>B. bubalis </i>and <i>B. arnee</i> to be conspecific to employ the se... [truncated]","42","42-00694","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0693-0000-0694"
"14200695","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bubalus","","bubalis","bubalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","72","","","","""Habitat in Asia, cultus in Italia"". Restricted by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:154) to Italy, Rome, but Linnaeus' (1758) comment indicates Asia (India?).","","","","","42","42-00695","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0693-0000-0694-0695"
"14200696","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bubalus","","bubalis","arnee","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Kerr","1792","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00696","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0693-0000-0694-0696"
"14200697","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bubalus","","bubalis","fulvus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blanford","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00697","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0693-0000-0694-0697"
"14200698","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bubalus","","bubalis","kerabau","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1860","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00698","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0693-0000-0694-0698"
"14200699","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bubalus","","bubalis","migona","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Deraniyagala","1952","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00699","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0693-0000-0694-0699"
"14200700","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bubalus","","bubalis","theerapati","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves","1996","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00700","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0693-0000-0694-0700"
"14200701","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bubalus","","depressicornis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Animal Kingdom","4","","293","","","Anoa","Indonesia, ""Island of Celebes"" (Sulawesi).","Sulawesi.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","<i>anoa</i> (Kerr, 1792) [suppressed]; <i>celebensis </i>(Rütimeyer, 1865);<i> fergusoni </i>(Lydekker, 1905); <i>platyceros</i> (Temminck, 1853).","Includes <i>anoa</i>; see Groves (1969<i>b</i>:3). Formerly included in <i>Anoa</i> but placed in genus <i>Bubalus</i>, subgenus <i>Anoa</i> by Groves (1969<i>b</i>:3).","42","42-00701","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0693-0000-0701"
"14200702","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bubalus","","mindorensis","","SPECIES","False","<i>Anoa mindorensis</i>","YES","Heude","1888","","Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin.","2","","50","","","Tamarau","Philippines, ""l'ile de Mindoro"".","Philippines, Mindoro.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>mindorensis</i> (Steere, 1888).","Described independently as <i>Bubalus mindorensis </i>Heude, 1888 and <i>Anoa mindorensis </i>Steere, 1888. Reviewed by Custodio et al. (1996, Mammalian Species, 520). A subspecies of B. bubalis according to Bohlken (1958), but restored to specific status, in subgenus Bubalus by Groves (1969b:10).","42","42-00702","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0693-0000-0702"
"14200703","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Bubalus","","quarlesi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ouwens","1910","","Bull. Dept. Agric. Indes Neerl.","38","","7","","","Mountain Anoa","Indonesia, Sulawesi, ""des bois des hautes montagnes de la région centrale de Toradja"".","Mountains of Sulawesi.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","","Subgenus <i>Anoa</i>; see Groves (1969<i>b</i>). Formerly included in <i>A</i>. <i>depressicornis</i>; see Haltenorth (1963:131).","42","42-00703","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0693-0000-0703"
"14200704","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Pseudoryx","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander and MacKinnon","1993","","Nature","363","","443","","<i>Pseudoryx nghetinhensis </i>Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander and MacKinnon, 1993.","","","","","","A recently discovered monotypic genus (Dung et al,. 1993, 1994; Shaller and Rabinowitz, 1995), possibly a member of the Caprinae (Thomas, 1994) but more<i> </i>probably a member of the Bovinae (Dung et al., 1993; Robichaud 1998). Recent studies place it in the Bovini as a subtribe Pseudorygina Hassanin and Douzery (1999<i>b</i>).","42","42-00704","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0704"
"14200705","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Pseudoryx","","nghetinhensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander, and MacKinnon","1993","","Nature","363","","443","","","Siola","""Vu Quang Nature Reserve, Vietnam 105°25'E by 18°15'N"".","Rainforest of Vietnam (Ha Tinh and Nghe An Prov.) and neighbouring parts of Laos.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Endangered.","","See comments under genus.","42","42-00705","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0704-0000-0705"
"14200706","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Syncerus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hodgson","1847","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, ser. 2","16","","709","","<i>Bos brachyceros</i> Gray, 1837 (= <i>Bos caffer</i> Sparrman, 1779).","","","","","<i>Planiceros</i> Gray, 1872.","A subgenus of <i>Bubalus</i> according to Haltenorth (1963:133). Reviewed by Grubb (1972).","42","42-00706","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0706"
"14200707","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Syncerus","","caffer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sparrman","1779","","K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockholm","40","","79","","","African Buffalo","""Seecov Rivier"" and ""Akter Brunties hoogte"", now restricted to South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Uitenhage district, Sunday River, Algoa Bay.","Rain forest and savanna of Angola, Benin, N and E Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini; extinct on Bioko), N Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia (extinct), Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, S Mali, Mozambique, NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip), SW Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, S Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>athiensis</i> (Matschie, 1912);<i> bubuensis </i>(Matschie, 1912);<i> cafer </i>(Link, 1795); <i>cottoni </i>(Lydekker, 1907); <i>cubangensis </i>(Zukowsky, 1910);<i> cunenensis </i>(Zukowsky, 1910); <i>gariepensis </i>(Matschie, 1906);<i> gazae </i>(Matschie, 1918);<i> limpopoensis </i>(Matschie, 1906);<i> lomamiensis </i>(Zukowsky, 1910);<i> massaicus </i>(Matschie, 1913);<i> neumanni </i>(Matschie, 1906);<i> niediecki </i>(Matschie, 1918);<i> pungwensis </i>(Matschie, 1918);<i> radcliffei </i>(Thomas, 1904);<i> ruahaensis </i>(Matschie, 1906); <i>rufuensis</i> (Zukowsky, 1910); <i>sankurrensis </i>(Zukowsky, 1910); <i>schillingsi </i>(Matschie, 1906); <i>tanae </i>(Matschie, 1912);<i> typicus </i>(Lydekker, 1898);<i> urundicus </i>(Matschie, 1913);<i> ussanguensis </i>(Matschie, 1910); <i>wembarensis </i>(Matschie, 1906);<i> wiesei </i>(Matschie, 1906);<i> wintgensi </i>(Matschie, 1913); <b><i>aequinoctialis </i></b>(Blyth, 1866);<i> azrakensis </i>(Matschie, 1906);<i> orientalis </i>(Brooke, 1873); <i>solvayi </i>(Matschie, 1911);<i> <b>brachyceros </b></i>(Gray, 1837);<i> beddingtoni </i>(Lydekker, 1913);<i> bornouensis </i>(C. H. Smith, 1842); <i>centralis </i>(Gray, 1872); <i>geoffroyi </i>(de Rochebrune, 1885); <i>houyi</i> (Schwarz, 1914);<i> niger </i>(""In Tanoust"" [= Carbou], 1935), <i>planiceros </i>(Blyth, 1863);<i> thierryi </i>(Matschie, 1906); <b><i>matthewsi</i></b><i> </i>(Lydekker, 1904); <b><i>nanus </i></b>(Boddaert, 1785);<i> adamauae </i>(Schwarz, 1914);<i> adametzi </i>(Matschie, 1913);<i> adolfifriederici </i>(Matschie, 1918);<i> corniculatus </i>(H. Smith, 1842);<i> diehli </i>(Schwrz, 1913);<i> hunti </i>(Lydekker, 1913);<i> hylaeus </i>(Schwarz, 1914); <i>mayi </i>(Matschie, 1906);<i> nuni </i>(Matschie, 1913);<i> pumilus </i>(Kerr, 1792);<i> reclinis </i>(Blyth, 1863); <i>savanensis</i> Malbrant, 1935;<i> simpsoni </i>(Lydekker, 1911); <i>sylvestris </i>Malbrant, 1935.","Ansell (1972:19) compared subspecific systematics of different authors, here modified from Schouteden (1945). The species can be partitioned into the nominate <i>caffer </i>division<i> </i>(including also <i>aequinoctialis</i>) and the<i> nanus </i>division (including also <i>brachyceros</i>); phylogeography indicates similar haplotypes for <i>nanus </i>and cf. <i>brachyceros</i>, which differ from those of nominate <i>caffer</i> (Van Hooft et al., 2002); <i>matthewsi </i>is probably of polyphyletic origin; <i>cottoni </i>is based on a specimen of nominate <i>caffer </i>showing characters reflecting gene flow between <i>caffer </i>and<i> nanus</i>. <i>Bos pegasus</i> C.<b><i> </i></b>H. Smith, 1827 has been identified as an African buffalo, but is probably a sheep (Blyth, 1871).","42","42-00707","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0706-0000-0707"
"14200708","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Syncerus","","caffer","caffer","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sparrman","1779","","K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockholm","40","","79","","","","""Seecov Rivier"" and ""Akter Brunties hoogte"", now restricted to South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Uitenhage district, Sunday River, Algoa Bay.","","","","","42","42-00708","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0706-0000-0707-0708"
"14200709","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Syncerus","","caffer","aequinoctialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1866","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00709","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0706-0000-0707-0709"
"14200710","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Syncerus","","caffer","brachyceros","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1837","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00710","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0706-0000-0707-0710"
"14200711","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Syncerus","","caffer","matthewsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00711","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0706-0000-0707-0711"
"14200712","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Syncerus","","caffer","nanus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Boddaert","1785","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00712","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0706-0000-0707-0712"
"14200713","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Taurotragus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wagner","1855","","<i>In</i> Schreber, Die Säugethiere, Suppl.","5","","438","","<i>Antilope oreas</i> Pallas, 1777 (= <i>Antilope oryx</i> Pallas, 1766).","","","","","<i>Doratoceros</i> Lydekker, 1891;<i> Oreas </i>Desmarest, 1822 [preoccupied].","This genus has been included in <i>Tragelaphus</i>; see Van Gelder (1977<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) and Ansell (1978:53). Generic rank was restored by Smithers (1983:679), Meester et al. (1986:216), and Ansell and Dowsett (1988:87).","42","42-00713","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0713"
"14200714","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Taurotragus","","derbianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1847","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","20","","286","","","Derby Eland","""Western Africa, Gambia"".","Savanna of W Africa in Gambia (extinct), Guinea (extinct?), Guinea Bissau, SW Mali (extinct?), S Senegal, and Sierra Leone (formerly a vagrant); purported records from Ghana and Togo not accepted (Grubb et al., 1998). C Africa<i> </i>in N Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad (extinct), N Dem. Rep. Congo, E Nigeria (extinct), SW Sudan, and NW Uganda (extinct).","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>T. d. derbianus</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>Tragelaphus d. derbianus </i>(but also listed, from the same evaluation date, as Lower Risk (nt) for <i>Taurotragus derbianus</i>), Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Tragelaphus d. gigas.</i>","<i>colini</i> (de Rochebrune, 1883); <i>typicus </i>Rowland Ward, 1910;<i> <b>gigas </b></i>(Heuglin, 1863);<i> cameroonensis </i>Millais, 1924;<i> congolanus </i>W. Rothschild, 1913; <i>derbii </i>(Johnston, 1884).","Regarded as conspecific with <i>T. oryx</i> by Haltenorth (1963:86), but usually treated as a full species; see Ansell (1972:26), whose synonymy is followed here. ""Giant eland"" refers only to the subspecies <i>gigas</i>.","42","42-00714","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0713-0000-0714"
"14200715","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Taurotragus","","derbianus","derbianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1847","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","20","","286","","","","""Western Africa, Gambia"".","","","","","42","42-00715","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0713-0000-0714-0715"
"14200716","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Taurotragus","","derbianus","gigas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00716","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0713-0000-0714-0716"
"14200717","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Taurotragus","","oryx","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","9","","","Common Eland","Known to the Dutch ""ad Promontorium B. Spei"", restricted to South Africa, Western Cape Prov., near Cape Town by Shortridge (1934:607).","Angola, Botswana, Burundi (extinct), S Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia (seasonal in Omo Valley), Kenya, Lesotho (seasonal), Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, SE Sudan, Swaziland (extinct, reintroduced), Tanzania, Uganda, S Zaire, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as <i>Tragelaphus oryx</i>.","<i>alces</i> (Oken, 1816) [unavailable];<i> canna </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> barbatus </i>(Kerr, 1792);<i> oreas </i>(Pallas, 1777);<i> typicus </i>Selous, 1899; <b><i>livingstonei</i></b><i> </i>(P. L. Sclater, 1864);<i> billingae</i> Kershaw, 1923; <i>kaufmanni </i>(Matschie, 1912); <i>niediecki </i>(Matschie, 1913);<i> selousi </i>Lydekker, 1910;<i> triangularis </i>(Günther, 1889); <b><i>pattersonianus </i></b>Lydekker, 1906.","Systematics modified from Ansell (1972:27).","42","42-00717","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0713-0000-0717"
"14200718","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Taurotragus","","oryx","oryx","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","9","","","","Known to the Dutch ""ad Promontorium B. Spei"", restricted to South Africa, Western Cape Prov., near Cape Town by Shortridge (1934:607).","","","","","42","42-00718","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0713-0000-0717-0718"
"14200719","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Taurotragus","","oryx","livingstonei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","P. L. Sclater","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00719","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0713-0000-0717-0719"
"14200720","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Taurotragus","","oryx","pattersonianus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1906","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00720","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0713-0000-0717-0720"
"14200721","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tetracerus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Leach","1825","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","14","","524","","<i>Antilope chickara</i> Hardwicke, 1825 (= <i>Cerophorus quadricornis</i> de Blainville, 1816).","","","","","<i>Tetraceros</i> Brookes, 1827","","42","42-00721","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0721"
"14200722","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tetracerus","","quadricornis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Blainville","1816","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1816","","75","","","Four-horned Antelope.","""native de l'Inde""; ""plains of Peninsular India"" (Lydekker, 1914<i>b</i>:222).","India, Nepal (Terai).","CITES – Appendix III (Nepal); IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>chicara</i> (Kaup, 1833); <i>chickara </i>(Hardwicke, 1825); <i>chikara </i>(J. B. Fischer, 1829);<i> labipes </i>(F. Cuvier, 1832);<i> striatocornis </i>(Brookes, 1828); <i>tetracornis </i>(Hodgson, 1836); <i>typicus </i>Sclater and Thomas, 1895; <b><i>iodes</i></b><i> </i>Hodgson, 1847;<i> paccerois </i>(Hodgson, 1847);<i> <b>subquadricornutus</b> </i>(Elliot, 1839);<i> subquadricornis </i>Gray, 1843.","The type of <i>Cervus labipes</i> F. Cuvier, 1832 is not a deer from the Philippines but a female Four-horned Antelope (Sundevall, 1846). The incorrect original spelling <i>Antilope sub-4-cornutus</i> Elliot was justifiably emended to <i>subquadricornutus </i>by Hodgson (1847; Calcutta Journal of Natural History, 8:89). Revised by Groves (2003).","42","42-00722","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0721-0000-0722"
"14200723","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tetracerus","","quadricornis","quadricornis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","de Blainville","1816","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1816","","75","","","","""native de l'Inde""; ""plains of Peninsular India"" (Lydekker, 1914<i>b</i>:222).","","","","","42","42-00723","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0721-0000-0722-0723"
"14200724","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tetracerus","","quadricornis","iodes","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1847","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00724","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0721-0000-0722-0724"
"14200725","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tetracerus","","quadricornis","subquadricornutus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1839","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00725","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0721-0000-0722-0725"
"14200726","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","de Blainville","1816","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1816","","75","","<i>Antilope sylvatica</i> Sparrman, 1780 (= <i>Antilope scripta</i> Pallas, 1766).","","","","","<i>Ammelaphus</i> Heller, 1912;<i> Boocercus </i>Thomas, 1902;<i> Calliope </i>Ogilby, 1837;<i> Euryceros </i>Gray, 1850;<i> Hydrotragus </i>Gray, 1872; <i>Limnotragus </i>Pocock, 1900;<i> Nyala </i>Heller, 1912; <i>Strepsicerastes </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1903;<i> Strepsicerella </i>Zukowsky, 1910;<i> Strepsiceros </i>C. H. Smith, 1827; <i>Strepticeros</i> Blyth, 1869.","Includes <i>Boocercus</i>, <i>Limnotragus</i>,<i> Nyala </i>and <i>Strepsiceros</i>; see Ansell (1972:20) and Van Gelder (1977<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>); except for <i>T. buxtoni</i>, all species have been made types of genera. Monophyletic lineages within the Tragelaphini have not been proposed on the basis of morphology, though Ansell (1972) allocated <i>angasii </i>and <i>spekii </i>to a superspecies. From gene analysis,<i> </i>there is a lack of evidence that <i>Tragelaphus</i> species form a clade excluding <i>Taurotragus</i>, and therefore <i>Tragelaphus</i> is regarded as paraphyletic if <i>Taurotragus </i>is excluded (Essop et al., 1997<i>a</i>; Gatesy et al., 1997; Geordiadis et al., 1990; Hassanin and Douzery, 1999<i>a</i>; Hassanin and Douzery , 1999<i>a</i>; Matthee and Robinson, 1999).","42","42-00726","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726"
"14200727","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","angasii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Angas","1848","1849","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1848","","89","","","Nyala","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, ""Hills that border upon the northern shores of St. Lucia Bay, in the Zulu country, lat. 28° south"".","S Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa (N and E Limpopo Prov., E Mpumalanga, and KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland (extinct, reintroduced), and N and S Zimbabwe. Reintroduced or newly introduced to private land in South Africa and Namibia (East, 1999).","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","","The name <i>angasii </i>is usually attributed to Gray, because Angas (1849) stated ""Mr Gray has named this species after my father, George Fife Angas, Esq, of South Australia"" but this is insufficient to make Gray the author (Article 50.1.1, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).","42","42-00727","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0727"
"14200728","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","buxtoni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1910","","Nature (London)","84","","397","","","Mountain Nyala","Ethiopia, Bak Prov., ""Arusi plateau of Gallaland, in the Sahatu Mountains, and south-east of Lake Zwei [Zwai], at an estimated height of 9000 feet [2,700 m] above sea level"".","Ethiopia, east of Rift Valley.","IUCN – Endangered.","","","42","42-00728","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0728"
"14200729","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","eurycerus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","120","","","Bongo","""Their origin is unknown, but I have reason to believe they [the syntypes] came from Western Africa"".","Rain forest of W Africa in Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Togo; C Africa in SE Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, NE Gabon, Republic of Congo, SW Sudan, Uganda (extinct); and in S Kenya. Occurrence in Equatorial Guinea (Mbini) questionable.","CITES – Appendix III (Ghana); IUCN – Endangered as <i>T. e. isaaci</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (nt).","<i>albovirgatus</i> Du Chaillu, 1860;<i> cooperi </i>(W. Rothschild, 1928);<i> euryceros </i>Gray, 1850 [incorrect subsequent spelling]; <i>isaaci </i>(Thomas, 1902);<i> katanganus</i> (W. Rothschild, 1927).","Formerly placed in <i>Boocercus</i>. Reviewed by Ralls (1978, Mammalian Species, 111).","42","42-00729","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0729"
"14200730","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","imberbis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1869","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1869","","55","","","Lesser Kudu","""Abyssinia""; now known to be Ethiopia, Shoa Prov.","SE Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, SE Sudan, E Tanzania, NE Uganda. Also apparently Yemen and SW Saudi Arabia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>australis</i> (Heller, 1913); <i>tendal </i>(Gray, 1873).","The type specimen was procured in Shoa Prov. by W. C. Harris, possibly at Manyo or Taboo Forest (Yalden et al., 1984). Arabian records are based on only two specimens (Harrison and Bates, 1991:192).","42","42-00730","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0730"
"14200731","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","scriptus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","8","","","Bushbuck","No locality cited but based on ""Le Guib"" of Buffon, from ""Sénégal"".","Savanna and secondary forest in Angola, Benin, N and E Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), N Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, S Mali, S Mauritania, Mozambiqiue, NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip), SW Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, S Somalia, E and S South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Not recorded from Lesotho (Lynch, 1994).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>johannae</i> Schwarz, 1929; <i>obscurus </i>Trouessart, 1898;<i> phaleratus </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> pictus </i>Schwarz, 1914;<i> punctatus </i>Schwarz, 1914; <i>signatus </i>Schwarz, 1914; <i>typicus </i>Thomas, 1891; <i>uellensis </i>Schwarz, 1914; <b><i>bor </i></b>Heuglin, 1877;<i> cottoni</i> Matschie, 1912; <i>dodingae </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> makalae </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> meridionalis </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> <b>decula </b></i>(Rüppell, 1835);<i> fulvoochraceus </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> nigrinotatus </i>Neumann, 1902;<i> <b>fasciatus</b> </i>Pocock, 1900;<i> olivaceus </i>Heller, 1913;<i> reidae </i>Babault, 1947; <b><i>knutsoni</i></b><i> </i>Lönnberg, 1905; <b><i>meneliki</i></b><i> </i>Neumann, 1902; <i>multicolor </i>Neumann, 1902;<i> powelli </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> <b>ornatus </b></i>Pocock, 1900;<i> <b>sylvaticus </b></i>(Sparrman, 1780);<i> barkeri </i>J. G. Millais, 1924;<i> brunneus </i>Matschie, 1912; <i>dama </i>Neumann, 1902;<i> delamerei </i>Pocock, 1900;<i> dianae </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> eldomae </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> haywoodi </i>Thomas, 1905;<i> heterochrous </i>Cabrera, 1918;<i> insularis </i>Zukowsky, 1961;<i> laticeps </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> locorinae </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> massaicus </i>Neumann, 1902;<i> meruensis </i>Lönnberg, 1908; <i>roualeynei </i>Gordon Cumming, 1850; <i>roualeyni </i>Thomas, 1891; <i>sassae </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> simplex </i>Matschie, 1912;<i> tjaderi </i>J. A. Allen, 1909;<i> typicus </i>Sclater and Thomas, 1900.","Subspecific systematics modified from Ansell (1972:24) and Grubb (1985, 2000<i>b</i>); the species comprises <i>decula </i>division (includes also <i>meneliki</i>)<i>, </i>nominate <i>scriptus</i> division (includes also <i>bor </i>and <i>knutsoni</i>), and<i> sylvaticus </i>division (includes also <i>fasciatus </i>and <i>ornatus</i>).","42","42-00731","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0731"
"14200732","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","scriptus","scriptus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","8","","","","No locality cited but based on ""Le Guib"" of Buffon, from ""Sénégal"".","","","","","42","42-00732","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0731-0732"
"14200733","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","scriptus","bor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1877","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00733","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0731-0733"
"14200734","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","scriptus","decula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00734","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0731-0734"
"14200735","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","scriptus","fasciatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00735","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0731-0735"
"14200736","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","scriptus","knutsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00736","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0731-0736"
"14200737","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","scriptus","meneliki","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00737","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0731-0737"
"14200738","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","scriptus","ornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00738","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0731-0738"
"14200739","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","scriptus","sylvaticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Sparrman","1780","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00739","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0731-0739"
"14200740","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","spekii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Speke","1863","","Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile","","","p. 223 (footnote)","","","Sitatunga","Tanzania, Karagwe, E of Lake Victoria, at a lake named ""Little Windermere"" by Speke; identified as Bukoba district, Lake Lwelo, 2°S, 30°57'E by Moreau et al. (1946:441).","Disjunct. Swamps in Gambia, W Guinea, Guinea Bissau, and S Senegal; not authentically recorded from Sierra Leone and doubtfully recorded from Côte d’Ivoire (Grubb et al., 1998). Rainforest and swamps in C and E Angola, S Benin, N Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad (Lake Chad only), Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, SE Ghana, W Kenya, Mozambique (W Tete Prov. only), NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip only), Niger (Lake Chad only; extinct), S Nigeria (and Lake Chad), Republic of Congo, Rwanda, S Sudan, W and NW Tanzania, Togo (extinct?), Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (extreme NW). Occurrence in Ghana only recently confirmed (East, 1998).","CITES – Appendix III (Ghana); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>speckei</i>  Neumann, 1900; <i>spekei </i>Heuglin, 1869; <i>typicus </i>R. Ward, 1910; <i>ugallae </i>Matschie, 1913;<i> wilhelmi </i>(Lönnberg and Gyldenstolpe, 1924); <b><i>gratus</i></b><i> </i>P.L. Sclater, 1880; <i>albonotatus </i>Neumann, 1905;<i> <b>larkenii</b> </i>(St Leger, 1931);<i> <b>selousi</b> </i>W. Rothschild, 1898;<i> anderessoni</i> (Leyland, 1866) [nomen oblitum]; <i>baumii </i>(Sokolowsky, 1903); <i>inornatus </i>(Cabrera, 1918); <b><i>sylvestris </i></b>(Meinertzhagen, 1916).","Speke (1863) described and illustrated the 'nzoé' or 'water-boc' and reported in a footnote that Sclater had named the species <i>Tragelaphus Spekii </i>[sic], but this is insufficient to make Sclater the author of the name (Article 50.1.1, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). Subspecific systematics from Ansell (1972:22).","42","42-00740","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0740"
"14200741","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","spekii","spekii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Speke","1863","","Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile","","","p. 223 (footnote)","","","","Tanzania, Karagwe, E of Lake Victoria, at a lake named ""Little Windermere"" by Speke; identified as Bukoba district, Lake Lwelo, 2°S, 30°57'E by Moreau et al. (1946:441).","","","","","42","42-00741","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0740-0741"
"14200742","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","spekii","gratus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","P. L. Sclater","1880","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00742","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0740-0742"
"14200743","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","spekii","larkenii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","St. Leger","1931","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00743","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0740-0743"
"14200744","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","spekii","selousi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","W. Rothschild","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00744","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0740-0744"
"14200745","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","spekii","sylvestris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Meinertzhagen","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00745","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0740-0745"
"14200746","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","strepsiceros","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","9","","","Greater Kudu","""Prom. B. Spei"" (Cape of Good Hope); restricted to South Africa, south-eastern Cape Prov. [eastern part of Western Cape Prov.] by Grubb (1999:36).","Angola, Botswana, N Central African Republic, S Chad, SE Dem. Rep. Congo, Djibouti, N Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia (extinct?), South Africa, W and E Sudan, NE Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>capensis</i> (A. Smith, 1834);<i> excelsus </i>(Sundevall, 1846); <i>koodoo </i>(C. H. Smith, 1836);<i> torticornis </i>(Hermann, 1804); <i>typicus </i>(Lydekker, 1910);<i> <b>bea</b></i><b> </b>(Heller, 1913); <i>frommi </i>(Matschie, 1914);<i> <b>burlacei </b></i>Ansell, 1969; <i>cottoni</i> Dollman and Burlace, 1928 [preoccupied]; <b><i>chora </i>(</b>Cretzschmar, 1826); <i>abyssinicus </i>(Fitzinger, 1869);<i> <b>zambesiensis</b></i><b> </b>(Lorenz, 1894);<i> hamiltoni </i>(Matschie, 1914).","Subspecific systematics from Ansell (1972:25), modified by Grubb (1999).","42","42-00746","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0746"
"14200747","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","strepsiceros","strepsiceros","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","9","","","","""Prom. B. Spei"" (Cape of Good Hope); restricted to South Africa, south-eastern Cape Prov. [eastern part of Western Cape Prov.] by Grubb (1999:36).","","","","","42","42-00747","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0746-0747"
"14200748","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","strepsiceros","bea","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00748","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0746-0748"
"14200749","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","strepsiceros","burlacei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ansell","1969","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00749","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0746-0749"
"14200750","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","strepsiceros","chora","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1826","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00750","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0746-0750"
"14200751","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Bovinae","","Tragelaphus","","strepsiceros","zambesiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lorenz","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00751","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0667-0000-0726-0000-0746-0751"
"14200752","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","","307","","","","","","","""Œegosceridae"" (Aegocerotidae) Cobbold, 1869 [unavailable]; Budorcatinae Brooke, 1876; Capricornini Duvernois and Guérin, 1989; Hircidae Brookes, 1828 [unavailable]; Naemorhedini<b> </b>Brooke, 1876; Ovibovini<b> </b>Gray, 1872; Ovidae Brookes, 1828; Pantholopini<b> </b>Gray, 1872; Pseudoinae Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907; Rupicapridae Brookes, 1828.","Caprini includes <i>Ammotragus, Capra, Hemitragus, Ovis, Oreamnos,</i> <i>Pseudois, </i>and <i>Rupicapra</i>;<i> </i>Naemorhedini includes <i>Capricornis </i>and<i> Naemorhedus</i>;<i> </i>Ovibovini includes <i>Budorcas </i>and <i>Ovibos</i>; Pantholopini includes <i>Pantholops</i>. Placing of <i>Pantholops </i>in the Caprinae is supported by morphological and molecular studies (Gatesy et al., 1997; Gentry, 1992; Hassanin et al., 1998; Vrba and Schaller, 2000). It may be the sister taxon of all other Caprinae. Relationshiops in the rest of the Caprinae are problematical. Nadler et al. (1973) noted identity of karyotypes in <i>Ammotragus</i> and <i>Ovis</i> (<i>O. aries arkar</i>). From electrophoresis of proteins, Hartl et al. (1990) obtained the following tree: (<i>Ovis</i>) ((<i>Rupicapra, Oreamnos</i>) ((<i>Hemitragus</i>) (<i>Ammotragus, Capra</i>))). Hassanin et al. (1998) recognised three clades on the basis of their studies of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences, namely (1) <i>Caprico... [truncated]","42","42-00752","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752"
"14200753","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ammotragus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blyth","1840","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1840","","13","","<i>Antilope lervia</i> Pallas, 1777.","","","","","<i>Traguelaphus</i> Pomel, 1898.","Ansell (1972:70) included <i>Ammotragus</i> in <i>Capra</i>; but see comment under <i>Capra</i>.","42","42-00753","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0753"
