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FAMILY Ursidae

Author:Fischer de Waldheim, 1817.
Citation:Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, 5: 372.
Comments:Ailuropoda has been placed in a separate family by some; however, morphological and molecular evidence strongly supports the placement of Ailuropoda in this family (Chorn and Hoffmann, 1978; Davis, 1964; Sarich, 1973, 1976; Mayr, 1986; Goldman et al., 1989; Hendey, 1980a, b; O'Brien et al., 1985; Wozencraft, 1989a). Thenius (1979) placed Ailuropoda in the monotypic family Ailuropodidae. Morphological studies have supported the monophyly of three subfamilies (Hendey, 1980; Kurtén, 1966; Thenius, 1979), although this has not been corroborated by a recent molecular approach (Goldman et al. 1989). Subfamilies are not recognized here. Synonyms allocated according to McKenna and Bell (1997).
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Offspring:

GENUS Ailuropoda

SPECIES melanoleuca

GENUS Helarctos

SPECIES malayanus

SUBSPECIES malayanus

SUBSPECIES euryspilus

GENUS Melursus

SPECIES ursinus

SUBSPECIES ursinus

SUBSPECIES inornatus

GENUS Tremarctos

SPECIES ornatus

GENUS Ursus

SPECIES americanus

SUBSPECIES americanus

SUBSPECIES altifrontalis

SUBSPECIES amblyceps

SUBSPECIES californiensis

SUBSPECIES carlottae

SUBSPECIES cinnamomum

SUBSPECIES emmonsii

SUBSPECIES eremicus

SUBSPECIES floridanus

SUBSPECIES hamiltoni

SUBSPECIES kermodei

SUBSPECIES luteolus

SUBSPECIES machetes

SUBSPECIES perniger

SUBSPECIES pugnax

SUBSPECIES vancouveri

SPECIES arctos

SUBSPECIES arctos

SUBSPECIES alascensis

SUBSPECIES beringianus

SUBSPECIES californicus

SUBSPECIES collaris

SUBSPECIES crowtheri

SUBSPECIES dalli

SUBSPECIES gyas

SUBSPECIES horribilis

SUBSPECIES isabellinus

SUBSPECIES lasiotus

SUBSPECIES middendorffi

SUBSPECIES pruinosus

SUBSPECIES sitkensis

SUBSPECIES stikeenensis

SUBSPECIES syriacus

SPECIES maritimus

SPECIES thibetanus

SUBSPECIES thibetanus

SUBSPECIES formosanus

SUBSPECIES gedrosianus

SUBSPECIES japonicus

SUBSPECIES laniger

SUBSPECIES mupinensis

SUBSPECIES ussuricus

Synonyms:

    Ailuropodidae Pocock, 1916
    Ursinidae Gray, 1821

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