Roman record in England (probably introduced) reported by O'Conner (1986). It has been proposed (e.g., Petrov, 1992) that the E Adriatic population was introduced from S Italy, but analyses of chromosomal and allozyme data contradict this hypothesis and indicate that the E Adriatic and Italian populations exhibit many allelic differences and are characterized by chromosomal rearrangements and a relatively high Nei’s genetic distance (Filippucci and Capanna, 1996; Vujoševiƒ et al., 1993). These studies also indicate that the Dalmatian population was one of several that recolonized C Europe after the cold glacial periods of the late Pleistocene.

Rossolimo et al. (2001) reviewed E. quercinus, including illustrations of live animal, distributional, morphological, ecological, behavioral and other characteristics. Kryštufek and Kraft (1997) provided morphological taxonomic study of circum-Mediterranean populations. Moreno (1989) did a taxonomic study of Spanish populations, and Moreno et al. (1986) provided a systematic study of C European and Spanish populations. Grulich and Jurik (1994) studied morphometrics of a Slovakian population. Status discussed in a review of E Baltic mammals (Timm et al., 1998) and included in a review of the ecological strategies of Baltic rodents (Miljutin, 1998). Phallic and bacular structure and variation reported by Simson et al. (1995). Os penis figured by Didier (1953). Review of chromosomal studies and discussion of karyotypic variation within E. quercinus provided by Zima et al. (1995). Additional karyotypic data and analysis from European Russia given by Graphodatsky and Fokin (1993), from Czech Republic by Zima et al. (1997b); from Formentera Isl by Ramalhinho and Libois (2001), from circum-Mediterranean populations and Europe by Filippucci and Capanna (1996), and from Serbia and Montenegro by Vujoševiƒ et al. (1993). Comprehensive analyses of allozyme data and genetic relationships reported by Filippucci and Kotsakis (1995), Filippucci and Capanna (1996) and Vujoševiƒ et al. (1993). Coronary arterial anatomy described by Sans-Coma et al. (1995). Social organization, home range and movement of NW Italy population studied by Bertolino et al. (1997). Ecology in Alpine habitat studied by Bertolino and Currado (2001). Human influence on geographical distribution discussed by Carpaneto and Cristaldi (1995). See comments under E. melanurus for allocation of North African populations. Recorded from Pleistocene in Europe (Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi, 2001; Chaline, 1980; Cuenca Bescos, et al., 2001; Horacek, 1986; Kowalski, 2001; Storch, 1978a). For synonyms see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978c).