"14200754","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ammotragus","","lervia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1777","","Spicil. Zool.","12","","12","","","Barbary Sheep","""Africae borealori propria""; restricted to Algeria, Department of Oran (Harper, 1940).","Algeria, N Chad, Egypt, Libya, N Mali, Mauritania, Morocco (including Western Sahara), Niger, Sudan (west of Nile and east of Nile in Red Sea Hills), and Tunisia; introduced to USA, N Mexico and Spain.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Extinct in the Wild as <i>A. l. </i>ornatus, otherwise Vulnerable.","<i>barbatus</i> (Kerr, 1792); <i>tragelaphus</i> (Afzelius, 1815); <b><i>angusi </i></b>W. Rothschild, 1921;<i> <b>blainei</b> </i>(W. Rothschild, 1913); <i>jaela </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827) [<i>nomen oblitum</i>];<i> <b>fassini</b> </i>Lepri, 1930; <b><i>ornatus</i></b><i> </i>(I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827);<i> <b>sahariensis</b> </i>(W. Rothschild, 1913).","Subspecific systematics from Ansell (1972:71). Reviewed by Gray and Simpson (1980, Mammalian Species, 144).","42","42-00754","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0753-0000-0754"
"14200755","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ammotragus","","lervia","lervia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1777","","Spicil. Zool.","12","","12","","","","""Africae borealori propria""; restricted to Algeria, Department of Oran (Harper, 1940).","","","","","42","42-00755","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0753-0000-0754-0755"
"14200756","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ammotragus","","lervia","angusi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","W. Rothschild","1921","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00756","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0753-0000-0754-0756"
"14200757","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ammotragus","","lervia","blainei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","W. Rothschild","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00757","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0753-0000-0754-0757"
"14200758","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ammotragus","","lervia","fassini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lepri","1930","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00758","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0753-0000-0754-0758"
"14200759","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ammotragus","","lervia","ornatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1827","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00759","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0753-0000-0754-0759"
"14200760","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ammotragus","","lervia","sahariensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","W. Rothschild","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00760","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0753-0000-0754-0760"
"14200761","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Budorcas","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hodgson","1850","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","19","","65","","<i>Budorcas taxicolor</i> Hodgson, 1850.","","","","","","Doubtfully included in Ovibovini following analysis of skull characters (Gentry, 1996).","42","42-00761","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0761"
"14200762","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Budorcas","","taxicolor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1850","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","19","","65","","","Takin","India, Assam, ""Mishmi mountains [Mishmi Hills] … in the Eastern Himalaya"".","Bhutan, N Burma, China (Gansu, Sichuan, Shaanxi, SE Tibet, and Yunnan), and NE India (Sikkim and Mishmi Hills).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as <i>B. t. taxicolor</i> and <i>B. t. bedfordi</i>, Vulnerable as <i>B. t. tibetana </i>and <i>B. t. whitei.</i>","<i>mitchelli</i>  Lydekker, 1908; <i>sinensis </i>Lydekker, 1907; <i>taxicola </i>Gray, 1852;<b><i> bedfordi</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1911;<i> <b>tibetana</b> </i>Milne-Edwards, 1874;<i> <b>whitei</b> </i>Lydekker, 1907.","Reviewed by Neas and Hoffmann (1987, Mammalian Species, 277).","42","42-00762","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0761-0000-0762"
"14200763","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Budorcas","","taxicolor","taxicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1850","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","19","","65","","","","India, Assam, ""Mishmi mountains [Mishmi Hills] … in the Eastern Himalaya"".","","","","","42","42-00763","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0761-0000-0762-0763"
"14200764","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Budorcas","","taxicolor","bedfordi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00764","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0761-0000-0762-0764"
"14200765","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Budorcas","","taxicolor","tibetana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1874","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00765","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0761-0000-0762-0765"
"14200766","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Budorcas","","taxicolor","whitei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00766","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0761-0000-0762-0766"
"14200767","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","68","","<i>Capra hircus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Aegoceros</i> Pallas, 1811 [suppressed]; <i>Aegocerus </i>Agassiz, 1846; <i>Aries </i>Link, 1795;<i> Eucapra </i>Camerano, 1916;<i> Euibex </i>Camerano, 1916;<i> Hilzheimeria </i>Kretzoi, 2000; <i>Hircus </i>Boddaert, 1785;<i> Ibex </i>Pallas, 1776;<i> Orthaegoceros </i>Trouessart, 1905;<i> Tragus </i>Schrank, 1798;<i> Turocapra </i>de Beaux, 1949; <i>Turus</i> Hilzheimer, 1916.","Reviewed by Coutourier (1962). Includes <i>Orthaegoceros</i>; see Heptner et al. (1961:593). Some authors have included <i>Ammotragus</i> and <i>Ovis</i>; see Ansell (1972:70) and Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>). However, most authors have not followed this arrangement; see Gray and Simpson (1980), Gromov and Baranova (1981), Hall (1981), and Corbet and Hill (1991). There is no consensus concerning the number of species to be recognized in this genus; some would recognize only two (<i>hircus</i> and <i>falconeri</i>; see Haltenorth, 1963), while others would recognize up to nine. Heptner et al. (1961) are followed here except that only one species of Tur is recognised. Suggested divisions within the genus according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) are <i>C. caucasica </i>or <i>Hilzheimeria </i>group,<i> C. falconeri </i>or<i> Orthaegoceros </i>group,<i> C. hircus </i>or nominate<i> Capra </i>group,<i> C. ibex </i>or<i> Ibex </i>group (including also<i> nubiana, sibirica </i>and <i>walie... [truncated]","42","42-00767","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767"
"14200768","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","caucasica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Güldenstaedt and Pallas","1779","1783","Acta Acad. Sci. Petropoli for 1779","2","","275","","","Tur","Russia, ""in summis Caucasi jugis, circa fluviorum Terek et Kubam summas origines, itemque in Ossetino tractu et Cachetia"" (Caucasus Mtns, between Malka and Baksan Rivers, east of Mt. Elbrus).","Caucasus Mtns (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia).","IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. caucasica, </i>Vulnerable as <i>C. cylindricornis.</i>","<i>dinniki</i> Satunin, 1905; <i>raddei </i>Matschie, 1901;<i> <b>cylindricornis </b></i>Blyth, 1841; <i>ammon</i> (Pallas, 1811) [preoccupied]; <i>pallasii </i>(Rouillier, 1841); <b><i>severtzovi </i></b>Menzbier, 1888.","Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:407) recognised two taxa, <i>C.</i> <i>caucasica</i> with synonym <i>cylindricornis</i>, and <i>C. ibex severtzovi</i>; Heptner et al. (1961) recognised <i>C. caucasica</i> with synonym <i>severtzovi, </i>and <i>C. cylindricornis</i>; Sokolov and Tembotov (1993) recognised these three taxa as subspecies in a single species and their classification is followed here.","42","42-00768","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0768"
"14200769","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","caucasica","caucasica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Güldenstaedt and Pallas","1779","1783","Acta Acad. Sci. Petropoli for 1779","2","","275","","","","Russia, ""in summis Caucasi jugis, circa fluviorum Terek et Kubam summas origines, itemque in Ossetino tractu et Cachetia"" (Caucasus Mtns, between Malka and Baksan Rivers, east of Mt. Elbrus).","","","","","42","42-00769","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0768-0769"
"14200770","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","caucasica","cylindricornis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00770","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0768-0770"
"14200771","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","caucasica","severtzovi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Menzbier","1888","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00771","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0768-0771"
"14200772","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","falconeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1839","","Gelehrt. Anz. I. K. Bayer Akad. Wiss., München","9","","430","","","Markhor","""Kaschmir""; restricted to Pakistan, Kashmir, Astor (Lydekker, 1913).","NE Afghanistan, N India (SW Jammu and Kashmir), N and C Pakistan, S Tajikistan, and S Uzbekistan.a","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>C. f. jerdoni</i> and <i>C. f. megaceros</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>C. f. heptneri</i>, Endangered as <i>C. f. falconeri</i> and <i>C. f. megaceros.</i>","<i>cashmiriensis</i> Lydekker, 1898;<i> chitralensis </i>Cobb, 1958 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>gilgitensis </i>Cobb, 1958 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <b><i>heptneri</i></b><i> </i>Zalkin, 1945; <i>ognevi </i>Zalkin, 1945; <b><i>megaceros </i></b>Hutton, 1842;<i> jerdoni </i>Hume, 1875.","Revised by Schaller (1977).","42","42-00772","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0772"
"14200773","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","falconeri","falconeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wagner","1839","","Gelehrt. Anz. I. K. Bayer Akad. Wiss., München","9","","430","","","","""Kaschmir""; restricted to Pakistan, Kashmir, Astor (Lydekker, 1913).","","","","","42","42-00773","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0772-0773"
"14200774","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","falconeri","heptneri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zalkin","1945","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00774","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0772-0774"
"14200775","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","falconeri","megaceros","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hutton","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00775","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0772-0775"
"14200776","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","hircus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","68","","","Goat","""Habitat in montosis""; identified as Sweden (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>:152), based on domesticated stock.","Afghanistan, Caucasus region (Armenia, Azerbaijan, NE Georgia, and S Russia), Iraq, Iran, Israel (till Neolithic), Jordan (extinct), Lebanon (extinct), S Pakistan, Syria (extinct), Turkey, and S Turkmenistan; anciently introduced into Greek isls and probably Oman. Domesticated worldwide; feral populations in British Isles, islands in the Mediterranean, USA, Canada, Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, Australia, New Zealand and many oceanic islands including Bonin, Hawaiian, Galapagos, Seychelles, and Juan Fernandez Isls.","CITES – Appendix I; ESA – Endangered <i>C. falconeri </i>(=<i>aegagrus</i>) <i>chiltanensis</i> [sic]; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>C. aegagrus chialtanensis</i>; otherwise Vulnerable as <i>C. acera </i>and as <i>C. a. aegagrus, C. a. cretica, </i>and <i>C. a. blythi</i>.","<i>acera</i> Desmarest, 1822; <i>adametzi </i>Kretzoi, 1942; <i>aegyptiaca </i>(Fitzinger, 1860); <i>aethiopica </i>Hartmann, 1864; <i>africana </i>(Sanson, 1878); <i>anatolica </i>(Fitzinger, 1859); <i>angolensis </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>angorensis </i>Linnaeus, 1766; <i>arietina </i>Desmarest, 1822; <i>asiatica </i>(Sanson, 1878); <i>barbara </i>de Blainville, 1816; <i>barbarica </i>(Fitzinger, 1860); <i>brachyceros </i>(Fitzinger, 1859); <i>brachyotis </i>(Fitzinger, 1859); <i>buraitica </i>(Fitzinger, 1859); <i>calotus </i>Reichenbach, 1845; <i>capra </i>(Fitzinger, 1860); <i>capricornus </i>Erxleben, 1777; <i>chungra </i>Gray, 1846 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>cossus </i>de Blainville, 1816; <i>crispa </i>(Fitzinger, 1859); <i>depressa </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>domestica </i>von Schreber, 1787; <i>ecornis </i>von Schreber, 1788; <i>ensicornis </i>Angst, 1911; <i>europaea </i>(Sanson, 1878); <i>gazella </i>(Fitzinger, 1860); <i>girgentana </i>Magliano, 1930; <i>graeca </i>Fiedler, 1841; <i>guineensis </i>(Fitzinger, 1859); <i>hirsuta </i>(Fitzinger, 1859);<i> imberbis </i>de Blainville, 1816; <i>indorum </i>(Fitzinger, 1859); <i>iowensis </i>(Palmer, 1956); <i>jamaicensis </i>J. B. Fischer, 1829; <i>kelleri </i>Duerst, 1908;<i> laevipes </i>(Fitzinger, 1859); <i>lanigera </i>Wagner, 1836; <i>mambrica </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>montana </i>Reichenbach, 1845; <i>mutica </i>Kerr, 1892; <i>nana </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>nepalensis </i>Reichenbach, 1845; <i>prisca </i>Adametz, 1915; <i>promaza </i>(Pomel, 1898); <i>resima </i>Wagner, 1836; <i>reversa </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>rossica </i>(Fitzinger, 1859); <i>ruetimeyeri </i>Duerst, 1899; <i>sericea </i>(Fitzinger, 1859); <i>simus </i>Rautenbach, 1845; <i>stenotis </i>(Fitzinger, 1859); <i>tatarorum </i>(Fitzinger, 1859); <i>thebaica </i>Desmarest, 1811; <i>thibetana </i>Desmarest, 1822; <i>villosa</i> Wagner, 1836; <i>vulgaris</i> von Schreber, 1787; <b><i>aegagrus</i></b> Erxleben, 1777; <i>aegagros</i> Chollet, Dayot and Neuville, 1904; <i>aegergus</i> Zivan&#269;evi&#263;, 1960; <i>algagrus </i>Medvedeff, 1927; <i>bezoartica </i>Linnaeus, 1766 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>]; <i>blythi </i>Hume, 1875;<i> caucasica </i>Gray, 1843; <i>cilicica </i>Matschie, 1907; <i>fera </i>Desmarest, 1822; <i>florstedti </i>Matschie, 1907;<i> gazella </i>(Gmelin, 1788);<i> neglecta </i>Zarudny and Bilkevitsch, 1918;<i> oegagrus </i>Crespon, 1844; <i>oegagyrus </i>França, 1908; <i>persica </i>Matschie, 1905;<i> turcmenica</i> Tzalkin, 1950; <b><i>chialtanensis</i></b><i> </i>Lydekker, 1913; <b><i>cretica</i></b><i> </i>Schinz, 1838; <i>cretensis </i>Brisson, 1756 [unavailable]; <i>cretensis </i>von Lorenz-Liburnau, 1899; <b><i>jourensis </i></b>Ivrea, 1899;<i> aegaeica </i>Kretzoi, 1942; <i>dorcas </i>Reichenow, 1888 [preoccupied];<i> <b>picta</b> </i>(Erhard, 1858).","Includes <i>aegagrus</i>, but see Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:214). Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of <i>Capra aegagrus </i>as the name for the wild taxon of Goats and asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary power to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003<i>a</i>). It might still be valid for those who consider <i>C. hircus </i>and <i>C. aegagrus</i> to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see Bock, 1997). Both names have been used when referring to wild Goats. <i>Capra aegagrus </i>Erxleben, 1777 is a junior synonym of <i>C . bezoartica </i>Linnaeus, 1766 whose syntypes may have included other species (Blanford, 1875<i>b</i>); <i>bezoartica</i> may be regarded as a <i>nomen oblitum</i>. Popu... [truncated]","42","42-00776","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0776"
"14200777","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","hircus","hircus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","68","","","","""Habitat in montosis""; identified as Sweden (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>:152), based on domesticated stock.","","","","","42","42-00777","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0776-0777"
"14200778","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","hircus","aegagrus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00778","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0776-0778"
"14200779","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","hircus","chialtanensis","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Capra hircus chialtanensis </i>","YES","Lydekker","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00779","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0776-0779"
"14200780","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","hircus","cretica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1838","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00780","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0776-0780"
"14200781","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","hircus","jourensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ivrea","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00781","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0776-0781"
"14200782","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","hircus","picta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erhard","1858","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00782","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0776-0782"
"14200783","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","ibex","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","68","","","Alpine Ibex","""Habitat in Wallesiae praeruptis inaccessis""; identified as Switzerland, Valais by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:152).","Formerly the Alps of Austria, France, Germany, N Italy, and Switzerland; extinct except in Italy but reintroduced into its former range.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc)<i>.</i>","<i>alpina</i> Girtanner, 1786; <i>europea </i>(Hodgson, 1847);<i> graicus</i> Matschie, 1912.","","42","42-00783","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0783"
"14200784","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","nubiana","","SPECIES","False","","YES","F. Cuvier","1825","","<i>In</i> É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammifères","6","part 50","""Bouc sauvage de la Haute-Egypte"", p. 2, pl. 397","","","Nubian Ibex","Egypt, ""de la Haute-Égypte … ou de Nubie""; Nubia (Lydekker, 1913:153; G. M. Allen, 1939:549) or Upper Egypt (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:407), which are virtually synonymous; here restricted to Sudan, Northern Prov., Nubian Desert, east of Nile River.","Egypt east of the Nile, N Eritrea, Israel, W Jordan, Lebanon (extinct), SE Oman, Saudi Arabia, NE Sudan, Syria (extinct; no archaeological records), and SE Yemen.","IUCN – Endangered<i>.</i>","<i>arabica</i> Rüppell, 1835;<i> beden </i>(Wagner, 1835);<i> mengesi </i>Noack, 1896;<i> sinaitica </i>Ehrenberg, 1833; <i>typica </i>Lydekker, 1908.","Treated as a species distinct from <i>C. ibex</i> by Uerpmann (1987).","42","42-00784","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0784"
"14200785","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","pyrenaica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Schinz","1838","","N. Denkschr. Schneiz. Ges. Natur. Wiss.","2","","9","","","Spanish Ibex","""In den spanischen Pyrenäen, auf den Gebirgen der Sierra de Randa und des Königreiches Granada""; restricted to Spain, Pyrenees Mtns, Huesca, near Maladetta Pass (Harper, 1940).","Iberian Peninsula; extinct in Portugal.","U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>C</i>. <i>p</i>. <i>pyrenaica</i>; IUCN – Extinct as <i>C. p. pyrenaica</i>, Vulnerable as <i>C. p. victoriae</i>, Lower Risk (cd) as <i>C. p. hispanica</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (nt).","<i>cabrerae</i> Camerano, 1916 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>cabrerae </i>Camerano, 1917; <i>hispanica </i>Schimper, 1848;<i> lusitanica </i>Schlegel, 1872;<i> nowaki </i>Wyrwoll, 1999; <i>pyrenica </i>Mottl, 1938; <i>typica </i>Lydekker, 1898; <i>victoriae</i> Cabrera, 1911.","Validity of subspecies questioned by Coutourier (1962), Clouet (1979) and following mtDNA analysis by Manceau et al. (1999<i>b</i>).","42","42-00785","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0785"
"14200786","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","sibirica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1776","","Spicil. Zool.","11","","52","","","Siberian Ibex","""sylvas inter Udae et Birjussae fluviorum fontes ad ipsam calcem Sajensis""; ""northern slope of Sayansk Mountains, in the neighbourhood of Munku Sardyx, west of Lake Baikal"" (Lydekker, 1913:143) (Russia, Siberia, Sayan Mtns, near Munku-Sardyk).","Mountain ranges of N Afghanistan, China (N Gansu, W Inner Mongolia, Sinkiang, N Tibet), N India (Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh), E Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, S and W Mongolia, N Pakistan, Russia (S Siberia), and Tajikistan.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>alaiana</i> Noack 1902;<i> almasyi </i>Lorenz, 1906;<i> altaica </i>Noack, 1902;<i> dauvergnii </i>Sterndale, 1886;<i> dementievi </i>Tzalkin, 1949;<i> fasciata </i>Noack, 1902;<i> filippii </i>Camerano, 1911;<i> formosovi </i>Tzalkin, 1949;<i> hagenbecki </i>Noack, 1903;<i> hemalayana </i>Hodgson, 1841;<i> lorenzi </i>Satunin, 1905;<i> lydekkeri </i>W. Rothschild, 1900;<i> merzbacheri </i>(Leisewitz, 1906); <i>pallasii </i>Schinz, 1838;<i> pedri </i>Lorenz, 1906;<i> sacin </i>Lydekker, 1898; <i>sakeen </i>Blyth, 1842; <i>sakin </i>(Hodgson, 1847); <i>skyn </i>(Wagner, 1844);<i> transalaiana </i>Lorenz, 1906;<i> typica </i>Lorenz, 1906; <i>wardi </i>Lydekker, 1900.","Treated as a species distinct from <i>C. ibex</i> by Heptner et al. (1961).","42","42-00786","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0786"
"14200787","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capra","","walie","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1835","","Neue Wirbelt. Fauna Abyssin. Gehörig, Säugeth.","1","","16","","","Walia","""die höchsten felsigten Gebirge Abyssiniens … in den Provinzen Simen und Godjam""; restricted to Ethiopia, mountains of Simien (Lydekker, 1913:156).","N Ethiopia.","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>vali</i> Lydekker, 1898; <i>valie </i>Sundevall, 1846; <i>wali </i>Richters, 1894.","Treated as a species distinct from <i>C. ibex</i> by Ansell (1972:70) and Yalden et al. (1984).","42","42-00787","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0767-0000-0787"
"14200788","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capricornis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ogilby","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","139","","<i>Antilope thar </i>Hodgson, 1831.","","","","","<i>Austritragus</i> Heude, 1898; <i>Capricornus </i>Gray, 1862;<i> Capricornulus </i>Heude, 1898; <i>Lithotragus </i>Heude, 1898; <i>Nemotragus </i>Heude, 1898.","Revised by Groves and Grubb (in prep.) who raise <i>milneedwardsii, rubidus, </i>and <i>thar </i>to species status.","42","42-00788","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0788"
"14200789","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capricornis","","crispus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Temminck","1836","","<i>In</i>von Siebold, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Coup d'Oeil Faune Iles Sonde Emp. Japan","","","xxii","","","Japanese Serow","""Les îles du domaine du Japon""; ""On ne la trouve que dans les parties de l'île de Nippon couvertes de hautes alpes, telle qu la partie, nommée Josino; puis sur les montagnes les plus élevées de l'île de Sikok [Shikoku]""; restricted to ""Nippon (Hondo) [Honshu], Japan"" (Lydekker, 1913:200).","Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu (Japan).","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>pryeri</i> (Lydekker, 1901); <i>pryerianus </i>Heude, 1894;<i> saxicola </i>Heude, 1898.","Widely cited from Temminck, 1844. <i>In </i>von Siebold, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aperçu Gén. Spéc. Mamm. Japon, p. 55, pls. 18,19 [1844]. Included in <i>sumatraensis</i> by Haltenorth (1963:119); but a valid species according to Dolan (1963).","42","42-00789","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0788-0000-0789"
"14200790","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capricornis","","milneedwardsii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","David","1869","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. H. N. Paris, 5 bull.","","","10","","","Chinese Serow","China, Sichuan, ""Moupin"" (Baoxing).","S Burma, Cambodia, S and C China (Himalayas and E Tibet, S Gansu to Zhejiang and S to Yunnan), Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>C. sumatraensis maritimus </i>and <i>C. s. milneedwardsi</i>.","<i>argyrochaetes</i> Heude, 1888;<i> brachyrhinus</i> Heude, 1894;<i> chrysochaetes</i> Heude, 1894; <i>collasinus </i>Heude, 1899;<i> cornutus </i>Heude, 1894; <i>edwardsii </i>(David, 1871);<i> erythropygius</i> Heude, 1894; <i>fargesianus</i> Heude, 1894; <i>longicornis</i> Heude, 1894; <i>maxillaris </i>Heude, 1894;<i> microdonticus </i>Heude, 1894; <i>microdontus</i> Heude, 1894; <i>montinus </i>G. M. Allen, 1930;<i> nasutus</i> Heude, 1894; <i>osborni </i>Andrews, 1921;<i> platyrhinus </i>Heude, 1894; <i>pugnax</i> Heude, 1894; <i>ungulosus</i> Heude, 1894; <i>vidianus</i> Heude, 1894; <b><i>maritimus</i></b><i> </i>Heude, 1888;<i> annectens </i>Kloss, 1919; <i>benetianus </i>Heude, 1894;<i> berthetianus </i>Heude, 1898; <i>gendrelianus </i>Heude, 1899; <i>marcolinus </i>Heude, 1897;<i> rocherianus </i>Heude, 1894; <i>venetianus </i>Lydekker, 1913.","","42","42-00790","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0788-0000-0790"
"14200791","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capricornis","","milneedwardsii","milneedwardsii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","David","1869","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. H. N. Paris, 5 bull.","","","10","","","","China, Sichuan, ""Moupin"" (Baoxing).","","","","","42","42-00791","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0788-0000-0790-0791"
"14200792","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capricornis","","milneedwardsii","maritimus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heude","1888","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00792","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0788-0000-0790-0792"
"14200793","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capricornis","","rubidus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1863","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc.","","","174","","","Red Serow","Burma, ""Arakan Hills"".","N Burma.","IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. sumatraensis rubidus</i>.","","","42","42-00793","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0788-0000-0793"
"14200794","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capricornis","","sumatraensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bechstein","1799","","<i>In</i> Pennant, Allgemeine Ueber. Vierfüss. Thiere","1","","98","","","Sumatran Serow","Indonesia, ""Sumatra"".","Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (peninsular Malaya), Thailand (isthmus of Kra).","CITES – Appendix I as <i>Naemorhedus sumatraensis</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>Naemorhedus </i>(= <i>Capricornis</i>) <i>sumatraensis</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. s. sumatraensis</i>, otherwise Vulnerable.","<i>interscapularis</i> (Lichtenstein, 1814);<i> robinsoni </i>Pocock, 1908;<i> swettenhami </i>(Butler, 1900).","","42","42-00794","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0788-0000-0794"
"14200795","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capricornis","","swinhoei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1862","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","10","","320","","","Formosan Serow","""Formosa [Taiwan], on the central ridge of the Snowy Mountains"".","Taiwan.","IUCN – Vulnerable<i>.</i>","","Regarded as a species distinct from <i>C. crispus</i> by Groves and Grubb (1985).","42","42-00795","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0788-0000-0795"
"14200796","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Capricornis","","thar","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1831","","Gleanings Science","3","","324","","","Himalayan Serow","""the central region, equidistant from the snows on one hand, and the plains of India on the other; … between the Sutlege, west, and the Teesta, east, … in Nepal proper"" (Nepal, Himalayas).","E and SE Bangladesh, Himalayas (Bhutan, N India including Sikkim, and Nepal), and NE India (provinces E of Bangladesh). Probably W Burma.","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>C. sumatraensis thar</i>.","<i>bubalina</i> (Hodgson, 1832);<i> humei </i>Pocock, 1908;<i> jamrachi </i>Pocock, 1908;<i> proclivus </i>(Hodgson, 1842) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>rodoni </i>Pocock, 1908.","Reddish specimens from Arunchal Pradesh, Assam, Bangladesh, and Meghalaya are not attributable to <i>C. rubidus </i>and may represent a distinct subspecies of <i>C. thar</i>.","42","42-00796","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0788-0000-0796"
"14200797","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Hemitragus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hodgson","1841","","Calcutta J. Nat. Hist.","2","","218","","<i>Capra jharal</i> Hodgson, 1833 (= <i>Capra jemlahica</i> C. H. Smith, 1826).","","","","","","","42","42-00797","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0797"
"14200798","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Hemitragus","","hylocrius","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1837","1838","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1837","","81","","","Nilgiri Tahr","India, ""Neilgherry Hills"" (Nilgiri Hills).","S India (Western Ghats along border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu).","IUCN – Endangered.","<i>warryato</i> (Gray, 1842).","Included in <i>jemlahicus</i> by Haltenorth (1963:125) but generally regarded as a full species, for example by Corbet and Hill (1991).","42","42-00798","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0797-0000-0798"
"14200799","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Hemitragus","","jayakari","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1894","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6","13","","365","","","Arabian Tahr","Oman, ""Jebel Taw, Jebel Akhdar Range"".","Oman; United Arab Emirates (extinct).","U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.","","Included in <i>jemlahicus</i> by Haltenorth (1963:125) but see Harrison (1968:324).","42","42-00799","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0797-0000-0799"
"14200800","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Hemitragus","","jemlahicus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1826","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Animal Kingdom","4","","pl. [1826] opp. p. 308 [1827]","","","Himalayan Tahr","Nepal, ""the district of Jemlah, between the sources of the Sargew and Sampoo"" (Jemla Hills).","Himalayas including China (S Tibet), N India (Jammu and Kashmir; Sikkim), and Nepal. Introduced in New Zealand and Western Cape Prov. (South Africa).","IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>iharal</i> (Wagner, 1836); <i>jemlaicus </i>Gray, 1847; <i>jemlanica </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827); <i>jharal </i>(Hodgson, 1833);<i> quadrimammis </i>(Hodgson, 1836);<i> schaeferi </i>Pohle, 1944;<i> tubericornis </i>(Wagner, 1836).","Specific name is spelt ""<i>jemlanica</i>"" on p. 308 in the original description which was published in 1827 and ""<i>jemlahica</i>"" in legend to the plate on the opposite unnumbered page, dated 1826.","42","42-00800","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0797-0000-0800"
"14200801","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Naemorhedus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Animal Kingdom","5","","352","","<i>Antilope goral</i> Hardwicke, 1825.","","","","","<i>Caprina</i> Wagner, 1844;<i> Kemas </i>Ogilby, 1837;<i> Naemorhaedus </i>Jardine, 1836; <i>Nemorhaedus </i>Hodgson, 1841; <i>Nemorhedus </i>Agassiz, 1842; <i>Nemorrhaedus </i>Trouessart, 1898; <i>Nemorrhedus </i>Gray, 1843;<i> Urotragus </i>Gray, 1871.","The original spelling is ""<i>Naemorhedus</i>"". <i>Naemorhaedus, Nemorhaedus, Nemorhedus,</i> <i>Nemorrhaedus, </i>and <i>Nemorrhedus </i>are later spellings. If one of these is in prevailing usage (Article 33.2.3.1, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999), it can be deemed to be a justified emendation, but this has yet to be demonstrated. Reviewed by Dolan (1963) and Groves and Grubb (1985) who included <i>Capricornis</i> in this genus; revised by Groves and Grubb (in prep.), who once again confined <i>Naemorhedus </i>to gorals and separated <i>griseus </i>from <i>caudatus</i>.","42","42-00801","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0801"
"14200802","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Naemorhedus","","baileyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pocock","1914","","J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.","23","","32","","","Red Goral","China, Tibet, ""Dre on banks of Yigrong Tso (Lake) in Po Me [Bomi]. 9,000 ft [2743 m]"".","N Burma, China (SE Tibet and Yunnan), and NE India (Arunachal Pradesh).","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>N. b. baileyi </i>and <i>N. b. cranbrooki</i>.","<i>cranbrooki</i>  Hayman, 1961.","Regarded as a valid species by Groves and Grubb (1985); and by Zhang (1987), under the name <i>cranbrooki</i>.","42","42-00802","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0801-0000-0802"
"14200803","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Naemorhedus","","caudatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1867","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. Paris, ser. 5","7","","377","","","Long-tailed Goral","Russia, ""Sibérie"" (Amurland, Bureja Mtns).","E Russia (Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories), NE China (Heilonjiang, Jilin), and Korea.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>N. c. caudatus</i> and <i>N. c. raddeanus.</i>","<i>crispa</i> (Radde, 1862); <i>raddeanus </i>(Heude, 1894).","Fully described by Milne-Edwards, Rech. Hist. Nat. Mamm., Faune Chine, p. , pl.23, 23a, 23b [1868]. Regarded as a species distinct from <i>N. goral</i> by Groves and Grubb (1985). Reviewed by J. I. Mead (1989, Mammalian Species, 335, as <i>Nemorhaedus goral</i>).","42","42-00803","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0801-0000-0803"
"14200804","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Naemorhedus","","goral","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hardwicke","1825","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","14","","518","","","Himalayan Goral","""a native of the Himalayah range and the mountains of the Nepaul frontier"" (Nepal, Himalayas).","Himalayas in Bhutan, China (S Tibet), N India (including Sikkim), Nepal, and N Pakistan.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>N. g. bedfordi</i> and<i> N. g. goral</i>.","<i>duvaucelii</i> (C. H. Smith, 1827); <i>hodgsoni </i>(Lydekker, 1905); <b><i>bedfordi </i></b>(Lydekker, 1905).","Reviewed by J. I. Mead (1989, Mammalian Species, 335, as <i>Nemorhaedus goral</i>).","42","42-00804","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0801-0000-0804"
"14200805","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Naemorhedus","","goral","goral","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hardwicke","1825","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","14","","518","","","","""a native of the Himalayah range and the mountains of the Nepaul frontier"" (Nepal, Himalayas).","","","","","42","42-00805","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0801-0000-0804-0805"
"14200806","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Naemorhedus","","goral","bedfordi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00806","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0801-0000-0804-0806"
"14200807","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Naemorhedus","","griseus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1871","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","7","","93","","","Chinese Goral","""du nord de la Chine""; China, Sichuan, Moupin (Baoxing).","W Burma, E China (SW Inner Mongolia to Yunnan), NE India (Provinces E of Bangladesh), and NW Thailand. Also SE Burma and N Vietnam (Tonkin) (Groves and Grubb, in prep.). Occurrence in Laos as yet unconfirmed (Duckworth et al., 1999).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>N. caudatus evansi </i>and <i>N. c. griseus</i>.","<i>aldridgeanus</i> (Heude, 1894);<i> arnouxianus</i> (Heude, 1888);<i> cinerea</i> (Milne-Edwards, 1874);<i> curvicornis </i>(Heude, 1894);<i> fantozatianus </i>(Heude, 1894);<i> fargesianus</i> (Heude, 1894);<i> galeanus </i>(Heude, 1894);<i> henryanus </i>(Heude, 1890);<i> initialis </i>(Heude, 1894);<i> iodinus</i> (Heude, 1894);<i> niger </i>(Heude, 1894);<i> pinchonianus</i> (Heude, 1894);<i> versicolor </i>(Heude, 1894);<i> vidianus</i> Heude, 1894; <i>xanthodeiros</i> (Heude, 1894);<i> <b>evansi</b> </i>(Lydekker, 1902).","Fully described by Milne-Edwards, Rech. Hist. Nat. Mamm., Faune Tibet-Oriental, p. 361, pl.70, 71, 71a [1874]. Reviewed by J. I. Mead (1989, Mammalian Species, 335, as <i>Nemorhaedus goral</i>).","42","42-00807","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0801-0000-0807"
"14200808","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Naemorhedus","","griseus","griseus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Milne-Edwards","1871","","Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bull.","7","","93","","","","""du nord de la Chine""; China, Sichuan, Moupin (Baoxing).","","","","","42","42-00808","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0801-0000-0807-0808"
"14200809","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Naemorhedus","","griseus","evansi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00809","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0801-0000-0807-0809"
"14200810","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Oreamnos","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Rafinesque","1817","","Am. Mon. Mag.","2","","44","","<i>Mazama dorsata</i> Rafinesque, 1817 (= <i>R[upicapra]. americanus</i> de Blainville, 1816).","","","","","<i>Aplocerus</i> C. H. Smith, 1827; <i>Haploceros </i>Flower and Garson, 1884; Haplocerus Wagner, 1844; Oreamnus Elliot, 1901.","","42","42-00810","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0810"
"14200811","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Oreamnos","","americanus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Blainville","1816","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1816","","80","","","Mountain Goat","""d'Amerique""; restricted to the type locality of <i>Ovis montanus</i> Ord, 1815, the Columbia River area, where observed by Lewis and Clark, in ""the Cascade Mountains, and the nearby range"" (Hollister, 1912:185) ""near Mt Adams, Washington"" (Dalquest, 1948:409) (USA, Washington, Cascade Mountains, Mt. Adams).","SE Alaska (USA), S Yukon and SW Mackenzie (Canada) to NC Oregon, C Idaho, and Montana (USA). Introduced to Kodiak, Chichagof, and Baranof Isls (Alaska), Olympic Peninsula (Washington), C Montana, Black Hills (South Dakota), and Colorado (USA).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>columbiae</i> Hollister, 1912;<i> columbianus </i>(Desmoulins, 1823);<i> dorsatus </i>(Rafinesque, 1817);<i> kennedyi </i>(Elliot, 1900);<i> lanigera</i> (C. H. Smith, 1821);<i> missoulae </i>J. A. Allen, 1904;<i> montanus</i> (Ord, 1815) [preoccupied];<i> sericeus </i>(Rafinesque, 1817).","Revised by Cowan and McCrory (1970). Reviewed by Rideout and Hoffmann (1975, Mammalian Species, 63).","42","42-00811","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0810-0000-0811"
"14200812","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovibos","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","de Blainville","1816","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1816","","76","","<i>Bos moschatus</i> Zimmermann, 1780.","","","","","<i>Bosovis</i> <b> </b>Kowarzik, 1911;<b> </b><i>Criotaurus </i>Gloger, 1841.","","42","42-00812","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0812"
"14200813","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovibos","","moschatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Zimmermann","1780","","Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere","2","","86","","","Muskox","Canada, Manitoba, ""Bewohnt anjezt hauptsachlich Neuwallis an der Hudsonsbay ban zwischen Seefalber- (Seals) und Churchill-Fluss zwischen dem 59 bis 61. Grad Breite"" (between Seal and Churchill Rivers).","Formerly Point Barrow, Alaska (USA) east to NE Greenland, south to NE Manitoba (Canada). Range now much reduced. Introduced to Seward Peninsula and Nunivak Isl, Alaska (USA); Taimyr Peninsula and Wrangel Isl (Russia); and Svalbard (Norway), where it has since died out.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>mackenzianus</i>  Kowarzik, 1908; <i>melvillensis </i>Kowarzik, 1909;<i> niphoecus</i> Elliot, 1905; <i>pearyi</i> Allen, 1901 [unavailable];<i> platycerus </i>(G. Fischer [von Waldheim], 1814); <i>wardi<b> </b></i>Lydekker, 1900.","Revised by Tener (1965). Reviewed by Lent (1988, Mammalian Species, 302).","42","42-00813","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0812-0000-0813"
"14200814","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","70","","<i>Ovis aries</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Ammon</i> de Blainville, 1816;<i> Argali </i>Gray, 1852;<i> Aries </i>Link, 1795; <i>Caprovis</i> Hodgson, 1847;<i> Musimon </i>Pallas, 1776; <i>Musmon </i>Schrank, 1798;<i> Pachyceros</i> Gromova, 1936.","Placed in <i>Capra</i> by Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>); see comments under <i>Capra</i>. There is no consensus concerning the number of species to be recognized in this genus; some would recognize only one (<i>ammon</i>; see Haltenorth, 1963:126-128); others two (<i>ammon, canadensis</i>; see Corbet, 1978<i>c</i>:218); while others recognize up to seven, as do the most recent reviews (Korobitsyna et al., 1974; Nadler et al., 1973). Five species are listed here. Species-groups are nominate <i>Ovis </i>or <i>aries</i> group (includes also <i>ammon</i>) and <i>Pachyceros </i>or <i>canadensis </i>group (includes also <i>dalli </i>and <i>nivicola</i>).","42","42-00814","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814"
"14200815","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","ammon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","70","","","Argali","""Habitat in Siberia""; since identified as Kazakhstan, Vostochno-Kazakhstansk. Obl., Altai Mtns, Bukhtarma; near Ust-Kamenogorsk.","China (Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, N and S Sinkiang, W Sichuan, Tibet including Qinghai), N India (Ladak, Sikkim, Spiti), E Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal (Tibetan border), Pamir Range (NE Afghanistan, N Pakistan), SC Siberia (Altai Mntns), and Tajikistan.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>O</i>. <i>a</i>. <i>hodgsoni </i>and <i>O. a. nigrimontana</i>, otherwise Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Endangered, except in Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, and Tajikistan, where status is Threatened; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>O. a. nigrimontana </i>and<i> O. a. jubata </i>[= <i>comosa</i>], Endangered as <i>O. a. severtsovi</i> and <i>O. a. darwini</i>, Vulnerable as <i>O. a. hodgsonii</i>, <i>O. a. ammon, O. a. collium</i>, <i>O. a. karelini, </i>and<i> O. a. polii.</i>","<i>altaica</i> Severtzov, 1873; <i>argail </i>Walther, 1809; <i>argali </i>Boddaert, 1785; <i>asiatica </i>(Pallas, 1776);<i> daurica </i>Severtzov, 1873 [preoccupied];<i> fera </i>Pallas, 1776; <i>mongolica</i> Severtzov, 1873 [preoccupied]; <i>przevalskii </i>Nasonov, 1923;<i> typica </i>Lydekker, 1898;<i> <b>collium</b></i><b> </b>Severtzov, 1873;<i> <b>comosa </b></i>Hollister, 1919;<i> jubata</i> Peters, 1876 [preoccupied]; <b><i>darwini </i></b>Przewalski, 1883;<i> intermedia </i>Gromova, 1936; <i>kozlovi </i>Nasonov, 1913; <b><i>hodgsonii </i></b>Blyth, 1841;<i> adametzi </i>Kowarzik, 1913;<i> ammonoides </i>Hodgson, 1841;<i> bambhera </i>(Gray, 1852);<i> blythi </i>Severtzov, 1873;<i> broockii </i>Glür, 1894; <i>brookei </i>Ward, 1874; <i>dalailamae </i>Przewalski, 1888;<i> henrii </i>Milne-Edwards, 1892;<i> <b>karelini </b></i>Severtzov, 1873;<i> heinsii </i>Severtzov, 1873; <i>humei </i>Lydekker, 1913;<i> littledalei </i>Lydekker, 1902; <i>nassanovi </i>Laptev, 1929;<i> sairensis </i>Lydekker, 1898;<i> <b>nigrimontana </b></i>Severtzov, 1873;<i> <b>polii </b></i>Blyth, 1841;<i> typica </i>Lydekker, 1898; <b><i>severtzovi </i></b>Nasonov, 1914.","Haltenorth (1963:121) and Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:218) included <i>orientalis</i> (= <i>aries</i>), <i>musimon</i> and <i>vignei</i>, but Nadler et al. (1973) and Corbet and Hill (1991:136) excluded them. The names <i>daurica, jubata </i>and<i> mongolica </i>are preoccupied by names of domestic sheep.<i> </i>Subspecies reviewed by Sopin (1982) and revised by Geist (1990 and in Shackleton, 1997). Diploid chromosome complement (2n = 56) and examination of mitochondrial region sequences indicate that <i>severtzovi</i> is not part of <i>vignei</i> division of <i>O. aries</i>, but a primitive argali, sister taxon to the rest of the species (Bunch et al, 1998; Wu et al., 2003). Wu et al. (2003) transferred <i>severtzovi</i> to <i>O. ammon</i>.","42","42-00815","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0815"
"14200816","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","ammon","ammon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","70","","","","""Habitat in Siberia""; since identified as Kazakhstan, Vostochno-Kazakhstansk. Obl., Altai Mtns, Bukhtarma; near Ust-Kamenogorsk.","","","","","42","42-00816","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0815-0816"
"14200817","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","ammon","collium","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Severtzov","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00817","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0815-0817"
"14200818","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","ammon","comosa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hollister","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00818","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0815-0818"
"14200819","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","ammon","darwini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Przewalski","1883","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00819","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0815-0819"
"14200820","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","ammon","hodgsonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00820","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0815-0820"
"14200821","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","ammon","karelini","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Severtzov","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00821","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0815-0821"
"14200822","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","ammon","nigrimontana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Severtzov","1873","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00822","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0815-0822"
"14200823","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","ammon","polii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00823","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0815-0823"
"14200824","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","ammon","severtzovi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nasonov","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00824","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0815-0824"
"14200825","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","aries","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","70","","","Red Sheep","""Habitat in siccis apricis calidis""; identified as Sweden by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:153); domesticated stock.","Urial or Arkar in Afghanistan, NW India (Kashmir), NE and SE Iran, SW Kazakhstan, Oman (introduced?), Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Intermediate Laristan sheep in S Iran. Red Sheep or Mouflon in Armenia, S Azerbaijan, N Iraq, W Iran, and S and E Turkey; transported populations (Mouflon) on Corsica and Sardinia, introduced from there to Europe, Ukraine (Crimea), USA (incl. Hawaiian Isls), Chile, Kerguelen Isls, and Tenerife (Canary Isls); and on Cyprus. Domesticated worldwide; feral populations on St. Kilda and other small islands off the British Isles; improved domestic stock feral in Norway, Sweden, USA, islands off coasts of United Kingdom and New Zealand, Kerguelen Isls, and probably other oceanic islands.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>O. orientalis ophion </i>and <i>O. vignei vignei</i>, Appendix II as <i>O. vignei</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>O</i>. <i>musimon</i> <i>ophion</i> and <i>O. vignei vignei</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>O. orientalis ophion</i>, <i>O. o. bochariensis, O. o. punjabiensis</i>, and<i> O. o. vignei</i>, Vulnerable as <i>O. o. isphahanica</i>,<i> O. o. laristanica</i>, <i>O. o. arkal</i>,<i> O. o. gmelini</i>, <i>O. o. musimon</i>, and <i>O. o. cycloceros.</i>","<i>adimain</i> Boddaert, 1785; <i>aegyptiaca </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>africana </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>anatolica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>anglica </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>angolensis </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>antillarum </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>appendiculata</i> Gené, 1834;<i> arabica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>arietina </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>arvernensis </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>asiatica </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>astracanica </i>Reichenbach, 1845; <i>astrachanica </i>Gené, 1834; <i>bakelensis </i>de Rochbrune, 1882; <i>barbarica </i>Reichenbach, 1845; <i>batavica </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>belgica </i>Walther, 1809; <i>bergamena </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>bohemica </i>Walther, 1809 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>borealis </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>brachyura </i>Pallas, 1776; <i>brittanica </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>bucharica </i>Gmelin, 1758; <i>buraetica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>cabardinica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>calmuccorum </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>calotis </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>campestris </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>capensis </i>Erxleben, 1777; <i>carnapi </i>Müller-Liebenweide, 1896; <i>colchica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>congensis </i>Reichenbach, 1845; <i>corneri </i>Millais, 1906; <i>cornuta </i>Erxleben, 1777; <i>cretensis </i>Boddaert, 1785; <i>dacica </i>Rautenbach, 1845; <i>danica </i>Walther, 1809; <i>daurica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>djalonensis </i>de Rochebrune, 1882; <i>dolichura </i>Pallas, 1776; <i>domestica </i>(G. Fischer [von Waldheim], 1814); <i>ecaudata </i>I. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 1827; <i>gallica </i>Walther, 1809; <i>germanica </i>Walther, 1809; <i>gothlandica </i>G. Fischer [von Waldheim], 1814; <i>guineensis </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>gutturosa </i>Wagner, 1836; <i>hebridica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>hibernica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>hispanica </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>hollandica </i>Walther, 1809 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>holsatica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>hoonia </i>Hodgson, 1842; <i>indica </i>Reichenbach, 1845; <i>ingevonensis </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>iberica </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>islandica </i>Pallas, 1794; <i>italica </i>Walther, 1809; <i>jubata</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>kirgisica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>laticauda </i>Boddaert, 1785; <i>laticaudata </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>leptura </i>von Schreber, 1788; <i>libyca </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>ligeriensis </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>lombardica </i>Brüggemann, 1831; <i>longicauda </i>Gmelin, 1789; <i>longicaudata </i>Erxleben, 1777; <i>longipes </i>Desmarest, 1822; <i>macedonica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>macrocerca </i>von Schreber, 1788; <i>macroura </i>Walther, 1809; <i>madagascariensis </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>melanocephalus </i>de Rochebrune, 1883; <i>monasteriensis </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>mongolica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>nana </i>Kerr, 1792; <i>numida </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>orcadica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>ovis </i>(Pallas, 1811); <i>pachycerca </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>paduana </i>Reichenbach, 1845; <i>palaeoaegyptica </i>Duerst and Gaillard, 1902; <i>palustris </i>Glür, 1895; <i>parnassica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>pegasus </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827) [<i>nomen dubium</i>]; <i>parnassica </i>Reichenbach, 1845;<i> persica </i>Reichenbach, 1845; <i>platyura </i>Pallas, 1794; <i>polonica </i>Walther, 1809; <i>polycerata </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>polyceros </i>Boddaert, 1785; <i>quadricornis </i>Boddaert, 1785; <i>recurvicauda </i>Gené, 1834; <i>rustica </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>scotica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>senegalensis </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>sodanica </i>Sanson, 1878; <i>steatinion </i>C. H. Smith, 1827; <i>steatopyga </i>Pallas, 1776; <i>strepsiceros </i>Linnaeus, 1758; <i>studeri </i>Duerst, 1904; <i>suecica </i>Walther, 1809; <i>syenitica </i>Fitzinger, 1855; <i>syriaca </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>tarentina </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>tatarica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>taurica </i>Pallas, 1794; <i>torticornis </i>Reichenbach, 1845; <i>tscherkessica </i>Pallas, 1776; <i>tunetana </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <i>turcica </i>Walther, 1809; <i>ungarica </i>Walther, 1809; <i>zetlandica </i>Fitzinger, 1860; <b><i>arkal</i></b><i> </i>Eversmann, 1850;<i> arkar </i>Brandt, 1852; <i>dolgopolovi </i>Nasonov, 1913;<i> varentsowi </i>Satunin, 1905; <b><i>cycloceros </i></b>Hutton, 1842;<i> arabica </i>Sopin and Harrison, 1986;<i> blanfordi </i>Hume, 1877;<i> bochariensis </i>Nasonov, 1914;<i> punjabiensis </i>Lydekker, 1913;<i> isphahanica Nasonov, 1910; isphaganica Nasonov, 1910 [incorrect original spelling]; laristanica Nasonov, 1909; musimon (Pallas, 1811); corsicosardinensis Kowarzik, 1913; corsica Bourguignat, 1870; europaea Kerr, 1792 [nomen oblitum]; faidherbi Bourguignat, 1870; lartetiana Bourguignat, 1870; matschiei Duerst, 1905; musmon C. H. Smith, 1827; musimon von Schreber, 1782 [unavailable]; occidentalis Brandt and Ratzeburg, 1829; occidentosardinensis Kowarzik, 1913; rouvieri Bourguignat, 1870; sinesella Turcek, 1949; ophion Blyth, 1841; cypria Blasius, 1842; orientalis Gmelin, 1774; anatolica Valenciennes, 1856; armeniana Nasonov, 1919; erskinei Lydekker, 1904; gmelinii Blyth, 1841; typica Lydekker, 1898; urmiana Günther, 1899; vignei Blyth, 1841.</i>","Includes <i>orientalis</i>; see Nadler et al. (1973). Also includes <i>musimon</i> and <i>ophion</i>, introduced in Neolithic to Corsica, Sardinia and Cyprus; see Payne (1968), Vigne (1988), and Hemmer (1990). For correct authorship of <i>musimon</i>, see Uerpmann (1980); Pallas (1811) included the Mouflon of Sardinia and Corsica described by Cetti with the Arkar of Turkmenistan and Iran as syntypes of <i>musimon</i> (Heptner et al., 1961). To avoid <i>musimon </i>being a senior synonym of <i>arkal</i>, the lectotype of <i>musimon </i>must be designated as a Corsican or Sardinian Mouflon. Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of <i>Ovis orientalis </i>as the name for the wild taxon of Red Sheep and asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their fav... [truncated]","42","42-00825","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0825"
"14200826","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","aries","aries","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","70","","","","""Habitat in siccis apricis calidis""; identified as Sweden by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>:153); domesticated stock.","","","","","42","42-00826","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0825-0826"
"14200827","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","aries","arkal","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Eversmann","1850","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00827","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0825-0827"
"14200828","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","aries","cycloceros","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hutton","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00828","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0825-0828"
"14200829","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","aries","isphahanica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nasonov","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00829","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0825-0829"
"14200830","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","aries","laristanica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nasonov","1909","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00830","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0825-0830"
"14200831","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","aries","musimon","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1811","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00831","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0825-0831"
"14200832","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","aries","ophion","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00832","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0825-0832"
"14200833","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","aries","orientalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gmelin","1774","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00833","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0825-0833"
"14200834","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","aries","vignei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1841","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00834","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0825-0834"
"14200835","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","canadensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1804","","Nat. Misc.","51","","text to pl. 610","","","Bighorn Sheep","""the interior parts of Canada""; identified as Canada, Alberta, Mountains on Bow River, near Exshaw (Anderson, 1947:184).","S British Columbia and SW Alberta (Canada) to Coahuila, Chihuahua, Sonora and Baja California (Mexico).","CITES – Appendix II (Mexican population); U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>O. c. californiana </i>in Sierra Nevada, California; Endangered as <i>O. canadensis </i>in peninsular ranges of Calfornia; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>O. c. weemsi</i>; Endangered as <i>O. c. cremnobates</i>; Vulnerable as <i>O. c. mexicana</i>; Lower Risk (cd) as <i>O. c. californiana </i>and <i>O. c. nelsoni</i>; otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>auduboni</i>  Merriam, 1901;<i> cervina</i> Desmarest, 1804;<i> montana </i>von Schreber, 1804;<i> palmeri </i>(Cragin, 1900); <i>pygargus </i>C. H. Smith, 1827;<i> <b>californiana</b> </i>Douglas, 1829; <i>ellioti </i>Kowarzik, 1913 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>samilkameenensis </i>Millais, 1915;<i> sierrae </i>Grinnell, 1912; <b><i>cremnobates</i></b> Elliot, 1904; <b><i>mexicana </i></b>Merriam, 1901;<i> gaillardi </i>Mearns, 1907; <i>sheldoni </i>Merriam, 1916; <i>texianus </i>V. Bailey, 1912;<i> <b>nelsoni </b></i>Merriam, 1897;<i> <b>weemsi</b></i> Goldman, 1937.","For locality where Duncan McGillivray shot the type, see J. A. Allen (1912). Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:218) included <i>nivicola</i>; but see also Korobitsyna et al. (1974) and Corbet and Hill (1991:135). Revised by Cowan (1940) and Wehausen and Ramey (2000). Reviewed by Shackleton (1985, Mammalian Species, 230).","42","42-00835","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0835"
"14200836","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","canadensis","canadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Shaw","1804","","Nat. Misc.","51","","text to pl. 610","","","","""the interior parts of Canada""; identified as Canada, Alberta, Mountains on Bow River, near Exshaw (Anderson, 1947:184).","","","","","42","42-00836","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0835-0836"
"14200837","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","canadensis","californiana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Douglas","1829","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00837","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0835-0837"
"14200838","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","canadensis","cremnobates","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Elliot","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00838","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0835-0838"
"14200839","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","canadensis","mexicana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00839","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0835-0839"
"14200840","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","canadensis","nelsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Merriam","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00840","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0835-0840"
"14200841","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","canadensis","weemsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Goldman","1937","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00841","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0835-0841"
"14200842","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","dalli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1884","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","7","","13","","","Dall's Sheep","USA, Alaska, ""killed by the Indians on some mountains south of Fort Yukon, and on the west bank of the river""; interpreted as ""Mountains west of Fort Reliance, Alaska, on divide between Tanana and Yukon Rivers"" (Miller, 1924:497), or ""Mountains south of Fort Yukon on west bank of Yukon River, Alaska; probably Tanana Hills"" (Miller and Kellog, 1955:823).","Alaska to N British Columbia and W Mackenzie (Canada).","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>kenaiensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1902; <b><i>stonei</i> </b>J. A. Allen, 1897; <i>cowani </i>W. Rothschild, 1907;<i> fannini </i>Hornaday, 1901;<i> liardensis </i>Lydekker, 1898;<i> niger </i>Millais, 1915.","Hybrid zone between Dall's Sheep <i>sensu stricto</i> (<i>dalli</i>)<i> </i>and Stone's Sheep (<i>stonei</i>)<i> </i>(Sheldon, 1919). Revised by Cowan (1940). Reviewed by Bowyer and Leslie (1992, Mammalian Species, 393).","42","42-00842","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0842"
"14200843","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","dalli","dalli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Nelson","1884","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","7","","13","","","","USA, Alaska, ""killed by the Indians on some mountains south of Fort Yukon, and on the west bank of the river""; interpreted as ""Mountains west of Fort Reliance, Alaska, on divide between Tanana and Yukon Rivers"" (Miller, 1924:497), or ""Mountains south of Fort Yukon on west bank of Yukon River, Alaska; probably Tanana Hills"" (Miller and Kellog, 1955:823).","","","","","42","42-00843","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0842-0843"
"14200844","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","dalli","stonei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","J. A. Allen","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00844","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0842-0844"
"14200845","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","nivicola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Eschscholtz","1829","","Zool. Atlas","Part 1","","p. 1, pl. 1","","","Snow Sheep","""den Bergen der Halbinsel Kamtschatka"" (Russia, E Kamchatka).","Russia (Putorana Mtns, NC Siberia; NE Siberia from Lena River east to Chukotka and Kamchatka).","IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>O. n. borealis</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>O. n. nivicola</i>; Lower Risk (lc) as <i>O. n. alleni </i>and<i> O. n. lydekkeri.</i>","<i>storcki</i> J. A. Allen, 1904; <b><i>borealis </i></b>Severtzov, 1872;<i> albula </i>Nasonov, 1923 [unavailable]; <i>alleni </i>Matschie, 1907;<i> lenaensis </i>Kowarzik, 1913 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>lydekkeri </i>Kowarzik, 1913; <i>middendorfi </i>Kowarzik, 1913; <i>obscura </i>Nasonov, 1923 [unavailable]; <i>potanini </i>Nasonov, 1915;<i> <b>kodarensis</b> </i>Medvedev, 1994; <b><i>koriakorum</i> </b>Chernyavskii, 1962.","Corbet (1978<i>c</i>:218) and others included <i>nivicola</i> in <i>canadensis</i>; but see Korobitsyna et al. (1974) and Gromov and Baranova (1981:407). Subspecies reviewed by Heptner et al. (1961) and Valdez (1982) whose synonymy is followed here.","42","42-00845","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0845"
"14200846","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","nivicola","nivicola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Eschscholtz","1829","","Zool. Atlas","Part 1","","p. 1, pl. 1","","","","""den Bergen der Halbinsel Kamtschatka"" (Russia, E Kamchatka).","","","","","42","42-00846","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0845-0846"
"14200847","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","nivicola","borealis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Severtzov","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00847","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0845-0847"
"14200848","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","nivicola","kodarensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Medvedev","1994","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00848","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0845-0848"
"14200849","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Ovis","","nivicola","koriakorum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Chernyavskii","1962","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00849","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0814-0000-0845-0849"
"14200850","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Pantholops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hodgson","1834","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1834","","81","","<i>Antilope hodgsonii</i> Abel, 1826.","","","","","","","42","42-00850","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0850"
"14200851","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Pantholops","","hodgsonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Abel","1826","","Calcutta Gov't Gazette.","68","","234","","","Chiru","China, Tibet, Kooti Pass in Arrun Valley, Tingri Maiden.","China (S Sinkiang, Sichuan, Tibet including Qinghai, Szechwan) and N India (Ladak).","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Endangered. Under severe pressure from hunting.","<i>chiru</i> (Lesson, 1827);<i> kemas</i> (C. H. Smith, 1827).","","42","42-00851","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0850-0000-0851"
"14200852","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Pseudois","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Hodgson","1846","","J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal","15","","343","","<i>Ovis nayaur</i> Hodgson, 1833.","","","","","<i>Pseudovis</i> Gill, 1872.","Revised by Groves (1978<i>c</i>). Reviewed by Wang and Hoffmann (1987).","42","42-00852","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0852"
"14200853","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Pseudois","","nayaur","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Hodgson","1833","","Asiat. Res.","18","2","135","","","Bharal","""The Himálaya""; restricted to ""the Tibetan frontier of Nepal"" (Lydekker, 1913:127).","Bhutan, N Burma (Rabinowitz, 1996), China (Gansu, S Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Sichuan, S Sinkiang, Tibet including Qinghai, and N Yunnan), Himalayas (N India, Nepal, N Pakistan), and SE Tajikistan (Pamir Range).","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>P. n. nayaur </i>and <i>P. n. szechuanensis</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).","<i>barhal</i> (Hodgson, 1846); <i>burrhel </i>(Blyth, 1841);<i> caesia </i>Howell, 1928;<i> nahoor </i>(Hodgson, 1835);<i> nahura </i>(Gray, 1843); <i>szechuanensis</i> W. Rothschild, 1922.","See Wang and Hoffmann (1987, Mammalian Species, 278).","42","42-00853","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0852-0000-0853"
"14200854","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Pseudois","","schaeferi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Haltenorth","1963","","Handb. Zool.","8","32","126","","","Dwarf Bharal","China, ""Obere Jangtse-Talschlucht bei Batang"" (upper Yangtze Gorge, Drupalong, south of Batang).","China (Upper Yangtze Gorge in W Sichuan and adjacent parts of Tibet and N Yunnan).","IUCN – Endangered.","","A separate species according to Groves (1978<i>c</i>:183). See Wang and Hoffmann (1987, Mammalian Species, 278).","42","42-00854","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0852-0000-0854"
"14200855","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Rupicapra","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","de Blainville","1816","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1816","","75","","<i>Capra rupicapra</i> Linnaeus, 1768.","","","","","<i>Rupicapra</i> Frisch, 1775 [unavailable]; <i>Capella</i> Keyserling and Blasius, 1840.","Revised by Lovari and Scala (1980, 1984), Scala and Lovari (1984), and Nascetti et al. (1985).","42","42-00855","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0855"
"14200856","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Rupicapra","","pyrenaica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1845","","Cat. Meth. Mamm. Europe","","","17","","","Pyrenean Chamois","Spain, ""Mont. Pyren."" (Pyrenees).","Appenine Mtns (Italy), Cantabrian Mtns (Spain), and Pyrenees (France and N Spain).","CITES – Appendix I as <i>R. pyrenaica ornata</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>R. rupicapra ornata</i>; IUCN – Endangered as <i>R. p. ornata</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>R. pyrenaica.</i>","<i>parva</i> Cabrera, 1911;<i> <b>ornata </b></i>Neumann, 1899.","Revised by Lovari and Scala (1980) and Scala and Lovari (1984). Regarded as a species distinct from <i>R. rupicapra</i> by Lovari (1985, 1987).","42","42-00856","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0855-0000-0856"
"14200857","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Rupicapra","","pyrenaica","pyrenaica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bonaparte","1845","","Cat. Meth. Mamm. Europe","","","17","","","","Spain, ""Mont. Pyren."" (Pyrenees).","","","","","42","42-00857","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0855-0000-0856-0857"
"14200858","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Rupicapra","","pyrenaica","ornata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1899","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00858","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0855-0000-0856-0858"
"14200859","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Rupicapra","","rupicapra","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","68","","","Alpine Chamois","""Habitat in alpibus Helveticis summis inaccessis"" (Switzerland).","Albania, Alps (of Austria, France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Caucasus Mtns (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia), Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Romania (Carpathians), Slovakia (Tatra Mtns), Slovenia, Turkey, and Serbia and Montenegro; introduced to New Zealand.","IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>R. r. cartusiana</i> and <i>R. r. tatrica</i>, Vulnerable as <i>R. r. caucasica</i>, Data Deficient as <i>R. r. asiatica</i>, Lower Risk (lc) as <i>R. r. balcanica, R. r. carpatica, R. r. rupicapra.</i>","<i>alpina</i> (Sundevall, 1847); <i>capella </i>Bonaparte, 1845;<i> cartusiana </i>Coutourier, 1938;<i> dorcas </i>Schulze, 1807;<i> europea </i>Cornallia, 1871; <i>faesula </i>Miller, 1912;<i> hamulicornis </i>Burnett, 1830;<i> sylvatica </i>(Sundevall, 1847);<i> tragus</i> Gray, 1843; <b><i>asiatica</i> </b>Lydekker, 1908;<b><i> </i></b><i>caucasica</i> Lydekker, 1910;<i> <b>balcanica </b></i>Bolkay, 1925; <i>olympica </i>Koller, 1929;<i> <b>carpatica </b></i>Coutourier, 1938; <b><i>tatrica</i></b><i> </i>Blahout, 1971.","Revised by Hrabe and Koubek (1985), Lovari and Scala (1980, 1984), and Pemberton et al (1989).","42","42-00859","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0855-0000-0859"
"14200860","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Rupicapra","","rupicapra","rupicapra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","68","","","","""Habitat in alpibus Helveticis summis inaccessis"" (Switzerland).","","","","","42","42-00860","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0855-0000-0859-0860"
"14200861","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Rupicapra","","rupicapra","asiatica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00861","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0855-0000-0859-0861"
"14200862","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Rupicapra","","rupicapra","balcanica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bolkay","1925","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00862","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0855-0000-0859-0862"
"14200863","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Rupicapra","","rupicapra","carpatica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Coutourier","1938","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00863","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0855-0000-0859-0863"
"14200864","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Caprinae","","Rupicapra","","rupicapra","tatrica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blahout","1971","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00864","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0752-0000-0855-0000-0859-0864"
"14200865","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1871","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1871","","588","","","","","","","Sylvicaprina Sundevall, 1846.","Reviewed extensively by Wilson (2002), with systematics revised by Grubb and Groves (2002). Jansen van Vuuren and Robinson (2001) studied phylogeny, using evidence from mtDNA. Sylvicaprina as Sylvicaprinae has only been used since 1899 as junior to Cephalophinae so should not replace it (Article 35.5, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).","42","42-00865","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865"
"14200866","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Animal Kingdom","5","","344","","<i>Antilope silvicultrix</i> Afzelius, 1815.","","","","","<i>Cephalolophus</i> Wagner, 1843; <i>Cephalophella </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907;<i> Cephalophia </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907;<i> Cephalophidium </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907; <i>Cephalophops </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907;<i> Cephalophorus </i>Gray, 1842;<i> Cephalophula </i>Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907;<i> Potamotragus </i>Gray, 1871;<i> Terpone </i>Gray, 1871.","Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>) included <i>Sylvicapra</i> but recent authors have not followed this arrangement (Meester et al. 1986; Swanepoel et al. 1980:188). Jansen van Vuuren and Robinson (2001) together with Grubb and Groves (2002) categorized species groups as follows: <i>C.</i> <i>ogilbyi </i>or <i>Cephalophorus </i>group (includes three subgroups: [i] <i>adersi, </i>[ii]<i> leucogaster, natalensis, nigrifrons, rufilatus, </i>[iii]<i> brookei, callipygus, niger, ogilbyi, weynsi</i>);<i> </i>C. <i>silvicultor </i>or nominate <i>Cephalophus </i>group (includes also <i>badius, jentinki, </i>and<i> spadix</i>); and <i>C. zebra </i>or<i> Cephalophula </i>group (monotypic).","42","42-00866","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866"
"14200867","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","adersi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1918","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9","2","","151","","","Aders' Duiker","Tanzania, ""Zanzibar"".","Tanzania (Zanzibar) and Kenya (Sokoke Forest).","IUCN – Endangered.","","Thought possibly to be conspecific with <i>natalensis</i> and/or <i>callipygus</i>; see Ansell (1972:33) but these presumed affinities were not supported by Jansen van Vuuren and Robinson (2001).","42","42-00867","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0867"
"14200868","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","brookei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1903","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7","11","","290","","","Brooke's Duiker","""Fanti[land]"", now identified as Ghana, inland from Cape Coast, probably in Denkara (Grubb et al., 1998).","Sierra Leone, Liberia, W Côte d’Ivoire, W Ghana.","","","Formerly included in <i>C. ogilbyi</i>; restored to species status by Grubb et al. (1998) and Grubb and Groves (2002).","42","42-00868","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0868"
"14200869","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","callipygus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1876","","Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin","1876","","483","","","Peters' Duiker","""Africa occidentalis (Gabun)"" (Gabon, Gabon River).","West of Congo and Ubangi Rivers in S Cameroon, S Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, and Gabon.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","","Thought possibly to be conspecific with <i>natalensis</i> and/or <i>adersi</i> (Ansell 1972:33) but <i>callipygus</i> is not closely related to <i>natalensis</i> (Groves and Grubb, 1974).","42","42-00869","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0869"
"14200870","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","dorsalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","18","","165","","","Bay Duier","""Sierra Leone"".","Disjunct; in rainforest zone; W Africa in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Togo; C Africa in NE Angola, Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, S Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, SE Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Uganda (one record; extinct).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>badius</i> Gray, 1852;<i> breviceps </i>Gray, 1852; <i>typicus </i>Thomas, 1892;<i> <b>castaneus </b></i>Thomas, 1892;<i> kuha </i>Lorenz, 1923;<i> leucochilus </i>Jentink, 1901;<i> orientalis </i>Schwarz, 1914.","Treated as two evolutionary species, <i>C. dorsalis</i> and <i>C. castaneus</i> by Cotterill (2003<i>b</i>).","42","42-00870","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0870"
"14200871","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","dorsalis","dorsalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","18","","165","","","","""Sierra Leone"".","","","","","42","42-00871","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0870-0871"
"14200872","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","dorsalis","castaneus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00872","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0870-0872"
"14200873","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","jentinki","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1892","","417","","","Jentink's Duiker","""Liberia""; since identified as Junk River opposite Schieffelinsville, Sharp-Hill (Kühn, 1965).","W Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Reviewed by Kuhn (1968).","42","42-00873","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0873"
"14200874","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","leucogaster","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1873","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","12","","43","","","White-bellied Duiker","""West Africa, Gaboon"" (Gabon).","Rainforest zone in Cameroon, S Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, Republic of Congo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<b><i>arrhenii</i> </b>Lönnberg, 1917;<i> seke </i>Lorenz, 1924.","<i>Cephalophus castaneus arrhenii </i>Lönnberg, 1917 is based on a skull of <i>C. leucogaster </i>(the lectotype) and a skin of <i>C. badius</i> (Grubb and Groves, 2002)<i>.</i>","42","42-00874","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0874"
"14200875","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","leucogaster","leucogaster","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1873","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","12","","43","","","","""West Africa, Gaboon"" (Gabon).","","","","","42","42-00875","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0874-0875"
"14200876","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","leucogaster","arrhenii","SUBSPECIES","False","<i>Cephalophus castaneus arrhenii</i>","YES","Lönnberg","1917","","","","","","","","","","","","","<i>Cephalophus castaneus arrhenii </i>Lönnberg, 1917 is based on a skull of <i>C. leucogaster </i>(the lectotype) and a skin of <i>C. badius</i> (Grubb and Groves, 2002)<i>.</i>","42","42-00876","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0874-0876"
"14200877","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","natalensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","217","","","Red Duiker","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, ""Port Natal"" (Durban).","E Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, S Somalia, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland, E and S Tanzania, and E Zambia; sight records from E Ethiopia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as <i>C. natalensis </i>and <i>C. harveyi</i>.","<i>amoenus</i> Wroughton, 1911;<i> bradshawi </i>Wroughton, 1911;<i> lebombo </i>Roberts, 1936;<i> robertsi </i>W. Rothschild, 1906;<i> vassei</i> Trouessart, 1906;<i> <b>harveyi</b></i><b> </b>(Thomas, 1893);<i> bottegoi </i>De Beaux, 1924;<i> keniae </i>Lönnberg, 1912.","Ansell (1972:34) included <i>harveyi </i>and <i>weynsi</i>, and placed the extended <i>natalensis </i>with <i>adersi</i> and <i>callipygus</i> in a superspecies; Grubb and Groves (2002) and Van Vuuren and Robinson (2001) regarded <i>natalensis </i>+ <i>harveyi </i>as distinct from <i>callipygus + weynsi</i> (and <i>adersi</i>), and treated<i> harveyi </i>as a subspecies of<i> natalensis, </i>though it was regarded as a species separate from <i>C. natalensis</i> by East et al. (1999), Kingdon (1982:297) and Cotterill (2003<i>b</i>).","42","42-00877","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0877"
"14200878","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","natalensis","natalensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","A. Smith","1834","","S. Afr. Quart. J.","2","","217","","","","South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, ""Port Natal"" (Durban).","","","","","42","42-00878","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0877-0878"
"14200879","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","natalensis","harveyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1893","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00879","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0877-0879"
"14200880","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","niger","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","18","","165","","","Black Duiker","""Guinea"" but apparently Ghana, Shama (see comments).","Rainforest zone, in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria (west of lower Niger River), Sierra Leone, and Togo. No record from Benin.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>pluto</i> (Temminck, 1853).","The type of <i>niger</i> came from the Leiden Museum, one of a series from Chama (= Shama) and Dabocrom, Ghana, including the syntypes of <i>pluto</i>. Only the specimens from Dabocrom were retained in Leiden (Jentink, 1892) so presumably the type is from Shama.","42","42-00880","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0880"
"14200881","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","nigrifrons","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1871","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1871","","598","","","Black-fronted Duiker","""Gaboon"" (Gabon).","Rainforest zone in N Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, S Nigeria, and Republic of Congo; upland forest in Albertine Rift including Ruwenzori Mtns (Burundi, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Uganda), Mt. Elgon (Uganda-Kenya border), Aberdare Range (Kenya), and Mt. Kenya (Kenya).","IUCN – Endangered as <i>C. n. rubidus</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (nt) as <i>C. nigrifrons</i>.","<i>apanbanga</i> Lorenz-Liburnau, 1923;<i> aureus </i>Gray, 1873;<i> claudi </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1907;<i> emini </i>Noack, 1904;<i> lusumbi </i>Lönnberg, 1919;<i> mixtus </i>Lönnberg, 1917; <b><i>fosteri </i></b>St Leger, 1934;<b><i> hooki </i></b>St Leger, 1934; <b><i>hypoxanthus </i></b>Grubb and Groves, 2002;<b><i> kivuensis</i></b><i> </i>Lönnberg, 1919; <b><i>rubidus </i></b>Thomas, 1901.","Treated as at least four evolutionary species (<i>C.</i> <i>nigrifrons, C. fosteri, C. hooki,</i> and<i> C. rubidus</i>) by Cotterill (2003<i>b</i>). <i>Cephalophus rubidus</i> also regarded as a species separate from <i>C. nigrifrons</i> by Kingdon (1982:292) and Jansen van Vuuren and Robinson (2001), but status revised by Grubb and Groves (2002 and in prep.).","42","42-00881","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0881"
"14200882","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","nigrifrons","nigrifrons","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1871","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1871","","598","","","","""Gaboon"" (Gabon).","","","","","42","42-00882","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0881-0882"
"14200883","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","nigrifrons","fosteri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","St. Leger","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00883","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0881-0883"
"14200884","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","nigrifrons","hooki","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","St. Leger","1934","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00884","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0881-0884"
"14200885","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","nigrifrons","hypoxanthus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grubb and Groves","2002","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00885","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0881-0885"
"14200886","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","nigrifrons","kivuensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00886","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0881-0886"
"14200887","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","nigrifrons","rubidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00887","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0881-0887"
"14200888","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","ogilbyi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","60","","","Ogilby's Duiker","Equatorial Guinea, ""Fernando Po"" (= Bioko).","SE Nigeria, S Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>C. ogilbyi </i>and <i>C. o. crusalbum</i>.","<b><i>crusalbum</i> </b>Grubb, 1978.","Treated as two evolutionary species (<i>C. ogilbyi, C. crusalbum</i>) by Cotterill (2003<i>b</i>).","42","42-00888","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0888"
"14200889","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","ogilbyi","ogilbyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1838","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1838","","60","","","","Equatorial Guinea, ""Fernando Po"" (= Bioko).","","","","","42","42-00889","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0888-0889"
"14200890","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","ogilbyi","crusalbum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grubb","1978","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00890","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0888-0890"
"14200891","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","rufilatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","18","","166","","","Red-flanked Duiker","""Sierra Leone, Village of Waterloo"".","Savanna zone in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, NE Dem. Rep. Congo, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, S Mali, S Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, SW Sudan, Togo, and NW Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>cuvieri</i> Fitzinger, 1869;<i> rubidior </i>Thomas and Wroughton, 1907.","Known from a specimen collected by Adanson in Senegal as ""la grimme"" (Buffon, 1764:307, 329), and described as ""<i>Antilope grimmia</i>"" by Desmarest (1816<i>c</i>:191) from Coast of Guinea, based on misidentifications of this species as <i>Sylvicapra grimmia</i> (Linnaeus, 1758).","42","42-00891","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0891"
"14200892","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","silvicultor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Afzelius","1815","","Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsala","7","","265, pl. 8, fig. l","","","Yellow-backed Duiker","""Habitat in montibus Sierrae Leone &amp; regionibus susuensium fluvios Pongas &amp; Quia adjacentibus frequens""; since restricted to Sierra Leone, vicinity of Freetown (Grubb et al., 1998).","Dense vegetation in N Angola, Benin, S Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, Gambia (former occurrence doubtful), Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bisssau, W Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Rwanda (extinct?), S Senegal , Sierra Leone, SW Sudan, Togo, W Uganda, and Zambia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>punctulatus</i> Gray, 1850;<i> sclateri </i>Jentink, 1901; <i>sylvicultor</i> Thomas, 1892; <b><i>curticeps </i></b>Grubb and Groves, 2002;<i> <b>longiceps </b></i>Gray, 1865; <i>ituriensis </i>Rothschild and Neuville, 1907; <i>melanoprymnus </i>Gray, 1871; <i>thomasi</i> Jentink, 1901; <b><i>ruficrista </i></b>Bocage, 1869;<i> coxi </i>Jentink, 1906.","Reviewed by Lumpkin and Kranz (1984, Mammalian Species, 225, as <i>Cephalophus sylvicultor</i>, an incorrect subsequent spelling).","42","42-00892","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0892"
"14200893","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","silvicultor","silvicultor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Afzelius","1815","","Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsala","7","","265, pl. 8, fig. l","","","","""Habitat in montibus Sierrae Leone &amp; regionibus susuensium fluvios Pongas &amp; Quia adjacentibus frequens""; since restricted to Sierra Leone, vicinity of Freetown (Grubb et al., 1998).","","","","","42","42-00893","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0892-0893"
"14200894","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","silvicultor","curticeps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Grubb and Groves","2002","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00894","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0892-0894"
"14200895","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","silvicultor","longiceps","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00895","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0892-0895"
"14200896","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","silvicultor","ruficrista","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1869","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00896","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0892-0896"
"14200897","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","spadix","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1890","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","13","","227","","","Abbott's Duiker","""High altitudes on Mt. Kilima-njaro, frequenting the highest points"" (Tanzania, Mt. Kilimanjaro; at 2400 m according to Grimshaw et al., 1995).","Highlands of NE and C Tanzania.","IUCN – Vulnerable.","","Possibly a subspecies of <i>silvicultor</i> (Haltenorth, 1963:71).","42","42-00897","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0897"
"14200898","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","weynsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mus. Congo Zool.","2","1","15","","","Weyns's Duiker","""district des Stanley-Falls"" (Dem. Rep. Congo, near Stanley Falls).","S Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, W Kenya, Rwanda, S Sudan, and Uganda. Possibly in Omo basin, Ethiopia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>centralis</i> Rothschild and Neuville, 1907;<i> leopoldi</i> Rothschild and Neuville, 1907;<i> <b>johnstoni </b></i>Thomas, 1901;<i> barbertoni </i>Kershaw, 1923;<i> ignifer </i>Thomas, 1903; <i>rutshuricus</i> Lönnberg, 1917; <b><i>lestradei </i></b>Groves and Grubb, 1974.","Formerly included in <i>callipygus</i>, but separate according to Groves and Grubb (1974).","42","42-00898","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0898"
"14200899","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","weynsi","weynsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","Ann. Mus. Congo Zool.","2","1","15","","","","""district des Stanley-Falls"" (Dem. Rep. Congo, near Stanley Falls).","","","","","42","42-00899","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0898-0899"
"14200900","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","weynsi","johnstoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1901","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00900","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0898-0900"
"14200901","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","weynsi","lestradei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves and Grubb","1974","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00901","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0898-0901"
"14200902","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Cephalophus","","zebra","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1838","","Ann. Nat. Hist.","1","","27","","","Zebra Duiker","""Sierra Leone"".","W Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, and W Sierra Leone.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>doria</i> (Ogilby, 1836) [suppressed];<i> doriae </i>Thomas, 1898;<i> zebrata</i> (Robert, 1836) [suppressed].","For synonyms see Ansell (1980) and the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1985<i>a</i>). Reviewed by Kuhn (1966).","42","42-00902","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0866-0000-0902"
"14200903","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Blyth","1840","","<i>In</i> Cuvier's Animal Kingdom","","","140","","<i>Antilope philantomba </i>C. H. Smith, 1827 (= <i>Antilope maxwellii </i>C. H. Smith, 1827).","","","","","<i>Guevei</i> Gray, 1852.","Restored to generic rank (Grubb and Groves, 2002; Grubb et al., 1998; supported by Jansen van Vuuren and Robinson, 2001). For parapatric distribution of species in Nigeria, see Wilson (2002).","42","42-00903","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903"
"14200904","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","maxwellii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Animal Kingdom","4","","267","","","Maxwell's Duiker","""Sierra Leone"".","Forested habitats in Benin, S Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria west of Cross River, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as <i>Cephalophus maxwellii</i>.","<i>frederici</i> (Laurillard, 1842);<i> liberiensis </i>(Hinton, 1920);<i> lowei </i>(Hinton, 1920); <i>philantomba </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> whitfieldi </i>(Gray, 1850); <b><i>danei</i></b><i> </i>(Hinton, 1920).","Included in <i>P. monticola</i> by Haltenorth and Diller (1977:43). Reviewed by Ralls (1973, Mammalian Species, 31).","42","42-00904","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0904"
"14200905","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","maxwellii","maxwellii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Animal Kingdom","4","","267","","","","""Sierra Leone"".","","","","","42","42-00905","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0904-0905"
"14200906","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","maxwellii","danei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Hinton","1920","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00906","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0904-0906"
"14200907","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","monticola","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Thunberg","1789","","Resa uti Europa Africa, Asia...","2","","66","","","Blue Duiker","South Africa, ""Lange Kloof""; since identified as borders of Western and Eastern Cape, Uniondale and Humansdorp Dist., Langkloof, 33°48'S, 23°<sup> </sup>to 24°<sup> </sup>30'E; see Grubb (1999:21).","Forested habitats in N Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko, Mbini), Gabon, W and E Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria east of Cross River, Republic of Congo, South Africa (East Cape Prov., KwaZulu-Natal), S Sudan, Tanzania including Pemba and Zanzibar Isls, Uganda, Zambia, E Zimbabwe. Former or present occurrence in Swaziland uncertain. No record from Lesotho (Lynch, 1994).","CITES – Appendix II as <i>Cephalophus monticola</i>; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as <i>Cepalophus monticola</i>.","<i>caerula</i> (C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> caffer </i>(Fitzinger, 1869);<i> minuta </i>(Forster, 1844); <i>perpusilla </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> pygmea </i>(Schinz, 1821); <b><i>aequatorialis</i></b><i> </i>(Matschie, 1892);<i> aequinoctialis </i>(Lydekker, 1893);<b> </b><i>bakeri </i>(Rothschild and Neuville, 1907);<i> <b>anchietae </b></i>(Bocage, 1879);<b><i> bicolor </i></b>(Gray, 1863);<i> fuscicolor </i>(Blaine, 1922);<i> ruddi </i>(Blaine, 1922);<i> <b>congicus </b></i>(Lönnberg, 1908); <i>schultzei </i>(Schwarz, 1914);<i> <b>defriesi </b></i>(W. Rothschild, 1904);<b><i> </i></b><i>ludlami </i>(Blaine, 1922);<i> <b>hecki </b></i>(Matschie, 1897);<i> nyasae </i>(Thomas, 1902);<i> <b>lugens </b></i>(Thomas, 1898); <i>schusteri</i> (Matschie, 1914);<b><i> melanorheus </i></b>(Gray, 1846);<i> <b>musculoides </b></i>(Heller, 1913); <b><i>simpsoni </i></b>(Thomas, 1910);<i> <b>sundevalli</b></i><b> </b>(Fitzinger, 1869); <i>pembae </i>(Kershaw, 1924).","May include <i>maxwellii</i>; see Haltenorth and Diller (1977:43). Can be partitioned between grey-legged <i>melanorheus</i> division (includes also <i>aequatorialis,</i> <i>congicus, lugens, musculoides, </i>and <i>sundevalli</i>) and red-legged nominate <i>monticola </i>division (includes also <i>anchietae, bicolor, defriesi, hecki, </i>and <i>simpsoni</i>). Cotterill (2003<i>b</i>) recognised <i>pembae </i>and <i>melanorheus</i> as evolutionary species.","42","42-00907","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0907"
"14200908","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","monticola","monticola","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thunberg","1789","","Resa uti Europa Africa, Asia...","2","","66","","","","South Africa, ""Lange Kloof""; since identified as borders of Western and Eastern Cape, Uniondale and Humansdorp Dist., Langkloof, 33°48'S, 23°<sup> </sup>to 24°<sup> </sup>30'E; see Grubb (1999:21).","","","","","42","42-00908","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0907-0908"
"14200909","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","monticola","aequatorialis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00909","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0907-0909"
"14200910","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","monticola","anchietae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Bocage","1879","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00910","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0907-0910"
"14200911","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","monticola","bicolor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00911","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0907-0911"
"14200912","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","monticola","congicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1908","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00912","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0907-0912"
"14200913","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","monticola","defriesi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","W. Rothschild","1904","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00913","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0907-0913"
"14200914","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","monticola","hecki","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00914","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0907-0914"
"14200915","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","monticola","lugens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00915","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0907-0915"
"14200916","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","monticola","melanorheus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00916","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0907-0916"
"14200917","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","monticola","musculoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00917","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0907-0917"
"14200918","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","monticola","simpsoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00918","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0907-0918"
"14200919","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Philantomba","","monticola","sundevalli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1869","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00919","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0903-0000-0907-0919"
"14200920","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Ogilby","1836","1837","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1836","","138","","<i>Antilope mergens</i> Desmarest, 1816 (= <i>Capra grimmia</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Cephalophora</i>  Gray, 1842;<i> Grimmia </i>Laurillard, 1842.","Included in <i>Cephalophus</i> by Haltenorth (1963:71) and Van Gelder (1977<i>b</i>:18); but see Ansell (1978:57), Swanepool et al. (1980:188), and Meester et al. (1986).","42","42-00920","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920"
"14200921","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","grimmia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","70","","","Bush Duiker","""Habitat in Africa""; based on a specimen seen by Grimm in the fort at Cape Town (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>:153) so now known to be South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape Town.","Non-forested habitats in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, N Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, S, E, and N Dem. Rep. Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, S Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, S Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, S Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Republic of Congo, Senegal, N Sierra Leone, S Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>burchellii</i> (C. H. Smith, 1827); <i>cana </i>(Oken, 1816) [unavailable];<i> mergens </i>(Desmarest, 1816);<i> nictitans </i>(Thunberg, 1811);<i> platous </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> ptoox </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> <b>altivallis</b></i><b> </b>Heller, 1912;<i> <b>caffra</b> </i>Fitzinger, 1869;<i> irrorata </i>(Gray, 1871);<i> noomei </i>Roberts, 1926; <i>transvaalensis </i>Roberts, 1926;<i> <b>campbelliae</b> </i>(Gray, 1843);<i> roosevelti </i>Heller, 1912;<i> <b>coronata </b></i>(Gray, 1842);<i> <b>hindei</b> </i>(Wroughton, 1910);<i> <b>lobeliarum </b></i>Lönnberg, 1919;<i> <b>madoqua</b> </i>(Rüppell, 1836);<i> abyssinica </i>(Thomas, 1892);<i> <b>nyansae</b> </i>Neumann, 1905;<i> lutea </i>(Dollman, 1914); <b><i>orbicularis</i></b><i> </i>(Peters, 1852); <i>altifrons </i>(Peters, 1852);<i> deserti </i>Heller, 1913; <i>ocularis </i>(Peters, 1852);<i> shirensis </i>(Wroughton, 1910);<i> walkeri </i>(Thomas, 1906); <b><i>pallidior </i></b>Schwarz, 1914;<i> platyotis </i>(Lesson, 1836); <b><i>splendidula</i></b><i> </i>(Gray, 1891);<i> flavescens </i>(Lorenz, 1894);<i> leucoprosopus </i>(Neumann, 1899);<i> uvirensis </i>Lönnberg, 1919;<i> <b>steinhardti</b> </i>Zukowsky, 1924;<i> bradfieldi </i>Roberts, 1926;<b><i> </i></b><i>cunenensis </i>Zukowsky, 1924;<i> omurambae </i>Zukowsky, 1924;<i> ugabensis </i>Zukowsky, 1924;<i> vernayi </i>Hill, 1926.","","42","42-00921","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920-0000-0921"
"14200922","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","grimmia","grimmia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","70","","","","""Habitat in Africa""; based on a specimen seen by Grimm in the fort at Cape Town (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>:153) so now known to be South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape Town.","","","","","42","42-00922","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920-0000-0921-0922"
"14200923","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","grimmia","altivallis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1912","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00923","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920-0000-0921-0923"
"14200924","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","grimmia","caffra","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1869","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00924","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920-0000-0921-0924"
"14200925","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","grimmia","campbelliae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1843","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00925","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920-0000-0921-0925"
"14200926","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","grimmia","coronata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00926","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920-0000-0921-0926"
"14200927","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","grimmia","hindei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Wroughton","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00927","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920-0000-0921-0927"
"14200928","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","grimmia","lobeliarum","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1919","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00928","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920-0000-0921-0928"
"14200929","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","grimmia","madoqua","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1836","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00929","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920-0000-0921-0929"
"14200930","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","grimmia","nyansae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00930","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920-0000-0921-0930"
"14200931","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","grimmia","orbicularis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Peters","1852","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00931","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920-0000-0921-0931"
"14200932","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","grimmia","pallidior","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00932","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920-0000-0921-0932"
"14200933","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","grimmia","splendidula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1891","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00933","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920-0000-0921-0933"
"14200934","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Cephalophinae","","Sylvicapra","","grimmia","steinhardti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Zukowsky","1924","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00934","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0865-0000-0920-0000-0921-0934"
"14200935","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Sundevall","1845","","Öfversigt. Kongl.-Vetensk. Akad. Förhand.","1845","parts 2 and 3","31","","","","","","","Adacina Pilgrim, 1939; Oryginae Brooke, 1876.","Until the availability of <i>Hippotragus</i> Sundevall, 1845 was restored, the available name was Hippotraginae Sundevall, 1845 <i>in </i>Retzius and Lovén, Archiv. Skand. Bietr. Naturgesch., Greifswald, 1:445. Cladistic relations of genera: (<i>Hippotragus</i>)(<i>Oryx, Addax</i>)<i> </i>(Hassanin and Douzery, 1999<i>a</i>; Vrba and Gatesy, 1994).","42","42-00935","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935"
"14200936","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Addax","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Laurillard","1841","","<i>In</i> d'Orbigny, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat.","I","","619","","<i>Antelope suturosa </i>Otto, 1825 (= <i>Cerophorus nasomaculatus</i> de Blainville, 1816).","","","","","<i>Addax</i>  Rafinesque, 1815 [<i>nomen nudum</i>].","","42","42-00936","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0936"
"14200937","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Addax","","nasomaculatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","de Blainville","1816","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1816","","75","","","Addax","No locality given. Here selected as the Tunisian Sahara.","Extinct in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, and probably Sudan. Vagrants still enter Algeria and Sudan. Survives in Chad, N Mali, Mauritania, and Niger.","Nearly extinct in wild (East, 1990). CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Proposed Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","<i>addax</i> (Cretzschmar, 1826);<i> gibbosa </i>(Savi, 1828);<i> mytilopes </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> suturosa </i>(Otto, 1825).","The syntypes were observed by de Blainville in Bullock's Pantherion or Museum and the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, both in London, UK. C. H. Smith (1827) suggested the specimens came from Guinea or Western Africa; Lydekker (1914<i>b</i>:148) stated that the type locality was probably Senegambia. These authors provided no evidence to support their conclusions and from the discussion in Sclater and Thomas (1898), it seems more probable that British hunters or collectors obtained Addax from the Tunisian Sahara, to which the type locality is here restricted.","42","42-00937","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0936-0000-0937"
"14200938","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Hippotragus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Sundevall","1845","","Öfversigt. Kongl.-Vetensk. Akad. Förhand.","1845","parts 2 and 3","31","","<i>Antilope equina </i>É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803.","","","","","<i>Aegocera</i> Berthold, 1827 [suppressed]; <i>Aegocoerus </i>Gervais, 1859; <i>Aigererus </i>Harris, 1838 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>]; <i>Aigocerus </i>C. H. Smith, 1827 [suppressed]; <i>Egocerus </i>Desmarest, 1822 [suppressed];<i> Oegocerus </i>Lesson, 1842 [suppressed]; <i>Ozanna </i>Reichenbach, 1845 [suppressed].","<i>Hippotragus</i>is usually quoted from Sundevall, 1846, K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockholm, for 1844, p. 196. The earlier name, cited above, was declared to be unavailable, and while it remained unavailable, <i>Hippotragus</i> Sundevall, 1845 (<i>in </i>Retzius and Lovén, Archiv. Skand. Beitr. Naturgesch., Griefswald, 1:445) was the available name. Grubb (2001<i>c</i>) applied to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to conserve <i>Hippotragus </i>Sundevall, 1845, and this action has now been taken (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003<i>c</i>). Sister species in the genus are said to be <i>leucophaeus</i> and <i>niger </i>(Groves and Westwood, 1995), <i>equinus</i> and <i>niger</i> (Robinson et al., 1996), or <i>equinus</i> and <i>leucophaeus</i> (Vrba and Gatesy, 1994).","42","42-00938","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0938"
"14200939","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Hippotragus","","equinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nation. Hist. Nat.","","","259","","","Roan Antelope","""Inconnue""; now thought to be South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Plettenberg Bay (Grubb, 1999).","Savanna woodland in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi (extinct), N Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, N and S Dem. Rep. Congo, N Eritrea (extinct?), W Ethiopia, Gambia (extinct), Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, S Mali, S Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, S Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, E South Africa, Swaziland (extinct, reintroduced), Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. No evidence of occurrence in Sierra Leone (Grubb et al., 1998).","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>aethiopica</i> (Schinz, 1821);<i> aurita </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> barbata </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> jubata </i>(Goldfuss, 1824);<i> truteri </i>(J. B. Fischer, 1829); <i>typicus </i>Sclater and Thomas, 1899; <b><i>bakeri </i></b>Heuglin, 1863;<i> dogetti</i> de Beaux, 1921;<i> <b>cottoni</b> </i>Dollman and Burlace, 1928;<i> <b>koba </b></i>(Gray, 1872);<i> docoi </i>(Gray, 1872);<i> gambianus </i>P. L. Sclater and Thomas, 1899;<i> <b>langheldi </b></i>Matschie, 1898;<i> rufopallidus </i>Neumann, 1899;<i> <b>scharicus</b> </i>(Schwarz, 1913).","For dating the name to É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 see Grubb (2001<i>a</i>) and Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002<i>b</i>). The type locality was selected as South Africa, Northern Cape, Lataku (= Kuruman) by Harper (1940), but there is evidence to show that the holotype was collected much farther south where the species no longer occurs, at Plettenberg Bay (Grubb, 1999). Subspecific systematics follows Ansell (1972:46).","42","42-00939","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0938-0000-0939"
"14200940","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Hippotragus","","equinus","equinus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","1803","","Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nation. Hist. Nat.","","","259","","","","""Inconnue""; now thought to be South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Plettenberg Bay (Grubb, 1999).","","","","","42","42-00940","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0938-0000-0939-0940"
"14200941","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Hippotragus","","equinus","bakeri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heuglin","1863","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00941","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0938-0000-0939-0941"
"14200942","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Hippotragus","","equinus","cottoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dollman and Burlace","1928","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00942","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0938-0000-0939-0942"
"14200943","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Hippotragus","","equinus","koba","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1872","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00943","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0938-0000-0939-0943"
"14200944","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Hippotragus","","equinus","langheldi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1898","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00944","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0938-0000-0939-0944"
"14200945","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Hippotragus","","equinus","scharicus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00945","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0938-0000-0939-0945"
"14200946","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Hippotragus","","leucophaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1766","","Misc. Zool.","","","4","","","Blaaubok","""Promontoriae bonae Spei missas""; since restricted to South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Swellendam Dist.","South Africa (Western Cape); extirpated about 1799.","IUCN – Extinct.","<i>capensis</i> (P.L.S. Müller, 1776);<i> glauca</i> (Oken, 1816) [unavailable].","Reviewed by Groves and Westwood (1995), Klein (1974), Mohr (1967), and Rookmaaker (1992).","42","42-00946","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0938-0000-0946"
"14200947","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Hippotragus","","niger","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Harris","1838","","Athenaeum","535","","71","","","Sable Antelope","""The great mountain range in the county of Mataveld"", and ""On the northern side of the Cashan range of mountiains, about a degree and a half south of the tropic of Capricorn"", since specified as South Africa, North West Prov., Krugersdorp and Rustenburg, Magaliesberg (Grubb, 1999).","Savanna woodland in Africa; giant sable (<i>variani</i>)<i> </i>in C Angola (between Cuanza and Loando Rs.); other subspecies in E Angola, N Botswana, S Dem. Rep. Congo, SE Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip), NE South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.","CITES – Appendix I as <i>H. niger variani</i>; U.S. ESA – Endangered as <i>H</i>. <i>n</i>. <i>variani</i>; IUCN – Critically Endangered as <i>H. n. variani</i>, otherwise Lower Risk (cd).","<i>harrisi</i> (Harris, 1839);<i> kaufmanni </i>Matschie, 1912;<b><i> </i></b><i>kirkii<b> </b></i>(Gray, 1872);<b><i> anselli </i></b>Groves, 1983;<b><i> roosevelti </i></b>(Heller, 1910);<b><i> variani </i></b>Thomas, 1916.","Includes <i>variani</i>; see Ansell (1972:47). Original publication usually assumed to be Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838:2 (publ. July, 1838), but McAllan and Bruce (1989) showed that an earlier publication is The Athenaeum (publ. 27 Jan., 1838). Subspecific synonymy follows Ansell (1972:47). In phylogeographic studies, Matthee and Robinson (1999) distinguishsed <i>niger, kirkii</i> and <i>variani</i> from ""<i>roosevelti</i>"", and Pitra et al. (2002) recognised clade I (""<i>roosevelti</i>""<i> </i>of Matthee and Robinson, in W Tanzania and merged with clade II), ""pure"" clade II (<i>niger</i> including <i>kirkii</i>) and clade III (<i>roosevelti</i>). Cotterill (2003<i>a</i>) treated <i>anselli </i>(mtDNA not studied) as specifically distinct from <i>niger</i>.","42","42-00947","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0938-0000-0947"
"14200948","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Hippotragus","","niger","niger","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Harris","1838","","Athenaeum","535","","71","","","","""The great mountain range in the county of Mataveld"", and ""On the northern side of the Cashan range of mountiains, about a degree and a half south of the tropic of Capricorn"", since specified as South Africa, North West Prov., Krugersdorp and Rustenburg, Magaliesberg (Grubb, 1999).","","","","","42","42-00948","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0938-0000-0947-0948"
"14200949","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Hippotragus","","niger","anselli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Groves","1983","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00949","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0938-0000-0947-0949"
"14200950","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Hippotragus","","niger","roosevelti","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00950","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0938-0000-0947-0950"
"14200951","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Hippotragus","","niger","variani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1916","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00951","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0938-0000-0947-0951"
"14200952","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Oryx","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","de Blainville","1816","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1816","","75","","<i>Antilope oryx</i> Pallas, 1777 (= <i>Capra gazella</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Aegoryx</i> Pocock, 1918; <i>Onyx </i>Gray, 1821.","","42","42-00952","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0952"
"14200953","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Oryx","","beisa","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1835","","Neue Wirbelthiere z. d. Fauna Abyssinien gehörig, Säugeth.","","","p. 14, pl. 5","","","Beisa","Eritrea, ""in den Niederungen der Küstenlandschaft bei Massaua"" (Red Sea coast west of Massawa).","Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, NE and SE Sudan, NE Uganda (extinct?), and NE Tanzania.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as <i>O. gazella beisa</i>.","<i>annectens</i> Hollister, 1910;<i> gallarum </i>Neumann, 1902;<i> subcallotis </i>W. Rothschild, 1921; <b><i>callotis</i></b><i> </i>Thomas, 1892.","Included in <i>gazella</i> by Ansell (1972:49), whose subspecific synonymy is otherwise followed here. Restored to species status by East et al. (1999), Grubb (2000<i>b</i>), and Kingdon (1997).","42","42-00953","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0952-0000-0953"
"14200954","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Oryx","","beisa","beisa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1835","","Neue Wirbelthiere z. d. Fauna Abyssinien gehörig, Säugeth.","","","p. 14, pl. 5","","","","Eritrea, ""in den Niederungen der Küstenlandschaft bei Massaua"" (Red Sea coast west of Massawa).","","","","","42","42-00954","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0952-0000-0953-0954"
"14200955","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Oryx","","beisa","callotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1892","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00955","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0952-0000-0953-0955"
"14200956","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Oryx","","dammah","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Cretzschmar","1827","","<i>In</i> Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nördl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.","1","","22","","","Scimitar-horned Oryx","Sudan, Northern Kordofan Prov., ""bewohnen die grossen Steppen von Haraza [vicinity of Jebel Haraza]"".","Extinct in Algeria, N Burkina Faso, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, N Nigeria, N Senegal, Sudan, and Tunisia. Probably last occurred in the wild in the 1980s in Chad (East et al., 1999). Survives as captive populations.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Proposed Endangered; IUCN – Extinct in the Wild.","<i>algazel</i> (Oken, 1816) [unavailable];<i> bezoastica </i>C. H. Smith, 1827; <i>ensicornis </i>(Wagner, 1844);<i> nubica </i>(Wagner, 1855);<i> senegalensis </i>(Wagner, 1855);<i> tao</i> (C. H. Smith, 1827).","Year of publication is 1827, not 1826, according to J. E. Hill (ms notes based on Anon., 1829:1291-1292). Includes <i>tao</i> (Ansell, 1972:48). The name <i>algazel</i> Oken, 1816, was declared invalid by Opinion 417 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1956<i>b</i>).","42","42-00956","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0952-0000-0956"
"14200957","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Oryx","","gazella","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","69","","","Gemsbok","""India""; understood to be South Africa (Thomas, 1911<i>a</i>:152).","SW Angola (extinct?), Botswana, Namibia, N South Africa, and W Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>aschenborni</i> Strand, 1924;<i> bezoartica </i>(Pallas, 1766);<i> blainei </i>W. Rothschild, 1921; <i>capensis </i>Ogilby, 1837; <i>onyx </i>Gray, 1821; <i>oryx </i>(Pallas, 1777); <i>pasan</i> (Daudin, 1802);<i> recticornis </i>(Erxleben, 1777).","","42","42-00957","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0952-0000-0957"
"14200958","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Hippotraginae","","Oryx","","leucoryx","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1777","","Spicil. Zool.","12","","17","","","Arabian Oryx","""Arabiae et forte Lybiae proprium animal""; restricted to Arabia (Lydekker, 1914<i>b</i>:130).","Extinct in Egypt (Sinai Peninsula), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Maintained in captivity; Middle Eastern breeding stock in Bahrain, Israel, Leban, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and United Arab Emirates. Recently reintroduced to the wild in Oman and Saudi Arabia.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>asiatica</i> (Wagner, 1855);<i> beatrix </i>Gray, 1857;<i> latipes</i> Pocock, 1934;<i> leucorix </i>Link, 1795; <i>oryx </i>(Oken, 1816) [unavailable]; <i>pallasii</i> Fitzinger, 1869.","Included in <i>O</i>. <i>gazella</i> by Haltenorth (1963:88). Status reviewed in Mallon and Kingswood (2001).","42","42-00958","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0935-0000-0952-0000-0958"
"14200959","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","","","","","SUBFAMILY","False","","YES","Knottnerus-Meyer","1907","","Arch. Naturgesch.","73","","39","","","","","","","Adenotinae Blyth, 1863 [<i>nomen oblitum</i> ]; Cervicaprinae Brooke, 1876 [invalid]; Eleotragidae Gray, 1872 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>]; Kobinae Roosevelt and Heller, 1914; Peleini Gray, 1872.","Recent work has suggested that <i>Pelea</i> should be included in the Reduncinae (Gatesy et al., 1997; Hassanin and Douzery, 1999<i>a</i>; Vrba and Schaller, 2000) although <i>Pelea</i> is strongly differentiated from <i>Kobus </i>and <i>Redunca</i> in morphology. Peleinae has priority over Reduncinae but its seniority is not recognised here: inclusion of <i>Pelea </i>in Reduncinae is provisional, Reduncinae is a much more familiar and widely used name, and a proposal will be made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for the conservation of Reduncinae. Reduncini includes <i>Kobus </i>and <i>Redunca</i>; Peleini includes <i>Pelea.</i>","42","42-00959","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959"
"14200960","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","A. Smith","1840","","Illustr. Zool. S. Afr. Mamm.","Part 12","","pl. 28 plus text","","<i>Antilope ellipsiprymnus</i> Ogilby, 1833.","","","","","<i>Adenota<b> </b></i> Gray, 1847;<i> Cobus </i>Buckley, 1876;<i> Hydrotragus </i>Fitzinger, 1866;<i> Kolus</i> Gray, 1843;<i> Onotragus </i>Gray, 1872;<i> Onototragus </i>Heller, 1913; <i>Pseudokobus </i>Fitzinger, 1869; <i>Robus </i>Zittel, 1893.","Includes <i>Adenota</i> and <i>Onotragus</i>; see Ansell (1972:40). Species groups are <i>K. kob </i>or <i>Adenota</i> group (includes also<i> K. vardonii, </i>forming a superspecies), <i>K.</i> <i>leche</i> or <i>Hydrotragus</i> group (includes also<i> K. megaceros</i>), and<i> K. ellipsiprymnus</i> or nominate <i>Kobus </i>group (Ansell, 1972).<i> </i>The most parsimonious tree based on morphological characters is (<i>K. vardonii</i>) ((<i>K. kob</i>) ((<i>K. leche, K. megaceros</i>) (<i>K. ellipsprymnus</i>))) with <i>kob </i>group paraphyletic (Vrba et al., 1994). Phylogeny inferred from mtDNA is (<i>K. leche, K. megaceros</i>) ((<i>K. kob, K. vardonii</i>) (<i>K. ellipsprymnus</i>))<i> </i>(Birungi and Arctander, 2001), with species groups monophyletic.","42","42-00960","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960"
"14200961","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","ellipsiprymnus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1833","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1833","","47","","","Waterbuck","""about twenty-five days' journey north of the Orange River between Latakoo and the western coast of Africa"". Since restricted to Botswana, Gaborone, the top reaches of the Notwani River; see Smithers (1971:233) and Grubb (1999:25-26).","Mesic non-forested habitats in Angola, Benin, N and EC Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, N Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, N and S Dem. Rep. Congo, N Eritrea, Ethiopia, S Gabon, Gambia (extinct), Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, S Mali, S Mauritania, Mozambique, NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip), S Niger, Nigeria, S Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, E South Africa, Swaziland, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as <i>K. ellipsiprymnus</i> and subspecifically as <i>K. e. defassa </i>and <i>K. e. ellipsiprymnus</i>.","<i>ellipsiprymnos</i> (Sundevall, 1846); <b><i>adolfifriderici</i> </b>Matschie, 1910; <i>fulvifrons </i>Matschie, 1910;<i> nzoiae </i>Matschie, 1910;<i> raineyi </i>Heller, 1913; <b><i>annectens</i></b><i> </i>Schwarz, 1913;<i> schubotzi </i>Schwarz, 1913; <b><i>crawshayi </i></b>(P.L. Sclater, 1894);<i> frommi </i>Matschie, 1911;<i> muenzneri </i>Matschie, 1911;<i> uwendensis</i> Matschie, 1911; <b><i>defassa </i></b>(Rüppell, 1835);<i> abyssinica </i>(Wagner, 1855);<i> hawashensis </i>Matschie, 1910;<i> matschiei </i>Neumann, 1905;<i> singsing </i>Gray, 1843; <b><i>harnieri</i></b><i> </i>(Murie, 1867);<i> albertensis </i>Matschie, 1910;<i> avellanifrons </i>Matschie, 1910;<i> breviceps </i>Matschie, 1910;<i> cottoni </i>Matschie, 1910;<i> dianae </i>Matschie, 1910;<i> griseotinctus </i>Matschie, 1910;<i> ladoensis </i>Matschie, 1910;<i> ugandae </i>Neumann, 1905; <b><i>kondensis</i></b><i> </i>Matschie, 1911;<i> kulu </i>Matschie, 1911;<i> lipuwa </i>Matschie, 1911; <b><i>pallidus </i></b>Matschie, 1910; <b><i>penricei</i></b><i> </i>(W. Rothschild, 1895); <b><i>thikae</i></b><i> </i>Matschie, 1910,<i> canescens </i>Lönnberg, 1912;<i> kuru </i>Heller, 1913; <b><i>tjaederi</i></b><i> </i>(Lönnberg, 1907);<i> angusticeps </i>Matschie, 1910;<i> powelli </i>Matschie, 1910; <b><i>tschadensis</i></b><i> </i>Schwarz, 1913;<i> <b>unctuosus </b></i>(Laurillard, 1842); <i>senegalensis </i>(Wagner, 1855);<i> togoensis </i>Schwarz, 1914.","Reviewed by Ansell (1972:42); <i>ellipsiprymnus</i> division (includes also <i>kondensis, pallidus </i>and <i>thikae</i>) and <i>defassa </i>division (includes all other nominal subspecies) formerly regarded as species; they hybridize along a zone of contact (G. Peters, 1986) and differ in their centric fusion polymorphisms and structure of the Y chromosome (Kingswood et al, 1998<i>b</i>). Cotterill (2003<i>a</i>) treated <i>crawshayi</i> as a species.","42","42-00961","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0961"
"14200962","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","ellipsiprymnus","ellipsiprymnus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ogilby","1833","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1833","","47","","","","""about twenty-five days' journey north of the Orange River between Latakoo and the western coast of Africa"". Since restricted to Botswana, Gaborone, the top reaches of the Notwani River; see Smithers (1971:233) and Grubb (1999:25-26).","","","","","42","42-00962","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0961-0962"
"14200963","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","ellipsiprymnus","adolfifriderici","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00963","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0961-0963"
"14200964","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","ellipsiprymnus","annectens","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00964","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0961-0964"
"14200965","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","ellipsiprymnus","crawshayi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","P. L. Sclater","1894","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00965","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0961-0965"
"14200966","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","ellipsiprymnus","defassa","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1835","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00966","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0961-0966"
"14200967","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","ellipsiprymnus","harnieri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Murie","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00967","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0961-0967"
"14200968","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","ellipsiprymnus","kondensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1911","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00968","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0961-0968"
"14200969","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","ellipsiprymnus","pallidus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00969","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0961-0969"
"14200970","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","ellipsiprymnus","penricei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","W. Rothschild","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00970","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0961-0970"
"14200971","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","ellipsiprymnus","thikae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Matschie","1910","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00971","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0961-0971"
"14200972","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","ellipsiprymnus","tjaederi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00972","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0961-0972"
"14200973","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","ellipsiprymnus","tschadensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00973","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0961-0973"
"14200974","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","ellipsiprymnus","unctuosus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Laurillard","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00974","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0961-0974"
"14200975","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","kob","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","293","","","Kob","""Senegal"".","Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, N Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia (Gambela Salient only), Gambia (extinct), Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, W Kenya (extinct), S Mali, S Mauritania, S Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone (extinct), Sudan, NW Tanzania (extinct), Togo, and Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as <i>K. kob </i>and subspecifically as <i>K. k. kob </i>and <i>K. k. thomasi</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>K. k. leucotis</i>.","<i>adansoni</i> A. Smith, 1840;<i> adenota </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> annulipes </i>(Gray, 1842);<i> buffonii </i>(Fitzinger, 1869); <i>forfex </i>(C. H. Smith, 1827);<i> fraseri </i>(Fitzinger, 1869);<i> loderi </i>(Lydekker, 1900); <i>nigricans </i>(Lydekker, 1899); <i>typicus </i>(Ward, 1910); <b><i>adolfi</i></b><i> </i>Lydekker and Blaine, 1914; <i>adolfifriderici</i> (Schwarz, 1913) [preoccupied]; <b><i>bahrkeetae</i></b><i> </i>(Schwarz, 1913);<i> <b>leucotis </b></i>(Lichtenstein and Peters, 1853);<i> kul </i>(Heuglin, 1863); <i>nigroscapulatus </i>(Matschie, 1899); <i>notatus</i> (W.Rothschild, 1913);<i> vaughani </i>(Lydekker, 1906); <i>wuil </i>(Heuglin, 1863);<i> <b>pousarguesi</b></i> (Neumann, 1905);<i> <b>riparia </b></i>(Schwarz, 1914);<i> <b>thomasi</b> </i>(P.L. Sclater, 1896);<b><i> </i></b><i>alurae </i>Heller, 1913;<i> neumanni </i>(W. Rothschild, 1913);<i> <b>ubangiensis</b> </i>(Schwarz, 1913).","","42","42-00975","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0975"
"14200976","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","kob","kob","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Erxleben","1777","","Syst. Regni Anim.","1","","293","","","","""Senegal"".","","","","","42","42-00976","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0975-0976"
"14200977","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","kob","adolfi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker and Blaine","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00977","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0975-0977"
"14200978","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","kob","bahrkeetae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00978","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0975-0978"
"14200979","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","kob","leucotis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lichtenstein and Peters","1853","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00979","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0975-0979"
"14200980","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","kob","pousarguesi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Neumann","1905","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00980","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0975-0980"
"14200981","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","kob","riparia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1914","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00981","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0975-0981"
"14200982","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","kob","thomasi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","P. L. Sclater","1896","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00982","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0975-0982"
"14200983","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","kob","ubangiensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00983","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0975-0983"
"14200984","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","leche","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1850","","Gleanings, Knowsley Menagerie","2","","23","","","Lechwe","""Banks of the river Zoaga, lat. 21°""; since identified as Botswana, Botletle River, near Lake Ngami (Smithers, 1971:233).","SE Angola, N Botswana, SE Dem. Rep. Congo, NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip), and Zambia.","CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Extinct as <i>K. l. robertsi</i>, Vulnerable as <i>K. l. kafuensis </i>and <i>K. l. smithemani</i>, Lower Risk (cd) as <i>K. l. leche</i>.","<i>amboellensis</i> (Sokolowsky, 1903);<i> lechee </i>(Gray, 1852);<i> leechi </i>(Buckley, 1876); <i>lechwe </i>(W. Rothschild, 1907); <i>notatus</i> (Matschie, 1912); <b><i>kafuensis </i></b>Haltenorth, 1963;<i> grandicornis </i>Ansell, 1964; <b><i>robertsi </i></b>(W. Rothschild, 1907); <b><i>smithemani</i> </b>(Lydekker, 1900).","Revised by Ansell and Banfield (1979). Consists of four evolutionary species according to Cotterill (2003<i>a</i>), namely <i>K. leche, K. kafuensis, K. robertsi</i>, and <i>K.</i> <i>smithemani</i>.","42","42-00984","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0984"
"14200985","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","leche","leche","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1850","","Gleanings, Knowsley Menagerie","2","","23","","","","""Banks of the river Zoaga, lat. 21°""; since identified as Botswana, Botletle River, near Lake Ngami (Smithers, 1971:233).","","","","","42","42-00985","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0984-0985"
"14200986","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","leche","kafuensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Haltenorth","1963","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00986","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0984-0986"
"14200987","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","leche","robertsi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","W. Rothschild","1907","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00987","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0984-0987"
"14200988","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","leche","smithemani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lydekker","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00988","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0984-0988"
"14200989","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","megaceros","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1855","","Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien","17","","247","","","Nile Lechwe","Sudan, Upper Nile Prov., ""Bahr el abiad"" or according to the collector, von Heuglin (Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Germ. Nat. Curios., Abhand. 30, part 2, p. 14 [1863]), ""am Sobat, Bhar ghasál und untern Kir"" (Bahr el Abiad or White Nile, Bahr el Ghazal, Kir River or lower Bahr el Jebel, and Sobat River); restricted to ""Mouth of the Bahr el Ghazal at its junction with the White Nile"" (Roosevelt and Heller, 1914:519).","S Sudan, W Ethiopia.","IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>maria</i> Gray, 1859.","","42","42-00989","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0989"
"14200990","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","vardonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Livingstone","1857","","Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa","","","256","","","Puku","""Thirty or forty miles above Libonta""; since identified as Zambia, Barotseland, Chobe Valley, near Libonda at 40°0'S, 23°15'E.","NE Angola, N Botswana, S Dem. Rep. Congo, Malawi, NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip), S Tanzania, Zambia, and N Zimbabwe (vagrant).","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>typicus</i> (Selous, 1899); <b><i>senganus</i></b><i> </i>(P.L. Sclater and Thomas, 1897).","Included in <i>kob</i> by Haltenorth (1963:92) but Ansell (1972:40), whose subspecies are followed here, treated <i>kob </i>and <i>vardoni </i>as separate species in a superspecies. Cotterill (2003<i>a</i>) treated <i>senganus</i> as an evolutionary species.","42","42-00990","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0990"
"14200991","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","vardonii","vardonii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Livingstone","1857","","Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa","","","256","","","","""Thirty or forty miles above Libonta""; since identified as Zambia, Barotseland, Chobe Valley, near Libonda at 40°0'S, 23°15'E.","","","","","42","42-00991","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0990-0991"
"14200992","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Kobus","","vardonii","senganus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","P. L. Sclater and Thomas","1897","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00992","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0960-0000-0990-0992"
"14200993","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Pelea","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1850","1851","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1850","","126","","<i>Antilopa</i> (sic) <i>capreolus</i> Forster, 1790.","","","","","<i>Antilopa</i> Forster, 1790 [<i>nomen oblitum</i>].","","42","42-00993","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0993"
"14200994","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Pelea","","capreolus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Forster","1790","","<i>In</i> Levaillant, Erste Reise Afrika","","","71","","","Vaal Rhebok","""Ouwe-hoeck"", now specified as South Africa, Western Cape, Caledon, Houhoek Pass; see Skead (1973:79).","Lesotho, South Africa, and Swaziland.","IUCN – Least Concern.","<i>lanata</i> (Desmoulins, 1822);<i> villosa </i>(Burchell, 1823).","","42","42-00994","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0993-0000-0994"
"14200995","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Redunca","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","C. H. Smith","1827","","<i>In</i> Griffith et al., Animal Kingdom","5","","337","","<i>Antilope redunca</i> Pallas, 1767.","","","","","<i>Cervicapra</i>  de Blainville, 1816;<i> Eleotragus </i>Gray, 1843;<i> Heleotragus </i>Kirk, 1865; <i>Nagor </i>Laurillard, 1842; <i>Oreodorcas </i>Heller, 1912.","Phylogeny inferred from morphology (Vrba et al., 1994) or mtDNA (Birungi and Arctander, 2001) is (<i>R. fulvorufula</i>) (<i>R. redunca, R. arundinum</i>)<i>.</i>","42","42-00995","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0995"
"14200996","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Redunca","","arundinum","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Boddaert","1785","","Elench. Anim.","1","","141","","","Southern Reedbuck","""Habitat ad Cap. Bn. Sp."" (Cape of Good Hope); since selected as South Africa, Free State, Bethulie, based on known collecting localities of syntypes (Grubb, 1999:25).","Angola, N and E Botswana, S Gabon, S Dem. Rep. Congo, Lesotho (vagrant), Malawi, Mozambique, N Namibia, S Republic of Congo, E South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>algoensis</i> Fitzinger, 1869;<i> arundinacea </i>(Bechstein, 1799); <i>caffra </i>Fitzinger, 1869;<i> cinerea </i>(Bechstein, 1800); <i>coerulescens </i>(Link, 1795) [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; <i>eleotragus </i>(von Schreber, 1787);<i> isabellina </i>(Afzelius, 1815); <i>multiannulata </i>Fitzinger, 1869;<i> occidentalis </i>(W. Rothschild, 1907);<i> oleotragus </i>(Desmoulins, 1822); <i>oreotragus </i>(Bechstein, 1799); <i>penricei </i>(Lydekker, 1910);<i> thomasinae</i> (P.L. Sclater, 1900).","Roberts' (1951:292) restriction of the type locality to Bathurst Dist. was not based on a syntype locality; see Grubb (1999:25).","42","42-00996","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0995-0000-0996"
"14200997","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Redunca","","fulvorufula","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Afzelius","1815","","Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsala","7","","250","","","Mountain Reedbuck","No type locality originally identified; restricted to eastern Cape Colony (Lydekker, 1914<i>a</i>:221) (South Africa, Eastern Cape).","W Africa in E Nigeria and W Cameroon; E Africa in C Ethiopia, Kenya, SE Sudan, N Tanzania, and NE Uganda; S Africa in SE Botswana, Lesotho, S Mozambique, E South Africa, and Swaziland.","IUCN – Endangered as <i>R. f. adamauae</i>, Lower Risk (cd) as<i> R. f. fulvorufula</i>, Lower Risk (nt) as <i>R. f. chanleri</i>, otherwise Least Concern.","<i>lalandia</i> (Desmoulins, 1822); <i>landiana </i>(Desmarest, 1822); <i>subalpina </i>(Kirby, 1898); <b><i>adamauae </i></b>Pfeffer, 1962;<b><i> chanleri</i></b><i> </i>(W. Rothschild, 1895);<i> schoana </i>(Neumann, 1902).","Subspecies from Ansell (1972:40).","42","42-00997","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0995-0000-0997"
"14200998","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Redunca","","fulvorufula","fulvorufula","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Afzelius","1815","","Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsala","7","","250","","","","No type locality originally identified; restricted to eastern Cape Colony (Lydekker, 1914<i>a</i>:221) (South Africa, Eastern Cape).","","","","","42","42-00998","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0995-0000-0997-0998"
"14200999","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Redunca","","fulvorufula","adamauae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pfeffer","1962","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-00999","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0995-0000-0997-0999"
"14201000","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Redunca","","fulvorufula","chanleri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","W. Rothschild","1895","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-01000","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0995-0000-0997-1000"
"14201001","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Redunca","","redunca","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1767","","Spicil. Zool.","1","","8","","","Common Reedbuck","No locality cited; based on ""Le Nagor"" of Buffon from Senegal, ""dans les terres voisines de l'île de Gorée"" (mainland opposite Gori Isl).","Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, N Dem. Rep. Congo, N Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, S Mali, S Mauritania, S Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda.","IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>nagor</i> Rüppell, 1842;<i> reversa </i>(Pallas, 1776); <i>ridunca </i>Shaw, 1801; <i>rufa </i>(Afzelius, 1815);<i> typica </i>(R. Ward, 1907); <b><i>bohor</i></b><i> </i>Rüppell, 1842;<i> odrob </i>(Heuglin, 1877);<i> <b>cottoni</b> </i>(W. Rothschild, 1902);<i> donaldsoni </i>(W. Rothschild, 1902);<i> <b>dianae </b></i>Schwarz, 1929;<b><i> nigeriensis</i></b><i> </i>(Blaine, 1913);<i> <b>tohi</b> </i>Heller, 1913;<i> <b>wardi</b> </i>(Thomas, 1900); <i>bayoni </i>De Beaux, 1921;<i> ugandae </i>(Blaine, 1913).","Subspecies from Ansell (1972:39).","42","42-01001","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0995-0000-1001"
"14201002","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Redunca","","redunca","redunca","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1767","","Spicil. Zool.","1","","8","","","","No locality cited; based on ""Le Nagor"" of Buffon from Senegal, ""dans les terres voisines de l'île de Gorée"" (mainland opposite Gori Isl).","","","","","42","42-01002","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0995-0000-1001-1002"
"14201003","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Redunca","","redunca","bohor","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Rüppell","1842","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-01003","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0995-0000-1001-1003"
"14201004","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Redunca","","redunca","cottoni","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","W. Rothschild","1902","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-01004","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0995-0000-1001-1004"
"14201005","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Redunca","","redunca","dianae","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Schwarz","1929","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-01005","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0995-0000-1001-1005"
"14201006","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Redunca","","redunca","nigeriensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blaine","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-01006","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0995-0000-1001-1006"
"14201007","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Redunca","","redunca","tohi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Heller","1913","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-01007","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0995-0000-1001-1007"
"14201008","ARTIODACTYLA","","","","Bovidae","Reduncinae","","Redunca","","redunca","wardi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Thomas","1900","","","","","","","","","","","","","","42","42-01008","42-0001-0000-0000-0000-0485-0959-0000-0995-0000-1001-1008"
"14300001","CETACEA","","","","","","","","","","","ORDER","False","","YES","Brisson","1762","","","","","","","","","","","","","The definition of oceanic water masses follows Briggs (1974). Includes as suborders Mysticeti (Balaenidae, Balaenopteridae, Eschrichtiidae, and Neobalaenidae) and Odontoceti (Delphinidae, Monodontidae, Phocoenidae, Physeteridae, Platanistidae, Iniidae and Ziphiidae).","43","43-00001","43-0001"
"14300002","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Flower","1864","","","","","","","","","","","","","","43","43-00002","43-0001-0002"
"14300003","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","Lond. Med. Repos.","15","","310","","","","","","","","Commonly included <i>Caperea</i>, which is here put in a separate family, Neobalaenidae, following Barnes and McLeod (1984).","43","43-00003","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003"
"14300004","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenidae","","","Balaena","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","75","","<i>Balaena mysticetus</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Leiobalaena</i>  Eschricht, 1849.","","43","43-00004","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004"
"14300005","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenidae","","","Balaena","","mysticetus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","75","","","Bowhead","""Habitat in Oceano Groenlandico"" (= Greenland Sea).","Northern hemisphere: arctic waters. Strays have occured in Japan, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Massachusetts.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered (Spitzbergen population), Endangered (Okhotsk Sea subpopulation and Baffin Bay-Davis Strait stock), Vulnerable (Hudson Bay-Foxe Basin stock), Lower Risk (cd) (Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Sea stock), otherwise listed as Lower Risk (cd) for <i>B. mysticetus</i>.","Reviewed by Reeves and Leatherwood (1985).","","43","43-00005","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0004-0000-0005"
"14300006","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenidae","","","Eubalaena","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1864","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","2","201","","<i>Balaena australis</i> Desmoulins, 1822.","","","","","<i>Halibalaena</i> Gray, 1873; <i>Hunterius </i>Gray, 1866.","Corbet and Hill (1980) used this genus.","43","43-00006","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0006"
"14300007","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenidae","","","Eubalaena","","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Desmoulins","1822","","<i>In</i> Bory de Saint-Vincent (ed.), Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. Paris","2","","161, pl.","","","Southern Right Whale","Algoa Bay, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.","Southern hemisphere: Antarctic to temperate waters; occasionally along the northern part of the Antarctic Peninsula.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered (included with <i>E. glacialis</i>); IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>antarctica</i>  (Lesson, 1828); <i>antipodarum</i> (Gray, 1843); <i>temminckii</i> (Gray, 1864).","Reviewed by Cummings (1985<i>b</i>). Included in <i>glacialis</i> by some recent authors.","43","43-00007","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0006-0000-0007"
"14300008","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenidae","","","Eubalaena","","glacialis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Müller","1776","","Zool. Danicae Prodr.","","","7","","","North Atlantic Right Whale","None given, listed as Norway, Finnmark, Nord Kapp (vicinity of North Cape) by Eschricht and Reinhardt (1861).","North Atlantic: temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>biscayensis</i>  (Eschricht, 1860); <i>nordcaper</i> (Lacépède, 1804).","Reviewed by Cummings (1985<i>b</i>); see Hershkovitz (1961<i>b</i>).","43","43-00008","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0006-0000-0008"
"14300009","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenidae","","","Eubalaena","","japonica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lacépède","1818","","Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris","4","","469","","","North Pacific Right Whale","Japan.","North Pacific: temperate to to tropical waters; one stray record from Hawaii (Scarff, 1986).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered (as included in <i>E. glacialis</i>); IUCN – Endangered.","<i>sieboldii</i>  (Gray, 1864).","Reinstated by Rosenbaum et al. (2000), Brownell et al. (2001); see Hershkovitz (1961<i>b</i>).","43","43-00009","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0003-0000-0000-0006-0000-0009"
"14300010","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1864","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","","203","","","","","","","","","43","43-00010","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010"
"14300011","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lacépède","1804","","Hist. Nat. Cetacees","","","114","","<i>Balaenoptera gibbar</i> Lacépède, 1804 (= <i>Balaena physalus</i> Linnaeus, 1758).","","","","","<i>Catoptera</i> Rafinesque, 1815; <i>Cuvierius</i> Gray, 1866; <i>Physalus</i> Gray, 1821; <i>Pterobalaena</i> Eschricht, 1849; <i>Rorqualus</i> Cuvier, 1836; <i>Sibbaldius</i> Gray, 1864.","","43","43-00011","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011"
"14300012","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","acutorostrata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lacépède","1804","","Hist. Nat. Cetacees","","","134","","","Common Minke Whale","France, ""pris aux environs de la rade de Cherbourg"", Mancha.","Worldwide: arctic to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix I (except the population of West Greenland, which is Appendix II); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","<i>davidsoni</i>  Cope, 1872; <i>minima</i> (Rapp, 1837); <i>rostrata</i> (Fabricius, 1780).","Reviewed by Stewart and Leatherwood (1985). Two forms have been described from SW Pacific waters (Arnold et al., 1987). May represent two or three species (Wada and Numachi, 1991). Deméré (1986) reassigned <i>Eschrichtius davidsonii</i> (Cope 1872) to <i>Balaenoptera, </i>making <i>B. davidson</i>i Scammon 1872 a junior synonym and erecting <i>Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni</i> Deméré, 1986 as a substitute. Rice (1998:70) recognized <i>B. a. scammoni </i>(Scammon’s Minke Whale) and another un-named subspecies in the southern hemisphere (<i>B. a.</i> subsp.; Dwarf Minke Whale). We recognize that there are probably others, like the population in the Sea of Japan.","43","43-00012","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011-0000-0012"
"14300013","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","bonaerensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burmeister","1867","","Actas Soc. Paleo., Buenos Aires","","","XXIV","","","Antarctic Minke Whale","Near Belgrano, Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina.","Polar to tropical waters in the southern hemisphere.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>huttoni</i>  Gray, 1874.","","43","43-00013","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011-0000-0013"
"14300014","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","borealis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1828","","Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Mamm. Oiseaux","1","","342","","","Sei Whale","Germany, Schleswig-Holstein, Lubeck Bay, near Gromitz (see Rudolphi, 1822).","Worldwide: cold-temperate to warm-temperate waters. Distributional records sometimes confused with <i>B. edeni</i>.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>rostrata</i>  (Rudolphi, 1822); <b><i>schlegelii</i></b> (Flower, 1865).","Reviewed by Gambell (1985<i>a</i>). Rice (1998:75-76) separated this species into <i>B. borealis borealis</i> and <i>B. borealis schlegelii</i> Flower, 1865 (Northern Sei Whale) (Southern Sei Whale).","43","43-00014","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011-0000-0014"
"14300015","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","borealis","borealis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lesson","1828","","Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Mamm. Oiseaux","1","","342","","","Northern Sei Whale","Germany, Schleswig-Holstein, Lubeck Bay, near Gromitz (see Rudolphi, 1822).","","","","","43","43-00015","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011-0000-0014-0015"
"14300016","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","borealis","schlegelii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Flower","1865","","","","","","","","Southern Sei Whale","","","","","","43","43-00016","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011-0000-0014-0016"
"14300017","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","edeni","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Anderson","1879","","Anat. Zool. Res., Yunnan","","","p. 551, pl. 44","","","Bryde’s Whale","Burma, ""found its way into the Thaybyoo Choung, which runs into the Gulf of Martaban between the Sittang and Beeling Rivers, and about equidistant from each"".","Worldwide: warm-temperate to tropical waters. Distributional records sometimes confused with <i>B. borealis</i>.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>brydei</i>  Olsen, 1913; <i>omurai</i> Wada, Oishi, and Yamada 2003.","Reviewed by Cummings (1985<i>a</i>). May represent more than one species (Wada and Numachi, 1991). Rice (1998:71) recognized <i>B. edeni</i> (Eden’s or Sittang Whale; smaller in size) as being distinct from <i>B. brydei</i> (Bryde’s whale; larger in size) but we used only one species because it is not clear if <i>B. edeni</i> is the larger or the smaller type whale and <i>B</i>. <i>edeni</i> has a type specimen. Wada, Oishi and Yamada (2003) described <i>Balaenoptera omurai</i>, related to <i>B</i>. <i>edeni</i> and recognized <i>B. brydei</i>. Due to the controversy regarding this step, we have recognized <i>B. omurai</i> as a synonym with the provision that it may be recognized as a full species when <i>Balaenoptera</i> is revised. See comment in Rice (1998:71-75).","43","43-00017","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011-0000-0017"
"14300018","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","musculus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","76","","","Blue Whale","UK, Scotland, Firth of Forth (""Habitat in Mari Scotico"").","Worldwide: arctic to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered as <i>B. m. intermedia</i>, Data Deficient as <i>B. m. brevicauda</i>; Endangered as <i>B. musculus </i>except <i>– </i>Vulnerable (North Atlantic stock), Lower Risk (cd) (North Pacific stock).","<i>gigas</i>  (Van Beneden, 1861); <i>major</i> (Knox, 1870); <i>sibbaldii</i> (Gray, 1847); <b><i>brevicauda</i></b> Ichihara, 1966 [not Zemsky and Boronin, 1964, which is a <i>nomen nudum</i>, see Rice, 1977:6]; <b><i>indica</i></b> Blyth, 1859; <b><i>intermedia</i></b> Burmeister, 1871; <u>Not assigned to subspecies</u>: <i>sulfureus</i> Cope, 1869.","Reviewed by Yochem and Leatherwood (1985). Rice (1998:78) recognized <i>B. m. musculus</i> (Northern Blue Whale), <i>B. m. indica </i>(Great Indian Rorqual), <i>B. m. brevicauda</i> (Pygmy Blue Whale) and <i>B. m. intermedia</i> (Southern Blue Whale).","43","43-00018","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011-0000-0018"
"14300019","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","musculus","musculus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","76","","","Northern Blue Whale","UK, Scotland, Firth of Forth (""Habitat in Mari Scotico"").","","","","","43","43-00019","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011-0000-0018-0019"
"14300020","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","musculus","brevicauda","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Ichihara","1966","","","","","","","","Pygmy Blue Whale","","","","","Not Zemsky and Boronin, 1964, which is a <i>nomen nudum</i>, see Rice (1977:6).","43","43-00020","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011-0000-0018-0020"
"14300021","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","musculus","indica","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blyth","1859","","","","","","","","Great Indian Rorqual","","","","","","43","43-00021","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011-0000-0018-0021"
"14300022","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","musculus","intermedia","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Burmeister","1871","","","","","","","","Southern Blue Whale","","","","","","43","43-00022","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011-0000-0018-0022"
"14300023","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","physalus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","75","","","Fin Whale","""Habitat in Oceano Europeao"", restricted to Norway, near Svalbard, Spitsbergen Sea by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>).","Worldwide: arctic to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.","<i>antiquorum</i>  (Fischer, 1829); <i>boops</i> (Linnaeus, 1758); <i>gibbar</i> Lacépède, 1804; <i>velifera</i> Cope, 1869; <b><i>quoyi</i></b> (Fischer, 1829); <i>patachonica</i> Burmeister, 1865.","Reviewed by Gambell (1985<i>b</i>). Rice (1998:77) recognized <i>B. b.</i> <i>quoyi</i> (sic) (Southern Fin Whale).","43","43-00023","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011-0000-0023"
"14300024","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","physalus","physalus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","75","","","","""Habitat in Oceano Europeao"", restricted to Norway, near Svalbard, Spitsbergen Sea by Thomas (1911<i>a</i>).","","","","","43","43-00024","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011-0000-0023-0024"
"14300025","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Balaenoptera","","physalus","quoyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Fischer","1829","","","","","","","","Southern Fin Whale","","","","","","43","43-00025","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0011-0000-0023-0025"
"14300026","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Megaptera","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","17","","83","","<i>Megaptera longipinna</i> Gray, 1846 (= <i>Balaena novaeangliae</i> Borowski, 1781).","","","","","<i>Cyphobalaena</i>  Marschall, 1873; <i>Kyphobalaena</i> Eschricht, 1849; <i>Perqualus</i> Gray, 1846; <i>Poescopia</i> Gray, 1864.","","43","43-00026","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0026"
"14300027","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Balaenopteridae","","","Megaptera","","novaeangliae","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Borowski","1781","","Gemein. Naturgesch. Thier.","2","1","21","","","Humpback Whale","USA, ""de la nouvelle Angleterre"" (= coast of New England).","Worldwide: cold-temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>braziliensis</i>  Cope, 1867; <i>burmeisteri</i> Burmeister, 1866; <i>indica</i> Gervais, 1883; <i>lalandii</i> (Fischer, 1829); <i>longimana</i> (Rudolphi, 1832); <i>longipinna</i> Gray, 1846; <i>nodosa</i> (Bonnaterre, 1789); <i>osphya</i> Cope, 1865; <i>versabilis</i> Cope, 1869.","Reviewed by Winn and Reichley (1985).","43","43-00027","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0010-0000-0000-0026-0000-0027"
"14300028","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Eschrichtiidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Ellerman and Morrison-Scott","1951","","Checklist of Palearctic Indian Mammals","","","713","","","","","","","Rhachianectidae Weber, 1904.","","43","43-00028","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0028"
"14300029","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Eschrichtiidae","","","Eschrichtius","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1864","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3","14","","350","","<i>Balaenoptera robusta</i> Lilljeborg, 1861.","","","","","<i>Cyphonotus</i>  Rafinesque, 1815 [<i>nomen nudum</i>]; Cyphonotus Gray, 1850 [preoccupied by <i>Cyphonotus</i> Fischer, 1823 (genus of beetles)];<i> Rhachianectes </i>Cope, 1869.","The type species of <i>Agaphelus</i> Cope, 1868 is <i>Balaena gibbosa</i> Erxleben, 1777, which is a composite species consisting mainly of junior synonyms of <i>Megaptera novaeangliae</i>. <i>Agaphelus</i> has been linked to <i>Eschrichtius</i> by the supposed inclusion of the ""scrag whale of Dudley"" in its synonymy. The ""scrag whale of Dudley""is actually listed as ""<i>Species obscurae</i>"" just following the section on <i>Agaphelus</i> in Erxleben (p. 611).","43","43-00029","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0028-0000-0000-0029"
"14300030","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Eschrichtiidae","","","Eschrichtius","","robustus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lilljeborg","1860","1861","Forh. Skand. Naturf. Ottende Mode, Kopenhagen","1860","8","602","","","Gray Whale","Sweden, ""på Gräsön i Roslagen""; ""Benen lägo 840 fot frän hafsstranden, ungefär 12 à 15 fot öfver hafvets yta"" (= Uppland, Graso Isl).","North Pacific: warm temperate to arctic waters. Formerly present in the North Atlantic. Sometimes enters tropical water at the southern boundaries of its distribution; see Henderson (1990) for further details. The eastern and western North Pacific populations are separate. The eastern population is distributed from Baja California and the adjacent coast of Mexico to the Bering and Chukchi Seas. The western population is distributed from the East China Sea to the Sea of Okhotsk.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered, except for Eastern North Pacific Ocean--coastal and Bering, Beaufort, and Chukchi Seas populations, which are listed as Delisted Taxa (recovered); IUCN – Critically Endangered (Northwest Pacific (Asian) stock), otherwise Lower Risk (cd).","<i>gibbosus</i>  (Erxleben, 1777); <i>glaucus</i> (Cope, 1868).","See Rice and Wolman (1971), Jones et al. (1984), and Wolman (1985).","43","43-00030","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0028-0000-0000-0029-0000-0030"
"14300031","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Neobalaenidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1873","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","11","","108","","","","","","","","See Barnes and McLeod (1984) for comments. Gray, 1874 (Trans. Proc. N. Z. Inst. 6(18):93-97) is cited by Barnes and McLeod for Neobalaenidae.","43","43-00031","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0031"
"14300032","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Neobalaenidae","","","Caperea","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1864","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1864","2","202","","<i>Balaena</i> (<i>Caperea</i>) <i>antipodarum</i> Gray, 1864 (= <i>Balaena marginata</i> Gray, 1846).","","","","","<i>Neobalaena</i>  Gray, 1870.","","43","43-00032","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0031-0000-0000-0032"
"14300033","CETACEA","MYSTICETI","","","Neobalaenidae","","","Caperea","","marginata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror""","1","","48","","","Pygmy Right Whale","""Inhab. W. Australia"" (= southern hemisphere, temperate waters; see Baker, 1985).","Southern hemisphere: cold-temperate waters.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>antipodarum</i>  Gray, 1864.","Reviewed by Baker (1985).","43","43-00033","43-0001-0002-0000-0000-0031-0000-0000-0032-0000-0033"
"14300034","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","","","","","","","","SUBORDER","False","","YES","Flower","1867","","","","","","","","","","","","","","43","43-00034","43-0001-0034"
"14300035","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","1","310","","","","","","","Globicephalidae Gray, 1850; Grampidelphidae Nishiwaki, 1963; Stenidae Fraser and Purves, 1960; Orcinae Fraser and Purves, 1960; Lissodelphinae Fraser and Purves, 1960; Cephalorhynchinae Fraser and Purves, 1960.","Includes Globicephalidae, Grampidelphidae, Stenidae, Orcinae, Lissodelphinae, Cephalorhynchinae and Delphininae (Fraser and Purves, 1960); see Kasuya (1973), Mead (1975), Barnes (1978). Also includes <i>Orcaella</i> (see Heyning, 1989<i>a</i> and Lint et al., 1990), sometimes put in the family Monodontidae.","43","43-00035","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035"
"14300036","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Cephalorhynchus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror""","1","","36","","<i>Delphinus heavisidii</i> Gray, 1828.","","","","","<i>Eutropia</i>  Gray, 1862.","Revised by Harmer (1922).","43","43-00036","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0036"
"14300037","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Cephalorhynchus","","commersonii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lacépède","1804","","Hist. Nat. Cétacées","","","317","","","Commerson’s Dolphin","Chile, ""de la terre de Feu et dans le détroit de Magellan"" (= Tierra del Fuego, Straits of Magellan).","Argentina to Chile: Gulf of San Matias, Argentina, to the Chilean side of the Straits of Magellan; South Shetland, Falkland and Kerguelen Isls. See Brownell and Praderi (1985) for further discussion. Rice (1998:101) recognized that the Falkland and Kerguelen Island populations are disjunct and suggested that they differ in subspecies, the Falkland population being <i>C. c. commersonii</i> and the Kerguelen population being <i>C. c</i>. subsp.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>floweri</i> (Moreno, 1892).","Reviewed by Goodall et al. (1988).","43","43-00037","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0036-0000-0037"
"14300038","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Cephalorhynchus","","eutropia","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror""","1","","pl. 34","","","Chilean Dolphin","None given, listed as Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Chile by Gray (1850:112).","Chile: coastal waters between Valparaiso and Navarino Isl, Tierra del Fuego.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>albiventris</i> (Perez Canto <i>in</i> Philippi, 1893); <i>obtusata</i> (Philippi, 1893).","Reviewed by Goodall et al. (1988). <i>Tursio?</i> <i>panope</i> is not a synonym (see <i>Lagenorhynchus obscurus</i>).","43","43-00038","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0036-0000-0038"
"14300039","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Cephalorhynchus","","heavisidii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1828","","Spicil. Zool.","1","","2","","","Haviside’s Dolphin","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., ""Inhab. Cape of Good Hope"".","South Africa to perhaps S Angola: coastal waters from Cape Town to 17°09'S (Namibia).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>hastatus</i>  (F. Cuvier, 1836).","Type specimen was brought to the Royal College of Surgeons by Captain Haviside, at about the same time that Captain Heaviside sold a collection of anatomical specimens to the Royal College. Gray confused the two (Rice 1998:101).","43","43-00039","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0036-0000-0039"
"14300040","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Cephalorhynchus","","hectori","","SPECIES","False","","YES","van Beneden","1881","","Bull. R. Acad. Belg., ser. 3","4","","877, pl. 11","","","Hector’s Dolphin","""capturé sur la côte nord-est de la Nouvelle-Zélande."" (= New Zealand, north coast).","New Zealand: coastal waters. Harrison's (1960) reference to the occurrence of this species around Sarawak is undocumented by specimens or photos.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered, except for North Island subpopulation, which is Critically Endangered.","<i>albifrons</i>  True, 1889; <b><i>maui</i></b> Baker, Smith and Pichler 2002.","Baker, Smith and Pichler (2002) recognized that <i>C. h. maui</i> form a morphologically and genetically recognizable subspecies on the North Isl of New Zealand, while the nominal subspecies was restricted to the South Isl.","43","43-00040","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0036-0000-0040"
"14300041","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Cephalorhynchus","","hectori","hectori","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","van Beneden","1881","","Bull. R. Acad. Belg., ser. 3","4","","877, pl. 11","","","","""capturé sur la côte nord-est de la Nouvelle-Zélande."" (= New Zealand, north coast).","","","","","43","43-00041","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0036-0000-0040-0041"
"14300042","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Cephalorhynchus","","hectori","maui","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Baker, Smith and Pichler","2002","","","","","","","","","","","","","","43","43-00042","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0036-0000-0040-0042"
"14300043","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Delphinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","77","","<i>Delphinus delphis</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Eudelphinus</i>  Van Beneden and Gervais, 1880; <i>Rhinodelphis</i> Wagner, 1846.","","43","43-00043","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0043"
"14300044","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Delphinus","","capensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1828","","Spicilegia Zoologica","1","","1-2, tab. 2","","","Long-beaked Common Dolphin","Cape of Good Hope.","Near-shore tropical to temperate waters, world-wide.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>bairdii</i>  Dall, 1873; <i>major</i> Gray, 1866; <i>tropicalis</i> van Bree, 1971.","See Heyning and Perrin (1994) for details. Rice (1998:112) recognized <i>D. tropicalis</i> (Arabian Common Dolphin) as a separate species.","43","43-00044","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0043-0000-0044"
"14300045","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Delphinus","","delphis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","77","","","Short-beaked Common Dolphin","E North Atlantic (""Oceano Europaeo"").","Worldwide: temperate and tropical waters, including the Black Sea.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc), except for Mediterranian subpopulation, which is Endangered.","<i>fulvofasciatus</i>  Wagner, 1846; <i>janira</i> Gray, 1846; <i>pomeegra </i>Owen, 1866;<i> vulgaris</i> Lacépède, 1804; <b><i>ponticus</i></b> Barabash, 1935.","See Heyning and Perrin (1991, 1994). Rice (1998:112) recognized <i>D. d. ponticus </i>(Black Sea Common Dolphin).","43","43-00045","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0043-0000-0045"
"14300046","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Delphinus","","delphis","delphis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","77","","","","E North Atlantic (""Oceano Europaeo"").","","","","","43","43-00046","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0043-0000-0045-0046"
"14300047","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Delphinus","","delphis","ponticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barabash","1935","","","","","","","","Black Sea Common Dolphin","","","","","","43","43-00047","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0043-0000-0045-0047"
"14300048","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Feresa","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1870","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1870","1","77","","<i>Delphinus intermedius</i> Gray, 1827 (= <i>Feresa attenuata</i> Gray, 1874).","","","","","","<i>Delphinus intermedius</i> Gray, 1827 was preoccupied by <i>Delphinus intermedius</i> Harlan, 1827 (= <i>Globicephala melas</i>). Gray subsequentally changed generic designations of that nominal taxon (<i>Grampus intermedius</i> Gray, 1843; <i>Orca intermedia</i> Gray, 1846).","43","43-00048","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0048"
"14300049","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Feresa","","attenuata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1874","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","14","","238-239","","","Pygmy Killer Whale","""South Seas.""","Worldwide: tropical to warm-temperate waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>intermedius</i>  (Gray, 1843); <i>occulta</i> Jones and Packard, 1956.","","43","43-00049","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0048-0000-0049"
"14300050","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Globicephala","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lesson","1828","","Compl. Oeuvres Buffon Hist. Nat.","1","","441","","<i>Delphinus globiceps</i> Cuvier, 1812 (= <i>Delphinus melas</i> Traill, 1809).","","","","","<i>Cetus</i>  Wagler, 1830; <i>Globiceps</i> Flower, 1884; <i>Sphaerocephalus</i> Gray, 1864.","Reviewed by Van Bree (1971).","43","43-00050","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0050"
"14300051","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Globicephala","","macrorhynchus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror""","1","","33","","","Short-finned Pilot Whale","""South Seas"".","Worldwide: tropical and warm-temperate waters; cold-temperate waters of the N Pacific, where it appears to stray as far north as the Gulf of Alaska (Pike and MacAskie, 1969).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>brachypterus</i>  Cope, 1876; <i>scammonii</i> Cope, 1869; <i>sieboldii</i> Gray, 1846.","See Van Bree (1971).","43","43-00051","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0050-0000-0051"
"14300052","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Globicephala","","melas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Traill","1809","","Nicholson's J. Nat. Philos. Chem. Arts","22","","81","","","Long-finned Pilot Whale","UK, Scotland, ""in Scapay Bay, in Pomona, one of the Orkneys"".","North Atlantic and southern Oceans: cold-temperate waters. Kasuya (1975) described the historic distribution in the NW Pacific.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>globiceps</i>  (G. Cuvier, 1812); <i>svineval</i> Gray, 1846; <b><i>edwardii</i></b> Smith, 1834; <i>leucosagmaphora </i>Rayner, 1939.","See Van Bree (1971). Formerly called <i>G. melaena</i> but Article 31b of the third edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1985<i>d</i>) specifically gave <i>melas</i> as an example of a Greek adjective that does not change its ending when transferred to a genus of another gender (see Schevill, 1990<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>; Rice, 1990). Rice (1998:119) recognized <i>G. m. melas</i> (North Atlantic Longfinned Pilot whale), <i>G. m. edwardii</i> (Southern Longfinned Pilot Whale) and an un-named subfossil subspecies of <i>G. melas</i> that occupied the North Pacific.","43","43-00052","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0050-0000-0052"
"14300053","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Globicephala","","melas","melas","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Traill","1809","","Nicholson's J. Nat. Philos. Chem. Arts","22","","81","","","North Atlantic Longfinned Pilot Whale","UK, Scotland, ""in Scapay Bay, in Pomona, one of the Orkneys"".","","","","","43","43-00053","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0050-0000-0052-0053"
"14300054","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Globicephala","","melas","edwardii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Smith","1834","","","","","","","","Southern Longfinned Pilot Whale","","","","","","43","43-00054","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0050-0000-0052-0054"
"14300055","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Grampus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1828","","Spicil. Zool.","1","","2","","<i>Delphinus griseus</i> Cuvier, 1812.","","","","","<i>Grampidelphis</i> Iredale and Troughton, 1933; <i>Grayius</i> Scott, 1873.","","43","43-00055","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0055"
"14300056","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Grampus","","griseus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1812","","Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","19","","13","","","Risso’s Dolphin","France, Finistere, ""envoyé de Brest"".","Worldwide: temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>rissoanus</i>  (Desmarest, 1822); <i>stearnsii</i> Dall, 1873.","Corbet and Hill (1980:110) included <i>rectipinna</i> in this species but it belongs in <i>Orcinus orca</i>.","43","43-00056","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0055-0000-0056"
"14300057","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Lagenodelphis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Fraser","1956","","Sarawak Mus. J., n.s.","8","7","496","","<i>Lagenodelphis hosei</i> Fraser, 1956.","","","","","","","43","43-00057","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0057"
"14300058","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Lagenodelphis","","hosei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Fraser","1956","","Sarawak Mus. J., n.s.","8","7","496","","","Fraser’s Dolphin","""Collected at the mouth of Lutong River, Baram, Borneo.""","Worldwide: warm-temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","","43","43-00058","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0057-0000-0058"
"14300059","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Lagenorhynchus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser 1.]","17","","84","","<i>Delphinus albirostris</i> Gray, 1846.","","","","","<i>Electra</i>  Gray, 1866; <i>Leucopleurus</i> Gray 1866; <i>Sagmatius</i> Cope, 1866.","Reviewed by Fraser (1966).","43","43-00059","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0059"
"14300060","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Lagenorhynchus","","acutus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1828","","Spicil. Zool.","1","","2","","","Atlantic White-sided Dolphin","None given, listed as North Sea, Faeroe Isls (Denmark) (uncertain) by Gray (1846:36).","North Atlantic: cold temperate waters; <i>L. acutus</i> tends to be distributed to the south of <i>L. albirostris</i>.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>gubernator</i>  Cope, 1876; <i>leucopleurus</i> (Rasch, 1843); <i>perspicillatus </i>Cope, 1876.","","43","43-00060","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0059-0000-0060"
"14300061","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Lagenorhynchus","","albirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1]","17","","84","","","White-beaked Dolphin","None given in original description, given by Gray (1846:35) as UK, England, ""North Sea, coast of Norfolk."", and by Gray (1850) as Great Yarmouth.","North Atlantic: cold-temperate waters; <i>L. albirostris</i> tends to be distributed to the north of <i>L. acutus</i>.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>pseudotursio</i> (Reichenbach, 1846); <i>ibseni</i> (Eschricht, 1846).","","43","43-00061","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0059-0000-0061"
"14300062","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Lagenorhynchus","","australis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peale","1848","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","","33, pl. 6","","","Peale’s Dolphin","""South Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Patagonia"", Argentina, 1 day’s sail north of the Straits of LeMaire.","Chile to Argentina: Valparaiso to Commodoro Rivadavia and Falkland Isls: Cold-temperate waters. One published (photograph) sighting in the tropical waters of the South Pacific, Cook Isls (Leatherwood et al., 1991).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>amblodon</i>  (Cope, 1866); <i>chilensis</i> (Philippi, 1896).","Included in <i>cruciger</i> by Bierman and Slijper (1947) and Hershkovitz (1966<i>a</i>:67), but considered a distinct species by Fraser (1966), Rice (1977), Brownell (1974), and Mitchell (1975<i>a</i>).","43","43-00062","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0059-0000-0062"
"14300063","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Lagenorhynchus","","cruciger","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Quoy and Gaimard","1824","","Voy. autour du Monde...l'Uranie et la Physicienne, Zool.","","","p. 87, pl. 2","","","Hourglass Dolphin","Pacific Ocean, ""entre la Nouvelle-Hollande et le cap Horn [= between Australia and Cape Horn]...par 49 [S] de latitude"".","Southern hemisphere: antarctic and cold-temperate waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>albigena</i>  (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824); <i>bivitattus</i> (Lesson and Garnot, 1826); <i>clanculus</i> Gray, 1846; <i>wilsoni</i> Lillie, 1915.","Formerly included <i>australis</i> and <i>obscurus</i>, see Hershkovitz (1966<i>a</i>) and comments under <i>australis</i> and <i>obscurus</i>.","43","43-00063","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0059-0000-0063"
"14300064","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Lagenorhynchus","","obliquidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gill","1865","","Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia","17","","177","","","Pacific White-sided Dolphin","USA, ""obtained at San Francisco, California"".","North Pacific: cold-temperate waters except warm-temperate waters of the ends of its range. Undocumented sighting from Hong Kong (Hammond and Leatherwood, 1984:495).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>longidens</i>  (Cope, 1866); <i>ognevi</i> Slensov, 1955.","May be a northern hemisphere form of <i>L. obscurus</i>. <i>Lagenorhynchus thicolea</i> is not synonymous with <i>L. obliquidens</i> (see <i>Lissodelphis</i>).","43","43-00064","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0059-0000-0064"
"14300065","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Lagenorhynchus","","obscurus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1828","","Spicil. Zool.","1","","2","","","Dusky Dolphin","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., ""Inhab. Cape of Good Hope"".","Southern hemisphere: cold-temperate continental waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>similis</i>  (Gray, 1868); <i>supercilliosus </i>(Lesson and Garnot, 1826); <b><i>fitzroyi</i></b> (Waterhouse, 1838); <i>breviceps</i> (Wagner, 1846); <i>panope</i> (Canto <i>in</i> Philippi, 1896).","Included in <i>cruciger</i> by Hershkovitz (1966<i>a</i>:65), but considered a distinct species by Rice (1977), Brownell (l974), and Mitchell (l975<i>a</i>). Previously reported from Kerguelen Isls, reidentified as young specimen of <i>Cephalorhynchus commersonii</i> (Robineau, 1989). Rice (1998:114) recognized<i> L. o. obscurus</i> (South African Dusky Dolphin), <i>L. o. fitzroyi</i> (South American Dusky Dolphin) and an un-named subspecies (New Zealand Dusky Dolphin).","43","43-00065","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0059-0000-0065"
"14300066","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Lagenorhynchus","","obscurus","obscurus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1828","","Spicil. Zool.","1","","2","","","South African Dusky Dolphin","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., ""Inhab. Cape of Good Hope"".","","","","","43","43-00066","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0059-0000-0065-0066"
"14300067","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Lagenorhynchus","","obscurus","fitzroyi","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Waterhouse","1838","","","","","","","","South American Dusky Dolphin","","","","","","43","43-00067","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0059-0000-0065-0067"
"14300068","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Lissodelphis","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gloger","1841","","Gemein. Naturgesch. Thier.","1","","169","","<i>Delphinus peronii</i> Lacépède, 1804.","","","","","<i>Delphinapterus</i> Gray, 1846 [part]; <i>Leucorhamphus</i> Lilljeborg, 1861; <i>Tursio </i>Wagler, 1830.","This may be a monotypic genus. The holotype of <i>Lagenorhynchus thicolea</i>, previously associated with <i>Lagenorhynchus</i>, is a specimen of <i>Lissodelphis</i> sp.","43","43-00068","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0068"
"14300069","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Lissodelphis","","borealis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Peale","1848","","Mammalia <i>in</i> Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.","8","","35, pl. 8","","","Northern Right Whale Dolphin","""North Pacific Ocean, latitude 46° 6' 50"" N., 134° 5' W. from Greenwich."", 10°W of Astoria, Oregon, USA.","North Pacific: cold-temperate waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","","43","43-00069","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0068-0000-0069"
"14300070","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Lissodelphis","","peronii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lacépède","1804","","Hist. Nat. Cetacees","","","316","","","Southern Right Whale Dolphin","Indian Ocean, ""dans les environs du cap sud de la terre de Diémen, et par conséquent vers le quarante-quatrime degré de latitude australe."" (= about 44°S, 141°E, south of Tasmania).","Southern hemisphere: cold-temperate waters, occasionally Antarctic waters south of Argentina.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>leucorhamphus</i>  (Lacépède, 1804).","","43","43-00070","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0068-0000-0070"
"14300071","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Orcaella","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","Cat. Seals Whales Brit. Mus.","","","285","","<i>Orca</i> (<i>Orcaella</i>) <i>brevirostris</i> Owen <i>in</i> Gray, 1866.","","","","","","We follow Fordyce (1989), Heyning (1989<i>a</i>), and Lint et al. (1990) in including <i>Orcaella</i> in the Delphinidae, not in the Monodontidae as was recently proposed (Barnes et al., 1985; Kasuya, 1973).","43","43-00071","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0071"
"14300072","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Orcaella","","brevirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Owen <i>in</i> Gray","1866","","Cat. Seals Whales Brit. Mus.","","","p. 285, fig. 57","","","Irrawady Dolphin","""Inhab. East coast of India, the harbour of Vizagapatam"" (= Vishakhapatnam Harbor, in Bay of Bengal).","SE Asia, N Australia and Papua New Guinea: tropical coastal waters and large rivers.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient, except for Mahakam subpopulation, which is Critically Endangered.","<i>fluminalis</i>  Gray, 1871.","Reviewed by Marsh et al. (1989). See Rice (1998:120) for details on species citation.","43","43-00072","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0071-0000-0072"
"14300073","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Orcinus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Fitzinger","1860","","Wiss.-Pop. Naturgesch. Säugeth.","6","","204","","<i>Delphinus orca</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Gladiator</i> Gray, 1870; <i>Grampus</i> Iredale and Troughton, 1933; <i>Ophysia</i> Gray, 1868; <i>Orca</i> Gray, 1846 [preoccupied].","","43","43-00073","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0073"
"14300074","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Orcinus","","orca","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","77","","","Killer Whale","E North Atlantic (""Oceano Europaeo"").","Worldwide: all seas and oceans.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>ater</i>  (Cope <i>in</i> Scammon, 1869); <i>capensis</i> (Gray, 1846); <i>glacialis</i> Berzin and Vladimirov 1983; <i>gladiator</i> (Bonnaterre, 1789); <i>nanus</i> Mikhalev and Ivashin, 1981; <i>rectipinna</i> (Cope <i>in</i> Scammon, 1869).","Reviewed by Heyning and Dahlheim (1988, Mammalian Species, 304). Rice (1998:118) recognized the possibility that <i>O. glacialis</i> represented a separate taxon, but did assign specific or subspecific status to it. Rice (1998:118) considered <i>O. nanus</i> a <i>nomen nudum</i>, which we agree with.","43","43-00074","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0073-0000-0074"
"14300075","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Peponocephala","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Nishiwaki and Norris","1966","","Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.","20","","95","","<i>Lagenorhynchus electra</i> Gray, 1846.","","","","","<i>Electra</i>  Gray, 1868.","Formerly included in <i>Lagenorhynchus</i>.","43","43-00075","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0075"
"14300076","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Peponocephala","","electra","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror""","1","","35","","","Melon-headed Whale","None given, unknown.","Worldwide: tropical to warm-temperate waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>asia</i> (Gray, 1846);<i> fusiformis </i>(Owen, 1866);<i> pectoralis </i>(Peale, 1848).","Historically this species was included in the genus <i>Lagenorhynchus</i>.","43","43-00076","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0075-0000-0076"
"14300077","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Pseudorca","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Reinhardt","1862","","Overs. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forh.","1862","","151","","<i>Phocaena crassidens</i> Owen, 1846.","","","","","<i>Neoorca</i>  Gray, 1871.","","43","43-00077","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0077"
"14300078","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Pseudorca","","crassidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Owen","1846","","Hist. Brit. Foss. Mamm. Birds","","","p. 516, fig. 213","","","False Killer Whale","UK, England, ""in the great fen of Lincolnshire beneath the turf, in the neighborhood of the ancient town of Stamford"". (subfossil).","Worldwide: temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>destructor</i> (Cope, 1866);<i> meridionalis </i>(Flower, 1865).","","43","43-00078","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0077-0000-0078"
"14300079","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Sotalia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","Cat. Seals Whales Brit. Mus.","","","401","","<i>Delphinus guianensis</i> Van Beneden, 1864 (= <i>Delphinus fluviatilis</i> Gervais and Deville, 1853).","","","","","<i>Tucuxa</i>  Gray, 1866.","","43","43-00079","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0079"
"14300080","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Sotalia","","fluviatilis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gervais and Deville","1853","","<i>In</i> Gervais, Bull. Soc. Agric. Herault","","","148","","","Tucuxi","Peru, Loreto, Rio Maranon above Pebas.","Western Atlantic: coastal waters from Panama to Santos, São Paulo, Brazil: Amazon and Orinoco river systems. See Vidal (1990) and Borobia et al. (1991).","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>guianensis</i> (Van Beneden, 1864);<i> pallida </i>(Gervais, 1855);<i> tucuxi </i>(Gray, 1856).","Due to the difficulty in finding the original work, the full citation is included here: Gervais, F. L. P. [and Deville]. 1853. Sur les mammiféres marins qui fréquentent les côtes de la France et plus particulìerement sur une novelle espéce de dauphins propre a la Méditerranés. Bulletin Sociéte Centrale d'Agriculture et des Comices Agricoles du Département de l'Herault, Montpellier, 40me année, pp. 140-155, 1 pl. Rice (1998:104) recognized <i>S. f. guianensis</i> (Guiane Dolphin) and Monteiro-Filho et al. (2002) suggested the use of <i>S. guianensis</i> for the marine dolphins and <i>S. fluviatilis</i> for the Amazonian dolphins. We are taking the conservative approach and only recognizing one specific name until the problem is resolved.","43","43-00080","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0079-0000-0080"
"14300081","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Sousa","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1866","2","213","","<i>Steno lentiginosus</i> Gray, 1866 (= <i>Delphinus chinensis</i> Osbeck, 1765).","","","","","<i>Stenopontistes</i>  Miranda Ribiero, 1936.","Formerly included in <i>Sotalia</i> (Hershkovitz 1966<i>a</i>:18).","43","43-00081","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0081"
"14300082","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Sousa","","chinensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Osbeck","1765","","Reise nach Ostind. China Rostock","1","","7","","","Indo-Pacific Humpbacked Dolphin","China, Guangdong Prov., Zhujiang Kou (mouth of Canton River).","Indian Ocean: coastal waters and rivers from False Bay, South Africa, east to S China and Moreton Bay, Queensland (Australia, see Corkeron, 1990).","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>borneensis</i> (Lydekker, 1901);<i> huangi </i>Wang Peilie, 1999;<i> lentiginosa </i>(Gray, 1866);<i> plumbea </i>(G. Cuvieri, 1829);<i> zambezicus</i> (Miranda Ribiero, 1936).","See Perrin (1975) who placed <i>Delphinus malayanus</i> in <i>Stenella attenuata</i>, as is done here; Pilleri and Gihr (1973-74) considered <i>borneensis, plumbea</i> and <i>lentiginosa</i> to be distinct species. Mitchell (1975<i>a</i>) combined those species into <i>S. chinensis</i>; Brownell (1975<i>b</i>) included <i>Stenopontistes zambezicus</i> as a synonym of <i>S. plumbea</i>. Wang Peilie (1999:299) described <i>Sousa huangi</i> on the basis of an immature specimen. Because we feel that immature specimens of <i>Sousa</i> do not show diagnostic characters, we tentatively reject <i>Sousa huangi</i>. Rice (1998:103) recognized <i>S. plumbea</i> (Indian Humpbacked Dolphin) as well as <i>S. teuszi</i> and <i>S. chinensis</i>, but gave conflicting accounts as to the number of species recognized in his account of the genus. Accordingly we maintain the more conservative approach of two species, while indicating that more detailed systematic work needs to be done.","43","43-00082","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0081-0000-0082"
"14300083","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Sousa","","teuszii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Kükenthal","1892","","Zool. Jahrb. Syst.","6","","442, pl. 21","","","Atlantic Humpbacked Dolphin","""aus Kamerun"" (= Cameroon), Cameroun Oriental, Bay of Warships, near Douala.","E South Atlantic: coastal waters in river mouths from S Morocco (W Sahara; see Beaubrun, 1990) to Cameroon.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Reviewed by Pilleri and Gihr (1972).","43","43-00083","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0081-0000-0083"
"14300084","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Stenella","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1866","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1866","","213","","<i>Steno attenuatus</i> Gray, 1846.","","","","","<i>Clymene</i>  Gray, 1864; <i>Euphrosyne</i> Gray, 1866; <i>Fretidelphis </i>Iredale and Troughton, 1934; <i>Micropia</i> Gray, 1868; <i>Prodelphinus</i> Gervais in Van Beneden and Gervais, 1880.","Reviewed, in part, by Perrin (l975) and Perrin et al. (1981, 1987). The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1991) conserved <i>Stenella</i> Gray, 1846.","43","43-00084","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0084"
"14300085","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Stenella","","attenuata","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror""","1","","44","","","Pantropical Spotted Dolphin","None given, unknown (possibly India, see Gray, 1843).","Worldwide: temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>albirostratus</i>  (Peale, 1848); <i>brevimanus</i> (Wagner, 1846); <i>capensis</i> (Rapp, 1837); <i>consimilis</i> (Malm, 1871); <i>malayanus</i> (Lesson, 1826); <i>pseudodelphis</i> (Wiegmann, 1846); <i>punctata</i> (Gray, 1866); <i>velox </i>(Cuvier, 1829); <b><i>graffmani</i></b> (Lönnberg, 1934).","Perrin et al. (1987) revised this species. <i>D. dubius</i> is a <i>nomen nudum</i> [sic <i>dubium</i>] (Perrin et al., 1987). Opinion 1660 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1991) conserved <i>attenuatus</i> Gray, 1846 and suppressed <i>velox</i> Cuvier, 1829, <i>pseudodelphis</i> Schlegel, 1841, and <i>brevimanus</i> Wagner, 1846. Rice (1998:108) recognized <i>Stenella attenuata</i> subspecies A of Perrin (1975) (Eastern Tropical Pacific Offshore Spotted Porpoise), <i>S. a.</i> subspecies B of Perrin (1975) (Hawaiian Spotted Porpoise), and <i>S. a. graffmani</i> (Eastern Pacific Coastal Spotted Porpoise (Perrin, 1975)).","43","43-00085","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0084-0000-0085"
"14300086","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Stenella","","attenuata","attenuata","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror""","1","","44","","","See comments under species.","None given, unknown (possibly India, see Gray, 1843).","","","","","43","43-00086","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0084-0000-0085-0086"
"14300087","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Stenella","","attenuata","graffmani","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Lönnberg","1934","","","","","","","","Eastern Pacific Coastal Spotted Porpoise","","","","","","43","43-00087","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0084-0000-0085-0087"
"14300088","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Stenella","","clymene","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror""","1","","39","","","Clymene Dolphin","None given, unknown.","Atlantic Ocean including the Gulf of Mexico: warm-temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>metis</i>  (Gray, 1846); <i>normalis</i> (Gray, 1866).","Recognized by Hershkovitz (1966<i>a</i>), but not by Mitchell (1975<i>a</i>) who included it in <i>longirostris</i>. See Perrin et al. (1981) for redescription.","43","43-00088","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0084-0000-0088"
"14300089","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Stenella","","coeruleoalba","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Meyen","1833","","Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Nat. Curios.","16","2","609, pl. 43","","","Striped Dolphin","""an der östlichen Küste von Südamerika; wir karpunirten ihn in der Gegend des Rio de la Plata."" (= South Atlantic Ocean near Rio de la Plata, off coast of Argentina and Uruguay).","Worldwide: cold-temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>asthenops</i>  (Cope, 1865); <i>crotaphiscus</i> (Cope, 1865); <i>euphrosyne</i> (Gray, 1846); <i>styx</i> (Gray, 1846); <i>tethyos</i> (Gervais, 1853).","See Mitchell (1970:720). Perrin et al. (1981, 1987) gave a revised synonymy of this species.","43","43-00089","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0084-0000-0089"
"14300090","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Stenella","","frontalis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1829","","Règne Anim., Nouv. ed.","1","","288","","","Atlantic Spotted Dolphin","""découvert un aux îles du Cap-Vert"". (= off Cape Verde Isls, West Africa).","Atlantic Ocean including the Gulf of Mexico: warm-temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>doris</i>  (Gray, 1846); <i>froenatus</i> (F. Cuvier, 1836); <i>plagiodon </i>(Cope, 1866).","Perrin et al. (1987) revised this species. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1977<i>a</i>) suppressed <i>D. pernettensis</i> de Blainville, 1817 and <i>D. pernettyi</i> Desmarest, 1820, which Hershkovitz (1966<i>a</i>) used as a senior synonym for <i>S. plagiodon</i>.","43","43-00090","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0084-0000-0090"
"14300091","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Stenella","","longirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1828","","Spicil. Zool.","1","","1","","","Spinner Dolphin","None given, unknown.","Worldwide: warm-temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>alope</i>  (Gray, 1846); <i>microps</i> (Gray, 1846); <i>roseiventris</i> (Wagner, 1846); <b><i>centroamericana</i></b> Perrin, 1990; <b><i>orientalis</i></b> Perrin, 1990.","See Perrin (1975:206). Perrin (1990) established three subspecies (<i>centroamericana, longirostris</i>, and <i>orientalis</i>), which Rice (1998:109) recognized.","43","43-00091","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0084-0000-0091"
"14300092","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Stenella","","longirostris","longirostris","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1828","","Spicil. Zool.","1","","1","","","","None given, unknown.","","","","","43","43-00092","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0084-0000-0091-0092"
"14300093","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Stenella","","longirostris","centroamericana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Perrin","1990","","","","","","","","","","","","","","43","43-00093","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0084-0000-0091-0093"
"14300094","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Stenella","","longirostris","orientalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Perrin","1990","","","","","","","","","","","","","","43","43-00094","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0084-0000-0091-0094"
"14300095","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Steno","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror""","1","","43","","<i>Delphinus rostratus</i> Cuvier, 1833 (= <i>Delphinus bredanenis</i> Cuvier <i>in</i> Lesson, 1828).","","","","","<i>Glyphidelphis</i>  Gervais, 1859.","","43","43-00095","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0095"
"14300096","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Steno","","bredanensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Cuvier in Lesson","1828","","Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Mamm. Oiseaux","1","","206","","","Rough-toothed Dolphin","Coast of France.","Worldwide: warm-temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>compressus</i>  (Gray, 1843); <i>frontatus</i> (Cuvier, 1823); <i>perspicillatus</i> Peters, 1876; <i>rostratus</i> (Desmarest, 1817).","<i>Stenopontistes zambezicus</i> is not a synonym, see comment under <i>Sousa chinensis</i>. See Schevill (1987<i>a</i>) for further taxonomic notes.","43","43-00096","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0095-0000-0096"
"14300097","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Tursiops","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gervais","1855","","Hist. Nat. Mammifères","2","","323","","<i>Delphinus truncatus</i> Montagu, 1821.","","","","","<i>Gadamu</i>  Gray, 1868; <i>Tursio</i> Gray, 1843.","Two species are provisionally recognized in this highly polymorphic genus.","43","43-00097","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0097"
"14300098","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Tursiops","","aduncus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Ehrenberg","1833","","Hemprich and Ehrenberg, Symbolae Physicae.","Mammalia, decas II","folio k","ftn. 1","","","Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin","Ethiopia, Dahlak Arch., Belhosse Isl.","Indian Ocean; distribution in Pacific uncertain.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>nuuanu</i>  Andrews, 1911.","Rice (1998:106) recognized this species based primarily on the work of LeDuc and Curry (1997). There is a growing consensus that this is one of the species of <i>Tursiops</i> that is valid. Its relationship to <i>Tursiops nuuanu</i> remains equivocal.","43","43-00098","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0097-0000-0098"
"14300099","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Tursiops","","truncatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Montagu","1821","","Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc.","3","","75, pl. 3","","","Bottlenose Dolphin","UK, England, Devonshire, ""in Duncannon Pool, near Stoke Gabriel, about five miles up the River Dart"".","Worldwide: temperate to tropical waters, including the Black Sea.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>nesarnack</i>  (Lacépède, 1804); <b><i>gillii</i></b> Dall, 1873; <b><i>ponticus</i></b> Barabash-Nikiforov, 1940; <u>Not assigned to subspecies</u>: <i>gephyreus</i> Lahille, 1908.","See Leatherwood and Reeves (1990). Ross and Cockroft (1990:124) considered <i>aduncus</i> to be synonymous with <i>truncatus</i>. Hall (1981:885-887) considered <i>nesarnack</i> and <i>gillii</i> distinct species, and synonymized <i>truncatus</i> with <i>nesarnack</i>. Opinion 1413 of the International Commision on Zoological Nomenclature (1986) conserved <i>truncatus</i> Montagu, 1821 and suppressed <i>nesarnack</i> Lacépède, 1804. Rice (1998:106) provisionally recognized <i>T. t. truncatus</i> (Bottlenose Dolphin), <i>T. t. ponticus</i> (Black Sea Bottlenose Dolphin) and <i>T. t. gillii</i> (Cowfish). The relationship of <i>Tursiops gephyreus</i> (South American Bottlenose Dolphin), to either <i>T. truncatus</i> or <i>T. aduncus</i> remains uncertain.","43","43-00099","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0097-0000-0099"
"14300100","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Tursiops","","truncatus","truncatus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Montagu","1821","","Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc.","3","","75, pl. 3","","","Bottlenose Dolphin","UK, England, Devonshire, ""in Duncannon Pool, near Stoke Gabriel, about five miles up the River Dart"".","","","","","43","43-00100","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0097-0000-0099-0100"
"14300101","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Tursiops","","truncatus","gillii","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Dall","1873","","","","","","","","Cowfish","","","","","","43","43-00101","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0097-0000-0099-0101"
"14300102","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Delphinidae","","","Tursiops","","truncatus","ponticus","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Barabash-Nikiforov","1940","","","","","","","","Black Sea Bottlenose Dolphin","","","","","","43","43-00102","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0035-0000-0000-0097-0000-0099-0102"
"14300103","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Monodontidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","1","310","","","","","","","","Does not include <i>Orcaella</i>, a delphinid.","43","43-00103","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0103"
"14300104","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Monodontidae","","","Delphinapterus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lacépède","1804","","Hist. Nat. Cetacees","","","241","","<i>Delphinapterus beluga</i> Lacépède 1804 (= <i>Delphinus leucas</i> Pallas, 1776).","","","","","<i>Argocetus</i>  Gloger, 1842; <i>Beluga</i> Rafinesque, 1815.","Reviewed by Kleinenberg et al. (1969) and T. G. Smith et al. (1990).","43","43-00104","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0103-0000-0000-0104"
"14300105","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Monodontidae","","","Delphinapterus","","leucas","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Pallas","1776","","Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs","3","1","85 [footnote]","","","Beluga","NE Siberia, ""die im Obischen Meerbusen"" (= mouth of Ob River).","Circumpolar in Arctic seas; Okhotsk and Bering Seas; northern Gulf of Alaska (Cook Inlet); Gulf of St. Lawrence: arctic to cold-temperate waters; occasionally strays south to Honshu, Japan; France; and Massachusetts, USA.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>albicans</i>  (Lacépède, 1804); <i>beluga</i> Lacépède, 1804; <i>catodon</i> (Gray, 1846); <i>dorofeevi</i> Barabash and Klumov, 1935; <i>marisalbi </i>Ostroumov, 1935.","Reviewed by Kleinenberg et al. (1969), T. G. Smith et al. (1990), Stewart and Stewart (1989, Mammalian Species, 336) and Brodie (1989).","43","43-00105","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0103-0000-0000-0104-0000-0105"
"14300106","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Monodontidae","","","Monodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","75","","<i>Monodon monoceros</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Ceratodon</i>  Brünnich, 1772; <i>Diodon</i> Storr, 1780; <i>Narwalus</i> Lacépède, 1804; <i>Tachynices</i> Brookes, 1828.","Reviewed by Reeves and Tracey (1980).","43","43-00106","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0103-0000-0000-0106"
"14300107","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Monodontidae","","","Monodon","","monoceros","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","75","","","Narwhal","""Habitat in Oceano Septentrionali Americae, Europae."" (= northern seas of Europe and America).","Arctic Ocean; rarely in Beaufort, Bering, Chuckchi and East Siberian Seas; occasional strays as far south as Newfoundland, the Netherlands, British Isles and Japan.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>microcephalus</i>  (Lacépède, 1804); <i>monodon</i> (Pallas, 1811); <i>narhval</i> Blumenbach, 1788; <i>vulgaris</i> (Lacépède, 1804).","Reviewed by Reeves and Tracey (1980, Mammalian Species, 127) and Hay and Mansfield (1989).","43","43-00107","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0103-0000-0000-0106-0000-0107"
"14300108","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1825","","Ann. Philos., n.s.","10","","340","","","","","","","","Formerly considered a subfamily of Delphinidae; see Gromov and Baranova (1981:222).","43","43-00108","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108"
"14300109","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Neophocaena","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Palmer","1899","","Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.","13","","23","","<i>Delphinus phocaenoides</i> Cuvier, 1829.","","","","","<i>Meomeris</i>  Gray, 1847; <i>Neomeris</i> Gray, 1846.","Includes <i>Neomeris</i>; see Rice (1977) and Pilleri and Chen (1980).","43","43-00109","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0109"
"14300110","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Neophocaena","","phocaenoides","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1829","","Règne Anim., Nouv. ed.","1","","291","","","Finless Porpoise","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope (""à découvert au Cap,""). Almost certainly erroneous; unknown today from coast of Africa.","Indo-Pacific: warm-temperate to tropical waters; Persian Gulf to Malaysia, north coast of Java (Tasàn and Leatherwood, 1984), China, and Japan: coastal waters and some rivers.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Endangered as <i>N. p. asiaeorientalis</i>, otherwise Data Deficient.","<i>melas</i>  (Temminck, 1841) [not Traill]; <b><i>asiaeorientalis</i></b> Pilleri and Gihr, 1972; <b><i>sunameri</i></b> Pilleri and Gihr, 1975.","Reviewed by Pilleri and Gihr (1972; 1975:657, 673; 1980<i>b</i>). Van Bree (1973) considered <i>asiaeorientalis</i> to be of subspecific rank and <i>sunameri</i> to be synonymous with <i>phocaenoides</i>. Rice (1998:123) recognized <i>N. p. phocaenoides</i>, <i>N. p. sunameri</i> (Sunameri) and <i>N. p. asiaeorientalis</i> (Yangtse River Porpoise).","43","43-00110","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0109-0000-0110"
"14300111","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Neophocaena","","phocaenoides","phocaenoides","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1829","","Règne Anim., Nouv. ed.","1","","291","","","","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape of Good Hope (""à découvert au Cap,""). Almost certainly erroneous; unknown today from coast of Africa.","","","","","43","43-00111","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0109-0000-0110-0111"
"14300112","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Neophocaena","","phocaenoides","asiaeorientalis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pilleri and Gihr","1972","","","","","","","","Yangtse River Porpoise","","","","","","43","43-00112","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0109-0000-0110-0112"
"14300113","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Neophocaena","","phocaenoides","sunameri","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pilleri and Gihr","1975","","","","","","","","Sunameri","","","","","","43","43-00113","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0109-0000-0110-0113"
"14300114","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Phocoena","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1816","","Règne Anim., Nouv. ed.","1","","279","","<i>Delphinus phocoena</i> Linnaeus, 1758.","","","","","<i>Acanthodelphis</i>  Gray, 1866; <i>Australophocoena </i>Barnes, 1985.","<i>Phocaena</i> and <i>Phocena</i> are later spellings.","43","43-00114","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0114"
"14300115","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Phocoena","","dioptrica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Lahille","1912","","Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist., Buenos Aires","23","","269","","","Spectacled Porpoise","Argentina, Buenos Aires, ""capturado en Punta Colares, cerca de Quilmes"".","Southern hemisphere: cold-temperate waters; Uruguay, Argentina; Falkland, South Georgia, Heard, Macquarie and the Auckland Isls, perhaps Kerguelen Isls. Perhaps circumpolar, see Baker (1977).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>stornii</i> Marelli, 1922.","Reviewed by Brownell (1975<i>a</i>, Mammalian Species, 66). Barnes (1985) proposed <i>Australophocoena</i> to house this species, but Rosel <i>et al.</i> (1995) did not find the generic separation warranted. <i>Phocaena obtusata</i> is synonymous with <i>Cephalorhynchus eutropia</i>. See Goodall et al. (1988).","43","43-00115","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0114-0000-0115"
"14300116","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Phocoena","","phocoena","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","77","","","Harbor Porpoise","""Habitat in Oceano Europaeo, &amp; Balthico."" (= Baltic Sea, ""Swedish Seas"").","N Pacific and N Atlantic: arctic to cold-temperate waters, isolated population in Black Sea; extends south to Senegal in the E Atlantic.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>americana</i>  Allen, 1869; <i>communis</i> Lesson, 1827; <i>lineata</i> Cope, 1876; <b><i>relicta</i></b> Abel, 1905; <b><i>vomerina</i></b> Gill, 1865.","Reviewed by Gaskin et al. (1974, Mammalian Species, 42). Rice (1998:124) recognized<i> P. p. phocoena </i>(North Atlantic Harbor Porpoise), <i>P. p. vomerina</i> (Eastern North Pacific Harbor Porpoise) and an un-named subspecies in the western North Pacific, but did not recognize <i>P. p. relicta</i> (Black Sea Harbor Porpoise).","43","43-00116","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0114-0000-0116"
"14300117","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Phocoena","","phocoena","phocoena","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","77","","","North Atlantic Harbor Porpoise","""Habitat in Oceano Europaeo, &amp; Balthico."" (= Baltic Sea, ""Swedish Seas"").","","","","","43","43-00117","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0114-0000-0116-0117"
"14300118","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Phocoena","","phocoena","relicta","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Abel","1905","","","","","","","","Black Sea Harbor Porpoise","","","","","","43","43-00118","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0114-0000-0116-0118"
"14300119","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Phocoena","","phocoena","vomerina","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Gill","1865","","","","","","","","Eastern North Pacific Harbor Porpoise","","","","","","43","43-00119","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0114-0000-0116-0119"
"14300120","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Phocoena","","sinus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Norris and McFarland","1958","","J. Mammal.","39","","22, pl. 1-4","","","Vaquita","""from the northeast shore of Punta San Felipe, Baja California Norte, Gulf of California, Mexico"".","North Pacific: warm-temperate waters; northern Gulf of California (Mexico); erroneously reported from the S Gulf of California, including Tres Marías Isls and N Jalisco (Brownell, 1986).","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Reviewed by Brownell (1983, Mammalian Species, 198).","43","43-00120","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0114-0000-0120"
"14300121","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Phocoena","","spinipinnis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Burmeister","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","228, figs 1-5","","","Burmeister’s Porpoise","Argentina, Buenos Aires, ""captured in the mouth of the River Plata"".","Southern hemisphere: coastal temperate waters of South America, from Rio Urucanga, Santa Catarina, Brazil to Tierra del Fuego to Paita, Peru.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>philippii</i> Perez Canto in Philippi, 1896.","Reviewed by Brownell and Praderi (1984, Mammalian Species, 217). A recent specimen referred to this species from Heard Isl has been reidentified as <i>Phocaena dioptrica</i> (Brownell et al., 1989).","43","43-00121","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0114-0000-0121"
"14300122","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Phocoenoides","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Andrews","1911","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","30","","31","","<i>Phocoenoides truei</i> Andrews, 1911 (= <i>Phocaena dalli</i> True, 1885).","","","","","","","43","43-00122","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0122"
"14300123","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Phocoenoides","","dalli","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1885","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","8","","95, pls. 2-5","","","Dall’s Porpoise","USA, Alaska, ""in the strait west of Adakh [sic] Island, one of the Aleutian group"".","North Pacific: cold-temperate waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<b><i>truei</i> </b> Andrews, 1911.","Reviewed by Jefferson (1988, Mammalian Species 319). Rice (1998:125) recognized <i>P. d. dalli</i> and <i>P. d. truei </i>(True’s Porpoise).","43","43-00123","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0122-0000-0123"
"14300124","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Phocoenoides","","dalli","dalli","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","True","1885","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","8","","95, pls. 2-5","","","Dall’s Porpoise","USA, Alaska, ""in the strait west of Adakh [sic] Island, one of the Aleutian group"".","","","<b><i>&nbsp;</i> </b>","","43","43-00124","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0122-0000-0123-0124"
"14300125","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Phocoenidae","","","Phocoenoides","","dalli","truei","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Andrews","1911","","","","","","","","True's Porpoise","","","","","","43","43-00125","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0108-0000-0000-0122-0000-0123-0125"
"14300126","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Physeteridae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1821","","London Med. Repos.","15","1","310","","","","","","","Kogiidae Gill, 1871","<i>Kogia</i> is sometimes put in a separate family, Kogiidae.","43","43-00126","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0126"
"14300127","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Physeteridae","","","Kogia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror""","1","","22","","<i>Physeter breviceps</i> Blainville, 1838.","","","","","<i>Callignathus</i>  Gill, 1871; <i>Cogia</i> Wallace, 1876; <i>Euphysetes</i> Wall, 1851.","Reviewed by Handley (1966<i>c</i>).","43","43-00127","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0126-0000-0000-0127"
"14300128","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Physeteridae","","","Kogia","","breviceps","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blainville","1838","","Ann. Franc. Etr. Anat. Phys.","2","","337","","","Pygmy Sperm Whale","South Africa, Western Cape Prov., ""rapportée des mers du cap de Bonne-Espérance"" (= Cape of Good Hope).","Worldwide: temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","<i>floweri</i>  Gill, 1871; <i>goodei</i> True, 1884; <i>grayii</i> (Wall, 1851).","Reviewed by Caldwell and Caldwell (1989).","43","43-00128","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0126-0000-0000-0127-0000-0128"
"14300129","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Physeteridae","","","Kogia","","sima","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Owen","1866","","Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.","6","1","30, pls. 10-14","","","Dwarf Sperm Whale","India, Andhra Pradesh (= Madras Presidency), ""taken at Waltair"".","Worldwide: warm-temperate to tropical waters, occasionally strands in cold-temperate areas.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","","Reviewed by Nagorsen (1985, Mammalian Species, 239) and Caldwell and Caldwell (1989). The specific name <i>simus. -a, -um</i> is a Latin adjectival form and has to agree in gender with the generic name <i>Kogia</i> (Rice, 1998:84).","43","43-00129","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0126-0000-0000-0127-0000-0129"
"14300130","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Physeteridae","","","Physeter","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","76","","<i>Physeter macrocephalus</i> Linnaeus, 1758 (= <i>Physeter catodon</i> Linnaeus, 1758) by subsequent selection (Palmer, 1904:5).","","","","","<i>Catodon</i>  Linnaeus, 1761; <i>Cetus</i> Billberg, 1828; <i>Meganeuron</i> Gray, 1865; <i>Megistosaurus</i> Anonymous <i>in</i> Harlan, 1828; <i>Physalus</i> Lacépède, 1804.","","43","43-00130","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0126-0000-0000-0130"
"14300131","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Physeteridae","","","Physeter","","catodon","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Linnaeus","1758","","Syst. Nat., 10th ed.","1","","76","","","Sperm Whale","""Habitat in Oceano Septentrionali."", restricted to Netherlands, Middenpiat by Husson and Holthuis (1974).","Worldwide: antarctic and cold-temperate waters (northern hemisphere) to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable as <i>P. macrocephalus.</i>","<i>australasianus</i>  Desmoulins, 1822; <i>australis</i> Gray, 1846; <i>macrocephalus</i> Linnnaeus, 1758.","Neotype designated by Husson and Holthuis (1974:212). Linnaeus used both <i>catodon</i> and <i>macrocephalus</i> in the 10th edition. <i>P. catodon</i> has line priority and, according to Linnaeus' diagnoses, is the only name applicable. See Hershkovitz (1966<i>a</i>:121), Schevill (1986, 1987<i>b</i>), Holthuis (1987), and Rice (1989, who also reviewed the species).","43","43-00131","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0126-0000-0000-0130-0000-0131"
"14300132","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Platanistidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror""","1","","25","","","","","","","Susuidae Gray, 1868.","The family grouping of the river dolphins has always been a problem. Using molecular data, both Árnason and Gullberg (1996) and Yang <i>et al.</i> (2002) found no direct relationship between <i>Platanista</i> and the other river dolphins. Messenger and McGuire (1998) generated a phylogenetic tree supporting the idea that river dolphins are not monophyletic. In a recent retroposon analysis of the major cetacean lineages the authors found that platanistid dolphins, beaked whales and ocean dolphins diverged (in this order) after sperm whales (Nikaido et al. 2001). Within the other river dolphins the other three genera were found to form a monophyletic group. Hamilton (<i>et al.</i> 2001), based on cytochrome <i>b</i>, also supports <i>Platanista</i> in a separate family. The only remaining disagreement is the placement of the other three genera. Yang <i>et al.</i> (2002) and Rice (1998) placed <i>Lipotes</i> in a separate family and Rice (1998:92-95) placed all three of the other genera i... [truncated]","43","43-00132","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0132"
"14300133","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Platanistidae","","","Platanista","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Wagler","1830","","Naturliches Syst. Amphibien","","","35","","<i>Delphinus gangetica</i> Roxburgh, 1801.","","","","","<i>Susu</i> Lesson, 1828.","Authorship reviewed by Pilleri (1978). The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1989) conserved <i>Platanista</i> Wagler, 1830 and <i>gangeticus</i> Roxburgh, 1801 and suppressed <i>Susu</i> Lesson, 1828. The controversy over the original description still is active, with Kinze (2000) giving reasons why Lebeck, 1801 should be the authority.","43","43-00133","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0132-0000-0000-0133"
"14300134","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Platanistidae","","","Platanista","","gangetica","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Roxburgh","1801","","Asiat. Res. Trans. Soc. (Calcutta ed.)","7","","170, pl. 5","","","Ganges River Dolphin","India, West Bengal, ""in the Ganges. . . rivers, and creeks, which intersect in the delta of that river to the South, S. E. and east of Calcutta."" (= Hooghly River, Ganges River delta).","India, Nepal, and Bangladesh: Ganges, Bramaputra, Meghna, Karnaphuli, and Hooghly river systems.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Endangered as <i>P. g. gangetica</i>.","","Reviewed by Reeves and Brownell (1989). Formerly included <i>minor</i> (= <i>indi</i>), see Van Bree (1976), Pilleri and Gihr (1971), and Pilleri (1978).","43","43-00134","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0132-0000-0000-0133-0000-0134"
"14300135","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Platanistidae","","","Platanista","","minor","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Owen","1853","","Descrip. Cat. Osteol. R. Mus. Coll. Surgeons","2","","448","","","Indus River Dolphin","Pakistan, ""from the Indus"" River.","Pakistan, Indus River system.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered as <i>P. gangetica minor</i>.","<i>indi</i>  Blyth, 1859.","Reviewed by Reeves and Brownell (1989). See Van Bree (1976). Formerly included in <i>gangetica</i>; see Pilleri and Gihr (1971) and Pilleri and Gihr (1976<i>b</i>, 1976<i>a</i>).","43","43-00135","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0132-0000-0000-0133-0000-0135"
"14300136","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Iniidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror""","1","","25","","","","","","","Lipotidae Zhou, Quian and Li, 1978; Pontoporiidae Gray, 1870; Stenodelphinidae Miller, 1923.","See comments in family Platanistidae.","43","43-00136","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0136"
"14300137","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Iniidae","","","Inia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","d'Orbigny","1834","","Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris","3","","31","","<i>Inia boliviensis</i> d'Orbigny 1834 (= <i>Delphinus geoffrensis</i> Blainville, 1817).","","","","","","Reviewed by Pilleri and Gihr (1980<i>a</i>).","43","43-00137","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0136-0000-0000-0137"
"14300138","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Iniidae","","","Inia","","geoffrensis","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blainville","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","9","","151","","","Amazon River Dolphin","""sur la côte du Brésil."", probably upper Amazon River.","Peru, Ecuador, Brazil, Bolivia, Venezuela, Columbia: Amazon, Negro, Mamore (Bolivia), and Orinoco River systems.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.","<i>amazonicus</i>  (Spix and Martius, 1831);<i> pallida</i> (Sanborn, 1949) [not Gervais]; <b><i>boliviensis</i></b> d'Orbigny, 1834; <b><i>humboldtiana</i></b> Pilleri and Gihr, 1978; <u>Not assigned to subspecies</u>: <i>rostratus</i> (G. Cuvier, 1812) [part, not Shaw]; <i>frontatus</i> (G. Cuvier, 1823).","Reviewed by Best and de Silva (1989). Includes <i>boliviensis</i>, see Casinos and Ocaña (1979); but also see Pilleri and Gihr (1977), who considered it a distinct species. Rice (1998:93) recognized <i>I. g. geoffrensis</i> (Amazon River Dolphin), <i>I. g. humboldtiana</i> (Orinoco River Dolphin) and <i>I. g. boliviensis </i>(Bolivian River Dolphin).","43","43-00138","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0136-0000-0000-0137-0000-0138"
"14300139","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Iniidae","","","Inia","","geoffrensis","geoffrensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Blainville","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","9","","151","","","Amazon River Dolphin","""sur la côte du Brésil."", probably upper Amazon River.","","","","","43","43-00139","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0136-0000-0000-0137-0000-0138-0139"
"14300140","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Iniidae","","","Inia","","geoffrensis","boliviensis","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","d'Orbigny","1834","","","","","","","","Bolivian River Dolphin","","","","","","43","43-00140","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0136-0000-0000-0137-0000-0138-0140"
"14300141","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Iniidae","","","Inia","","geoffrensis","humboldtiana","SUBSPECIES","False","","YES","Pilleri and Gihr","1978","","","","","","","","Orinoco River Dolphin","","","","","","43","43-00141","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0136-0000-0000-0137-0000-0138-0141"
"14300142","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Iniidae","","","Lipotes","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Miller","1918","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","68","9","1","","<i>Lipotes vexillifer</i> Miller, 1918.","","","","","","","43","43-00142","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0136-0000-0000-0142"
"14300143","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Iniidae","","","Lipotes","","vexillifer","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Miller","1918","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","68","9","1","","","Baiji","""Tung Ting Lake, about 600 miles up the Yangtze River, [Hunan] China"".","China: Chang Jiang (Yangtze) and Qiantang Jiang (mouth of Fuchun Jiang) river systems.","CITES – Appendix I; U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.","","Reviewed by Chen (1989), Zhou et al. (1978, 1979). Reviewed by Brownell and Herald (1972, Mammalian Species, 10).","43","43-00143","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0136-0000-0000-0142-0000-0143"
"14300144","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Iniidae","","","Pontoporia","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gray","1846","","Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ""Erebus"" and ""Terror""","1","","46","","<i>Delphinus blainvillei</i> Gervais and d'Orbigny, 1844.","","","","","<i>Stenodelphis</i>  d'Orbigny and Gervais, 1847.","","43","43-00144","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0136-0000-0000-0144"
"14300145","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Iniidae","","","Pontoporia","","blainvillei","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gervais and d'Orbigny","1844","","Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris","1844","","39","","","Franciscana","Uruguay, ""qui a été pris à Montevideo"" = mouth of the Rio de La Plata near Montevideo.","Brazil to Argentina: coastal waters from Doce River, Regencia, Espírito Santo to Peninsula Valdez, including the Rio de la Plata.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient, except for the Rio Grande do Sul/Uruguay subpopulation, which is Vulnerable.","<i>tenuirostris</i>  Malm, 1871.","Reviewed by Brownell (1989).","43","43-00145","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0136-0000-0000-0144-0000-0145"
"14300146","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","","","","","FAMILY","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","528","","","","","","","Hyperoodontidae Gray, 1846.","Although Hyperoodontidae Gray, 1846 has priority over Ziphiidae, we have chosen to use the latter name following Article 23.12 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999) because Ziphiidae has been the name of choice for more than 100 years. Family reviewed by Moore (1968).","43","43-00146","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146"
"14300147","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Berardius","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Duvernoy","1851","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris), ser. 3","15","","41","","<i>Berardius arnuxii</i> Duvernoy, 1851.","","","","","","This may be a monotypic genus.","43","43-00147","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0147"
"14300148","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Berardius","","arnuxii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Duvernoy","1851","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris), ser. 3","15","","52, fig. 1","","","Arnoux’s Beaked Whale","""échoué sur la côte, dans le port d'Akaroa, presqu'île de Bancks, dans la Nouvelle-Zélande."" (= New Zealand, Canterbury Prov., Akaroa).","Southern hemisphere: circumpolar, Antarctic to temperate waters.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","","Reviewed by Balcomb (1989).","43","43-00148","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0147-0000-0148"
"14300149","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Berardius","","bairdii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Stejneger","1883","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","6","","75","","","Baird’s Beaked Whale","Russia, Commander Isls, ""found stranded in Stare Gavan, on the eastern shore of Bering Island"".","North Pacific: temperate waters.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>vegae</i>  Malm, 1883.","Reviewed by Balcomb (1989); possibly a subspecies of <i>arnuxii</i>, see Davies (1963) and McLachlan et al. (1966).","43","43-00149","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0147-0000-0149"
"14300150","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Hyperoodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Lacépède","1804","","Hist. Nat. Cetacees","","","xliv, 319","","<i>Hyperoodon butskopf</i> Lacépède, 1804 (= <i>Balaena ampullata</i> Forster, 1770).","","","","","<i>Anodon</i>  Wagler, 1830; <i>Chaenodelphinus</i> Eschricht, 1843; <i>Frasercetus</i> Moore, 1968; <i>Heterodon</i> Blainville <i>in</i> Desmarest, 1817; <i>Lagenocetus</i> Gray, 1863; <i>Uranodon</i> Illiger, 1811.","Includes <i>Frasercetus</i> Moore, 1968 as a subgenus.","43","43-00150","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0150"
"14300151","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Hyperoodon","Hyperoodon","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Lacépède","1804","","Hist. Nat. Cetacees","","","xliv, 319","","<i>Hyperoodon butskopf</i> Lacépède, 1804 (= <i>Balaena ampullata</i> Forster, 1770).","","","","","","","43","43-00151","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0150-0151"
"14300152","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Hyperoodon","Frasercetus","","","SUBGENUS","False","","YES","Moore","1968","","Fieldiana, Zoology","53","4","274","","<i>Hyperoodon planifrons </i>Flower, 1882.","","","","","","","43","43-00152","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0150-0152"
"14300153","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Hyperoodon","Hyperoodon","ampullatus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Forster","1770","","<i>In</i> Kalm, Travels into N. Am.","1","","18","","","Northern Bottlenose Whale","""See Mr. Pennant's [1769] British Zoology Vol. 3, p. 43, where it is called the beaked whale, and very well described;"" Pennant (1769:43) gave Maldon (England) as the locality and 1717 as the date stranded.","North Atlantic: arctic to cold-temperate waters. The Mediterranean record represents a stray (J. G. Mead, 1989<i>b</i>).","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>butskopf</i>  (Bonnaterre, 1789); <i>latifrons</i> Gray, 1846; <i>rostratus</i> (Müller, 1776).","Subgenus <i>Hyperoodon</i>. Reviewed by J. G. Mead (1989<i>b</i>).","43","43-00153","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0150-0151-0153"
"14300154","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Hyperoodon","Frasercetus","planifrons","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Flower","1882","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1882","","392, figs. 1, 2","","","Southern Bottlenose Whale","""found upon the sea-beach of Lewis Island in the Dampier Archipelago, north-western Australia.""","Southern hemisphere: circumpolar, antarctic to temperate waters, rarely into tropical waters. May occur in the W North Pacific.","CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).","<i>burmeisterei</i>  Moreno, 1895.","Reviewed by J. G. Mead (1989<i>b</i>). Moore (1968) erected the subgenus <i>Frasercetus</i> for this species.","43","43-00154","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0150-0152-0154"
"14300155","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Indopacetus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Moore","1968","","Fieldiana Zool.","53","4","254","","<i>Mesoplodon pacificus</i> Longman, 1926.","","","","","","Considered by many authors to be included in <i>Mesoplodon</i>. Known only from two specimens.","43","43-00155","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0155"
"14300156","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Indopacetus","","pacificus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Longman","1926","","Mem. Queensl. Mus.","8","3","269, pl. 43","","","Tropical Bottlenose Whale","Australia, Queensland, ""found at Mackay"".","Indian Ocean and W South Pacific: tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Reviewed by J. G. Mead (1989<i>c</i>). Commonly included in <i>Mesoplodon</i> (Heyning, 1989<i>a</i>; J. G. Mead, 1989<i>c</i>). We prefer ‘tropical bottlenose whale’, as used by Pitman et al. (1999), to the older name ‘Longman’s beaked whale’.","43","43-00156","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0155-0000-0156"
"14300157","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Gervais","1850","","Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris), ser. 3","14","","16","","<i>Delphinus sowerbensis</i> de Blainville, 1817 (= <i>Physeter bidens</i> Sowerby, 1804).","","","","","<i>Aodon</i>  Lesson, 1828; <i>Dioplodon</i> Gervais, 1850; <i>Dolichodon</i> Gray, 1866; <i>Micropterus</i> Wagner, 1846; <i>Oulodon</i> von Haast, 1876; <i>Nodus</i> Wagler, 1830; <i>Paikea</i> Oliver, 1922.","<i>Mesoplodon</i> Gervais, 1850 and <i>Physeter bidens</i> Sowerby, 1804 were conserved; <i>Nodus, Micropteron</i>, and <i>Mikropteron</i> were suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1985<i>b</i>).","43","43-00157","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157"
"14300158","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","bidens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Sowerby","1804","","Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.","7","","310","","","Sowerby’s Beaked Whale","UK, Scotland, ""stranded on the estate of James Brodie, Esq. F. L. S., in the county of Elgin.""","North Atlantic and Baltic Sea: temperate waters. Occurrence in the Mediterranean Sea was discussed by van Bree (1975), who considered the evidence unconvincing; however, Casinos and Filella (1981) supported a report from the Italian coast (Brunelli and Fasella, 1929). There is one report from the Gulf of Mexico (Bonde and O'Shea, 1989) that is also considered a stray.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>dalei</i> (Lesson, 1827); <i>micropterus</i> (G. Cuvier, 1829); <i>sowerbensis</i> (de Blainville, 1817); <i>sowerbiensis</i> (Gray, 1846); <i>sowerbyi </i>(Desmarest, 1822).","Reviewed by J. G. Mead (1989<i>c</i>).","43","43-00158","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157-0000-0158"
"14300159","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","bowdoini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Andrews","1908","","Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.","24","","203, figs. 1-5, pl. 13","","","Andrew’s Beaked Whale","""collected at New Brighton Beach, Canterbury Province, New Zealand"".","Southern hemisphere, South Pacific and Indian oceans, cold-temperate waters of Australia and New Zealand. The record from Kerguelen Isls (Robineau, 1973) is erroneous and is the fossil rostrum commonly known as <i>Mesoplodon longirostris </i>(J. G. Mead, 1989<i>c</i>)<i>.</i>","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Reviewed by J. G. Mead (1989<i>c</i>). McCann (see Mead et al., 1982) felt that <i>M. bowdoini</i> was synonymous with <i>M. stejnegeri</i>.","43","43-00159","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157-0000-0159"
"14300160","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","carlhubbsi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Moore","1963","","Am. Midl. Nat.","70","","396, figs. 1-3, 7, 8, 13-15","","","Hubbs’ Beaked Whale","""La Jolla, California, 32° 51' 41"" N. Lat., 117° 15' 19"" W. Long.""","North Pacific: temperate waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Reviewed by J. G. Mead (1989<i>c</i>). Very closely related to <i>bowdoini</i>. Orr believed that this species was synonymous with <i>M. stejnegeri</i> (see Mead et al., 1982). Hubbs (1946) first identified the holotype of this species as <i>M. bowdoini</i>.","43","43-00160","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157-0000-0160"
"14300161","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","densirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Blainville","1817","","Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed.","9","","178","","","Blainville’s Beaked Whale","None given, unknown.","World-wide: temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>seychellensis</i>  (Gray, 1846).","Reviewed by J. G. Mead (1989<i>c</i>).","43","43-00161","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157-0000-0161"
"14300162","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","europaeus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gervais","1855","","Hist. Nat. Mammifères","2","","320","","","Gervais’ Beaked Whale","English Channel, ""qui provient d'un individu harponné dans la Manche.""","Aside from the type, one specimen from Ireland, one specimen from Guinea-Bissau, and three records from Ascension Isl, it is only known from the Western North Atlantic: temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>gervaisi</i>  (Deslongchamps, 1866).","Reviewed by J. G. Mead (1989<i>c</i>) and Norman and Mead (2002, Mammalian Species, 688). The type was not harpooned, as stated by Gervais, but was found as a ""cadavre"" (Deslongschamps, 1866:177).","43","43-00162","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157-0000-0162"
"14300163","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","ginkgodens","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Nishiwaki and Kamiya","1958","","Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. (Tokyo)","13","","53, 13 figs., 17 pls","","","Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale","Japan, ""Oiso Beach, Sagami Bay, near Tokyo.""","North Pacific and Indian Oceans: warm-temperate to tropical waters; Japan, Taiwan, Baja California, Mexico, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Australia.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>hotaula</i>  Deraniyagala, 1963.","Reviewed by J. G. Mead (1989<i>c</i>).","43","43-00163","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157-0000-0163"
"14300164","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","grayi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Von Haast","1876","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1876","","9","","","Gray’s Beaked Whale","New Zealand, ""the Chatham Islands. . . from specimens stranded. . . on the Waitangi beach of the main island of that group.""","Southern hemisphere: cold-temperate waters; one specimen found in the Netherlands (Boschma, 1950:779).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>australis</i>  Flower, 1878; <i>haasti</i> Flower, 1878.","Reviewed by J. G. Mead (1989<i>c</i>).","43","43-00164","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157-0000-0164"
"14300165","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","hectori","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1871","","Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4","8","","116","","","Hector’s Beaked Whale","New Zealand, Wellington, ""killed in Tatai [sic] Bay, Cook's Straits"" (= Titai Bay).","Southern hemisphere: temperate waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>knoxi</i>  Hector, 1873.","Reviewed by J. G. Mead (1989<i>c</i>). The North Pacific form was found to be a new species, <i>Mesoplodon perrini</i> Dalebout et al<i>.</i>, 2002.","43","43-00165","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157-0000-0165"
"14300166","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","layardii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1865","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","1865","","357, fig","","","Strap-toothed Whale","None given, probably South Africa.","Southern hemisphere: temperate waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>floweri</i>  Haast, 1876; <i>guntheri</i> Krefft, 1871; <i>longirostris</i> Gray, 1873; <i>thomsoni</i> Ogilby, 1896.","Reviewed by J. G. Mead (1989<i>c</i>). <i>Mesoplodon traversii</i>, a former synonym of M. <i>layardii</i>, was recently recognized as a valid species (Helden et al<i>.</i>, 2002).","43","43-00166","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157-0000-0166"
"14300167","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","mirus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1913","","Smithson. Misc. Coll.","60","25","1","","","True’s Beaked Whale","USA, ""stranded in the outer bank of Bird Island Shoal in the harbor of Beaufort, North Carolina"".","North Atlantic, South Atlantic coast of South Africa, Australia: temperate waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Reviewed by J. G. Mead (1989<i>c</i>).","43","43-00167","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157-0000-0167"
"14300168","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","perrini","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Dalebout et al.","2002","","Mar. Mam. Sci.","18","3","577","","","Perrin’s Beaked Whale","U.S.A., Carlsbad, California.","Cold temperate waters, eastern North Pacific.","CITES – Appendix II.","","Was first described as <i>Mesoplodon hectori</i> by Mead (1981), subsequently recognized as a new species by Dalebout et al. (2002).","43","43-00168","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157-0000-0168"
"14300169","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","peruvianus","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Reyes, Mead, and Van Waerebeek","1991","","Marine Mammal Sci.","7","1","1, 6 figs","","","Pygmy Beaked Whale","""Playa Paraiso (11°12' S), Huacho, Lima, Peru.""","E South Pacific, E North Pacific: cold-temperate to tropical waters. Known from the coast of Peru between Playa Paraiso (11°S) and San Juan de Marcona (15°S). Two specimens are known from near La Paz, Baja California, Mexico (Urban-Ramirez and Aurioles-Gamboa, 1992).","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","","43","43-00169","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157-0000-0169"
"14300170","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","stejnegeri","","SPECIES","False","","YES","True","1885","","Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.","8","","584, pl. 25","","","Stejneger’s Beaked Whale","Russia, Commander Isls, ""Bering Island"".","North Pacific: cold-temperate waters; isolated population in the Sea of Japan.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Reviewed by Loughlin and Perez (1985, Mammalian Species, 250) and J. G. Mead (1989<i>c</i>).","43","43-00170","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157-0000-0170"
"14300171","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Mesoplodon","","traversii","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Gray","1873","1874","Trans. New Zealand Inst. (1873)","6","","96","","","Spade-toothed Whale","Chatham Isl, New Zealand.","South Pacific: temperate waters; known from 3 specimens: Pitt Isl (Chatham Isls), White Isl (North Isl, N.Z.) and Robinson Crusoe Isl (Juan Fernadez Arch., Chile).","CITES – Appendix II.","<i>bahamondi</i> Reyes, Van Warebeek, Cárdenas, and Yáñez, 1996.","Was considered synonymous with <i>Mesoplodon layardii</i> until Helden et al. (2002) compared the DNA sequence from the type and determined that it was the same species as <i>M. bahamondi</i>. This species is the rarest member of the Ziphiidae.","43","43-00171","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0157-0000-0171"
"14300172","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Tasmacetus","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","Oliver","1937","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","107","","371","","<i>Tasmacetus shepherdi</i> Oliver, 1937.","","","","","","","43","43-00172","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0172"
"14300173","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Tasmacetus","","shepherdi","","SPECIES","False","","YES","Oliver","1937","","Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.","107","","371, pls. 1-5","","","Shepherd’s Beaked Whale","New Zealand, North Isl, ""cast upon the beach at Ohawe, in the province of Taranaki.""","Southern hemisphere: cold-temperate waters, particularly off New Zealand, Chile, Argentina and Tristan de Cunha.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","","Reviewed by J. G. Mead (1989<i>a</i>).","43","43-00173","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0172-0000-0173"
"14300174","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Ziphius","","","","GENUS","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1823","","Rech. Oss. Foss., Nouv. ed.","5","","350","","<i>Ziphius cavirostris</i> G. Cuvier, 1823.","","","","","<i>Diodon</i>  Lesson, 1828; <i>Hypodon</i> Haldeman, 1841; <i>Petrorhynchus</i> Gray, 1875; <i>Ziphiorhynchus</i> Burmeister, 1865.","","43","43-00174","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0174"
"14300175","CETACEA","ODONTOCETI","","","Ziphiidae","","","Ziphius","","cavirostris","","SPECIES","False","","YES","G. Cuvier","1823","","Rech. Oss. Foss., Nouv. ed.","5","1","350","","","Cuvier’s Beaked Whale","France, ""dans le département des Bouches-du-Rhône, entre de Fos et l'embouchure du Galégeon"" (= between Fos and the mouth of the Galégeon River).","Worldwide: cold-temperate to tropical waters.","CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Data Deficient.","<i>australis</i>  (Burmeister, 1865); <i>capensis</i> (Gray, 1865); <i>chathamensis</i> (Hector, 1873); <i>indicus</i> Van Beneden, 1863.","Reviewed by Heyning (1989<i>b</i>).","43","43-00175","43-0001-0034-0000-0000-0146-0000-0000-0174-0000-0175"